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 COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 
 
WEBSTER'S 
 
 HOME, SCHOOL AND OFFICE 
 
 DICTIONARY 
 
 ILLUSTRATED 
 
 Based Upon the Principles Set Forth by 
 
 NOAH WEBSTER, LL.D. 
 
 Containing a Reference Library of Often- 
 Sought-For Facts, Colored Plates and Monotones 
 
 Revised and Brought Up to Its Present State of Perfection by 
 
 ROBERT ARROWSMITH, Ph.D. 
 
 Late Professor in Teachers' College; Associate Editor of Harper's Classical 
 
 Dictionary, The New International Encyclopaedia, Harper's Latin Dictionary, 
 
 Etc., Etc. 
 
 Originally Produced, After the Best and Latest Authorities 
 on Language, Under the Chief Editorship of 
 
 Harry Thurston Peck, Ph.D.,Litt.D.,LL.D. 
 
 (Late Anthon Professor in the Columbia University) 
 
 ASSISTED BY THE FOLLOWING EDITORIAL CONTRIBUTORS 
 
 Frederic Taber Cooper, LL.B., Ph.D. John C. Rolfe, Ph.D. Professor in the 
 
 Late Professor in the New York University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 University; Editor of the Forum, etc. Robert Gordon Grant, A.M., Ph.D. 
 
 Charles F. Johnson, Ph.D. Professor Heidelberg University. 
 
 in Trinity College, Hartford, Conn. Lilian H. du Bois. Instructor in the 
 
 C. L. Meader, Ph.D. Professor in the Wharton Combined School, Phila- 
 
 University of Michigan. delphia. 
 
 J. S. P. Tatlock, Ph.D. Asst. Professor Alfred W. Lawson. Editor of Aircraft. 
 
 in the University of Michigan. Julian Chase, Ph.B. Editor of Motor. 
 
 This Dictionary is no^ published by the original publishers of Webster's Dictionary, or by their successors, 
 
 but by the 
 
 NATIONAL PRESS ASSOCIATION 
 
 9 and 11 East 37th Street 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 1916 
 
,V\)^ 
 
 Copyright, 1912, by Frank E. Wright 
 Copyright, 1916, by Frank E. Wright 
 
 MAR 24 1916 
 
 i>C!.A428227 
 
14 TOPAZ (Biazil) 
 
 6 AMETHYST 
 
 I.UPYK1UUT, IblO, BY F. E WRIGHT 
 
 PRECIOUS GEMS AS THEY ARE FOUND 
 

COPYRIGHT, 1912, BY F. E. WRIGHT. 
 
 RARE BIRDS OF BRILLIANT PLUMAGE 
 
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 :OPYRIGHT, 1914, F. E. WRIGHT 
 
 POSTAGE STAMPS OF VARIOUS NATIONS 
 
KEY TO FIG. I 
 
 A THE GREAT ARTERIAL TRUNK 
 
 B THE GREAT BRANCH 
 
 C. THE LEET CAROTID ARTERY 
 
 D. THE LEET SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY 
 
 E. THE TWO ILIAC ARTERIES 
 
 F. THE GREAT VEIN 
 (ASCENDINGVENA CAVA) 
 
 G THE GREAT VEIN 
 
 (DESCENDING VENACAVA 1 ) 
 
 FIG4 
 
 SECTION OF THF HE" ART 
 
 KEY TO FIG. 4 
 
 THE GREAT VEIN (oucendingvlnac 
 
 2 THE GREAT VEIN (ascending vena cava) 
 
 3 UPPER PART OE THE CAVITY OE THE RIGHT AURICLE 
 
 4 UPPER PART OE THE RIGHT VENTRICLE 
 5. THE THREE POINTED VALVE 
 
 6 VALVES AT THE ORIEICE OF THE PULMONARY ARTERY 
 
 FIG. 5 
 SECTION OF AIR TUBE 
 
 ■F I G. I PLAN OF THE ARTERIES 
 
 FIG. 3 
 
 THREE VALVES 
 AT THE COMMENCEMENT 
 OE THE PULMONARY 
 ARTERY 
 
 FIG. 2 
 
 SECTION OF VEIN 
 
 (SHOWING VALVES) 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY F. E. WRIGHT 
 
 CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD 
 
COPYRIGHT, 1912, BY F. K. WRIGHT. 
 
 CANADA GAME BIRDS 
 
COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY F. E. WRIGHT. 
 
 PRINCIPAL EDIBLE GRAINS 
 
PREFACE 
 
 THIS dictionary is an abridgement from the Standard 
 work on the English language by America' s greatest 
 lexicographer, Noah Webster, LL. D., revised and 
 brought up to date so as to include practically all of 
 the terms in the English vocabulary which are in ordinary use, 
 as well as many technical terms which would be required only 
 by the engineer, architect or advanced student. 
 
 The special aim of the publishers has been to present in this 
 one volume a standard desk dictionary of sterling merit, and to 
 this end no expense has been spared to secure the most com- 
 petent editorial staff and most attractive form of typography. 
 A special merit of the book is its clear, distinct type, which 
 represents a distinct advance over the usual desk dictionaries 
 which are set in type so small as to be practically illegible to 
 many people. The definitions will be found to be concise, 
 accurate and up to date, and the text is enlivened by a number 
 of beautifully colored engravings. 
 
 Following the vocabulary will be found a Reference Library 
 containing among other items a Glossary of Aviation Terms and 
 a Glossary of Automobile Terms, a complete Table of Synonyms 
 and Antonyms, an extended Dictionary of Commercial and 
 Legal Terms, together with a veritable treasury of often-sought- 
 for facts not ordinarily included in a work of this nature. 
 
 The Editors. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 Principles of Grammar 
 
 Orthography 
 
 Etymology 
 
 Syntax 
 
 Punctuation Marks and their Meanings 
 
 Versification, Forms and Rules 
 
 Key to Abbreviations 
 
 Key to Pronunciation 
 
 Dictionary of the English Language 
 
 Synonyms and Antonyms 
 
 Foreign Words, Phrases, Maxims and Quotations 
 
 Dictionary of Commercial and Legal Terms 
 
 Glossary of Aviation Terms 
 
 Glossary of Automobile Terms 
 
 Wealth of the World 
 
 Money in Circulation in the United States 
 
 Electoral Vote 
 
 Time Difference 
 
 The Armies of the World 
 
 The Armies of the United States 
 
 The Navies of the World 
 
 " National Insurance " 
 
 Warship Tonnage, Various Nations 
 
 American (Volunteer) System of Military Service 
 
 Business Men's Camps 
 
 Students' Camps 
 
 Boy Scouts Movement in the United States 
 
 United States Naval Advisory Board 
 
 The Swiss System of Military Service 
 
 The German System of Military Service 
 
 The Australian System 
 
 Boy Scouts in Foreign Countries 
 
 Presidents of the United States 
 
 Names of the States and their Meaning 
 
 Nicknames of the States and the Reason 
 
 Nicknames of Famous Personages 
 
 Decisive Battles of the World and Their Results 
 
 Metric System of Weights and Measures 
 
 Value of Foreign Coins 
 
 Facts about the Earth 
 
 Wedding Aniversaries 
 
 Legal Holidays in the Various States 
 
 United States Census 
 
 PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED WITH 
 FULL PAGE COLOR PLATES AND MONOTONES 
 
PRINCIPLES OF GRAMMAR 
 
 GRAMMAR (from the Greek ypd^ua "a letter of the alphabet") is 
 the art of speaking, reading, and writing correctly. It is comprised in 
 tour main divisions: 
 
 1. Orthography, which treats of letters, syllables, separate words, 
 and spelling. 
 
 2. Etymology, which explains and describes the sources from which 
 the words of our language come, together with their classes and 
 modifications. 
 
 3. Syntax, which treats of the relation, agreement, government, 
 and arrangement, of words in sentences. 
 
 4. Prosody, which treats of the laws of poetry, of poetic prose, and 
 in general of Versification. The study of punctuation, manner of utter- 
 ance, and poetical figures, is closely allied with Prosody, 
 
 I. ORTHOGRAPHY 
 
 Orthography (from the Greek 6p6oypa<pia. "correct writing") is the 
 art of accurate and approved spelling (Anglo-Saxon, speD . and is of 
 essential importance in the study of the English language. It cannot be 
 acquired wholly by means of rules, since the requisite number of rules 
 would be an impossible burden; nor is it a more practicable method 
 to learn the spelling of a few score words by rote. A few general 
 principles, however, easily remembered, and based upon custom and 
 tradition, will prevent any person from writing in a way that calls 
 attention to his carelessness in spelling. These are given below and, if 
 carefully studied, will be found more useful than a long treatise on the 
 subject. 
 
 The following words ought to begin with capital letters: 
 
 The first word of every sentence. 
 
 The first word of every line of poetry. 
 
 All names, including pronouns, applied to God. 
 
 Proper nouns. 
 
 Adjectives derived from proper nouns. 
 
 The names of the days of the week. 
 
 The names of holidays. 
 
 The names of the months. 
 
 The pronoun "I". 
 
 Any leading name which the author wishes to make emphatic. 
 
 TThen a word ending in silent e is increased or augmented by a 
 suffix beginning with a vowel, the e is omitted: as. give, giving: sense, 
 sensible: fame, famous: cure, curable. The e is changed into i before 
 fy and ty; as. pure, purity, purify: active, activity. When the silent e 
 is preceded by v. c. or g soft, it is usually retained before able and ous; 
 as peace, peaceable; courage, courageous. The present tendency how- 
 
 5 
 
6 PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 ever is to drop the e in words where it is preceded by v, as move, mov- 
 able; love, lovable. The e is also retained before ful, less, ly, ment, ness, 
 some, ty;~ as, peaceful, nameless, wisely, excitement, whiteness, whole- 
 some, surety. 
 
 It is an established rule in the English language that words which 
 end with the vowel e, and lengthen the sound of a preceding vowel (as 
 in file, write, endure), should drop the e on receiving a termination and 
 becoming a derivative, if that termination begin with a vowel (as er, 
 ed, ing, ance). Thus file — filer, not fileer, filing; endure, enduring, 
 endurance, not endureance. But in cases where the e affects the sound 
 of a preceding consonant it forms an exception; as in a word with a 
 soft g, or where, in juxtaposition with another e, it forms one long 
 vowel; thus, singe, singeing; see, seeing. 
 
 Monosyllabic words ending in a single consonant, not preceded by a 
 long vowel, and words of more than one syllable ending in a single 
 accented consonant, and of course not preceded by a long vowel, double 
 the final consonant in all the derivatives which are formed by a termina- 
 tion beginning with a vowel; as fit, fitted, fitteth, fitting; bar, barred, 
 barreth; abet, abetted; compel, compelled. Without this doubling of the 
 final consonant, the vowel in the accented syllable of the primitive word 
 (that is the e in abet) would be pronounced wrongly in the derivative 
 (abetted, etc.), namely, with its long sound — fited, bared, abeted. Hence 
 the reason why verbs having the long sound of a vowel do not double 
 the last consonant; as feared, defiled, bloated. 
 
 Words ending in a single consonant, but not having the accent on 
 the last syllable do not double the final consonant in derivatives; as 
 limit, limited; civil, civiZity; enter, entered. 
 
 A word ending in II usually drops one I on becoming part of a com- 
 pound word; as all, always; fill, fulfil; full, fruitful; till, until. But 
 there are some exceptions to this rule; as recall, refill, uphill; which 
 retain the orthography of their monosyllabic roots. 
 
 Words ending in y, preceded by a consonant, change the y into i on 
 receiving an augment; as holy, holier; happy, happiness; pity, pitied. 
 Exceptions — before ing, ish, and s, the y is retained; as flying, babyish, 
 for pity's sake; also in dryness, slyly, shyness. 
 
 When the y is preceded by a vowel, it is retained; as boy, boyish; 
 day, days; joy, joyful. Exceptions — gaiety, said, paid, laid. 
 
 II. ETYMOLOGY 
 
 By 
 
 Clarence L. Meader, Ph.D. 
 
 Professor in the University of Michigan 
 
 Etymology in its broadest sense is a science which aims to give 
 account of a nation's vocabulary, by discovering and describing the 
 elements of words, by determining their changes in sound and meaning, 
 and by tracing out the sources of borrowed words. 
 
 All living languages are in a state of continual flux. An American 
 of to-day pronounces far differently from an Englishman of Chaucer's 
 or King Alfred's time. Not only the sounds, but also the meanings of 
 words vary, perhaps over even wider ranges. New meanings arise 
 and old ones are forgotten. Thus Old English sa?lig, which formerly 
 meant "fortunate, happy," has become modern silly. In two other ways 
 
PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR 7 
 
 the language is continually altered and enriched: (1) by the rise 
 of secondary derivatives, e. g., Byronism, motor-cycle, and (2) by bor- 
 rowing from foreign languages, e. g., chauffeur, from contemporary 
 French. These borrowings and changes have the effect through their 
 gradual accumulation of entirely transforming a language. 
 
 The changes in inflectional forms, depending both on sound changes 
 and on psychological motives, have been equally extensive. To illus- 
 trate, Old English possessed six case forms of the word moon: Mona^,, 
 monetises, monaft . monelSas, monefia, mone^um. These have now been 
 reduced to two, month and months (month's and months' being merely 
 orthographic variations). The ideas formerly expressed by case, tense, 
 mood and personal endings are now conveyed by adverbs, prepositions, 
 auxiliary verbs, order of words and other means. It should be here 
 remarked, not only that such changes in sounds and inflections have 
 affected all native English words, but that borrowed words, on becoming 
 naturalized, are affected in like manner. Furthermore, phonetic changes 
 do not take place capriciously or arbitrarily, but in accordance with 
 regularly operating laws. To illustrate, O. E. a (long) becomes modern 
 English 6, and this will regularly hold true of O. E. long a vowels not 
 preceded by a w. This regularity of sound changes is of the greatest 
 importance to the etymologist. [The creation of new words through 
 phonetic changes is discussed below.] 
 
 The ultimate sources of these changes are the variations of sound 
 and meaning in the speech of the individual. In each individual much 
 variation of pronunciation is occasioned in one and the same word 
 from hour to hour and from day to day by the state of his emotions, 
 by the stress,- pitch, rapidity, and loudness of utterance, by chance 
 physiological and anatomical conditions, and by other numerous and 
 fluctuating factors. However, the desire to make one's self understood, 
 the instinct of imitation, the fear of ridicule, the training of the muscu- 
 lar movements of the organs of speech, along with other conditions, pre- 
 vent the sudden rise of excessive changes of either form or meaning. 
 Thus is preserved a close general resemblanc in the speech of all the 
 members of the same linguistic community. This constitutes a dialect. 
 The boundaries of such communities (some very large, others very 
 small) are primarily determined not by physico-geographical conditions, 
 although these often play a large part, but by social interests — political, 
 economic, commercial, religious, etc. In America in the nineteenth cen- 
 tury with its railways, telephones and other means of rapid communica- 
 tion, its books and newspapers, and its schools in which a standard 
 language is taught, dialect areas are large and their boundaries vague. 
 Residents of Boston, New York, Chicago, New Orleans and San Fran- 
 cisco notice comparatively few striking differences in each other's 
 speech. But in England in earlier days, as also to a large extent at 
 the present time, dialects covered relatively small areas and were very 
 pronounced. Under favorable conditions the lines of demarcation be- 
 tween adjacent dialects become so sharp and the changes in each pro- 
 ceed so far, that the speech of one community becomes unintelligible 
 to the others. In this way new languages, the French, Spanish, Portu- 
 guese, and Italian, for example, arose from Latin dialects, and thus 
 English developed from the Old Germanic. 
 
 The rate of linguistic change depends upon a variety of factors. 
 Race mixture (due to migration or conquest), the growth of culture 
 and material civilization, and close social contact with foreign nations 
 
■8 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 (commonly the result of more intimate commercial relations) are among 
 the most important of these factors. We may now observe how these 
 conditions together with others have affected the development of the 
 English vocabulary. 
 
 In the dim dawn of prehistoric Europe, perhaps in the Bronze Age, 
 we can discern traces, faint but certain, of the existence of communities 
 now called the primitive Indo-Europeans. They spoke a language from 
 which were derived most of the living European languages and many 
 of those now spoken in Asia. We know something of the life of this 
 people. We know also that from time to time they sent offshoots to (1) 
 Southwestern Asia and Asia Minor, (2) Greece, (3) Italy, (4) France 
 and the British Isles, (5) Germany and (6) the Slavonic lands. Isolated 
 from their kindred and doubtless commingling with other peoples, the 
 dialects of these offshoots developed into new languages:* (1) Aryan, 
 from which Sanskrit and Old and Modern Persian arose, (2) primitive 
 Greek, the parent of Ancient and Modern Greek, (3) primitive Italic, 
 the parent of Latin, from which came the Romance tongues, (4) primi- 
 tive Celtic, the source of modern Welsh, Irish and Scotch-Gaelic, (5) 
 primitive Germanic, and (6) primitive Balto-Slavic, which has yielded 
 Russian, Polish, Lettish, etc. Primitive Germanic, like the other 
 branches, broke up into sub-dialects as the community speaking it ex- 
 panded, and still newer languages, — Gothic, Scandinavian, German and 
 English, — blossomed forth, as shown in the following outline: 
 
 Prim. Germ.. 
 
 f Gothic 
 Old Norse 
 
 f Danish, Swedish 
 1 Norwegian, Icelandic 
 
 
 fOld High German 
 Old West. Germ.) 
 
 [Old Low German 
 Such are the genetic relations of English. 
 
 'Mod. High German 
 
 Old and Mod. Saxon 
 Old Franconian 
 Dutch, Flemish 
 Old and Mod. Frisian 
 ^Old and Mod. English 
 
 Three Old English tribes, dwelling in the coast lands, both north 
 and south of the Elbe, crossed the sea in the fifth and sixth centuries 
 and permanently occupied the island of Britain. The Jutes settled 
 chiefly in Kent, the Saxons elsewhere, south of the Thames and in Mid- 
 dlesex and bussex, the Angles north of these, extending as far as the 
 Forth. The Angles split up into two dialect groups, the northern (North- 
 umbrian) and southern (Mercian). After the year 827 the West Saxon 
 attained considerable ascendancy as a literary language, chiefly in con- 
 sequence of the conquests of Ecgberht (802-839) and the literary efforts 
 of Alfred (died 901). In the fifteenth century the dialect of London, 
 which stood rather closer to the Mercian (or Central) English, became 
 a standard literary and official language, in consequence of the ad- 
 ministrative and commercial importance of the metropolis, the inter- 
 mediate character and location of the dialect between north and south, 
 the widespread influence of the writings of Chaucer and Wyclif, and 
 the introduction of printing, London being the center of the publish- 
 
 *Many of these languages and some groups of languages are not mentioned here. 
 
PRINCIPLES OP ENGLISH GRAMMAR 9 
 
 ing business. This standard English has for a long time been gradu- 
 ally leveling the modern descendents of the above-mentioned dialects. 
 American English is one form of it. 
 
 When we turn to the consideration of the non-Germanic and non- 
 Latin elements of our language, we meet with two historical facts of 
 great importance: (1) these words, with comparatively few exceptions, 
 came in after the year 1500; (2) they reached us by two entirely differ- 
 ent channels: (a) colonization and commerce, (b) the study of foreign 
 literatures. 
 
 Although English commerce was encouraged by various circum- 
 stances from the beginning of the twelfth century on, yet it was not 
 until the early sixteenth century that England was in a position to 
 come forward as a strong rival of Portugal, Spain and the Netherlands. 
 The discovery of the West Indies in 1492 and of a sea route to India 
 in 1498, the establishment of the East India Company in 1600 and the 
 foundation of Jamestown and Plymouth were followed by a rapid develop- 
 ment of commerce; and since 1800 England has maintained her rank 
 as the foremost commercial nation in the world. The opening up of the 
 extensive foreign relations entered upon by England since 1500 has 
 greatly enriched our vocabulary. Most of our borrowed Spanish words 
 and quite a number of Sanskrit and Persian words (as makarajah, pun- 
 dit, durbar) came in by this route. The more important non-Indo-Euro- 
 pean languages that have contributed are: the native languages of 
 North and South America (e. g., tomahawk and raccoon, from Algon- 
 quin; cacao, coyote, tomato, from Mexican; llama, from Peruvian; cay- 
 enne, from Brazilian) and the native languages of Asia and the Pacific 
 islands (examples: tea, from Chinese; jinriksha, from Japanese; boom- 
 erang and kangaroo, from Australian; tattoo, from Tahitian). There 
 are also some words from African languages. These words have come 
 to us, either directly or (quite as commonly) indirectly, through the 
 mediation of Spanish (in the case of many Mexican, West Indian and 
 Arabic words) and other tongues. If we exclude a large number of 
 geographical proper names, these words are seen to be mainly nouns, 
 the names of various commercial commodities, or of local plants and 
 animals. 
 
 On the other hand, it has been chiefly through the study of the 
 Greek and Italian literatures, to which the English have assiduously 
 devoted themselves for some four hundred years, that these languages 
 have contributed to our vocabulary. About 80 Italian words have 
 reached us directly in this way, and some 1,400 fairly common Greek 
 words. In addition to these there are, of course, several thousand 
 technical scientific (especially medical) terms derived from Greek. 
 
 From Skeat's etymological dictionary we learn that there are about 
 14,000 primary words in English, while the entire number of words 
 recorded in a recent Dictionary is about 325,000. Exclude from this last 
 number the numerous technical terms, and the majority of the residue 
 are derivatives and compounds of a portion of this 14,000. This state- 
 ment will convey some impression of the important part played by the 
 processes of secondary derivation and compounding, the principal forms 
 of which are as follows: 
 
 (1) Reduplication and iteration, as in the excited imperative, 
 come, come! 
 
 (2) Compounding of formerly distinct words. Compound words 
 are usually, if not always, designations of some one non-homogeneous 
 
10 PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 object, quality, action, state or relation. Of the component parts of the 
 word, one is commonly a designation of some specific, prominent quality 
 of the object, action, etc.; the other a more general characterization. 
 Less commonly the two elements are strictly coordinate. The unity of 
 the object, action, etc., themselves provides the psychological basis for 
 the unity of the compound. Illustrations: tuool-dress, bred-n-buttr 
 (=bread-and-butter) , Hay-Pauncefote-treaty. The following examples 
 illustrate the variety of combinations of various parts of speech that 
 occur: even-tide, oak-tree, Tues-day, blood-shedding, alder-man, two-fold, 
 self-confidence, self-confident, ivash-tub, sea-sick. 
 
 (3) Secondary derivation by prefixes and suffixes. No sharp line 
 can be drawn between this type of word-formation and composition. 
 The psychological processes underlying them have much in common, 
 but analogy plays a less prominent part in composition. In fact, prefixes 
 and suffixes are in part derived from previously independent words. In 
 English there are about three hundred prefixes derived from divers 
 sources, but many (perhaps two hundred) of these, like v in van, are 
 no longer felt as such; and many more have ceased to be employed in 
 forming new derivatives. Tin- and ante- are still freely used. English 
 suffixes are so numerous and varied in form that a systematic classifica- 
 tion of them is impossible. Many go back to primitive Indo-European 
 times, some grew up in the primitive Germanic period, others are more 
 recent, and not a few are of Latin and Greek origin. Suffixes, like 
 prefixes, tend to fuse more and more closely with the fundamental word, 
 and, eventually, consciousness of them as distinct elements is lost, as in 
 o-ther, ev-er, daw-n, dar-k. 
 
 (4) In transforming old words and begetting new ones, shifts of 
 meaning and sound changes always operate simultaneously. So lord 
 and lady are the end results of such changes wrought in the Old English 
 words, hlaf-ord (formerly hlaf-weard), literally "bread-warder," and 
 hlaf-dige, lit. "bread-kneader." The four most important specific types of 
 sound change are: (1) loss of sounds, as hlaford, (2) vowel-gradation, 
 which is seen in fall, fell and give, gave, (3) mutation, or umlaut, which 
 is the cause of the variations in man, men, goose, geese, choose, choice, 
 (4) vowel heightening and breaking, as the change of a to a, a to e, and 
 that of e to I. 
 
 III. SYNTAX 
 
 By John S. P. Tatlock, Ph.D. 
 Professor in the University of Michigan. 
 
 All living languages change. Among races without the steadying 
 influence of civilization and literature they change rapidly; so rapidly 
 in Polynesia, it is said, that a traveller returning to an island after 
 an absence of years has scarcely been able to recognize the language. 
 Only the lack in the eighteenth century of the scientific and historical 
 habit of mind accounts for the extraordinary proposal of Dean Swift, 
 that "Some method should be thought on for ascertaining and fixing our 
 language forever, after such alterations in it as shall be thought requi- 
 site." While the most changeful elements in language are pronunciation 
 and vocabulary, Syntax, too, submits to the universal law. 
 
 By observing the development of the language during some thirteen 
 
PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR 11 
 
 hundred years, we can see the direction of the change. In general it 
 has been toward the simple, the reasonable and the useful. On the 
 whole, rules have become fewer, less arbitrary, but more invariable. 
 Tseless distinctions have been discarded, constructions alike in func- 
 tion have become alike in form, means have become better adapted to 
 ends. Among the happiest changes has been the disappearance (in the 
 thirteenth century) of the three grammatical genders among nouns, 
 and (in the fifteenth century) of the inflection of adjectives and of their 
 distinctions in forms according as they refer to definite or indefinite 
 'objects. In particular, the tendency has been away from a synthetic and 
 toward an analytic structure; that is, the relations of words are now 
 shown less by their form and more by their position and the use of 
 particles. This is almost pure gain. Though it requires more words 
 than the older structure, the words are shorter and easier to learn and 
 use. The increased fixity in order is not great enough to involve mon- 
 otony or real loss of expressiveness, and unquestionably has brought 
 a gain in clearness and ease of use. 
 
 We have seen how, by the general law of the universe, the forces 
 which have made the English language what it is are steadily making 
 it other than it is. Change it must, but it may change more rapidly or 
 less, and in general the less rapidly the better, for many reasons. It 
 is a curious fact that at present the changes which might be most 
 beneficial are in general not those which are tending to take place. 
 Change does not occur unopposed, and the forces aiding conservatism 
 are many. Among the chief is the social stigma attaching to notice- 
 able departures from the received forms of the language; though it 
 is singular that the fear of this stigma often capriciously strains at 
 the gnat and swallows the camel, making those whose shalVs and wills 
 are hopelessly at odds needlessly careful to pronounce at all as two 
 words. Perhaps equally important is the steadying influence of earlier 
 literature. Other influences are the example of the older members of 
 the community, patriotism (especially in England), the fear of not being 
 understood, the historical sense, and a general feeling for the indecency 
 of wanton disregard of what is established. All these tend to offset the 
 charm of novelty. 
 
 More concretely, the basis of conservatism in syntax as elsewhere is 
 to be found in the rules of grammar and in the trend of good usage, 
 which means the practice of the best writers and speakers. Here is 
 the living solidity which keeps linguistic filibustering from carrying 
 all before it. Here, if anywhere, is to be found the answer when a par- 
 ticular form is questioned. If the decree of grammar and usage in regard 
 to syntax is clear, no arguments from analogy or reason avail, for living 
 speech is not a matter of ideal but of reality. Here the function of 
 dictionaries and books of grammar and rhetoric is to codify good usage 
 with full knowledge and intelligence, and all their authority in regard 
 to syntax is a derived authority. Further, the authority of good usage 
 rests not in isolated instances but on general tendency. The fact that 
 sporadic cases of "the split infinitive" (e. g., "to perfectly understand") 
 are to be found from Anglo-Saxon times down, does not make it gen- 
 erally justifiable (though occasionally it may be hard to avoid); any 
 more than Byron's "there let him lay," and Shelley's "Be thou me, im- 
 petuous one," justify "It is me," and "Lay down, sir!" 
 
 It may have been noticed that this discussion has recognized two 
 points of view toward syntax, one scientific and one aesthetic, the one 
 
12 PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 impartially observing change and the other usually opposing it. Many 
 older writers on the subject tended to be so dogmatic as to be poor 
 guides for the uninstructed, and modern purely scientific grammarians 
 do not pretend to be guides. A rational attitude toward the matter 
 requires us to hold the balance between the two, and the greatest help 
 to doing so is an intelligently historical point of view; for history both 
 loves the past and recognizes that it is past, interprets the present yet 
 knows it is not final. Without wide reading a knowledge of the history 
 of the language and a knowledge of the speech-usages of other parts 
 of the English-speaking world, the judicious person will hesitate to be 
 dogmatic about idioms and unusual constructions. In particular, this 
 point of view is desirable in those in positions of authority, writers of 
 text-books, and teachers. It prevents venerable and serviceable idioms 
 from being condemned because they are not easy to parse, and personal 
 or national whims and antipathies from being erected into canons.* 
 It promotes a generous and vital attitude toward questions of usage, 
 shows that many are not questions of right and wrong but of better 
 and worse, that the requirements of formal and informal writing and 
 talking are all and have always been different, and discourages not only 
 slovenliness but also priggishness and dogmatism. The practical effect 
 of the historical attitude can hardly be better summed up than in the 
 familiar words of Pope's Essay on Criticism: 
 
 "In words, as fashions, the same rule will hold; 
 Alike fantastic, if too new, or old; 
 Be not the first by whom the new are try'd, 
 Nor yet the last to lay the old aside." 
 
 IV. PUNCTUATION 
 
 Punctuation is the art of pointing written composition in such a 
 manner as may naturally lead to its proper meaning, construction, and 
 delivery; and it thus indicates the several pauses, or rests, between sen- 
 tences, and parts of sentences, according to their proper quantity or pro- 
 portion, as they are expressed in just and accurate pronunciation. 
 
 The following are the- principal stops or pauses in a sentence, viz., 
 the comma (,), the semicolon ( ; ), the colon ( : ), the period, or full point 
 (.), the note of admiration or, exclamation (!), and the note of interro- 
 gation (?). 
 
 The comma (,) is a pause in reading, or slight break in sense, and is 
 mostly used to distinguish nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs; as, "It 
 is very difficult to make fine pictures, handsome statues, good music, 
 good verses." It likewise prevents ambiguity in the sense: as, "Episto- 
 lary writing, by which a great part of the commerce of human life is 
 carried on, was esteemed by the Romans a liberal and polite accomplish- 
 ment." When an address is made to a person, answering to the vocative 
 case in Latin, a comma is placed before and after the noun: as, "Com- 
 mune with thyself, man, and consider wherefore thou wast made." 
 
 The semicolon ( ; ) is a pause somewhat longer than the comma, and 
 is used to distinguish the different members or parts of a sentence: as, 
 "A vain hope flattereth the heart of a fool; but he who is wise pursueth 
 it not. Be grateful to thy father, for he gave thee life; and to thy 
 mother, for she sustained thee." 
 
 * Between alternative colloquial forms like someone else's and someone's else one may have 
 his preference; yet he is not justified in being dogmatic. 
 
PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR 13 
 
 The colon ( : ) is a pause in reading of still greater length, and 
 shows the preceding sentence to be perfect and entire, only that some 
 remark, further illustration, or other matter connected therewith, is 
 subjoined: as, "He who giveth away his treasure wisely, giveth away his 
 plagues: he who retaineth its increase, heapeth up sorrow." 
 
 The period, or full point (.), indicates a complete or temporary rest 
 of the voice, and denotes a full and perfect sentence, which is always dis- 
 tinguished by this point: as, "A noble spirit disdaineth the malice of for- 
 tune. His greatness of soul is not to be cast down." 
 
 The note of admiration (!) is used to express wonder, or exclama- 
 tion: as, "Who art thou, man! who presumest on thine own wisdom?" 
 
 The note of interrogation (?) is used to show when a question is 
 asked: as, "What day of the month is this?" It likewise distinguishes a 
 real question from a sentence in the imperative mood: as, "Do you hear 
 me?" 
 
 Besides the above points, there are other marks made use of in books 
 and writing as references, or to point out something remarkable or 
 defective: as, 
 
 Accent (') placed over a vowel, or the last consonant of a syllable, 
 shows the stress of the voice, in pronouncing a word, to be on that 
 syllable over or immediately before which it is placed. 
 
 Apostrophe ('), is a comma placed over a word, to denote the omis- 
 sion of a letter, for the sake of a quicker pronunciation: as, plac'd for 
 placed, ne'er for never. 
 
 Asterism, or asterisk (*) a star, and Parallel (||), direct to some 
 note at the foot of the page. 
 
 Obelisk or Dagger (t), refers likewise to some note in the margin, 
 &c; and in dictionaries it commonly shows the word to be obsolete. 
 
 The Index, or Hand ( (£2p~), points to some very remarkable passage. 
 
 Breve ( v ) over a vowel, denotes that it sounds short. 
 
 Circumflex ("), or ("), is placed over a vowel to denote a long syl- 
 lable: as, Euphrates, or Euphrates. 
 
 Diaeresis ("), consists of two points placed over one of two conjoin- 
 ing vowels, thus dividing them into two syllables 1 : as, aerial. 
 
 Hyphen (-), is a short line to join syllables or words together. 
 
 Hakron (marked ~) over a vowel shows this vowel to be long. 
 
 Parenthesis, marked thus ( ), serves to include a sentence which 
 might be omitted, without any prejudice to the general meaning; not- 
 withstanding it may be necessary for the explanation thereof: as, "Par- 
 don me (added she, embracing me), I now believe what you say." 
 
 Dash ( — ), is used when the sense breaks off abruptly, or is tem- 
 porarily suspended and continued after a short interruption. A double 
 dash, at beginning and end of an introduced phrase, is now frequently 
 employed in place of the parenthesis. 
 
 Bracket, or Crotchet, thus [ ], includes such a word from the sentence 
 as serves to explain the word immediately preceding: as, "A treatise of 
 [concerning] English Grammar." 
 
 Paragraph (T[), denotes the beginning of a new subject. The 
 
 pause here may be greater than a period. 
 
 Section (§), is used to divide a chapter into less particular argu- 
 ments. 
 
 Ellipsis, marked thus ( ), or ( ), denotes that part of a word 
 
 is left out: as. K g, for King. 
 
 Caret ( a ) , is placed underneath a line to show that some letter, 
 
14 PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 word or sentence is left out by mistake, and must be inserted exactly in 
 that place. 
 
 Quotation ("■), is a double comma reversed at the beginning of a 
 line, which shows that a passage is quoted, or transcribed, from some 
 author in his own words. 
 
 V. VERSIFICATION AND PROSODY 
 
 By Charles F. Johnson, A.M., Ph.D. 
 Professor in Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut. 
 
 A poem is a structure, but it is more than a structure, it is an 
 organism. The writer puts into it a portion of his own spiritual vital- 
 ity, so that, as Dr. Johnson says, "poetry pleases by exhibiting an idea 
 more grateful to the mind than things themselves afford." 
 
 A collection of words constituting a verse or line of poetry is easily 
 recognizable from its structure. For example, the words, 
 
 "A sensitive plant in a garden grew," 
 would be declared verse at once by the reader because they mark time. 
 In reading it we naturally make four beats, instinctive movements of the 
 hand or head. On looking further we see that all the lines of the poem 
 have the same peculiarity and we conclude that this is the general 
 law of the verses of that poem, though sometimes the beats are not so 
 marked as in the opening line. The beats coincide with the syllables 
 "sen," "plant," "gard" and "grew," which we recognize at once as the 
 accented syllables. But if we write: 
 
 "A sensitive plant grew in a garden" 
 we see at once here is not a poetical line though we might surmise 
 as before that the "sensitive plant" meant a human soul, and "the gar- 
 den" human society, or the world. The symbolical or suggested mean- 
 ing is not affected, but the structure is destroyed. 
 
 The Accent and the Foot 
 
 The Latin and Greek critics, in whose languages much fine poetry 
 was written, considered that the syllables were long and short; they 
 regarded duration rather than force as marking them. They recog- 
 nized that the short syllables were associated with the long syllables 
 just as we recognize accented syllables as agglutinated to unaccented 
 ones to form feet. To these feet they gave names, as trochee — a long and 
 short syllable, imabus — a short and long, spondee — two long syllables, 
 dactyl — a long followed by two shorts, anapest — two shorts followed by a 
 long, and a few other combinations. They also considered that the 
 time occupied in enunciating a short syllable was half that required 
 by a long one. These names are retained in English prosody for con- 
 venience; an iambus is an unaccented syllable followed by an accented 
 one, and so forth. The term, "foot" is retained for the agglutinated 
 syllables constructing a metrical unit. The old marks (- w ) for long 
 and short are also used in English prosody, though they mean accented 
 and unaccented. English from its earliest history is preeminently an 
 accented language, and accent as applied to it means stress or force, 
 not pitch, as it meant when used by the Greeks. The regular feet are 
 the iamb (~ -), the trochee (.- w ), the anapest ( w w -), the dactyl 
 
PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR 15 
 
 (- w w ), the amphibrach ( w - w ). A single long syllable may 
 constitute a foot if followed by a pause, rhetorical or grammatical, or 
 at the end of a line, where a pause (very short) is always to be made. 
 The spondee ( — ) is substantially out of the question, though, since 
 monosyllables are nearly all accented, two accents may fall together, as 
 "far down," in the line. Then one of these takes the principal accent 
 and throws the other into comparative obscurity, according to the re- 
 quirements of the beat. For the same reason the pyrrhic ( w w ) and the 
 tribrach ( w w w ) have no place. Nor have the four-syllable feet like the 
 Ionic ( — w w ). When a line of verse can be scanned as Ionics it 
 will be found that the natural reading marks trochees or anapests if 
 some of the syllables are evidently acoustically unimportant. 
 
 Stress is practically the same as accent, but is usually applied to 
 cases where a weak accent is reinforced to make the beat evident, as 
 in the case where two accented monosyllables come together and one 
 must be given the leadership. Even when the meaning requires a 
 slow and distinct enunciation of each syllable so as to give a spondaic 
 effect, it will be found that one syllable still carries the metrical accent 
 and that these stresses are nearly, perhaps absolutely, spaced in time. 
 
 The Line 
 
 The feet can be combined in many ways to make lines of poetry. 
 The most common is the five-accent iambic line, of which the best 
 exemplar is Pope. Lines are individualized in the pages of a book by 
 special printing, in reading, by a short pause at the end, which is 
 frequently marked by a rhyme. The shortest line may be taken as one 
 of two accents, though single words may be printed as a refrain. The 
 favorite metre of Burns consists of three four-accent lines, a two-accent 
 line, another four-accent line, and a two-accent line terminating the 
 stanza or group of lines: 
 
 "Ev'n thou | who mournst | the Dai | sy's fate, 
 That fate | is thine | — no dis | tant date, 
 Stern Rti | in's plow | share drives, | elate, 
 Full on | thy doom." 
 The feet in the above are iambic. 
 Hood's "Bridge of Sighs" is in lines of two accents: 
 "one more, un | fortunate, 
 Weary of | breath, 
 Rashly im | portunate, 
 Gone to her | death." 
 
 Here the feet are of three syllables, dactyls and amphibrachs, except 
 the terminals "breath" and "death," which with the following pause 
 have the temporal value of iambics. 
 
 Three-accent lines are found in the second and fourth line of ballad 
 metre and the "Common metre" of hymns, the other two lines of the 
 stanza being marked with four accents. The hymn: 
 "From Green | land's i | cy mountains 
 From in | dia's cor | al strand." 
 
 is an example of three-accent lines. 
 
 The four-accent line is very frequently used by poets. When seven 
 syllables are used, the last bears a heavy accent and with the pause is 
 equivalent to a trochee: 
 
16 PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 "Am I j loved as | once were | they, 
 in the [ old im | passioned j way?" 
 The lines might be scanned as iambics by taking the first foot to be 
 the single long syllable, but it seems more consonant with the natural 
 rhythm to consider the final syllables with the pause as making up the 
 time. If a line is regarded as beginning with a single syllable, -it is 
 called "acephalous," if, as ending with a single syllable, "catalectic." 
 The five-accent line is the most common for sustained verse. Used 
 by Shakespeare and Milton without rhyme, it is known as blank verse 
 and consists for the most part of ten syllables, and the beat is iambic. 
 Used with coupled rhymes by Pope and many others it is known as the 
 heroic couplet: 
 
 "Should such | a man \ , too fond | to rule | alone, 
 Bear like j , the Turk | no broth | er near | the throne." 
 
 The above quotation shows, too, how, when two monosyllables bear- 
 ing normally accents of about equal importance, as ''Should such," "too 
 fond," "bear like," come together, either of them can be made to carry 
 the rhythmical accent to suit the general character of the metre whether 
 trochaic or iambic. 
 
 The six-accent line is found in the Alexandrine which closes the 
 Spenserian stanza of the "Faerie Queen," "Adonais," "Childe Harold" 
 and other poems. This, however, as well as the seven-accent verse, is 
 apt to split up in normal reading into two shorter lines, as grammatical 
 or rhetorical considerations almost invariably divide the time into 
 clauses at the end of a foot. 
 
 The prevalent foot gives the rhythmical character to the line. 
 If iambic, the line is normally dignified, if trochaic, the line is lively, 
 if of three-syllable feet, it may be expressive of either emotion, rhetori- 
 cally eloquent, as in Hood's "Bridge of Sighs," or merry, as in his "Miss 
 Kilmansegg." Very musical effects are obtained in fortunate instances 
 in the use of either foot as the norm, but this depends on the sequence 
 of syllable sound, rather than on the sequence of accents. 
 
 As rhythm is the basis of verse and as the accents mark the rhythm, 
 it is evident that the accented syllables are far more important than 
 the unaccented ones or the pauses that divide them. Therefore, if care 
 is taken not to bring two strongly accented syllables into juxtaposition, 
 trochees can be found in iambic lines and the reverse, a dactyl can 
 readily fill the place of an anapest, or two-syllable and three-syllable 
 feet can be interchanged. None but poets who can detect at once a mis- 
 placed accent which breaks the rhythm can use this license. Examples 
 of this "equivalence" are found in Milton's "L' Allegro" and "II Pense- 
 roso," in Coleridge's "Christabel," in Shelley's "Sensitive Plant" and 
 many other poems. 
 
 Rhyme 
 
 Since the day of Chaucer, rhyme, coming into England from France 
 and Italy, has generally marked the ends of lines. A true rhyme im- 
 poses identity of the vowel sound of the last accented syllables and its 
 consonant and identity of the following unaccented syllable, if there 
 be any, and dissimilarity of the consonants preceding the accented 
 syllable. "Flowers" and "Hours" are a rhyming pair, and so are 
 "Sorrow" and "To-morrow." As our vowel sounds grade so finely 
 similarity is allowed, but identity is the rule. The rule is so far 
 
PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR 17 
 
 relaxed as to allow an unaccented terminal to take the rhyme as 
 "Eternity" and "Me." As the function of the rhyme is to make a pleas- 
 ing echo to individualize the line, and to add to the artistic complexity 
 of the structure, there is no reason for insisting on the letter of the 
 law, nor have poets ever done so. 
 
 The Stanza 
 
 The stanza is a group of lines as the line is a group of feet, and 
 may be called the metrical paragraph. As the accent beat, the number 
 of feet in the lines, the number of lines in the stanza, and the position 
 of the rhymes may all vary, the possible combinations are infinite, from 
 the couplet to the fourteen-line sonnet. Chaucer, in the fourteenth 
 century, imported stanzaic forms from France and Italy. Lyrical stanzas 
 were imitated from the French of Ronsard and the other "Pleiads"' in 
 the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Mr. Swinburne in the nine- 
 teenth, showed an astonishing genius in inventing new stanzas of great 
 beauty, many of them of the anapestic and dactylic movement. The 
 standards are the sonnet in both forms — Italian and English — ballad 
 measure, the heroic couplet, and the octo-syllabic couplet. In the Pope 
 heroic couplet the lines are usually grammatical phrases, so that a pause 
 or mark of punctuation comes at the end. These are known as "end- 
 stopt" lines and give the poem a crisp, epigrammatic character. In 
 most lyrical verse and in the usage of Keats and others in the five- 
 accent line, the grammatical structure does not coincide with the metri- 
 cal structure, but the word at the end of the line is bound up with 
 the word at the beginning of the next line. This is known as "over- 
 flow verse," and has a more careless and fluent movement. 
 
 • What has been said applies only to the mechanics of verse. The art 
 is exercised for the most part instinctively, as the primitive men struck 
 the rhythmic accents correctly in their communal choruses and dances. 
 But artistry has added new elements in the long course of time. The 
 syllables which carry the accents and the syllables between them are 
 elements of human speech; vowel sounds closed by consonants. As such 
 they have their own beauty enhanced by orderly succession. They may 
 vary in pitch, they may be prolonged or shortened. They fill the bare 
 accented outline with ornament, which may be called color or music 
 by way of analogy to other arts. Furthermore, the words are symbols 
 of things and ideas and are surrounded with an aura of associations. 
 When these harmonize in some indefinable manner with the underlying 
 rhythmical beat the effect is far greater than any that can be pro- 
 duced by prose. The poetic structure then becomes organic and living 
 and exemplifies in the fullest the art not only of versification, but of 
 poetry. But there can be no poetry without versification. Poetic prose, 
 as in Coleridge's "Cain," may have a loose rhythm of its own and some 
 of the suggestive glamour of poetry, but it is not poetry except in a 
 borrowed sense, as architecture is "frozen music." The regular rhythmic 
 beat, old as man and elemental as gravitation, is wanting, and that is 
 the base of poetry. The superstructure erected on another base becomes 
 itself a different thing, not poetry but poetic prose. 
 
A LIST OF 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE VOCABULARY OF THIS DICTIONARY. 
 
 adj. = adjective. 
 
 adv. = adverb. 
 
 comp. = comparative. 
 
 conj. = conjunction. 
 
 def . art. = definite article. 
 
 indef. art. = indefinite article. 
 
 interj. = interjection. 
 
 n. =noun. 
 
 pi. = plural. 
 
 p.p. =perfect participle, 
 p.pr. = present participle, 
 prep. = preposition, 
 p.t. =past tense, 
 superl. = superlative, 
 v. i.=verb, intransitive, 
 v. t. =verb, transitive. 
 
 = is the sign of equality. 
 
 Key To Pronunciation 
 
 a as 
 
 in fade, aid, eight, fare, where. 
 
 a ' 
 
 ' arm, father, calm, half, laugh. 
 
 a ' 
 
 1 at, had, ran, shall, parrot. 
 
 aw ' 
 
 ' awl, fall, walk, war, aught, fought 
 
 e ' 
 
 ' mete, we, see, near, marine, tier. 
 
 e 
 
 ' her, author, bird, word, murmur. 
 
 e 
 
 ' met, men, merry, kitchen, bury. 
 
 I ' 
 
 1 mite, mine, height, my. 
 
 i ' 
 
 1 fit, pin, division, busy, abuss. 
 
 5 ' 
 
 1 home, load, snow, tableau. 
 
 6 ' 
 
 ' form, cord, orb, abhor, cross. 
 
 o ' 
 
 ' not, torrid, ontology, what. 
 
 55 ' 
 
 ' moon, move, tomb, rule. 
 
 00 ' 
 
 ' book, woman, wolf, full, push. 
 
 u • 
 
 ' mute, union, new, hewn, yours. 
 
 u ' 
 
 ' hut, drum, dull, current. 
 
 oi ' 
 
 ' oil, joy, ouster. 
 
 ou ' 
 
 ' house, how, owl. 
 
 ch ' 
 
 1 church, much, match. 
 
 g 
 
 1 good, give, dig, dagger. 
 
 kh ' 
 
 1 pibroch (Scotch guttural sound). 
 
 ng ' 
 
 c ring, tongue, function, bank. 
 
 th ' 
 
 ; thine, those, breathe. 
 
 th ' 
 
 ' thin, worth, sympaf/iy. 
 
 eh ' 
 
 ' azure, fusion, provision. 
 
 
 18 
 
A 
 
 A (a or a), the first letter in nearly 
 every alphabet in the world, the 
 chief exceptions being the Old Ger- 
 manic (Runic), where it stood in the 
 fourth place, and the Ethiopic, 
 where it is the thirteenth letter. It 
 was possibly in its earlier form a 
 
 Eictograph, representing an ox's 
 ead; but recent research has made 
 this doubtful. 
 
 a (a), indef. art. (contraction of an), 
 one; any: used before words begin- 
 ning with a consonant or the 
 aspirate h. 
 
 aback (a-bak') , adv. backward ; pressed 
 back against the mast: said of sails; 
 by surprise. 
 
 abacus (ab'a-kus), n. a contrivance 
 of beads or balls strung upon rods 
 or wires: used for arithmetical com- 
 putation by the Chinese, and called 
 by them swan pan. The abacus was 
 probably at first developed from the 
 ten digits of the human hand, which 
 was a natural counting-board; the 
 slab crowning a column or pil- 
 lar. 
 
 abaft (a-baft'), adv. & prep, at, to- 
 wards, or in the direction of the 
 stern of a ship; astern. 
 
 abandon (a-ban'dun), v.t. to give up; 
 desert or forsake utterly; give up all 
 claim to; yield one's self: n. unre- 
 straint ; freedom of manner. [French.] 
 
 abase (a-bas'), v.t. to humble or de- 
 grade; debase morally; dishonor. 
 
 abash (a-basb/), v.t. to put to con- 
 fusion; confound or make ashamed 
 by consciousness of guilt or error. 
 
 abate (a-bat'), v.t. to lessen; sup- 
 press: v.i. to decrease; moderate. 
 
 abatis, abattis (ab'a-tis), n. a ram- 
 part of felled trees. 
 
 abattoir (a-bat-war'), n. a slaughter- 
 house. 
 
 abbess (ab'es), n. the lady-superior of 
 a convent or nunnery. 
 
 abbey (ab'i), n. [pi. abbeys (ab'biz)l, 
 an establishment for religious devo- 
 tees of either sex, renounced to celi- 
 bacy and seclusion from the world. 
 
 abbot (ab'ut), n. the male superior or 
 head of an abbey. 
 
 abbreviate (ab-bre'vi-at), v.t. to 
 shorten, as by contraction of a word, 
 or the omission of words in a sen- 
 tence ; reduce the quantity to its low- 
 est terms. 
 
 abdicate (ab'di-kat), v.t. renounce, 
 give up, or withdraw from; to re- 
 linquish the crown in favor of a 
 successor. 
 
 abdomen (ab-do'men), n. the belly; 
 the cavity containing the digestive 
 apparatus or viscera; the posterior 
 segment or third division of the body 
 of an insec^ 
 
 abduce (ab-dtis'), v.t. to draw away by 
 persuasion or argument; draw aside 
 by an abductor muscle. 
 
 abduct (ab-dukt'), v.t. to carry off by 
 stealth or force; kidnap. 
 
 abeam (a-bem'), adv. at right angles 
 to the keel of a ship. 
 
 abed (a-bed'), adv. in bed; to bed. 
 
 aberration (ab-er-ra'shun), n. the 
 act of departing from the usual 
 path, type, or standard; mental de- 
 rangement. 
 
 abet (a-bet'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. abetted, 
 p.pr. abetting], to encourage; to aid 
 or assist in the performance of an 
 act, usually of a criminal nature; to 
 incite, or instigate. 
 
 abeyance (a-ba'ans), n. held or kept 
 back; held over; a state of suspen- 
 sion. 
 
 abhor (ab-hor'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ab- 
 horred, p.pr. abhorring], _ to hate, 
 loathe, execrate, abominate; be 
 strongly averse to. 
 
 abhorrent (ab-hor'rent), adj. detest- 
 able, hateful, repulsive. 
 
 abide fa-bid'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. abode, 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 2 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ABILITY 
 
 20 
 
 ABSCOND 
 
 p.pr. abiding], to await, endure, with- 
 stand, tolerate: v.i. to dwell, reside, 
 continue, stand firm. 
 
 ability (a-bil'i-ti), n. power to per- 
 form; skill to achieve; capability 
 for carrying out; capacity to devise; 
 receive, retain, or make use of; 
 physical or moral strength; talents 
 or gifts, in a special or general de- 
 gree; wealth; means. 
 
 abject (ab'jekt), adj. worthless; mean; 
 low; despicable; in a sunken or de- 
 graded condition. 
 
 abjure (ab-jur'), v.t. to renounce upon 
 oath; forswear allegiance to; repu- 
 diate or recant. 
 
 ablation (ab-la/shun) , n. the act of 
 removal or carrying away. 
 
 ablative (ab'la-tiv), n. the sixth case 
 in Latin nouns, expressing chiefly 
 separation and instrumentality and 
 sometimes place. 
 
 ablaut (ab'lout), n. vowel change, as 
 in do, did. 
 
 ablaze (a-blaz'), adv. or adj. on fire; 
 well alight; in a blaze; eager; in- 
 flamed with desire; resplendent. 
 
 able (a'bl), adj.^ possessed of power, 
 means, or ability; qualified, compe- 
 tent; bodily or mentally strong; 
 legally authorized or entitled. 
 
 ablution (ab-lu'shun) , n. a washing 
 or cleansing of the body by water; 
 moral purification. 
 
 abnegation (ab'ne-ga-shun), n. renun- 
 ciation; self-denial. 
 
 abnormal (ab-nor'mal) , adj. irregular; 
 deformed; unnatural; departure 
 from a type, standard, or rule; 
 exceptional; out of the common. 
 
 abnormity (ab-nor'mi-ti) , n. [pi. 
 abnormities (ab-nor'mi-tiz)], deform- 
 ity; irregularity. 
 
 aboard (a-bord'), adv. on or within a 
 vessel: prep, into a ship. 
 
 abode (a-bocT), n. a place of continued, 
 residence; a dwelling; a habitation; 
 residence generally. 
 
 abolish (a-borish), v.t. to efface; do 
 away with; put an end to. 
 
 abolition (ab-6-lish'un) , n. the act of 
 abolishing; the state of being abol- 
 ished; the annulment or abrogation 
 of decrees, rites, customs, &c. 
 
 abominable (a-bom'i-na-bl), adj. hate- 
 ful; odious; offensive; unclean. 
 
 abominate (a-bom'i-nat) , v.t. to ab- 
 
 hor; regard with feelings of disgust 
 or hatred. 
 
 aboriginal (ab-o-rij'i-nal), adj. orig- 
 inal; primitive; existing from the 
 beginning: n. the species of animals 
 or plants presumed to have orig- 
 inated within a given area. 
 
 aborigines (ab-o-rij'j-nez), n.pl. the 
 first or primitive inhabitants of a 
 country; the native or indigenous 
 animals or plants of any geograph- 
 ical area. 
 
 abortion (a-bor'shun), n. untimely 
 birth; miscarriage; that which falls 
 short of maturity by arrest of de- 
 velopment. 
 
 abortive (a-bor'tiv), adj. born imper- 
 fect; arrested in development; with- 
 out issue or result. 
 
 abound (a-bound'), v.i. to have in 
 plenty or abundance; to exist in great 
 numbers or quantity (followed by in). 
 
 about (a-bout'), adv. around; on every 
 side ; circuitously ; near to ; intending : 
 prep, concerned in; relating to. 
 
 above (a-buv'), adv. in a higher place; 
 overhead; in heaven; before; besides: 
 prep, superior; beyond; in excess of. 
 
 abracadabra (ab-ra-ka-dab'ra), n. a 
 spell or^ conjuring word; any mean- 
 ingless jargon. [Latin.] 
 
 abrasion (ab-ra'zhun), n. the act of 
 wearing or rubbing away; a chafe. 
 
 abreast (a-brest'), adv. side by side; 
 in line with; opposite to; at the 
 same level. 
 
 abridge (a-brij') , v.t. to curtail, shorten, 
 condense, epitomize. 
 
 abridgment (a-brij 'ment), n. the 
 state of being contracted or cur- 
 tailed; an epitome. 
 
 abroach (a-broch'), adv. & adj. letting 
 out; placed in position for yielding 
 the contents. 
 
 abroad (a-brawd'), adv.^ widely; ex- 
 pansively ; beyond the limits of house 
 or country; wide of the mark. 
 
 abrogate (ab'ro-gat), v.t. to abolish, 
 annul, or repeal by authority. 
 
 abrupt (ab-rupt'), adj. broken; ter- 
 minating suddenly; steep; precip- 
 itous; rough; unceremonious. 
 
 abscess (ab'ses), n. [pi. abscesses 
 (ab'ses-ez)], a collection of morbid 
 matter or pus in the tissues of the 
 body. 
 
 abscond (ab-skond'), v.i. to flee or 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ABSENCE 
 
 21 
 
 ACCENT 
 
 retire in haste from the place of 
 one's residence or post of duty; quit 
 the country in secret. 
 
 absence (ab'sens), n. the state of being 
 absent; the period of being absent. 
 
 absent (ab'sent), adj. not present; 
 away; wanting; regardless; ab- 
 stracted: (ab-sent'), v.t. to retire or 
 keep away from. 
 
 absolute (ab'so-lut), adj. free as # to 
 condition; perfect in itself; unlim- 
 ited in power; fixed, irrevocable; 
 despotic; positive: n. the will or 
 power of the Almighty. 
 
 absolution (ab-so-lu'shun) , n. the act 
 of absolving from the consequences 
 of sin. 
 
 absolve (ab-solv'), v.t. to release or set 
 free ; clear of crime or guilt ; to forgive 
 or remit. 
 
 absorb (ab-sorb'), v.t. to drink in; 
 imbibe; suck or swallow up; engross 
 or engage wholly. 
 
 absorbency (ab-sor' ben-si), n. capac- 
 ity for absorbing. 
 
 absorbent (ab-sor'bent), adj. absorb- 
 ing: n. the capacity for absorbing; 
 anything which absorbs or takes in 
 nutritive matter; a vessel in the- 
 body; a substance capable of ab- 
 sorbing or withdrawing gases or 
 moisture from the air. 
 
 absorption (ab-sorp'shun), n. the proc- 
 ess or act of absorbing; the state of 
 being absorbed; entire occupation of 
 the mind. 
 
 abstain (ab-stan'), v.t. to forbear; 
 refrain; hold aloof: keep away from. 
 
 abstemious (ab-ste'mi-us), adj. mod- 
 erate and sparing in the use of food 
 and drink; non-indulgent. 
 
 abstergent (ab-ster'jent) , adj. pos- 
 sessing cleansing or purging proper- 
 ties: n. that which cleanses or purges; 
 a detergent. 
 
 abstinence (ab'sti-nens), n. the act or 
 practice of abstaining; self-denial; 
 partial or total forbearance from the 
 use of food or drink. 
 
 abstract (ab-strakt'), v.t. to take or 
 draw away ; _ separate ; purloin or 
 steal; epitomize; separate from and 
 consider apart. 
 
 abstract (ab'strakt), n. an epitome; 
 a summary or abstract comprising 
 the essence or principal parts of a 
 larger work: adj. considered or con- 
 
 ceived apart from its concrete or 
 material nature. 
 
 abstraction (ab-strak'shun) , n. the 
 act of separating or drawing away ; 
 the state of being withdrawn or ab- 
 stracted; concentration of mind or 
 attention. 
 
 abstruse (ab-stroos'), adj. obscure; 
 hidden; difficult of comprehension; 
 profound. 
 
 absurd (ab-serd'), adj. contrary to 
 reason or sense; ridiculous. 
 
 absurdity (ab-ser'di-ti) , n. [pi. ab- 
 surdities (ab-ser'di-tiz)J, the state of 
 being absurd; that which is absurd. 
 
 abundant (a-bun'dant), adj. plentiful; 
 fully sufficient; abounding. 
 
 abuse (a-buz')i v.t. to use ill; treat 
 rudely or wrongfully; to defile or 
 violate; use violent or abusive lan- 
 guage towards; vituperate. 
 
 abuse (a-bus'), n. ill-treatment; the 
 excessive or injudicious use of any- 
 thing; insult; violation. 
 
 abusive (a-bu'siv), adj. practicing or 
 containing abuse. 
 
 abutment (a-but'ment) , n. that which 
 borders upon something else; the 
 solid structure which supports the 
 extremity of a bridge or arch. 
 
 abyss (a-bis'), n. a bottomless gulf; 
 that which is unfathomable. 
 
 academy (a-kad'e-mi), n. a private 
 school or seminary for the teaching 
 of the higher branches of education; 
 a school for instruction in special 
 subjects; an association or society of 
 men eminent in literature, science, 
 and art ; a building devoted to aca- 
 demic purposes. 
 
 accede (ak-sed'). v.i. to come or attain 
 to; to agree or yield to. 
 
 accelerate (ak-sel'er-at) , v.t. to hasten; 
 to cause to move or progress faster; 
 quicken the speed of ; bring nearer in 
 time. 
 
 accent (ak'sent), n. the stress laid by 
 the voice upon a particular syl- 
 lable of a word, so as to render 
 it more prominent than the rest; 
 the mark or character used in 
 writing and printing to express the 
 manner of pronouncing a word; 
 a peculiarity of utterance or ex- 
 pression distinguishing the language 
 of different parts or districts of the 
 same or a foreign country; the em- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me. merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ACCENTUATE 
 
 22 
 
 ACCORD 
 
 phasis placed upon certain notes of 
 a bar of music: v.t. to express the 
 accent, or denote the vocal division 
 of a word by stress or modulation 
 of the voice; to pronounce; mark or 
 accent a word in writing by use of 
 a sign; dwell upon or emphasize, as 
 a passage of music. 
 
 accentuate (ak-sen'tii-at) , v.t. to 
 speak; pronounce or mark with an 
 accent ; give prominence to in speak- 
 ing or writing; lay stress upon. 
 
 accept (ak-sept'), v.t. to take or receive 
 with approbation; entertain; agree 
 to, or acquiesce in; understand or 
 receive in a particular sense ; to agree 
 or promise to pay. 
 
 acceptance (ak-sep'tans), n. the act 
 of accepting; the fact of being ac- 
 cepted, or received with approba- 
 tion; the subscription to a bill of 
 exchange; the bill accepted or the 
 sum contained in it. 
 
 acceptation (ak-sep-ta/shun), n. the 
 act of accepting, or state of being 
 accepted or acceptable; the meaning 
 or sense of a word or statement in 
 which it is to be understood. 
 
 access (ak'ses), n. admittance or ap- 
 proach to a person or place ; means 
 of approach or admission; addition 
 or increase; the recurrence of fits or 
 paroxysms in diseases. 
 
 accessible (ak-ses'i-bl) , adj. capable 
 of being approached; easy of access; 
 attainable. 
 
 accession (ak-sesh'un) , n. a coming to, 
 as by succession or by right ; entrance 
 or attainment ; the act of acceding by 
 assent or agreement ; increase or aug- 
 mentation; the acquirement of prop- 
 erty by improvement, growth, or 
 labor expended; the attack or com- 
 mencement of a disease. 
 
 accessory (ak-ses'o-ri), adj. [pi. acces- 
 sories (ak-ses'o-riz)], aiding; contrib- 
 uting to some result or effect : n. one 
 who aids in the commission of a fel- 
 ony; an accomplice; that which is in 
 the nature of an appendage. 
 
 accident (ak'si-dent) , n. an event 
 which is unexpected, or the cause of 
 which was unforseen; a contingency, 
 casualty, or mishap; a property of 
 a thing which is not essential to it. 
 
 accidental (ak-si-den'tal), adj. hap- 
 pening by chance or unexpectedly; 
 
 fortuitous; non-essential; connected 
 with, but not necessarily belonging 
 to: n. that which happens unex- 
 pectedly; an adjunct, or non-essen- 
 tial part or quality; a sharp, flat, or 
 natural introduced into a piece of 
 music to lower or raise the note 
 before which it is placed. 
 
 acclaim (ak-klam'), v.i. to shout ap- 
 plause: n. a shout of joy or praise; 
 acclamation. 
 
 acclamatory (ak-klam 'a-to-ri), adj. 
 expressing joy or applause by ac- 
 clamation. 
 
 acclimation (ak-kli-ma'shun) , n. the 
 process of acclimatizing, or the state 
 of being inured to a foreign climate; 
 acclimatization. 
 
 acclivity (ak-kliv'i-ti), n. [pi. acclivi- 
 ties (ak-kliv'i-tiz)], an ascent or up- 
 ward slope of the earth; the talus of 
 a rampart. 
 
 accommodate (ak-kom'mo-dat), v.t. 
 to adapt or make fit or suitable; ad- 
 just, settle; supply or furnish; do a 
 favor to; lend money for the con- 
 venience of a borrower: v.i. to be 
 conformable to. 
 
 accompaniment (ak-kum'pa-ni- 
 ment), n. something which is added 
 to, or attends the original or princi- 
 pal thing by way of ornament, or for 
 the sake of harmony. 
 
 accompany (ak-kum'pa-ni), v.i. to 
 keep company with; escort; join in 
 movement or action; perform the 
 accompaniment in a composition for 
 voice and instrument. 
 
 accomplice (ak-kom'plis), n. an asso- 
 ciate or companion in crime. 
 
 accomplish (ak-kom'plish), v.t. to 
 bring to completion, or to an issue; 
 fulfill; attain as the result of exer- 
 tion. 
 
 accomplishment (ak-kom'plish- 
 ment), n. the completion of an act 
 or undertaking; fulfillment; an ac- 
 quirement or qualification in art or 
 manners. 
 
 accord (ak-kord'), v.t. & v.i. to be in 
 agreement with; reconcile; agree; 
 give; grant; concede; to adjust or 
 bring to agreement; to be in corre- 
 spondence or harmony; agree in 
 pitch and tone: n. agreement; uni- 
 son; concurrence of will or opinion; 
 harmony. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; tbink, then. 
 
ACCORDION 
 
 23 
 
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 
 
 accordion ak-kord'i-un), n. a small 
 wind instrument, having keys and 
 metallic reeds, and worked by means 
 of a bellows, after the fashion of a 
 concertina. 
 
 accost (ak-kost'). v.t. to draw near, or 
 come face to face with; speak to; 
 salute : n . the act of accosting ; manner. 
 
 account ak-kount'). V.t. to reckon 
 or hold to be; compute; count: v.i. 
 to assign an explanation [with for]; 
 take into consideration: relate: n. 
 a reckoning: a financial statement 
 or memorandum: a narrative: any- 
 thing in the form of a statement, 
 written or verbal: reason or con- 
 sideration; profit: advantage: esti- 
 mation: consequence: importance. 
 
 accountable ;ak-kqimt'a-bl . adj. an- 
 swerable; responsible; liable to be 
 called to account. 
 
 accredit (ak-kred'it), v.t. to give credit 
 to: have confidence in: authorize; 
 stamp with authority: to believe and 
 accept as true. 
 
 accrescent (ak-kres'sent\ adj. increas- 
 ing: growing. 
 
 accretion (ak-kre'shun. n. increase by 
 natural growth; the addition of 
 external parts: the growing together 
 of parts or members naturally sepa- 
 rate. 
 
 accrue (ak-kroo'>. v.i. to come to_ hap- 
 pen or result to naturally as an incre- 
 ment, as of profit or loss. 
 
 accumulate (ak-ku'mu-lat), v.t. to 
 collect or bring together; amass; 
 heap up: v.i. to increase in size, 
 number, or quantity. 
 
 accuracy (ak'ku-ra-si . n. the quality 
 of being accurate; exactness or cor- 
 rectness. 
 
 accurate ''ak'ku-rat), adj. in exact 
 conformity with the truth ; free from 
 error: precise. 
 
 accursed :'a-ker'sed), or accurst 
 'a-kerst'). p. adj. under or subject to 
 a curse: doomed to destruction; de- 
 testable: execrable. 
 
 accusation (ak-ku-za'shun). n. a 
 charge or imputation of wrong-doing ; 
 the act of accusing or imputing. 
 
 accusative (ak-ku'za-tiv), adj. accus- 
 ing: n. the objective case, denoting 
 the object of the verb: in Latin, the 
 fourth case of the noun. 
 
 accuse Cak-kuz'), v.t. to charge with 
 
 guilt or blame: make or bring an 
 imputation against. 
 
 accustom ak-kus'tum), v.t. to habit- 
 uate or familiarize by custom or use. 
 
 ace (as), n. [pi. aces (as'ez)], a unit; 
 in playing cards and dice, a card 
 or die marked with a single pip; a 
 very small quantity. 
 
 acentric a-sen'trikj, adj. away from 
 the center; having no center. 
 
 acephalous a-sef'a-lus.. adj. head- 
 less: without a leader: an ovary of 
 a plant that has its style springing 
 from the base instead of the apex. 
 
 acerbity a-ser'bi-ti . n. [pi. acerbities 
 a-ser'hi-tia ]. sourness: sharpness; 
 harshness or severity of temper or ex- 
 pression. 
 
 acetose as'e-tos), or acetous as'e- 
 tus), adj. of the nature of vinegar: 
 sour; causing acetification. 
 
 acetylene (a-set'i-len). n. a brilliant 
 illuminating gas. produced by sub- 
 jecting calcium-carbide to the action 
 < f water. 
 
 ache (akj. n. pain, more or less contin- 
 uous: v.i. to suffer, or be in pain. 
 
 achieve (a-chev'). v.t. to perform, carry 
 out. accomplish; to gain or bring to 
 a successful issue by an effort: v.i. to 
 bring about a desired result. 
 
 achievement ( a-chev 'ment;. n. the 
 act of achieving: accomplishment ; 
 that which is achieved or accom- 
 plished: an escutcheon or armorial 
 shield, also called a hatchment. 
 
 achromatic (ak-ro-mat'ik), adj. free 
 from coloration: transmitting light 
 without decomposition. 
 
 acid (as'id), adj. sour and sharp or 
 biting to the taste, as vinegar: n. 
 anything sour: the name applied to 
 a large number of compounds con- 
 taining one or more atoms of hydro- 
 gen which may be displaced by a 
 metal. 
 
 acidity ''a-sid'i-ti^. n. the quality of 
 being acid or sour. 
 
 acknowledge (ak-nol'ej), v.t. [p.t. & 
 p.p. acknowledged, p.pr. acknowl- 
 edging], to admit or own to be true; 
 recognize; confess; admit the receipt 
 of. 
 
 acknowledgment (ak-norej-ment), 
 n. the act of acknowledging; the ad- 
 mission or recognition of a truth; 
 confession; the expression of appre- 
 
 are, arm. at. awl ; me. merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not : boon, book : 
 hue. hut : think, th^n. 
 
ACME 
 
 24 
 
 ACTUAL 
 
 ciation of a favor or benefit con- 
 ferred; a receipt. 
 
 acme (ak'me), n. the highest point; the 
 utmost reach ; the crisis of a disease. 
 
 acock (a-kok'), adv. in a cocked or 
 turned up manner. 
 
 acolyte (ak'o-llt) or acolyth (ak'o- 
 lith & -lith), n. the highest of the 
 minor orders in the Roman Catholic 
 Church, ranking next below the sub- 
 deacon. 
 
 aconite (ak'o-nit), n. the plant wolf's- 
 bane or monk's-hood; the drug pre- 
 pared from the plant. 
 
 acorn (a/korn), n. the fruit of the oak; 
 a conical piece of wood affixed to the 
 spindle above a vane, to keep the 
 vane from being blown off. 
 
 acoustics (a-koos'tiks) , n. the science 
 of sound ; the study of the effects of 
 sound upon the organ of hearing. 
 
 acquaint (ak-kwant'), v.t. to famil- 
 iarize or make one's self conversant 
 with; furnish information. 
 
 acquaintance (ak-kwant'ans) , n. the 
 state of being acquainted with a 
 person or subject; personal knowl- 
 edge less than friendship; a person 
 with whom one is acquainted. 
 
 acquiesce (ak-kwi-es') , v.i. to agree; 
 comply passively; assent [followed 
 usually by in]. 
 
 acquiescence (ak-kwi-es'ens) , n. the 
 act of submitting; silent assent; 
 neglect to take legal proceedings, so 
 as to imply consent. 
 
 acquire (ak-kwir'), v.t. to gain or ob- 
 tain possession of by one's own 
 physical or intellectual exertions. 
 
 acquisition (ak-kwi-zish'un) , n. the act 
 of acquiring; the object acquired. 
 
 acquit (ak-kwif), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 acquitted, p.pr. acquitting], to re- 
 lease; set free; discharge; to pro- 
 nounce not guilty. 
 
 acquittal (ak-kwit'al) , n. the act of 
 releasing or acquitting; the state 
 of being acquitted; the judicial pro- 
 nouncement of "not guilty." 
 
 acre (a'ker), n. & superficial measure of 
 land containing, in Great Britain, the 
 United States and the British Colo- 
 nies, 4,840 sq. yds. 
 
 acrid (ak'rid), adj. sharp or biting 
 to the taste; pungent; irritating; 
 stinging: n. an acrid or irritant 
 poison. 
 
 acrimonious (ak-ri-mo'ni-us) , adj. 
 bitter; caustic; stinging. 
 
 acrimony (ak'ri-mo-ni) , n. sharpness 
 of temper; bitterness of expression. 
 
 acrobat (ak'ro-bat), n. a performer on 
 the tight-rope; one who practices 
 tumbling, vaulting, trapezing, &c. 
 
 acropolis (a-krop'o-lis), n. the highest 
 . part or citadel of a Grecian city, as 
 that of Athens, hence a citadel. 
 
 across (a-kros'), adv. & prep, from side 
 to side; transversely; adversely; 
 athwart; intersecting at an angle. 
 
 acrostic (a-kros'tik) , n. a composition, 
 usually in verse, in which the first 
 or last letters of the lines, or other 
 letters, taken in order, form a motto, 
 phrase, name, or word. 
 
 act (akt), n. an action; process of do- 
 ing; a decree, edict, or enactment; 
 the judgment of a court; a formal 
 writing; one of the principal divi- 
 sions of a drama ; a thesis maintained 
 by a candidate for a degree at a 
 university: v.t. to do; perform; play, 
 as on the stage; set in motion: v.i. to 
 exert force or energy. 
 
 action (ak'shun), n. the state of be- 
 ing active, as opposed to rest; the 
 effect of one body upon _ another 
 (used in sing.) ; an act or thing done 
 (used in pi.); a suit instituted by 
 one party against another in a court 
 of law; the gesture or deportment 
 of a speaker ; the performance of a 
 function; effective motion, as of ma- 
 chinery; the appearance of anima- 
 tion, &c, given to figures; an engage- 
 ment on sea or land, less important 
 than a battle. 
 
 actionable (ak'shun-a-bl), adj. giving 
 grounds for an action at law. 
 
 active (ak'tiv), adj. endowed with or 
 exercising the power or quality of 
 action; constantly active; the per- 
 formance and not the continuance 
 of an action; lively, moving freely; 
 acting quickly. 
 
 activity (ak-tiv'i-ti) , n. [pi. activities 
 (ak-tiv'i-tiz)], energy; the state of 
 action. 
 
 actor (ak'ter), n. one who acts or 
 performs; a stage-player; a proctor 
 or advocate in civil causes. 
 
 actress (ak'tres), n. a woman actor. 
 
 actual (ak'tu-al), adj. real; existing; 
 present. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ;. 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ACTUARY 
 
 25 
 
 ADMINISTRATION 
 
 actuary _(ak'tu-a-ri), n. [pi. actuaries 
 (ak'tu-a-riz)], a registrar or clerk of 
 a court; one who is skilled in life 
 assurance and similar computations. 
 
 actuate (ak'tu-at), v.t. to move or 
 incite to action. 
 
 acumen (a-ku'men), n. quickness of 
 perception; penetration; insight; dis- 
 crimination. 
 
 acute (a-kut'), adj. sharp-pointed; 
 intellectually sharp; quick of per- 
 ception ; severe, as pain or symptoms 
 attending a disease; high in pitch. 
 
 adage (ad'aj), n. an ancient proverb, 
 or pithy saying. 
 
 adamant (ad'a-mant), n. a substance 
 of extreme hardness; the diamond: 
 adj. formed of adamant; hard. 
 
 adapt (a-dapt'), v.t. to make to cor- 
 respond; fit by alteration or adapta- 
 tion. 
 
 adaptation (ad-ap-ta'shun) , i n. the 
 act of adjusting or adapting; the 
 state of being adapted; that which 
 is adapted. 
 
 add (ad), v.t. to join, unite, sum up; 
 increase; affix. 
 
 adder (ad'er), n. the popular name for 
 the viper. 
 
 addict (ad-dikt'), v.t. to devote or give 
 one's self up to ; to practice sedulously 
 (usually in a bad sense) . 
 
 addition (ad-dish 'un) , n. the act or 
 process of adding together; increase; 
 the result of addition; the thing 
 added; the adding or uniting of two 
 or more numbers in one sum; a title 
 added to a name, denoting rank, as 
 esquire; a dot placed at the side of 
 a note to indicate the lengthening of 
 the sound by one-half. 
 
 additional (ad-dish'un-al) , adj. added ; 
 supplementary. 
 
 addle (ad'l), n. & adj. rotten, as eggs 
 that are barren or putrid: v.t. to 
 make corrupt or putrid, as eggs: v.i. 
 to become addled. 
 
 address (ad-dres'), v.t. to straighten; 
 to bring into line; to arrange; redress, 
 as wrongs, &c; to direct; speak or 
 write to; get ready; consign: n. a 
 speech delivered or written ; manners 
 and bearing; tact; adroitness; the 
 attention of a lover. 
 
 adduce (ad-dus'), v.t. to bring forward 
 or cite in proof or substantiation of 
 what is alleged. 
 
 adenoid (ad'e-noid), n. one of the two 
 soft glands in the throat. 
 
 adept (a-dept'), adj. well skilled: n. 
 (a'dept) , one who is fully proficient or 
 skilled in an art. 
 
 adequate (ad'e-kwat), adj. equal to re- 
 quirement or occasion ; fully sufficient. 
 
 adhere (ad-her'), v.i. to stick fast; 
 become firmly attached to. 
 
 adhesive (ad-he'siv), adj. holding fast; 
 gummed for use; sticky. 
 
 adieu (a-du'), n. [pi. adieus, adieux 
 (a-duz')L a farewell; good wishes 
 at parting: inter j. goodby; farewell. 
 [French.] 
 
 adjacent (ad-ja'sent), adj. near; close 
 to. 
 
 adjective (ad'jek-tiv), n. a word used 
 with a substantive or noun to ex- 
 press the quality or attribute of the 
 thing named, or to limit and define 
 a thing as distinct from something 
 else. 
 
 adjoin (ad-join'), v.t. to unite or join: 
 v.i. to lie next to. 
 
 adjourn (ad-jern'), v.t. to put off to 
 another day. 
 
 adjournment (ad-jern'ment), n. the 
 act of adjourning; the postponement 
 of a meeting. 
 
 adjudge (ad-juj'), v.t. to determine in 
 a controversy. 
 
 adjudicate (ad-ju'di-kat) , v.t. to try 
 and determine a case as a court. > 
 
 adjunct (ad'jungkt), n. something 
 added to another thing, but not an 
 essential part of it. 
 
 adjure (ad-jur'), v.t. to command on 
 oath under pain of a penalty; to 
 charge solemnly. 
 
 adjust (ad-just'), v.t. to fit, or make 
 exact; to make correspondent; to 
 make accurate. 
 
 adjustment (ad-just'ment), n. the act 
 of adjusting. 
 
 adjutant (ad'ju-tant), n. a regimental 
 staff-officer who assists the com- 
 manding officer. 
 
 administer (ad-min'is-ter) t< v.t. to 
 manage as chief agent or minister, as 
 a king, president, or judge; direct 
 the application of the laws; dis- 
 pense; to cause to be taken, as med- 
 icine; to give, as an oath or a sacra- 
 ment. 
 
 administration (ad-min-is-tra'shun) , 
 n. the act of administering, as gov- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ADMIRABLE 
 
 26 
 
 ADZE 
 
 ernment, justice, medicine, a sacra- 
 ment, or an intestate's estate; the 
 ministry. 
 
 admirable (ad'mi-ra-bl), adj. worthy 
 of admiration; excellent. 
 
 admiral (ad'mi-ral), n. the chief com- 
 mander of a fleet; a naval officer of 
 the highest rank. 
 
 admire (ad-mir'), v.t. to regard with 
 strong approval. 
 
 admissible (ad-mis'i-bl), adj. worthy 
 of being admitted. 
 
 admission (ad-mish'un), n. the power 
 or permission to enter; the granting 
 of an argument. 
 
 admit (ad-mit') , wi. [p.t.&p.p. admit- 
 ted, p.pr. admit 'ting], to permit to 
 enter; allow in argument; receive. 
 
 admixture (ad-miks'tur) , n. a com- 
 pound of substances mixed together. 
 
 admonish (ad-mon'ish) , v.t. to reprove 
 gently; warn; instruct. 
 
 ado (a-doo'), n._ bustle; trouble. 
 
 adobe (a-do'ba), n. unburnt brick 
 dried in the sun, used for building 
 in Central America and Mexico. 
 [Spanish.] 
 
 adolescent (ad-o-les'ent) , adj. growing 
 to maturity. 
 
 adopt (a-dopt'), v.t. to choose or take 
 to one's self, as a child, an opinion, or 
 a course of action. 
 
 adoption (a-dop'shun) , n. the act of 
 adopting ; the state of being adopted ; 
 voluntary acceptance ; admission into 
 more intimate relations. 
 
 adore (a-dor'), v.t. to pay divine hon- 
 ors to; honor highly; love intensely; 
 admire greatly: v.i. to offer wor- 
 ship. 
 
 adorn (a-dorn'), v.t. to beautify; dig- 
 nify; ornament; embellish. 
 
 adown (a-doun'), adv. & prep, down- 
 ward; down. 
 
 adrift (a-drift'), adj. & adv. floating at 
 random. 
 
 adroit (a-droit'), adj. exhibiting skill; 
 dexterous. 
 
 adulation (ad-u-la'shun) , n. inter- 
 ested praise; flattery. 
 
 adult (a-dult'), adj. grown up to full 
 age, size, and strength: n. a man or 
 a woman. 
 
 adulterate (a-dul'ter-at) , v.t. to cor- 
 rupt by baser admixture: adj. cor- 
 rupted by baser admixture. 
 
 adultery (a-dul'ter-i) , n. [pi. adulteries 
 
 (a-dul'ter-iz)], violation of the mar- 
 riage-bed. 
 
 adumbrate (ad-um'brat), v.t. to shad- 
 ow forth ; give a faint resemblance of. 
 
 advance (ad-vans'), v.i. to go forward: 
 v.t. to further; to make a payment of 
 beforehand: n. improvement; an 
 addition to or rise in value; an over- 
 ture (usually used in pi.) ; a loan; 
 payment beforehand. 
 
 advancement (ad-vans'ment), n. fur- 
 therance; progress; promotion. 
 
 advantage (ad-van'taj), n. a state of 
 advance or forwardness; a benefit; 
 the first point gained after deuce. 
 
 advent (ad'vent), n. a coming or ar- 
 rival. 
 
 adventure (ad-ven'tur) , n. an event 
 the issue of which is determined by 
 chance: v.t. to hazard or risk. 
 
 adverb (ad'verb), n. a word used to 
 modify the sense of a verb or adjec- 
 tive. 
 
 adverbial (ad-ver'bi-al) , adj. of the 
 nature of an adverb. 
 
 adversary (ad'ver-sa-ri), n. [pi. adver- 
 saries (ad'ver-sa-riz)], an opponent. 
 
 adversative (ad-yer'sa-tiv), adj. ex- 
 pressing opposition. 
 
 adverse (ad-vers'), adj. opposed to; 
 contrary; unfortunate; inimical. 
 
 adversity (ad-ver'si-ti) , n. a state of 
 things adverse; the reverse of pros- 
 perity; misery. 
 
 advert ( ad-vert'), v.i. to turn one's 
 attention to; refer. 
 
 advertise (ad'ver-tiz), v.t. to turn the 
 attention of others to; announce; 
 publish. 
 
 advertisement (ad-ver'tiz-ment) , n. 
 a notice in a public print; an an- 
 nouncement. 
 
 advice (ad-vis'), n. an opinion given 
 for the practical direction of con- 
 duct; information given by letter; 
 counsel. 
 
 advisable (ad-vi'za-bl) , adj. fit to be 
 advised; prudent; expedient. 
 
 advise (ad-viz'), v.t. to offer an opinion 
 to; counsel; inform. 
 
 advocate (ad'vo-kat), n. one called to 
 the aid of another; one who pleads 
 the cause of another. 
 
 adze or adz (adz), n. a cutting tool 
 having a curved blade at right angles 
 to the handle, used for dressing tim- 
 ber by ships' carpenters, coopers, &c. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
AERATE 
 
 27 
 
 AFTER 
 
 adze- plane, a tool for molding and 
 rabbeting. 
 
 aerate (a/er-at), v.t. to combine or 
 charge with carbonic-acid gas, or 
 with air. 
 
 aerial (a-e'ri-al), adj. belonging to the 
 air. 
 
 aero (a'er-o), adj. a word descriptive 
 of aeronautical subjects, as aero- 
 club. 
 
 aerodrome (a'er-o-drom) , n. a field or 
 shelter for aeroplanes. 
 
 aero -dynamics (a-er-o-di-nam'iks) , n. 
 the science which treats of air in 
 motion. 
 
 aarogram (a'er-o-gram) , n. a wireless 
 telegraphic message. 
 
 aeronaut (a'er-5-nawt) , n. an aerial 
 navigator; a balloonist, or aviator. 
 
 aeronautics (a-er-o-naw'tiks) , n. aerial 
 navigation. 
 
 aeroplane (a'er-o-plan) , n. a flying 
 machine, distinguished from an air- 
 ship or balloon. 
 
 aerostat (a'er-o-stat) , n. a balloon; a 
 flying machine. 
 
 aery and aerie (er'i), n. an eagle's 
 nest; a brood of eagles or hawks. 
 
 aesthetic or esthetic (es-thet'ik), adj. 
 pertaining to aesthetics. 
 
 afar (a-far'), adv. at, to, or from, a 
 distance. 
 
 affable (af'a-bl), ad;.- easy to be ad- 
 dressed; courteous. 
 
 affair (af-far'), n. that which is done, or 
 is to be done; business. 
 
 affect (af-fekt'), v.t. to produce an 
 effect upon; seek by natural affin- 
 ity; assume the appearance of; pre- 
 tend. 
 
 affectation (af-ek-ta'shun) , n. the 
 assuming a manner which is not 
 one's own. 
 
 affection (af-fek'shun) , n. having the 
 feelings affected; inclination; attach- 
 ment ; fondness ; disease. 
 
 affectionate (af-f ek'shun-at) , adj. hav- 
 ing affection; kind. 
 
 afferent (af'fer-ent), adj. conveying 
 inwards or to a part. 
 
 affiance (af-fi'ans), n. trust; a mar- 
 riage contract : v.t. to betroth. 
 
 affidavit (af-i-da'vit) , n. a sworn state- 
 ment in writing. 
 
 affiliate (af-fil'i-at) , v.t. to assign a 
 child to its father; connect with 
 in origin; connect with a parent 
 
 society: v.i. to be intimately con- 
 nected or associated (followed by 
 with). 
 
 affinity (af-fin'i-ti) , n. [pl._ affinities 
 (af-fin'i-tiz)], nearness of kin. [Affin- 
 ity is relationship by marriage: con- 
 sanguinity, relationship by blood.] 
 Physical or chemical attraction. 
 
 affirm (af-ferm'), v.t. to assert strongly: 
 v.i. to confirm, as a judgment, decree, 
 or order, in an appellate court; 
 aver. 
 
 affirmative (af-f er'ma-tiv) , n. that 
 which affirms: adj. relating to, or 
 containing, an affirmation; positive. 
 
 affix (af-fix'), v.t. to fix to; attach: n. a 
 letter or syllable added to the end of 
 a word; a suffix. 
 
 afflatus (af-fla'tus), n. a breath or 
 blast of wind; inspiration. 
 
 afflict (af-flikt'), v.t. to cause pro- 
 longed pain to body or mind; dis- 
 tress. 
 
 affliction (af-flik'shun), n. prolonged 
 pain of body or mind; distress. 
 
 affluence (af'lii-ens), n. an abundant 
 supply, as of thoughts, words, riches; 
 wealth. 
 
 afford (af-ford'), v.t. to supply; pro- 
 duce; yield; be capable of bearing 
 the expense of. 
 
 affray (af-fra/), n. the fighting of two 
 or more persons in a public place to 
 the terror of others. 
 
 affright (af-frif), v.t. to frighten; ter- 
 rify; alarm; confuse. 
 
 affront (af-frunt'), v.t. to confront, 
 oppose face to face; insult designedly. 
 
 afghan (af'gan), n. a crocheted or 
 knitted soft wool blanket or carriage- 
 robe. 
 
 afield (a-feld'), adv. to, in, or on, the 
 field; astray. 
 
 aflame (a-flam'), adj. & adv. in flames; 
 ablaze. 
 
 afloat (a-flot'), adj. & adv. floating; in 
 circulation; unfixed; adrift. 
 
 afoot (a-foot'), adv. on foot; astir. 
 
 afraid (a-frad'), adj. frightened. 
 
 afresh (a-fresh'), adv. again; anew. 
 
 aft (aft'), adj. & adv. towards the 
 stern. 
 
 after (after), adj. next, subsequent, 
 later: prep, behind in place; in suc- 
 cession to ; later in time ; in imitation 
 of; according to; next in rank or 
 excellence; m proportion to; in pur- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
AFTERMATH 
 
 28 
 
 AHEAP 
 
 suit of: adv. behind; subsequent in 
 time or place: n. the future. 
 
 aftermath (after-math), n. a second 
 mowing in a season. 
 
 afternoon (af-ter-noon'), n. the part 
 of the day between noon and even- 
 ing. 
 
 afterward (after-ward), or after- 
 wards (-wardz), adv. at a later time; 
 subsequently. 
 
 again (a-gen'), adv. a second time; in 
 return; further; anew. 
 
 against (a-gensf), prep, opposite to; 
 in opposition to; contrary to one's 
 inclinations. 
 
 agape (a-gap'), adj. & adv. gaping; 
 with the mouth wide open in a state 
 of expectation or astonishment. 
 
 agate (ag'at) , n. a semi-precious stone ; a 
 variety of chalcedony ; Scotch pebble. 
 
 age (aj), n. a particular period of time 
 in life or in history; time: v.i. to grow 
 old visibly. 
 
 agency (a'jen-si), n. operation; action; 
 an establishment for the purpose of 
 doing business for another. 
 
 agent (a'jent), n. one who acts, espe- 
 cially for another; an active power 
 or cause. 
 
 agglomerate (ag-glom'er-at), v.t. to 
 gather into a heap; accumulate. 
 
 agglutinate (ag-glu'ti-nat), v.t. to glue 
 together: adj. glued together. 
 
 aggrandize (ag'gran-diz), v.t. to make 
 great or greater in power, rank, or 
 riches; augment. 
 
 aggravate (ag'gra-vat), v.t. to add to a 
 load; be troublesome; intensify. 
 
 aggregate (ag'gre-gat) , v.t. to collect 
 or bring together; gather into a mass 
 or body; accumulate: n. total; mass; 
 a mass formed by the union of sim- 
 ilar particles : adj. formed into a mass 
 or total. 
 
 aggress (ag-gres'), v.t. to attack; begin 
 a quarrel or controversy. 
 
 aggressive (ag-gres'iv), adj. unjustly 
 attacking. 
 
 aggrieve (ag-greV), v.t. to bear heavily 
 upon; oppress. 
 
 aghast (a-gast'), adj. struck with sud- 
 den astonishment, or terror. 
 
 agile (aj'il), adj. easily driven about; 
 active in body; nimble. 
 
 agility (a-jil'i-ti), n. nimbleness. 
 
 agitate (aj'i-tat), v.t. to stir violently; 
 discuss; excite; revolve in the mind; 
 
 disturb; keep constantly before the 
 public. 
 
 aglow (a-glo'), adj. & adv. in a glow; 
 glowing. 
 
 aglutition (ag-lu-tish'un), n. inability 
 to swallow. 
 
 agnomen (ag-nS'men), n. an addi- 
 tional name or epithet, as "Milton, 
 the poet." 
 
 agnostic (ag-nos'tik) , n. one who 
 denies that man possesses any 
 knowledge of the ultimate nature of 
 things; one who neither affirms nor 
 denies the existence of a personal 
 Deity: adj. pertaining to the agnos- 
 tics or their teachings; expressing 
 ignorance. 
 
 ago (a-go'), adj. gone; past (used 
 always after the noun) : adv. in past 
 time (used only in the phrase "long 
 ago"). 
 
 agog (a-gog'), adj. & adv. in agitation 
 or expectation; eager. 
 
 agony (ag'o-ni), n. [pi. agonies (ag'6- 
 niz)], extreme pain; anguish. 
 
 agrarian (a-gra'ri-an), adj. relating to 
 land, or to land-tenure; growing wild 
 in the fields: n. one who is in favor of 
 a redistribution of land. 
 
 agree (a-gre'), v.i. to harmonize phys- 
 ically, mentally, or morally; to ac- 
 cord. 
 
 agreeable (a-gre'a-bl) , adj. pleasing to 
 the mind or senses. 
 
 agreement (a-gre'ment), n. harmony 
 of opinions or feelings; concord of 
 one word with another in gender, 
 number, case, or person; a com- 
 pact ; a contract ; mutual under- 
 standing. 
 
 agriculture (ag'ri-kul-ttir) , n. the 
 science and art of cultivating fields 
 by the plow, &c; tillage; farming. 
 
 aground (a-grouncT). adj. & adv. on 
 the ground; the situation of a ship 
 whose bottom touches the ground; 
 stranded. 
 
 ague (a'gu), n. an intermittent fever; 
 the cold fit of the intermittent 
 fever. 
 
 ah (a), inter j. an exclamation expres- 
 sive of sudden emotion. 
 
 aha (a-ha/), inter j. an exclamation ex- 
 pressive of satisfaction or irony. 
 
 ahead (a-hed'), adv. in the front; for- 
 ward. 
 
 aheap (a-hep'), adv. in a heap. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
AHEM 
 
 29 
 
 ALIBI 
 
 ahem (a-hem'), interj. an exclamation 
 to call attention. 
 
 ahoy (a-hoi'). interj. a term used in 
 hailing a vessel. 
 
 aid (ad), v.t. to assist; support: n. help; 
 assistance. 
 
 aigret (a'gret) or aigrette (a-gret'), n. 
 the small white heron; a plume 
 arranged in imitation of the feathers 
 of the heron, worn on helmets, and as 
 an article of women's head-attire; a 
 feathery crown of seed. 
 
 ail (al), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], 
 to give or cause pain: v.i. to feel pain; 
 be afflicted with pain. 
 
 aim (am), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. 
 -ing], to endeavor alter; direct at 
 something; seek: n. a purpose; an 
 endeavor. 
 
 air (ar), v.t. to expose to the air; dry 
 thoroughly, as clothes; to exhibit 
 ostentatiously: n. the fluid which 
 we breathe; the atmosphere; external 
 manner; appearance; bearing; a mel- 
 ody. 
 
 air-craft (ar-kraft), n. a machine for 
 aerial navigation. 
 
 airship (ar'snip), n. a steerable bal- 
 loon. 
 
 aisle (II), n. the passage leading to 
 chancel or altar of a church; or to 
 the platform of any hall. 
 
 ajar (a-jar'), adj. & adv. slightly turned 
 or opened, as a door; out of harmony. 
 
 akimbo (a-kim'bo), adv. with the 
 hands on the hips and the elbows 
 turned outwards. 
 
 akin (a-kin'), adj. & adv. of kin; related 
 by blood; allied by nature. 
 
 alabaster (al'a-bas-ter) , n. a white 
 marble-like mineral; a box made of 
 alabaster, in which the ancients held 
 ointments: adj. made of, or trans- 
 parent like, alabaster. 
 
 alack (a-lak'), interj. an exclamation 
 expressive of blame, sorrow, or sur- 
 prise. 
 
 alacrity (a-lak'ri-ti) , n. eager readi- 
 ness; joyous activity; briskness. 
 
 alarm (a-larm'), v.t. arouse to a sense 
 of danger; strike with apprehension 
 of danger: n. a call to arms; a warn- 
 ing of danger; the apprehension of 
 danger. 
 
 alas (a-las'), interj. an exclamation 
 expressive of unhappiness. 
 
 alb (alb), n. a white priestly vest- 
 
 ment worn at the celebration of the 
 Eucharist in the Roman Catholic 
 Church and in some Anglican 
 churches. 
 
 albatross (al'ba-tros), n. a sea-bird 
 allied to the petrel, inhabiting the 
 Pacific and Southern Oceans. 
 
 albeit (awl-be'it), conj. although; even 
 though; notwithstanding. 
 
 albino (al-bi'no or al-be'no), n. a per- 
 son with white skin and hair and 
 pinkish eyes; a man, animal, or plant 
 abnormally white in color. 
 
 album (al'bum), n. a blank book in 
 which to insert autographs, photo- 
 graphs, stamps, monograms, &c. 
 
 albumen (al-bu'men), n. the white of 
 an egg; the nutritious farinaceous 
 matter stored up with the embryo 
 of an animal or plant. 
 
 alchemy (arke-mi), n. the chemistry 
 of the Middle Ages; the professed art 
 of transmuting the baser metals into 
 gold. 
 
 alcohol (al'ko-hol), n. pure or rectified 
 spirits of wine; the spirituous or 
 intoxicating element in fermented 
 liquors; rectified spirits; a class of 
 compounds of the same type as 
 spirits of wine. 
 
 alcove (al'kov), n. a recess in a room 
 or a garden; a bower. 
 
 alderman (awl'der-man) , n. [pi. alder- 
 men (-men)], in English and Ameri- 
 can cities and boroughs a magistrate 
 next in dignity to the > mayor; also, in 
 Great Britain, certain members of 
 county councils elected by those 
 bodies. 
 
 ale (al), n. a liquor made from an infu- 
 sion of malt by fermentation. 
 
 alert (a-lert'). adj. on the watch; 
 active: n. an alarm; a sudden at- 
 tack. 
 
 algae (al'je), n.pl. one of the great divi- 
 sions of cryptogamic plants, includ- 
 ing seaweeds and kindred fresh-water 
 plants. 
 
 algebra (al'je-bra), n. the science of 
 calculation by letters and general 
 symbols. 
 
 alias (a'li-as), adv. otherwise [named]: 
 n. [pi. aliases (ali-as-ez)], another 
 name; an assumed name. 
 
 alibi (al'i-bi), n. the plea of having 
 been elsewhere when the alleged act 
 was committed. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ALIEN 
 
 30 
 
 ALLOPATHY 
 
 alien (a'li-en), adj. belonging to an- 
 other: n. a foreign-born resident of 
 a country in which he is not nat- 
 uralized. 
 
 alienate (a'li-en-at) , v.t. to estrange, as 
 the affections ; transfer to another, as 
 property. 
 
 alienist (a/li-en-ist) , n. a physician who 
 makes a special study of diseases 
 affecting the brain or nervous system. 
 
 alight (a-HtO, v.i. to dismount; to 
 descend and settle; to come upon 
 accidentally: adj. lighted; lighted-up; 
 in a flame. 
 
 align (a-lin'), v.t. to lay out or adjust 
 by a line: v.i. to form or fall into a 
 line. 
 
 alike (a-llk'), adj. like one another: 
 adv. in like manner; similar. 
 
 aliment (al'i-ment), n. food; the 
 necessaries of life generally; an al- 
 lowance for support by decree of 
 court: v.t. to make provision for 
 the maintenance of; make provision 
 for the support of parents or children 
 respectively. 
 
 alimentary (al-i-men'ta-ri) , adj. per- 
 taining to food ; nutritious. 
 
 alimony (al'i-mon-i) , n. means of liv- 
 ing ; an allowance made by decree of 
 court to a wife out of her husband's 
 estate on separation, or pending an 
 action for the same. 
 
 alive (a-hV), adj. having life; in a state 
 of action; sprightly; sensitive; 
 thronged. 
 
 alkali (al'ka-ll), n. [pi. alkalis & -ies], 
 one of a class of caustic bases, as 
 soda, potash, having the common 
 properties of being soluble in water 
 and in alcohol, combining with fats 
 to form soap, neutralizing acids and 
 forming salts with them, and chang- 
 ing the tint of many vegetable color- 
 ing-matters. (Opposed to acid.) 
 
 all (awl), adj. the whole quantity of, 
 as substance, duration, extent, 
 amount, or degree; the whole num- 
 ber of, collectively, as individuals, 
 particulars, or parts; every, as with 
 kind; any, used after a preposition 
 or verb: pron. the whole; the whole 
 quantity or amount; total; aggre- 
 gate: n. a whole; an entirety; one's 
 entire possessions: adv. wholly; en- 
 tirely; completely. 
 
 All-hallowe'en (awl-hal-o-en') , n. the 
 
 evening before All Saints' Day, the 
 first of November. 
 
 Allah (al'la), n. the Arabic name for 
 the Supreme Being, in use among the 
 Mohammedans. 
 
 allay (al-la'), v.t. to quiet or calm; 
 assuage; appease; abate; mitigate; 
 relieve; as pain or grief. 
 
 allege (al-lej'). v.t. to produce or ad- 
 duce as argument, plea, or excuse; 
 affirm; declare; assert. 
 
 allegiance (al-le'jans), n. the tie or 
 obligation of a subject to his sover- 
 eign or government; fealty; fidelity 
 to a cause or person. 
 
 allegory (al'e-go-ri) , n. t [pi. allegories 
 (al'e-go-riz)]; a figurative representa- 
 tion in which the meaning is conveyed 
 symbolically. A famous example of 
 an allegory is Bunyan's "Pilgrim's 
 Progress." 
 
 alleviate (al-le'vi-at), v.t. to lighten; 
 lessen; make easier; mitigate. 
 
 alley (al'i), n. [pi. alleys (al'iz)], a 
 passage; a way (generally narrow); 
 a lane. 
 
 alliance (al-li'ans), n. the state of 
 being allied; relation or connection 
 by birth or marriage; union between 
 nations. 
 
 Allies, The (a-liz'), n. in the European 
 War, 1914-1915, the nations of the 
 Triple Entente — Great Britain, 
 France, Russia — together with 
 Serbia, Montenegro, Japan and Italy. 
 
 alligator (al'i-ga-ter), n. the American 
 crocodile. 
 
 alliteration (al-lit-e-ra'shun) , n. the 
 repetition of the same initial letter 
 in closely-succeeding words, or in 
 words directly following each other, 
 as "apt alliteration's artful aid," and 
 "Begot by butchers but by bishops 
 bred," said of Cardinal Wolsey. 
 Alliteration preceded rhythm in 
 Anglo-Saxon verse, and it is still 
 effectively used, as by Swinburne 
 and Kipling. The best alliteration 
 is one that involves the repetition 
 of consonants rather than of 
 .vowels. 
 
 allocate (al'o-kat), v.t. to assign or 
 allot; distribute, as in equal or pro- 
 portionate parts or shares. 
 
 allopathy (al-op'a-thi) , n. a method of 
 treating disease by inducing an ac- 
 tion opposite to the disease it is 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ALLOT 
 
 31 
 
 ALTER 
 
 sought to cure; opposed to homeop- 
 athy. 
 
 allot (a-lof), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. allotted, 
 p.pr. allotting], to distribute or di- 
 vide, as by lot; apportion, as shares; 
 assign or grant for a specific pur- 
 pose. 
 
 allotment (a-lot'ment), n. the act of 
 allotting; that which is allotted; a 
 portion of land assigned or allotted. 
 
 allotropy (a-lot'ro-pi) , n. the capa- 
 bility shown by certain chemical 
 elements to assume different forms, 
 each characterized by peculiar quali- 
 ties, as the occurrence of carbon in 
 the form of the diamond, charcoal, 
 and plumbago, respectively. 
 
 allow (a-lou'), v.t. to grant, yield; 
 admit; deduct; permit; approve: 
 v.i. to make concession or provision 
 (followed by for) . 
 
 allowable (a-lou'a-bl) , adj. that may 
 be allowed; permissible; lawful; 
 praiseworthy; acceptable. 
 
 allowance (a-lou'ans), n. the act of 
 allowing; admission; concession; a 
 definite sum granted; sanction or 
 approval; abatement or deduction: 
 v.t. to put upon allowance; limit to 
 a fixed expenditure or consumption 
 of money or food. 
 
 alloy (a-loi'), v.t. to combine; to form a 
 compound, by fusion, of two or more 
 metals ; reduce in standard or quality 
 by mixture, as with a metal of baser 
 value; debase: n. a compound of two 
 or more metals ; an admixture of evil 
 with good. 
 
 allude (a-liid'), v.t. to compare: v.i. 
 refer or make an allusion indirectly 
 (with to). 
 
 allure (a-liir'), v.t. to tempt by the offer 
 of something good, real or apparent; 
 entice; attract. 
 
 allusion (a-lu'zhun) , n. a casual refer- 
 ence; a comparison or reference by 
 symbol or metaphor. 
 
 alluvium (a-lu'vi-um) , n. [pi. alluvia 
 (a-lu'vi-a)], a deposit of mingled sand 
 and clay (mud), or of alternating 
 layers of sand and clay, of river origin. 
 
 ally (a-li'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. allied, p.pr. 
 allying], td" unite by marriage, treaty, 
 league, or confederacy; bind or con- 
 nect by friendship or resemblance: 
 n. [pi. allies (a-liz')J. 
 
 lac (awl'ma-nak), n. a year-book 
 
 or calendar giving the order of the 
 days of the week and month, astro- 
 nomical data, tide-tables, ecclesias- 
 tical festivals and fasts, and other 
 varied information. 
 
 Almighty, n. the omnipotent God. 
 
 almond (a'mund), n. the kernel of the 
 fruit of the almond-tree; anything 
 resembling the almond in shape. 
 
 almoner (al'mun-er), n. one who dis- 
 penses or distributes alms or charity ; 
 an alms-purse; a pouch or purse 
 which in early times was suspended 
 from the girdle. 
 
 almost (awl'most), adv. nearly; very 
 nearly; well-nigh; all but. 
 
 alms (amz), n.sing. [used sometimes as 
 n.pl.] the act of relieving by chari- 
 table aid; that which is bestowed in 
 charity. 
 
 aloft (a-16ff), adv. on high; far above 
 the earth ; at the mast-head, or on the 
 higher yards or rigging. 
 
 alone (a-lon'), adj. & adv. without or 
 apart from another; single or singly; 
 only; separately; by itself. 
 
 along (a-long'), prep. & adv. by the 
 length; lengthwise; in a line parallel 
 with the length; onward. 
 
 aloof (a-loof), adv. at a moderate 
 distance but within sight; purposely 
 keeping apart. 
 
 aloud (a-loud'), adv. with raised voice; 
 loudly; with a great noise; 
 audibly. 
 
 alpaca (al-pak'a), n. a mammal, closely 
 allied to the llama, a native of the 
 Andes of Chili and Peru ; the fabric 
 constructed from the long, soft, silky 
 wool of the alpaca. 
 
 alphabet (al'fa-bet), n. the letters 
 of a language arranged in the cus- 
 tomary order; the first rudiments of 
 any branch of knowledge. 
 
 already (awl-red'i), adj. quite ready; 
 fully prepared : adv. by, at, or before, 
 a specified time. 
 
 also (awl'so), adv. & conj. wholly so; 
 in like manner; likewise; further, or 
 in addition to. 
 
 altar (awl'tar), n. a raised place, 
 structure, or elevation, whether of 
 earth or stone, for the offering of 
 sacrifices or burning of incense; the 
 Communion-table; a place of wor- 
 ship. 
 
 alter (awl'ter), v.t. to effect some 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hiie, hut ; think, then. 
 
ALTERATION 
 
 32 
 
 AMBER 
 
 change in; modify or vary; change 
 entirely or materially. 
 
 alteration (awl-ter-a/shun) , n. the act 
 of altering or changing; the change 
 or modification effected. 
 
 alterative (awl'ter-a-tiv) , adj. produc- 
 ing change; having the power to alter: 
 n. a medicine which restores the 
 healthy functions of the body. 
 
 altercation (al-ter-ka'shun), n. the 
 act of wrangling; warm contention 
 in words; a dispute. 
 
 alternate (al'ter-nat), v.t. to perform 
 by turns; cause to succeed by turns; 
 exchange reciprocally: v.i. to take 
 place by turns (followed by with) : 
 adj. by turns; following each other 
 in reciprocal succession; succeeding 
 each other by turns on opposite sides 
 of a stem. 
 
 alternative (al-ter'na-tiv) , adj. giving 
 the choice of two things: n. the op- 
 tion or choice of two possibilities, so 
 that if one be rejected the other must 
 be accepted. 
 
 although (awl-^o'), conj. granting 
 that; though; even if; notwithstand- 
 ing. 
 
 altitude (al'ti-tud), n. space extended 
 upward; height; highest point or 
 degree; the elevation of a celestial 
 body above the horizon; the perpen- 
 dicular distance from the base of a 
 figure to the summit or to the side 
 parallel to the base. 
 
 alto (al'to), adj. high: n. the contralto; 
 the tenor violin or viola. [Italian.] 
 
 altogether (awl-too-gef/i'er), adv. 
 wholly; completely; without excep- 
 tion; conjunctly; entirely. 
 
 altruism (al'troo-izm) , n. the prin- 
 ciples inculcated by Comte, and in- 
 volving the sacrifice of self in the 
 interests of others: opposed to ego- 
 ism. 
 
 alum (al'um), n. a double sulphate 
 formed of aluminum and some other 
 element, usually an alkaline metal. 
 
 aluminum(a-lu'mi-num) or alumin- 
 ium (al-u-min'i-um) , n. a bluish- 
 white, light, sonorous, ductile, malle- 
 able metal. 
 
 alumnus (a-lum'nus), n. [pi. alumni 
 (a-lum'ni)], the graduate of a univer- 
 sity; one educated at a school, col- 
 lege, or university. [Latin, meaning 
 "a foster-son."] 
 
 always (awl'waz), adv. constantly; 
 ever; regularly at intervals; contin- 
 ually. 
 
 am (am), 1st vers. sing, indie, mood of 
 the verb to be. See be. 
 
 amain (a-man'), adv. with force or 
 violence; suddenly; at once. 
 
 amalgam (a-mal'gam), n. any me- 
 tallic mixture or alloy of which 
 mercury is the chief constituent; a 
 mixture or compound of different 
 things. 
 
 amalgamate (a-mal'ga-mat) , v.t. to 
 alloy mercury with another metal; 
 mix to form a compound: v.i. to 
 blend, combine, as one race with 
 another. 
 
 amanuensis (a-man-u-en'sis) , n. [pi. 
 amanuenses (a-man-u-en'sez)], one 
 who is employed to write at the dic- 
 tation or direction of another; a sec- 
 retary. 
 
 amaranth (am'a-ranth), n. an im- 
 aginary flower said by poets to be 
 unfading; a plant of the genus am- 
 arantus; a color-mixture in which 
 magenta is the chief ingredient. 
 
 amass (a-mas'), v.t. to collect into a 
 heap ; gather together in great quan- 
 tity or amount; accumulate. 
 
 amateur (am-a-ter'),n. one who culti- 
 vates an art or pursues a study from 
 love or attachment, and without 
 reference to gain or emolument: adj. 
 applied to the work or productions 
 of an amateur as opposed to pro- 
 fessional. 
 
 amatory (am'a-to-ri), adj. relating to 
 or expressive of love. 
 
 amaze (a-maz'), v.t. to confound or 
 stun with fear, surprise, or wonder; 
 astonish: n. astonishment; confu- 
 sion; perplexity. 
 
 amazement (a-maz 'ment), n. the 
 state of being amazed; astonish- 
 ment; perplexity arising from sudden 
 surprise. 
 
 ambassador (am-bas'a-der) , n. an 
 accredited representative of a sov- 
 ereign or state at the court of an- 
 other; a diplomatic agent of high 
 rank; a representative or agent of 
 another charged with a special mis- 
 sion. 
 
 amber (am'ber), n. a yellowish fossil 
 resin found on the shores of the 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut : think, then. 
 
AMBERGRIS 
 
 33 
 
 AMORPHOUS 
 
 Baltic: adj. made of amber; amber- 
 colored. 
 
 ambergris (am'ber-gres), n. a very 
 valuable morbid secretion from the 
 intestines of the sperm-whale, usu- 
 ally found floating in tropical seas: 
 used in perfumery. 
 
 ambidextrous (am-bi-deks'trus) , adj. 
 able to use both hands alike; unusu- 
 ally clever. 
 
 ambient (am'bi-ent), adj. surround- 
 ing; investing. 
 
 ambiguity (am-bi-gu'i-ti) , n. [pi. am- 
 biguities (am-bi-gu'i-tiz)], double or 
 dubious signification; vagueness. 
 
 ambiguous (am-big'u-us) , adj. doubt- 
 ful; equivocal. 
 
 ambition (am-bish'un) , n. a seeking 
 for preferment; a consuming desire 
 to achieve some object or purpose, as 
 to gain distinction, influence, &c. 
 
 ambitious (am-bish'us) , adj. having 
 ambition; aspiring. 
 
 amble (am'bl), v.i. to move with a 
 peculiar pace, as a horse, by lifting 
 the two feet on one side together: 
 n. at an easy pace. 
 
 ambrosia (am-bro'zhi-a), n. anything 
 exquisitely pleasing to taste or smell ; 
 a genus of weeds allied to the worm- 
 wood. 
 
 ambrotype (am'bro-tip) , n. a photo- 
 graphic process by which the light 
 parts of a photograph are produced 
 in silver, the dark parts showing as a 
 background through the clear glass. 
 
 ambulance (am'bu-lans) , n. a field 
 hospital ; an ambulance cart or wagon 
 for the conveyance of the sick and 
 wounded. 
 
 ambuscade (am-bus-kad') , n. a stra- 
 tegic disposition of troops in ambush. 
 
 ambush (am'boosh), n. a lying in wait 
 to attack by surprise: v.t. to place in 
 ambush to surprise an enemy ; way- 
 lay: v.i. to lie in wait for the purpose 
 of attacking by surprise. 
 
 ameliorate (a-me'li-or-at) , v.t. to 
 make better: v.i. to grow better; 
 improve. 
 
 amen (a-men' & a/men'), adv. verily: 
 inter j. so be it; literally true. [He- 
 brew and liturgical.] 
 
 amenable (a-me'na-bl) , adj. easy to 
 lead; submissive; liable. 
 
 amend (a-mend'), v.t. to free from 
 fault; improve; correct. 
 
 amendment (a-mend 'ment), n. the 
 removal of faults; the alteration of 
 a bill before Parliament; a counter- 
 motion at a public meeting. 
 
 amends (a-mendz'), n.pl. compensa- 
 tion for loss or injury; reparation. 
 
 amenity (a-men'i-ti) , n. [pi. amenities 
 (a-men 'i-tiz)], pleasantness, as of 
 climate or demeanor; geniality. 
 
 amercement (a-mers'ment) , n. an 
 arbitrary fine left to the discretion 
 of a court. 
 
 American (a-mer'i-kan) , adj. belong- 
 ing to, or characteristic of, 
 America. 
 
 amethyst (am'e-thist) , n. a violet- 
 purple variety of quartz or rock- 
 crystal. [Greek.] 
 
 amiable (a'mi-a-bl), adj. friendly; 
 worthy of love; lovable. 
 
 amicable (am'i-ka-bl), adj. friendly; 
 peaceable. 
 
 amid (a-mid') or amidst (a-midst'), 
 prep, in the middle of; among. 
 
 amiss (a-mis'). adj. wrong; faulty: adv. 
 wrongly; that misses the mark. _ 
 
 amity (am'i-ti), n. friendly relations; 
 friendship. 
 
 ammonia (a-mo'ni-a), n. a trans- 
 parent, pungent volatile gas, used in 
 medicine and the arts; spirits of 
 hartshorn. 
 
 ammunition (am-u-nish'un) , n. pow- 
 der, balls, &c, used in charging fire- 
 arms of all kinds; military stores: 
 adj. supplied to troops as equipment, 
 &c. 
 
 amnesia (am-ne'si-a) , n. loss of mem- 
 ory. [Greek.] 
 
 amnesty (am'nes-ti), n. an act of ob- 
 livion for political offenses ; a general 
 pardon: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. amnestied, 
 p.pr. amnestying], to grant pardon 
 to. 
 
 amoeba (a-me'ba), n. [pi. amcebas (a- 
 me'baz) & -bae ('be) ] , a genus of micro- 
 scopic organisms consisting of a mass 
 of protoplasm which moves about in 
 fresh-water ponds by means of finger- 
 like processes with which it grasps its 
 food. 
 
 among (a-mung') or amongst (a- 
 mungst'), prep. & adv. mixed with; 
 surrounded by; amidst. 
 
 amorous (am'5r-us), adj. fond of the 
 opposite sex; loving. 
 
 amorphous (a-mor'fus), adj. formless; 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
AMOUNT 
 
 34 
 
 ANATHEMA 
 
 irregularly shaped ; uncrystallized ; 
 anomalous; unorganized. 
 
 amount (a-mount/), v.i. to mount up 
 to; be equivalent or equal to: n. the 
 totality; sum. 
 
 ampere (am-par'), n. the unit of 
 measurement of the strength of an 
 electrical current. [French.] 
 
 Amphibia (am-fib'i-a), n.pl. the 
 fourth division of vertebrates, inter- 
 mediate between fishes and reptiles, 
 which in their early state breathe by 
 gills. 
 
 amphitheater, -re (am-fi-the'a-ter) , 
 n. a double theater; a theater with 
 seats all round the arena; a circus. 
 
 amphitype (am'fi-tip), n. a photo- 
 graphic process which simultaneously 
 produces negatives and positives. 
 
 ample (am'pl), adj. full; large; abun- 
 dant. 
 
 amplify (am'pli-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 amplified, p.pr. amplifying], to make 
 large: v.i. to speak or write diffusely; 
 expand. 
 
 amplitude (am'pli-tud), n. the angular 
 distance of a celestial body at rising 
 or setting from the eastern or western 
 points of the horizon; an angle on 
 which the value of some mathemati- 
 cal function depends; the distance 
 which a particle moves in performing 
 a complete vibration. 
 
 amputate (am'pu-tat), v.t. to lop off 
 in pruning; to cut off a limb; dis- 
 member. 
 
 amuck (a-muk' or amok), adj. or adv. 
 (used only in the phrase, to run 
 amuck), running about armed, in a 
 state of frenzy, attacking all that 
 come in the way, or committing 
 indiscriminate slaughter. [Malay.] 
 
 amulet (am'u-let), n. a charm worn to 
 protect against evil; a talisman. 
 
 amuse (a-muz'), v.t. to occupy the 
 attention pleasantly; beguile; enter- 
 tain; divert. 
 
 amusement (a-muz'ment), n. that 
 which amuses; a pastime. 
 
 an (an), indef. art. any; each. [An is 
 properly an adj., and is used before 
 nouns of the singular number only; 
 also before a word having an initial 
 vowel and silent h (see H). [An has 
 a distributive force in such expres- 
 sions as "once an hour"; "a dime an 
 ounce."] 
 
 anachronism (an-ak'ron-izm) , n. an 
 error in the order of time, hence any 
 error in the misplacement of persons 
 or events in point of time. 
 
 anaconda (an-a-kon'da), n. the spe- 
 cific name of a large South American 
 boa, and loosely applied to any large 
 snake which crushes its prey. 
 
 anaemia, anemia (a-ne'mi-a), n. de- 
 ficiency or low condition of the blood. 
 
 anaesthetic, anesthetic (an-es-thet'- 
 ik), adj. pertaining to loss of the 
 sense of feeling: n. a drug which 
 produces insensibility. 
 
 anagram (an'a-gram), n. a word or a 
 sentence constructed out of another 
 by the transposition of the letters 
 contained in the second; a word ob- 
 tained by reading the letters of an- 
 other word backwards. 
 
 analect (an'a-lekt), n. [pi. analects 
 (an'a-lekts) &analecta (an-a-lek'ta)], 
 a passage or extract from a published 
 work : pi. a collection of such extracts 
 from different authors. 
 
 analogy (a-nal'o-ji) , n. [pi. analogies 
 (a-nal'o-jiz)], agreement, resem- 
 blance, or correspondence in relations 
 between different objects; the infer- 
 ence as to general agreement which 
 is derived from similarity in certain 
 essential particulars; equality of 
 mathematical ratios; conformity of 
 its parts to the general rules and 
 structures of a language. 
 
 analysis (a-nal'i-sis), n. [pi. analyses 
 (a-nal'i-sez)], the resolution of a com- 
 pound into its constituent parts ; the 
 method of determining the nature of a 
 compound by resolution into its con- 
 stituent parts ; the resolving of prob- 
 lems by reducing the conditions that 
 are in them to equations; a synopsis. 
 
 analyze (an'a-llz), v.t. to separate or 
 resolve; determine the nature of a 
 compound by resolution of its con- 
 stituent parts. 
 
 anapaest or anapest (an'a-pest), n. a 
 foot comprising two short syllables 
 followed by one long syllable. 
 
 anarchy (an'ar-ki), n. non-existence or 
 incapability of governmental rule; a 
 lawless condition of society; the 
 theory of individual liberty. 
 
 anathema (a-nath'e-ma), n. [pi. anath- 
 emas (a-nath'e-maz)], the curse ac- 
 companying excommunication pro- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ANATOMY 
 
 35 
 
 ANGRY 
 
 nounced by a religious assembly or 
 convocation ; an imprecation or curse ; 
 the thing or person held to be ac- 
 cursed. [Greek.] 
 
 anatomy (a-nat'o-mi),n. [pi. anatomies 
 ia-nat'o-miz)], separation by dissec- 
 tion of the various parts of a body, 
 with a view to the examination and 
 determination of their structure and 
 relations; the art or science of dissec- 
 tion; a descriptive account of the 
 parts of an organic body; a withered 
 or emaciated person. 
 
 ancestor (an'ses-ter), n. a forefather 
 or progenitor, on the side of father or 
 mother, from whom one is descended 
 in direct line; one who held previous 
 possession. 
 
 ancestry (an'ses-tri) , n. the line of 
 one's descent traced from a period 
 more or less remote; the personages 
 comprising such lineage; lineage. 
 
 anchor (ang'ker), n. an iron imple- 
 ment of varying form, but generally 
 having two curved and pointed arms 
 terminating at one end of a shank, to 
 the other extremity of which is af- 
 fixed a cable, used to secure a floating 
 vessel to the bottom; that on which 
 dependence is placed for security or 
 stability; a metallic clamp securing a 
 tie-rod connecting opposite walls: 
 v.t. to affix by an anchor; grapple; 
 hold fast. 
 
 anchovy (an'cho-vi), n. [pi. anchovies 
 (an'cho-viz)], a diminutive fish 
 abounding in the Mediterranean, 
 and especially esteemed for its pe- 
 culiar flavor, used for pickling and 
 as a sauce. 
 
 ancient (an'shent), adj. of or per- 
 taining to the early history of the 
 world; of past tknes or remote 
 ages; of great age or antiquity: n. 
 one who lived in ancient times: pi. 
 the people of classic times; the Jew- 
 ish elders; the governing body of an 
 Inn of Court [English] : n. formerly a 
 flag or ensign; a ship's pennant. 
 
 ancillary (an'sil-ar-i), adj. attendant 
 upon; accessory; subservient. 
 
 and (and), conj. the copulative joining 
 words and sentences. And is some- 
 times used emphatically by way of 
 contrast, as "there are orators and 
 orators," i.e. two very different kinds. 
 
 andirons (and'I-ernz), n.pl. metal 
 
 standards used for open fires, to 
 support the logs; fire-dogs. 
 
 anecdote (an'ek-dot), n. a brief nar- 
 rative of an entertaining character; 
 a terse and pithy account of some 
 detached incident, chiefly personal 
 or biographical. 
 
 anelectrode (an-e-lek'trod), n. the 
 positive pole of agalvanic battery. 
 
 anemone (a-nem'o-ne), n. [pi. anem- 
 ones (a-nem'o-nez)], the wind-flower 
 or wood-anemone ; a sea-anemone, a 
 marine zoophyte. [Greek.] 
 
 anemoscope (a-nem'o-skop), n. an 
 apparatus for _ exhibiting the direc- 
 tion of the wind. [Greek.] 
 
 aneroid (an'e-roid), adj. having no 
 liquid. 
 
 aneurism (an'u-rizm), n. a local swell- 
 ing or dilation of an artery at a point 
 where the coat is thinned or weak- 
 ened by disease. [Greek.] 
 
 anew (a-nu'), adv. afresh; over again; 
 in a new manner or style. 
 
 angel (an'jel), n. a messenger of God; 
 one of an order of spiritual atten- 
 dants who form a connection between 
 heaven and earth, as from God to 
 mankind; a spirit of evil, as a fallen 
 angel; the presbyter in the Early 
 Christian Church residing in some 
 particular city (Rev. ii. 8); an Eng- 
 lish gold coin, value about $2.50, 
 struck in the reign of Edward IV., 
 and impressed with the figure of the 
 archangel Michael. 
 
 angelus (an'je-lus), n. a devotional 
 exercise in commemoration of the 
 Incarnation, during which the Ave 
 Maria is twice repeated: said morn- 
 ing, noon, and night; the bell which 
 is rung to announce the time of such 
 devotions. [Latin.] 
 
 anger (ang'ger), n. excessive emotion 
 or passion aroused by a sense of 
 injury or wrong; wrath: v.t. to pro- 
 voke to resentment; excite to wrath; 
 enrage. 
 
 angle (ang'gl), n. the inclosed space 
 near the point where two lines meet ; 
 a sharp or projecting corner; the 
 inclination of two lines which meet 
 at a point called the vortex; v.i. to 
 fish with a hook and line: v.t. -to fish 
 for. 
 
 angry (ang'gri), adj. inflamed with 
 anger ; provoked ; feeling resentment ; 
 
 ate. arm, at. awl; me, merge, met: mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book 
 3 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ANGUISH 
 
 36 
 
 ANOMALY 
 
 wrathful; showing anger; fierce; 
 inflamed. 
 
 anguish (ang'gwish), n. intense pain 
 or grief; acute suffering, bodily or 
 mental. 
 
 anhydrous (an-hi'drus) , adj. without 
 water: applied to minerals in which 
 the water of crystallization is not 
 present. 
 
 aniline (an'i-lin), n. a base used in the 
 formation of many rich dyes obtained 
 from coal-tar, but more extensively 
 from benzole ; adj. of or pertaining to 
 aniline. 
 
 animadversion (an-i-mad-ver'shun) , 
 n. the act of observing; capacity for 
 perception; censure; criticism. 
 
 animadvert (an-i-mad-verf), v.i. to 
 give the mind to; pass comment or 
 stricture upon; criticise. 
 
 animal (an'i-mal), n. an organized 
 living body, sentient, mobile, and 
 locomotive; an inferior being; a 
 brute: adj. of or belonging to animals. 
 
 animalcule (an-i-mal'kul), n. one of a 
 class of minute or microscopic organ- 
 isms abounding in water and infu- 
 sions; an infusorian. 
 
 animate (an'i-mat), v.t. to impart life 
 to; to inspire with energy or action; 
 enliven: adj. endowed with animal 
 life; full of spirit and vigor. 
 
 animation (an-i-ma'shun), n. the act 
 of giving life or spirit; the state of 
 being animated; vivacity. 
 
 animosity (an-i-mos'i-ti) , n. [pi. ani- 
 mosities (an-i-mos'i-tiz)], hostility; 
 hatred; active enmity. 
 
 animus (an'i-mus), n. a hostile spirit, 
 or purpose; hostility. 
 
 ankle (ang'kl), n. the joint or articula- 
 tion connecting the foot with the leg. 
 
 annals (an'alz), n.pl. a description, 
 history, or chronicle issued from time 
 to time, and comprising the events of 
 each year in order of sequence; 
 chronicles. 
 
 anneal (an-nel'), v.t. to heat or fix by 
 heat; temper and render malleable; 
 bake or fuse. 
 
 annex (an-neks'), v.t. to add or affix at 
 the end; subjoin or connect; purloin: 
 n. (an'neks), that which is added; 
 an addition. 
 
 annihilate (an-m'hi-lat), v.t. to reduce 
 to nothing; wipe out of existence; 
 destroy. 
 
 anniversary (an-i-ver'sa-ri) , n. [pi. 
 anniversaries (an-i-ver'sa-riz)], trie 
 recurrence in each year of the date of 
 an event; the annual commemora- 
 tion of an event : adj. recurring once 
 in every twelve months; yearly. 
 
 annotate (an'o-tat), v.t. to mark or 
 note by way of explanation or criti- 
 cism, as a book. 
 
 announce (an-nouns'), v.t. to proclaim 
 or make known, formally, or in a 
 public manner; pronounce by judicial 
 sentence; proclaim. 
 
 announcement (an-nouns'ment), n. 
 the act of announcing; that which is 
 announced; a proclamation. 
 
 annoy (an-noi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, 
 p.pr. -ing], to vex or trouble by 
 repeated acts; harass or discompose 
 by petty injury or opposition: v.i. 
 to be troubled, vexed: n. the feeling 
 of discomfort caused by an injury or 
 vexation. 
 
 annoyance (an-noi'ans) , n. the act of 
 annoying or causing vexation; the 
 state of being annoyed; the thing or 
 act which annoys. 
 
 annual (an'u-al), adj. once in twelve 
 months; yearly; of or belonging to 
 a year; published once a year; com- 
 pleted in a year; lasting or living only 
 for a year or season, as an annual 
 plant: n. an anniversary mass said 
 for a deceased person; the fee paid 
 for such a mass. 
 
 annuity (an-nu'i-ti) , n. [pi. annuities 
 (an-nu'i-tiz)], the payment of a sum of 
 money by periodical or yearly install- 
 ments during the life-time of the an- 
 nuitant. 
 
 annul (an-nul'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. an- 
 nulled, p.pr. annulling], to maKe void, 
 abolish, or obliterate, as a law, decree, 
 or compact. 
 
 annunciate (an-nun'shi-at) , v.t. to 
 make known officially or publicly; 
 announce. 
 
 anode (an'od), n. the path of the elec- 
 tric current from the positive to the 
 negative pole; the positive pole. 
 
 anodyne (an'5-din), adj. assuaging 
 pain: n. a drug which relieves 
 pain. 
 
 anoint (a-noinf), v.t. to pour oil upon, 
 in a religious ceremony; consecrate. 
 
 anomaly (a-nom'a-li) , n. deviation 
 from the natural order; the angular 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ANON 
 
 37 
 
 ANTICIPATE 
 
 distance of a planet from its peri- 
 helion. [Greek.] 
 
 anon (a-non'), adv. soon; straightway; 
 again. 
 
 anonymous (a-non'i-mus) , adj. bear- 
 ing no author's name; nameless. 
 
 another (a-nuth'er), adj. & pron. one 
 more; not the same; some one else. 
 
 answer (an'ser), v.t. to swear in oppo- 
 sition to; to reply to a charge; a 
 counterstatement : n. a response or 
 rejoinder; a reply to a charge; a 
 solution, as of a mathematical prob- 
 lem. 
 
 answerable (an'ser-a-bl), adj. liable to 
 give answer; responsible. 
 
 ant (ant), n. a small social insect of the 
 hymenopterous order. 
 
 antagonism (an-tag'o-nizm) , n. the 
 active opposition of two opponents 
 or opposing forces; hostility. 
 
 antagonist (an-tag'o-nist) , n. a com- 
 petitor in any sphere of action; an 
 opponent. 
 
 antagonize (an-tag'o-nlz), v.t. to op- 
 pose; hinder; counteract; contend 
 against; compete with: v.i. to act 
 in opposition; neutralize. 
 
 antarctic (ant-ark'tik), adj. opposite 
 to arctic; pertaining to the south- 
 polar regions; southern. 
 
 antecede (an-te-sed'), v.t. to precede 
 or go before in time or space. 
 
 antecedent (an-te-se'dent), adj. pre- 
 ceding: n. the substantive or noun 
 to which a relative or other pronoun 
 refers; the part of a conditional prop- 
 osition upon which the other de- 
 pends: pi. the previous events of a 
 person's life. 
 
 antechamber (an'te-cham-ber) , n. an 
 apartment next the principal room, 
 where persons wait for audience; an 
 outer room. 
 
 antedate (an'te-dat), v.t. to carry back 
 to an earlier period; anticipate: n. a 
 date earlier than the actual date. 
 
 antediluvian (an-te-di-lu'vi-an), adj. 
 of or pertaining to the world before 
 the Flood; belonging to very ancient 
 times; antiquated: r.. one who lived 
 before the Flood. [Latin.] 
 
 antelope (an'te-lop) , n. the name given 
 to numerous species of deer-like 
 ruminants, intermediate between the 
 deer and the goat, with cylindrical, 
 ringed horns. 
 
 antemeridian (an-te-me-rid'i-an), adj. 
 preceding noon. Often written A.M. 
 
 antemetic (ant-e-met'ik) , adj. allay- 
 ing vomiting: n. a medicine possess- 
 ing this property. 
 
 antenatal (an-te-na'tal) , adj. before 
 birth. 
 
 antenna (an-ten'a), n. [pi. antennae 
 (an-ten'e)], the jointea horns or 
 feelers upon the heads of insects and 
 Crustacea. 
 
 antepenult (an-te-pe'nult) or ante- 
 penultima (an-te-pe-nul'ti-ma) , n. 
 the last syllable but two of a word. 
 
 anterior (an-ter'i-er) , adj. more to the 
 front; former. 
 
 anteroom (an'te-room), n. a room 
 before, or forming an entrance to, 
 another; an antechamber. 
 
 anthem (an'them), n. a composition 
 from the Scriptures or liturgy set to 
 sacred music. 
 
 anther (an'ther), n. the summit of the 
 stamen of a flower containing the 
 pollen or fertilizing dust. 
 
 anthology (an-thoro-ji), n. a collec- 
 tion of choice poems, epigrams, and 
 fugitive pieces by various authors ; a 
 hymnal. 
 
 anthracite (an'thra-sit) , n. a non- 
 bituminous coal which burns with- 
 out smoke; blind-coal; glance-coal; 
 stone-coal; hard-coal. 
 
 anthrax (an'thraks), n. [pi. anthraces 
 (an'thra-sez)], a carbuncle, or malig- 
 nant boil; the splenic fever of sheep 
 and cattle, caused by the presence of a 
 bacillus in the blood and tissues ; the 
 carbuncular disease caused in man 
 by inoculation from affected sheep 
 and cattle. [Greek.] 
 
 anthropoid (an'thro-poid) , adj. re- 
 sembling man: n. one of the higher 
 apes resembling man. [Greek.] 
 
 anthropology (an-thro-poro-ji), n. 
 the science of man, considered zoo- 
 logically or ethnographically. 
 
 anthropomorphism (an-thro-po-mor'- 
 fizm), n. the ascription of a human 
 form and attributes to the Deity, or 
 to supernatural beings. 
 
 antic (an'tik), adj. grotesque: n. a 
 clown; a trick; a grotesque ges- 
 ture. 
 
 anticipate (an-tis'i-pat), v.t. to take 
 beforehand ; use in advance ; look for 
 as certain; deal with beforehand: v.i. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ANTICIPATION 
 
 38 
 
 AORTA 
 
 to treat of something before the 
 proper time. 
 
 anticipation (an-tis-i-pa'shun) , n. the 
 act of taking beforehand; expecta- 
 tion; hope; preconception. 
 
 anticlimax (an'ti-kll-maks) , n. a 
 ludicrous descent in thought and 
 expression; bathos. 
 
 antidote (an'ti-dot), n. a substance 
 which acts medicinally as a counter- 
 active to the effects of poison or 
 disease; that which annuls or tends 
 to prevent the evil effects of any- 
 thing else; a remedy. 
 
 antimony (an'ti-mo-ni) , n. a white 
 lustrous metal, entering largely into 
 medicinal preparations and various 
 important alloys, such as pewter and 
 Britannia-metal. _ 
 
 antinomy (an-tin'o-mi), n. [pi. antino- 
 mies (an-tin'o-miz)], the opposition 
 of one law or part of a law to another ; 
 or the opposition of man to any law. 
 
 antipathy (an-tip'a-thi), n. [pi. antip- 
 athies (an-tip'a-thiz)], natural aver- 
 sion ; an instinctive dislike ; the object 
 of aversion (followed in composition 
 by to, against, between, and for). 
 
 antiphonetic (an-ti-fo-net'ik), adj. 
 similar in sound; applied to words 
 which rhyme. 
 
 antiphony (an-tif'o-ni), n. [pi. antiph- 
 onies (an-tif'o-niz)], the alterant or 
 responsive rendering of psalms or 
 chants by a dual choir ; a musical set- 
 ting of sacred verses arranged for al- 
 ternate singing. 
 
 antipodes (an-tip'o-dez), n.pl. those 
 who, residing at opposite sides of the 
 globe, have their feet directly op- 
 posed; the two portions of the earth's 
 surface which are exactly opposite 
 to each other; the direct opposite of 
 a person or thing. 
 
 antiquary (an'ti-kwar-i) , n. one who 
 is attached to ancient things, and is 
 learned in their history; one who 
 collects antiquities for the purpose of 
 study. 
 
 antiquity (an-tik'wi-ti) , n. [pi. an- 
 tiquities (an-tik'wi-tiz)], great ag> ; 
 ancientness; early ages; the people 
 or races of ancient times ; that which 
 belonged to, or survives from, ancient 
 times; a relic. 
 
 antiseptic (an-ti-sep'tik) , adj. de- 
 structive to the germs of disease or 
 
 putrefaction: n. a substance that acts 
 as a preventive to putrefaction. 
 
 antislavery (an-ti-sla'ver-i) , adj. op- 
 posed to slavery: n. opposition to 
 slavery. 
 
 antistrophe (an-tis'tro-f e) , n. in the 
 ancient Greek chorus, the alternat- 
 ing part immediately following the 
 strophe and sung in moving to the 
 right, the strophe having been sung 
 when moving to the left. 
 
 antithesis (an-tith'e-sis), n. [pi. an- 
 titheses (an-tith'e-sez)], opposition; 
 contrast; expression by contrast or 
 opposition of words or sentiments. 
 
 antitoxin (an-ti-toks'in) , n. a serum 
 used hypodermically as a preventive 
 of, or cure for, diphtheria. # 
 
 antler (ant'ler), ni the individual 
 branches of a stag's horns; the horn 
 in its complete condition. 
 
 antonym (an'to-nim), n. a word of 
 opposite meaning. 
 
 anus (a'nus), n. the terminal portion 
 of the rectum; the excremental ori- 
 fice. 
 
 anvil (an'vil), n. an iron block used 
 for the hammering and shaping of 
 metals. 
 
 anxiety (ang-zl'e-ti) , n. [pi. anxieties 
 (ang-zi'e-tiz)], a condition of mental 
 uneasiness arising from fear or solic- 
 itude. 
 
 anxious (ang'shus), adj. deeply con- 
 cerned; very solicitous; apprehen- 
 sive. 
 
 any (en'i), adj. & pron. one, indeter- 
 minately, unlimited; some, an indef- 
 inite number, quantity, or degree: 
 adj. one indefinitely; (pi.) some: 
 pron. one; anyone; (pi.) some: adv. 
 to any extent; at all; in any degree 
 (used with comparatives, as "any 
 better"). 
 
 anybody (en'i-bod-i) , n. any person. 
 
 anyhow (en'i-hou) , adv. in any way or 
 manner; in any case; at any 
 rate. 
 
 anything (en'i-thing) , n. any object 
 as distinguished from a person; 
 aught. 
 
 anyway (en'i-wa), adv. in any man- 
 ner. 
 
 anywhere (en'i-hwar), adv. in any 
 place. _ 
 
 aorta (a-6r'ta), n. [pi. aortad (-te)], the 
 chief artery or main trunk of the 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
APART 
 
 39 
 
 APOTHECARY 
 
 arterial system, opening from the 
 left ventricle of the heart and sup- 
 plying all parts of the body, except- 
 ing the lungs, with arterialized 
 blood. , , . T j- 
 
 Apache (a-pa che), n. American Indian 
 of a group of tribes in the Southwest; 
 dangerous Parisian ruffian. 
 
 apart (a-parf), adv. separately; aside; 
 asunder. 
 
 apartment (a-part'ment) , n. a room 
 or part of a divided building: pi. a 
 set or suite of two or more rooms of 
 a house set apart as lodgings. 
 
 apathy (ap'a-thi), n. [pi. apathies 
 (ap'a-thiz)], lack of feeling; want of 
 passion or emotion; indifference. _ 
 
 ape (ap), n. a tailless monkey having 
 teeth in number and appearance as 
 man; a silly mimic; a fool. The 
 family of the apes includes the gorilla, 
 chimpanzee, orang-outang, &c: v.t. 
 to imitate servilely; mimic, as an ape 
 mimics man. 
 
 aperient (a-pe'ri-ent) , adj. gently laxa- 
 tive; opening the bowels: n. a mild 
 laxative medicine. 
 
 aperture (ap'er-tur), n. an opening; 
 a perforation or passage; the space 
 between two intersecting right lines; 
 
 apex (a'peks), n. [pi. apices (ap'i-sez) 
 & apexes (a'pek-sez)], the point, tip, 
 or summit of anything. 
 
 aphasia (a-f a'zi-a) , n. loss of the power 
 of speech, or the appropriate use of 
 words, due to disease or injury to the 
 brain. [Greek.] 
 
 aphelion (af-e'li-on), n. [pi. aphelia 
 (af-e'li-a)], that point in the orbit of a 
 planet or a comet which is farthest 
 from the sun. 
 
 aphorism (af'o-rizm), n. a concise and 
 pithy statement of a rule or precept; 
 a maxim. 
 
 apiary (a'pi-a-ri), n. [pi. apiaries (a'pi- 
 a-riz)], a place where bees are kept; 
 a bee-house. 
 
 apiece (a-pes'), adv. to or for each; 
 each; severally. 
 
 apocrypha (a-pok'ri-f a) , n.pl. used as 
 a sing, with pi. apocryphas (a-pok'- 
 ri-f az), a writing, or something, of 
 doubtful authorship ; certain writings 
 received by some Christians as an 
 authentic part of the Holy Scriptures, 
 but rejected by others, as for instance 
 Judith, Ecclesiasticus, etc. 
 
 apodosis (a-pod'o-sis), n. the latter 
 portion, or consequent clause, of a 
 conditional sentence. 
 
 apogee (ap'o-je), n. that point in the 
 orbit of a planet which is most dis- 
 tant from the earth. 
 
 apologize (a-pol'o-jiz), v.i. to make an 
 apology or excuse; to express regret 
 or make amends for anything said or 
 done, on one's own behalf or that of 
 another: v.t. to write a defense of; to 
 defend. 
 
 apologue (ap'o-log), n. a moral fable; 
 a fiction or allegory embodying a 
 moral application, as iEsop's 
 Fables. 
 
 apology (a-pol'o-ji), n. [pi. apologies 
 (a-pol'o-jiz)], a vindication or excuse; 
 something spoken, written, or offered 
 in defense or extenuation; an explana- 
 tion by way of amends. 
 
 apoplexy (ap'o-plek-si) , n. the sudden 
 loss of consciousness and motive 
 power, resulting from the rupture of 
 a brain-vessel. 
 
 apostate (a-pos'tat), n. one who has 
 forsaken or apostatized his faith or 
 party; one who renounces his pro- 
 fession after having been in holy or- 
 ders: adj. false; traitorous; rene- 
 gade. 
 
 a posteriori (a pos-te-ri-o'ri) , reason- 
 ing founded on observation of facts, 
 effects, or consequences, by means of 
 which the causes are reached. 
 
 apostle (a-pos'l), n. one charged with 
 a high mission; one of the twelve 
 persons, especially selected by Christ 
 to propagate His gospel (Luke vi. 
 13) ; one who performed apostolic 
 functions, as St. Paul (I Cor. i. 1); 
 the first missionary who plants the 
 Christian faith in any region; one 
 who labors with special success as a 
 moral or social reformer. 
 
 apostrophe (a-pos'tro-f e) , n. a break- 
 ing off in a speech to address directly 
 a person or persons who may or may 
 not be present; the omission from a 
 word of one or more letters, such 
 omission being indicated by the sign 
 O ; the sign (') so employed in writ- 
 ing or printing. 
 
 apothecary (a-poth'e-ka-ri) , n. [pi. 
 apothecaries (a-poth'e-ka-riz)], one 
 who prepares and dispenses medi- 
 cines and drugs for profit ; one who is 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
APOTHEGM 
 
 40 
 
 APPLICATION 
 
 licensed to prescribe; a pharma- 
 cist. 
 
 apothegm (ap'o-them), n. a pithy- 
 saying, embodying a wholesome 
 truth or precept. Also spelt apoph- 
 thegm. 
 
 apotheosis (ap-o-the'o-sis),n. [pi. apo- 
 theoses (ap-o-the'o-sez)], deification; 
 the god-like personification bestowed 
 upon deceased emperors under the 
 Roman Empire; excessive honor paid 
 to a distinguished person; canoniza- 
 tion. 
 
 appal (ap-pawl'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ap- 
 palled, p.pr. appalling], to frighten; 
 depress or discourage by fear; dis- 
 may; terrify. 
 
 apparatus (ap-a-ra'tus), n. sing. & pi. 
 an outfit of tools, utensils, or instru- 
 ments adapted to the accomplish- 
 ment of any branch of work, or for 
 the performance of an experiment or 
 operation; a set of such appliances; 
 a group or set of organs concerned in 
 the performance of a single function. 
 Also, apparatus criticus (kri'ti-cus) . 
 
 apparel (a-par'el), n. clothing; ves- 
 ture; garb, or dress; the equipment 
 of a vessel: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. appareled, 
 p.pr. appareling], to clothe or adorn; 
 furnish or fit out. 
 
 apparent (ap-par'ent) , adj. open to 
 view; capable of being readily per- 
 ceived or understood; evident; seem- 
 ing, but not real 
 
 of becoming visible; the object seen; 
 a phenomenon; an apparition; sem- 
 blance; outward show; the act of 
 coming before the public; coming 
 into court; look; bearing or 
 aspect. 
 
 appease (ap-pez'), v.t. to allay; as- 
 suage; quiet; satisfy; pacify. 
 
 appellate (ap-pel'at), adj. pertaining 
 to appeals; having cognizance of ap- 
 peals: n. the person appealed against 
 or called upon to appear. 
 
 appellation (ap-e-la/shun) , n. the 
 name, title, or designation by which 
 a person or thing is called or known; 
 the act of appealing. 
 
 append (ap-pend'), v.t. to attach, 
 hang, or suspend; subjoin or add to, 
 as an accessory part; annex. 
 
 appendage (ap-pen'daj), n. something 
 appended or attached as a part of; 
 something added as an adjunct. 
 
 appendix (ap-pen'diks) , n. [pi. appen- 
 dixes (ap-pen'dik-sez) & appendices 
 (ap-pen'di-sez)], that which is added 
 as supplemental; the vermiform ap- 
 pendage or blind gut. 
 
 appertain (ap-er-tan'), v.i. to belong 
 or pertain to, as by relation or cus- 
 tom. 
 
 appetite (ap'e-tit), n. the desire for 
 gratification of some want, craving, 
 or passion that is natural or acquired; 
 the relish for food induced by keen- 
 ness of stomach. 
 
 apparition (ap-a-rish'un), n. a visible applaud (ap-plawd'), v.t. to praise; 
 
 object; an appearance of something 
 not real or tangible; a ghost or spec 
 ter; the first appearance of a lumi 
 
 express approval or approbation by 
 clapping of the hands or acclama- 
 tion. 
 
 nary after obscuration: opposed to applause (ap-plawz'), n. the expres- 
 sion of approval by clapping; appro- 
 bation openly shown by acclama- 
 tion. 
 apple (ap'l), n. the round fleshy fruit 
 of the apple-tree, and its numerous 
 cultivated varieties; any fruit re- 
 sembling an apple, as pineapple. 
 
 occultation. 
 appeal (ap-pel'), v.t. to transfer or 
 refer to a superior court or judge; 
 to refer to another person or tri- 
 bunal; entreat, call for, or invoke 
 aid, sympathy, or mercy: n. a call 
 or invocation for aid or sympathy; 
 
 the right of appeal; a summons to appliance (ap-pli'ans) , n. the act of 
 
 applying; that which is used with, or 
 as a part of, something else. 
 
 of a cause from an inferior to a application (ap-li-ka'shun) , n. the act 
 
 answer a charge; a call or reference 
 to another; recourse; the removal 
 
 superior court, the latter having the 
 
 {)ower to revise the decision of the 
 ower tribunal. 
 appear (ap-peV), v.i. to be or become 
 
 visible; come before; seem. 
 appearance (ap-per'ans), n. the act 
 
 of applying, putting to, or on; the 
 thing applied ; the applying or reduc- 
 ing to practice ; the practical demon- 
 stration of a principle; the act of 
 requesting; request; mental assidu- 
 ousness. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
APPLY 
 
 41 
 
 APRON 
 
 apply (ap-pli'). v.t. [p.t. & p.p. applied, 
 p.pr. applying], to place one to 
 another; lay on; put into practice; 
 devote to a particular purpose; refer 
 or ascribe as fitting to a person or 
 thing; address or direct; fix the mind 
 upon: v.i. to suit; have connection 
 with or reference to; make applica- 
 tion to. 
 
 appoint (ap-point'), v.t. to fix; settle; 
 found; make fast; establish by de- 
 cree; assign or ordain; fix the time 
 and order of; furnish or equip: v.i. 
 to decree; ordain; determine. 
 
 appointment (ap-point'ment), n. the 
 act of appointing; the assigning to 
 an office or trust; the state of being 
 appointed; the position or office 
 assigned or held; a stipulation; an 
 engagement; an arrangement to 
 meet by mutual agreement; an 
 ordinance or decree established by 
 authority; furniture or equipment. 
 
 apportion (ap-por'shun) , v.t. to assign 
 by equal or proportionate division; 
 distribute or set out in just propor- 
 tions. 
 
 apposite (ap'o-zit), adj. proper; fit; 
 pertinent ; well-adapted. 
 
 apposition (ap-o-zish'un) , n. the act 
 of adding; addition by application, 
 or placing together; the placing of a 
 second noun in the same case in 
 juxtaposition to the first, which it 
 characterizes or explains, as John 
 the Baptist. 
 
 appraise (ap-praz'), v.t. to set a price 
 upon; value; estimate the worth of, 
 as by a licensed appraiser. 
 
 appreciate (ap-pre shi-at), v.t. to 
 value; estimate the worth of; esteem 
 highly; prize; be sensible of; raise in 
 value. 
 
 appreciation (ap-pre'shi-a/shun) , n. 
 the just valuation, or proper esti- 
 mate of worth or merit; a rise in 
 value. 
 
 apprehend (ap-re-hend') , v.t. to take 
 or lay hold of; seize; arrest; take a 
 mental hold of; anticipate or expect: 
 v.i. to incline to belief; form a con- 
 ception. 
 
 apprehension (ap-re-hen'shun) , n. the 
 act of seizure or laying hold of; 
 arrest; the act of conceiving; per- 
 ception; anticipation of evil; fear or 
 distrust of the future. 
 
 apprehensive (ap-re-hen'siv), adj. ca- 
 pable of apprehending; quick to 
 learn, or grasp; fearful of evil; 
 anxious for the future. 
 
 apprentice (a-pren'tis), n. formerly, 
 one bound or articled by indenture 
 to serve a certain number of years 
 to learn some trade or craft ; a novice 
 or tyro: v.t. to put under the care of 
 a master for instruction in some 
 trade or craft. 
 
 apprize (a-priz'), v.t. to give notice to; 
 inform. 
 
 approach (ap-proch'), v.i. to draw or 
 grow near; approximate: v.t. to re- 
 semble, come near to: n. access. 
 
 approbation (ap-ro-ba'shun), n. the 
 act of approving; commendation. 
 
 appropriate (ap-pro'pri-at), v.t. to 
 take to one's self in exclusion of 
 others; claim or use, as by an ex- 
 clusive right; set apart or assign to 
 a particular use; annex a benefice 
 to a religious corporation: adj. pecu- 
 liar; fit; apt. 
 
 appropriation (ap-pro-pri-a'shun) , n. 
 the act of assigning to one's self, or 
 to a particular use or person; appli- 
 cation to a special use or purpose; 
 the annexation of a benefice to a 
 religious corporation. 
 
 approval (ap-proov'al), n. approba- 
 tion; sanction; ratification; con- 
 sent. 
 
 approve (ap-proov'), v.t. to prove, test, 
 or demonstrate; ratify; pronounce 
 efficient or sufficient; be pleased or 
 satisfied with; commend: v.i. to ex- 
 press approval [usually followed by 
 of]. 
 
 approximate (ap-prok'si-mat) , v.t. to 
 bring or carry near; cause to ap- 
 proach: v.i. to draw near; approach 
 closely: adj. near in resemblance or 
 position. 
 
 appurtenance (ap-per'te-nans), n. 
 that which belongs or relates to 
 something else; an adjunct or ap- 
 pendage; that which belongs to, or is 
 accessory to, an estate or property. 
 
 April (a'pril), n. the fourth month of 
 the year; named from the Greek 
 goddess, Aphrodite. 
 
 a priori (a pri-o'ri), from something 
 prior; reasoning that proceeds from 
 antecedent to consequent. 
 
 apron (a'prun), n. a portion of cloth. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
A PROPOS 
 
 42 
 
 ARCHER 
 
 leather, or other material, worn as 
 a protective or ornamental covering 
 to the front of the person ; a leathern 
 covering for the legs, used in driving ; 
 the vent-cover of a cannon; the 
 curved timber placed above the fore- 
 most end of a ship's keel; a platform 
 at the entrance to a dock. 
 
 a propos (a pro-po'), adv. to the pur- 
 pose; to the point; opportunely; in 
 respect (followed by of) : adj. season- 
 able; happy. Written also apro- 
 pos. 
 
 apse (aps), n. [pi. apses (ap'sez)], a po- 
 lygonal or semicircular recess termi- 
 nating the choir or other portion of a 
 church. 
 
 apt (apt), adj. suitable; pertinent; 
 appropriate; liable; inclined; ready; 
 expert; quick of apprehension. 
 
 aptitude (ap'ti-tud), n. capacity for 
 anything; fitness; tendency; readi- 
 ness in learning. 
 
 aquarium (a-kwar'i-um), n. [pi. 
 aquaria _ (a-kwar'i-a) & aquariums 
 (a-kwar'i-umz)], a tank or globe for 
 the keeping and cultivation of 
 aquatic plants and animals; a series 
 of such receptacles. 
 
 aquatic (a-kwat'ik), adj.^ pertaining 
 to water; growing or living in or 
 upon water; performed in or upon 
 water, as sports: n. an animal or 
 plant inhabiting water: pi. aquatic 
 sports. 
 
 aqueduct (ak'we-dukt) , n. a structure 
 in the form of a conduit or artificial 
 channel for conducting water from 
 a source, as for the supply of a large 
 city. 
 
 aqueous (a'kwe-us), adj. of the na- 
 ture of, or abounding in, water; 
 watery; formed in or by means of 
 water. 
 
 aquiline (ak'wi-lin & -lin), adj. be- 
 longing to or resembling an eagle; 
 curved, as the beak of an eagle. 
 
 arable (ar'a-bl), adj. fit for the plow; 
 suited to the purposes of cultivation. 
 
 arbiter (ar'bi-ter), n. an umpire or 
 judge; an arbitrator. 
 
 arbitrary (ar'bi-trar-i), adj. depending 
 on the will of the arbiter; discretion- 
 ary; capricious; imperious. 
 
 arbitrate (ar'bi-trat), v.i. to act as 
 arbiter; to settle a dispute, as an 
 umpire; mediate. 
 
 arbor (ar'ber), n. a bower; a shaded 
 nook or walk. 
 
 arborescent (ar-bo-res'ent) , adj. tree- 
 like. 
 
 arc (ark), n. a curved line or any part 
 of a curve forming the segment of a 
 circle ; the portion of a circle described 
 by the sun or any heavenly body in 
 its apparent passage through the 
 heavens. 
 
 arcade (ar-kad'),^- a series of arches 
 supported by pillars; an arched gal- 
 lery, or promenade, lined with 
 shops. 
 
 arch (arch), n. structure of brick or 
 masonry, the component wedge- 
 shaped parts of which follow a curved 
 line; any curvature having the form 
 of an arch: v.t. to cover with an arch 
 or arches; to bend or curve into the 
 form of an arch: v.i. to form an arch 
 or arches; curve: adj. chief; of the 
 first rank; cunning; crafty; shrewd; 
 waggish; mischievous; roguish; spor- 
 tive; coy. 
 
 archaeology or archeology (ar-ke-ol'- 
 o-ji), n. the science of antiquities; 
 the study of prehistoric remains, or 
 the relics of the earlier races of man- 
 kind, as the Ugro-Finnic, the Egyp- 
 tian, the Phoenician, the Assyrian, 
 the Greek, and the Roman. _ 
 
 archaic (ar-ka/ik), adj. pertaining to a 
 remote period; characterized by an- 
 tiquity; old-fashioned; antiquated. 
 
 archaism (ar'ka-izm), n. antiquity 
 of style or use; an antiquated, old- 
 fashioned, or obsolete word, expres- 
 sion, or idiom. 
 
 archangel (ark-an'jel), n. an angel of 
 the highest order. 
 
 archbishop (arch-bish'up) , n. a chief 
 bishop, one who supervises the 
 bishops in his province, and also 
 exercises episcopal authority in his 
 own diocese. 
 
 archdeacon (arch-de'kn) , n. dignitary 
 ranking next below a bishop, and one 
 who acts as his vicar or vicegerent. 
 
 archduchess (arch-duch'es) , n. the 
 wife of an archduke; a daughter of 
 the Emperor of Austria. 
 
 archduke (arch-duk'), n. a prince of 
 the imperial house of Austria. 
 
 archenemy (arch-en'e-mi) , n. a chief 
 enemy ; Satan. 
 
 archer (ar'cher), n. a bowman; one 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ARCHETYPE 
 
 43 
 
 ARK 
 
 skilled in the use of the bow and 
 arrow. 
 
 archetype (ar'ke-tip), n. the original 
 type or pattern upon or after which 
 a thing is made; a model; the original 
 or fundamental type-structure from 
 which a natural group of plants or 
 animals are assumed to have de- 
 scended; the original manuscript 
 from which all copies or all of a set 
 of copies were made. Such a group 
 is called a "family." 
 
 archipelago (ar-ki-pel'a-go) , n. [pi. 
 archipelagoes & -gos (ar-ki-pel'a- 
 goz)], any sea or body of salt water 
 interspersed with numerous islands; 
 the island-group itself. [Greek.l 
 
 architect (ar'ki-tekt), n. one versed 
 in the art of building and the various 
 styles of architecture; one who plans 
 or designs buildings and superintends 
 their construction, hence one who 
 forms or designs. 
 
 architecture (ar'ki-tek-tur), n. the 
 science or art of building; the method 
 or style of building; construction; 
 workmanship. 
 
 architrave (ar'ki-trav) , n. the lowest 
 division of an entablature, or that 
 part which rests immediately on the 
 column. 
 
 archive (ar'kiv), n. [pi. archives (ar'- 
 kivz)], a record preserved as evi- 
 dence: pi. the place where public or 
 state records are kept ; state or public 
 documents, _ or records of historical 
 value pertaining to a nation or to a 
 family. 
 
 arctic (ark'tik), adj. pertaining to the 
 region of the north pole; polar; 
 northern; frigid. 
 
 ardent (ar'dentj, adj. hot; burning; 
 fiery; warm; glowing; passionate; 
 eager; zealous; vehement. 
 
 ardor far'der), n. heat in a physical 
 sense; warmth of affection or pas- 
 sion: eager desire; zeal. 
 
 arduous (ar'du-us), adj. steep; hard to 
 climb; attended with great labor or 
 exertion; difficult. 
 
 are (ar), pres. tense pi. of the verb to be. 
 See be. 
 
 are (ar), n. the unit of French super- 
 ficial or square measure containing 
 100 sq. meters or 1076.44 English 
 sq. ft. 
 
 area (a're-a), n. [pi. areas (a're-az)], 
 
 any plane surface having bounds, 
 whether natural or artificial, as the 
 floor of a hall, &c; any defined ex- 
 tent of land-surface; the sunken 
 space situated at the base of a 
 building and separating it from the 
 street; the superficial contents of 
 any space or figure; extent; range; 
 scope; a compass of ore allotted to 
 miners. 
 
 argosy (ar'go-si) , n . [pi. argosies (ar'go- 
 siz)], a large richly-freighted mer- 
 chant-vessel. 
 
 argue (ar'gu), v.i. to show or offer 
 reasons in support of, or in opposi- 
 tion to, a proposition, opinion, or 
 measure; to reason, dispute, discuss; 
 contend in debate: v.t. to debate or 
 discuss; prove_or evince. 
 
 argument (ar'gu-menth n. that which 
 is advanced in support or proof with 
 a view to persuade or convince the 
 mind; a discussion, controversy, or 
 debate; the subject of a discourse or 
 writing; an abstract or summary of 
 a book._ 
 
 aria (ar'e-a & ar'i-a), n. an air; a 
 melody or tune for single voice with 
 accompaniment; a solo part in a 
 cantata or oratorio, lV:c. [Italian.] 
 
 arid (ar'id), adj. dry; parched up; 
 barren. 
 
 aright (a-rit'), adv. rightly; in a right 
 way or form; without sin or error. 
 
 arise (a-riz'), v.i. [p.t. arose, p.p. arisen, 
 p.pr. arising], to mount up or ascend; 
 to come into view; rise or get up; 
 spring up; come into existence or 
 action; originate. 
 
 aristocracy (ar-is-tok'ra-si) ,_ n. [pi. 
 aristocracies (ar-is-tok'ra-siz)], gov- 
 ernment by persons of the highest 
 rank in a state; the nobility or chief 
 persons in a state. 
 
 arithmetic (a-rith'me-tik) , n. the 
 science of numbers; the art of com- 
 putation by figures. [Greek.] 
 
 ark (ark), n. the repository of the 
 Covenant, or tables of the Law, in 
 the Jewish Tabernacle (Exod. xxv), 
 and subsequently placed m the Tem- 
 ple of Solomon (I Kings viii) ; the 
 vessel in which Xoah and his family 
 were preserved during the Deluge, 
 hence a place of safety or refuge; a 
 large boat used for transporting pro- 
 duce on American rivers. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ARM 
 
 44 
 
 ARSENAL 
 
 arm (arm), n. the limb of the human 
 body which extends from the shoul- 
 der to the hand ; the anterior or fore- 
 limb of any vertebrate animal; any 
 projecting or diverging organ or part 
 of a main body or trunk, as the 
 tentacle of a star-fish, the branch of 
 a tree, an inlet of the sea, &c. ; might; 
 power; support. 
 
 arm (arm), n. a weapon; a branch of 
 the military service: v.t. to furnish 
 or equip with weapons of offense or 
 defense; fortify or provide against; 
 furnish with an armament: v.i. to fit 
 one's self with arms, or take to one's 
 self means of defense. 
 
 Armageddon (ar-mag'ed-don), n. a 
 famous battlefield mentioned in Rev. 
 xvii. 16; used figuratively by Theo- 
 dore Roosevelt in politics. 
 
 armament (ar'ma-ment), n. a body of 
 forces equipped for war, either mili- 
 tary or naval ; the cannon and small 
 arms collectively of a warship or 
 fortification; the number and weight 
 of guns of a war-vessel. 
 
 armistice (ar'mis-tis), n. a temporary 
 cessation of hostilities agreed upon 
 by opposing forces; a truce. 
 
 armor (ar'mer), n. defensive arms; 
 protective covering for the body in 
 battle; the steel plating of a warship. 
 
 armory (ar'mer-i), n. [pi. -ries, (-riz)J, 
 a place for arms or the assemblage of 
 soldiers ; a manufactory of arms. 
 
 army (ar'mi), n. [pi. armies (ar'miz)], 
 a body of men trained and equipped 
 for war, and organized in regiments, 
 brigades, or similar divisions under 
 proper officers; a great number or 
 multitude; an organized body of per- 
 sons engaged in moral warfare. 
 
 arnica (ar'ni-ka), n. a genus of peren- 
 nial herbs; the mountain tobacco: 
 from the roots or flowers of a species 
 of this herb a valuable external rem- 
 edy for bruises is made. 
 
 aroma (a-ro'ma), n. [pi. aromas (a-ro'- 
 maz)l, the odor exhaled by plants 
 or other substances, generally of an 
 agreeable or spicy nature; perfume; 
 fragrance. 
 
 arose (a-roz'), pt. of arise. 
 
 around (a-round'), adv. in a circle; on 
 every side; roundabout: prep, about; 
 on all sides; encircling; encompass- 
 ing. 
 
 arouse (a-rouz'), v.t. to excite or stir 
 to action; put in motion that which 
 is at rest; awaken from sleep or a 
 state of inactivity; stimulate; ani- 
 mate. 
 
 arraign (a-ran'), v.t. to summon or set, 
 as a prisoner at the bar of a court to 
 answer to a charge; censure publicly; 
 impeach; indict. 
 
 arrange (a-ranj'), v.t. to put in proper 
 order or sequence ; classify ; adjust or 
 settle; adapt; group. 
 
 arrangement (a-ranj 'ment), n. the 
 act of putting in proper form or 
 order; that which is ordered or dis- 
 posed; the method or style of dispo- 
 sition; a preparatory measure; prep- 
 aration; settlement; classification; 
 adjustment; adaptation. 
 
 array (ar-ra/), n. order; the grouping 
 or arrangement of a body of men 
 as drawn up for battle; an orderly 
 collection or series of things impos- 
 ingly displayed ; dress arranged on the 
 person; apparel: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, 
 p.pr. -ing], to place or dispose in 
 order; marshal; deck or dress. 
 
 arrear (ar-reV), n. the state of being 
 behind-hand; that which is undone, 
 outstanding, or unpaid. 
 
 arrest (ar-rest'). v.t. to stop or stay; 
 check or hinder the action or motion 
 of; seize, take, or apprehend by legal 
 authority; seize and fix, as the eye or 
 attention: n. the act of seizing; stop- 
 page or holding back by force or 
 restraint; the state of being seized or 
 detained by legal authority. 
 
 arrive (ar-riv'), v.i. to come to or 
 reach, as a destination; reach a 
 point or stage; gain or compass an 
 object; attain to a state or result 
 [with at], 
 
 arrogance (ar'ro-gans), n. an un- 
 due degree of self-importance; an 
 exorbitant claim to dignity, rank, 
 or esteem; a lordly contempt of 
 others. 
 
 arrogate (ar'ro-gat), v.t. to assume 
 or lay claim to unduly, or with pre- 
 sumptuous pride. 
 
 arrow (ar'ro), n. a slender, pointed 
 missile weapon, usually feathered and 
 barbed, and made to be shot from a 
 bow. 
 
 arsenal (ar'se-nal), n. a magazine for 
 the storage of arms and military 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 
 hue, hut ; think, Men. 
 
ARSENIC 
 
 45 
 
 ASBESTOS 
 
 stores for land or naval service, or 
 their manufacture. 
 
 arsenic (ar'se-nik), n. an element of 
 steel-gray color and brilliant luster, 
 and exceedingly brittle, occurring 
 usually in combination. 
 
 arsis (ar'sis), n. that part of a foot upon 
 which the metrical accent is now 
 placed. Formerly it was defined in ex- 
 actly the opposite way. (See thesis.) 
 
 arson (ar'sn), n. the malicious firing of 
 any building, agricultural produce, 
 ship, &c, belonging to another, or 
 one's own property, with the intent 
 to defraud an insurance office. 
 
 art (art), 2nd pers. sing, indie, mood, 
 pres. tense, of the verb to be. [Art is 
 used only in solemn or poetic style.] 
 (See be.) 
 
 art (art), n. the employment of means 
 to the accomplishment of some end; 
 the skilful adaptation and applica- 
 tion to some purpose or use of 
 knowledge or power acquired from 
 Nature; a system of rules and estab- 
 lished methods to facilitate the per- 
 formance of certain actions; famil- 
 iarity with such principles, and skill 
 in applying them to an end or 
 purpose, as of a practical, useful, or 
 technical character; opposed to sci- 
 ence; one of the fine arts; the fine 
 arts collectively; the power or qual- 
 ity of perceiving and transcribing the 
 beautiful or aesthetical in Nature, as 
 in painting or sculpture; practical 
 skill; dexterity; knack; cunning; 
 artifice: pi. the branches of learning 
 included in the prescribed course of 
 academic study. 
 
 artery (ar'ter-i), n. [pi. arteries (ar'- 
 ter-iz)], one of a system of tubes or 
 vessels which convey the blood from 
 the heart to all parts of the body. 
 
 artful (art'fool), adj. cunning; 
 skilful. 
 
 artichoke (ar'ti-chok) , n. a plant with 
 thistle-like foliage, and bearing large 
 terminal flower-heads, the lower por- 
 tion of which, consisting of a fleshy 
 receptacle covered with thick scales, 
 is used as food; the tuberous root of 
 an American sunflower (Helianthus 
 tuberosis), used as a substitute for 
 potatoes. 
 
 article (ar'ti-kl), n. a distinct portion 
 or member; a single clause, item, or 
 
 particular, as in a formal agreement 
 or treaty; a concise statement; a 
 prose composition, complete, in itself, 
 in a newspaper, magazine, or work of 
 reference; a material thing, as one of 
 a class; an item; a point of duty, 
 faith, or doctrine; one of the words 
 (an [a before consonant-sounds], the 
 indefinite article, and the, the 
 definite article [see a, an, <fc the]) used 
 before nouns or substantives to 
 define or limit their application; a 
 jointed segment connecting two 
 parts of a limb or body; v.t. to bind 
 by articles of covenant or stipulation ; 
 specify. 
 
 articulate (ar-tik'u-lat) , v.t. to joint; 
 unite by means of a joint; to form 
 words; utter in distinct syllables; 
 speak as a human being: v.i. to unite 
 or form an articulation (with) ; utter 
 articulate sounds; speak with dis- 
 tinctness: adj. jointed; formed with 
 joints; segmented; characterized by 
 syllabic division; uttered with dis- 
 tinctness. 
 
 artifice (ar'ti-fis), n. an artful or crafty 
 device; an ingenious expedient; a 
 trick or stratagem; a manoeuvre. 
 
 artificial (ar-ti-fish'al) , adj. made or 
 contrived by art; produced by hu- 
 man skill or labor; feigned; unreal; 
 assumed; affected; not genuine or 
 natural. 
 
 artillery (ar-til'ler-i), n. cannon; great 
 guns; ordnance of all kinds, with its 
 equipment of carriages, men, and 
 material ; the officers and men form- 
 ing the artillery division of an army; 
 the science which treats of the use or 
 management of ordnance. 
 
 artisan (ar'ti-zan), n. one skilled in 
 any art or trade; a mechanic; a 
 handicraftsman. 
 
 artist (ar'tist), one skilled in any 
 branch of high art, as music, paint- 
 ing, sculpture, poetry, &c. 
 
 artless (art'les), adj. lacking art; un- 
 skilful; devoid of cunning; simple; 
 natural ; undesigning ; unaffected ; 
 ingenuous. 
 
 as (az), conjunct.adv. proportionate to; 
 comparable to; like. 
 
 as (as), n. [pi. asses (as'sez)], a Roman 
 weight equivalent to the libra or 
 pound. 
 
 asbestos (as-bes'tos) or asbestus 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ASCEND 
 
 46 
 
 ASPIRATE 
 
 ('tus), n. a fibrous variety of horn- 
 blende, separable into flexible fila- 
 ments and flax-like appearance and 
 silky hister, and possessing the prop- 
 erty of being incombustible. 
 
 ascend (as-send'), v.i. to take an up- 
 ward direction; mount; go up; rise; 
 to proceed from an inferior to a su- 
 perior; rise from a lower to a higher 
 pitch or tone: v.t. to go or move up- 
 ward upon; climb; gD upward along. 
 
 ascension (as-sen'shun), n. the act of 
 moving upward; a rising; the ascent 
 of our Lord to heaven; the rising of 
 a star or point above the celestial 
 horizon. 
 
 ascent (as-sent'), n. the act of rising; 
 an upward movement; the act of 
 climbing : the way or means of reach- 
 ing a height; an acclivity; an upward 
 slope. 
 
 ascertain (as-ser-tan') , v.t. to make 
 certain; find out or determine defi- 
 nitely by test or examination. 
 
 ascetic (as-set'ik), adj. exceedingly 
 rigid in the exercise of religious du- 
 ties and mortification of worldly 
 desires: n. one who renounces the 
 world and devotes himself to reli- 
 gious exercises; one who subjects 
 himself to severe disciplinary meth- 
 ods of living; a hermit; a recluse. 
 
 ascribe (a-skrib'), v.t. to attribute, 
 impute, or refer; assign; attribute. 
 
 aseptic (a-sep'tik), adj. free from the 
 germs of disease or putrefaction ; not 
 liable to putrefy : an aseptic substance. 
 
 ash (ash), n. the name popularly ap- 
 plied to trees of the genus Fraxinus, 
 many of which supply valuable tim- 
 ber; the wood of the ash-tree: adj. 
 pertaining to, or like, the ash; made 
 of ash. 
 
 ash (ash), n. [pi. ashes (ash'ez)], the 
 residue of plant or animal substance 
 remaining after subjection to red- 
 heat: pi. the waste of burned coal; 
 the remains of a human body when 
 cremated; hence a corpse. _ 
 
 ashamed (a-shamd'), p. adj. affected 
 or touched by shame; cast down or 
 dejected by conscious guilt; abashed 
 by a sense of indecorum; reluctant 
 through fear of shame [followed by 
 an infinitive]. 
 
 ashore (a-shor'), adv. on shore; to the 
 shore; on land. 
 
 aside (a-sid'), adv. on or to one side; 
 out of a given direction ; apart ; away 
 from: n. a speech or utterance not 
 intended for the present company; 
 a remark made by an actor on the 
 stage, and assumed to be heard only 
 by the person for whom it is in- 
 tended. 
 
 ask (ask), v.t. to request; seek to obtain 
 by words; petition or beg for; claim 
 or demand; expect or require; inquire 
 respecting; interrogate; invite: v.i. to 
 prefer by request ; inquire after. 
 
 askance (a-skans') or askant (a- 
 skant'), adv. sideways; obliquely; 
 awry; from the corner of the eye; 
 aslant. 
 
 asleep (a-slep'), adj. & adv. sleeping; 
 in a state of slumber; dormant. 
 
 asp (asp), n. a small venomous snake 
 of Egypt; the common viper, or 
 adder, of Europe; a royal symbol of 
 ancient Egypt. 
 
 asparagus (as-par'a-gus), n. a plant 
 having tender edible shoots. 
 
 aspect (as'peckt), n. visual or mental 
 appearance; look; mien; air; outlook 
 or prospect; the relative position of 
 the planets as viewed from the earth ; 
 appearance. 
 
 aspen (as'pen), n. a species of poplar 
 whose leaves have the property of 
 trembling in the slightest breeze; adj. 
 pertaining to the asp-tree; quivering 
 like an aspen-leaf. 
 
 asperity (as-per'i-ti) , n. [pi. asperities 
 (as-per'i-tiz)], roughness of surface; 
 roughness or harshness of sound; 
 sourness; bitterness of taste or tem- 
 per. 
 
 asperse (as-pers'), v.t. to besprinkle; 
 injure in reputation by calumny; 
 slander. 
 
 asphalt (as'falt), n. a compact, brittle 
 variety of native bitumen, employed 
 for the purpose of paving, roofing, 
 and cementing: v.t. to lay or cover 
 with asphalt. 
 
 asphyxia (as-fik'si-a) , n. the condition 
 of lifelessness occasioned by suspen- 
 sion or interruption of respira- 
 tion. 
 
 aspirate (as'pi-rat), v.t. to pronounce 
 with a full breathing; to prefix the 
 sound of the letter h: n. the sound of 
 the letter h, as in horse; the mark 
 or sign used to denote the sound: 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ASPIRE 
 
 47 
 
 ASSIZE 
 
 adj. pronounced with the audible 
 breath. 
 
 aspire (as-pir'), v.i. to seek after or 
 desire with longing; yearn for that 
 which is better or nobler; rise or 
 ascend; to soar: v.t. to breathe to, 
 or into; breathe forth; soar to. 
 
 ass (as), n. a quadruped of the genus 
 Equis, allied to the horse, usually 
 employed in its domesticated state 
 as a beast of burden; a dull, stupid 
 fellow. 
 
 assail (as-sal'), v.t. to fall upon or 
 attack with vehemence; attack with 
 argument or abuse. 
 
 assassin (as-sas'sin), n. one who slays 
 treacherously or by covert assault; 
 one who kills, or attempts to kill, 
 secretly as the agent of another or 
 others, or for reward; formerly one 
 of a band of Syrian fanatics (hash- 
 hashin), who committed murder at 
 the command of their chief, in the 
 hope of winning heaven. 
 
 assault (as-sawlt'), n. an attack with 
 violence by physical means; an on- 
 slaught; an attack by military force; 
 a violent attack by moral force; an 
 attempt or threat to do bodily 
 violence or injury to another; the 
 charge of an attacking party on a 
 fortified position: v.t. to attack vio- 
 lently; storm, as by armed force; 
 attack by moral force ; attack a forti- 
 fied position by a sudden charge. 
 
 assay (as-sa/), n. the act or process of 
 determining by analysis the quan- 
 tity or proportion of any one or 
 more metals in a metallic compound, 
 ore, or alloy, especially the standard 
 purity of gold or silver coin or bul- 
 lion; the substance or metal to be 
 assayed: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. 
 -ing], to subject to analysis; to de- 
 termine the quantity or proportion 
 of one or more of the constituents of 
 a metal. 
 
 assemble (as-sem'bl), v.t. to collect 
 or gather together in one place or 
 body; congregate: v.i. to meet or 
 come together; convene. 
 
 assembly (as-sem'bli), n. [pi. assem- 
 blies (as-sem'bliz)], a collection or 
 company of persons brought together 
 in one place, and for a common ob- 
 ject; a meeting; a congregation. 
 
 assent (as-sent'), v.i. to admit as true; 
 
 concede; agree to; consent: n. the 
 act of agreeing to; consent; acquies- 
 cence; approval; concurrence. 
 
 assert (as-sert'),v.£.to maintain; declare 
 positively, or with assurance; aver; 
 affirm ; defend or vindicate ; declare. 
 
 assertion (as-ser'shun) , n. the act of 
 asserting; that which is asserted; 
 positive declaration; allegation; 
 maintenance or defense. 
 
 assess (as-ses'), v.t. to fix or determine, 
 as damages; fix, rate, or set a certain 
 charge upon, as a tax; estimate or 
 value officially for the purpose of 
 taxation. 
 
 assets (as'sets), n.pl. the property, 
 whether real or personal, of a de- 
 ceased person which is subject by 
 law to the discharge of his debts and 
 legacies ; the property or effects of an 
 insolvent debtor which are available 
 for the satisfaction of his creditors; 
 the entire property of a trader or 
 company of traders. 
 
 asseveration (as-sev-er-a'shun) , n. a 
 solemn affirmation or declaration, as 
 upon oath. 
 
 assiduous (as-sid'u-us), adj. constant 
 in application; devotedly attentive. 
 
 assign (as-sln'), v.t. to appoint, mark 
 out, apportion, make over; fix; desig- 
 nate for a specific purpose ; point out 
 exactly; to transfer or make over to 
 another, as for the benefit of credi- 
 tors : n. an appurtenance ; one to whom 
 property or interest is assigned by 
 will or deed. 
 
 assignment (as-sm'ment), n. a setting 
 apart, allotment, or appointment to 
 some particular person or use ; trans- 
 fer of title or interest; the deed of 
 writing effecting such a transfer^ 
 
 assimilate (as-sim'i-lat) , v.t. to bring 
 into conformity or agreement with 
 something else; convert or incor- 
 porate into organic substance; ab- 
 sorb or appropriate, as nourishment : 
 v.i. to be converted into or become 
 incorporated with the substance of 
 the animal body. 
 
 assist (as-sisf), v.t. to help; aid; give 
 support to; attend: v.i. to lend help 
 or aid. 
 
 assize (as-slz'), n. [pi. assizes (as-siz'ez)l, 
 a court or session of justice for the trial 
 by jury of civil or criminal cases; the 
 sessions held periodically in each 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ASSOCIATE 
 
 48 
 
 ASTRINGENT 
 
 county of England by judges of the 
 High Court [usually in the pi.]; the 
 time or place of holding the assize 
 [usually in the pi.]. 
 
 associate (as-so'shi-at), v.t. to unite; 
 join with; connect; accompany, as 
 a companion, friend, or confederate: 
 v.i. to unite in company; keep com- 
 pany; unite in action: adj. joined in 
 interest, object, or purpose; sharing 
 office or employment, as a colleague 
 or partner; connected by habit, 
 function, or sympathy: n. a com- 
 panion; a confederate; an ally; one 
 belonging to a society or institution, 
 usually of a lower grade than a Mem- 
 ber or Fellow. 
 
 assonance (as'so-nans), n. resem- 
 blance of sound; a species of rhyme 
 which consists in the use of the same 
 vowel-sound in the last syllable of 
 words having different consonants. 
 Assonance is common in Spanish 
 poetry in place of rhyme. 
 
 assort (as-sort'), v.t. to divide or 
 separate into lots according to ar- 
 rangement; to classify; arrange: 
 v.i. to agree; suit; be in accordance 
 with. 
 
 assortment (as-sort'ment), n. the act 
 of assorting or placing out; a classi- 
 fied collection of articles or goods of 
 a varied character. 
 
 assuage (as-swaj'), v.t. to soften; 
 mitigate, allay, lessen, satisfy, or 
 appease. 
 
 assume (as-sum/), v.t. to take to; 
 take in or into; take upon one's 
 self; arrogate or appropriate; take 
 for granted; take in appearance; 
 pretend to possess: v.i. to be arro- 
 gant; presume; claim more than is 
 one's due; give a legal undertaking; 
 pretend; usurp. 
 
 assumption (as-sump'shun), n. the 
 act of assuming or taking to or upon 
 one's self; taking for granted; the 
 thing supposed; a postulate; the 
 taking up of a person to heaven; 
 a verbal or unsealed contract. 
 
 assure (a-shur'), v.t. to make sure or 
 certain; to inspire confidence by 
 declaration or promise; secure to 
 another; insure, or covenant for in- 
 demnity in event of loss or death. 
 
 astay (a-sta'), adv. said of an anchor 
 when, on heaving it, the cable makes 
 
 an acute angle with the level of the 
 water. 
 
 asterisk (as'ter-isk) , n. the mark (*) 
 used in printing as a reference to a 
 marginal passage or footnote ap- 
 pended to the text, or to indicate 
 letters or words omitted (***): v.t. 
 to mark with an asterisk. 
 
 astern (a-stern'), adj. & adv. at or 
 toward the hinder part of a ship; 
 behind a ship. 
 
 asthma (ast'ma & as'ma), n. a respir- 
 atory disease, chronically recurrent 
 and attended by difficulty of breath- 
 ing, with a wheezing cough and a 
 sense of great constriction in the 
 chest. 
 
 astigmatism (as-tig'ma-tizm) , n. a de- 
 fect in the structure of the eye causing 
 variation of the focus of the crystal- 
 line lens. 
 
 astir (a-ster'),adv. or adj. on the move; 
 active; stirring. 
 
 astonish (as-ton'ish) , v.t. to strike 
 with sudden wonder; surprise; 
 amaze. 
 
 astonishment (as-ton'ish-ment), n. 
 the state of being astonished; amaze- 
 ment. 
 
 astound (as-tound'), v.t. to strike 
 with amazement; shock; alarm; 
 stun. 
 
 astraddle (a-strad'l), adv. with one 
 leg on each side of something; 
 astride. 
 
 astragalus (as-trag'al-us) , n. [pi. 
 astragali (as-trag'a-li)], the ball of 
 the ankle-joint; the lower bone into 
 which the tibia articulates. 
 
 astrakhan (as'tra-kan), n. the skins 
 of young lambs with curly wool, ob- 
 tained from Astrakhan, a district 
 in Russia; an imitation with a pile 
 resembling this wool or fur. 
 
 astral (as'tral), adj. pertaining to the 
 stars ; starry ; star-shaped ; pertaining 
 to a super-sensible substance pre- 
 sumed by occulists to pervade the 
 regions of space and to enter into the 
 composition of all bodies. 
 
 astray (a-stra'), adv. out of the right 
 way; wandering. 
 
 astride (a-strid'), adv. with the legs 
 wide apart; astraddle. 
 
 astringent (as-trin'jent) , adj. binding; 
 contracting, opposed to laxative: n. 
 a substance or medicine that pro- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ASTROLABE 
 
 49 
 
 ATROPHY 
 
 duces contraction of the tissues and 
 checks discharges. 
 
 astrolabe (as'tro-lab), n. an instru- 
 ment formerly employed for taking 
 the altitude of the sun or stars; a 
 stereographic projection of the sphere 
 on the plane of the equator or a 
 meridian. 
 
 astrology (as-trol'o-ji), n. predestina- 
 tion by the stars; the art anciently 
 pursued of foretelling or forecasting 
 the future of mankind, by reference 
 to the influence supposed to be 
 exerted by the stars in their various 
 aspects and relative positions upon 
 the course of human destiny. [Greek.] 
 
 astronomy (as-tron'o-mi) , n. the 
 study of the heavenly bodies; the 
 science which treats of their mag- 
 nitude, motions, relative positions, 
 and all connective phenomena. 
 
 astute (as-tiit'), adj. shrewd; keenly 
 penetrating; sagacious; cunning; 
 crafty. 
 
 asunder (a-sun'der), adv. apart; sepa- 
 rately; into parts. 
 
 asylum (a-si'lum), n. [pi. asylums 
 (a-si'lumz)], a sanctuary or place of 
 refuge wherein formerly criminals 
 and debtors might find immunity 
 from arrest; an institution for the 
 care or relief of the aged, destitute, 
 or afflicted. 
 
 asymmetry (a-sim'e-tri) , n. lack of 
 symmetry or proportion between the 
 parts of a thing. 
 
 asyndeton (a-sin'de-ton) , n. a figure 
 of speech which omits connectives, 
 as "I came, I saw, I conquered." 
 The same as parataxis. 
 
 atavism (at'a-vizm), n. the reversion, 
 or tendency to revert, to the ances- 
 tral type of a species; resemblance 
 to a remote ancestor, exhibited by 
 a certain organism; the recurrence 
 of any peculiarity or disease from 
 which an ancestor in remote genera- 
 tions has suffered. 
 
 ataxia (a-tak'si-a) , n. irregularities in 
 the functions of the body or in the 
 course of a disease. 
 
 ate (at), p.t. of eat. 
 
 atheism (a'the-izm), n. disbelief in the 
 existence of a God. 
 
 athirst (a-therst'), adj. thirsty; in 
 want of drink. 
 
 athlete (ath'let), n. a competitor for 
 
 a prize in public games; one trained 
 to contend in feats of physical 
 prowess; one possessed of great 
 physical strength. [Greek. 1 
 
 athletics (ath-let'iks), n. any system 
 of athletic training by gymnastic 
 exercises or outdoor sports; athletic 
 exercises collectively. 
 
 athwart (a-thwawrt') , prep, across; 
 from side to side: adv. crosswise; 
 obliquely ; across the course or direc- 
 tion of a ship. 
 
 atilt (a-tilt'). adv. & adj. in the posi- 
 tion or with the action of a person 
 making a thrust; tilted. 
 
 atlas (at 'las), n. [pi. atlases (at'las-ez)], 
 a collection of maps in a volume; 
 a work in tabulated form; a large 
 size of drawing-paper. 
 
 atmosphere (at'mos-f er) , n. the aeri- 
 form fluid surrounding the earth, 
 composed of a mechanical mixture 
 of 79 parts by volume of nitrogen 
 with 21 parts of oxygen, and a 
 trace of carbonic acid and argon, 
 with a varying proportion of aque- 
 ous vapor, ammonia, ozone, and 
 organic matter ; the gaseous envelope 
 surrounding any of the heavenly 
 bodies; the influence, mental and 
 moral, exerted on a person by his 
 environment. [Greek.] 
 
 atoll (a-tol'), n. a coral island having 
 the form of an outer ring of coral 
 surrounding a basin or lagoon. 
 
 atom (at'um), n. an ultimate indivis- 
 ible particle of matter. [Greek.] 
 
 atone (a-ton'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. atoned, 
 p.pr. atoning], to make reparation 
 or amends, as for injury done or 
 implied; expiate; make satisfaction 
 for; reconcile. 
 
 atonement (a-ton'ment) , n. repara- 
 tion or satisfaction offered or made 
 in return for injury; expiation of 
 wrong or sin by suffering; the 
 recompense for sin typified by the 
 sufferings and death of Christ; 
 reconciliation. 
 
 atrocity (a-tros'i-ti), n. [pi. atrocities 
 (a-tros'i-tiz)], enormous wickedness; 
 abominable cruelty. 
 
 atrophy (at'ro-fi), n. a wasting, or 
 diminution in bulk, of the body, or 
 any part of the body arising from 
 lack of nourishment; the degenera- 
 tion of an organ or part: v.i. [p.t. & 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ATTACH 
 
 50 
 
 AUDIENCE 
 
 p.p. atrophied, p.pr. atrophying], to 
 waste away; to dwindle. 
 
 attach (at-tach/), v.t. to fasten, or fix, 
 to or on; bind; connect with or 
 appoint to; connect by ties of affec- 
 tion; to take, or seize, by legal 
 authority: v.i. to adhere. 
 
 attack (at-tak'), v.t. to assault; fall 
 upon with force; assail with intent 
 to overcome or to damage, discredit, 
 or bring into ridicule; begin to affect 
 or act upon, as disease: v.i. to make 
 an onset or attack: n. the* act of 
 attacking in any sense of the word. 
 
 attain (at-tan'), v.t. to achieve; gain; 
 compass; accomplish: v.i. to reach; 
 come, or arrive at. 
 
 attainder (at-tan'der), n. the act of 
 attainting, or the state of being 
 attainted; an act, formerly in opera- 
 tion, for the deprivation of all civil 
 rights and of power to inherit 
 or transmit property: applied 
 to persons under sentence of 
 death or outlawry for treason 
 or felony. 
 
 attempt (at-tempt'), v.t. to make an 
 effort to accomplish; try; endeavor 
 or essay to perform; try to win or 
 seduce; attack, or invade: n. a trial, 
 essay, or endeavor; an effort to gain 
 a point; an attack or assault. 
 
 attend (at-tend'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, 
 p.pr. -ing], to wait upon; accompany 
 or be present with; serve or look after 
 in any capacity; be present at; ac- 
 company or follow: v.i. to pay heed 
 or regard to ; listen ; be in attendance 
 wpon. 
 
 attendance (at-ten'dans), n. the act 
 of attending; waiting on; presence; 
 the persons attending; retinue. 
 
 attention (at-ten'shun), n. the act of 
 applying the mind to anything; 
 consideration or regard for any 
 person or thing; a mark or act of 
 civility or courtesy; care for the 
 comfort of others; an officer's com- 
 mand to assume the attitude of 
 attention. 
 
 attentive (at-ten'tiv), adj. heedful; 
 full of attention; intent; mindful; 
 regardful of the wishes of others. 
 
 attenuate (at-ten'u-at) , v.t. to make 
 thin or slender; weaken or reduce; 
 thin out by dilution; rarefy: v.i. to 
 become thin, slender, or fine; lessen: 
 
 adj. made thin; dilute; rarefied; 
 tapering; slender. 
 attest (at-test'), v.t. to bear witness 
 to; certify as being genuine or true, 
 especially in an official sense; give 
 proof of; manifest. 
 
 attic (at'tik), n. an uppermost room 
 in a house immediately beneath the 
 roof; a garret. 
 
 attire (at-tir'), v.t. to dress; clothe; 
 array ; adorn : n . dress ; clothes ; habit ; 
 garb; the horns of a stag, employed 
 as a heraldic bearing. 
 
 attitude (at'ti-tud), n. bodily position 
 or posture ; the bearing assumed by a 
 person or body of persons indicative 
 of feeling, opinion, &c. 
 
 attorney (at-ter'ni), n. [pi. attorneys 
 (at-ter'nez)], one legally qualified to 
 act for another in the transaction of 
 private business, or in the manage- 
 ment, prosecution, or defense of 
 actions at law. 
 
 attract (at-trakt'), v.t. to draw to or 
 towards ; cause to approach ; draw by 
 moral influence; allure; entice. 
 
 attractive (at-trak'tiv), adj. having 
 the power or tendency to attract; 
 alluring; inviting: n. that which 
 attracts, allures, or charms. 
 
 attribute (at-trib'ut), v.t. to_ ascribe, 
 impute, assign: n. (at'tri-but) , that 
 which is attributed, as quality ; trait ; 
 property; a characteristic; an at- 
 tributive adjunct or adjective; that 
 which may be predicated of any 
 subject. 
 
 attrition (at-trish'un) , n. the act of 
 wearing by rubbing; abrasion; grief 
 for sin from fear of punishment. 
 
 attune (at-tun'), v.t. to put in tune; 
 bring into accordance or harmony. 
 
 auburn (aw'burn), adj. reddish-brown. 
 
 auction (awk'shun), n. a public sale 
 of property or effects conducted on 
 the principle of the highest bidder 
 becoming the purchaser of any par- 
 ticular lot put up for sale; the prop- 
 erty or effects offered for sale by 
 auction: v.t. to sell by auction. 
 
 audacity (aw-das'i-ti), n. [pi. audaci- 
 ties (aw-das'i-tiz)], boldness; daring; 
 spirit ; presumptuousness ; impu- 
 dence; effrontery. 
 
 audible (aw'di-bl), adj. capable of 
 being heard. [Latin.] 
 
 audience (aw'di-ens), n. the act of 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
AUDIT 
 
 51 
 
 AUTOGRAPH 
 
 hearing; admittance to a hearing or 
 formal interview with one of high 
 position; an assembly of hearers. 
 
 audit (aw'dit), n. official examination 
 and verification of claims or accounts 
 with vouchers and the attendance of 
 witnesses to effect a settlement; a 
 receipt of rent at stated times: v.t. 
 to examine and adjust, as accounts 
 or claims: v.i. act as auditor. 
 
 auditorium (aw-di-to'ri-um), n. [pi. 
 auditoria (aw-di-to'ri-a) & audi- 
 toriums (aw-di-to'ri-umz)], the space 
 in a theater or other public building 
 assigned to the audience. 
 
 auditory (aw'di-t5-ri), adj. pertaining 
 to hearing, or to the sense or organs 
 of hearing: n. an audience; a place 
 or space allotted to hearers ; an audi- 
 torium. 
 
 auger (aw'ger), n. a tool for boring 
 holes. 
 
 aught (awt), n. anything; any part: 
 adv. in any way; at all. 
 
 augment (awg-ment'), v.t. to increase; 
 to enlarge in size or extent; to add 
 an augment to: v.i. to grow larger; 
 increase in size and strength: n. 
 increase; enlargement; a vowel pre- 
 fixed, or a lengthening of the initial 
 vowel. 
 
 august (aw-gusf) , adj. grand ; invested 
 with grandeur and dignity; majestic; 
 . of a nature to inspire reverence. 
 
 August (aw'gust), n. the eighth month 
 of the year; named after the 
 Roman emperor, Augustus, be- 
 cause it had been a lucky month 
 for him. 
 
 aunt (ant) , n. the sister of one's father 
 or mother. 
 
 auricle (aw'ri-kl), n. the external ear; 
 that part of the ear which projects 
 from the head; one of two chambers 
 of the heart which receive the blood 
 from the veins and transmit it to the 
 ventricle or ventricles. [Latin.] 
 
 aurora (aw-ro'ra), n. [pi. auroras 
 (aw-ro'raz) & aurorse ('re)], the rising 
 light of the morning; the dawn of 
 dayspring. [Latin.] 
 
 auscultation (aws-kul-t a/shun), n. 
 tapping with short, sharp blows; a 
 method of detecting chest disease 
 by observing the sounds arising in 
 the part, either by applying the ear 
 directly to the chest or thorax. The 
 
 stethoscope is also used for the same 
 purpose. 
 
 auspicious (aws-pish'us) , adj. having 
 promise of success or happiness; 
 propitious; prosperous; fortunate. 
 
 austere (aws-ter'), adj. sour; harsh; 
 rough to the taste; severe; rigid in 
 character or mode of living; severely 
 simple. 
 
 authentic (aw-then'tik) , adj. genuine; 
 original; duly authorized; true; trust- 
 worthy; vested with all due formali- 
 ties, and legally attested. 
 
 authenticity (aw-then-tis'i-ti) , n. the 
 quality of being authentic; author- 
 ity. 
 
 author (aw'ther), n. the beginner or 
 prime mover of anything; an efficient 
 cause; an originator; a creator; one 
 who composes or writes a book; a 
 composer. 
 
 authority (aw-thor'i-ti) , n. [pi. au- 
 thorities (aw-thor'i-tiz)], power or 
 right to act or command ; dominion ; 
 jurisdiction; power derived from 
 opinion, respect, or reputation; influ- 
 ence; justification or support for 
 statement or action; a person in- 
 vested with power to act or com- 
 mand. In pi. the government; the 
 constituted authorities. 
 
 authorize (aw'ther-iz), v.t. to vest 
 with authority ; give a right to act or 
 command; empower; legalize; estab- 
 lish or confirm by authority. 
 
 auto (aw'to), n. an abbreviation in 
 common use for automobile. 
 
 auto, prefix meaning self; of one's self; 
 of itself. 
 
 autobiography (aw-to-bi-og'ra-fi) , n. 
 [pi. autobiographies (aw-to-bi-og'- 
 ra-fiz)], a biography, account, or 
 character-sketch of a person written 
 by himself. 
 
 autocar _ (aw'to-kar), n. a carriage 
 containing within itself the mach- 
 inery necessary for its own pro- 
 pulsion. 
 
 autocracy (aw-tok'ra-si) , n. [pi. autoc- 
 racies (aw-tok'ra-siz)], absolute, un- 
 controlled authority ; supremacy ; 
 government by one invested with 
 absolute and uncontrolled authoritv. 
 
 autograph (aw'to-graf ) , adj. _ self- 
 written; in one's own handwriting: 
 n. a person's own handwriting; an 
 original manuscript or signature: 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 4 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
AUTOMATIC 
 
 52 
 
 AVOID 
 
 v.t. to reproduce by autography; to 
 sign or write one's autograph. 
 
 automatic (aw- co-mat 'ik), adj. hav- 
 ing the power of self-motion or self- 
 action; of the nature of an autom- 
 aton; independent of the will. 
 
 automaton (aw-tom'a-ton), n. [pi. 
 automata (aw-tom'a-ta) & automa- 
 tons (aw-tom'a-tonz)], that which 
 possesses the power of spontaneous 
 movement without consciousness; a 
 self-acting machine. 
 
 automobile (aw-to-mo'bil) , adj. self- 
 moving. 
 
 automobile (aw'to-mo-bel, aw-to-mo- 
 bel', or aw-to-mo'bil), n. a self -mov- 
 ing vehicle; motor-carriage. 
 
 autonomy (aw-ton'o-mi) , n. [pi. au- 
 tonomies (aw-ton'o-miz)], the power 
 or right of self-government ; the state 
 of political independence. 
 
 autopsy (aw'top-si), n. personal obser- 
 vation ; ocular demonstration ; a post- 
 mortem examination. 
 
 autumn (aw'tum), n. the season be- 
 tween summer and winter, beginning 
 astronomically at the autumnal equi- 
 nox, about September 22nd, and 
 ending at the winter solstice, about 
 December 23rd ; the period of decline 
 or decay. 
 
 auxiliary (awg-zil'i-a-rl) , adj. helping; 
 aiding; assisting; subsidiary: n. [pi. 
 auxiliaries (awg-zil'i-a-riz)], a helper; 
 an assistant; a confederate or ally; 
 aid of any kind; a verb which helps 
 to form the moods and tenses of other 
 verbs: pi. foreign troops in the service 
 of a nation at war. 
 
 avail (a-val'), v.i. to be of use, value, 
 or service; give profit: v.t. to turn to 
 profit or advantage: n. use; means 
 towards an end; advantage to an 
 object: pi. proceeds or profits. 
 
 avalanche (av'a-lanch) , n. the sudden 
 descent of a mass of compact snow 
 or ice from the higher parts of a 
 mountain; a fall of rocks or earth 
 from the heights of a mountain; 
 anything that overwhelms by sud- 
 denness and irresistible force. 
 
 avarice (av'a-ris), n. an inordinate or 
 insatiable desire of gain; covetous- 
 ness; cupidity; greediness. 
 
 avast (a- vast'), interj. stop! cease! 
 hold! [Nautical term.] 
 
 avatar (av-a-tar') or avatara (av-a- 
 
 ta'ra), n. the descent of a deity to 
 earth in an incarnate form; a mani- 
 festation or embodiment; the trans- 
 ference of one personality to another. 
 [Hindu.] 
 
 avaunt (a-vawnt' & a-vant'). interj. 
 begone! depart! an exclamation of 
 contempt or abhorrence. 
 
 ave (a've & a've), interj. hail! farewell! 
 n. an Ave Maria; a salutation. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 avenge (a-venj'), v.t. to exact punish- 
 ment or satisfaction for wrong or 
 injury done to one's self or another: 
 v.i. to execute vengeance; to receive 
 satisfaction for injury by the punish- 
 ment of the offender or offenders, by 
 law or otherwise. 
 
 avenue (av'e-mi) , n. a way or means of 
 approach to a place, a passage-way, 
 drive, or alley bordered by trees lead- 
 ing to a house; a broad roadway or 
 street planted with trees. [French.] 
 
 aver (a-ver'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. averred, 
 p.pr. averring], to affirm positively; 
 declare to be true ; verify. 
 
 average (av'er-aj), n. any charge addi- 
 tional to the cost of freightage: v.t. 
 to find the mean, as of unequal sums 
 or quantities; reduce to a mean; 
 assign proportionately. 
 
 averse (a-vers'), adj. unwilling; un- 
 favorable; having a repugnance or 
 disinclination to. 
 
 aversion (a-ver'shun) , n. opposition 
 or repugnance of mind; antipathy; 
 fixed dislike; hatred; the object or 
 cause of dislike or repugnance. 
 
 avert (a- vert'), v.t. to turn aside or 
 away; turn or ward off; prevent. 
 
 aviary (a'vi-a-ri), n. [pi. aviaries (a'vi- 
 a-riz)], a house, large cage, or in- 
 closure for the keeping and rearing 
 of birds in confinement. [Latin.] 
 
 aviation (a'vi-a-shun), n. the art of 
 flying. . 
 
 aviator (avi-a-ter), n. a flying ma- 
 chine; one who operates a flying 
 machine; a bird-man. 
 
 avidity (a-vid'i-ti), n. greediness; 
 eagerness; strong appetite. 
 
 avocation (av-o-ka'shun) , n. a subor- 
 dinate or occasional occupation, as 
 contradistinguished from vocation. 
 
 avoid fa- void'), v.t. to keep away from; 
 to phun: v.i. to become vacant or 
 void. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; "boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
AVOIRDUPOIS 
 
 53 
 
 AZURE 
 
 avoirdupois (av-er-du-poiz'), n. a 
 French word used to describe a sys- 
 tem of weights in which one pound 
 contains 16 ounces: used generally 
 for all commodities except precious 
 metals, gems and drugs; weight. 
 
 avow (a-vou'), v.t. to declare openly; 
 acknowledge frankly; to admit and 
 justify. 
 
 await (a-wat'), v.t. to wait for; look 
 for or expect; be ready for. 
 
 awake (a-wak'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. awoke, 
 awaked, p.pr. awaking], to arouse 
 from sleep, or from any state resem- 
 bling sleep; put into action; infuse 
 new life into: v.i. to cease to sleep; 
 bestir one's self: adj. not sleeping; 
 roused from sleep or inactivity; in a 
 state of vigilance or action. 
 
 award (a-wawrd'), v.t. to adjudge; 
 assign Dy judicial sentence, or arbi- 
 tration; bestow in consideration of 
 merit; to determine or make an 
 award: n. a judgment; a decision; a 
 sentence; the decision of arbitrators 
 on points submitted to them; the 
 document containing such decision; 
 that which is awarded or assigned. 
 
 aware (a-war'), adj. on guard; watch- 
 ful; apprised; cognizant; conscious; 
 vigilant. 
 
 away (a-wa'), adv. absent; at a dis- 
 tance; out of; off; in another direc- 
 tion; continuously: inter j. begone! 
 depart! 
 
 awe (aw), n. reverential fear; the 
 feeling or emotion inspired by the 
 contemplation of something sublime ; 
 reverence: v.t. to inspire with feel- 
 ings of reverential respect or fear; 
 restrain by fear or respect. 
 
 awful (aw'ful), adj. inspiring or im- 
 pressing with profound fear or rev- 
 erence; of an appalling nature; 
 solemn. 
 
 awhile (a-hwlT), adv. for a period of 
 time. 
 
 awkward (awk'werd), adj. wanting 
 dexterity; unskilful; ungraceful or 
 ungainly in shape, movement, or 
 manners; clumsy. 
 
 awl (awl), n. a pointed instrument for 
 piercing. 
 
 awn (awn), n. the beard or bristle-like 
 appendage of the outer glume of 
 wheat, barley, and numerous 
 
 awning (awn'ing), n. a covering of 
 
 canvas or other cloth stretched upon 
 a frame and used as a shelter from 
 wind or sun. 
 
 awoke (a-wok'), p.t. of awake. 
 
 awry (a-ri'), adj. or adv. turned or 
 twisted toward one side; errone- 
 ous. 
 
 axe or ax (aks), n. a tool or instru- 
 ment of steel, or iron with a steeled 
 edge, attached to a handle, used for 
 the hewing of timber and chopping 
 of wood. 
 
 axil (ak'sil), n. the angle formed by 
 the upper side of an organ or branch 
 with the stem or trunk to which it ia 
 attached. 
 
 axilla (ak-sil'a), n. [pi. axillse (ak-sil'e)], 
 the armpit, or cavity in the junction 
 of the arm and shoulder; the axil of 
 a leaf. 
 
 axiom (ak'si-um), n. an indisputable 
 self-evident truth ; a proposition em- 
 bodying a truth at once obvious and 
 incontrovertible ; an established prin- 
 ciple in an art or science. 
 
 axis (ak'sis), n. [pi. axes (ak'sez)], the 
 straight line, real or imaginary, 
 passing through a body, upon or 
 around which such body revolves, or 
 is supposed to revolve; a straight 
 line drawn through the center of a 
 bilateral symmetrical figure, as the 
 spinal column; the central line of 
 any symmetrical body; the stem or 
 central column of a plant, round 
 which the organs or parts are dis- 
 posed ; the central region of a moun- 
 tain chain. 
 
 axle (ak'sl), n. the spindle, or portion 
 of the axle-tree, which is inserted in 
 the hub of the wheel, and on which 
 the wheel revolves. 
 
 ay or aye (a), adv. always; forever; 
 continually. 
 
 aye or ay (a or I), adv. or inter j. yes; 
 yea; even so; indeed: n. [pi. ayes 
 (iz)], the affirmative votes in a parli- 
 amentary division; the members so 
 voting. 
 
 azure (azh'ur & a'zhur), adj. like the 
 blue of the sky; cerulean: n. the clear 
 blue of the sky; any pigment of this 
 color; the blue tint expressed in 
 heraldry by horizontal shading. 
 [Arabic-French.] 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
B 
 
 B, the second character in the alphabet 
 of all European peoples except the 
 Russian (Cyrillic), and those derived 
 from it. Originally it is supposed to 
 have been a pictograph representing 
 a crane, and this was certainly true 
 in the Egyptian hieroglyphics. 
 
 baa (ba), v.i. to cry, as a sheep; bleat: 
 n. the cry or bleating of a sheep. 
 
 bab (bab), n. a fishing bob: v.i. [p.t. & 
 p.p. babbed, p.pr. babbing], to fish 
 with a bob. 
 
 babble (bab'bl), v.i. to utter indistinct 
 or imperfect sounds; prattle; talk 
 childishly; murmur continuously: 
 v.t. to utter; prate; repeat unintelli- 
 gently; tell secrets: n. unmeaning or 
 foolishtalk; a confused murmur. 
 
 babe (bab), n. [pi. babes (babz)], an 
 infant or young child of either sex. 
 
 babel (ba/bl), n. a confused mingling 
 of sounds; a scene of confusion. 
 
 baboon (ba-boon'), n. the popular 
 name of a large division of monkeys, 
 which inhabit Africa and Arabia, 
 and are characterized by a long dog- 
 like snout, large canine teeth, great 
 head, rudimentary tail, large callosi- 
 ties on the hips, and capacious cheek 
 pouches; an epithet of contempt. 
 
 baby (ba'bi), n. [pi. babies (ba'biz)], 
 an infant of either sex; a small 
 child: adj. pertaining to an infant 
 or young child: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 babied, p.pr. babying], to treat or 
 fondle like a baby or young child; 
 to keep dependent. 
 
 baccalaureate (bak-a-law're-at) , n. 
 the degree of Bachelor of Arts, 
 Science, &c: adj. pertaining to the 
 degree of Bachelor. 
 
 baccarat (bak-a-ra/), n. a French card 
 game played between a banker and 
 an unlimited number of bettors with 
 one or more packs of cards. 
 
 bacchanal (bak'a-nal) or bacchana- 
 lian (bak-a-na'li-an) , adj. indulging 
 
 in or characterized by drunken 
 revelry; drunken: n. a votary of 
 Bacchus; a drunken reveler; a 
 drunken feast. 
 
 bachelor (bach'el-er), n. one who has 
 taken the lowest university degree in 
 any faculty; an unmarried man. 
 
 bacillus (ba-sil'us), n. [pi. bacilli 
 (ba-sil'i)], a genus of microscopic veg- 
 etable organisms commonly known 
 as bacteria, having slender rod-like 
 jointed bodies or filaments, and pos- 
 sessing the power of constant move- 
 ment, present in many ferments, in 
 all stages of putrefaction, and asso- 
 ciated with the earliest stages of 
 malignant or zymotic disease. 
 
 back (bak), n. the hinder part of the 
 body in man, or in other animals 
 the upper portion; the whole region 
 of the spine, extending from the 
 base of the neck to the buttocks; 
 the dorsal region of a fish; that 
 which is opposed to the front; the 
 rear or hinder part of anything; the 
 part of a tool or weapon opposed to 
 the edge: adj. lying or being behind 
 or in the rear, as to time, situation, 
 or direction ; in a backward direction : 
 adv. into or toward the rear; to or 
 toward a former or original place, 
 state, or time; in a state of hindrance 
 or restraint; in withdrawal or re- 
 tirement; away; in return; again: 
 v.t. to furnish with a back or back- 
 ing ; second or support ; bet or wager ; 
 sign or indorse; put backward or 
 cause to recede: v.i. to move or go 
 backward. 
 
 backbite (bak'bit), v.t. [p.t. backbit, 
 p.p. backbit & backbitten, p.pr. 
 backbiting], to slander or speak evil 
 of in absence: v.i. to censure absent 
 persons. 
 
 backbone (bak'bon), n. the bone of 
 the back; the vertebral column of 
 animals; that which serves as a 
 
 ate, arm, 
 
 at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BACKER 
 
 55 
 
 BAKE 
 
 backbone; hence, firmness or deci- 
 sion of character. 
 
 backer (bak'er), n. one who sustains 
 or abets another; especially one who 
 bets in favor of a person or animal 
 in a contest. 
 
 backslide (bak-slloV). v.i. [p.t. back- 
 slid, backslided, p.p. backslid, back- 
 slidden, backslided, p.pr. backslid- 
 ing], to slide back; fall off or away 
 from; apostatize. 
 
 backward (bak'werd), adj. directed 
 to the back or rear; unwilling; re- 
 luctant; hesitating; slow: adv. with 
 the back foremost, toward the back; 
 in a contrary or reverse manner. 
 
 bacon (ba/kn), n. hog's flesh salted or 
 pickled and dried, usually in smoke. 
 
 bad (bad), adj. [compar. worse, superl. 
 worst], the opposite of good; evil; ill; 
 wicked; depraved; vicious; perni- 
 cious; corrupting; hurtful; offensive; 
 noxious, physical^ or morally; de- 
 fective; worthless; unhappy; unfor- 
 tunate. 
 
 badge (baj), n. a mark, sign, or token, 
 or cognizance to denote the occupa- 
 tion, allegiance, association, or 
 achievements of the person by whom 
 it is displayed ; the mark or token of 
 anything. 
 
 badger (baj'er), n. a plantigrade car- 
 nivorous mammal, of nocturnal 
 habits; an artist's brush of bad- 
 ger's hair; a loose woman who de- 
 coys men into her rooms for the pur- 
 pose of robbing them: v.t. to worry or 
 annoy, as a badger when baited; 
 pester; persistently assail. 
 
 badinage (bad'i-naj & ba-de-nazh') , n. 
 light or playful raillery or banter. 
 
 baffle (baf'l), v.t. to elude or circum- 
 vent by artifice or the interposition 
 of obstacles; foil or check; defeat; 
 frustrate; thwart. 
 
 bag (bag), n. a sack; a pouch; a wallet; 
 a receptacle for holding anything; 
 that which is contained in a bag, or 
 the result of a day's sport; a sack or 
 receptacle in animal bodies, contain- 
 ing a fluid or other substance; a 
 definite quantity of certain com- 
 modities: v.t. to enclose in a bag; 
 secure or capture, as game; steal: v.i. 
 to bulge ; hang down like a full bag. 
 
 bagatelle (bag-a-tel') , n. a trifle; a 
 game played on a nine-holed board, 
 
 baized and cushioned, with a cue and 
 nine balls. [French.] 
 
 baggage (bag'aj), n. the tents, cloth- 
 ing, utensils, &c, of an army or ex- 
 peditionary force on the march; the 
 trunks, bags, and other impedimenta 
 or baggage of a traveler: n. an im- 
 moral woman ; a coquettish or frolic- 
 some girl. 
 
 bagpipe (bag'pip), n. a shrill-toned 
 musical instrument, consisting of a 
 leathern wind-bag from which air is 
 forced by the performer's elbow 
 into pipes, one (the chanter) giving 
 the melody. [Commonly used in 
 pi.} 
 
 bah (ba), inter j. an exclamation ex- 
 pressing incredulous contempt or 
 disgust. 
 
 bail (bal), v.t. to set free or liberate 
 from arrest on security for reappear- 
 ance; to deliver, as goods, in trust, 
 on contract expressed or implied that 
 the person entrusted shall return or 
 account for the same: n. the person 
 or persons who provide security for 
 the release of a prisoner ; the security 
 tendered, or accepted. 
 
 bail (bal), v.t. to free from water by 
 dipping; to ladle out with a bucket 
 or other utensil, as in a boat: n. 
 a bent or arched handle of a pail or 
 kettle; a half -hoop supporting the 
 cover or tilt of a wagon; one of the 
 two small sticks, 4 in. long, which 
 are laid across the tops of cricket 
 stumps. 
 
 bailiff (ba/lif), n. a sheriff's officer who 
 serves processes, &c; any subordi- 
 nate civil officer; an overseer or 
 under-steward on an estate. 
 
 bairn (barn), n. & child. [Scottish.] 
 
 bait (bat), v.t. to harass or provoke, 
 as by the setting on of dogs ; worry ; 
 torment, for sport; annoy persist- 
 ently; prepare a hook, trap, or snare 
 by covering it with food or other 
 substance; give food and drink to 
 upon a journey: n. any substance 
 used to entice or allure fish or other 
 animals with a view to capture; 
 an allurement; temptation; refresh- 
 ment taken on a journey. 
 
 bake (bak), v.t. to cook or prepare food 
 by subjection to dry heat in a closed 
 place, as an oven; to dry and harden 
 by heat: v.i. to do the work of baking; 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BALANCE 
 
 56 
 
 BALSAM 
 
 become hard by heat: n. the result of 
 baking, as a clam bake. 
 
 balance (bal'ans), n. an instrument 
 for determining the weight of bodies ; 
 a pair of scales ; a steel-yard ; a spring 
 balance; the act of weighing men- 
 tally; equilibrium; equipoise; equal- 
 ity;' an equality between the two sides 
 of an account; the excess shown on 
 either side; the sum or weight neces- 
 sary to make two unequal sums or 
 weights equal: v.t. to weigh; compare; 
 bring to a state of equipoise ; keep in 
 equilibrium; poise; equal or make 
 equal; counterbalance; adjust or set- 
 tle; to examine and compare ac- 
 counts: v.i. to have equal weight; 
 be in equipoise. 
 
 balcony (bal'ko-ni), n. [pi. balconies 
 (bal'ko-niz)], a platform or gallery 
 projecting from the wall of a build- 
 ing, enclosed by a balustrade or 
 parapet. [Italian.] 
 
 bald (bawld) , adj. without the natural 
 or usual covering to the head or 
 summit; unadorned; bare; literal; 
 undisguised; having a white spot or 
 patch on the head ; bald-faced. 
 
 balderdash (bawl'der-dash) , n. a non- 
 sensical jumble of words ; silly talk or 
 writing; a worthless mixture. 
 
 baldric or baldrick (bawl'drik), n. 
 a broad belt, often richly _ orna- 
 mented, worn round the waist, or 
 over one shoulder and across the 
 breast. 
 
 bale (bal) , n. a large bundle or package 
 of goods: v.t. to make up into a bale 
 or bales ; to lade out as water. 
 
 bale (bal), n. woe; calamity; mis- 
 chief. 
 
 baleful (bal'fool), adj. replete with 
 deadly or malign influence; full of 
 woe; direful; predicative of disaster. 
 
 balk or baulk (bawk), n. a strip or 
 ridge of land left unplowed; a thick 
 heavy piece of timber; a barrier 
 or check: v.t. to thwart, check, or dis- 
 appoint: v,i. to stop short, or swerve; 
 to signify the position of herring or 
 pilchard shoals from a height, and in- 
 dicate that position to the fishermen. 
 
 ball (bawl), n. a round body; any mass 
 resembling a sphere ; a spherical body 
 used for play ; a bullet ; any roundish 
 part of the body ; a game played with 
 a ball; the globe or earth: v.t. to make 
 
 into a. ball: v.i. to form or gather into 
 a ball. 
 
 ball (bawl), n. a dance; a social assem- 
 bly of persons of both sexes for the 
 purpose of dancing. 
 
 ballad (bal'ad), n. a short narrative 
 poem, adapted for reciting or sing- 
 ing. Also ballade. 
 
 ballast (bal'ast)^ n. weighty material 
 carried by a ship to ensure stability; 
 sand carried in the car of a balloon 
 to steady it; gravel or rubble filling 
 the space between the sleepers of a 
 railway ; that which imparts stability 
 to the character: v.t. to place ballast 
 in or on; impart steadiness to. 
 
 ballet (bal'a), n. a theatrical represen- 
 tation in which a story is told, and 
 actions, characters, and passions 
 represented by gestures, accom- 
 panied by music and dancing; the 
 company of persons who perform the 
 ballet. [French.] 
 
 balloon (bal-loon'), n. a large bag of 
 prepared silk or other material, 
 which, when inflated by hydrogen 
 gas or heated air, ascends and floats 
 in the atmosphere; the so-called 
 air : ship of Count Zeppelin is a 
 series of balloons fastened together 
 to form one enormous balloon; a 
 round vessel with a short neck used 
 in distillation. 
 
 ballot (bal'ot), n. a ball, ticket, or 
 paper by which a vote is registered; 
 the system of secret voting by the 
 use of balls, tickets, or papers; elec- 
 tion by secret vote; also the total 
 number of votes cast or recorded: 
 v.i. to vote or decide by secret vote. 
 
 balm (bam), n. the oily aromatic 
 exudation of certain trees or shrubs, 
 used for healing or soothing ; balsam ; 
 anything which heals or soothes. 
 
 balmoral (bal-mor'al) , adj. & n. the 
 name given to various strong articles 
 of dress, as a petticoat, or laced 
 boots. [From the Scottish palace of 
 Balmoral.] 
 
 balmy (bam'i),^'. having the qualities 
 of balm; soft; fragrant; refreshing. 
 
 balsam (bawl'sam), n. an oily, aro- 
 matic, resinous substance obtained 
 from certain trees or shrubs, and used 
 medicinally or in perfumery; balm; 
 the name applied to several trees, 
 shrubs, or plants yielding balsam, as 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BALUSTRADE 
 
 57 
 
 BANKRUPT 
 
 the balsam-tree; anything soothing 
 or healing. [Greek.] 
 
 balustrade (bal-us-trad'), n. a series 
 of small columns or pilasters, sur- 
 mounted by a top-rail or coping, 
 serving as a parapet or protective 
 railing, staircase 1 <fcc. [Italian.] 
 
 bamboo (barn-boo'), n. the name of 
 certain tropical grasses having thick- 
 jointed stems of exceeding hardness, 
 and attaining to a height of from 20 
 to 120 ft.; a stick or cane: v.t. to flog 
 with a bamboo rod. [Malay.] 
 
 ban (ban), n. in feudal times a public 
 proclamation, or summons to arms; 
 an edict of proscription or interdic- 
 tion; prohibition; excommunication; 
 curse; anathema: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 banned, p.pr. banning], to curse; to 
 interdict or prohibit; to place under 
 a ban. 
 
 banal (ban-al'), adj. commonplace, 
 trifling. 
 
 banana (ba-na/na), n. a tropical her- 
 baceous plant, closely allied to the 
 plantain ; its soft, luscious fruit, which 
 furnishes a nutritious and important 
 article of food in tropical countries. 
 
 band (band), n. that which binds to- 
 gether; that which connects; that 
 which encircles, supports, or re- 
 strains; a fillet; strap; tie; shackle 
 or fetter; collar; ligature; a driving 
 belt; a company of persons united 
 by a common object; a body of sol- 
 diers; a company of musicians form- 
 ing an orchestra, a military or other 
 band: v.t. to unite in a troop, com- 
 pany, or confederacy [with together]: 
 v.i. to associate or unite for some 
 common purpose. 
 
 bandage (ban'daj), n. a roller of cotton 
 or other material used in dressing 
 and binding up wounds, &c; a band 
 or ligature: v.t. to dress or bind with 
 a bandage. 
 
 bandana or bandanna (ban-dan'a), 
 n. a large silk or cotton handker- 
 chief, dyed red, blue, or yellow, with 
 white or yellow spots; a style of 
 calico printing in imitation of the 
 bandana. 
 
 bandit (ban'dit), n. [pi. bandits (ban'- 
 dits) & banditti (ban-dit'i)], an out- 
 law ; a brigand ; a robber ; a highway- 
 man. 
 
 bandoline (ban'do-lin), n. a gummy 
 
 perfumed substance used for impart- 
 ing a gloss to the hair or for fixing it 
 in position. 
 
 bandy (ban'di), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ban- 
 died, p.pr. bandying], to throw or 
 beat to and fro, as a ball in play; 
 give and take in conversation: v.i. 
 to contend; strive: n. a club bent at 
 the end for striking a ball ; a hockey- 
 stick; a game played with such a 
 club, commonly called hockey: adj. 
 bent; having a bend or crook out- 
 ward. 
 
 bane (ban), n. that which causes ruin 
 or destruction; hence a deadly 
 poison, vice, or sin; a disease (rot) in 
 sheep. 
 
 baneful (ban'fool), adj. poisonous; 
 pernicious. 
 
 bang (bang), v.t. to beat, as with a 
 club or cudgel; thump; handle 
 roughly: v.i. to make a loud noise; 
 thump violently: n. a heavy blow; a 
 loud, sudden noise: adv. with a sud- 
 den, violent blow. 
 
 bangle (bang'gl), n. an ornamental 
 ring worn upon the wrists and ankles 
 in India and Africa; a ring-bracelet. 
 
 banish (ban'ish), v.t. to exile; expel 
 from the country as a punishment; 
 drive away; dispel from the mind. 
 
 banishment (ban'ish-ment), n. the 
 act of expelling or driving away; the 
 state of being expelled. 
 
 banister or bannister (ban'is-ter) , n. 
 corrupt forms of baluster. 
 
 banjo (ban'jo), n. a musical instru- 
 ment, of from five to nine strings, 
 having a neck like a guitar, and a 
 circular body covered in front with 
 tightly-stretched parchment. 
 
 bank (bangk), n. a heap, mound, or 
 ridge of earth; any steep acclivity; 
 an elevation or rising ground beneath 
 the sea or at the mouth of a river, 
 forming a shoal or shallow; a bench 
 for rowers; a tier of oars: v.t. to en- 
 close, defend, or fortify with a bank; 
 pile or heap up. 
 
 bank (bangk), n. an establishment for 
 the custody, loan, exchange, or issue 
 of money; the office of a banking 
 company ; in certain games of chance, 
 the fund held against the table: v.t. 
 to deposit money in a bank: v.i. to 
 have an account with a banker. 
 
 bankrupt (bangk'rupt) , n. a person 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BANNER 
 
 58 
 
 BARD 
 
 legally declared to be unable to dis- 
 charge his liabilities; an insolvent 
 debtor: adj. unable to meet one's 
 obligations; insolvent: v.t. to make 
 or render insolvent: v.i. to exhaust 
 one's financial credit; become insol- 
 vent. 
 
 banner (ban'er), n. a piece of cloth or 
 silk attached to a pole or staff, and 
 usually worked with some device or 
 motto, heraldic or emblematical; an 
 ensign, standard, or flag of a country, 
 state, or order. 
 
 bannock (ban'uk), n. a thick cake 
 made of oatmeal, barley-meal, or 
 pease-meal, and baked on an iron 
 plate or griddle. [Scotch.] 
 
 banns (banz), n.pl. the announcement 
 in church of an intended marriage. 
 
 banquet (bang'kwet), n. a sumptuous 
 entertainment or feast: v.t. to treat 
 with a feast or rich entertainment: 
 v.i. to regale one's self sumptu- 
 ously. 
 
 banshee (ban'she), benshie (ben 'she), 
 or benshi, n. the female fairy of 
 Scotch and Irish legends, whose visit 
 foretells death. [Gaelic] 
 
 bantam (ban'tam), n. a diminutive 
 breed of domestic fowl : adj. pertain- 
 ing to the bantam; diminutive; con- 
 sequential. 
 
 banter (ban'ter), v.t. to rail at; good- 
 humoredly; attack jestingly; make 
 fun of: n. humorous raillery. 
 
 baptism (bap'tizm) , n. the application 
 of water by an authorized adminis- 
 trator, in the name of the Holy 
 Trinity, to a person, by sprinkling, 
 effusion, or immersion, constituting 
 the sacrament or rite by which he 
 is initiated into the visible church of 
 Christ. 
 
 baptize (bap-tiz'), v.t. to administer 
 the rite of baptism to; admit to the 
 Christian Church by the ceremonial 
 application of water; christen. 
 
 bar (bar), n. a piece of wood, metal, 
 or other solid matter, long in propor- 
 tion to its thickness ; anything which 
 impedes or obstructs; a bank of sand, 
 gravel, &c, obstructing navigation 
 at the entrance to a harbor or mouth 
 of a river; the railing enclosing the 
 space occupied by counsel in courts 
 of justice; the place in court where 
 prisoners are stationed for trial, or 
 
 sentence; the members of the legal 
 profession collectively, entitled to 
 plead in court ; any tribunal ; the por- 
 tion of a hotel, &c, where liquors are 
 served out; a band or stripe; a line 
 drawn vertically through the staff 
 of a piece of music, dividing it into 
 equal measures of time ; the space and 
 notes enclosed by two such lines; an 
 ordinary, similar to, but narrower 
 than, a fess, and filling one-fifth of 
 the heraldic field: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 barred: p.pr. barring], to fasten with 
 a bar; to hinder; obstruct; ex- 
 clude. 
 
 barb (barb), n. that which resembles 
 a beard in lower animals; a hair or 
 bristle ending in a double hook; the 
 sharp point projecting backwards 
 from the extremity of an arrow, fish- 
 hook, &c: v.t. to furnish with barbs. 
 
 barb (barb), n. a horse of the Barbary 
 breed, remarkable for speed, endur- 
 ance, and docility; a short-beaked 
 pigeon of a breed originally brought 
 from Barbary. 
 
 barbarian (bar'ba'ri-an) , n. a for- 
 eigner; a man in a rude, savage state; 
 an uncivilized person; a cruel, savage, 
 brutal man: adj. pertaining to sav- 
 ages; rude; uncivilized; inhuman. 
 
 barbarism (b^x 'ba-rizm) , n. an offense 
 against purit-^ of style or language; 
 an uncivilized state or condition; a 
 savage action; an outrage. 
 
 barbarity (bar-bar'i-ti) , n. [pi. bar- 
 barities (bar-bar'i-tiz)], the state of 
 being uncivilized; cruelty; inhuman- 
 ity; an act of savage cruelty. 
 
 barbarous (bar'ba-rus) , adj. uncivil- 
 ized; rude and ignorant; contrary to 
 pure idiom; savage; cruel; ferocious; 
 inhuman; wild. 
 
 barbecue (bar'be-ku), n. a frame on 
 which all kinds of meat or fish are 
 roasted or smoke-dried; the carcass 
 of an ox, hog, &c, roasted whole; 
 a social or political entertainment 
 at which animals are roasted and 
 eaten whole: v.t. to dress and roast 
 whole. [West Indian.] 
 
 barber (bar'ber), n. one whose occu- 
 pation is to shave the beard and cut 
 and dress the hair: v.t. to shave and 
 dress the hair of. 
 
 bard (bard), n. a poet and singer 
 among the ancient Germans and 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BARE 
 
 59 
 
 BARROW 
 
 Celts, and held in high esteem. 
 The word is in modern times used 
 with a certain contempt. 
 
 bare (bar), adj. naked; with the head 
 uncovered; unconcealed; simple; un- 
 furnished; threadbare; poor; mere: 
 v.t. to divest of covering. 
 
 barefaced (bar'fast), adj. with the face 
 uncovered; undisguised; shameless; 
 impudent. 
 
 bargain (bar'gan), n. an agreement or 
 contract between two or more parties 
 with reference to the sale or transfer 
 of property; that which is acquired 
 or sold at a low price; an advanta- 
 geous purchase: v.i. to make a con- 
 tract or agreement: v.t. to sell or 
 transfer for a consideration. 
 
 barge (barj), n. a flat-bottomed vessel 
 employed in loading and unloading 
 ships, and for the conveyance of 
 goods on rivers and canals; a vessel 
 of state. 
 
 bark (bark), v.i. to utter a sharp, short 
 sound, as the cry of a dog; to cough: 
 n. the sound or cry emitted by dogs. 
 
 bark (bark), n. the exterior layer or 
 rind of woody stems or trunks , 
 
 bark or barque (bark), n. a three- 
 masted vessel. 
 
 barley (bar'li), n. the grain grown and 
 used chiefly for malting; the plant 
 which yields the grain. 
 
 barm (barm), n. the foam rising upon 
 beer or other malt liquors when 
 fermenting, and used as leaven in 
 bread-making; yeast. 
 
 barn (barn), n. a covered building for 
 the storage of grain or other farm 
 produce. 
 
 barnacle (bar'na-kl), n. a cirriped 
 crustacean, often called the Goose- 
 barnacle, found adhering in groups 
 or clusters to rocks or to the bottoms 
 of ships, &c. ; an official who holds 
 tenaciously to his post: n.pl. an in- 
 strument which nips a horse's nose 
 to hold him while being shod, bled, 
 or dressed. 
 
 barometer (ba-rom'e-ter) , n. an in- 
 strument for measuring the weight 
 or pressure of the atmosphere: used 
 for indicating changes of weather, 
 or to determine the altitude of any 
 place. 
 
 baron (bar'un), n. the title of an 
 English peer of the lowest rank, 
 
 next below a viscount; formerly the 
 title of the judges of the Court of 
 the Exchequer. 
 
 baronet (bar'un-et), n. a title of 
 hereditary rank or degree of honor 
 next below a baron and above a 
 knight, but conferring no seat in the 
 House of Lords. He is styled 
 "Sir" and his wife "Lady." 
 
 barouche (ba-roosb/), n. a roomy, 
 four-wheeled carriage with a folding 
 or falling top. 
 
 barrack (bar'ak), n. a large building, 
 or series of buildings, for the lodg- 
 ment of soldiers and officers: j>l. 
 a building or several buildings in 
 an enclosure where a body of men 
 are lodged. 
 
 barrel (bar'el), n. a vessel or cask, 
 cylindrical in form, bulging in the 
 middle, made of wooden staves 
 bound with hoops, and having flat 
 ends or heads; the quantity which a 
 barrel should contain; anything re- 
 sembling a barrel in shape ; a drum or 
 cylinder; a metallic tube. 
 
 barren (bar'en), adj. incapable t of 
 producing its kind; unproductive; 
 unfruitful; sterile; lacking; devoid; 
 profitless; empty: n. an unproductive 
 tract of land. 
 
 barricade (bar-ri-kad') , n. a fortifica- 
 tion constructed in haste of such 
 materials as are nearest to hand, 
 and which will serve to obstruct the 
 progress or attack of an enemy, or 
 shield a besieged party; any bar or 
 obstruction: v.t. to obstruct or stop 
 up ; fortify or enclose by a barricade. 
 
 barrier (bar'i-er), n. anything which 
 hinders or obstructs; an obstacle to 
 progress, approach, or attack; an 
 enclosing fence or boundary wall; a 
 limit or boundary. 
 
 barrister (bar'is-ter) , n. in England, 
 a member of the legal profession 
 qualified to plead at the bar; in 
 Scotland, an advocate; counselor at 
 law. 
 
 barrow (bar'o), n. a frame covered with 
 boards and furnished with handles at 
 both ends, or with a pair of wheels 
 and handles or shafts at one end; a 
 hand-barrow; a shallow box, with a 
 single wheel and handles and sup- 
 ports; a wheel-barrow; a mound of 
 earth or heap of stones forming an 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BARTER 
 
 60 
 
 BAT 
 
 ancient or prehistoric grave, con- 
 structed in various forms. 
 
 barter (bar'ter), v.i. to traffic or trade 
 by exchanging one commodity for 
 another: v.t. to give in exchange: n. 
 trafficking by exchange of commodi- 
 ties; the thing given in exchange. 
 
 barytone or baritone (bar'i-ton) , adj. 
 intermediate between bass and tenor, 
 as the male voice or instrument: n. 
 a person with a voice having this 
 range; a word having the last sylla- 
 ble unaccented: v.t. to leave the last 
 syllable unaccented. 
 
 basalt (ba-sawlt' & bas'awlt), n. an 
 igneous rock of greenish black color, 
 and composed of feldspar, augite, 
 titaniferous iron, and frequently 
 olivene. 
 
 base (bas), adj. worthless; spurious; of 
 mean spirit; morally abject; deep or 
 grave in sound (commonly bass). 
 
 base (bas), n. the part of a thing on 
 which it rests; a foundation or 
 groundwork; that which combines 
 with an acid to form a salt; the line 
 or surface forming that part of a 
 figure on which it is supposed to 
 6tand; a fortified fine from which 
 the operations of an army proceed; 
 the lower part of a heraldic field*. 
 v.t. to lay a foundation. 
 
 baseball (bas'bawl), n. a game of ball 
 played by nine on a side ; a ball used 
 in playing baseball. Baseball is 
 said to have been derived from the 
 old English game of rounders. 
 
 basement (bas'ment), n. the lowest 
 part of a structure; the lowest story 
 of a building. 
 
 bash (bash), v.t. to strike heavily; to 
 knock out of shape. [English.] 
 
 bashful (bash 'fool) , adj. easily discon- 
 certed; modest to excess; aiffident; 
 shy. 
 
 basic (ba'sik), adj. pertaining to a 
 base; fundamental; performing the 
 office of a base in a salt. 
 
 basilica (ba-sil'i-ka) , n. [pi. basilicas 
 (ba-sil'i-kaz)], in ancient Rome, a 
 public hall of rectangular shape used 
 for judicial assemblies; a church 
 built on such a plan, especially the 
 early Christian churches in Italy. 
 
 basilisk (bas'i-lisk) , n. a fabulous 
 creature, variously conceived as a 
 kind of serpent, lizard, or dragon, 
 
 and sometimes identified with the 
 cockatrice; the name of a lizard 
 with an inflatable crest: adj. per- 
 taining to the basilisk; penetrating 
 or malignant. 
 
 basin (ba'sn), n. a circular vessel for 
 holding water or other liquid ; a pond, 
 or dock, or other reservoir for water; 
 the area drained by a river; a set of 
 strata or stratified formations occu- 
 pying a basin-shaped depression in 
 older rocks. 
 
 basis (ba'sis), n. [pi. bases (ba'sez)], a 
 foundation; the groundwork or fun- 
 damental principle of anything. 
 
 bask (bask), v.i. to lie in warmth; be 
 exposed to genial heat; be at ease: 
 v.t. to warm by continued exposure 
 to heat. 
 
 basket (bas'ket), n. a vessel made of 
 rushes, or other flexible material, 
 plaited or interwoven; as much as a 
 basket will hold. 
 
 bass or basse (bas), n. the name of 
 various edible fishes allied to the 
 perch. 
 
 bass (bas), adj. low; deep; grave: n. 
 the lowest part in the harmony of a 
 musical composition ; the lowest male 
 voice, ranging from D below the bass 
 staff to D or E above it; one who 
 sings bass. 
 
 bastard (bas'tard), n. a child born 
 out of wedlock; an animal of in- 
 ferior quality or breed; a coarse 
 brown sugar made from syrup pre- 
 viously boiled: adj. begotten and 
 born out of matrimony; spurious. 
 
 baste (bast), v.t. to beat with a stick; 
 to drip or pour melted fat or butter 
 on meat while roasting; to sew 
 slightly, or fasten with long stitches, 
 as in dressmaking. 
 
 bastion (bas'chun), n. an earthwork 
 faced with brick or stone, projecting 
 from the angles of a rampart, and 
 having two flanks and two faces. 
 
 bat (bat), n. a heavy stick or club; 
 the flattened club used in cricket, 
 and the rounded bat used in base- 
 ball; a batsman; a part of a brick 
 with one end whole; a plate # of 
 flexible gelatine used to print im- 
 pressions on glaze ; bituminous shale : 
 v.t. [p.t. & p.p. batted, p.pr. batting], 
 to hit or strike: v.i. to use or wield 
 a bat in cricket or baseball. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BAT 
 
 61 
 
 BAZAAR 
 
 bat (bat), n. an insectivorous mammal 
 furnished with wings formed by a 
 membrane stretched between the 
 elongated fingers, legs, and tail. 
 
 batch (bach), n. the quantity of bread 
 baked at one time; a quantity of 
 anything produced at one operation; 
 a group or collection of similar things. 
 
 bate (bat), v.t. to lessen or reduce; 
 deduct. 
 
 bath (bath), n. [pi. baths (bsUhz)], the 
 act of washing or immersing the 
 body in water, or exposing it to any 
 other fluid or vapor; a vessel holding 
 water for bathing; a building fitted 
 up for bathing purposes; a medium 
 through which heat is applied to a 
 body; a vessel containing a solution 
 for treatment of an object by immer- 
 sion. 
 
 bathe (bath), v.t. to subject to a bath; 
 immerse in water or other liquid; to 
 suffuse or moisten with a liquid; 
 immerse or surround with anything 
 analogous to water, as vapor or light : 
 v.i. to take a bath. 
 
 bathos (ba'thos), n. a ludicrous de- 
 scent from the elevated to the com- 
 monplace in writing or speech. 
 
 battalion (ba-tal'yun), n. a body of 
 infantry usually forming a division 
 of a regiment. 
 
 batten (bat'n), v.i. to grow or become 
 fat: thrive at the expense of others. 
 (With on.) 
 
 batten (bat'n), n. a narrow strip or 
 scantling of wood used for various 
 purposes; a strip of wood used to 
 fasten the edges of a tarpaulin to 
 the deck of a ship: v.t. to fasten or 
 form with battens. 
 
 batter (bat'er), v.t. strike with heavy, 
 repeated blows, so as to bruise, shat- 
 ter, or demolish; injure or impair: v.i. 
 to make an attack by heavy 
 blows. 
 
 battery (bat'er-i), n. [pi. batteries 
 (bat'er-iz)], the act of battering or 
 beating; a body of cannon, with its 
 complement of officers, men, and 
 equipments, for field operations; any 
 raised work or parapet where guns 
 are mounted and gunners screened; 
 a number of Ley den jars connected 
 for charging and discharging sim- 
 ultaneously; an apparatus for gen- 
 erating voltaic electricity. 
 
 battle (bat'l), n. a fight between op- 
 posing forces; a combat; a contest 
 or struggle for mastery: v.i. to con- 
 tend in fight; struggle (followed by 
 against, with), battle-piece (bat'l- 
 pes), n. a painting, poem, or writ- 
 ing descriptive of a battle, battle- 
 royal (bat'l-roi'al), n. a match in 
 which more than two game-cocks 
 are engaged, battleship (bat'l- 
 ship), a warship of the first-class, 
 formidably armed and equipped. 
 
 bauble (baw'bl), n. any showy piece 
 of finery; a child's cheap trinket: 
 n. the staff formerly carried by a 
 court jester, or king's fool. 
 
 bawd (bawd), n. a person who keeps 
 a house of prostitution; one who 
 procures women for lewd purposes, 
 or acts as agent in illicit inter- 
 course. 
 
 bawl (bawl), v.i. to cry out with a 
 loud, full, and sustained sound; 
 vociferate: v.t. to proclaim loudly: 
 n. a loud prolonged cry. 
 
 bay (ba), v.i. to bark as a dog, with a 
 deep sound, as hounds in the chase: 
 v.t. to bark at; to pursue with bark- 
 ing so as to bring to bay: n. the deep- 
 toned prolonged bark of a dog. 
 
 bay (ba), adj. red or reddish, approach- 
 ing to chestnut [applied to horses]: 
 n. a horse of sucn color. 
 
 bay (ba), n. a recess in the shore of 
 a sea or lake; the expanse of water 
 between two capes or headlands; a 
 recess or opening in walls; a place 
 or receptacle for depositing or stor- 
 ing coal; the fore part of a ship 
 between decks; the laurel-tree, noble 
 laurel, or sweet-bay; an honorary 
 garland or crown, composed of woven 
 laurel leaves, bestowed as a prize 
 upon successful poets and conquerors, 
 hence [pi.] fame. 
 
 bayonet (ba'6-net), n. a dagger-like 
 instrument constructed to fix^ on 
 to the barrel of a rifle; if long it is 
 called a sword-bayonet: v.t. to stab 
 or drive with a bayonet. 
 
 bayou (bi'oo), n. [pi. bayous (bi'ooz)], 
 in the Southern United States, the 
 outlet of a lake, or one of the delta 
 streams of a river; a sluggish water- 
 course. 
 
 bazaar or bazar (ba-zar'), n. in the 
 East, a market-place or exchange; 
 
 ate, arm, at, aw! ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BE 
 
 62 
 
 BEARD 
 
 a hall or series of rooms with stalls 
 for the sale of goods; a sale of fancy 
 articles in aid of some charity; a 
 fancy fair. 
 
 be (be), v.i. [p.t. was, p.p. been, p.pr. 
 being], to exist; have existence in 
 fact, physical or mental; include or 
 involve as a result; bring; produce; 
 come about; become; remain; sig- 
 nify; answer to. 
 
 beach (bech), n. [pi. beaches (bech'ez)], 
 the portion of the shore of the sea 
 or of a lake which is washed by the 
 waves; the strand; shingle; v.t. to 
 run or haul up (as a vessel or boat) 
 upon a beach: v.i. to land on a 
 beach. 
 
 beacon (be'kn), n. a signal of warning 
 or guidance, on sea or land ; formerly 
 a fire lighted on a hill or high tower 
 to signal danger or assemble troops, 
 &c: v.t. to light up, as a beacon; 
 furnish with beacons: v.i. to serve as 
 a beacon. 
 
 bead (bed), n. a little perforated ball 
 of any suitable material, intended to 
 be strung with others and worn as 
 an ornament or used to form a 
 rosary; any small globular body; a 
 drop or bubble; a small knob of 
 metal at the end of a gun-barrel 
 used as a sight; a narrow rounded 
 molding; an astragal: v.t. to ornament 
 with beads or beading. 
 
 beadle (be'dl), n. a messenger or crier 
 of a court; a parish officer with vari- 
 ous subordinate duties connected 
 with a church or vestry. [English.] 
 
 beagle (be'gl), n. a small hound, for- 
 merly used for hunting hares. 
 
 beak (bek), n. the bill of a bird; the 
 horny jaws or mandibles of other 
 animals; anything which is pointed 
 or shaped like a beak; the metal- 
 sheathed prow of an ancient galley 
 intended to pierce the vessels of an 
 enemy; the powerful ram of steel 
 forming part of the bow of modern 
 war- vessels; in English slang, a 
 police magistrate. 
 
 beaker (be'ker), n. a large drinking 
 cup or vessel with a wide mouth; an 
 open-mouthed glass vessel with a 
 projecting lip. 
 
 beam (bem), n. a long piece of timber 
 or iron used horizontally or vertically 
 to support the rafters of a building; 
 
 one of the principal horizontal tim- 
 bers of a building or ship ; the ex- 
 treme breadth of a ship; the shank 
 of an anchor; the oscillating lever 
 which transmits motion in a steam- 
 engine; a cylinder of wood around 
 which, before weaving, the warp is 
 wound; the pole of a carriage; the 
 main part of a plow to which the 
 handles are secured; the bar of a 
 balance w T hich suspends the scales; 
 the principal stem of a deer's horns 
 which bears the antlers; a collection 
 of parallel rays of light emitted from 
 the sun or other luminous body: v.t. 
 to send forth, as rays of light: v.i. to 
 shine. 
 
 bean (ben), n. the smooth, kidney- 
 shaped seed of many leguminous 
 plants; the plant itself; the popular 
 name of other seeds or fruits resem- 
 bling true beans. In English slang, 
 coins. 
 
 bear (bar), v.t. [p.t. bore, bare, p.p. 
 borne, p.pr. bearing], to support, 
 hold up; carry or convey; suffer or 
 endure; be answerable for; possess, 
 wear, or use; have in or on; contain; 
 cherish ; carry in the mind ; admit or 
 be capable of ; show or exhibit ; bring 
 forth or produce: v.i. to be capable 
 of supporting; be fruitful; to bear, 
 press, or weigh upon or against ; tend ; 
 relate; take effect; be situated. [N. 
 B. — When used passively bear (to 
 produce) has as its p.p. born, as an 
 infant _was born.] 
 
 bear (bar), n. a plantigrade carniv- 
 orous mammal, belonging to the 
 genus Ursus, the three best known 
 species of which are: the brown or 
 black bear of Europe, the grizzly 
 bear of North America, and the 
 polar bear of the Arctic regions; the 
 name of two constellations in the 
 northern hemisphere, called the 
 Great Bear and the Little Bear; one 
 who attempts to depreciate the value 
 of stock in order to buy cheap; 
 opposed to a bull; a rude, uncouth, 
 or brutal person: v.t. to endeavor to 
 lower the price of. 
 
 beard (berd), n. the hair that grows 
 on the chin, lips, and adjacent parts 
 of the human face: anything which 
 resembles a beard ; the awn of barley 
 and other grains; the barb of an 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BEAST 
 
 63 
 
 BEE 
 
 arrow, fish-hook, &c: v.t. to take by 
 the beard; oppose to the face; set at 
 defiance. 
 
 beast (best), n. any four-footed ani- 
 mal, as distinguished from birds, 
 insects, fishes, and man; an irra- 
 tional animal; a person rude, coarse, 
 or filthy, or whose actions degrade 
 him below the level of a rational 
 being; a brute. 
 
 beat (bet), v.t. [p.t. beat, p.p. beaten, 
 beat, p.pr. beating], to strike with 
 repeated blows ; thrash ; knock ; pound 
 or break ; flatten or spread by blows ; 
 scour and range with blows and cries 
 in order to rouse or drive game ; dash 
 or strike against, as water or wind; 
 tread, as a path; overcome or van- 
 quish; excel; baffle; exhaust; flutter, 
 as wings: v.i. to strike repeatedly; 
 throb; signal or summon by beat of 
 drum; sound, as a_ drum, when 
 struck: n. a recurring stroke; a 
 throb; a football; a round or course 
 assigned to a policeman; a place of 
 habitual resort; the rise or fall of 
 the hand or foot marking the divi- 
 sions of time; the divisions of the 
 measure so marked. 
 
 beat (bet), p.p. of beat, exhausted by 
 mental or bodily fatigue. 
 
 beat (bet), n. a person who lives on 
 others; a dishonest debtor. [Slang.] 
 Also, more forcibly, dead-beat. 
 
 beatific (be-a-tif 'ik) , adj. having power 
 to bless or render perfectly happy; 
 blissful. 
 
 beatitude (be-at'i-ttid), n. felicity of 
 the highest kind; consummate bliss. 
 
 beau (bo), n. [pi. beaus or beaux (boz)], 
 one who dresses himself in strict 
 accordance with the fashion ; a ladies' 
 man or suitor. _ 
 
 beautiful (bu'ti-ful), adj. possessing 
 qualities which charm and delight 
 the senses; lovely. 
 
 beauty (bu'ti), n. [pi. beauties (bu'- 
 tiz)], an assemblage of graces or 
 properties which command the ap- 
 probation of the senses; those 
 qualities which are most pleasing to 
 the eye ; a particular grace or charm ; 
 a beautiful woman. 
 
 beaver (be'ver), n. a rodent quadruped 
 of amphibious habits, and valued for 
 its fur; the fur of the beaver; a hat 
 formerly made of beaver fur. 
 
 beaver (be'ver), n. the portion of a 
 helmet which served to protect the 
 lower part of the face, and could be 
 raised or depressed. 
 
 becalm (be-kam'), v.t. to make calm 
 or still. 
 
 because (be-kawz), conj. on account 
 of ; by reason of. 
 
 beck (bekl, n. a nod, or other signfi- 
 
 cant gesture. 
 
 beckon (bek'n), v.i. to make a signal 
 to another by a motion of the head 
 or hand: v.t. summon or signal by 
 signs. 
 
 becloud (be-kloud'). See cloud. 
 
 become (be-kum'), v.i. [p.t. became, 
 p.p. become, p.pr. becoming], to pass 
 from one state to another; come or 
 grow to be: v.t. to suit, or be suitable 
 to; befit; accord with; grace or 
 adorn. 
 
 bed (bed), n. an article of domestic 
 furniture upon or within which one 
 rests or sleeps; conjugal rights; 
 a portion of a garden prepared and 
 set apart for bedding plants ; the 
 bottom of a river or other stream, 
 or of any body of water ; a layer or 
 stratum of rock ; a mass or heap of 
 anything resembling a bed ; either 
 of the horizontal surfaces of a 
 building stone : v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 bedded, p.pr. bedding], to furnish 
 with a bed ; plant, as flowers ; lay 
 in a stratum ; lay flat, or in order : 
 v.i. to go to bed ; cohabit. 
 
 bedding (bed'ing), n. a bed and its 
 furniture; the materials of a bed, 
 whether for man or beast; stratifica- 
 tions ; occurrence in layers ; a founda- 
 tion, or bottom layer. 
 
 bedew (be-du'), v.t. to moisten with 
 dew. 
 
 bedizen (be-diz'n & -di'zn), v.t. to 
 deck or adorn; trick out with vulgar 
 finery. 
 
 bedlam (bed 'lam), n. a madhouse; an 
 asylum or hospital for lunatics: hence 
 any scene of uproar and confusion. 
 
 bedraggle (be-drag'l). See draggle. 
 
 bedrid (bed 'rid) or bedridden ('rid-n), 
 adj. confined to bed by age or in- 
 firmity. 
 
 bee (be), n. a hymenopterous insect of 
 the genus Apis; the hive or honey- 
 bee kept in hives for the sake of its 
 honey and wax; an industrious per- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BEECH 
 
 64 
 
 BEHIND 
 
 eon; a social meeting for work on 
 behalf of a neighbor or a charitable 
 object; strips of wood bolted each 
 side of a bowsprit, through which the 
 foretopmast stays are reeved. 
 
 beech (bech),n. [pi. beeches (bech'ez)], 
 a tree of the genus Fagus, yielding 
 a hard timber and edible triangular 
 nuts. 
 
 beef (bef), n. the flesh of an ox, bull, or 
 cow, when killed. 
 
 been (bin or ben), p.p. of be. 
 
 beer (ber), n. a fermented liquor made 
 from any farinaceous grain, but gen- 
 erally from malted barley, with hops 
 or other substances added to impart 
 a bitter flavor; sometimes a fer- 
 mented extract of the roots and other 
 parts of various plants, as ginger, 
 spruce, &c. 
 
 beet (bet), n. a biennial plant, culti- 
 vated for its edible succulent root, 
 and from which sugar is made. 
 
 beetle (be'tl), n. a heavy wooden mal- 
 let employed for driving wedges, con- 
 solidating earth, &c; a club for 
 beating linen, &c, in washing: v.t. 
 to use a beetle on; beat with a 
 heavy wooden mallet, as a substitute 
 for mangling. 
 
 beetle (be'tl), n. any insect belonging 
 to the_ order of Coleoptera, having 
 four wings, the anterior or outer pair 
 being hardened and serving as a 
 horny sheath to the inner pair. 
 
 beetle (be'tl) , v.i. to be prominent ; jut 
 out; overhang, as a cliff. 
 
 befall or befal (be-fawl'), v.t. [p.t. 
 befell, p.p. befallen, p.pr. befalling], 
 to happen or occur to: v.i. come to 
 pass. 
 
 befit (be-fit') ; v.t. [p.t. & p.p. befitted, 
 p.pr. befitting], befitting or suitable 
 to; become. 
 
 before (be-for'), prep, in front of; pre- 
 ceding in space, time, or rank; in 
 presence or sight of; under jurisdic- 
 tion of; rather than; earlier^ than: 
 adv. in front; in advance; previously; 
 formerly; already. 
 
 beforehand (be-f or'hand) , adv. in 
 advance. 
 
 befriend (be-frend'), v.t. to act as a 
 friend to; aid or shield; assist. 
 
 beg (beg), v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. begged, 
 p.pr. begging], to ask or supplicate 
 in charity; beseech; entreat with 
 
 humility; to practice begging. (The 
 phrase "I beg to," in polite usage, is 
 employed euphemistically for ask, 
 request, as "I beg to state.") 
 
 began (be-gan'), p.t. of begin. 
 
 beget (be-gef), v.t. [p.t. begot, begat, 
 p.p. begotten, begot, p.pr. begetting], 
 to procreate, as a father or sire; gen- 
 erate; produce; cause to exist. 
 
 beggar (beg'er), n. one who entreats 
 or supplicates with humility; one 
 who makes it his business to beg 
 for alms; one who is reduced to 
 extreme poverty: v.t. to exhaust the 
 resources of; outdo. 
 
 beggary (beg'er-i), n. the state of a 
 beggar; extreme poverty; beggars 
 collectively 
 
 begin (be-gin'), vi. [p.t. began, p.p. 
 begun, p.pr. beginning], to com- 
 mence existence; originate; arise; 
 to take the initiatory step; make a 
 start. 
 
 beginner (be-gin'er), n. one who be- 
 gins or originates; one who enters 
 upon anything for the first time; a 
 novice. 
 
 begone (be-gon'), inter j. go away! 
 depart! 
 
 begot (be-gof), p.t. & p.p. of beget. 
 
 begotten (be-got'n), p.p. of beget. 
 
 begrime (be-grim'). See grime. 
 
 begrudge (be-gruj'). See grudge. 
 
 beguile (be-gil'), v.t. to impose upon 
 or delude by guile; deceive; cause 
 to pass pleasantly; divert or enter- 
 tain. 
 
 begun (be-gun'), p.p. of begin. 
 
 behalf (be-haf), n. advantage; favor; 
 support; defense; stead; interest 
 [governed always by the preposition 
 in, on, or upon]. 
 
 behave (be-haV), v.t. to conduct, com- 
 port, or acquit: v.i. to act; conduct 
 one's self in a proper manner. 
 
 behavior (be-hav'yer) , n. manner of 
 behaving, whether good or bad ; con- 
 duct; deportment; manners. 
 
 behead (be-hed'), v.t. to cut off the 
 head of. 
 
 beheld (be-hekT), p.t. & p.p. of be- 
 hold. 
 
 behest (be-hest'), n. a command; pre- 
 cept. 
 
 behind (be-hind'), prep, at the back 
 of; in the rear of; remaining after; 
 inferior to: adv. at the back; in the 
 
 &te, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BEHINDHAND 
 
 65 
 
 BELONG 
 
 rear; toward the back; out of sight; 
 past in point of time. 
 
 behindhand (be-hind'hand), adv. or 
 adj. in a state of backwardness; late; 
 in arrear. 
 
 behold (be-hold'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 beheld, p.pr. beholding], to fix the 
 eyes upon; have in sight; look at; 
 observe with care: v.i. to look; direct 
 or fix the mind. 
 
 behoove or behove (be-hoov'), v.t. to 
 be meet, necessary, or fit for. 
 
 being, p.pr. of be. 
 
 being (be'ing), n. existence, as opposed 
 to non-existence; that which exists 
 in any form, whether actual or 
 ideal. 
 
 belated (be-la'ted), p. adj. delayed; too 
 late; overtaken by darkness; be- 
 nighted. 
 
 belay (be-la/), v.t. make fast, as a rope, 
 by winding round a pin, cleat, &c. 
 
 belch (belch), v.t. to eject with force 
 or violence: v.i. to eject wind from 
 the stomach: n. the act of ejecting 
 wind forcibly. 
 
 beldam (bel'dam) or beldame (bel'- 
 dam), n. a grandmother; an ugly old 
 woman. 
 
 beleaguer (be-le'ger), v.t. to besiege; 
 surround with an army so as to 
 preclude escape; blockade. 
 
 belfry (bel'fri), n. a bell tower; that 
 part of a steeple or tower in which a 
 bell is hung. 
 
 belie (be-ll'), v.t. to calumniate; slan- 
 der by lies; give the lie to; show to 
 be false. 
 
 belief (be-lef), n. assent to anything 
 proposed or declared, and its accept- 
 ance as fact, bv^ reason of the au- 
 thority whence it proceeds, apart 
 from personal knowledge; faith; the 
 thing believed; the whole body of 
 tenets held by the professors of any 
 faith; a creed; a conviction. 
 
 believe (be-leV), v.t. to place credence 
 in and accept as true, upon the 
 ground of authority, testimony, or 
 logical inference apart from per- 
 sonal knowledge; place confidence in; 
 expect or hope: v.i. to have faith; 
 be more or less firmly persuaded 
 of the truth of anything; think or 
 suppose. 
 
 belike (be-lik'), adv. probably. 
 
 belittle (be-lit'l), v.t. to lower or de- 
 
 preciate; run down by speaking 
 slightingly of. 
 
 bell (bel), v.i. to bellow, as deer in 
 rutting time; to be in flower: said 
 of the hop. 
 
 bell (bel), n. a hollow metallic vessel, 
 usually cup-shaped, and giving forth 
 a clear, ringing sound when struck; 
 anything in the form of a bell: pL 
 the divisions of daily time marked 
 each half-hour by strokes on a bell: 
 v.t. to put a bell on. 
 
 belladonna (bel-a-don'a), n. the dead- 
 ly nightshade, a poisonous plant used 
 as medicine. Even in small doses it 
 causes the pupil of the eye to 
 dilate. 
 
 belle (bel), n. a young and handsome 
 lady; a reigning beauty. 
 
 belles-lettres (bel-let'r), n.pl. polite or 
 elegant literature; light literature; 
 poetry, essays, facile criticism. 
 
 bellicose (bel'i-kos), adj. pugnacious; 
 contentious; warlike. 
 
 belligerent (bel-ij'er-ent), adj. waging 
 war; pertaining to war or warfare; 
 warlike: n. a power recognized as 
 carrying on war; a person engaged 
 in fighting. 
 
 bellow (bel'o), v.i. to utter a full 
 resonant sound, as a bull; bawl or 
 vociferate; roar, as the sea in a 
 tempest, or as the wind when vio- 
 lent: v.t. to utter with a loud full 
 voice: n. the roar of a bull; a loud, 
 resounding outcry. 
 
 bellows (bel'oz), n. sing. & pi. an in- 
 strument for producing a current of 
 air, and used for various purposes, as 
 blowing fires, or filling the pipes of 
 an organ. 
 
 belly (bel'i), n. [pi. bellies (bel'iz)], 
 that part of the human body which 
 extends from the breast to the thighs, 
 and contains the bowels; the abdo- 
 men; the corresponding part in the 
 lower animals; the part of anything 
 that swells out into a larger capacity : 
 v.i. [p.t. & p.p. bellied, p.pr. bellying], 
 to swell and become protuberant; 
 bulge out: v.t. to cause to swell out, 
 as sails. 
 
 belong (be-long'), v.i. to be the prop- 
 erty (of); go along with; be a part 
 (of) ; be appendant (to) , or con- 
 nected (with) ; be the concern or 
 business (of); appertain (to); be 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BELOVED 
 
 66 
 
 BERG 
 
 suitable: be due; have a settled or 
 legal residence (in) ; be native 
 (to). 
 
 beloved (be-luvd' & -luv'ed), p.adj. 
 greatly loved; dear to the heart: n. 
 one who is greatly loved. 
 
 below (be-lo'), prep, under in place; 
 beneath; not so high; inferior to in 
 rank or excellence; lower in value, 
 price, &c: adv. in a lower place; on 
 the earth; in hell, or the regions of 
 the dead; in a lower rank or grade; 
 off duty; under. 
 
 belt (belt), n. a girdle or band used 
 to encircle the waist; anything re- 
 sembling a belt, or which encircles, 
 restrains, or supports, as a belt; a 
 strip ; a band ; an heraldic badge de- 
 noting knightly rank; one of ^ the 
 rings surrounding the planet Jupiter; 
 a band connecting two wheels and 
 transmitting motion from one to the 
 other: v.t. to encircle, as with a belt; 
 surround ; to strike with a belt. 
 
 bemoan (be-mon'), v.t. to lament; 
 bewail; pity; sympathize with. 
 
 bench (bench), n. [pi. benches (bench'- 
 ez)], a long seat; a strong table on 
 which mechanics do their work; the 
 seat where judges sit in court; the 
 persons who sit as judges; the court: 
 v.i. to furnish with benches. 
 
 bend (bend), v.t. to curve or make 
 crooked; direct to a certain point; 
 incline: v.i. to be or become curved 
 or crooked; bow or be submissive: 
 n. a curve; a crook; a knot: n. one 
 of the nine heraldic ordinaries' cross- 
 ing from the dexter chief to the sinis- 
 ter base point of the escutcheon; 
 strictly opposed to bar, but not 
 always used accurately. 
 
 bends (bendz), n. a disease prevalent 
 among caisson workers, and caused 
 by sudden differences in atmospheric 
 pressure affecting the valvular action 
 of the heart. 
 
 beneath (be-neth'), prep, lower in 
 place, with reference to something 
 above; under the pressure of; lower 
 in rank, dignity, or excellence than; 
 unworthy of: adv. in a lower place; 
 below. 
 
 benedict (ben'e-dikt), n. a married 
 man, especially one newly wedded 
 who had previously ridiculed the 
 idea of matrimony. From Benedick 
 
 in Shakespeare's play "Much Ado 
 about Nothing." [Latin.] 
 
 benediction (ben-e-dik'shun), n. the 
 act of blessing; a blessing or expres- 
 sion of kind wishes solemnly or 
 affectionately invoked; the short 
 blessing pronounced at the close of 
 public worship. [Latin.] 
 
 beneficent (be-nef'i-sent), adj. charac- 
 terized by benevolence. 
 
 beneficial (ben-e-fish'al) , adj. contrib- 
 uting to a valuable end; helpful; 
 profitable; in law language confer- 
 ring or having the right to a benefit 
 or user. 
 
 benefit (ben'e-fit), n. an act of kind- 
 ness; a favor conferred; whatever 
 promotes the happiness and well- 
 being of a person or thing, or adds 
 to the value of property ; a theatncal 
 performance, the proceeds of which 
 go to one of the actors, &c: v.t. 
 to do good to; be of service to: v.i. 
 to gain advantage; make improve- 
 ment. 
 
 benevolent (be-nev'5-Ient), adj. kind; 
 charitable; philanthropic. 
 
 benign (be-nin'), adj. of a kind or 
 gentle disposition; favorable; salu- 
 tary; genial. 
 
 benignant (be-nig'nant) , adj. kind; 
 gracious; favorable. 
 
 benison (ben'i-zn), n. a blessing. 
 
 bent (bent), adj. curved; crooked; 
 strongly inclined; determined: n. a 
 turn; an inclination; a leaning or 
 bias; disposition; propensity; a stiff 
 or wiry grass. 
 
 benumb (be-num'). See numb. 
 
 benzine (ben-zen'), n. a liquid com- 
 pounded of the volatile hydrocarbons 
 of petroleum, and obtained by distilla- 
 tion; used as a solvent and for the 
 removal of grease, &c. 
 
 bequeath (be-kwe^'). v.t. to give or 
 leave by will; hand down; trans- 
 mit. 
 
 bequest (be-kwesf). n. the act of 
 leaving by will; something left by 
 will; a legacy. 
 
 berate (be-raf). See rate. 
 
 bereave (be-rev'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 bereaved, bereft, p.pr. bereaving], 
 to deprive; make destitute [with of 
 before the thing taken away]. 
 
 bereft (be-reft'). V-t. &p.p. of bereave. 
 
 berg (berg), n. a large floating mass of 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BERRY 
 
 07 
 
 BETIMES 
 
 ice; an iceberg; a sharp pointed rock 
 projecting from the sea. 
 
 berry (ber'i), n. [pi. berries (ber'iz)], any 
 small pulpy or succulent fruit, as the 
 strawberry, &c. ; anything resembling 
 a berry in shape: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
 berried, p.pr. berrying], to bear, pro- 
 duce, or gather berries. 
 
 berth (berth), 71. ample or adequate 
 sea room; a station which a ship 
 occupies at anchorage or port; a 
 room in a vessel set apart for officers 
 or seamen; a sleeping place for a 
 passenger in a ship or railway car- 
 riage; a situation or appointment: 
 v.t. to allot an anchorage to; give 
 space to lie in; allot a sleeping place 
 to. 
 
 beryl (ber'il), n. a mineral of varying 
 colors, commonly green or greenish- 
 blue. It is the silicate of aluminum. 
 
 beseech (be-sech'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 besought, p.pr. beseeching], to en- 
 treat; supplicate; implore; beg eag- 
 erly for; solicit. 
 
 beseem (be-sem'), v.i. & v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 -ed, p.pr. -ing], to be suitable or 
 seemly; to become; to seem. 
 
 beset (be-set'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. beset, 
 p.pr. besetting], to set or stud; dis- 
 tribute over; surround; besiege; 
 press upon on all sides ; press hard on. 
 
 besetting (be-set 'ing), adj. habitually 
 attacking or coming upon. 
 
 beshrew (be-shroo'), v.t. to wish a 
 curse to; execrate. 
 
 beside (be-sid'), prep, at the side of; 
 near ; apart from ; not connected with. 
 
 besides (be-sidz'), adv. more than that; 
 in addition; as well: prep, over and 
 above; separate or distinct from. 
 
 besiege (be-sej'), v.t. to encompass 
 with armed forces, in order to compel 
 a foe to surrender; lay siege to; beset 
 or harass. 
 
 besmirch (be-smerch'), v.t. to soil; 
 discolor: sully or dishonor. 
 
 besom (be'zum), n. a brush of twigs 
 for sweeping; a broom. 
 
 besot (be-sof), v.t. [p.t. &p.p. besotted, 
 p.pr. besotting], to bestialize, as with 
 drink; stupefy; infatuate. 
 
 besought (be-sawt'), p.t. & p.p. of 
 beseech. 
 
 bespeak (be-spek'), v.t. [p.t. bespoke, 
 p.pr. bespeaking], to speak for be- 
 forehand; order or arrange in ad- 
 
 vance; betoken; indicate, as by 
 signs or marks: n. among actors, a 
 benefit. 
 
 best (best), adj. having the highest 
 degree of goodness or excellence; 
 of the first quality or standing; most 
 desirable, suitable, advantageous, 
 &c; largest: n. the highest state of 
 excellence; the utmost endeavor; all 
 one can do or show: adv. (superl. of 
 well), in the highest degree; with 
 most advantage or success: v.t. to 
 get the better of; surpass; outwit. 
 
 bested or bestead (be-sted'), p. adj. 
 situated; placed; circumstanced. 
 
 bestial (bes'tial), adj. belonging to a 
 beast; animal; having the qualities 
 of a beast; brutal; sensual; obscene. 
 
 bestir (be-ster'), v.t. [p.t. & 'p.p. be- 
 stirred, p.pr. bestirring], to put into 
 brisk or vigorous action. 
 
 bestow (be-sto'), v.t. to lay up in store; 
 deposit in safe keeping ; use or apply ; 
 give or confer [followed by on or 
 upon], 
 
 bestrew (be-stroo') or bestrow (be- 
 stro'), v.t. to strew or scatter over. 
 
 bestride (be-strid'), v.t. [p.t. bestrode 
 & bestrid, p.p. bestridden, bestrid, 
 p.pr. bestriding], to stand or sit on 
 with the legs astride; embrace with 
 the legs, as a horse. 
 
 bet (bet), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bet and 
 betted, p.pr. betting], to stake or 
 pledge on the event of a future 
 contingency: u.i. to lay a wager: n. 
 the act of wagering; that which is 
 laid, staked, or pledged on any event 
 or contest the issue of which is un- 
 certain; the terms on which a bet 
 is arranged. 
 
 betake (be-tak'), v.t. [p.t. betook, p.p. 
 betaken, p.pr. betaking], to have 
 recourse to; repair; resort; take one's 
 self (to). 
 
 bethel (beth'el), n. a hallowed spot; 
 a dissenting chapel [English]; a sea- 
 man's chapel. 
 
 bethink (be-think'). v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & 
 p.p. bethought, p.pr. bethinking], to 
 call to mind; consider; remind one's 
 self; to reflect. 
 
 betide (be-tid'), v.t. to happen to; be- 
 fall: v.i. to come to pass. 
 
 betimes (be-tlmz'), adv. in good season 
 or time; before it is too late; early; 
 soon. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 5 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BETOKEN 
 
 68 
 
 BIBLIOMANIA 
 
 betoken (be-to'kn), v.t. to indicate 
 by signs; serve as a sign or token 
 of; foreshadow by what is visibly 
 present. 
 
 betook, p.t. of betake. 
 
 betray (be-tra/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. be- 
 trayed, p.pr. betraying], to deliver 
 into the hands of an enemy by 
 treachery; violate by fraud or un- 
 faithfulness; reveal in breach of 
 confidence; disclose inadvertently; 
 deceive; indicate or show. 
 
 betroth (be-troth'), # v.t. to_ contract 
 to give any one in marriage; affi- 
 ance; plight or pledge one's troth 
 to. 
 
 better (bet'er), adj. [used as the corn- 
 par, qf good], having good qualities 
 in a greater degree than another; 
 preferable or more suitable; im- 
 proved in health; more perfect; 
 larger; greater: adv. [used as compar. 
 of well], in a superior or more excel- 
 lent manner; more correctly or 
 thoroughly; in a higher degree; 
 more in extent: v.t. to improve or 
 ameliorate; increase the good quali- 
 ties of; surpass; excel; outdo: v.i. 
 to become better: n. a superior; 
 one who has a claim to precedence 
 [usually in the pi.]; superiority, or 
 advantage over [usually with of]. 
 
 between (be-twen') , prep, in the space 
 or interval which separates ; in inter- 
 mediate relation to; from one to 
 another of; shared in common. 
 
 bevel (bev'el), v.t. {pt. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. 
 -ing], to cut to a bevel-angle: v.i. to 
 slant or incline off to a bevel-angle: 
 n. an angle otherwise than a right 
 angle (90°); the inclination which 
 one surface makes with another when 
 not at right angles; an instrument 
 used for drawing angles: adj. having 
 the form of a bevel; aslant. 
 
 beverage (bev'er-aj), n. a drink of any 
 description; liquor for drinking. 
 
 bevy (bev'i), n. a company or assembly 
 of persons, especially of ladies; a flock 
 of quails or larks. 
 
 bewail (be-wal'), v.t. to mourn or weep 
 aloud for; lament: v.i. to express 
 grief. 
 
 beware (be-war'), v.i. to be on one's 
 guard; be wary or cautious. 
 
 bewilder (be-wil'der), v.t. to lead into 
 perplexity or confusion; to puzzle. 
 
 bewitch (be-wich'), v.t. to cast a spell 
 over; subject to witchcraft; charm 
 beyond the power of resistance; 
 fascinate. 
 
 bewray (be-ra/). v.t. [p.t. & p.p. be- 
 wrayed, p.pr. bewraying], to expose, 
 reveal. 
 
 bey (ba), n. a governor of a province 
 or district in the Turkish dominions ; 
 a Turkish title of respect. Also 
 written beg. [Turkish.] 
 
 beyond (be-yond'), prep, on the fur- 
 ther side of; before; past; out of 
 reach of; later than; above; in a 
 degree or amount exceeding or sur- 
 passing: adv. further away; yonder: 
 n. that state of existence which 
 is beyond our present experi- 
 ence. 
 
 bhang or bang (bang), n. an Eastern 
 drug prepared from the dried leaves 
 and also from the gummy exudation 
 of the hemp plant, having strong 
 narcotic and astringent qualities; 
 hashish. 
 
 biannual (bi-an'u-al) , adj. occurring 
 twice in a year. 
 
 bias (bi'as), n. [pi. biases (bi'as-ez)], a 
 seam formed oy uniting the edges 
 of two pieces of cloth cut obliquely 
 to the texture; a weight on the side 
 of a bowl which causes it to turn 
 from a straight line; prepossession 
 or undue propensity for; prejudice: 
 v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to 
 give a bias or particular direction 
 to; incline to one side; influence; 
 prejudice; prepossess: adv. in a 
 slanting manner; obliquely. 
 
 bib (bib), n. & piece of cloth placed 
 under an infant's chin to protect its 
 clothes. 
 
 Bible (bi'bl), n. the Book (or the 
 Books) by pre-eminence; the writ- 
 ings of the Old and New Testament, 
 whether in the original tongues or 
 translated. [Greek.] 
 
 bibliography (bib-li-og'ra-fi) , n. the 
 science or description of books ; a list 
 of authorities on any subject. 
 
 bibliolatry (bib-li-ora-tri) , n. book 
 worship; excessive reverence for the 
 letter of the Scriptures. 
 
 bibliology (bib-li-ol'o-ji) , n. an ac- 
 count of books ; Biblical literature or 
 doctrine. 
 
 bibliomania (bib-li-o-ma/ni-a) , n. a 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, oot ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BIBLIOPHILE 
 
 69 
 
 BILITERAL 
 
 mania for acquiring rare and curious 
 books. ' 
 
 bibliophile (bib'li-o-fil), n. a lover of 
 books less for their bindings than for 
 their contents. 
 
 bibulous (bib'u-lus), adj. readily ab- 
 sorbing or imbibing fluids; addicted 
 to drink. 
 
 bicarbonate (bl-kar'bon-at), n. a 
 carbonate of salt containing two 
 equivalents of carbonic acid to one 
 of a base, as bicarbonate of soda, 
 where the soda is the base. 
 
 bicentenary (bi-sen'te-na-ri) , n. the 
 two hundredth anniversary of any 
 event, or its celebration: adj. per- 
 taining to a bicentenary. 
 
 biceps (bi'seps), n. a muscle having 
 two heads; the large flexor muscle 
 of the arm andjthigh. 
 
 bichloride (bi-klo'rld or bi-klo'rid), n. 
 a compound of two or more atoms of 
 chlorine combined with a base. 
 
 bicker (bik'er), v.i. to engage in petty 
 altercation; move rapidly with a 
 noise; quiver; flicker: n. sl noisy 
 wrangle. 
 
 bicuspid (bi-kus'pid) or bicuspidate 
 (bi-kus'pi-dat), adj. having two 
 points or prominences: n. one of the 
 double-pointed teeth forming the 
 first pair of molars on either side of 
 the jaw, above and below. 
 
 bicycle (bi'si-kl), n. a vehicular ma- 
 chine of various forms, but consist- 
 ing primarily of two wheels placed 
 in line, connected by a fork and 
 backbone, and supporting a saddle 
 for the rider, the machine being 
 propelled by means of treadles at- 
 tached to cranks or levers: v.i. to 
 ride on a bicycle. 
 
 bid (bid), v.t. [p.t. bade (bad) or bid, 
 p.p. bidden, bid, p.pr. bidding], to 
 make an offer of; propose as a price; 
 offer for; invite; request; ask; offer 
 or express by words; command; 
 order or direct; enjoin; to proclaim: 
 v.i. to make an offer; offer a price: 
 n. an offer of a price. 
 
 bide (bid), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. bode (bod), 
 bided (bi'ded), p.pr. biding (bid'ing)], 
 inhabit; reside: v.t. to endure; suffer; 
 wait for. 
 
 bidental (bi-den'tal) or bidentate 
 (bi-den'tat), adj. having two teeth, 
 or two tooth-like processes. 
 
 biennial (bi-en'ni-al), adj. happening 
 once in two years; continuing or 
 existing for two years, as plants: 
 n. a plant which produces roots and 
 leaves in the first year, and in the 
 second flowers, fruit, and seed, after- 
 wards perishing; something which is 
 ^held once in two years. 
 
 bier (ber), n. a frame or carriage on 
 which a corpse is placed, or conveyed 
 ^to the grave; a tomb. 
 
 biff (bif), n. a sudden blow delivered 
 with the fist. [Slang.] 
 
 bifurcation (bi-fer-ka'shun), n. a fork- 
 ing or division into two branches. 
 
 big (big), adj. [compear, bigger, superl. 
 biggest], of great bulk or magnitude; 
 grown up; pregnant; full of some- 
 thing important; pompous. 
 
 bigamy (big'a-mi), n. the offense of 
 contracting a second marriage during 
 the existence of a former marriage. 
 
 bight (bit), n. a loop or bend of a 
 rope, in distinction from the ends; 
 a bend in a coast-line forming an 
 open bay; a small bay between two 
 headlands. 
 
 bigot (big'ot), n. one who is unreason- 
 ably and blindly attached to a par- 
 ticular creed, church or party; one 
 who is intolerant of opinions which 
 differ from his own. 
 
 bilateral (bi-lat'er-al), adj. pertaining 
 to, or having, two sides. 
 
 bilberry (bil'ber-ri), n. [pi. bilberries 
 (bil'ber-riz)], the whortleberry. 
 
 bile (bil), n. a yellow bitter fluid 
 secreted by the fiver from venous 
 blood; ill-humor. 
 
 bilge (bilj), n. the bulging part of a 
 cask; the broadest part of a ship's 
 bottom, on which the vessel rests 
 when aground: v.i. to spring a leak 
 by a fracture in the bilge: v.t. to 
 stave, or break in, the bottom or 
 bilge of a ship. 
 
 bilingual (bi-ling'gwal), adj. written 
 or expressed in two languages; pos- 
 sessing the command of two lan- 
 guages. 
 
 bilious (bil'yus), adj. pertaining to the 
 bile; having the system disordered by 
 derangement of the biliary function; 
 choleric. 
 
 biliteral (bi-lit'er-al), adj. consisting 
 of two letters: n. a word, root, or 
 syllable consisting of two letters. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
BILK 
 
 70 
 
 BIRD 
 
 bilk (bilk), v.t. to spoil the score of an 
 opponent at cribbage; deceive or 
 defraud, as by evading a payment; 
 leave in the lurch: n. the act of 
 spoiling the score of an opponent 
 at cribbage; a swindler. 
 bill (bil), n. the beak of a bird: v.i. to 
 join bills, as doves; caress in fond- 
 ness; to paste up bills or posters. 
 
 bill (bil), n. a kind of hatchet with a 
 blade hoop-shaped toward the point, 
 used in pruning, &c; a battle-axe, 
 attached to a long staff, formerly 
 used by infantry; the extremity of 
 the fluke of an anchor. 
 
 bill (bil), n. an account for goods sold, 
 services rendered, or work done; a 
 document binding the signer or 
 signers to pay a specified sum at a 
 certain date or on demand ; a govern- 
 ment note; a draft of a proposed 
 statute presented to a legislature; a 
 printed advertisement; any written 
 paper containing a statement of par- 
 ticulars; a written declaration of 
 wrong or injury sustained or com- 
 mitted. 
 
 billet (bil'et), n. a small paper in 
 writing ; a note or short letter ; ticket 
 directing soldiers at what house to 
 lodge; a soldier's lodging; an office 
 or assignment: v.t. to quarter or 
 lodge, as soldiers: v.i. to be quartered 
 or lodged. 
 
 billet (bil'et), n. a small stick or log 
 of wood, as for fuel; an ornament in 
 Norman work, resembling a billet of 
 wood. 
 
 billiards (bil'yerdz), n. a game played 
 on a rectangular, cloth-covered slate 
 table, 12 ft. x 6 ft. in size, with ivory 
 balls and a cue. 
 
 billion (bil'yun), n. in the United 
 States one thousand millions (1,000,- 
 000,000); in England a million mil- 
 lions (1,000,000,000,000). 
 
 billow (bil'o), n. a great wave of the 
 sea swelled by the wind: v.i. to rise 
 and roll in large waves or surges. 
 
 bimetallism (bl-met'al-izm), n. the 
 legalized adoption of two metals (as 
 gold and silver) in the currency of a 
 country, at a fixed ratio. 
 
 bimonthly (bi-munth'li) , adj. occur- 
 ring once in two months. [Some- 
 times incorrectly employed to desig- 
 nate semi-monthly periodicals.] 
 
 bin (bin), n. a receptacle for any com- 
 modity, as corn, coal, &c; a frame 
 for bottles in a wine-cellar. 
 
 binary (bl'na-ri), adj. consisting of 
 two things or parts; twofold. 
 
 bind (bind), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bound, 
 p.pr. binding], to confine or make 
 fast with a cord or band; confine 
 or restrain by physical force; unite 
 by bonds of affection, loyalty, or 
 duty; hold by any moral tie; hinder 
 or restrain; protect or strengthen 
 by a band, border or cover; fasten 
 together; cause to cohere; place 
 under legal obligation: v.i. to tie 
 up; confine by ligature or band; 
 be obligatory; grow hard or stiff; 
 stick together: n. anything which 
 binds or ties; a twining stem; a 
 stalk of hops; indurated clay or 
 shale forming the roof of a coal- 
 seam; a musical sign or brace group- 
 ing notes together. 
 
 binomial (bi-no'mi-al), n. an expres- 
 sion or quantity consisting of two 
 terms connected by the sign plus 
 ( + ) or minus ( — ) : adj. consisting of 
 two terms; pertaining to binomials; 
 having two names. 
 
 biograph (bi'6-graf), n. a device for 
 projecting animated pictures upon a 
 screen. 
 
 biography (bi-og'ra-fi) , n. [pi. biog- 
 raphies (bl-og'ra-fiz)], the history of 
 the life of a particular person; bio- 
 graphical writings in general. 
 
 biology (bi-ol'o-ji), n. the science 
 which deals with the origin and life- 
 history of plants and animals. 
 
 biped (bi'ped), adj. having two feet: 
 n. a two-footed animal. 
 
 biplane (bl'plan), n. a flying machine 
 with two planes or gliding boards, 
 firmly braced together, as in the 
 Wright machine. 
 
 birch (berch), n. [pi. birches (berch'- 
 ez)], a tree or shrub belonging to the 
 genus Betula; a rod formed of birch 
 twigs used for punishment; a birch- 
 bark canoe: adj. birchen: v.t. to 
 chastise with a birch rod; 
 flog. 
 
 bird (berd), n. a warm-blooded feath- 
 ered vertebrate, furnished with 
 wings, and belonging to the class 
 Aves; small feathered game, as dis- 
 tinguished from water-fowl. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BIRTH 
 
 71 
 
 BLACKBIRD 
 
 birth (berth), n. the act of coming into 
 life ; the fact of being born ; the act of 
 bringing forth; lineage; extraction; 
 descent; origin; beginning. 
 
 biscuit (bis'kit), n. a kind of unraised 
 bread, baked hard and dry, and 
 shaped into flat cakes; pottery after 
 the first baking and previous to 
 glazing and burning. 
 
 bisect (bl-sekt'), v.t. to cut or divide 
 into two equal parts. 
 
 bishop (bish'up), n. one of the highest 
 orders of an Episcopal Church; be- 
 low an archbishop in rank, but above 
 a priest; a spiritual overseer; the 
 spiritual head or ruler of a diocese, 
 having the power of ordination, con- 
 firmation, and consecration. 
 
 bismuth (bis'- or biz'muth), n. one of 
 the elements; a light reddish-colored 
 metal of brittle texture, much used 
 in stereotyping. It is one of the 
 metals that were early known in 
 chemistry. Probably the ancients 
 used it, but it was first scientifically 
 described in 1450. 
 
 bison (bl'son), n. the aurochs, or 
 European bison, still preserved in 
 Lithuania; the American bison, in- 
 accurately termed a buffalo , which 
 is now practically extinct. 
 
 bisque (bisk), n. an unglazed white 
 porcelain, used for statuettes, &c. 
 
 bit (bit), p.t. & p.p. of bite. 
 
 bit (bit), n. a tool for boring; the metal 
 mouthpiece of a bridle; the part of a 
 key which enters the lock and acts on 
 the bolts and tumblers; the cutting 
 blade of a plane ; a small piece or frag- 
 ment of anything; any small coin: 
 v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bitted, p.pr. bitting], 
 to put a briale upon; put the bit in 
 the mouth of. 
 
 bitch (bich), n. the female of the dog, 
 or of other canine animals. 
 
 bite (bit), v.t. [p.t. bit, p.p. bitten, 
 bit, p.pr. biting], to seize, grip, cut, 
 or crush with the teeth; sting, as an 
 insect; cause smarting pain to; cut; 
 pinch, as with intense cold; blight 
 or blast; take fast hold on; to cor- 
 rode or eat into; to cheat, trick, take 
 in [now only in p.p.}: v.i. to have 
 the habit or exercise the power of 
 biting; inflict injury with the teeth; 
 cause to sting or smart; take a bait; 
 take a firm hold: n. the act of seizing 
 
 with the teeth; a wound made by the 
 teeth, or by a sting; a mouthful; a 
 hold or grip; in printing, a blank on 
 a page due to some intervening 
 substance between the paper and the 
 type. 
 
 bitten (bit/n), p.p. of bite. 
 
 bitter (bit'er), adj. having a sharp or 
 harsh taste; acrid; piercing; painful; 
 grievous ; poignant ; severe ; reproach- 
 ful; caustic; sarcastic; cruel: n. any 
 substance that is bitter to the taste. 
 Distinct from sour; a grape-fruit is 
 bitter while a lemon is sour. 
 
 bittern (bit'ern), n. a wading bird of 
 the heron family. The sound it 
 makes is called bumping. 
 
 bitters (bit'ers), n.pl. liquor in which 
 herbs or roots are steeped. 
 
 bitumen (bi-tu'men), n. mineral 
 pitrh. 
 
 bivalve (bl'valv), adj. having two 
 valves or shells united by a ligament: 
 n. a mollusk whose shell is composed 
 of two parts or valves, connected by 
 a ligament or hinge, which are 
 opened or closed by muscles, as the 
 oyster or mussel. 
 
 bivouac (biv'od-ak), n. an encamp- 
 ment of soldiers in the open air, 
 without tents: hence, any open afr 
 encampment: v.i. to encamp without 
 tents in the open. 
 
 bizarre (bi-zar'), adj. odd in manner or 
 appearance; fanciful; grotesque. 
 
 blab (blab), v.t. [p.t & p.p. blabbed, 
 p.pr. blabbing], to tell thoughtlessly: 
 v.i. to talk indiscreetly; tell tales: n. 
 one who lets out secrets, or is given 
 to gossip. 
 
 black (blak), adj. destitute of light; 
 of the darkest hue; opposed to 
 white; enveloped in darkness; dis- 
 mal; gloomy or forbidding; desti- 
 tute of moral light or goodness; 
 atrocious; evil; calamitous; threat 
 ening; clouded with anger; sullen 
 n. the darkest color; the opposite ol 
 white; a black pigment or dye; a 
 negro; mourning: v.t. to make black; 
 blacken; apply blacking to. 
 
 blackberry (blak'ber-ri), n. the fruit 
 of several species of bramble. * 
 
 blackbird (blak'berd), n. an English 
 song bird, a species of thrush. 
 Called also merle, ousel, or black 
 thrush; a crow-like bird of North 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BLACKBOARD 
 
 72 
 
 BLAZON 
 
 America; a name given to a kid- 
 napped negro or Polynesian. 
 
 blackboard (blak'bord), n. a rectangu- 
 lar piece of wood, covered with a 
 hard black substance, and hung upon 
 an easel or upon the side of a wall, 
 and used for the marking out of any 
 kind of problem in chalk or chalk- 
 crayons. 
 
 blackguard (blag'ard), n. a man of 
 low character, and addicted to the 
 use of foul or abusive language; a 
 scoundrel : adj. vicious ; low ; vile ; 
 scurrilous; abusive: v.t. to revile in 
 scurrilous language. 
 
 blackmail (blak'mal), n. a tax an- 
 ciently paid in money, corn, or cat- 
 tle, in the north of England, and in 
 Scotland, to the agents of robbers, 
 to secure protection from pillage: 
 hence extortion by means of intimi- 
 dation: v.t. to extort money or 
 goods by intimidation of any kind. 
 
 bladder (blad'er), n. a thin elastic 
 membranous bag in animals, in 
 which a fluid is collected; any ves- 
 icle, blister, or pustule containing 
 fluid or air; a hollow membranous 
 appendage to some plants: v.t. put 
 up in a bladder, as lard. 
 
 blade (blad), n. the leaf of a grass; the 
 young stalk or spire of a grass; the 
 broad expanded part of a leaf; 
 the cutting part of an instrument; 
 the broad part of an oar; anything 
 resembling a blade; a dashing, reck- 
 less, rollicking fellow: v.t. to fur- 
 nish with a blade: v.i. put forth 
 blades. 
 
 blame (blam), v.t. to censure; re- 
 proach: n. an imputation of a fault; 
 censure; responsibility for anything 
 wrong. 
 
 blanch (blanch), v.t. 'to take the color 
 out; make lustrous; to remove the 
 covering of: v.i. become white; turn 
 pale: n. lead ore found separate in 
 the rock. [French.] 
 
 bland (bland), adj. mild; soft; gentle; 
 affable; soothing. 
 
 blandishment (blan'dish-ment), n. 
 the use of winning expressions or 
 actions; artful caressing. 
 
 blank (blangk), adj. confounded; con- 
 fused; dejected; empty; free from 
 writing or printing; without result; 
 absolute; complete: n. any void 
 
 space; an unfilled space in a writ- 
 ten or printed document; a lottery 
 ticket for which no prize is drawn; 
 a disk of metal prior to stamping; 
 the white spot in the center of a 
 target; a cartridge that is loaded 
 without any bullet: v.t. a euphemis- 
 tic form of the oath damn. 
 
 blanket (blang'ket), n. a soft, loosely 
 woven woolen cloth for a bed or 
 as a covering: v.t. to toss in a 
 blanket by way of punishment or 
 joke; pass to windward to take the 
 wind out of the sails of. 
 
 blare (blar), v.i. to bellow; to give 
 forth a loud sound like a trumpet: 
 v.t. to sound loudly; trumpet forth: 
 n. a noise like the blast of a trum- 
 pet. 
 
 blarney (blar'ni), n. soft, wheedling 
 speech; flattery: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. blar- 
 neyed, p.pr. blarneying], to influence 
 or talk over by soft wheedling 
 speeches; humbug with flattery. 
 
 blasphemy (blas'fe-mi), n. [pi. blas- 
 phemies (blas'fe-miz)], impious, pro- 
 fane, or mocking speech concerning 
 God or sacred things ; expressed con- 
 tempt or contumely for the per- 
 sonality or authority of God. 
 
 blast (blast), n. a violent or sudden 
 gust of wind; a forcible stream of 
 air from an orifice; the sound pro- 
 duced by blowing a wind instru- 
 ment; any sudden pernicious in- 
 fluence upon plants or animals; a 
 blight; the explosion of gunpowder, 
 dynamite, &c, in rending or remov- 
 ing rocks, or the charge so used; a 
 flatulent disease in sheep: v.t. to 
 cause to fade or wither by some 
 pernicious influence; blight; to shat- 
 ter by any explosive agent. 
 
 blatant (bla'tant), adj. bawling; noisy. 
 
 blather (blaf/i'er), n. foolish chatter. 
 
 blaze (blaz), n. a body of flame; bril- 
 liant sunlight; a sudden bursting 
 out; active display; a white spot on 
 the face of a horse or other quad- 
 ruped; a white mark cut on a tree, 
 to serve as a guide: v.t. to mark, as 
 trees, by removing a portion of the 
 bark; to indicate, as a path or 
 boundary, by blazing trees; publish 
 widely: v.i. to flame; send forth a 
 brilliant light; be conspicuous. 
 
 blazon (bla'zn), n. a coat of arms; 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BLEACH 
 
 73 
 
 BLOCK 
 
 a description of armorial bearings; 
 ostentatious display: v.t. to explain 
 technically, according to heraldic 
 rules; embellish; display; proclaim 
 boastingly. 
 
 bleach (blech), v.t. £© make white by 
 removing color or dirt by the action 
 of the sun's rays, or by a chemical 
 process: v.i. to grow or become 
 white. 
 
 bleak (blek), adj. exposed to wind and 
 cold; desolate; unsheltered; cheer- 
 less; piercing. 
 
 bleak (blek), n. a small river fish, 
 remarkable for its brilliant silvery 
 scales. 
 
 blear (bier), adj. sore or dim from a 
 watery discharge: said of the eyes: 
 v.t. to make sore or watery, as the 
 eyes; to dim or obscure. 
 
 bleat (blet), v.i. to cry as, or like, a 
 sheep: n. a cry, as of a sheep. 
 
 bleed (bled), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. bled, p.pr. 
 bleeding], to emit, or lose blood; to 
 shed one's blood; to lose sap or 
 juice; to pay or lose money freely: 
 v.t. to take blood from; take money, 
 &c, from. 
 
 blemish (blem'ish), v.t. to injure; 
 stain; mar; tarnish; defame: n. any 
 defect or deformity, physical or 
 moral; a blemish. 
 
 blench (blench), v.i. to start back; 
 flinch; quail. 
 
 blend (blend), v.t. to mix together, 
 so that the things mixed cannot be 
 separated or individually distin- 
 guished: v.i. to mingle imperceptibly: 
 n. a mixture. 
 
 bless (bles), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed & blest, 
 p.pr. -ing], to consecrate; invoke a 
 blessing upon; bestow happiness 
 upon; praise or extol; esteem. 
 
 blessing (bles'ing), n. an invocation 
 of happiness on another; a benedic- 
 tion; that which promotes prosper- 
 ity; a divine benefit or gift; a mercy 
 or boon; grateful adoration. 
 
 blew (bloo), p.t. of blow. 
 
 blight (bllt), n. a disease in plants, 
 which causes them to wither partly 
 or wholly; smut; mildew; anything 
 which serves to check, nip, or de- 
 stroy: v.t. to affect with blight; to 
 check, nip, destroy, or frustrate. 
 
 blind (blind), adj. destitute of the 
 sense of sight; without light, morally 
 
 or intellectually; undiscriminating; 
 inconsiderate ; hidden ; essentially in- 
 complete; closed at one end; without 
 understanding: n. anything which 
 serves to hinder or obstruct vision, 
 or intercept the passage of light; a 
 window-screen; a blinker; something 
 to mislead the eye or the under- 
 standing: v.t. to deprive of sight; 
 make blind, intellectually or morally. 
 
 blink (blink), v.i. to wink with or as 
 with the eye; twinkle; to get a 
 glimpse; glimmer: v.t. to evade or 
 shut one's eyes to; shirk: n. a 
 glimpse or glance ; a gleam ; a twinkle ; 
 the gleam reflected from ice at sea: 
 pi. boughs cast in the path of deer 
 to check their course. 
 
 blinker (bling'ker), n. one who blinks; 
 a leather flap placed one on each side 
 of a horse's bridle to prevent him 
 from seeing any object except in 
 front; that which obscures the sight 
 or mental perception: pi. colored 
 spectacles to shield the eyes from 
 excess of light. 
 
 bliss (blis), n. the highest degree of 
 happiness; blessedness; the perfect 
 joy of heaven. 
 
 blister (blis'ter), n. a vesicle or pustule 
 on the skin containing watery matter 
 or serUm; an elevation made by the 
 raising of an external film or skin ; an 
 application to the skin to produce a 
 blister: v.t. to raise a blister or blisters 
 on: v.i. to rise in blisters, or become 
 covered with blisters. 
 
 blithe (bllth or birth), adj. gay; joyous; 
 glad; mirthful; sprightly. 
 
 blizzard (bliz'ard), n. a furious hurri- 
 cane of wind with fine blinding snow, 
 and characterized by intense cold; a 
 poser. [Americanism.] 
 
 bloat (blot), v.t. to cure or dry in 
 smoke. 
 
 bloat (blot), v.t. to cause to swell; 
 make turgid or swollen, as with 
 water or air; inflate; make vain: v.i. 
 to grow turgid. 
 
 block (blok), n. any unshaped solid 
 mass of matter, as of wood, stone, 
 &c; a piece of wood for supporting 
 the neck of a person condemned 
 to be decapitated; a piece of hard 
 wood prepared for the tool of the 
 engraver; the piece of hard wood 
 to which an electrotype, &c, is se- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BLOCKADE 
 
 74 
 
 BLUE 
 
 cured; a wooden mold for shaping 
 hats; the piece of wood in which 
 the wheels of one or more grooved 
 pulleys run; a row of buildings; a 
 square or portion of a city enclosed 
 by streets; an obstruction; hin- 
 drance; shares bought or sold in the 
 mass: v.i. to obstruct so as to hin- 
 der the passage of persons or things; 
 stop up; obstruct; to secure or sup- 
 port by blocks; to mold or shape on 
 a block; to stop a train by signal; 
 to give notice of opposition to a bill, 
 which cannot then be proceeded with 
 after a specified time. 
 
 blockade (blok-ad'), n. the shutting 
 up of a place, as a port, by hostile 
 snips or troops, with a view to com- 
 pelling a surrender by preventing 
 ingress or egress, or the reception of 
 supplies: v.t. to close in upon and 
 shut. 
 
 blond (blond), adj. of a fair color; 
 light colored: n. a person of very fair 
 complexion and light hair. Fem- 
 inine, blonde. 
 
 blood (blud), n. the fluid which cir- 
 culates in the arteries and veins of 
 an animal; the juice of anything, 
 especially if red; kinship; consan- 
 guinity; lineage; extraction; high 
 birth; temper; a man of high spirit; 
 fleshy nature; blood shed in sacri- 
 fice; the Atonement: v.t. to give a 
 taste of blood; inure to the sight of 
 blood. 
 
 bloodhound (blud'hound) , n. a breed 
 of large dogs remarkable for their 
 acuteness of smell, and employed to 
 track wounded game, or, as formerly, 
 fugitive slaves and escaped criminals ; 
 a blood-hunter. 
 
 bloodthirsty (blud'thers-ti) , adj. eag- 
 t for blood; anxious to kill or 
 estroy. 
 
 bl om (bloom), n. a blossom; the 
 flower of a plant ; the blossoming of 
 flowers; a state or period of health 
 and growth, promising higher per- 
 fection, or exhibiting freshness and 
 beauty; the blue color upon certain 
 newly-gathered fruits; a flush; a 
 glow; the powdery appearance on 
 new coins, &c; a rough mass of 
 iron from the puddling furnace, in- 
 tended to be drawn out under the 
 hammer or rolled into bars: v.i. to 
 
 produce blossoms; flower; exhibit 
 the freshness and beauty of youth; 
 glow. 
 
 blossom (blos'um), n. the flower of 
 a plant; the state of flowering; 
 bloom: v.i. to put forth blossoms; 
 flower; flourish. 
 
 blot (blot), n. a spot or stain; an 
 obliteration or erasure; a blemish; 
 disgrace: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. blotted, 
 p.p. blotting], to spot or stain; mar; 
 stain with infamy; cancel or efface 
 [usually with out] ; dry with blotting- 
 paper; eclipse; obscure. 
 
 blotch (bloch), n. a large irregular 
 spot; a clumsy daub; an eruption, 
 or pustule: v.t. to mark or disfigure 
 with irregular blots or spots. 
 
 blouse (blouz), n. a light, loose over- 
 garment; a French workman: such 
 artisans usually wearing a blue 
 blouse. 
 
 blow (bio), n. a mass of blossoms; the 
 state or condition of flowering: v.i. 
 [p.t. blew, p.p. blown, p.pr. blowing], 
 to blossom; flower. 
 
 blow (bio), n. a stroke with the hand 
 or with a weapon; a knock; an act 
 of hostility; a sudden shock or ca- 
 lamity ._ 
 
 blow (bio), v.i. [p.t. blew, p.p. blown, 
 p.pr. blowing], to form or make a 
 current of air; pant; sound by being 
 blown; spout water; boast: v.t. to 
 drive a current of air upon ; impel by 
 a current of air; sound a wind in- 
 strument by forcing through; form 
 by inflation; put out of breath by 
 fatigue; scatter or shatter by ex- 
 plosive; spread by report; deposit 
 eggs in or upon: n. a blowing; a 
 blast; a gale of wind; an egg de- 
 posited by a fly; the spouting of a 
 whale. 
 
 blubber (blub'er), v.i. to weep vio- 
 lently, or so as to disfigure the face: 
 v.t. to disfigure with weeping: n. the 
 fat of whales and other cetaceans, 
 from which train-oil is prepared; a 
 jelly-fish ormedusa. 
 
 blucher (blooch'er), n. a strong half 
 boot, named after theGerman Field- 
 marshal Blucher (Blu'cher). 
 
 bludgeon (bluj'un), n. a short heavy 
 stick, sometimes loaded, used as a 
 weapon. 
 
 blue (blu), adj. of the color of the 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BLUFF 
 
 75 
 
 BOBBIN 
 
 clear sky; azure; low-spirited; dis- 
 mal; severe; pedantic: n. color of 
 the clear sky; one of the primary 
 colors; azure; a dye or pigment of 
 this color; pale without glare, as a 
 flame: v.t. to make, or dye, blue. 
 
 bluff (bluf), adj. having a broad, 
 flattened front; rising high or 
 boldly; broad and full; rough and 
 hearty; surly; gruff: n. a high steep 
 bank: a cliff or headland with a 
 broad steep face: v.t. to deceive, or 
 gain an advantage over, an oppo- 
 nent in a game of poker, by in- 
 ducing the other players to suppose 
 one's hand is more valuable than it 
 is in reality: hence to frighten by 
 an assumed possession of strength 
 or knowledge. 
 
 blunder (blun'der), v.i. to make a 
 gross mistake; err stupidly; to move 
 or act clumsily: n. a gross or stupid 
 mistake. 
 
 blunt (blunt), adj. having a thick or 
 rounded edge or point; not sharp; 
 dull in understanding; abrupt in 
 address; plain-spoken: n. money, 
 especially silver money: v.t. to dull 
 the edge or point of, by making it 
 thicker; impair the force, keenness, 
 or susceptibility of. 
 
 blur (bier), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. blurred, 
 
 S.pr. blurring], to dim; sully; stain; 
 lemish: n. a smudge; a moral stain 
 or blemish; a dim confused appear- 
 ance. 
 
 blurt (blert), v.t. to speak inadver- 
 tently; divulge unadvisedly [usually 
 with out]. 
 
 blush (blush), v.i. to become red in 
 the face, as from shame or confusion; 
 bloom; feel shame (for) : n. the suffu- 
 sion of the cheeks or face with a red 
 color, through shame, confusion, 
 modesty, &c; a red or reddish color; 
 a rosy tint. 
 
 bluster (blus'ter), v.i. to be windy 
 and boisterous, as the weather; talk 
 in a noisy, swaggering style; bully; 
 use empty threats: v.t. to utter with 
 noisy violence [with forth or out]: 
 n. the noise and violence of a storm, 
 or *of the wind in impotent gusts; 
 noisy talk; empty menace: swagger. 
 
 boar (bor), n. the male of swine; the 
 wild hog, or wild boar. 
 
 board (bord), n. a piece of timber 
 
 sawed thin, and of considerable 
 length and breadth compared with 
 the thickness; a table for food; pro- 
 vision; entertainment; a council or 
 court; a number of persons elected 
 to the management of some public 
 or private office or trust; a table or 
 frame on which games are played; 
 a thick stiff kind of paper; one of 
 the two stiff covers of a book: pi. 
 the stage of a theater; the side, deck, 
 or interior part of a ship or boat; 
 the line over which a ship runs be- 
 tween tack and tack: v.t. to cover 
 with boards; place at a board; fur- 
 nish with food, or food and lodging, 
 for a compensation; go on board of; 
 enter a ship by force: v.i. to be sup- 
 
 {)lied with meals, or obtain food and 
 odging, at a fixed charge. 
 
 boast (bost), v.i. to brag; to speak of 
 one's self or belongings in assertive 
 and bombastic terms; vaunt; exult: 
 v.t. to brag of: n. proud, vainglorious 
 speech; a cause of boasting; occasion 
 of pride, vanity, or laudable exulta- 
 tion; a stroke, in tennis, driving a 
 ball at an acute angle against the 
 court wall. 
 
 boat (bot), n. a small open vessel 
 usually moved by oars but often by 
 a sail or a motor attachment ; a ship ; 
 an open dish resembling a boat in 
 shape: v.t. to transport in a boat: v.i. 
 to go in a boat; row; sail. 
 
 bob (bob), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bobbed, 
 p.pr. bobbing], to impart a short- 
 jerking motion to; to cut shorty v.i. 
 to have a short jerking motion; 
 move or play to and fro, or up and 
 down; to angle with a bob: n. any 
 small round object playing loosely 
 at the end of a cord, chain, &c; a 
 pendant; an ear-drop; the weight of 
 the end of a pendulum, plumb-line, 
 &c; a knot of worms or rags on a 
 string, used in angling for eels; a 
 float; a short jerking action or mo- 
 tion; a shilling. 
 
 bobbin (bob 'in), n. one of the pins 
 or small cylinders of wood used to 
 carry and steady the threads in 
 pillow-lace making; a spool or reel 
 with a head at one or both ends, 
 used to hold yarn or thread for 
 spinning, weaving, or sewing; a 
 machine-made cotton netting or 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BOBTAIL 
 
 76 
 
 BOMB 
 
 lace, in imitation of pillow-lace; 
 bobbinet. 
 
 bobtail (bob'tal), n. a short tail or a 
 tail cut short; the rabble (rag-tag and 
 bobtail) . 
 
 Boche (bosh), n. a popular French 
 term for 'German/ 
 
 bode (bod), v.t. to portend; be an omen 
 of: v.i. to augur; presage. 
 
 bodice (bod'is), n. the close-fitting 
 waist or body of a woman's dress. 
 
 bodkin (bod'kin), n. a pointed instru- 
 ment for piercing holes; a blunt 
 needle for drawing tape, ribbon, &c, 
 through a hem or loop; a long pin 
 or stiletto to fasten up the hair; an 
 awl-like printer's tool. 
 
 body (bod'i), n. [pi. bodies (bod'iz)], 
 the material organized substance of 
 an animal, as distinguished from the 
 soul, spirit, or vital principle; the 
 trunk, or main portion, of an animal 
 or tree; the main or principal part 
 of anything; a person; a number of 
 individuals united by some common 
 tie; a corporation; a united mass; a 
 general collection; any solid geomet- 
 rical figure; a material thing; a cer- 
 tain consistency or density; sub- 
 stance; strength, as wine, &c: v.t. 
 [p.t. & p.p. bodies, p.pr. bodying] 
 
 bog (bog), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bogged, p.pr. 
 bogging], to sink or submerge in a 
 bog or quagmire: v.i. to sink or stick 
 in a bog: n. a tract of wet, spongy 
 ground, composed of decayed and 
 decaying vegetable matter; a quag- 
 mire; marsh; morass. 
 
 bogey or bogy (bo'gi), n. [pi. bogeys, 
 bogies (bo'giz)], a hobgoblin; a 
 spectre. Also bogey-man. 
 
 boggle (bog'gl), v.i. to hesitate; waver; 
 equivocate; act clumsily; bungle; 
 shy, as of a horse: v.t. to make a 
 bungle of; embarrass: n. the act of 
 hesitating or taking alarm ; a bungle ; 
 botch. 
 
 bogus (bo'gus), adj. counterfeit ; spuri- 
 ous; first used of base money and 
 thus applied to anything that was 
 not genuine. 
 
 boil (boil), v.i. to be in a state of 
 ebullition through the action of 
 heat; seethe; be agitated or excited 
 by passion or anger; be subjected to 
 the action of boiling water: v.t. to 
 heat to the boiling point; cause to 
 
 bubble by heat; collect from, or 
 separate, by boiling; subject to the 
 action of heat in a boiling liquid. 
 
 boil (boil), n. an inflamed and painful 
 suppurating tumor. 
 
 boisterous (bois'ter-us), adj. violent; 
 rough^ stormy; turbulent; noisy. 
 
 bold (bold), adj. courageous; venture- 
 some; planned or executed with 
 courage and spirit; forward; rude; 
 impudent ; over-stepping conven- 
 tional rules; striking to the eye; 
 steep; abrupt; prominent. 
 
 bole (bol), n. the trunk or stem of a 
 tree; a general term for friable clayey 
 shale or clay, usually colored by 
 oxide of iron. 
 
 bolero (bo-la'ro), n. a lively Spanish 
 dance ; the music accompanying such 
 a dance; a short jacket, such as is 
 worn by bull-fighters. [Spanish.] 
 
 bolster (bol'ster), n. a long pillow or 
 cushion used to support the head; a 
 pad to ease pressure; a compress; a 
 cushioned or padded part of a sad- 
 dle: v.t. to support with a pillow or 
 cushion; prop; maintain; or support 
 [usually witn up). 
 
 bolt (bolt), n. a short, thick arrow 
 with a blunt head; a thunderbolt; a 
 discharge of lightning; a stout me- 
 tallic pin or rod used for holding 
 objects together; a sliding catch for 
 securing a door, gate, &c; the por- 
 tion of a lock shot or withdrawn by 
 the key; an elongated bullet for use 
 in a rifled cannon; a roll or length 
 of certain textile fabrics; a refusal 
 to support a nomination made by 
 one's party, or withdrawal from 
 one's party: adv. like a bolt; straight; 
 suddenly: v.t. to shoot; discharge; 
 start or spring; fasten or secure with 
 a bolt; blurt out; swallow hurriedly 
 or without chewing; secede from (a 
 party) or decline to support (a party 
 nomination) : v.i. to shoot forth sud- 
 denly; depart with suddenness; start 
 and run off. 
 
 bolt (bolt), v.t. to sift or separate the 
 coarser from the finer particles; 
 hence to examine with care; sep- 
 arate. 
 
 bomb (bom), n. a hollow steel ball or 
 shell filled with an explosive mate- 
 rial, fired from a mortar and usually 
 exploded by a fuse; any missile 
 
 fite, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
BOMBARD 
 
 77 
 
 BOOR 
 
 similarly constructed and thrown by 
 the hand. Also bombshell. 
 
 bombard (bom-bard'), v.t. to attack 
 with cannon; fire shot or shell at or 
 into; assail hotly; fire questions at. 
 
 bombast (bom'bast), n. originally 
 cotton or other soft material used 
 for stuffing garments: hence, high- 
 sounding words; inflated language 
 or style; fustian. 
 
 bonanza (bo-nan'za), n. a rich vein of 
 ore: hence, anything which is a mine 
 of wealth. 
 
 bonbon (bong'bong), n. a sugar-plum; 
 any confection of sugar; a Christmas 
 cracker. [French.] 
 
 bond (bond), n. anything that binds, 
 fastens, or confines; a ligament: pi. 
 fetters; imprisonment; captivity: 
 hence, a cause of union; duty; obli- 
 gation; an instrument under seal by 
 which a person binds himself, his 
 heirs, &c, to do, or abstainfrom 
 doing, a certain act; a promise to 
 pay a certain sum on or before a 
 specified date; a certificate, bearing 
 interest, issued by a government, a 
 corporation, or company, for the 
 purpose of borrowing money; a unit 
 of combining power equivalent to 
 one atom of hydrogen: v.t. to put in 
 bond or into a bonded warehouse, as 
 dutiable goods, the duties remaining 
 unpaid till the goods are taken out, 
 but bonds being given for their pay- 
 ment :_adj. captive, as a bond slave. 
 
 bone (bon), n. the ossified tissue form- 
 ing the skeleton of most vertebrate 
 animals ; one of the parts or pieces of 
 an animal skeleton; something made 
 of bone ; pieces of bone held between 
 the fingers and rattled together as an 
 accompaniment to music: v.t. to re- 
 move the bones from ; put whalebone 
 into; steal; appropriate. 
 
 bonfire (bon'fir), n. any large fire 
 made in the open air to celebrate an 
 event, or consume rubbish. 
 
 bonnet (bon'et), n. a soft woolen cap 
 worn by men in Scotland ; a woman's 
 head-covering, varying according to 
 fashion, but distinguished from a 
 hat by having no brim; anything 
 resembling a bonnet in shape or use : 
 v.t. to crush the bonnet or hat over 
 the eyes of. 
 
 bonny (bon'ni), adj. handsome ; beauti- 
 
 ful; pretty; gay; blithe. Written 
 also Bonnie. 
 
 bonus (bo'nus), n. [pi. bonuses (bo'- 
 nus-ez)], a sum given, or paid, over 
 and above what is required, or actu- 
 ally payable; an additional dividend 
 out of accumulated profits; a sum 
 paid in addition to regular pay or 
 wages. 
 
 boo (boo), inter j. an expression of 
 aversion or contempt: n. hooting: 
 v.i. to low like an ox; groan: v.t. to 
 hoot at. 
 
 booby (boo'bi), n. a dunce; a stupid 
 fellow; a species of gannet, a West 
 Indian bird. 
 
 boodle (bood'l), n. money paid for 
 votes, or undue political influence; 
 bribe money. 
 
 book (book), n. a collection of sheets 
 of paper and other material, blank, 
 written, or printed, bound together; 
 a volume; a treatise; a division, sec- 
 tion, or part of a literary composi- 
 tion; a register or record: v.t. to 
 enter or register in a book; record; 
 to secure or engage beforehand by 
 registry or payment. 
 
 boom (boom), n. a long pole or spar 
 run out to extend the foot of certain 
 sails; a strong chain, cable, or line 
 of spars bound together, extended 
 across a river or harbor to exclude 
 an enemy's ships; a deep, hollow 
 sound; a sudden demand for a com- 
 modity; a rapid rise in price; a 
 sudden burst of popular favor: v.i. 
 to make a deep, hollow, reverberat- 
 ing sound; to go off with a rush: 
 v.t. to push with energy. 
 
 boomerang (boom'e-rang) , n. a mis- 
 sile weapon used by the Australian 
 aborigines, consisting of a piece of 
 flat curved hard wood, which, when 
 thrown by the hand in a certain 
 manner, describes a series of curves, 
 and finally returns to the thrower, 
 striking the ground behind him; 
 hence any action which may recoil 
 on its projector. 
 
 boon (boon), n. prayer or petition; a 
 benefit; a gift; a privilege; a favor: 
 adj. gay; kind; jovial; merry; con- 
 vivial. 
 
 boor (boor), n. a rustic; a peasant; 
 a rude, ill-mannered, clownish 
 person. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut : think, then. 
 
BOOST 
 
 78 
 
 BOULDER 
 
 boost (boost), v.t. to lift by pushing 
 from behind: n. a lift from behind. 
 
 boot (boot), n. profit; that which is 
 thrown in as an inducement to a 
 bargain, or to make an exchange 
 equal. [Prefixed by the preposition 
 to.] 
 
 boot (boot), n. a leather covering for 
 the feet and the lower part of the 
 leg; an old instrument of torture; 
 a receptacle for luggage at either 
 end of a coach; a driving-apron of 
 leather or rubber-cloth: v.t. to put 
 boots on^ kick with the boot. 
 
 booth (booth), n. a temporary struc- 
 ture made of boards, canvas, &c. 
 
 booty (boo'ti), n. [j>l. booties (boo'- 
 tiz)], spoil taken in war; plunder; 
 pillage. 
 
 booze (booz), v.i. to drink immoder- 
 ately; tipple: n. liquor; drink; a 
 carouse; spree. 
 
 borax (bo'raks), n. a salt compounded 
 of boracic acid and soda, used as a 
 flux in soldering metals, and in the 
 manufacture of glass, enamel, arti- 
 ficial gems, &c. 
 
 border (bor'der), n. the outer part or 
 edge of anything; a margin; brink; 
 boundary; frontier; a narrow flower 
 bed: v.t. to make a border about, or 
 to adorn with a border; adjoin: v.i. 
 to touch at the edge or boundary 
 [with on or upon}. 
 
 bore (bor), v.t. to pierce or drill a 
 hole in; form by piercing or drill- 
 ing; to force (as a passage) with 
 effort; weary by tedious repetition, 
 or by dullness; annoy: v.i. to pierce 
 or penetrate by boring, &c: push 
 forward toward a certain point: n. 
 a hole made by boring; the caliber 
 or internal diameter of a hole; a 
 person or thing that wearies by pro- 
 lixity or dullness; anything which 
 causes ennui. 
 
 bore (bor), p.t. of bear. 
 
 borean (bo're-an) or boreal (bo're-al), 
 adj. northern; pertaining to the 
 North or to the North wind. 
 
 born (born), p. adj. innate; inher- 
 ited. 
 
 born, p.p. of bear, to bring forth. 
 
 borne, p.p. of bear, to carry. 
 
 borough (bur'o), n. a corporate 
 town. 
 
 borrow (bor'o), v.t. to obtain (a 
 
 thing) on loan; adopt; appropriate; 
 copy. 
 
 bosh (bosh), n. absurd or empty talk; 
 utter nonsense: inter j. humbug. 
 
 bosket (bos'ket), n. a grove; a thicket. 
 
 bosom (boo'zum), n. the breast; 
 clothing covering the breast; the 
 affections or passions; something 
 likened to a bosom, as a sustaining 
 surface, inmost recess, &c.:adj. per- 
 taining to the bosom; intimate; 
 cherished; worn on the bosom. 
 
 boss (bos), n. a master; superintend- 
 ent; foreman; (political) a party 
 leader, or controller of political af- 
 fairs: adj. chief ; most highly es- 
 teemed: v.t. to direct. [Dutch.] 
 
 botany (bot'a-ni), n. the science which 
 treats of plants. [Greek.] 
 
 botch (boch) , n. a swelling on the skin ; 
 a large ulcerous affection. 
 
 botch (boch), v.t. to mend or patch 
 in a clumsy manner; put together 
 unskilfully: n. a clumsy patch; bad 
 work. 
 
 both (both), adj. & pron. the one and 
 the other; the two; the pair; without 
 excepting either: adv. & conj. as. 
 
 bother (both'eT), v.t. to annoy; tease; 
 worry; give trouble: v.i. to trouble 
 one's self; be troublesome: n. worry; 
 annoyance. 
 
 bottle (bot'l), n. a hollow vessel, usu- 
 ally with a narrow neck, made of 
 glass or earthenware, for holding 
 liquids; the contents of a bottle: v.t. 
 to put into bottles; a quantity of 
 hay or grass bundled up. 
 
 bottom (bot'um), n. the deepest part 
 of anything; the base; foundation; 
 root; the ground under any body of 
 water; the buttocks; the seat of a 
 chair; low land formed by alluvial 
 deposits; a river; a valley; a dale; 
 a ship; stamina: adj. lowest; under- 
 most: v.t. to found or build upon; 
 furnish with a bottom; fathom; get 
 to the bottom of: v.i. to rest; be 
 based or grounded. 
 
 bough (bou) , n. an arm or branch of a 
 tree. 
 
 bought, p.t. & p.p. of buy. 
 
 bouillon (boo'lyon, French boo-ydng') , 
 n. a clear soup produced from boiled 
 meat. 
 
 boulder (bol'der), n. a large stone 
 worn or rounded by the action of 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BOULEVARD 
 
 79 
 
 BOX 
 
 water; a portion of rock which has 
 been transported to some distance 
 from its native bed. 
 
 boulevard (boo'le-vard), n. a broad 
 street, planted with trees. 
 
 bounce (bouns), v.t. to cause to bound; 
 to eject summarily; to bully: v.i. to 
 strike against anything so as to re- 
 bound; leap or spring suddenly or 
 unceremoniously; boast or bluster: 
 n. a sudden bound or spring ; a heavy 
 sudden thrust or thump; a boast; 
 brag; an impudent lie. 
 
 bound (bound), n. a limit; confine; 
 extent ; boundary : pi. territory within 
 certain boundaries: v.t. to serve as a 
 limit to; circumscribe. 
 
 bound (bound), v.i. to jump or spring 
 suddenly or in succession; leap; re- 
 bound: n. a leap; spring: adj. ready 
 to go; destined. 
 
 bound, p.t. & p.p. of bind. 
 
 boundary (bound 'a-ri), n. [pi. boun- 
 daries (-riz)j, the extent or limit of 
 anything. 
 
 bountiful (boun'ti-fool), adj. liberal 
 in bestowing gifts or favors; gener- 
 ous; ample. Also bounteous. 
 
 bounty (boun'ti), n. [pi. bounties 
 (boun'tiz)], liberality in bestowing 
 gifts or favors; generosity; munifi- 
 cence; a premium offered by a gov- 
 ernment to induce men to enlist in 
 the army or navy, or to encourage 
 some branch of industry. 
 
 bouquet (boo-ka/), n. a nosegay; a 
 perfume or aroma characteristic of 
 some wines. [French.] 
 
 bourn and bourne (boom), n. a 
 stream; a rivulet; a bound; destina- 
 tion; goal. 
 
 bourse (boors), n, a stock exchange 
 for the transaction of business, es- 
 pecially the Bourse or Stock Ex- 
 change of Paris. [French.] 
 
 bout (bout), n. a turn or bend; a going 
 and returning; as much as is per- 
 formed at one time; a trial; essay; 
 round; contest. 
 
 bovine (bo'vin), adj. of, or pertaining 
 to, oxen; resembling or possessing 
 the characteristics of an ox or cow; 
 stolid; dull. 
 
 bow (bou), n. the forepart or prow of a 
 ship. 
 
 bow (bou), v.t. to bend; make curved 
 or crooked; bend or incline, as the 
 
 head or body in token of respect; 
 subdue: v.i. to make a bow: n. an 
 inclination of the head or bending 
 of the body, as a salute, or in token 
 of reverence, respect, assent, or sub- 
 mission. 
 
 bow (bo), n. a weapon for discharging 
 arrows ; anything curved ; an imple- 
 ment with which instruments of the 
 violin kind are played; an elastic 
 stick with its ends connected by 
 string, used for turning a drill, &c; 
 a looped ornamental knot of ribbon 
 or other material: v.t. to bend or 
 curve like a bow; play with a bow: 
 v.i. become bent or curved. 
 
 bowel (bou'el), n. one of the intestines 
 of an animal; a gut [generally in 
 the pl.]l pi. the interior part of 
 anything; tenderness; pity (II Cor. 
 vi. 12). 
 
 bower (bou'er), n. a shelter con- 
 structed of boughs or twining plants ; 
 an arbor. 
 
 bowl (bol), n. a circular hollow vessel 
 for holding liquids; a large drinking 
 cup; the hollow or concave part of 
 anything. 
 
 bowl (bol), n. a ball of wood used 
 in the games of bowls, and skittles: 
 pi. a game played with bowls: v.i. 
 to play with bowls; roll a bowl or 
 a cricket ball; move rapidly and 
 smoothly like a ball: v.t. to roll, as 
 a bowl or ball. 
 
 box (boks), n. an evergreen shrub or 
 small tree, yielding a hard close- 
 grained wood: adj. of box, or re- 
 sembling a box-tree. 
 
 box (boks), n. [pi. boxes (boks'ez)], a 
 case or receptacle for holding any- 
 thing; the quantity a box contains; 
 the driver's seat on a carriage; a 
 compartment in a theater or other 
 public place; a place of shelter for 
 a man on duty ; a small country house 
 used by sportsmen; a cylindrical 
 hollow iron in a wheel, in which the 
 axle runs; a case to protect mechan- 
 ism from injury: v.t. to enclose in 
 a box; confine; boxhaul. 
 
 box (boks), n. a blow on the head with 
 the fist, or on the ear with the open 
 hand: v.t. to strike with the fist or 
 hand: v.i. to fight with the fists, 
 gloved or ungloved; the latter 
 practice being illegal. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BOY 
 
 80 
 
 BRASS 
 
 boy (boi), n. a male child; a young lad; 
 sometimes used for a man. 
 
 boycott (boi'kot), v.t. to combine 
 against a person so as to ostracize 
 socially, and prevent or hinder 
 
 boy- scout (boi-skout), n. one of an 
 organization having for object the 
 formation of manly character in boys 
 through training in self-help, includ- 
 ing education in woodcraft, scout- 
 craft, first aid and good citizenship. 
 
 brace (bras), n. that which holds 
 anything tightly or supports it firm- 
 ly; a prop; a bandage; a pair; a 
 curve connecting two or more lines: 
 
 thus 
 
 JTid- 
 (Bits 
 
 a curved instrument 
 
 for holding and turning boring tools; 
 a rope reeved through a block at the 
 end of a yard, by which the yard is 
 swung from the deck; a timber or 
 scantling to strengthen the frame- 
 work of a building: pi. the leathern 
 bands clasping the cords at the side 
 of a drum; shoulder-straps to sup- 
 port the trousers: v.t. to bind or 
 tie closely; strain up; strengthen; 
 furnish with supports. Also, brace up. 
 
 bracelet (bras'let), n. an ornamental 
 band or ring for the wrist. # 
 
 brachial (bra'ki- or brak'i-al), adj. 
 pertaining to, or connected with, the 
 arm. 
 
 bracken (brak'en), n. the brake fern. 
 
 bracket (brak'et), n. a supporting 
 piece projecting from g at wall; a 
 single or jointed gas-pipe, burner, 
 &c. ; one of two marks [ ], used to 
 enclose a word or note, or to indi- 
 cate an interpolation; a brace: v.t. 
 to furnish with or enclose within 
 brackets; connected by brackets; 
 couple together. 
 
 brag (brag), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bragged, 
 p.pr. bragging], to boast; speak vain- 
 gloriously: n. a boast; a thing to 
 boast of; ostentatious pretense: a 
 game of cards. 
 
 braggart (brag'art), n. a boaster; a 
 vain fellow: adj. boastful. 
 
 braid (brad), v.t. to weave or inter- 
 twine; plait: n. a plaited band or 
 fillet. 
 
 brain (bran), n. the soft whitish con- 
 voluted mass occupying the cranium 
 of a vertebrate, constituting the cen- 
 ter of the nervous system, and the 
 
 seat of consciousness and volition; 
 the understanding; intellectual pow- 
 er: v.t. dash out the brains of. 
 
 braise (braz), v.t. to stew (as meat) in 
 a covered vessel: n. braised meat. 
 
 brake (brak), n. an instrument or 
 machine to break flax; the handle of 
 a pump; a baker's kneading trough; 
 a sharp bit or snaffle; a frame for 
 confining refractory horses while 
 shoeing; a heavy vehicle without a 
 body, for breaking in young horses 
 to harness; a kind of wagonette; 
 a heavy harrow for breaking clods; 
 a mechanical device for checking the 
 motion of a vehicle or machine; a 
 brake van. 
 
 brake (brak), n. a place overgrown 
 with bracken, brushwood, &c; the 
 common fern. 
 
 bramble (bram'bl), n. the English 
 blackberry; any prickly bush or 
 shrub. 
 
 bran (bran), n. the husks of wheat, 
 rye, &c, separated from the flour by 
 bolting. 
 
 branch (branch), n. [pi. branches 
 (branch'ez)], a shoot or limb from 
 a main bough; an off-shoot; any 
 member or part of a body or sys- 
 tem; a department; a section or 
 subdivision; any part of a family 
 descending in a collateral line: adj. 
 deviating from the trunk or main 
 body: v.i. to ramify; diverge; spread 
 diffusely [with out] : v.t. to divide. 
 
 branchiae (brang'ki-e) , n.pl. gills. 
 
 brand (brand), n. a burning piece of 
 wood; any form of trade-mark: 
 hence, quality or kind; a stigma or 
 mark of infamy; a fungoid disease 
 of plants: v.t. to mark by burning 
 with a hot iron, or by other means; 
 to stigmatize. 
 
 brandish (bran'dish), v.t. to move, 
 wave, or shake, as a raised weapon. 
 
 brandy (bran'di), n. [pi. brandies 
 (bran'diz)], an ardent alcoholic liquor 
 distilled from wine or the husks of 
 grapes. 
 
 brash (brash), adj. brittle, as wood; 
 rash; pretentious. 
 
 brass (bras), n. [pi. brasses (bras'ez)], 
 an alloy of copper and zinc ; a utensil, 
 ornament, or other article made of 
 brass; a monumental tablet of brass; 
 money; impudence: pi. the brass 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
BRASSIE 
 
 81 
 
 BREEZE 
 
 instruments of a band: v.t. to cover 
 with brass. 
 
 brassie (bras'i) or bressie (bres'i), n. 
 a club used inplaying golf. [Scotch.] 
 
 bravado (bra-va'- or bra-va/do) , n. [pi. 
 bravados & -does (bra-va/- or bra- 
 va'doz)], arrogant menace; defiance. 
 
 brave (brav), adj. bold; courageous; 
 intrepid; making a fine show: n. an 
 Indian warrior ; one indiscreetly bold : 
 v.t. to encounter with courage and 
 fortitude; defy. 
 
 bravery (bra'ver-i), n. the quality 
 of being brave; fearlessness; mag- 
 nificence. 
 
 brawl (brawl), v.i. to quarrel noisily 
 and outrageously; make a noise as 
 of water rushing over a rocky or 
 pebbly bed: n. a noisy quarrel; an 
 uproar; a row\ 
 
 brawn (brawn), n. boar's flesh, espe- 
 cially when prepared by collaring, 
 boiling, and pickling; muscular 
 strength. 
 
 bray (bra), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. brayed, 
 p.pr. braying], to pound, or' beat fine 
 or small: v.i. to utter a loud, harsh 
 cry, as the ass: n. the harsh cry of 
 an ass. 
 
 brazen (bra'zn), adj. made of brass; 
 pertaining to brass; impenetrable; 
 impudent; shameless: v.t. to carry 
 off or behave with insolence or ef- 
 frontery ; _"to brazen it out." 
 
 brazier (bra'zher), n. an open pan for 
 burning charcoal. Also brasier. 
 [French.] 
 
 breach (brech), n. the act of breaking; 
 the violation of a law, contract, or 
 any other engagement; a gap; a dif- 
 ference; quarrel; injury; surf: v.t. to 
 make an opening in. 
 
 bread (bred), n. food made from 
 ground corn; food in general. 
 
 breadth (bredth), n. the measure of 
 any surface from side to side; free- 
 dom from narrowness; broad effect. 
 
 break (brak), v.t. [p.t. broke, p.p. 
 broken, p.pr. breaking], to separate 
 with violence; interrupt; fracture; 
 weaken or destroy ; disperse ; violate ; 
 make bankrupt; make a first dis- 
 closure of; dismiss, cashier, or reduce 
 to the ranks; tame or subdue: n. a 
 breach; rupture; an interruption; 
 change of direction; a first appear- 
 ance ; a pause ; an opening in the circuit 
 
 causing interruption to an electric 
 current; a twist of the ball in cricket; 
 a player's turn in billiards; the num- 
 ber of points scored successively ; al- 
 teration of the male voice at puberty ; 
 a sudden fall inprices ; an awkwardact. 
 
 breakfast (biek'fast), n. the first meal 
 in the day: v.t. to provide with or 
 entertain at breakfast: v.i. to eat 
 breakfast. 
 
 breast (brest), n. the fore part of the 
 body between the neck and the ab- 
 domen; one of the organs in women, 
 and some other mammalia, for the 
 secretion of milk; the affections; 
 the conscience; the front of any- 
 thing: v.t to present the front to; 
 meet or oppose manfully or openly; 
 stem. 
 
 breastplate (brest 'plat), n. a portion 
 of armor covering the front of the 
 body; a part of the vestment of the 
 Jewish high priest. 
 
 breastwork (brest'werk), n. a hastily 
 constructed work thrown up breast- 
 high for defense; the parapet of a 
 building. 
 
 breath (breth), n. the air inhaled and 
 exhaled in respiration; life; the power 
 or capacity to breathe freely ; respite ; 
 a pause ; a respiration ; an instant ; 
 air in gentle motion; a mere word; 
 a trifle; an odorous exhalation; fra- 
 grance; an aspirate. 
 
 breathe (breth), v.i. to inhale air and 
 expel it from the lungs; live; take 
 breath ; rest from m action ; pass, as 
 air; blow softly; insinuate: v.t. to 
 inhale and exhale; inspire; whisper; 
 exercise; blow into. 
 
 breech (brech), n. the buttocks; the 
 hinder part of anything; the part 
 of a cannon or other firearm behind 
 the bore or chamber: v.t. to put into 
 breeches; furnish with a breech; 
 fasten by a breeching. 
 
 breeches (brich'ez), n.pl. a garment 
 worn by men, covering the legs from 
 the knees to the hips; trousers or 
 pantaloons. 
 
 breed (bred), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bred, 
 p.pr. breeding], to procreate; hatch; 
 produce: train; rear: v.i. to bear 
 young; be fruitful; be produced: n. 
 a race or progeny from the same 
 parents or stock. 
 
 breeze (brez), n. a gentle gale; a fresh 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book | 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BRETHREN 
 
 82 
 
 BRIM 
 
 soft wind; an excited quarrel or 
 wrangle. 
 
 brethren (brethren), n. plural of 
 brother. 
 
 breve (brev), n. a note of time equal 
 to two semibreves or four minims; 
 a mark ( w ) used to indicate a short 
 vowel. [Latin.] 
 
 brevet (bre-vef), n. & commission to 
 an officer in the army temporarily 
 conf erring a higher rank, but without 
 increase of pay ; a patent ; a warrant ; 
 a license: adj. conferred by brevet: 
 v.t. [p.t. & p.p. brevet ted, p.pr. bre- 
 ve tting], to confer brevet rank upon. 
 
 breviary (brev'i-a-ri), n. [pi. brevi- 
 aries (brey'i-a-riz)], a book contain- 
 ing the daily offices and prayers. 
 
 brevity _ (brev'i-ti), n. [pi. brevities 
 (brev'i-tiz)], shortness; conciseness. 
 
 brew (broo), v.t. to make liquors from 
 malt or other materials; plot: v.i. be 
 in preparation: n. the action, process, 
 or product of brewing. 
 
 brewery (broo'er-i), n. a brew house. 
 
 bribe (brib), n. a gift or consideration 
 in money given or promised with the 
 object of corrupting or unduly in- 
 fluencing the judgment or conduct 
 of the recipient: v.t. to gain over or 
 influence by a bribe: v.i. to practice 
 or attempt bribery. 
 
 bribery (brib'er-i), n. [pi. briberies 
 (brlb'er-iz)], the act or practice of 
 bribing^ 
 
 brick (brik), n. an oblong block of 
 kneaded clay dried in the sun or 
 burned in a kiln; a jolly, good-na- 
 tured fellow: adj. made of, or re- 
 sembling, brick: v.t. to lay or build 
 with bricks; make like brickwork. 
 
 bridal (brid'al), n. a marriage; nup- 
 tials: adj. pertaining to a bride, or 
 wedding. 
 
 bride (brid), n. a woman newly mar- 
 ried, or about to be married. 
 
 bridegroom (brid'gro5m), n. a man 
 newly married, or about to be mar- 
 ried. 
 
 bridesmaid (bridz'mad), n. a young 
 unmarried woman who attends on a 
 bride. 
 
 bridge (brij), n. & structure of iron, 
 stone, or wood, spanning a river, 
 road, valley, &c; anything resem- 
 bling a bridge in form or use; an 
 apparatus for measuring the resist- 
 
 ance of a conductor, called Wheat- 
 stone's bridge; a game of cards re- 
 sembling whist: v.t. to build a bridge; 
 make a passage; find a way of over- 
 coming. 
 
 bridle (brl'dl), n. the headstall, bit, 
 and reins by which a horse is con- 
 trolled; a restraint: v.t. to put a 
 bridle on; control; guide: v.i. to hold 
 the head up, as an indication of 
 pride, scorn, or anger [with up]. 
 
 brief (bref), adj. short; concise; con- 
 tracted; narrow: n. an epitome; an 
 abridged statement of a case for the 
 instruction of counsel; a writ; a 
 papal letter: v.t. to shorten; make an 
 abstract of. 
 
 brier (bri'er), n. a thorny plant or shrub. 
 
 brig (brig), n. a two-masted, square- 
 rigged vessel. 
 
 brigade (bri-gad'), n. a subdivision of 
 an army, consisting of several regi- 
 ments, squadrons, or battalions 
 (cavalry, infantry, militia, or volun- 
 teers), under the command of a 
 brigadier-general ; an organized body 
 acting under authority: v.t. to form 
 into a brigade or brigades. 
 [French.] 
 
 brigadier (brig-a-der') , n. _ a general 
 officer commanding a brigade, and 
 ranking next below a major-general. 
 Also brigadier-general. 
 
 brigand (brig'and), n. a robber; a 
 member of a gang of freebooters 
 infesting mountainous districts; a 
 highwayman; a bandit. [French.] 
 
 brigantine (brig'an-ten) , n._ a small 
 two-masted vessel, square-rigged like 
 a brig, but with fore-and-aft main- 
 sail and raking masts. 
 
 bright (brit), adj. [comp. brighter, 
 superl. brightest], luminous, bril- 
 liant; shining; sparkling; illustrious; 
 glorious ; witty ; clever ; lively ; auspi- 
 cious; alert; glowing. 
 
 brighten (brit'n), v.i. to grow bright; 
 clear up: v.t. to make bright or 
 luminous; make gay or cheerful; 
 make acute. 
 
 brilliant (bril'yant), adj. sparkling; 
 lustrous; glittering; distinguished: 
 n. a diamond, cut to exhibit its re- 
 fracting qualities to the best ad- 
 vantage. 
 
 brim (brim), n. the edge of anything: 
 v.t. [p.t. & p.p. brimmed, p.pr. brim- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BRIMSTONE 
 
 83 
 
 BROWBEAT 
 
 ming], to fill to the brim: v.i. to be 
 full to the brim. 
 
 brimstone (brim'ston), n. sulphur: 
 adj. made of brimstone; of the color 
 of sulphur. 
 
 brine (brin), n. salt water; pickle; 
 the ocean; tears: v.t. to steep in brine. 
 
 bring (bring), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. brought 
 (brawt), p.pr. bringing], to fetch or 
 convey from another place; fetch; 
 cause to come; produce; procure; 
 conduct; persuade; lead. 
 
 brink (bringk), n. the edge; verge. # 
 
 brisk (brisk), adj. lively; active; swift; 
 vivacious ; effervescing vigorously ; 
 sparkling; burning freely: v.i. to 
 become brisk [generally with up]. 
 
 bristle (bris'l), n. a short stiff, coarse 
 hair, especially upon the back and 
 sides of swine; any stiff, sharp hair: 
 v.t. to erect like bristles; fix a bristle 
 to. 
 
 brittle (brit'l), adj. apt to break; not 
 tough. 
 
 broach (broch), n. an awl; spike; 
 skewer; any boring bit or drill; a 
 stonecutter's chisel; a spire rising 
 directly from a tower without a 
 parapet: v.t. to tap or pierce; begin 
 a discussion about. 
 
 broad (brawd), adj. [comp. broader, 
 superl. broadest], wide; ample; vast; 
 liberal; comprehensive; widely dif- 
 fused; open; unrestrained; evident; 
 characterized by breadth of treat- 
 ment; bold; indelicate: n. a flooded 
 fen ; an expansion of a river over low- 
 lying land. 
 
 broadside (brawd 'sld), n. the entire 
 side of a ship above the water-line; 
 a simultaneous volley from one side 
 of a warship; a sheet printed on one 
 side, and containing information of 
 a popular character, or an attack on 
 some public person. 
 
 brocade (bro-kad'), n. a silk stuff 
 variegated with gold and silver 
 flowers, &c. 
 
 broch (brok), n. a prehistoric roofless 
 round tower, with massive walls of 
 unhewn stone: found chiefly in Scot- 
 land. 
 
 brochure (bro-shoor'), n. sl pamphlet 
 dealing with a subject of passing 
 interest. [French.] 
 
 brogan (bro'gan and bro-gan'), n. a 
 coarse rough shoe. [Gaelic] 
 
 brogue (brog), n. a coarse, rough shoe; 
 a dialectic pronunciation. 
 
 broil (broil), v.t. to cook upon a grid- 
 iron: v.i. to be subjected to great 
 heat; to be heated with passion: 
 n. a noisy quarrel. 
 
 broke (brok), p.t. & p.p. of break. 
 
 broker (bro'ker), n. one who acts as 
 agent or middle man for another; a 
 dealer in second-hand furniture. 
 
 bronchus (brong'kus), n. [pi. bronchi 
 (brong'ki)], one of the two prin- 
 cipal branches of the windpipe or 
 trachea. [Greek.] 
 
 bronze (bronz), n. an alloy of copper 
 and tin, to which other metallic sub- 
 stances are sometimes added ; a work 
 of art cast or wrought in bronze; a 
 pigment used to imitate bronze; im- 
 pudence: adj. made of or resembling 
 bronze: v.t. to make of the color of 
 bronze; tan by exposure to the sun; 
 apply bronze pigment or leaf to. 
 
 brooch (broch), n. an ornamental 
 dress-clasp. [French.] 
 
 brood (brood), n. offspring; a hatch; 
 the young birds hatched at one time: 
 v.i. to sit on eggs, as a hen; linger 
 over sorrowfully [with on or over]: 
 v.t. to sit over, cover, and cherish; 
 ponder over. 
 
 brook (brook), n. a small stream. 
 
 brook (brook), v.t. to bear; put up with. 
 
 broom (broom), n. a shrub, bearing 
 large yellow flowers; a besom or 
 brush. 
 
 broth (broth), n. a kind of thin soup. 
 
 brothel (broth'el), n. a house of ill- 
 fame. 
 
 brother (bruth'eT), n. \vl. brothers 
 bru£/i-erz), & brethren (bre^'ren)], a 
 male born of the same father and 
 mother; one closely united by a 
 common interest; a member of a 
 religious order; a fellow creature; 
 one who resembles another. , 
 
 brougham (broo'am or broom), n. a 
 close four-wheeled carriage for one 
 or two horses. From Lord Brough- 
 am. 
 
 brought (brawt), p.t. & p.p. of bring. 
 
 brow (brou), n. the arch of hair over 
 the eye; the forehead; the general 
 aspect of the countenance ; the edge 
 of a steep place; the upper portion 
 of a hill. 
 
 browbeat (brou'bet), v.t. [p.t. brow- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 6 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BROWN 
 
 84 
 
 BUD 
 
 beat, p.p. browbeaten, p.pr. brow- 
 beating], to depress or bear down 
 arrogantly; bully. 
 
 brown (broun), adj. of a dusky or 
 dark color: n. a dark color, inclined 
 to red or yellow ; a halfpenny : v.i. to 
 become brown: v.t. to make brown. 
 
 brownie (brou'ni), n. a beneficent 
 spirit supposed to haunt old farm- 
 houses. [Scotch.] 
 
 browse (brouz), n. the tender shoots 
 or twigs of shrubs and trees: v.t. 
 to feed on; pasture on; graze: said 
 of cattle,_deer, &c. 
 
 bruin (broo'm), n. the brown bear. 
 
 bruise (bro5z), n. an injury to the 
 flesh of an animal or to a plant or 
 other body, caused by a blow: v.t. 
 to injure, crush, or indent by a blow 
 or pressure without laceration; con- 
 tuse; bray, as drugs, &c: v.i. to fight 
 with the fists; box. 
 
 bruit (broot), n. report; rumor; fame: 
 v.t. to report; noise abroad. 
 
 brunette (broo-nef), n. a woman with 
 a brown or dark complexion, usually 
 with dark hair and eyes: adj. having 
 such a color. 
 
 brunt (brunt), n. a violent shock; a 
 furious onslaught ; a brief and sudden 
 effort. 
 
 brush (brush), n. a thicket of small 
 trees; the small trees and shrubs of 
 a wood; an instrument composed of 
 bristles, &c, used for cleaning, ap- 
 plying paint, &c; the brushy tail 
 of a fox; a slight encounter; a brush- 
 ing; thin metallic plates or flexible 
 wires bound together, employed to 
 conduct a current to or from an 
 electric motor, &c; a brief trial of 
 speed: v.t. to sweep, cleanse, or rub 
 with a brush; touch lightly in pass- 
 ing; renovate; ruffle [with up}: v.i. 
 to move with haste; skim over with 
 a light touch. 
 
 brush- wood (brush'wood), n. rough, 
 close bushes; a thicket; a coppice; 
 small wood, suitable for the fire. 
 
 brusque (brusk) ,adj. abrupt in manner. 
 
 brutal (broo'tal), adj. pertaining to or 
 resembling a brute; savage; cruel. 
 
 brutality (broo-tal'i-ti) , n. the quality 
 of being brutal; pitiless cruelty. 
 
 brute (broot), adj. without reason 
 or intelligence; rough; brutal; un- 
 civilized: n. a beast; an irrational, 
 
 irresponsible animal; a brutal per- 
 son. 
 
 bubble (bub'l), n. a small bladder of 
 water or other fluid filled with air 
 or gas; anything unreal or unsub- 
 stantial; a swindling speculation: 
 v.i. to rise in bubbles; run with a 
 gurgling sound: v.t. to cause to bub- 
 ble; cheat. 
 
 buccaneer (buk-a-ner'), n. a pirate; 
 a sea-robber ; one of the piratical 
 adventurers who, during a part of 
 the seventeenth century, made dep- 
 redations on the Spaniards in Amer- 
 ica: v.i. act the part of a bucca- 
 neer. 
 
 buck (buk), n. the male of the fallow- 
 deer, goat, rabbit, hare, &c; a gay 
 fellow; a fop; a male Indian or 
 negro. 
 
 buckboard (buk'bord), n. a vehicle 
 which consists of a long, springy 
 board fastened at each end upon 
 axles and with a seat above the front 
 axles and wheels. 
 
 buck- wheat (buk'hwet), n. a plant 
 cultivated for its triangular seeds, 
 which are ground into meal and used 
 for food. 
 
 bucket (buk'et), n. a vessel for draw- 
 ing or holding water; the scoop of 
 a dredging-machine or of a grain 
 elevator; a receptacle on a water- 
 wheel which receives the force of the 
 water. 
 
 buckle (buk'l), n. a metal clasp con- 
 sisting of a frame with movable 
 tongue or catch, used for securing 
 straps, bands, &c: v.t. to fasten 
 with a buckle; twist; bend; confine, 
 join; to prepare for action: vA. to 
 curl; apply one's self with vigor 
 [with to]. 
 
 buckle (buk'l), n. a bend, or kink, as 
 in a blade; a curl of hair; the condi- 
 tion of being curled, as hair. 
 
 buckler (buk'ler), n. a kind of ancient 
 shield. 
 
 buckram (buk'ram) , n. coarse linen 
 cloth stiffened with dressing: adj. 
 made of, or resembling, buckram: 
 hence, stiff; precise. 
 
 bucolic (bu-kol'ik), adj. pastoral: n. a 
 pastoral poem; a rustic. 
 
 bud (bud), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. budded, p.pr. 
 budding], to graft: v.i. to put forth or 
 produce buds; begin to grow: n. the 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BUDGE 
 
 85 
 
 BUMP 
 
 rudimentary, undeveloped stage of a 
 branch, leaf, or flower; a gemmule. 
 
 budge (buj), v.i. to move from one's 
 position: v.t. change the position of. 
 
 budget (buj'et), n. a bag with its 
 contents : hence a stock or store ; the 
 annual financial statement of the 
 Chancellor of the Exchequer in Eng- 
 land. [French.] 
 
 bufii (buf), n. a thick leather prepared 
 from the skin of the buffalo, ox, &c, 
 dressed with oil; a light yellow; the 
 bare skin: adj. made of buff-leather. 
 
 buffalo (buf'a-lo), n. [pi. buffaloes 
 (buf'a-loz)], a ruminant mammal of 
 the ox family; a name given to vari- 
 ous wild oxen, especially to the North 
 American bison, now almost extinct. 
 
 buffer (buf'er), n. any contrivance 
 which serves to deaden the concus- 
 sion caused by the impact of two 
 bodies; a good-tempered, somewhat 
 foolish person. 
 
 buffet (buf'et), n. a blow with the 
 hand: v.t. to strike with the hand; 
 box; beat; contend against: v.i. to 
 exercise or contend with blows; 
 struggle. 
 
 buffoon (buf-oon'), n. one who amuses 
 others by low jests, antics, odd ges- 
 tures, &c. 
 
 bug (bug), n. a name in England for 
 the bedbug; an insect. 
 
 bugaboo (bug'a-boo), n. a bugbear. 
 
 bugbear (bug'bar), n. a frightful ob- 
 ject; a vain terror. 
 
 buggy (bug'i), n. a light four-wheeled 
 carriage drawn by one horse. 
 
 bugle (bu/gl), n. a hunting horn; a 
 military wind-instrument. 
 
 buhl (bul), n. decorative inlaying for 
 cabinet-work, consisting of brass or 
 other metal, tortoise-shell, &c, 
 worked into various patterns; the 
 articles so ornamented. [French.] 
 
 build (bild), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. built, 
 builded, p.pr. building], to con- 
 struct; erect, as a house; form by 
 art; raise anything on a support or 
 foundation; establish: v.i. to con- 
 struct an edifice; depend; base, or 
 reckon [with on or upon]: n. mode or 
 style of construction. 
 
 bulb (bulb), n. an onion-shaped root; 
 a kind of leaf bud ; any protuberance 
 or expansion on a stem or tube: v.i. 
 to project as a bulb [with out]. 
 
 bulge (bulj), n. the bilge or widest part 
 of a cask; a bending outwards; the 
 bilge of a ship: v.i. to jut out; be 
 protuberant; with on, to have an 
 advantage over another, as "to 
 get the bulge on him." [Slang.] 
 
 bulk (bulk), n. magnitude or size; 
 complete dimensions; the main mass 
 or body; the cargo of a ship when 
 stowed; volume: v.i. to increase in 
 size; swell out. 
 
 bull (bool), n. the male of any bovine 
 mammal; the male of various large 
 animals, as the whale, elephant, &c; 
 one who endeavors to raise the price 
 of stock in order that he may sell 
 dear: the opposite of a bear: adj. 
 male, or of large size [in composi- 
 tion]: v.t. to endeavor to raise the 
 market value of. 
 
 bull (bool), n. a papal letter, edict, or 
 rescript, having a leaden seal (bulla) 
 affixed to it. 
 
 bull (bool), n. a ludicrous inconsistency 
 in language; mixed metaphors. 
 
 bullet (booret), n. a small ball or 
 projectile. [French.] 
 
 bulletin (bool'e-tin) , n. an official 
 report regarding some matter _ or 
 event of public interest; a periodical 
 publication: v.t. to publish or an- 
 nounce by bulletin. [Italian.] 
 
 bullion (bool'yun), n. uncoined gold 
 or . silver ; foreign coin ; a heavy 
 twisted fringe covered with fine 
 gold- or silver-wire. [French.] 
 
 bullock (bool'ok), n. an ox or castrated 
 bull; a full-grown steer. 
 
 bully (bool'i), n. [pi. bullies (bool'iz)], 
 one who domineers by insolence or 
 threats: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bullied, p.pr. 
 bullying], to overbear with bluster 
 and menaces: v.i. to be insolently 
 noisy and quarrelsome. 
 
 bully (bool'i), inter j. an exclamation of 
 pleasure or approval. 
 
 bulrush (bool'rush), n. a rush-like 
 aquatic plant. 
 
 bulwark (bool'werk), n. a rampart; 
 a fortification; the boarding round 
 the sides of a ship, above the level 
 of the deck; any means of protection 
 or defense. 
 
 bump (bump), n. a shock from a blow; 
 a swelling protuberance ; the striking 
 of a boat by the prow of another 
 following it in college boat-races 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BUMPER 
 
 86 
 
 BURN 
 
 [English]: v.t. to bring in violent 
 contact; thump: v.i. to come in 
 collision; strike heavily. 
 
 bumper (bump'er), n. an overflowing 
 cup. 
 
 bun (bun), n. a small light cake. 
 
 bunch (bunch), n. a cluster; a col- 
 lection of things of the same kind 
 growing or fastened together; a 
 tuft; a small mass of ore: v.i. to 
 swell out; cluster: v.t. to form into 
 a bunch. 
 
 bunco (bung'ko), n. a confidence game; 
 a form of swindling. 
 
 buncombe or bunkum (bung'kum), 
 n. idle or showy speech, especially if 
 intended to secure votes or satisfy 
 one's constituents. [American.] 
 
 bundle (bun'dl), n. a number of things 
 bound together; a roll or package; 
 two reams of printing or brown 
 paper: v.t. to tie or bind in a bundle 
 or roll; to dismiss unceremoniously 
 [with off or out] : v.i. to depart with- 
 out ceremony [with off]. 
 
 bung (bung), n. a large cork for stop- 
 ping the hole in a cask; a publican: 
 v.t. to stop with a bung; close or shut 
 up; to beat, or bruise [with up]. 
 
 bungalow (bung'ga-lo), n. a single- 
 storied house, lightly built, and gen- 
 erally surrounded by a veranda. 
 
 bungle (bung'gl), v.i. to botch; man- 
 age awkwardly: v.t. to perform 
 clumsily: n. a clumsy performance; 
 a botch. 
 
 bunion (bun'yun), n. a swelling on 
 the foot, usually over the joint of 
 the great toe. 
 
 bunk (bungk), n. a box or recess 
 serving for a sleeping-berth in a 
 vessel, sleeping-car, &c: v.i. to sleep 
 in a bunk. 
 
 bunker (bung'ker), n. a large bin or 
 receptacle; a sandhole on golf links. 
 
 bunt (bunt), n. the middle part or 
 belly of a square sail: v.i. to swell 
 out: v.t. to haul up, as the middle 
 part of a sail in furling. 
 
 bunting (bunt'ing), n. a bird allied 
 to the finches and the sparrows; a 
 thin woolen stuff used for making 
 flags; flags collectively. 
 
 buoy (boo'i), n. a floating body moored 
 at a certain place to indicate the 
 position of something beneath the 
 water; a life-buoy: v.t. to keep afloat 
 
 in a fluid [with up]; to mark with a 
 buoy; support. 
 
 buoyant (boo'yant), adj. having the 
 quality of floating in a fluid; not 
 easily depressed. 
 
 bur (ber), n. the rough prickly seed- 
 case of certain plants; a partially 
 burnt brick; the guttural pronuncia- 
 tion of the rough r; the rough ridges 
 of metal left by the graver in cutting 
 metal. Also burr. 
 
 burden (ber'dn), n. that which is 
 borne or carried; a load; something 
 grievous, wearisome or oppressive; 
 a ship's capacity for carrying a 
 cargo; a chorus or refrain; a topic 
 on which one dwells: v.t. to load; lay 
 a weight upon. 
 
 burdock (ber'dok), n. a large wayside 
 weed with rough broad leaves. 
 
 bureau (bu-ro), n. [pi. bureaus or 
 bureaux (bu'r5z)], a desk or writing- 
 table furnished with drawers; an 
 office; a governmental department 
 for the transaction of public busi- 
 ness. 
 
 bureaucracy (bu : ro'kra-si) , n. the 
 system of centralized government by 
 means of bureaus or departments; 
 the officials administering such bu- 
 reaus, as a body. 
 
 burgess (ber'jes), n. a citizen or free- 
 man of a borough. 
 
 burglar (berg'lar), n. one who breaks 
 into a house at night with intent to 
 commit a felony. 
 
 burial (ber'i-al), n. the act of burying. 
 
 burlap (ber'lap), n. a coarse fabric 
 made of jute, hemp, &c, used for 
 bagging or in upholstery [commonly 
 in the pi.]. 
 
 burlesque (ber-lesk'), adj. tending to 
 excite laughter by extravagant con- 
 trast or caricature: n. a ludicrous, 
 grotesque representation; a literary 
 composition or dramatic piece com- 
 posed in burlesque style: v.t. to 
 ridicule or make ridiculous by cari- 
 catured representation ; travesty ; 
 parody. 
 
 burly (ber'li), adj. bulky; large; cor- 
 pulent. 
 
 burn (bern), v.t. [p.t. burnt & burned, 
 p.pr. burning], to consume or injure 
 with fire; reduce to ashes; scorch; 
 expose to the action of fire; produce 
 by means of fire; affect with a burn- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BURNISH 
 
 87 
 
 BUTTERMILK 
 
 ing sensation; cauterize: v.i. to be 
 on fire; suffer from or be injured 
 by excess of heat; glow; shine; be 
 inflamed with passion or desire: 
 n. an injury to the flesh caused by 
 fire. 
 
 burnish (ber'nish), v.t. polish by fric- 
 tion; make smooth and lustrous: n. 
 polish; gloss; brightness. 
 
 burrow (bur'o), n. a hole in the ground 
 excavated by a rabbit or other ani- 
 mal, as a refuge and habitation: v.i. 
 to excavate; work a way into or 
 under something; lodge in a deep or 
 concealed place; hide. 
 
 bursar (ber'ser), n. the treasurer of a 
 college; in Scotland, a university 
 student who receives an allowance 
 for his support. 
 
 burst (berst), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. burst, 
 p.pr. bursting], to rend or break 
 open with violence; yield to internal 
 force or pressure; explode; give way 
 under excess of grief or pain; appear 
 or disappear suddenly: v.t. to rend 
 or break by violence; open suddenly: 
 n. a violent or sudden breaking 
 forth; a sudden explosion; a rush; a 
 strenuous effort; a spurt. 
 
 bury (ber'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. buried, 
 p.pr. burying], to deposit and cover 
 in a grave or tomb, or in any final 
 resting-place; entomb; keep secret; 
 hide. 
 
 bush (boosh), n. a thick shrub; a forest 
 region, especially in Australia; wild, 
 uncleared country; the tail or brush 
 of a fox; a branch of a tree formerly 
 hung out as a tavern sign : v.i. to grow 
 thick or bushy: v.t. to set bushes 
 about; use a bush-harrow on. 
 
 bushel (boosh'el), n. a dry measure 
 containing eight gallons or four 
 pecks; a vessel of such a capacity; 
 a large quantity. 
 
 bushranger (boosh 'ranj-er) , n. one 
 who leads a predatory life in the 
 bush country of Australia; orig- 
 inally a criminal who escaped to the 
 bush. 
 
 business (biz'nes), n. employment; 
 trade; profession; something to be 
 transacted or required to be done; 
 right of action; affair; matter: adj. 
 pertaining to business; practical. 
 
 buskin (bus'kin), n. kind of half-boot 
 or high shoe reaching to the middle 
 
 of the calf; a high shoe (cothurnus) 
 worn by ancient actors in tragedy to 
 increase their height. 
 
 buss (bus), n. a small two-masted 
 vessel used in herring fishing; a kiss. 
 [Lowland Scotch.] 
 
 bust (bust), 7i. the chest or thorax; the 
 head, shoulders, and breast of a per- 
 son represented in sculpture. 
 
 bustard (bus'terd), n. a bird of the 
 genus Otis, of which there are many 
 species, as the great bustard of 
 Europe and Africa. 
 
 bustle (bus'l), v.i. to be busy, with a 
 certain amount of noise; move 
 quickly: n. tumult; noisy activity; 
 a pad or cushion worn by women 
 beneath the skirt. 
 
 busy (biz'i), adj. earnestly or closely 
 employed; bustling; diligent; of- 
 ficious; meddlesome: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 busied, p.pr. busying], to keep con- 
 stantly engaged; occupy one's self 
 actively. 
 
 butchery (booch'er-i) , n. the business 
 of slaughtering cattle; barbarous 
 murder. 
 
 butler (but'ler), n. a manservant in 
 a household who has the care of the 
 plate, wines, &c; the chief servant 
 in a large household. 
 
 butt (but), n. a push or thrust deliv- 
 ered by the head of an animal; a 
 thrust in fencing: v.t. to strike by 
 thrusting the head against. 
 
 butt (but), n. the extremity of a 
 thing; the thicker end of anything; 
 a target; a rifle or gunnery range; 
 a goal; a limit; the thickest part 
 of tanned ox-hides; an object of rid- 
 icule. 
 
 butter (but'er), n. an oily, unctuous 
 substance obtained from cream or 
 milk by churning; any substance of 
 butter-like consistence; gross flat- 
 tery: v.t. to spread or smear with 
 butter; to flatter grossly. 
 
 buttercup (but'er-kup), n. a plant 
 bearing yellow cup-shaped flowers. 
 
 butterfly (but'er-fll) , n. [pi. butter- 
 flies (but'er-fliz)], a general name for 
 any species of diurnal lepidopterous 
 insects; a gay, showily-dressed, tri- 
 fling person. 
 
 buttermilk (but'er-milk) , n. whey 
 separated from the cream in butter- 
 making. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
BUTTOCK 88 BY-WORD 
 
 buttock (but 'ok), n. the rump or buxom (buk'sum), adj. cheerful; jolly; 
 
 protuberant hinder part of a man robust; plump and comely, 
 
 or animal [used mainly in the pi.]; buy (bl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bought, 
 
 the convex part of a ship under the p.pr. buying], to acquire by 
 
 stern. paying an agreed price; purchase; 
 
 button (but'n), n. any small rounded bribe. 
 
 object used to secure different parts buzz (buz), n. a continuous humming 
 of a garment, or attached for orna- noise, as of bees; a confused or 
 ment ; something resembling a but- blended murmur, as of many voices ; 
 ton; the knob at the end of a foil; a whispered report or rumor: v.i. to 
 a ball of gold, &c, worn on the hats make a low humming sound; speak 
 of Chinese officials to indicate their with a low humming voice: v.t.. 
 rank: pi. young mushrooms; a page spread secretly, 
 boy: v.t. to fasten or furnish with bye (bl), n. a run scored at cricket 
 buttons. when the ball passes the wicket- 
 buttonhole (but'n-hol), n. a small keeper and long-stop, and has not 
 bouquet worn in the coat: v.t. to been struck by the batsman; a goal 
 detain in conversation against the at football. 
 
 will; bore. by-law (bi-law), n. a private law or 
 
 buttress (but'res), n. masonry or statute framed by a corporate 
 
 brickwork built on to an outside body. 
 
 wall to afford support; a support: by- word (bi'werd), n. a proverb; nick- 
 
 v.t. to support by a buttress; prop. name; an object of derision. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
c 
 
 O, the third letter of the alphabet in 
 most European languages. In the 
 hieroglyphic Egyptian, the figure 
 that stood for it represented a throne. 
 In Latin and Greek, it had the sound 
 of G for a long while, but gradually in 
 Latin it was supplanted by K while 
 the new character G was formed to 
 convey the G sound. Finally C took 
 the place of K while G was G. 
 (See G.) As a symbol, C stands for 
 centigrade (a thermometric scale) as 
 opposed to F (Fahrenheit) and Car- 
 bon. 
 
 cab (kab), n. a public carriage with 
 four or two wheels, drawn by one 
 horse; the shelter for the driver of 
 a locomotive: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cabbed, 
 p.pr. cabbing], to pass over in a cab: 
 as, to cab the distance. 
 
 cabal (ka-bal'), n. a secret combina- 
 tion of a few persons for carrying out 
 some specific design; an intrigue: v.i. 
 [p.t. & p.p. caballed, p.pr. caballing], 
 to unite in secre_t with others 
 
 cabaret (kab A a-ra) , n. a tavern; house 
 where liquors are retailed; a vaude- 
 ville performance given in restaurants 
 for diners. 
 
 cabbage (kab'aj), n. the well-known 
 vegetable; the terminal head of 
 palm-trees; tailors' clippings, taken 
 as perquisites: v.i. to form a head 
 like that of the cabbage: v.t. to ap- 
 propriate to one's own use. 
 
 cabin (kab'in), n. a small hut, cottage, 
 or room ; a room in a ship for officers 
 or passengers: v.t. to confine in a 
 cabin: v.i. to live in a cabin. 
 
 cabinet (kab'in-et), n. a small apart- 
 ment; a private room; a piece of 
 furniture to hold objects of vertu, 
 &c; a cabinet photograph; a delib- 
 erative committee of the principal 
 members of the Ministry. 
 
 cable (ka'bl) , n. a large strong rope or 
 chain; a submarine telegraph line; a 
 
 molding resembling a cable; a meas- 
 ure of distance = 100 to 140 fathoms: 
 v.t. to fasten with a cable; transmit 
 by telegraph cable. 
 
 cacbe (kash), n. a place of concealment 
 for food for future use: v.t. to hide 
 (provisions) in the ground. 
 
 cackle (kak'l), v.i. to cry like a hen or 
 goose: specifically used of the cry 
 made by a hen which has laid an 
 egg; giggle; prattle: n. the cry of a 
 hen or goose; silly talk. 
 
 cactus (kak'tus), n. [pi. cacti (kak'ti) 
 & cactuses (kak'tus-ez)], a spiny 
 fleshy plant with showy flowers. 
 
 cad (kad), n. a vulgar, ill-bred fel- 
 low. 
 
 cadaverous (ka-dav'er-us) , adj. re- 
 sembling a corpse ; pale ; ghastly. m 
 
 caddie (kad'i), n. a lad who carries 
 golf clubs. s 
 
 caddy Ckad'i), n. [pi. caddies (kad'iz)], 
 a small box for keeping tea. 
 
 cadence (ka/dens), n. the full modu- 
 lation of the voice in reading or 
 speaking; rhythm. 
 
 cadet (ka-def), n. a younger son; 
 student in a naval or military acad- 
 emy. [French.] 
 
 caecum (se'kum), n. [pi. caeca (se'ka)], 
 the blind gut; a pouch-like appen- 
 dage of the large intestine, having 
 one end_ closed. 
 
 cafe (kaf-a'), n. a restaurant. [French.] 
 
 cage (kaj), n. a box or inclosure fur- 
 nished with metal bars for confining 
 birds, or other animals ; a contrivance 
 for raising and lowering men in a 
 mine shaft: v.t. to confine in a cage; 
 shut up. 
 
 cairn (karn), n. a conical heap of 
 stones erected as a monument. # 
 
 caisson (ka'sun), n. an ammunition- 
 wagon or chest; a box filled with 
 explosives for firing a mine; a water- 
 tight box or casing used for building 
 structures in water; a sunken panel 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, Men. 
 
CAITIFF 
 
 90 
 
 CAMBRIC 
 
 in a ceiling; a structure for raising 
 and floating sunken vessels. 
 
 caitiff (ka'tif), n. a despicable or 
 cowardly wretch: adj. despicable; 
 vile; cowardly. [Old French.] 
 
 cajole (ka-jol'), v.t. to coax or deceive 
 by flattery; wheedle; cheat. 
 
 cake (kak), n. a small mass of dough, 
 sweetened and baked; a compressed 
 or solidifiedmass of any substance 
 
 cake-walk (kak'wawk), n. a strutting, 
 eccentric walk or parade, originally 
 by negroes for a cake given as a 
 prize. 
 
 calamity (ka-lam'i-ti) , n. [pi. calami- 
 ties (ka-lam'i-tiz)], any cause that 
 produces evil, disaster, or extreme 
 misfortune; distress; affliction. 
 
 calcareous (kal-kar'e-us), adj. of the 
 nature of, or containing, lime. 
 
 calcimine (kal'si-min) , n. white or 
 tinted wash for walls or ceilings. 
 
 calcine (kal'sln), v.t. to reduce a sub- 
 stance to powder by heat; oxidize: 
 v.i. to undergo calcination. 
 
 calcium (kal'si-um), n. the metallic 
 base of lime. 
 
 calculate (kal'ku-lat), v.t. to compute; 
 ascertain or determine by any proc- 
 ess of reasoning; estimate: v.i. to 
 make a computation; suppose or 
 think. [Latin.] 
 
 calculus (kal'ku-lus), n. [pi. calculi 
 (kal'kii-ll)], a stony concretion in the 
 body; one of the higher branches of 
 mathematics; the differential calcu- 
 lus. [Latin.] 
 
 calendar (kal'en-der), n. a register 
 of the days, weeks, and months of 
 the year, &c; a register or list; a 
 list of criminal causes arranged for 
 trial: v.t. to register or place on a 
 list. 
 
 calf (kaf), n. [pi. calves (kavz)], a 
 young bovine quadruped, especially 
 of the cow; the young of certain 
 marine mammalia, as the whale; 
 leather made from the skin of a 
 calf; a small island, or iceberg near 
 a larger one; a stupid or silly per- 
 son; the thick fleshy part of the leg 
 behind. 
 
 caliber (kal'i-ber), n. the diameter of a 
 cylindrical body; mental capacity. 
 
 calico (kal'i-ko), n. [pi. calicoes & -os 
 (kal'i-koz)], white or printed cotton 
 cloth. From Kalicut, in India. 
 
 caliph (kal' or ka'lif), n. a title of 
 the successors of Mohammed. 
 
 calisthenics (kal-is-then'iks) , n.pl. the 
 art of promoting health by physical 
 exercise; simple gymnastics. 
 
 calk or caulk (kawk), v.t. to drive 
 oakum into the seams of (a ship). 
 
 call (kawl), v.t. to summon from, or 
 invite to, any place; convoke judi- 
 cially or officially; designate for an 
 office; name; characterize as; exhort; 
 utter in a loud voice; rouse from 
 sleep: n. a summons or invitation; 
 a request or command; a short 
 visit ; # the cry or note uttered by 
 certain animals; a demand for pay- 
 ment due on snares; the option of 
 claiming stock at a certain time at 
 a stipulated price. 
 
 calligraphy (kal-lig'ra-fi), n. elegant 
 or beautiful writing. 
 
 calliope (kal-li'o-pe), n. a musical in- 
 strument composed of a series of 
 steam whistles played like an organ. 
 
 callous (kal'us), adj. hardened; insen- 
 sible. 
 
 callow (kal'o), adj. unfledged. 
 
 calm (kam) , adj. tranquil ; still ; undis- 
 turbed: n. stillness; serenity: v.t. to 
 quiet; still; pacify: v.i. to become 
 calm (with down). 
 
 calomel (kal'o-mel), n. mercurial 
 chloride: used as a purgative medi- 
 cine. 
 
 caloric (ka-lor'ik), adj. pertaining to 
 heat. 
 
 calumet (kal'u-met), n. the tobacco- 
 pipe of the North American Indians, 
 smoked as a symbol of peace, or to 
 ratify treaties. [Old French.] 
 
 calumny (karum-ni), n. [pi. calumnies 
 (kal'um-niz)], a false accusation; a 
 slander. 
 
 calve (kav), v.i. to bring forth a calf; 
 become detached from: said of gla- 
 ciers when icebergs break off from 
 them. 
 
 calyx (ka/liks), n. [pi. calyxes (ka'lik- 
 sez), calices (kal'i-sez)], the whorl of 
 a flower. [Greek.] 
 
 cam (kam), n. a projecting part of a 
 wheel or other moving piece of ma- 
 chinery for imparting an eccentric 
 or alternating motion. 
 
 cambric (kam'brik), n. a very fine 
 thin linen: adj. pertaining to, or 
 made of, cambric. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
CAME 
 
 91 
 
 CANNIBAL 
 
 came (kam), p.t. of come. 
 
 camel (kam'el), n. a large ruminant 
 quadruped, of which there are two 
 species, the Arabian camel or drome- 
 dary, with a single hump, and the 
 Bactrian camel, with two humps; a 
 water-tight structure placed beneath 
 a vessel to raise and float it over a 
 shoal or bar. [Hebrew and Latin.] 
 
 cameo (kam'e-o), n. a precious stone 
 or shell on which figures are engraved 
 in relief. [Italian.] 
 
 camera (kam'er-a), n. [pi. cameras 
 (kam'er-az)], a camera obscura, espe- 
 cially that employed in photography. 
 
 camomile (kam'o-mll), n. a plant of 
 the genus Anthemis, whose flowers 
 have a bitter aromatic taste, and are 
 largely used as a medicine. 
 
 camp (kamp), n. the ground occupied 
 by an army at rest, \/ith tents, huts, 
 &c; an encampment: v.i. to live in a 
 camp; encamp. 
 
 campaign (kam-pan'), n. an open 
 tract of land; the period during 
 which an army carries on active 
 operations in the field: v.i. to serve 
 in a campaign. [French.] 
 
 camphor (kam'fer), n. a volatile aro- 
 matic whitish substance, obtained 
 from various trees and plants of 
 Eastern Asia. [French from Arabic] 
 
 can (kan), v.i. [p.t. could (kood)], to 
 be able; possess power physically, 
 morally, or mentally (used as an 
 auxiliary verb). 
 
 can (kan), n. a metal vessel of small 
 size, for holding liquids or preserving 
 solids: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. canned, p.pr. 
 canning], to put up in cans for 
 preservation. 
 
 canal (ka-nal'), n. an artificial navi- 
 gable waterway; a duct or tube for 
 the passage of fluids; a channel or 
 groove. 
 
 canard (ka-nard', French ka-nar'), n. 
 an absurd story or report ; a hoax. 
 
 canary (ka-na'ri), n. a light wine; a 
 pale or bright yellow color; a small 
 singing bird with yellow plumage, a 
 native of the Canary Islands: adj. 
 bright yellow. 
 
 cancel (kan'sel), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. can- 
 celed, p.pr. canceling], to deface 
 writing by drawing lines across it; 
 annul; strike out common factors. 
 
 cancer (kan'eer), n. a genus of crus- 
 
 taceans, including the crabs; one 
 of the twelve zodiacal signs, the 
 sign of the summer solstice; a ma- 
 lignant tumor or growth. 
 
 candelabrumvkan-de-la'- or -la'brum), 
 n. [pi. candelabra (kan-de-la'- or -la'- 
 bra)], a lamp-stand; an ornamented 
 branched candlestick. [Latin.] 
 
 candid (kan'did), adj. honest; out- 
 spoken; sincere; free from undue 
 bias; open; fair. 
 
 candidate (kan'di-dat) , n. one who 
 offers himself, or is proposed by 
 others, to fill some office. [Latin.] 
 
 candle (kan'dl), n. a cylindrical body 
 of tallow, wax, or other fatty ma- 
 terial, inclosing a wick of cotton, 
 and used to furnish light. [Latin.] 
 
 candor (kan'der), n. openness; frank- 
 ness. 
 
 candy (kan'di), n. a solid confection 
 of sugar or chocolate, combined with 
 flavoring or coloring substances or 
 with nuts, raisins, &c: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 candied, p.pr. candying], to conserve 
 with sugar; incrust with crystals: v.i. 
 to become candied. [Tamil.] See 
 confectionery. 
 
 cane (kan), n. the stem of certain 
 palms, grasses, and other plants, as 
 the bamboo, sugar-cane, rattan, &c; 
 a walking-stick: v.t to beat with a 
 cane. 
 
 canine (ka/nin), adj. pertaining to 
 dogs; having the nature or qualities 
 of a dog. [Latin.] 
 
 canister (kan'is-ter), n. a metal box 
 or case for tea, coffee, &c; a case 
 containing grape shot which ex- 
 plodes when fired from a can- 
 non. 
 
 canker (kang'ker), n. a cancerous or 
 ulcerous disease; an eating or cor- 
 roding agency which causes decay or 
 rot; anything that insidiously cor- 
 rodes, corrupts, or destroys: v.t. to 
 corrode or corrupt; infect with poi- 
 sonous influence: v.i. to grow cor- 
 rupt; be infected with, or become, 
 malignant. 
 
 cankerous (kang'ker-us) , adj. corrod- 
 ing. 
 
 cannibal (kan'i-bal), n. a human being 
 who eats human flesh; any animal 
 that eats the flesh of its own kind: 
 adj. pertaining to, or characteristic 
 of, cannibalism. [Spanish.] 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book 
 hue. hut : think, then. 
 
CANNON 
 
 92 
 
 CAP 
 
 cannon (kan'un), n. [pi. cannons 
 (kan'unz) or cannon (collectively)], 
 a large gun; a piece of ordnance. 
 
 cannot (kan'ot), (can and not), to be 
 unable. 
 
 canny or cannie (kan'i), adj. shrewd; 
 knowing; cautious; wary; artful; 
 reasonable; quiet; easy; safe: adv. 
 in a canny _manner. 
 
 canoe (ka-noo), n. [pi. canoes (ka- 
 nooz')], alight boat of bark, hide, or 
 the hollow trunk of a tree; any light 
 boat propelled by paddles: v.i. [p.t. 
 & p.p. canoed, p.pr. canoeing], to 
 sail or paddle a canoe. [Haytian.] 
 
 canon (kan'un), n. a law or rule in 
 general; a law or rule regarding 
 doctrine or discipline enacted by a 
 council and confirmed; the books of 
 the Holy Scriptures received as au- 
 thoritative by the Christian Church 
 (called the Sacred Canon) ; a cata- 
 logue of saints; one of the largest 
 kinds of type; the part by which a 
 bell is hung; a cathedral dignitary. 
 [Greek.] 
 
 canonize (kan'on-iz), v.t. to enrol in 
 the catalogue or canon of the 
 saints. 
 
 canopy (kan'o-pi), n. [pi. canopies 
 (kan'o-piz)], a covering fixed above a 
 bed, or suspended over a throne or 
 da'is; any similar covering; a decora- 
 tive cover above an altar, pulpit, 
 niche, &c: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. canopied, 
 p.pr. canopying], to cover with a 
 canopy. 
 
 cant (kant), v.i. to speak in a whining 
 voice, or with an affected or hypo- 
 critical tone; make whining preten- 
 sions to goodness ; to use the conven- 
 tional phraseology of a particular 
 sect, party, &c: n. a whining manner 
 of speech; the speech affected by 
 those soliciting alms; the jargon or 
 slang spoken by thieves, gipsies, 
 beggars, &c; the words and phrases 
 characteristic of a certain party, 
 sect, &c; the employment of certain 
 phrases and forms of speech without 
 sincerity, especially the assumption 
 of a religious character or the hypo- 
 critical use of sacred words: adj. 
 cant; canting. 
 
 can't (kant), a colloquial contraction 
 of cannot. 
 
 cantaloupe (kan'ta-loop) , n. a va- 
 
 riety of musk-melon of delicate 
 flavor. [Spanish.] 
 
 cantankerous (kan-tang'ker-us) , adj. 
 ill-tempered; cross-grained; conten- 
 tious. 
 
 cantata (kan-ta'ta), n. a short choral 
 composition in the manner of an 
 oratorio; a poem or story set to 
 music. 
 
 canteen (kan-ten'), n. a kind of shop 
 in barracks or camp where liquors 
 and provisions are sold; a vessel 
 used by soldiers for carrying water 
 or liquor when on the march; a box 
 containing mess utensils, &c, for 
 officers when on foreign service. 
 
 canter (kan'ter), n. an easy gallop; a 
 Canterbury gallop: v.i. to move in 
 an easy gallop: v.t. to cause to can- 
 ter. 
 
 canticle (kan'ti-kal) , n. a song; one 
 of the non-metrical hymns of the 
 Bible arranged for chanting in church 
 service: pi. the Song of Songs, or 
 Song of Solomon. 
 
 cantilever (kan'ti-lev-er) , n. a bracket 
 or block projecting from the wall 
 of a house, to support a balcony, 
 cornice, &c; one of two arms pro- 
 jecting from opposite banks serving 
 to form a bridge: adj. constructed on 
 the principle of a cantilever. 
 
 canto (kan'to), n. [pi. cantos (kan'- 
 toz)], a part of a poem of some 
 length; the highest vocal part in 
 concerted music; soprano. [Italian.] 
 
 canton (kan'ton), n. a district or 
 division of a territory; a division 
 of a painting or flag: v.t. to divide 
 into districts or parts ; to allot sepa- 
 rate quarters to troops. 
 
 canvas (kan'vas), n. a coarse heavy 
 cloth of hemp or flax, used for tents, 
 sails.^ &c, and also for painting on; 
 sails in general ; a painting : adj. made 
 of canvas. 
 
 canvass (kan'vas), v.t. to examine; 
 sift; discuss; solicit votes or opin- 
 ions: v.i. to traverse a, district for 
 the purpose of soliciting votes, in- 
 terest, orders, &c: n. a close inspec- 
 tion or scrutiny; discussion; a so- 
 licitation of votes, interest, orders, 
 &c. 
 
 cap (kap), n. & covering for the head, 
 usually without a brim ; anything 
 resembling a cap; a percussion cap; 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
CAPABLE 
 
 93 
 
 CARAT 
 
 the top or summit; a particular size 
 of writing-paper: v.t. [p.t. dc p.p. 
 capped, p.pr. capping], to put a cap 
 on; cover with, or as with, a cap; 
 cover the top end of; complete; 
 crown; place a cap on the head when 
 conferring a university degree; match 
 verses with like ones, or finish verses 
 that another has composed. 
 
 capable (ka'pa-bl), adj. receptive; 
 susceptible: having power, skill, or 
 capacity; competent: legally quali- 
 fied. 
 
 capacity (ka-pas'i-ti) , n. [pi. capacities 
 (ka-pas'i-tiz)], the power of ^receiving 
 or containing; the power of contain- 
 ing a certain quantity exactly; cubic 
 contents; intellectual ability; legal 
 qualification ; profession ; function ; 
 position. 
 
 cape (kap), n. a covering for the 
 shoulders, worn separately or at- 
 tached; a headland. 
 
 caper (ka'per), v.i. to skip: jump:??. 
 a frolicsome leap or spring; a skip; 
 a prank. 
 
 caper (ka'per), n. a plant, the flower- 
 buds of which are pickled and used 
 as a condiment under the name of 
 capers. 
 
 capillary (kap'il-a-ri), adj. resembling 
 a hair; minute; slender; possessing a 
 very small bore; pertaining to the 
 capillary vessels of the body: n. a 
 tube with a small bore: pi. one of the 
 minute blood-vessels connecting the 
 arteries with the veins. 
 
 capital (kap'i-tal), adj. affecting the 
 head or life : punishable with death; 
 first in importance; chief; good, ex- 
 cellent: n. the chief city in a king- 
 dom or state; a capital letter. 
 
 capital (kap'i-tal), n. the sum invested 
 in any particular business; stock in 
 trade : stock or resources of any kind, 
 moral or physical; that part of wealth 
 which is saved and is available for, or 
 employed in, future production; the 
 head or top of a column, pilaster, or 
 pillar. [Latin.] 
 
 capitulate (ka-pit'u-lat), v.i. to sur- 
 render to an enemy on conditions 
 agreed upon. 
 
 capon (ka'pon), n. a fattened fowl. 
 
 caprice (ka-pres'), n. a sudden impulse 
 of the mind; a whim; a freak. 
 [French.] 
 
 capricious (ka-prish'us), adj. charac- 
 terized by caprice; unsteady; fickle. 
 
 capsize (kap-siz'), v.i. to be over- 
 turned; upset: v.t. to turn over or 
 upset: n. an _upset or overturn. 
 
 capsule (kap'sul), n. a metallic seal 
 or cover for a bottle; a small en- 
 velope of gelatine inclosing a nau- 
 seous drug; a seed-vessel or sac. 
 
 captain (kap 'tin), n. one who has 
 command of. or authority over, 
 others; a chief; a commander; in 
 the army, the commander of a com- 
 pany; in the navy, an officer com- 
 manding a ship of war; popularly 
 but incorrectly the master of a 
 merchant vessel; the^ head of a 
 team or side; the chief boy in a 
 school; the head bell-boy in a hotel. 
 
 caption (kap'shun), n. a certificate of 
 arrest . 
 
 captious Ckap'shus), adj. ready to 
 catch at faults or take offense; quib- 
 bling; sophistical; fitted to harass or 
 perplex; carping. 
 
 captivate (kap'ti-vat), v.t. to enslave 
 or hold captive by beauty or excel- 
 lence; charm or lure; fascinate. 
 
 captive (kap'tiv), adj. made prisoner; 
 held in bondage; fascinated; of or 
 pertaining to bondage: n. one who 
 is taken prisoner, especially one so 
 taken in war; one held in bondage 
 or fascinated. 
 
 captivity (kap-tiv'i-ti) , n. the state of 
 being held_ in bondage or confine- 
 ment; servitude; imprisonment. 
 
 capture (kap'tur), n. the act of seiz- 
 ing or taking, as a prisoner or a 
 prize; arrest; the thing taken: v.t. 
 to take or seize by force, surprise 
 or stratagem; make a prisoner or 
 prize of. 
 
 car (kar), n. a wheeled vehicle, espe- 
 cially one having only two wheels; 
 a coach running upon rails: the 
 basket suspended beneath a balloon 
 to contain the aeronaut; a chariot of 
 war or state. 
 
 caramel (kar'a-mel), n.^ burnt sugar, 
 used for coloring spirits, gravies, 
 soups, &c; a kind of sweetmeat, 
 usually made of chocolate. 
 
 carat (kar'at), n. the weight of 3.17 
 grains, used for weighing precious 
 stones and pearls; a twenty-fourth 
 part, a term used to express the 
 
 ate, arm, at. awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 
 rule, hut : think, then. 
 
CARAVAN 
 
 94 
 
 CARMINE 
 
 fineness of gold used in jewelry; 
 thus, gold 22 carats fine contains 22 
 parts of pure gold and 2 of alloy 
 (copper or silver). Also spelled 
 karat. [French and Arabic] 
 
 caravan (kar'a-van or kar-a-van'), n. 
 a company of travelers, merchants, 
 or pilgrims, associated together for 
 mutual security, especially when 
 traveling through deserts or regions 
 infested by robbers; a large covered 
 wagon or carriage for the conveyance 
 of traveling exhibitions or passengers ; 
 a van. [Persian.] 
 
 caraway (kar'a-wa), n. a biennial plant 
 with aromatic and pungent seeds, 
 used medicinally and as a condi- 
 ment. 
 
 carbon (kar^on), n. an elementary 
 substance present in all organic com- 
 pounds, and occurring in nature in 
 two distinct forms, asthe diamond 
 and graphite. The action of heat on 
 vegetable and animal tissues pro- 
 duces carbon in the form of charcoal, 
 lampblack, coke, &c. [Latin.] 
 
 carboy (kar'boi), n. a large globular 
 bottle of glass, protected by a basket- 
 work, used to contain or convey 
 corrosive acids. 
 
 carbuncle (kar'bung-kl) , n. a gem of 
 a deep red color; an inflammatory 
 tumor, boil, or ulcer. 
 
 carcase or carcass (kar'kas), n. [pi. 
 carcases (kar'kas-ez)], the dead body 
 of an animal ; a corpse ; the decaying 
 remains of a bulky thing; the frame- 
 work or skeleton of a building, ship, 
 &c; a perforated shell filled with 
 combustibles, used to set fire to 
 buildings, ships, &c. 
 
 card (kard), n. a printed piece of 
 pasteboard used for various social 
 or _ business purposes; such a piece 
 printed bearing certain devices or 
 figures, used for playing games; a 
 short business advertisement in a 
 newspaper; the dial of a mariner's 
 compass; an instrument for combing 
 the fibers of wool, flax, or cotton, 
 preparatory to spinning. 
 
 cardiac (kar'di-ak), adj. pertaining 
 to the heart; stimulating the heart's 
 action: n. a cordial. 
 
 cardinal (kar'di-nal), adj. chief; pre- 
 eminent; fundamental. [Latin.] 
 
 cardinal (kar'di-nal), n. an ecclesi- 
 
 astical prince ranking in dignity 
 next to the Pope. 
 
 care (kar), n. concern; solicitude; 
 anxiety ; a burdensome responsibility ; 
 caution; charge or oversight; atten- 
 tion, watchfulness; an object of 
 watchful attention and regard: v.i. 
 to be anxious or solicitous; be con- 
 cerned, troubled, or interested. 
 
 careen (ka-ren'), v.t. to bring (a ship) 
 on one side for the purpose of calk- 
 ing, cleansing, or repairing: v.i. to 
 incline on one side, as a ship under 
 press of sail. 
 
 career (ka-reV), n. a run at full speed; 
 general course of action; an occupa- 
 tion or calling: v.i. to move or ride 
 rapidly. [French.] 
 
 careful (kar'fool), adj. full of care; 
 anxious; attentive; watchful; cau- 
 tious; provident; thoughtful. 
 
 careless (kar'les), adj. lacking care or 
 interest; indifferent; irresponsible; 
 void of anxiety; light-hearted. 
 
 caress (ka-res'), n. any act or expres- 
 sion of affection ; an embrace : m v.t. 
 to treat with tokens of affection; 
 bestow caresses upon. 
 
 caret (ka'ret or kar'et), n. a mark 
 (A) used in writing, or in correcting 
 proofs, to indicate the place where 
 something is omitted or is to be 
 added. [Latin, " it is lacking."] 
 
 cargo (kar'go), n. [pi. cargoes (kar'- 
 goz)], the lading or freight of a ship. 
 
 caricature (kar'i-ka-tur) , n. a pic- 
 torial or descriptive representation 
 of a person or thing, in which the 
 defects or peculiarities are exag- 
 gerated so as to produce a ludicrous 
 effect; parody: v.t. to represent in 
 a ridiculous or exaggerated style; 
 parody; burlesque. [Italian.] 
 
 caries (ka'ri-ez), n. decay of bones, 
 teeth, or vegetable tissue. [Latin.] 
 
 cark (kark), v.i. to be anxious or con- 
 cerned: v.t. to vex; load with care or 
 grief. 
 
 carl or carle (karl), n. a strong, sturdy 
 fellow; a rustic; a churl. 
 
 carminative (kar-min'a-tiv), n. a 
 medicine, which expels wind and 
 relieves colic and flatulence: adj. 
 expelling wind. [Latin.] 
 
 carmine (kar'min or kar'min), n. the 
 essential coloring principle of coch- 
 ineal; a rich crimson pigment. 
 
 Ste, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
CARNAGE 
 
 95 
 
 CASEIN 
 
 carnage (kar'naj), n. slaughter; great 
 destruction of life by violence; mas- 
 sacre. [French.l 
 
 carnal (kar'nal) , adj. pertaining to the 
 body, its passions and its appetites; 
 animal; fleshly; sensual; impure; 
 not spiritual, but essentially human; 
 secular. [Latin.] 
 
 carnation (kar-na'shun), n. a light 
 rose-pink ; flesh color ; the parts of a 
 picture in which flesh is represented ; 
 a variety of clove pink. 
 
 carnival (kar'ni-val) , n. the season of 
 rejoicing before Lent: observed in 
 Roman Catholic countries, and _ in 
 some of the L'nited States; feasting 
 or revelry. [Italian.] 
 
 carnivorous (kar-niv'o-rus), adj. eat- 
 ing or feeding on flesh. 
 
 carol (kar'ul), n. a song of joy or 
 praise, especially one in honor of the 
 Nativity '.v.i. [p-t. & p.p. -ed. p.pr. 
 -ing], to sing in joy: v.t. to praise or 
 celebrate in song. [Old French.] 
 
 carotid (ka-rot'id), n. one of the two 
 principal arteries, one on either side 
 of the neck, which convey the blood 
 from the aorta to the head: adj. 
 pertaining to the two great arteries 
 of the neck. 
 
 carouse (ka-rouz'), n. a feast or fes- 
 tival; a noisy drinking bout or revel. 
 Also carousal: v.i. to drink heartily 
 and with jollity ; revel. [Old French.] 
 
 carp (karp), v.i. to cavil or find 
 fault. 
 
 carp (karp), n. a fresh-water fish.^ 
 
 carpenter (kar'pen-ter) , n. an artificer 
 who works in timber and prepares 
 the woodwork of houses, ships, &c: 
 v.i. to perform carpenter's work. 
 
 carpet (kar'pet), n. a thick woven or 
 felted fabric, with a pattern, used 
 for covering floors or stairs; a soft 
 covering, resembling carpet: v.t. to 
 cover with a carpet; bring under 
 consideration ; reprimand. 
 
 carriage (kar'ij), n. the act of carrying 
 or transporting; cost of conveyance; 
 behavior; deportment; a wheeled 
 vehicle; the wheeled stand or support 
 of a gun; the frame-work of a wooden 
 staircase. [French.] 
 
 carrion (kar'i-on), n. dead or putrefy- 
 ing flesh; filth; garbage: adj. pertain- 
 ing to, or feeding on, carrion. 
 
 carrot (kar'ot), n. the well-known 
 
 plant with an edible root; the root 
 itself. [French.] 
 
 carry (kar'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. carried, 
 p.pr. carrying], to convey from one 
 point to another; bear; have on one's 
 person ; convey by force ; lead ; trans- 
 fer; accomplish; gain possession of; 
 extend or continue in time or space 
 [with up or back]; exhibit; imply; 
 have in charge or conduct; to take 
 by assault: v.i. to act as a bearer; 
 to reach, said of the range of a pro- 
 jectile; hold the head in a particular 
 manner. [French.] 
 
 cart (kart), n. a carriage for the con- 
 veyance of heavy goods; a light 
 two-wheeled vehicle used by trades- 
 men, &c: v.t. to carry or convey in a 
 cart. 
 
 cartilage (kar'ti-laj), n. an elastic ani- 
 mal tissue, forming bone; gristle. 
 
 cartoon (kar-toon'), n. a study or 
 design executed on strong paper, 
 and of the size to be reproduced in 
 fresco or tapestry; a pictorial sketch 
 dealing with a political or social sub- 
 ject. [French.] 
 
 cartridge (kar'trij), n. a case of card- 
 board, metal, or other material, con- 
 taining the charge of a firearm. 
 
 carve (karv), v.t. to form a design; 
 shape by cutting; cut into slices: 
 v.i. to exercise the trade of a sculptor 
 or carver; cut up meat. 
 
 caryatid (kar-i-at'id), n. a figure of 
 a woman in long robes, serving to 
 support an entablature. [Greek.] 
 
 cascade (kas-kad'), n. a waterfall. 
 
 cascara (kas-kar'a), n. a bark used in 
 medicine. 
 
 case (kas), n. a covering or receptacle; 
 a sheath; a box with its contents; a 
 frame or casing; a divided tray for 
 types: 225 sq. ft. of crown glass: v.t. 
 to cover with, or enclose in, a case. 
 
 case (kas), n. that which happens or 
 befalls; the matters involved in a 
 question under discussion or inves- 
 tigation; a certain instance of 
 disease; a suit or action at law; 
 one of the forms or inflections in 
 the declension of a noun, pronoun, 
 or adjective, which indicates its re- 
 lation to other words. [Old French.] 
 
 casein (ka'se-in), n. the curd-matter 
 of milk, forming the main part of 
 cheese. [Latin caseus, "cheese."] 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
CASEMENT 
 
 96 
 
 CATAPLASM 
 
 casement (kas'ment), n. a hinged 
 window-frame made to open out- 
 ward; a compartment between the 
 mullions of a window. 
 
 caseous (ka'se-us), adj. cheesy. 
 
 cash (kash), n. money; ready money: 
 v.t. to turn into, or exchange for, 
 money. [Chinese.] 
 
 cashmere (kash'mer) , n. a soft woolen 
 fabric for shawls; a dress fabric. 
 
 cash-register (kash-re'jis-ter), n. a 
 cash-box which registers the amounts 
 deposited in it. 
 
 casino (ka-se 'no), n. a public room or 
 building used for social meetings, 
 dancing, gaming, &c. 
 
 cask (kask), n. & vessel composed of 
 wooden staves, bound by iron hoops, 
 for holding liquors; the quantity 
 contained in a cask. 
 
 casket (kasT^et), n. a small chest or 
 box for jewels, &c; a costly coffin: 
 v.t. to place or preserve in a cas- 
 ket. 
 
 cassimere (kas'i-mer), n. a thin twilled 
 woolen cloth, used for men's gar- 
 ments. Also casimire and kersey- 
 mere. 
 
 cassock (kas'uk), n. a long, close- 
 fitting vestment worn by clergymen, 
 choristers, &c. [French.] 
 
 cast (kast), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cast, p.pr. 
 casting], to throw; hurl; shed; direct 
 or turn; throw down; calculate; de- 
 feat at law; condemn; form into a 
 certain shape; assign to various 
 actors: v.i. to throw the line in 
 angling; ponder; to warp or twist; 
 receive form or shape in a mold: 
 n. the act of casting; the distance 
 to which a thing may be thrown; 
 motion or turn (of the eye); direc- 
 tion, glance; the form or shape; 
 manner; appearance; a tinge. 
 
 castanets (kas'ta-nets) , n.vl. small 
 spoon-shaped shells of hard wood or 
 ivory, fastened loosely at the top, a 
 pair of which is fastened to each 
 thumb and shaken with the fingera 
 to beat time. 
 
 caste (kast), one of the artificial or 
 hereditary divisions into which Hin- 
 dus are restricted by Brahminic 
 religious law; the company of actora 
 to whom the parts of a play are 
 assigned. 
 
 castellated (kas'te-la-ted) , adj. fur- 
 
 nished with turrets and battlements, 
 as a castle. 
 
 castigate (kas'ti-gat) , v.t. to correct; 
 chastise; punish; subject to severe 
 criticism. 
 
 castle (kas'l or kas'l), n. a fortified 
 residence; a fortress; a strong and 
 imposing mansion of a noble or 
 wealthy person; one of the pieces at 
 chess, called also rook: v.i. to move 
 the king two squares to the right or 
 left, and bring the castle to the 
 square the king has passed over. 
 
 castrate (kas'trat), v.t. emasculate; 
 geld; expurgate; deprive a flower of 
 its anthers: adj. emasculated; gelded: 
 n. one who has been emasculated; a 
 eunuch. [Latin.] 
 
 casual (kazh'u-al), adj. happening by 
 chance; accidental; occasional; for- 
 tuitous. 
 
 casualty (kazh'u-aPti) , n. [pi. casu- 
 alties (kazh'ti-al-tiz)], an accident, 
 especially if resulting in bodily injury 
 or death. 
 
 casuistry (kazh'u-ist-ri) , n. [pi. casu- 
 istries (kazh'u-ist-riz)], the science or 
 doctrine which deals with cases of 
 conscience as determined by theolog- 
 ical dogmas or ethical rules; sophis- 
 tical or equivocal reasoning. 
 
 cat (kat), n. a carnivorous animal of 
 the family Felidae, especially the 
 domesticated quadruped, Felis do- 
 mestical a cat-o'-nine-tails; the game 
 of tip-cat; a strong tackle; to raise 
 an anchor to the cat-head; a double 
 tripod which always lands on its 
 feet: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. catted, p.pr. 
 catting], to draw up (an anchor) 
 to the cat head. 
 
 cataclysm (kat'a-klizm), n. a deluge; 
 flood; a violent or sudden physical 
 change of the earth's surface. 
 
 catacomb (kat'a-kom), n. a subter- 
 raneous burial place with niches 
 hollowed out for the dead. [Greek.] 
 
 catalepsy (kat'a-lep-si), n. a sudden 
 suspense of < voluntary sensation. 
 Also catalepsis. [Greek.] 
 
 catalogue (kat'a-log), n. an arranged 
 list: v.t. to enter in, or make, a cata- 
 logue of. [Greek.] 
 
 catamaran (kat-a-ma-ran'), n. a raft 
 or float propelled by paddles. 
 
 cataplasm (kat'a-plazm), n. a poultice 
 or blister. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
CATAPLEXY 97 CAUSAL 
 
 cataplexy (kat'a-plek-si), n. a sudden catgut (kat'gut), n. a kind of cord 
 shock to the nerves causing paralysis. made from the intestines of animals, 
 
 cataract (kat'a-rakt) , n. a large usually sheep, and used as strings 
 waterfall; a furious rush or down- for musical instruments and some 
 pour of water ; a disease of the other purposes ; a string of this kind ; 
 eye in which the crystalline lens a kind of open canvas. 
 becomes opaque, and the vision be- cathartic (ka-thar'tik) , adj. purga- 
 comes impaired or is lost. [Greek.] tive: n. a purgative medicine. 
 
 catarrh (ka-tar'), n. an inflammatory cathedral (ka-the'dral), n. the chief 
 affection of any mucous membrane church in a diocese in which is the 
 accompanied by increase of the throne of a bishop: adj. pertaining 
 mucus, especially from the nose; a to a cathedral. [Graeco-Latin.] 
 violent cold in the head. [Greek.] cathode (kath'od), n. the negative 
 
 catastrophe (ka-tas'tro-fe) , n. a great pole of a current: opposed to anode, 
 calamity or disaster; an event sub- Written also kathode. [Greek.] 
 versive of the order of things; the catholic (kath'o-lik), adj. universal; 
 unfolding and winding up of a plot ; general ; embracing all ; liberal ; large- 
 a cataclysm. [Greek.] hearted; free from prejudice; includ- 
 
 catch (kach), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. caught ing all mankind. [Greek.] 
 
 (kawt), p.pr. catching], to seize or Catholic (kath'o-lik), adj. pertaining 
 
 grasp; lay hold of suddenly; inter- to the Church of Rome : n. a member 
 
 cept; take captive; apprehend by the of the Universal or Catholic Church, 
 
 intellect or senses ; take, by conta- or of the Roman Church. 
 
 gion, infection, or sympathy ; at- catholicity (kath-ol-is'i-ti) , n. the 
 
 tack, or communicate to, as a fire; quality of being catholic; liberal. 
 
 come upon unexpectedly; come up catkin (kat'kin), n. the pendulous 
 
 to; reach in time: n. the act of seiz- inflorescence of the willow, birch, 
 
 ing or grasping; that which is caught &c. 
 
 or taken; gain; something desirable catmint (kat'mint), catnip (kat'nip), 
 
 to be caught; anything that seizes n. a strong-scented perennial herb, 
 
 or checks motion; a song, the parts much liked by cats. 
 
 of which are caught up by different cattle (kat'l), n. sing. & pi. live stock, 
 
 voices. especially oxen, bulls and cows. 
 
 catchup (kach 'up), n. a sauce made caucus (kaw'kus), n. a preliminary 
 from mushrooms, tomatoes, walnuts, meeting of representatives of a polit- 
 &c. Also catsup, ketchup. ical party, to decide upon a line 
 
 catechism (kat'e-kizm), n. an ele of policy to be submitted to a con- 
 mentary manual of instruction in vention or larger meeting; a party 
 the form of question and answer, combination for influencing elec- 
 especially in the principles of the tions: v.i. to hold, or meet in, a 
 Christian religion. [Greek.] # caucus. [Originally American.] 
 
 catechize (kat'e-kiz), v.t. to instruct caudate (kaw'dat), adj. having a tail; 
 by means of questions and answers, having a tail-like appendage, 
 and offering explanations, especially caudle (kaw'dl), n. a warm drink 
 to instruct on points of Christian made of wine or ale, spiced or sug- 
 dogma; interrogate or examine. ared, and mixed with bread, eggs, 
 
 category (kat'e-go-ri) , n. [pi. catego- &c, for sick persons. 
 
 ries (kat'e-go-riz)], one of the highest caught (kawt), p.t. & p.p. of catch, 
 classes to which the objects of knowl- caul (kawl), n. a net or covering for 
 edge or thought can be reduced, and the head; a membrane covering the 
 by which they may be arranged into lower intestines; a part of the mem- 
 a system. [Greek.] brane of the fetus, sometimes in- 
 
 cater (ka'ter), v.i. to supply food, closing a child's head at birth, 
 amusement, &c. [with for and to]. cauldron (kawl'dron), n. a large kettle 
 
 caterpillar (kat'er-pil-er) , n. the hairy or boiler. 
 
 worm-like larva of a butterfly or causal (kaw'zal), adj. relating to or 
 lepidopterous insect. expressing cause; creative: n. a word 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
CAUSE 98 CELT 
 
 that expresses a cause, or introduces cedilla (se-dil'a), n. a mark placed 
 a reason. under c to indicate the sound of s, 
 
 cause (kawz), n. that which produces as in French legon. 
 
 or contributes to a result - ^ a reason; ceil (sel), v.t. to overlay or cover the 
 
 motive; principle; subject in debate; inner surface of a roof; furnish with 
 
 a side or party; a suit or action; a a ceiling. 
 
 case for judicial decision: v.t. to act ceiling (se'ling), n. the inner roof of an 
 
 as an agent in producing an effect; apartment. 
 
 produce. [Latin.] _ celebrate (sel'e-brat), v.t. to praise, 
 
 caustic (kaws'tik), adj. burning; hot; extol, or honor; commemorate; dis- 
 corrosive; sarcastic; cutting; pun- tinguish by solemn ceremonies, 
 gent: n. a substance which burns. celebration (sel-e-bra'shun), n. the 
 
 cautery (kaw'ter-i), n. [pi. cauteries act of celebrating; an observance or 
 (kaw'ter-iz)], a burning or searing. ceremony to celebrate anything. 
 
 caution (kaw'shun), n. heedfulness; celebrity (se-leb'ri-ti), n. [pi. celebri- 
 prudence in regard to danger; watch- ties (se-leb'ri-tiz)], fame; renown; 
 fulness; an admonition; something to distinction; a renowned person, 
 occasion amazement or fear: v.t. to celerity (se-ler'i-ti) , n. rapidity; swift- 
 warn. [Latin.] _ ness. [Latin.] 
 
 cautious (kaw'shus), adj. exercising celery (sel'e-ri), n. a plant cultivated for 
 caution; heedful; wary; vigilant; a salad and vegetable. 
 circumspect. m celestial (se-les'tial), adj. of or per- 
 
 cavalcade (kav-al-kad'), n. a train taining to the sky or heavens ; heav- 
 or procession of persons, chiefly on enly; supremely excellent. [Latin.] 
 horseback. [French.] # celibacy (sel'i-ba-si) , n. the state of 
 
 cavalry (kav'al-ri), n. horse soldiers. being unmarried; single life, espe- 
 
 cave (kav), n. a hollow place in the cially that of a bachelor, or one 
 earth; a large natural cavity; a den; bound by vows to an unmarried 
 cavern: v.t. to hollow out. life. [Latin.] 
 
 cavern (kav'ern), n. a large natural cell (sel), n. a small room in a mon- 
 hollow under the earth; a den; cave. astery, convent, or prison; a small 
 
 cavil (kav'il), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. caviled, or mean place of residence: a small 
 p.pr. caviling], to raise captious or cavity; a minute mass of contractile 
 frivolous objections; carp [followed protoplasm forming the structural 
 by at]: n. a captious or frivolous unit of every organized body; a sin- 
 objection, gle element or jar of a galvanic bat- 
 cavity (kav'i-ti), n. [pi. cavities (kav'- tery; a small religious house at- 
 i-tiz)], a hollow place or part. tached to a monastery or convent; 
 
 cavort (ka-vort'), v.i. to prance about, the interval between the ribs of a 
 as a horse; to bustle around brisklj". vaulted roof. [Latin.] 
 
 caw (kaw), v.i. to cry like a crow, cellar (sellar), n. a vault for storing 
 rook, or raven: n. the cry of the provisions_, wine, fuel, <°c 
 crow, &c. cello (chel'o), n. [vl. cellos (chel'oz), 
 
 cayenne (kl-en' or ka-en'^, n. a kind Italian celli _(cherle)], a violoncello, 
 of pepper made from the seeds of celluloid (sel'u-loid), n. a compound 
 various species of the genus Cap- of camphor and gun-cotton, resem- 
 sicum. [French.] bling ivory. _ 
 
 cease (ses)^ v.i. to come to an end; cellulose (sel'u-los) or celluline (sel 7 - 
 stop; desist [followed by from be- u-lin), n. the substance resen: bling 
 fore a noun]: v.t. to put a stop to and allied to starch which forms 
 end. [Latin.] cellular plant tissue: adj. containing 
 
 cedar (se'dar), n. the name of sev- or composed of cells. 
 
 eral evergreen trees, having wood Celt (selt) or Kelt (kelt), n. one of a 
 of great durability and fragrance: division of the Indo-European peo- 
 adj. pertaining to, or made of, pies, the chief branches of which are 
 cedar. [Greek.] Erse (Irish), Manx, Breton, Highland 
 
 cede (sed), v.t. give up or surrender. Scotch, and Welsh. [Latin.] 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, fften. 
 
CEMENT 
 
 99 
 
 CEREBELLUM 
 
 cement (se-ment' or sem'ent), n. any 
 adhesive substance which makes two 
 bodies cohere; mortar; a bond of 
 union; the bony layer which forms 
 the outer substance of the fang of a 
 tooth: v.t. to unite with cement; 
 unite firmly or closely: v.i. become 
 solid. 
 
 cemetery (sem'e-ter-i), n. [pi. ceme- 
 teries (sem'e-ter-iz)], a public burial 
 ground. 
 
 cenotaph (sen'o-taf), n. an empty 
 tomb, or a monument erected in 
 honor of a person buried elsewhere. 
 
 censor (sen'ser), n. an official ap- 
 pointed to examine books, manu- 
 scripts, plays, &c, prior to publica- 
 tion or performance. 
 
 censure (sen'shiir), n. blame; reproof; 
 the act of finding fault; a sentence 
 or penalty of an ecclesiastical court: 
 v.t. to find fault with or condemn; 
 criticise adversely. [Latin.] 
 
 census (sen'sus), n. a quinquennial 
 registration of the numbers and 
 property of Roman citizens for the 
 purpose of taxation; in modern us- 
 age, an official enumeration of the 
 inhabitants of a country, with details 
 of sex, age, occupation, &c, taken in 
 the United States decennially. 
 
 cent (sent), n. the l-100th part of a 
 dollar. 
 
 centaur (sen'tawr), n. a fabulous be- 
 ing, half man and half horse. 
 
 centenary (sen'te-na T ri) , n. [pi. cen- 
 tenaries (sen'te-na-riz)], the space of 
 a hundred years. 
 
 centennial (sen-ten'i-al) , adj. con- 
 sisting of, or enduring, a hundred 
 years; taking place once in a hun- 
 dred years: n. the commemoration 
 of a one hundredth anniversary. 
 
 center, centre (sen'ter), n. the middle 
 point of anything; the nucleus around 
 which things are collected; a title of 
 the leaders of certain organizations; 
 the name of certain members of a 
 legislative assembly who hold mod- 
 erate views and occupy a place be- 
 tween the Conservative party on the 
 right, and the Radicals on the left; 
 the circle or square next to the 
 bull's-eye; a shot which hits such 
 a division; troops in a line between 
 the wings; in a fleet, the column or 
 division between the van and the 
 
 rear, or between the weather divi- 
 sion and the lee: v.t. to place on a 
 center; collect to a point; to form a 
 recess for the reception of a center: 
 v.i. to be placed in the center; meet 
 in one point or focus. [Greek.] 
 
 centigrade (sen'ti-grad), adj. gradu- 
 ated or divided into a hundred de- 
 grees. A thermometric scale. 
 
 centimeter (sen'ti-me-tr, French 
 san'-), n. a measure of length = 
 100th of a meter (.3937 inch). 
 
 centipede (sen'ti-ped), n. the term 
 applied to an articulated animal 
 with numerous feet belonging to 
 the class Myriapoda, popularly sup- 
 posed to have a hundred feet, whence 
 the name. [Latin.] 
 
 central (sen'tral), adj. relating to, or 
 situated in, the center. [Latin.] 
 
 centralize (sen'tral-Iz), v.t. to draw 
 or bring to a center; bring all ad- 
 ministrations under one central gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 centrifugal (sen-trif 'ii-gal) , adj. tend- 
 ing or causing to fly off from the 
 center; radiating from a central 
 focus; expanding first at the summit 
 and later at the base. [Greek.] 
 
 centripetal (sen-trip'e-tal) , mdj. tend- 
 ing or causing to approach the cen- 
 ter: opposed to centrifugal; expand- 
 ing first at the base and then at the 
 summit. 
 
 centurion (sen-tu'ri-un) , n. a Ro- 
 man military officer commanding a 
 hundred men. 
 
 century (sen'tu-ri), n. [pi. centuries 
 (sen'tti-riz)], a hundred; a hundred 
 years, especially of the Christian era; 
 a division of the Roman people; a 
 sub-division of a Roman legion. 
 
 cephalic (sef'a-lik or se-fal'ik), adj. 
 pertaining to the head; forming the 
 front or forepart of a body or organ. 
 
 ceramic (se-ram'ik) or keramic (ker'- 
 a-mic), adj. of or pertaining to pot- 
 tery or the fictile arts: n.pl. work 
 executed wholly or partly in clay and 
 baked; the fictile arts. [Greek.] 
 
 cere (ser), v.t. to cover or close with 
 wax. 
 
 cereal (se're-al), adj. pertaining to, or 
 producing, wheat or edible grain: n. 
 edible grain. 
 
 cerebellum (ser-e-bel'um) , n. [pi. 
 cerebella (ser-e-bel'a)], the hinder 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 
 7 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
CEREBRAL 
 
 100 
 
 CHALLENGE 
 
 and lower part of the brain in verte- 
 brate animals; the little brain. 
 
 cerebral (ser-e'bral) , adj. of or pertain- 
 ing to the brain. _ 
 
 cerebration (ser-e-bra'shun) , n. the 
 conscious or unconscious action of 
 the bram. 
 
 cerebrum (ser-e'brum), n. [pi. cere- 
 bra (ser-e'bra)], the superior and 
 larger part of the brain: the seat of 
 the mind and will. [Greek.] 
 
 cerecloth (ser'kloth), n. a cloth sat- 
 urated with wax or some gummy 
 substance, used for wrapping em- 
 balmed bodies in. [Lat. and Eng.] 
 
 cerement (ser'ment), n. a grave-cloth 
 or shroud: pi. grave-clothes. 
 
 ceremony (ser'e-mo-ni) , n. [pi. cere- 
 monies (ser'e-mo-niz)], a sacred rite 
 or observance; a prescribed rite or 
 formality ; behavior regulated by the 
 laws of strict etiquette. 
 
 certain (ser'tin), adj. sure; beyond a 
 doubt; fixed or stated; indefinite. _ 
 
 certainty (ser'tin-ti), n. [pi. certainties 
 (ser'tin-tiz)l, full assurance. 
 
 certificate (ser-tif 'i-kat) , n. a written 
 testimony to the truth of any fact; 
 a testimonial as to character or 
 ability; a statement written and 
 signed and legally authenticated: 
 v.t. to give a certificate to; to attest 
 or vouch for by certificate. 
 
 certify (ser'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 certified, p.pr. certifying], to testify 
 to or to make known in writing; 
 assure. 
 
 certitude (ser'ti-tud) , adj. certainty; 
 freedom from doubt; assurance. 
 
 cerulean (se-roo'le-an), adj. sky-col- 
 ored. 
 
 cessation (ses-sa'shun) , n. the act of 
 ceasing. 
 
 cession (sesh'un), n. a yielding up, as 
 of territory, property, or rights; the 
 surrender of a benefice by an incum- 
 bent who has accepted another liv- 
 ing. [English.] 
 
 cesspool (ses'pool), n. a deep hole in 
 the ground, or the well of a drain, 
 for the reception of filth; any foul 
 receptacle. 
 
 cestus (ses'tus), n. [pi. cestus (ses'- 
 tus)], a kind of glove used by an- 
 cient boxers, frequently loaded with 
 lead or iron, and secured by leathern 
 thongs to the hands and arms. 
 
 chafe (chaf), v.t. to make warm by 
 friction; to wear away or make sore 
 by rubbing; irritate; annoy: n. men- 
 tal irritation caused by continued 
 annoyance; vexation: v.i. to be worn 
 by friction; be irritated or annoyed; 
 fret. 
 
 chaff (chaf), n. the husk of grain, 
 especially when separated by thresh- 
 ing, "&c; straw or hay, cut fine for 
 cattle; anything worthless. 
 
 chaff (chaf), v.t. to banter; make game 
 of: v.i. to use bantering language: n. 
 banter. 
 
 chagrin (sha-grin' or -gren'), n. vexation 
 due to disappointment; ill-humor: 
 mortification: v.t. to excite vexation 
 in; mortify. 
 
 chain (chan), n. a connected series of 
 links or rings fitted into one another; 
 a bond ; a measure of 100 links = 66 
 ft.; the warp threads of a web: v.t. 
 to fasten, secure, or connect with a 
 chain; enslave; to unite firmly; 
 fasten. [French.] 
 
 chair (char), n. a movable seat with 
 a back for one person; an official 
 seat; a professorship; the presiding 
 officer of an assembly ; an iron socket 
 fastened to the sleeper which receives 
 and secures railroad metals: v.t. to 
 carry publicly in a chair in triumph; 
 to install. 
 
 chairman (char'man), n. [pi. chairmen 
 (char'men)], the president of an 
 assembly, meeting, public company, 
 &c. 
 
 chaise (shaz), n. a light two-wheeled 
 carriage; a carriage in general. 
 
 chalcedony (kal'se-do-ni_ or kal-sed'- 
 o-ni), n. a cryptocrystalline variety of 
 quartz, resembling diluted milk. 
 Also calcedony. 
 
 chalet (sha-la/), n. a Swiss cottage. 
 
 chalice (chal'is), n. a cup; a Com- 
 munion cup. 
 
 chalk (chawk), n. a soft limestone rock 
 composed of carbonate of lime; pre- 
 pared chalk for drawing: v.t. to mark, 
 rub, or manure with chalk. 
 
 challenge (chal'enj), n. an invitation 
 to a contest; a summons to fight; a 
 duel; an objection taken to a voter 
 or juror; the summons of a soldier on 
 sentry: v.t. to summons to a contest; 
 invite to a duel; defy; take exception 
 to. [French.] 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
CHAMBER 
 
 101 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 chamber (cham'ber), n. an apart- 
 ment, especially a bedroom; a pri- 
 vate room; a political or commercial 
 body; a cavity; that part of a gun, 
 <fec, which contains the charge: pi. 
 a suite of rooms; a judge's private 
 room: v.t. to inclose; to furnish as 
 with a chamber. [French.] 
 
 chamberlain (cham'ber-lan), n. an 
 officer who has charge of the private 
 apartments of a sovereign or noble- 
 man; a male servant who has charge 
 of a suite of rooms; the treasurer of 
 a city or corporation. [Old German.] 
 
 chameleon (ka-me'le-un), n. an in- 
 sectivorous lizard-like reptile, pos- 
 sessing the power of slightly chang- 
 ing its color. [Greek.] 
 
 champ (champ), v.t. to bite with the 
 teeth repeatedly and impatiently: n. 
 the act of champing: said of horses. 
 
 champagne (sham-pan') , t n. a light 
 sparkling effervescent wine. 
 
 champaign (sham-pan'), n. flat open 
 country: adj. level, open. 
 
 champion (cham'pi-un), n. one who 
 defends the cause of another, by 
 combat or other means; a hero; 
 valiant warrior; a successful com- 
 petitor against all rivals: v.t. to de- 
 fend or support a cause. [French.] 
 
 chance (chans), n. an unforeseen 
 event; an accident; a possibility; 
 opportunity; risk: v.i. to happen; 
 occur without design or expectation: 
 v.t. to risk [with it]. 
 
 chancel (chan'sel), n. that part in a 
 church where the altar stands; the 
 sanctuary. 
 
 chancellor (chan'sel-er) , n. a judge 
 of a court of equity or chancery; the 
 president or highest official of a uni- 
 versity ; the president of the German 
 Federal Council. 
 
 chancery (chan'ser-i) , n. originally, in 
 England, next to Parliament, the 
 highest Court of Justice, since 1873 
 a division of the High Court of Jus- 
 tice; a court of equity. 
 
 chandelier (shan-de-ler') , n. a hanging 
 frame with branches for lights. 
 
 chandler (chand'ler), n. a maker or 
 vendor of candles; a dealer or mer- 
 chant. 
 
 change (chanj), v.t. to alter; substi- 
 tute; exchange or give an equivalent 
 for; render acid or tainted: v.i. un- 
 
 dergo change; suffer alteration: pass 
 from one place to another; deterior- 
 ate: n. an alteration or variation; a 
 passing from one state or form to 
 another; vicissitude; small coin; 
 balance returned after deduction of 
 amount paid. [French.] 
 
 changeable (chanj 'a-bl), adj. fickle. 
 
 changeling (chanj 'ling), n. a child 
 left in place of another; an idiot; a 
 waverer. 
 
 channel (chan'el), n. the bed of a 
 stream; a watercourse; the deepest 
 part of a strait, bay, harbor, &c; a 
 wide arm of the sea extending in- 
 land; a groove; a medium of con- 
 veyance: pi. planks bolted to the 
 outside of a ship to extend the rig- 
 ging: v.t. to cut into a channel; 
 groove. 
 
 chant (chant), v.t. to sing; intone: 
 v.i. make melody with the voice; go 
 in full cry, as hounds: n. a song; a 
 solemn or monotonous song. 
 
 chanticleer (chan'ti-kler), n. a cock. 
 
 chantry (chan'tri), n. a memorial 
 chapel attached to a church or 
 monastery. 
 
 chaos (ka'os), n. the confused matter 
 out of which_ the universe was 
 formed; confusion. 
 
 chap (chap), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. chapped, 
 p.pr. chapping], to cause to crack or 
 open longitudinally: v.i. to have the 
 skin crack: n. a longitudinal crack or 
 slit. 
 
 chap (chap), n. a fellow. 
 
 chap (chap or chop), n. one of the jaws 
 or its fleshy covering (usually pi.); 
 the mouth of a channel. 
 
 chapel (chap'el), n. a subordinate 
 place of public worship ; a place of 
 worship in a palace, institution. 
 
 chaperon (shap'er-on), n. a married 
 lady who accompanies young ladies 
 in public: v.t. to act as a 
 chaperon. 
 
 chaplain (chap'lin) t> n._ a clergyman 
 who performs service in the army or 
 navy, a public institution, a royal or 
 private household. 
 
 chaplet (chap'let), n. a wreath or gar- 
 land encircling the head; a rosary; 
 a round molding carved into beads, 
 olives, &c. 
 
 chapter (chap'ter), n. a division of a 
 book; the clergy of a cathedral or 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
CHAR 
 
 102 
 
 CHECK 
 
 collegiate church; a meeting of cer- 
 tain organized societies or orders. 
 
 char (char), n. work by the day; a 
 single job; a chore: v.i. to work in 
 another's house by the day; do 
 odd jobs. 
 
 char (char), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. charred, 
 p.pr. charring], burn or reduce to 
 charcoal; burn partially. 
 
 character (kar'ak-ter) , n. a letter, 
 sign, or figure; distinctive qualities 
 or traits; moral excellence; a cer- 
 tificate as to conduct or ability. 
 
 characteristic (kar-ak-ter-is'tik), adj. 
 pertaining to or indicating the char- 
 acter. 
 
 characterize (kar'ak-ter-iz), v.t. de- 
 scribe by peculiar qualities; mark or 
 distinguish. 
 
 charade (sha-rad'), n. an acted 
 enigma. 
 
 charcoal (char'kol), n. wood partially 
 burnt; impure carbon. 
 
 charge (charj), v.t. to rush on or at- 
 tack; load; fill up; impose; com- 
 mand or enjoin; instruct; accuse; 
 place on the debit side: v.i. to make 
 an attack; demand a price: n. an 
 onset; quantity with which a fire- 
 arm or apparatus is charged; an 
 office or obligation; an order or com- 
 mand; authoritative instruction or 
 direction; an entry on the debit side. 
 
 chariot (char'i-ot), n. an ancient two- 
 wheeled car for war, state proces- 
 sions, racing, &c; a four-wheeled 
 pleasure carriage. 
 
 charity (char'i-ti)^ n. [pi. charities 
 (char'i-tiz)], the disposition to think 
 well of others; liberality; alms; uni- 
 versal love; an institution for the 
 poor; a gift in trust for a benevolent 
 object. 
 
 charlatan (shar'la-tan), n. a quack. 
 
 charm (charm), n. a spell or enchant- 
 ment; an allurement; a trinket: 
 v.t. influence by magic; subdue or 
 fascinate; give exquisite delight to: 
 v.i. to work by magic powers; act 
 as a spell. 
 
 charnel (char'nel), adj. containing 
 flesh or dead bodies. 
 
 chart (chart), n. a map of any part 
 of the sea, river, &c, for the use of 
 mariners; the representation of a 
 ship's course; a mariner's compass; 
 a sheet giving information in tabular 
 
 form: v.t. to lay down, or delineate on 
 a chart ; map out: v.i. to make a chart 
 or map. [Latin. 1 
 
 charter (char'ter), n. a document be- 
 stowing certain rights and privileges: 
 v.t. to charter-party. 
 
 chary (char'i), adj. cautious; spar- 
 ing. 
 
 chase (chas), v.t. to pursue; capture or 
 kill; hunt; drive away: v.i. to ride or 
 hunt rapidly: n. eager or vehement 
 pursuit; hunting; open ground for 
 preserving deer. 
 
 chasm (kazm), n. a deep gap or open- 
 ing in the earth; a void space. 
 
 chassis (shas-se'), n. the mechanical 
 parts of an automobile, embracing 
 machinery and running gear. 
 
 chaste (chast), adj. morally pure; 
 modest; pure in style; refined. 
 
 chastise (chas-tlz'), v.t. to correct by 
 punishment ; reduce to order or obe- 
 dience. 
 
 chastity (chas'ti-ti), n.. moral and 
 sexual purity. 
 
 chat (chat), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. chatted, 
 p.pr. chatting], to talk in an easy 
 familiar manner: n. familiar or in- 
 formal speech. See chin. 
 
 chateau (sha-to'), n. [pi. chateaux, 
 (sha-toz')], a castle; a manor house 
 or country seat ; the name of various 
 wines, as Chateau Larouge, &c. 
 
 chattel (chat'el), n. personal property 
 except freehold [usually in pi.]. 
 
 chatter (chafer), v.i. to utter sounds 
 rapidly, as a monkey; rattle the 
 teeth, as in shivering or from fright; 
 talk idly or carelessly; jabber: v.t. to 
 utter rapidly, idly, or indistinctly: 
 n. sounds like those of the magpie, 
 &c; idle, rapid talk. 
 
 chauffeur (sho-fer'), n. an operator 
 of an automobile; an automobilist : 
 /era. chauffeuse (sho-fez'). [French.] 
 
 cheap (chep), adj. purchasable for a 
 low price; common; of small value. 
 
 cheat (chet), n. a fraud or deception; 
 one who > cheats: v.t. to deceive or 
 defraud; impose upon: v.i. to act as a 
 cheat. 
 
 check (chek), n. a restraint; a reproof; 
 a pass, ticket, or token; a term in 
 chess; cloth woven in squares of 
 alternate patterns; an order or draft 
 on a bank or banker for money: v.t. 
 to restrain; stop; reprove; examine 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book : 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
CHECKMATE 
 
 103 
 
 CHILL 
 
 by comparison ; mark as having been 
 examined; to place an opponent's 
 king in danger at chess. [French.] 
 
 checkmate (chek'mat), n. the win- 
 ning move at chess when the oppo- 
 nent's king cannot move out of 
 check; a complete defeat from which 
 there is no escape: v.t. to give check- 
 mate to;_defeat utterly; thwart. 
 
 cheek (chek), n. the side of the face 
 beneath either eye; one of two cor- 
 responding sides; cool impudence: 
 v.t. face in an impudent manner. 
 
 cheer (cher), n. temper or state of 
 mind; a state of gladness or joy; a 
 shout of applause; tidings; luck: v.t. 
 to gladden; encourage; applaud. 
 
 cheerful (cher'fool), adj. full of good 
 spirits. 
 
 cheese (ches), n. the curd or casein of 
 milk coagulated, pressed and allowed 
 to dry in a mold; anything resem- 
 bling cheese. 
 
 chef (shef), n. a professional cook or 
 head cook. [French.] 
 
 chemise (she-mez'), n. a woman's 
 undergarment; a wall lining an earth- 
 work. [French.] 
 
 chemistry (kem'is-tri), n. the science 
 which treats of the properties of 
 elementary and compound sub- 
 stances and the laws which govern 
 their molecular and atomic rela- 
 tions. [French from Arabic] 
 
 chenille (she-nel'), n. silk or worsted 
 cord. 
 
 cherish (cher'ish), v.t. to hold or 
 esteem dear; treat with tenderness; 
 protect and aid; encourage; harbor 
 in the mind._ 
 
 cheroot (she-root'), n. a kind of cigar, 
 through the wrapping of which runs 
 a straw. [Hindu.] 
 
 cherry (cher'i), n. [pi. cherries (cher'- 
 iz)], the fruit of a tree allied to the 
 plum; a cordial made from cherries: 
 adj. of a cherry color; ruddy. 
 
 cherub (cher'ub), n. [pi. cherubs 
 (cher'ubz), cherubim (cher'oo-bim)], 
 an angel next to a seraphim in rank; 
 a beautiful child [pi. cherubs]. 
 
 chess (ohes), n. a game played by two 
 persons with sixteen pieces each on 
 a checkered board divided into 
 sixty-four squares. 
 
 chest (chest), n. a large box; the 
 quantity such a box contains; the 
 
 breast or thorax; a certain quantity 
 of goods. 
 
 chestnut (ches'nut), n. the nut or 
 seed of trees of the genus Castanea; 
 the. chestnut-tree with its edible 
 fruit; a reddish-brown color; a horse 
 of such color; an old or stale joke: 
 adj. reddish-brown. 
 
 chevron (shev'ron) , n. the badge on the 
 coat sleeve of a non-commissioned 
 officer, indicative of his rank; a 
 variety of fret ornament. [French.] 
 
 chew (choo), v.t. to crush and grind 
 with the teeth; masticate; meditate 
 upon: v.i. grind tobacco between the 
 teeth: n. that which is chewed ; a quid 
 of tobacco. 
 
 chic (shek), adj. stylish: n. Parisian 
 elegance in dress; manual dexterity. 
 
 chicane (shi-kan'), n. mean or unfair 
 artifices to obscure the truth; soph- 
 istry. Also chicanery: v.t. to cheat: 
 v.i. use artifices. 
 
 chick (chik), n. the young of a bird, 
 especially of the domestic hen : hence 
 a child. 
 
 chicken (chik'en), n. the young of 
 a fowl, especially the domestic 
 fowl. 
 
 chicory (chik'5-ri), n. a perennial plant 
 with bright blue flowers and a taper- 
 ing root, which, when roasted and 
 ground, is used to mix with coffee. 
 
 chide (chid), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. chid, 
 p.p. chidden, chid, p.pr. chiding], 
 to find fault with; scold: v.i. to 
 clamor. 
 
 chief (chef), n. a commander or 
 leader; a head or principal person; 
 the principal or most important 
 part: adj. principal; most eminent; 
 of the first order, rank, or estima- 
 tion; leading; main. 
 
 chiffon (shif'un, French she-fong'), n. 
 a kind of thin gauze fabric. 
 
 chilblain (chil'blan), n. a sore or in- 
 flammation caused by frost or cold: 
 v.t. to afflict with chilblains. 
 
 child (child), n. [pi. children (chil'- 
 dren)], a son or daughter; a very 
 young person; a descendant; one 
 immature in judgment. 
 
 chill (chil), n. a sudden coldness; the 
 absence of heat in a substance; the 
 hardened part of a casting: adj. hav- 
 ing the sensation of cold; depressing; 
 discourteous: v.t. to make cold; blast 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
CHIME 
 
 104 
 
 CHOP 
 
 with cold; deject; harden cast iron by 
 sudden cooling. 
 
 chime (chlm), n. the musical harmony 
 produced by striking a 'set of bells 
 with hammers; a set of bells tuned 
 to the musical scale and struck with 
 hammers: v.i. to sound in consonance 
 or harmony ; be in harmony or agree 
 with; join in: v.t. to cause to sound 
 in harmony. _ 
 
 chimera (ki-me'ra), n. an incongruous 
 conception of the fancy ; a cartilagi- 
 nous fish of remarkable appearance. 
 
 chimney (chim'ni), n. [pi. chimneys 
 (chim'niz)], the flue, vent, or passage 
 through which smoke or heated air, 
 &c, escapes; a glass tube for a lamp 
 to intensify combustion. 
 
 chimpanzee (chim-pan'ze), n. a large 
 West Indian anthropoid ape allied to 
 the gorilla. 
 
 chin (chin), n. the part of the face 
 below the under lip: v.t. and v.i. to 
 chatter, talk idly to; to talk in an 
 easy-going, familiar manner (to). 
 Same as chat. In Pidgin English, 
 the word is reduplicated, — thus, 
 "chin-chin." 
 
 chinch (chinch), n. a fetid insect de- 
 structive to corn crops; the bedbug. 
 
 chinchilla (chin-cmTa), n. a small 
 South American rodent with a soft 
 fine fur. 
 
 chine (chin), n. the backbone or spine 
 of an animal; a piece of the back- 
 bone of an animal (usually a pig) 
 with adjacent parts cut for cooking; 
 a rocky ravine or large fissure in a 
 cliff. 
 
 chink (chingk), n. a small fissure open- 
 ing lengthwise; a narrow aperture: 
 v.i. to crack; to form into or close up 
 cracks. 
 
 chink (chingk), n. a sharp metallic or 
 jingling sound; money: v.t. to cause 
 to make a sharp metallic sound; 
 jingle. 
 
 chintz (chints), n. cotton cloth usually 
 glazed, printed in various colors. 
 
 chip (chip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. chipped, 
 p.pr. chipping], to cut into small 
 pieces; bet at cards: v.i. break or 
 fly off into small pieces: n. a small 
 piece of stone, wood, &c, cut or 
 broken off; a bonnet, &c, made of 
 thin split wood or Cuban palm leaf. 
 
 chipmunk (chip'mungk), n. a small 
 
 squirrel of North America, having 
 dark and light stripes on its back. 
 
 chirography Ud-rog'ra-n) , n. the art 
 of writing or engrossing; judgment 
 of character by the hand-writing. 
 
 chiromancy (kl'ro-man-si) , n. palm- 
 istry. See palmist. 
 
 chiropodist (kl-rop'o-dist), n. one 
 who removes corns, bunions, &c, 
 and is skilled in diseases of the feet 
 and hands. [Greek.] 
 
 chirp (cherp), n. a short shrill cheerful 
 note: v.i. to utter such a note. 
 
 chisel (chiz'el), n. an edged instrument 
 of iron or steel for cutting wood, 
 stone, or metal: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 chiseled, p.pr. chiseling], to cut, pare, 
 gouge, or engrave with a chisel; to 
 take an unfair advantage of in a 
 transaction. 
 
 chivalry (shiv'al-ri) , n. the mediaeval 
 system of knighthood; the qualifi- 
 cations of a knight, as bravery and 
 courtesy. 
 
 chlorine (klo'rin), n. a greenish-yellow 
 gas possessing great bleaching powers. 
 
 chloroform (klo'ro-form), n. a volatile 
 liquid used for producing insensibil- 
 ity to pain: v.t. to administer chloro- 
 form to. 
 
 chocolate (chok'6-lat), n. a paste 
 made from the roasted kernels of 
 the cocoa-nut, used in making the 
 beverage so called: adj. having the 
 color of, or being, chocolate. [Aztec] 
 
 choice (chois), n. the act of choosing; 
 option; the thing chosen; the best or 
 preferable part: adj. select; carefully 
 chosen. 
 
 choir (kwir), n. a band of singers in 
 a church; the place where they 
 sing. [Old French.] 
 
 choke (chok), v.t. to suffocate by 
 obstructing the windpipe; block up. 
 
 choler (ko'ler), n. bile; irascibility. _ 
 
 cholera (kol'er-a), n. a disease with 
 violent vomiting and purging. 
 
 choose (chooz), v.t. [p.t. chose, p.p. 
 chosen, p.pr. choosing], to take by 
 preference; select: v.i. to make a 
 choice; prefer. 
 
 chop (chop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. chopped, 
 
 £.pr. chopping], to cut with repeated 
 lows; hew; mince; to exchange: 
 v.i. to do anything with a quick 
 motion; turn or vary suddenly : n. the 
 act of chopping ; a piece chopped off. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
CHOPSTICKS 
 
 105 
 
 CHYME 
 
 chopsticks (chop'stiks), n.pl. two 
 small sticks used by the Chinese in 
 place of knives and forks for eating. 
 
 choral (ko'ral), adj. of, or pertaining 
 to, a choir ; chanted or sung by a choir. 
 
 chord (kord), n. the string of a musical 
 instrument; notes in harmony; har- 
 mony of color ; a straight line joining 
 the ends of the arc of a circle: v.t. to 
 string, as a musical instrument. 
 
 chores (chorz), n.pl. the daily light 
 work of a farmyard or household. 
 
 chortle (chor'tl), v.t. to chuckle and 
 snort. 
 
 chorus (ko'rus), n. a number singing 
 in concert; a concerted piece of 
 music ; a band of singers and dancers 
 in a Greek drama. 
 
 chosen (cho'zen), adj. selected; choice. 
 
 Christ (krlst), n. "The Anointed"; 
 a name given to Jesus of Nazareth, 
 synonymous with the Hebrew Mes- 
 siah. 
 
 christen (kris'n), v.t. to baptize in the 
 name of the Holy Trinity; give a 
 Christian name to. 
 
 Christian (kris'chan), n. a professor 
 of the religion of Christ: adj. pro- 
 fessing the religion of Christ. 
 
 Christian Science (sl'ens), n. a sys- 
 tem of religion founded by Mary 
 Baker Eddy in 1866; based upon the 
 Scriptures, especially the teachings 
 of Christ Jesus, and fully stated in 
 the text-book, Science and Health. 
 It shows "the scientific relation of 
 man to God," and teaches that moral 
 and physical healing results from the 
 understanding of spiritual law. 
 
 Christmas (kris'mas), n. the festival 
 (Dec. 25) celebrating the birth of 
 Christ. 
 
 chromatic (kro-mat'ik) , adj. relating 
 to colors ; including notes not belong- 
 ing to the diatonic scale: n. a note 
 affected by an accidental: pi. that 
 branch of optics which treats of 
 colors. 
 
 chromo (kro'mo), n. [pi. chromos 
 (kro'moz)], a picture produced by 
 chromo-lithography. [Greek.] 
 
 chromo-lithography (kro-mo-lith- 
 og'ra-fi), n. the art of printing in 
 colors from stone. 
 
 chronic (kron'ik), adj. continuing a 
 long time, or recurring: said of a 
 disease. [Greek.} 
 
 chronological (kron-o-loj'i-kal), adj. 
 relating to, or containing an account 
 of, past events in the order of time. 
 
 chronology (kro-noJ'o r ji), n. [pi. chro- 
 nologies (kro-nol'o-jiz)], the science 
 that treats of events and arranges 
 their dates in proper sequence. 
 
 chrysalis (kris'a-lis), n. the final stage 
 through which a lepidopterous insect, 
 or a butterfly, passes prior to its 
 winged state. [Greek.] 
 
 chrysanthemum (kris : an'the-mum), 
 n. a composite plant with large heads 
 of showy flowers; a flower of this 
 plant. 
 
 chrysolite (kris'o-lit) , n. a green-col- 
 ored and sometimes transparent gem. 
 
 chuhby (chub'i), adj. plump; fat and 
 round. 
 
 chuck (chuk), v.t. to pat in a playful 
 manner; throw smartly to a short 
 distance; hold in a chuck: n. a light 
 blow under the chin; a short toss; 
 an appendage to a lathe to secure 
 the work to be turned; a hen's call. 
 
 chuckle (chuk'l), n. a quiet, sup- 
 pressed laugh: v.i. to laugh in such 
 a manner. 
 
 chum (chum), n. one who lodges in 
 the same apartment; an old or in- 
 timate friend. 
 
 chunk (chungk), n. a thick piece of 
 anything. 
 
 chump (chump), n. a short, thick, 
 heavy piece of wood; a thick-headed, 
 unintelligent man; a block head. 
 
 church (cherch) , n. a building used for 
 divine worship. 
 
 churl (cherl), n. formerly one of the 
 lowest orders of freemen; a peasant; 
 a surly ill-bred person; a nig- 
 gard. 
 
 churn (chern) , n. a vessel in which milk 
 or cream is agitated to form butter : v.t. 
 to make (butter) by agitating milk or 
 cream; agitate by violent motion. 
 
 chute (shoot), n. an inclined trough 
 for sending articles down ; an aquatic 
 switch-back; a river-fall over which 
 timber is floated; a stampede. 
 
 chyle (kil) , n. a milk-like fluid sepa- 
 rated from digested matter in the 
 stomach, absorbed by the lacteal 
 vessels, and assimilated into blood. 
 
 chyme (kirn), n. the pulpy mass of 
 digested food prior to separation of 
 the chyle. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, Men. 
 
CICATRIX 
 
 106 
 
 CIRCUS 
 
 cicatrix (sik-a'triks) , n. [pi. cicatrices 
 (si-ka-tri'sez)], the scar remaining 
 after a wound has healed. 
 
 cicerone (sis-e-rq'ne; Italian che-cha- 
 ro'ne), n. [pi. cicerones (che-cha-ro'- 
 nez), ciceroni (sis-e-ro'ne)], a guide 
 who explains the antiquities and 
 chief features of a place. [Italian.] 
 
 cider (si'der), n. the juice of apples 
 expressed and fermented. 
 
 ci-devant (se-de-vang'), adj. former: 
 used with reference to an office pre- 
 viously held. 
 
 cigar (si-gar') , n. a small roll of tobacco- 
 leaf used for smoking. [Spanish.] 
 
 cigarette (sig-a-ret') , n. a small cigar 
 made of tobacco rolled in thin paper. 
 
 cinch (sinch), n. a saddle-girth firmly- 
 fastened in place by loop and knots; 
 a sure grip or hold. [Spanish.] 
 
 cincture (singk'tur), n. a belt or 
 girdle worn round the waist ; a raised 
 or carved ring at the bottom and top 
 of a pillar. [Latin.] 
 
 cinder (sin'der), n. any piece of a body 
 thoroughly burnt but not reduced to 
 ashes: pi. volcanic scoriae ;_slag. 
 
 cinematograph (sin-e : mat'o-graf ) , n. 
 a French device similar to the bio- 
 graph, or moving pictures. [Greek.] 
 
 cinnamon (sin'a-mun), n. the inner 
 aromatic bark of an East Indian tree: 
 adj. light-reddish brown. [Latin.] 
 
 cipher (sl'fer), n. the symbol 0: hence 
 a person or anything without value 
 or power; a monogram;' a secret 
 manner of writing, or the key to it; 
 a code: v.i. to practice arithmetic; 
 v.t. to express in cipher. 
 
 circle (ser'kl), n. a round body; a plane 
 figure bounded by a single curved 
 line called its circumference, every 
 part of which is equally distant from 
 a point within it, called the center; 
 an orb ; a number of persons or things 
 united by a common bond ; a coterie ; 
 an administrative divisiomof a coun- 
 try: v.t. to encompass: v.i. move in 
 a circle. 
 
 circuit (ser'ket), n. the act of going 
 round anything; the space enclosed 
 in a circle; a district assigned to an 
 itinerant preacher; the arrangement 
 by which an electric current is kept 
 up between the two poles of a bat- 
 tery or machine; the path of the 
 electric current. [Latin.] 
 
 circuitous (ser-ku'i-tus), adj. round- 
 about. 
 
 circular (ser'ku-lar), adj. round like a 
 circle; ending in itself; intended for 
 circulation: n. a printed or written 
 letter or notice. 
 
 circulate (ser'ku-lat) , v.t. to cause to 
 pass from point to point or from one 
 person to another: v.i. move around 
 and return to the same point; pass 
 from hand to hand; be diffused or 
 distributed; travel. 
 
 circum (ser'kum), a Latin prefix = 
 around, forming compounds _ the 
 meaning of many of which is obvious, 
 as circumpolsLT, around the pole, &c. 
 
 circumcise (ser'kum-siz), v.t. to cut 
 off the foreskin or prepucei; purify the 
 heart. 
 
 circumference (ser-kum'f er-ens) , n. 
 the line that bounds a circle; a pe- 
 riphery. [Latin.] 
 
 circumflex (ser'kum-fleks) , n. a mark 
 (A, ^) over a vowel or syllable to 
 denote accent or contraction: adj. 
 marked with such an accent; curved 
 or winding : v.t . to pronounce or mark 
 with the circumflex. 
 
 circumfuse (ser-kum-fuz'), v.t. to pour 
 or spread around. 
 
 circumjacent (ser-kum-ja'sent), adj. 
 lying around; bordering on every 
 side. 
 
 circumlocution (ser-kum-lo-ku'shun) , 
 n. a roundabout way of speaking; an 
 indirect mode of statement. 
 
 circumnavigate (ser-kum-nav'i-gat) , 
 v.t. to sail round: usually the globe. 
 
 circumscribe (ser-kum-skrib'), v.t. to 
 inclose within certain lines or boun- 
 daries; restrict. 
 
 circumspect (ser'kum-spekt), adj. 
 cautious; prudent; watchful on all 
 sides. 
 
 circumstance (ser'kum-stans), n. 
 something relative or appendent to 
 a fact; an incident: pi. state of af- 
 fairs: v.t. to place in a particular 
 situation [only in p.p.]. 
 
 circumvallation (ser-kum-val-a'- 
 shun), n. the act of throwing up walls 
 or trenches surrounding a fortified 
 place. 
 
 circumvent (ser-kum-venf), n. to 
 gain an advantage over by stratagem 
 or deception. 
 
 circus (ser'kus), n. [pi. circuses (ser'- 
 
 lite, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book : 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
CISALPINE 
 
 L0< 
 
 CLARINET 
 
 kus-ez)], a large level oblong space 
 for feats of horsemanship, <fcc, with 
 seats for the spectators arranged in 
 tiers; a semi-circular space. [Latin.] 
 
 cisalpine (sis-al'pin), adj. this side of 
 the Alps with regard to Rome; south 
 of the Alps; opposed to transalpine, 
 across or beyond the Alps. [Latin.] 
 
 cisatlantic (sis-at-lan'tik), adj. on this 
 side of the Atlantic Ocean. [Latin.] 
 
 cistern (sis'tern), n. a natural or arti- 
 ficial receptacle for storing water; a 
 reservoir. [Latin.] 
 
 citadel (sit'a-del), n. a fortress, a 
 castle. [French.] 
 
 citation (si-ta'shun) , n. an official 
 summons to appear before a court, 
 especially an ecclesiastical court; a 
 quotation. [Latin.] 
 
 cite (sit), v.t. to summon officially to 
 appear in court; quote. 
 
 citizen (sit'i-zen), n. a native or in- 
 habitant of a town or city; a free- 
 man; a member of a state or nation 
 who enjoys political rights and privi- 
 leges; a tradesman. [French.] 
 
 citron (sit'run), n. a tree with a fruit 
 like the lemon. [French.] 
 
 city (sit'i), n. [pi. cities (sit'iz)], a 
 large and important town; a corpo- 
 rate town. [French.] 
 
 civet (siv'et), n. a musky secretion of 
 the anal glands of the civet cat. 
 
 civic (siv'ik), adj. pertaining to a 
 city. 
 
 civil (siv'il), adj. relating to the affairs 
 of a city or government; intestine; 
 non-international; not military or 
 criminal ; complaisant; well- 
 bred. 
 
 civilian (si-vil'yan), n. one engaged in 
 the pursuits of civil life; not a soldier 
 or sailor: adj. occupied in civil pur- 
 suits. [Old French.] 
 
 civility (si-vil'i-ti), n. [pi. civilities 
 (si-vil'i-tiz)], good breeding; cour- 
 tesy. [French.] 
 
 civilize (siv'i-liz), v.t. to reclaim from 
 a savage state; instruct in the arta 
 and refinements of civilized life. 
 
 clad (klad), p.t. of clothe. 
 
 claim (klam), v.t. to demand as a 
 right, or by authority: v.i. to be 
 entitled to anything; assert or put 
 forward a claim: n. a demand; a 
 right or title to anything; the thing 
 claimed; a piece of land which a 
 
 miner marks out in accordance with 
 mining laws. 
 
 claimant (kla'mant), n. one who de- 
 mands anything as his right. 
 
 clairvoyance (klar-voi'ans) , n. the 
 power attributed to persons in a 
 mesmeric state of seeing objects not 
 usually perceptible. [French.] 
 
 clam (klam), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. clammed, 
 p.pr. clamming], to clog with any 
 glutinous matter: v.i. to be moist and 
 cold. 
 
 clam (klam), n. an edible bivalve* 
 mollusk. 
 
 clamber (klam'ber), v.t. to ascend or 
 climb with difficulty. 
 
 clammy (klam'i), adj. soft and sticky. 
 
 clamor (klam'er), n. a loud and con- 
 tinued noise; popular outcry: v.t. 
 shout with a loud voice: v.i. make 
 importunate demands. [Latin.] 
 
 clamp (klamp), n. anything that fas- 
 tens or binds; a piece of wood, metal, 
 &c, used to bring two things to- 
 gether: v.t. to fasten or bind with 
 clamps. 
 
 clan (klan), n. a tribe or association 
 of families united under one chief- 
 tain, having one common ancestor, 
 and the same surname. [Scottish.] 
 
 clandestine (klan-des'tin) , adj. secret; 
 private. [Latin.] 
 
 clang (klang), n. a loud, sharp, ringing 
 metallic sound: v.t. to cause to re- 
 sound with a clang: v.i. give out a 
 clang. 
 
 clap (klap), v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
 clapped, p.pr. clapping], to strike 
 one thing against another with a 
 quick, sharp noise; indicate approval 
 by striking the hands together; put 
 on quickly: n. a loud noise made by 
 a sudden collision; applause ex- 
 pressed by clapping; a sudden act or 
 movement. 
 
 claret (klar'et) , n. a light bodied wine 
 of a dark-red color, called by the 
 French "Bordeaux wine" from the 
 district where it is chiefly made; 
 blood: ad;, claret-colored. 
 
 clarify (klar'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.v. clari- 
 fied, p.pr. clarifying], to make clear 
 from impurities: v.i. to become 
 bright. 
 
 clarinet (klar'i-net) , n. a keyed reed 
 instrument of the oboe class. Also 
 clarionet. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
CLARION 108 CLIME 
 
 clarion (klar'ri-un) , n. a kind of trum- worn on boots to make them more 
 
 pet. durable; a piece of wood or iron on 
 
 clash (klash), v.i. to make a loud harsh the yard-arm of a ship to keep the 
 
 noise by mutual collision: v.t. to ropes from slipping; a strip of wood 
 
 strike violently together: n. the noise nailed across a board: v.t. to secure 
 
 so produced. or strengthen with a cleat. [Danish.] 
 
 clasp (klasp), v.t. to shut or fasten cleave (klev), v.i. [p.t. clave, cleaved, 
 
 together with, or as with, a clasp: p.p. cleaved, p.pr. cleaving], to ad- 
 
 n. a hook to hold anything close; a here to; be attached strongly to. 
 
 close embrace. cleave (klev), v.t. [p.t. cleft,- clove 
 
 class (clas), n. a rank or order of per- (klov), p.p. cleft (kleft), cloven 
 
 sons or things; a number of students (klo'vn), cleaved, p.pr. cleaving], to 
 
 of the same status; a group of ani- divide with violence ; part naturally, 
 
 mals or plants next in rank above an clef (kief), n. a figure at the beginning 
 
 order: v.t. to classify. [French.] of each staff in music to indicate the 
 
 classify (klas'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pitch of all the notes on one particu- 
 
 classified; p.pr. classifying], to ar- far line or space. [French.] 
 
 range in classes; systematize. cleft, p.t. & p.p. of cleave, to split. 
 
 clatter (klat'er), v.i. to make a noise cleft (kleft), n. a crack; crevice, 
 
 by knocking two sonorous bodies clemency (klem'en-si), n. [pi. clemen- 
 
 frequently together; talk idly and cies (klem'en-siz)], compassion; re- 
 
 noisily. mission. [Latin.] 
 
 clause (klawz), n. a separate part of a clergy (kler'ji), n. a body of men set 
 
 written composition, or a sentence; a apart by ordination for the service 
 
 special proviso in a document. of the Church. 
 
 [French.] clerk (klerk), n. a parish clerk; a 
 
 clavicle (klav'i-kal), n. the collar- scholar; one engaged in an office to 
 
 bone. [Latin.] conduct correspondence, keep books, 
 
 claw (klaw), n. a sharp hooked nail or transact business generally; an 
 
 in the foot of an animal, as the cat ; assistant salesman in a store or shop : 
 
 the whole foot of a bird; anything v.i. to act as clerk or salesman, 
 
 resembling a claw; the narrow part clever (klev'er), adj. possessing skill or 
 
 at the base of a leaf or foot-stalk of ability; dexterous; expert; good 
 
 a petal: v.t. to tear or scratch with, natured and obliging. 
 
 or as if with, claws. clew (kloo), n. a ball of thread; a hint 
 
 clay (kla), n. anything easily molded; or aid to discovery [see clue]; one of 
 
 soft plastic earth; the bodily or the corners of a sail: v.t. to truss up 
 
 earthly nature of man: adj. made of (sails) to the yard of a ship, 
 
 or like clay: v.t. to purify, cover, or click (klik), v.i. to make a short sharp 
 
 manure with clay. successive noise: v.t. to move with a 
 
 clean (klen), adj. free from dirt or clicking sound: n. a slight sharp 
 
 extraneous matter; morally or cere- sound; a catch for retaining a bolt, 
 
 monially pure: adv. in a clean manner; client (kll'ent), n. one who employs 
 
 entirely; cleverly: v .t. to render clean. a lawyer; one dependent upon an- 
 
 cleanse (klenz), v.t. to make clean; other's patronage. [Latin.] 
 
 purify from moral taint or guilt. cliff (klif), n. high steep rock or bank. 
 
 clear (kler), adj. bright; pure; un- climate (kll'mat), n. the temperature 
 
 dimmed ; translucent ; manifest to the and meteorological conditions of a 
 
 understanding; unobstructed; audi- country, &c. [French.] 
 
 ble; unadulterated: v.t. to make climax (kll'maks), n. the summit; 
 
 bright; render evident; free from acme. 
 
 obstructions; render more acute or climb (klim), v.i. to mount^ or as- 
 quick; prove or declare innocent ; free cend, as by the hands and feet: v.t. 
 from legal detention, as imported ascend laboriously: n. an ascent by 
 goods: v.i. leave a port; exchange climbing, 
 cheques, &c, at a bank. _ [French.] clime (klim), n. a country, region, or 
 
 cleat (klet), n. a thin piece of iron tract. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; buon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
CLINCH 
 
 109 
 
 CLOY 
 
 clinch (klinch), v.t. to rivet; fix firmly 
 by folding over; double up tightly, 
 as the fingers; to hold fast; to settle 
 a dispute or to come to an agree- 
 ment: n. anything that holds both 
 ways; a mode of fastening large 
 ropes. 
 
 cling (kling), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. clung, 
 P-pr. clinging], to adhere closely; 
 hold fast by embracing or entwin- 
 ing. 
 
 clinic (klin'ik), n. a medical lecture 
 at the bedside or in the presence of 
 patients. [Greek.] 
 
 clink (klingk), v.t. to strike so as to 
 make a slight sharp sound: v.i. to 
 make a clinking noise: n. a slight 
 sharp successive vibrating noise; in 
 soldiers' parlance, a military prison 
 or guard-house. 
 
 clip (klip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. clipped, 
 clipt: p.pr. clipping], to cut with 
 shears or scissors; cut off; formerly 
 to debase coin by cutting off the 
 edges: v.i. move quickly: n. the wool 
 of a season's shearing; a spring 
 holder for holding papers; a slight 
 blow with the hand. 
 
 clique (klek), n. a group of persons 
 united for some common purpose 
 (usually sinister); a coterie; a ring. 
 
 cloak (klok), n. a sleeveless, loose outer 
 garment worn by both sexes: hence, 
 a pretext; disguise: v.t. to cover with, 
 or as with, a cloak; cover up or 
 conceal. 
 
 clock (klok), n. a machine for meas- 
 uring and indicating the divisions of 
 time by means of hands moving over 
 a dial-plate. 
 
 clod (klod), n. a lump of earth, turf, 
 or clay; a bait used in eel-fishing; 
 the shoulder part of the neck-piece 
 in beef. 
 
 clog (klog), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. clogged, 
 p.pr. clogging], to load with anything 
 that may impede motion ; embarrass : 
 v.i. to stick or cluster together: n. a 
 load or weight; a hindrance; a kind 
 of wooden shoe. 
 
 cloister (klois'ter), n. a place of reli- 
 gious retirement; a monastery or 
 nunnery : pi. an arched way or cov- 
 ered walk running round an ecclesi- 
 astical building or college: v.t. to 
 confine in a cloister or convent; 
 seclude from the world. [French.] 
 
 close (kloz), v.t. to shut; surround 
 closely; unite together; consolidate; 
 end: v.i. to come together; shut in; 
 coalesce; engage in hand-to-hand 
 conflict; grapple: n. an inclosed 
 space; the precincts of a cathedral 
 or abbey; an alley: adj. (klos) hav- 
 ing no outlet ; confined ; without ven- 
 tilation; oppressive; minute; concise; 
 reticent; niggardly: adv. near. 
 
 closet (kloz'et), n. a small room for 
 privacy or retirement; a place for 
 storing valuable things or household 
 requisites: _ adj. private; secluded: 
 v.t. to receive in a private room for 
 confidential consultation. [French.] 
 
 clot (klot), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. clotted, p.pr. 
 clotting], to coagulate: v.t. to make, 
 form into, or cover with, clots: n. a 
 concrete or coagulate mass of soft or 
 fluid matter. 
 
 cloth (kloth), n. [pi. cloths (klothz)], 
 a woven fabric of some fibrous 
 material, especially wool; a table 
 covering; the distinctive dress of 
 any profession, especially the cleri- 
 cal. 
 
 clothe (kloth), v.t. to put raiment on; 
 cover with, or as with, a gar- 
 ment. 
 
 clothes (klothz), n.pl. covering for the 
 body; dress; bedclothes. 
 
 cloud (kloud), n. a mass of visible 
 vapor floating in the atmosphere; a 
 volume of smoke or dust; the dark 
 markings in marble or precious 
 stones; a diffused body of anything; 
 a multitude; a light woolen shawl: 
 v.t. to overspread with, or as with, 
 a cloud; render gloomy; blacken or 
 sully: v.i. to grow cloudy (usually 
 with over). 
 
 clout (klout), n. a piece of cloth or 
 leather for patching; a cloth for any 
 mean use; the center mark of an 
 archery target; an arrow that has 
 hit the center; a blow on the head 
 with the hand: v.t. to patch or mend 
 coarsely; strike with the hand. 
 
 clove (klov), p.t. of cleave. 
 
 clove (klov), n. a pungent aromatic 
 spice. [Spanish.] 
 
 clover (klS'ver), n. a species of grass. 
 
 clown (kloun), n. a rustic; an ill- 
 bred fellow; a professional jester or 
 buffoon. 
 
 cloy (kloi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cloyed, 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
CLUB 110 COCK 
 
 p.pr. cloying], to fill to repletion; or size; not refined; rough; rude; 
 
 surfeit. indelicate. 
 
 club (klub), n. a heavy stick; one of coast (kost), n. the margin of the 
 
 the suits of cards marked with tre- land next the sea; a frontier; a 
 
 foils; a number of persons associ- slide in a sledge down an incline: 
 
 ated for a common purpose or mu- v.i. to sail near or along the coast*; 
 
 tual benefit; a joint expense: v.t. descend an incline in a sledge, or on 
 
 [p.t. & p.p. clubbed, p.pr. clubbing], a bicycle without working the pedals : 
 
 to beat with a club; unite in a solid v.t. to sail close or near to. 
 
 mass: v.i. contribute to a common coat (kot), n. an outer garment cov- 
 
 expense (with together). ering the upper part of the body; an 
 
 cluck (kluk), v.i. to cry or call like external covering, as fur, &c; a 
 
 a hen to her chickens: n. a hen's thin layer; an integument: v.t. to 
 
 call; the peculiar click uttered by cover or spread over. 
 
 some South African tribes. coax (koks), v.t. to wheedle; cajole. 
 
 clue (kloo), 77. a hint; a clew. cob (kob), n. a roundish piece of any- 
 
 clump (klump), n. a cluster of trees, thing; the spike of Indian corn; a 
 
 etc.; a thick sole: pi. a social game: strong thickset pony; a young her- 
 
 v.t. arrange in a clump: v.i. tread ring; a spider; a pellet for feeding 
 
 clumsily. fowls; the bull-head _ or miller's 
 
 clumsy (klum'zi), adj. awkward; heavy. thumb; a sea-gull; a kind of wicker 
 
 clung (klung), p.t. of cling. basket; a kind of breakwater: v.t. 
 
 cluster (klus'ter), n. a number of [p.t. & p.p. cobbed, p.pr. cobbing], 
 
 things of the same kind growing or to punish with a strap; break (ore), 
 
 collected together; a bunch: v.i. to cobalt (ko'bawlt), n. a steel-grey 
 
 grow or gather into bunches; con- metal, 
 
 gregate. cobble (kob'l), n. a pebble; a round 
 
 clutch (kluch), v.t. to grasp, seize, or medium-sized stone; clumsy work: 
 
 grip strongly: v.i. to snatch or seize v.t. to mend or patch up coarsely: 
 
 [with at]\ n. a grasp; seizure: pi. v.i. work clumsily. 
 
 hands; claws. cobra-dl-capello (ko'bra-di-ka-pel'5), 
 
 co- (ko), a prefix, meaning with, to- n. a large and most venomous 
 
 gether, entering into the composi- snake of the East Indies. m 
 
 tion of many words, the sense of cobweb (kob'web), n. a spider's web: 
 
 which is generally self-evident, as hence, a net or snare; old musty 
 
 co-trustee, a joint trustee. [Latin.] rubbish: adj. made of, or like, a 
 
 coach (koch), n. a large covered four- cobweb; flimsy. 
 
 wheeled public or private carriage; coca (ko'ka), n. the dried leaf of a 
 
 a tutor who especially prepares an- small South Am erican > shrub: a pow- 
 
 other for an examination or an ath- erful tonic. [S. American.] 
 
 letic contest: v.t. to instruct or cocaine (ko-kan'), n. a powerful alka- 
 
 train for an examination, &c. loid extracted from coca leaves. 
 
 coagulate (ko-ag'ii-lat), v.t. to clot cochineal (koch'i-nel), n. a scarlet 
 
 or curdle. dye obtained from the dried body 
 
 coal (kol), n. mineralized vegetable of an insect. [Spanish.] 
 
 matter, used in its hardened form cock (kok), n. the male of birds, es- 
 
 as fuel: v.t. to furnish with coal: pecially the domestic fowl; the male 
 
 v.i. take in coal; pi. coals. [English.] of certain animals other than birds; 
 
 coalesce (ko-a-les ), v.t. to grow to- a vane in the shape of a cock; a 
 
 gether; combine; unite. [Latin.] leader or chief; a turn-valve for 
 
 coalition (ko-a-lish'un), n. % union in regulating the flow of a liquid or 
 
 a body or mass; a combination of gas; a small conical heap of 
 
 persons. hay. 
 
 coaptation (ko-ap-ta'shun), n. the cock (kok), v.t. to turn up or set (the 
 
 adjustment or adaptation of parts to hat or head) jauntily on one side; 
 
 one another. erect: n. the action of the verb to 
 
 coarse (kors), adj. large in texture cock. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
COCKADE 111 COLD 
 
 cockade (kok-ad'), n. a badge or coeval (kd-e'val), adj. contempora- 
 
 ribbon worn on the hat. [French.] neous. [Latin.] 
 
 cockatrice (kok'a-tris or -tris), n. a coffee (kof'e), n. the seeds of a plant 
 
 fabulous scorpion said to have been which, roasted and ground, form the 
 
 hatched in a cock's egg, and pos- well-known beverage. [Turkish.] 
 
 sessing the power of killing by a coffer (kof'er), n. a chest; a kind of 
 
 glance of its eye. caisson or floating dock; a sunken 
 
 cockle (kok'l), n. an edible shell-fish panel: pi. a treasury: v.t. to inclose 
 
 with two heart-shaped wrinkled in a coffer. 
 
 shells ; the plant corncockle or darnel ; coffin (kof'in),n. a case for the dead; 
 
 a kiln for drying hops; a stove for the hollow part of a horse's hoof: 
 
 drying biscuit-ware. v.t. inclose in a coffin. 
 
 cockroach (kok'roch),n. a black beetle, cog (kog), n. the tooth of a wheel; a 
 
 cocktail (kok'tal), n. a mixed drink trick: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cogged, p.pr. 
 
 of which the base may be whiskey cogging], to furnish with cogs; 
 
 (a Manhattan), gin (a Martini), &c. wheedle; to load (dice) in order to 
 
 cocoa (ko'ko), n. a palm which pro- cheat. 
 
 duces the cocoanut. [Spanish.] cogitate (koj'i-tat), v.i. to meditate: 
 
 cocoa (ko'ko), n. the ground seeds of v.t. to devise or plan. [Latin.] 
 
 the cacao or chocolate tree; also the cognac (ko'nyak), n. a French 
 
 beverage made from it. brandy distilled near Cognac from 
 
 cocoanut (ko'ko-nut), n. the fruit of grapes grovvn in the valley of the 
 
 the cocoa palm. Charente. 
 
 cocoon (ko-koon'), n. the silky ob- cognate (kog'nat), adj. allied by 
 
 long case covering the larvae of blood; of the same stock, nature, or 
 
 many spinning insects while in the quality. 
 
 chrysalis state. cognition (kog-nish'un) , n. knowl- 
 
 cod (kod), n. the husk or pod of a edge. 
 
 seed; the scrotum; the narrow part cognizant (kon'i-zant) , adj. having 
 
 of a trawl-net. knowledge of anything. 
 
 cod (kod), n. a large edible fish found cognomen (kog-no'men), n. a sur- 
 
 in the northern seas, and especially name. 
 
 pn the banks of Newfound- cohabit (ko-hab'it), v.i. to dwell to- 
 
 land. gether as husband and wife. 
 
 coddle (kod 1), v.t. to make effemi- cohere (ko-her), v.i. to stick together. 
 
 nate by pampering; treat tenderly; coherent (ko-he'rent), adj. cohering 
 
 to stew gently: n. an over-indulged, + o<xether; ponsiV-pnt; logical. 
 
 pampered person cohesive (kS-he'siv), n. causing to 
 
 code (kod), n. a body of classified cohere. 
 
 laws or regulations; a system of coil (koil), n. a rope gathered into a 
 
 signals, [trench.] ring; anything resembling it: v.t. 
 
 codex (kodeks), n. [pi. codices (ko'di- to gather or wind into a circular 
 
 sez)J, a volume of statutes; a man- heap. 
 
 usenpt volume, especially of the coin (koin). n. monev stamped with 
 
 sacred Scriptures or of the classic a legal impression; a corner or 
 
 writers, Greek and Roman. angle: v.t. to convert into money; 
 
 codicil (kodi-sil), n. an appendix to invent. 
 
 a J5fH coincide (ko-in-sid'), v.i. correspond 
 
 coefficient (ko-e-fish'ent), adj. coop- exactly; occur at the same time; 
 
 erating: n. that which cooperates fall upon, or meet, in the same point. 
 
 with another; a number or known coke (k5k), n. the residue of coal after 
 
 quantity prefixed in algebra as a the gas, &c, has been expelled: v.t. 
 
 multiplier to a variable or an un- to convert into coke. 
 
 known quantity. [Latin.] colander (kul'an-der), n. a vessel 
 
 coerce (ko-ers'), v.t. to restrain or with a perforated bottom. 
 
 constrain by force, especially legal- cold (kold), adj. without heat or 
 
 ly or morally; comp el. [Latin.] warmth; frigid; without passion or 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nSrth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
COLE 
 
 112 
 
 COMA 
 
 zeal; indifferent; insensible; blue in 
 tone: n. the opposite of heat; the 
 sensation produced by the loss of 
 heat; a catarrh. 
 
 cole (kol), n. cabbage. 
 
 colic (kol'ik), n. acute spasmodic 
 pain in the abdomen or bowels: adj. 
 pertaining to, or affecting, the bow- 
 els. [French.] 
 
 collaborate (ko-lab'o-rat), v.i. to 
 work jointly, especially in literary 
 or scientific work. 
 
 collapse (kol-aps'), n. a falling in or 
 together; sudden and complete fail- 
 ure; general prostration of the vital 
 powers: v.i. to fall in or together; 
 shrink up; break down. 
 
 collar (kol'er), n. anything encircling 
 the neck, worn for use, restraint, or 
 ornament; a round ring or flange: 
 v.t. to seize by the collar; put a col- 
 lar on; roll up. 
 
 collate (kol-at'), v.t. compare crit- 
 ically one thing with another of the 
 same kind, as manuscripts or text of 
 books; place in an ecclesiastical 
 benefice. 
 
 collateral (kol-at 'er-al), adj. side by 
 side; auxiliary; concurrent; descend- 
 ed from the same stock, but in a 
 different line; same as collateral 
 security, or a security (stocks, 
 bonds, &c.) pledged to secure a 
 1f ^an in cash. 
 
 collation (kol-a'shun) , n. compari- 
 son ; a light repast ; the presentation 
 to a benefice by a bishop, who is the 
 natron. [English-Latin.] 
 
 colleague (kol'eg), n. an associate in 
 the same office, employment, or 
 commission. 
 
 collect (kol'ekt), n. a short compre- 
 hensive prayer. 
 
 collect (kol-ekt/), v.t. gather together; 
 assemble; demand and obtain 
 payment of: v.i. to meet together; 
 accumulate. [Latin.] 
 
 college (kol'ej), n. a society of men 
 possessing certain powers and rights, 
 and engaged in some common pur- 
 suit, especially literary studies; the 
 house or buildings founded for such 
 a society. 
 
 collide (kol-id'), v.i. to come into col- 
 lision. 
 
 collier (kol'yer), n. a digger of coal; 
 
 a coal-digger; a vessel in the coal 
 trade. 
 
 collision (kol-izh'un) , n. the act of 
 striking two bodies violently togeth- 
 er; concussion. 
 
 collodion (kol-o'di-un), n. a prepara- 
 tion of soluble gun-cotton with ether. 
 
 colloquial (kol-o'kwi-al), adj. used 
 in ordinary conversation. 
 
 colloquy (kol'o-kwi), n. [pi. colloquies 
 (kol'o-kwiz)], a conversation; a dia- 
 logue. 
 
 collusion (kol-ti'zhun) , n. a secret 
 agreement for a fraudulent or evil 
 purpose. 
 
 colon (ko'lon), n. a mark of punctua- 
 tion [:], almost a full stop; the largest 
 of the intestines. 
 
 colonel (ker'nel), n. the commanding 
 officer of a regiment. [French.] 
 
 colonize (koro-niz), v.t. to settle or 
 establish a colony in. 
 
 colonnade (kol-on-ad'). n- a series of 
 columns. [French.] 
 
 colony (kol'o-ni), n. [pi. colonies 
 (koro-niz)], a body of people from 
 their native country who settle in 
 another land, but are under the 
 jurisdiction of, or connected with, 
 the parent country ; the country thus 
 settled; a number of animals or 
 plants living or growing together. 
 
 color (kul'er), n. the hue or appear- 
 ance that a body presents to the 
 eye; a pigment or paint; complex- 
 ion; redness; an apparent right or 
 reason; pretense; false show: pi. a 
 military or naval flag: v.t. to im- 
 part a color to; tint; dye; give a 
 specious appearance to; make plaus- 
 ible. [Latin.] 
 
 colossal (ko-los'al), adj. like a colos- 
 sus; gigantic. 
 
 colossus (ko-los'us), n. [pi. colossi 
 (ko-los'i)], a statue of gigantic size. 
 
 colt (kolt), ri. a young male horse; a 
 young foolish fellow ; a knotted 
 rope's-end: v.t. punish with a rope's- 
 end. .„ 
 
 column (kol'um), n. a round pillar 
 to support or adorn a building; any 
 body of certain dimensions pressing 
 vertically on its base; a division of 
 the page of a book, &c; a formation 
 of troops in deep files. [Latin.] 
 
 coma (ko'ma), n. insensibility; stu- 
 por. [Greek.] 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hfie. hut ; think, then. 
 
COMATOSE 
 
 113 
 
 COMMISERATE 
 
 comatose (ko'ma-tos), adj. torpid; 
 
 lethargic. 
 
 comb (kom), n. a toothed instrument 
 to separate and adjust the hair; the 
 crest of a cock; the crest of a wave 
 or hill; a honeycomb; v.t. to dress 
 the hair with a comb; grain; v.i. to 
 roll over, as the crest of a wave. 
 
 combat (kom'bat), v.i. to fight; act 
 in opposition: v.t. to fight with; 
 oppose by force: n. a contest by 
 force; a struggle. [French.] 
 
 combination (kom-bi-na'shun) , n. 
 the union of bodies or qualities; an 
 association of persons for a com- 
 mon object: pi. underclothing woven 
 in one piece., 
 
 combine (kom-bin'), v.t. to unite or 
 join; link closely together: v.i. to 
 unite, agree, or coalesce: n. (Slang), 
 a secret combination, generally for 
 fraudulent purposes. [Latin.] 
 
 combustion (kom-bust'yun) , n. the 
 act of burning; the state of being 
 burnt; the union of an inflammable 
 substance with oxygen, &c, produc- 
 ing light and heat. 
 
 come (kum), v.i. [p.t. came, p.p. 
 come, p.pr. coming], to move to- 
 wards; draw near; reach; happen; 
 arrive at some state or condition: 
 v.t. to act or play the part of. 
 
 comedy (kom'e-di), n. [pi. comedies 
 (kom'e-diz)], dramatic representa- 
 tion of the humorous or ridiculous 
 side of human life. [Greek.] 
 
 comely (kum'li), adj. graceful; hand- 
 some. 
 
 comet (kom'et), n. a luminous celes- 
 tial body, with an eccentric orbit, 
 consisting, when perfect, of a nu- 
 cleus, coma, and a tail. [Greek.] 
 
 comfit (kum'fit), n. a dry sweetmeat. 
 
 comfort (kum/fert), v.t. to console; 
 strengthen; inspirit: n. a state of 
 quiet enjoyment; consolation; en- 
 couragement; a quilted bed-cover. 
 
 comfortable (kum'fer-ta-bl), adj. im- 
 parting or enjoying comfort. [French. ] 
 
 comic (kom'ik)or comical (kom'ik- 
 al), adj. exciting mirth. 
 
 comity (kom'i-ti), n. civility; polite- 
 ness; acts of international courtesy. 
 
 comma (kom'a), n. a punctuation 
 point [,]. [Greek.] 
 
 command (kom-and' or -and'), v.t. 
 to order or charge with authority; 
 
 control; exercise supreme authority 
 over; lead: v.i. act as a commander; 
 exercise power or authority: n. au- 
 thority ; an order or mandate ; a 
 dominating situation; a naval or 
 military force under the command 
 of a particular officer. 
 
 commander (kom-and'er) , n. one who 
 commands; a naval officer next be- 
 low a captain. 
 
 commandment (kom-and'ment), n. 
 a command; a precept; a law, es- 
 pecially any one of the Decalogue. 
 
 commemorate (kom-em'o-rat), v.t. 
 to call to remembrance by a solemn 
 act; celebrate with honor. 
 
 commence (kom-ens'), v.i. to come 
 into existence; begin: v.t. enter 
 upon; perform the first act of. 
 
 commencement (kom-ens'ment), n. 
 beginning ; origin ; the annual festival 
 when degrees, &c, are conferred at 
 American colleges ; like Commemora- 
 tion Day at Oxford. 
 
 commend (kom-end'), v.t. recom- 
 mend as worthy of notice; praise; 
 bring to mind. [Latin.] 
 
 commendation (kom-en-da'shun) , n. 
 the act of commending; approval. 
 
 commensurate (kom-en'su-rat) , adj. 
 reducible to a common measure; 
 equal. 
 
 comment (kom'ent), n. a spoken or 
 written remark, especially a written 
 note by way of explanation, &c; 
 criticism: v.i. (kom-ent'), to write 
 notes or explanations on the text 
 of an author. [Latin.] 
 
 commentary (kom'en-ta-ri) , n. [pi. 
 commentaries (kom'en-ta-riz)], a se- 
 ries of explanatory notes or an- 
 notations. 
 
 commerce (kom'ers), n. interchange 
 of merchandise on a large scale be- 
 tween nations or individuals; inter- 
 course. [Latin.] 
 
 commercial (kom-er'shal) , adj. per- 
 taining to trade or commerce; mer- 
 cantile. 
 
 commingle (ko-ming'gl) , v.t. & v.i. 
 to mix; blend. 
 
 comminute (kom'i-nut). v.t. to 
 make small or fine by grinding: adj. 
 divided into small parts. 
 
 commiserate (kom-iz'er-at), i\.t. feel 
 pity for; sympathize with in dis- 
 tress. [Latin.] 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
COMMISSARIAT 
 
 114 
 
 COMPATIBLE 
 
 commissariat (kom-i-sa'ri-at), n. 
 the department of an army con- 
 cerned with the supply of trans- 
 ports, provisions, &c. [French.] 
 
 commissary (kom'i-sa-ri), n. [pi. com- 
 missaries (kom'i-sa-riz)], one to 
 whom some charge is committed by 
 a superior; a delegate; an official in 
 the commissariat department. 
 
 commission (kom-ish'un), n. a dele- 
 gation of business to anyone; the 
 act of doing or committing; a trust; 
 a charge; the warrant by which any- 
 thing is done; one or more persons 
 appointed to perform certain speci- 
 fied duties; brokerage or allowance: 
 v.t. empower; send with authority. 
 
 commit (kom-it')> v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 committed, p.pr. committing], to 
 give in charge or trust; surrender; 
 consign; perpetrate; learn by heart; 
 send for trial, or to prison. 
 
 committee . (kom-it'e), n. persons ap- 
 pointed to consider or manage any 
 matter. [French.] 
 
 commode (kom-od'), n. a high head- 
 dress formerly in vogue; a chest of 
 drawers or bureau; a night-stool. 
 
 commodious (kom-o'di-us), adj. use- 
 ful; convenient; roomy. 
 
 commodity (kom-od'i-ti), n. [pi. com- 
 modities (kom-od'i-tiz)], that which 
 is useful; an article of commerce: pi. 
 goods; merchandise. 
 
 commodore (kom'o-dor), n. a captain 
 commanding a squadron; the lead- 
 ing ship in a fleet of merchantmen. 
 
 common (kom'un), adj. belonging 
 equally to more than one; public; 
 usual; frequent; inferior; of low 
 birth or origin; applied to nouns 
 that are both masculine and femi- 
 nine: n. a tract of open public land. 
 
 commonplace (kom'un-plas), n. a 
 memorandum for ready reference; 
 an obvious remark; anything or- 
 dinary: adj. uninteresting; trite; 
 common; neither new nor striking. 
 
 commonwealth (kom'un-welth), n. 
 the whole body of people in a state; 
 a republic. 
 
 commotion (kom-o'shun), n. violent 
 agitation. 
 
 commune (kom-un'). v.t. to converse 
 together; impart; take counsel; par- 
 take of the Eucharist, or Holy Com- 
 munion. [French.] 
 
 communicate (kom-u'ni-kat), v.t. to 
 impart; reveal: v.i. to share; partake 
 of the Eucharist. 
 
 communion (kom-un'yun), n. inter- 
 course; fellowship; common posses- 
 sion; a religious body; the partak- 
 ing of the Eucharist. 
 
 community (kom-Q'ni-ti), n. [pi. 
 communities (kom-u'ni-tiz)], a body 
 of persons having common rights, 
 interests, and privileges; a corpora- 
 tion; society generally; common 
 character. 
 
 commute (kom-ut'), v.t. to exchange; 
 
 . substitute; reduce the severity of; 
 
 regulate the direction of an electric 
 
 current: v.i. to pay in gross amount; 
 
 to travel regularly as a commuter. 
 
 compact (kom'pakt), n. an agree- 
 ment or covenant: v.t. (kom-pakt'), 
 to press or pack closely; consolidate. 
 
 companion (kom-pan'yun) , n. a com- 
 rade; an associate or partner; the hut 
 over a ship's ladder: adj. attendant. 
 
 company (kum'pa-ni), n. [pi. com- 
 panies (kum'pa-niz)], an assemblage 
 of people; a body of persons associ- 
 ated together; society; fellowship; a 
 firm; a ship's crew; a subdivision of 
 a regiment. 
 
 comparative (kom-par'a-tiv), adj. es- 
 timated by comparison ; not positive : 
 n. the comparative degree of gram- 
 mar. 
 
 compare (kom-par'), v.t. to make one 
 thing the measure of another; in- 
 flect so as to form the degrees of 
 comparison: v.i. to bear a compari- 
 son. 
 
 comparison (kom-par'i-sun) , n. the 
 act of comparing; an illustration or 
 simile. 
 
 compartment (kom-part'ment), n. a 
 division by a partition, as of a car- 
 riage, &c. ; a panel. 
 
 compass (kum'pas), v.t. to encircle; 
 walk around; besiege: n. a circular 
 course; a circumference; extent; 
 grasp; an instrument indicating the 
 magnetic meridian : pi. a mathemati- 
 cal instrument for dividing and 
 drawing circles. 
 
 compassion (kom-pash'un), n. sorrow 
 for the sufferings of others ; sympathy ; 
 pity. 
 
 compatible (kom-pat'i-bl), adj. con- 
 gruous; suitable. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
COMPEL 
 
 115 
 
 COMPULSION 
 
 compel (kom-pel'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 compelled, p.pr. compelling], to urge 
 irresistibly; force. 
 
 compend (kom'pend), n. an abridg- 
 ment. 
 
 compensation (kom-pen-sa'shun), n. 
 amends; recompense; a set-off. 
 
 compete (kom-pet'), v.i. enter into 
 competition with another; rival. 
 
 competence (kom'pe-tens), n. the 
 state of being competent; suffi- 
 ciency. Also competency. 
 
 competent (kom'pe-tent) , adj. fit; 
 able; suitable; qualified; moder- 
 ate. 
 
 compile (kom-pil'), v.t. to put to- 
 gether in fresh form existing mate- 
 rials. 
 
 complacent (kom-pla'sent), adj. af- 
 fable. 
 
 complain (kom-plan'), v.i. to express 
 grief, pain, or resentment; charge 
 formally. 
 
 complaint (kom-plant'), n. an accusa- 
 tion; an expression of grief or pain; 
 ailment. 
 
 complaisant (kom-pla-sant') , adj. 
 courteous. 
 
 complement (kom'ple-ment), n. full 
 number or quantity; a complete set; 
 v.t. to supply a deficiency. 
 
 complete (kom-plet), adj. free from 
 deficiency; entire; absolute; fin- 
 ished: v.t. to supply what is lacking; 
 finish. [French.] 
 
 complex (kom'pleks), adj. composed 
 of various parts of things; compos- 
 ite; intricate. [Latin.] 
 
 complexion (kom-plek'shun) , n. the 
 color of the skin, especially the face; 
 aspect. [French.] 
 
 complexity (kom-pleks'i-ti), n. the 
 state of being complex. Also com- 
 plexness. 
 
 compliance (kom-pli'ans) , n. acquies- 
 cence. 
 
 complicate (kom'pli-kat) , v.t. to make 
 intricate; involve: adj. intricate; 
 folded together. [Latin.] 
 
 complication (kom-pli-ka'shun) , n. 
 the act of complicating; the state of 
 being complicated. 
 
 compliment (kom'pli-ment), n. a for- 
 mal act or expression of courtesy; 
 delicate flattery: v.t. to flatter; con- 
 gratulate; praise. 
 
 complimentary (kom-pli-ment'a-ri), 
 
 adj. conveying a compliment. Also 
 complimental. 
 
 comply (kom-pli), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. com- 
 plied, p.pr. complying], to yield as- 
 sent; agree to. 
 
 component (kom-po'nent), adj. con- 
 stituent: n. an elementary part of a 
 compound. [Latin.] 
 
 comport (kom-port'), v.i. to agree; 
 harmonize: v.t. to behave. 
 
 compose (kom-poz'), v.t. to form by 
 combination; write as an author; 
 calm; adjust; arrange in proper 
 order; put together. 
 
 composite (kom-poz'it or kom'poz-it), 
 adj. compound. 
 
 composition (kom-po-zish'un), n. the 
 act of composing; the thing com- 
 posed; a mass formed by mingling 
 various ingredients; mutual settle- 
 ment or agreement; a musical or 
 literary work; the art jf forming 
 sentences. [Latin.] 
 
 compost (kom'post), n. a mixture of 
 various substances for fertilizing 
 the ground; builders' compost: v.t. 
 to cover with compost, plaster or 
 stucco. 
 
 composure (kom-po'zhur), n. tran- 
 quillity. 
 
 compound (kom-pound'), v.t. to mix 
 or combine together; settle by mu- 
 tual agreement; discharge a debt by 
 paying a part: adj. (kom'pound) , 
 composed of two or more elements 
 or ingredients or words: n. (kom'- 
 pound), a mixture of two or more 
 elements or ingredients. 
 
 comprehend (kom-pre-hend'),.t'J. to 
 include or comprise; grasp with the 
 mind; conceive. [Latin.] 
 
 comprehensive (kom-pre-hen'siv) , 
 adj. including much; full. 
 
 compress (kom-pres'), v.t. to press to- 
 gether; condense [Latin]: n. (kom'- 
 pres), a soft pad used in surgery to 
 maintain pressure. [French.] 
 
 compression (kom-presh'un) , n. con- 
 densation. 
 
 comprise (kom-prlz'), v.t. to compre- 
 hend. 
 
 compromise (kom'pro-miz) , n. a set- 
 tlement by mutual concessions: v.t. 
 to settle by compromise; expose to 
 risk. 
 
 compulsion (kom-pul'shun) , n. the 
 act of compelling; force; constraint. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, nSrth, not ; boon, book ; 
 8 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
COMPULSORY 
 
 116 
 
 CONCURRENT 
 
 compulsory (kom-pul'so-ri), adj. exer- 
 cising compulsion; obligatory. 
 
 compunction (kom-pungk'shun), n. 
 contrition. [Latin.] 
 
 computation (kom-pu-ta'shun) , n. 
 the act or process of computing; es- 
 timate. 
 
 compute (kom-puf). v.t. to number; 
 reckon. 
 
 comrade (kom'rad), n. a companion. 
 
 con (kon), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. conned, p. 
 pr. conning], to peruse carefully; fix 
 in the mind by constant repetition; 
 to direct (a helmsman) how to steer. 
 
 conation (ko-na'shun), n. the faculty 
 of voluntary agency, including voli- 
 tion and desire. [Latin.] 
 
 concave (kon'kav), adj. hollow and 
 curved. [Latin.] 
 
 concavity (kon-kav'i-ti) , n. [pi. con- 
 cavities (kon-kav'i-tiz)], the state of 
 being concave; the inner surface of 
 a rounded hollow body. 
 
 conceal (kon-seT), v.t. to hide; keep 
 secret; disguise. [Latin.] 
 
 concealment (kon-sel'ment), n. the 
 act of hiding or keeping secret; a. 
 place of hiding; shelter. 
 
 concede (kon-sed'), v.t. to yield; ad- 
 mit. 
 
 conceit (kon-sef), n. an idea; an over- 
 estimate of one's own abilities; a 
 quaint fancy. _ [Old French.] 
 
 conceive (kon-sev'), v.t. imagine; un- 
 derstand; develop in the womb: v.i. 
 to think; become pregnant. [French.] 
 
 concentrate (kon-sen' or kon'sen- 
 trat), v.t. to bring to one point or 
 common center ; intensify the action 
 of; condense: adj. reduced to a pure 
 or dense state. [Latin.] 
 
 concentration camp (kon-sen-tra/- 
 shun kamp) , n. in war, a camp where 
 prisoners are held. 
 
 concentric (kon-sen'trik) , adj. having 
 a common center. 
 
 concept (kon'sept), n. an abstract gen- 
 eral notion or conception. [Latin.] 
 
 concern (kon-sern'), v.t. to relate or 
 belong to; interest or engage; make 
 uneasy: n. business; affair; interest; 
 anxiety: a firm. 
 
 concert (kon-sert'), v.t. to contrive or 
 devise together; adjust or arrange 
 mutually: n. (kon'sert), a musical 
 entertainment; co-operation; mu- 
 tual agreement. [French.] 
 
 concession (kon-sesh'un) , n. the act 
 of conceding; the thing conceded; 
 land, privileges, &c, granted by a 
 government to a company, &c, for 
 some specific purpose. [French.] 
 
 conch (kongk), n. a marine shell. 
 
 concha (kong'ka), n. [pi. conchae 
 (kong'ke)], the outer ear; auricle; 
 the dome of an apse. [Latin.] 
 
 conchology (kong-koro-ji), n. the 
 branch of zoology which treats of 
 mollusks and their shells. 
 
 conciliate (kon-sil'i-at) , v.t. to recon- 
 cile; win or gain the affections of. 
 
 concise (kon-sls'), adj. condensed, 
 terse. [Latin.] 
 
 conclave (kon'klav), n. a private 
 meeting, as of cardinals for the 
 election of a Pope. [Latin.] 
 
 conclude (kon-klud'), v.t. to infer; 
 determine; settle; end: v.i. draw an 
 inference. [Latin.] 
 
 conclusive (kon-klu'siv), adj. decisive; 
 final. 
 
 concoct (kon-kokf), v.t. to digest; 
 cook; assimilate mentally; plot. 
 
 concomitant (kon-kom'i-tant) , n. 
 accompanying; conjoined with: n. 
 an attendant. 
 
 concord (kong' or kon'kord), n. har- 
 mony; union; agreement. 
 
 concordance (kon-kor'dans) , n. agree- 
 ment; a dictionary of words or pas- 
 sages, with references to the places 
 where they occur in certain works, 
 especially in the Bible or in Shake- 
 speare. 
 
 concourse (kong'kors), n. arriving to- 
 gether ; an assembly or crowd. 
 
 concrete (kon'kret), adj. united in 
 growth; coalesced; not abstract: n. 
 a mass formed by concretion; a com- 
 pact mass of lime, sand, gravel, mor- 
 tar, &c, used for building: v.i. (kon- 
 kret'), to coalesce: v.t. to form by the 
 union of particles. [Latin.] 
 
 concubine (kong'ku-bm) , n. a woman 
 who lives with a man without being 
 legally married. [Latin.] 
 
 concur (kon-ker'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. con- 
 curred, p.pr. concurring], to agree or 
 unite in action or opinion; coincide. 
 
 concurrent (kon-kur'ent) , adj. acting 
 in union or conjunction; joint and 
 equal in authority; meeting at one 
 point: n. that which concurs; a con- 
 tributory cause. [Latin.] 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nSrth, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
CONCUSSION 
 
 117 
 
 CONFLUX 
 
 concussion (kon-kush'un), n. the 
 shock caused by two bodies coming 
 violently together; injury by a fall. 
 
 condemn (kon-dem'), v.t. to pro- 
 nounce or judge guilty; blame; cen- 
 sure; declare to be forfeited. [Latin.] 
 
 condemnation (kon-dem-na'shun), n. 
 the act of condemning. 
 
 condense (kon-dens'), v.t. to compress; 
 make close or thick: v.i. grow dense. 
 
 condescend (kon-de-sencT) , v.i. to 
 stoop; descend; yield; deign. 
 
 condign (kon-dln'), adj. well-deserved; 
 suitable. [Latin.] 
 
 condiment (kon'di-ment), n. a season- 
 ing, such as pepper, mustard, horse- 
 radish, &c. 
 
 condition (kon-dish'un), n. state; 
 quality; external circumstances; stip- 
 ulation or terms of a contract: v.t. 
 to contract or stipulate; bring into 
 and keep in bodily health; examine. 
 
 condole (kon-dol'), v.t. to lament: v.i. 
 to express sympathy for another 
 [with with}. [Latin.] 
 
 condone (kon-don'), v.t. to pardon, 
 especially a violation of marital 
 duty. 
 
 condor (kon'der), n. a very large 
 South American vulture. [Spanish.] 
 
 conduce (kon-dus'), v.i. to tend to; 
 contribute. 
 
 conduct (kon-dukt'). v.t. to guide; di- 
 rect; manage; behave: n. (kon'dukt), 
 personal behavior or practice; man- 
 agement. 
 
 conduit (kon'dit), n. a canal or pipe 
 for the conveyance of water, &c. 
 
 cone (kon), n. a geometrical figure 
 broad, round, and broad at the bot- 
 tom and lessening the circumference 
 towards the top; the fruit of the fir, 
 pine, &c; a storm-cone: v.t. to 
 shape like the segment of a cone. 
 
 confection (kon-f ek'shun) , n. any- 
 thing conserved or compounded with 
 sugar; a sweetmeat. [Latin.] 
 
 confederacy (kon-fed'er-a-si), n. [pi. 
 confederacies (kon-fed'er-a-siz)], per- 
 sons, states, or nations united in a 
 league. 
 
 confederate (kon-f ed'er-at), v.i. to 
 unite in a league: adj. united by a 
 league: n. a member of a confedera- 
 tion; an ally; an accomplice. 
 
 confer (kon-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 conferred, p.pr. conferring], to give 
 
 or bestow: v.i. to consult together; 
 converse. 
 
 conference (kon'fer-ens) , n. the act of 
 consulting together formally; an 
 appointed meeting for discussing 
 some topic or business; an ecclesias- 
 tical assembly. 
 
 confess (kon-f es'), v.t. to admit or 
 acknowledge ; _ avow ; grant ; prove ; 
 hear (as a priest) a confession: v.i. 
 disclose the state of one's conscience 
 to a priest and receive absolution. 
 
 confession (kon-fesh'un) , n. act of 
 confessing; anything disclosed or 
 acknowledged. 
 
 confide (kon-fld'), v.i. have confi- 
 dence in: v.t. to trust fully [with 
 to]. 
 
 confidence (kon'fi-dens) , n. trust; 
 reliance. 
 
 confident (kon'fi-dent), adj. full of 
 confidence; positive; bold; dog- 
 matical. [Latin.] 
 
 confidential (kon-fi-den'shal), adj. 
 spoken or written in confidence; 
 trustworthy. 
 
 configuration (kon-fig-u-ra'shun) , n. 
 external form; relative position of 
 the planets. 
 
 confine (kon 'fin), n. a boundary, 
 border, or limit; a frontier [usually 
 pi.]: v.t. (kon-fm').to restrict within 
 limits; imprison. [Latin.] 
 
 confinement (kon-f In 'ment), n. the 
 act of confining; childbirth. 
 
 confirm (kon-ferm'), v.t. to strengthen ; 
 ratify; administer the rite of confir- 
 mation. [Latin.] 
 
 confirmation (kon-f er-ma'shun)^ n. 
 the act of confirming; verification; 
 evidence; admission to full com- 
 munion after baptism. 
 
 confiscate (kon-fis' or kon'fis-kat), 
 v.t. to adjudge to be forfeited to the 
 public treasury; seize, as thus for- 
 feited. [Latin.] 
 
 conflagration (kon-fla-gra/shun) , n. a 
 great fire. [Latin.] 
 
 conflict (kon-flikt'), v.i. to strike or 
 dash together; contend; fight: n. 
 (kon'flikt), a fight or struggle for 
 the mastery; a battle; antagonism; 
 a violent collision. [Latin.] 
 
 confluence (kon'flu-ens), n. the junc- 
 tion of two or more streams; an 
 assembly. 
 
 conflux (kon'fluks), n. the meeting 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
CONFORM 
 
 118 
 
 CONNECTION 
 
 together of two or more streams; a 
 crowd. 
 
 conform (kon-form') , v.t. to make 
 like; bring into harmony [usually 
 with to]: v.i. to be in harmony 
 with; comply with. [Latin.] 
 
 conformable (kon-form'a-bl) , adj. 
 like; corresponding; compliant; in 
 parallel order. 
 
 conformity (kon-f6rm'i-ti), n. com- 
 pliance with established forms; re- 
 semblance. 
 
 confound (kon-found'), v.t. to min- 
 gle; perplex; astonish; confuse; over- 
 throw. [Latin.] 
 
 confront (kon-frunt'). v.t. to stand 
 face to face [with with]; oppose; 
 compare. 
 
 confuse (kon-fuz'), v.t. to mingle; 
 jumble up; render indistinct; dis- 
 concert; perplex. [Latin.] 
 
 confute (kon-fut'). v.t. to prove to be 
 false or invalid; convict of error. 
 
 congeal (kon-jeT), v.t. to freeze; to 
 make stiff and harden by the in- 
 fluence of cold: v.i. to become frozen 
 by the influence of cold; to change 
 from a liquid to a solid by reason of 
 cold. 
 
 congener (kon'je-ner), n. one of the 
 same kin. 
 
 congenial (kon-je'ni-al), adj. kindred; 
 pleasant and sympathetic; cognate. 
 
 congenital (kon-jen'i-tal), adj. exist- 
 ing, or produced, at birth; con- 
 stitutional. 
 
 congest (kon-jesf), v.t. to accumu- 
 late. 
 
 congestion (kon-jest'yun), n. an over- 
 crowded condition, especially of the 
 blood-vessels. 
 
 conglomerate (kon-glom'er-at) , v.t. 
 to gather into a ball or round mass: 
 adj. collected or clustered together: 
 n. a rock composed of rounded or 
 water-worn fragments of pre-exis- 
 tent rocks. [Latin.] 
 
 conglutinate (kon-gloo'ti-nat), v.t. 
 to glue together: adj. glued together; 
 united by an adhesive substance. 
 
 conglutinative (kon-gloo'ti-na-tiv) , 
 adj. having power to unite or heal 
 wounds. 
 
 congratulate (kon-grat'u-lat), v.t. to 
 felicitate on account of some happy 
 event [with on or upon]. 
 
 congregate (kong'gre-gat), v.t. to as- 
 
 semble; gather together: v.i. to 
 come together. 
 
 congregation (kong-gre-ga'shun) , n. 
 an assembly, especially of persons 
 for religious worship. 
 
 congress (kong'gres), n. a confer- 
 ence; an assembly of ambassadors, 
 &c, for the settlement of interna- 
 tional affairs. 
 
 Congress (kong'gres), n. the na- 
 tional legislature of the United 
 States, consisting of a Senate and a 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 congruity (.kon-groo'i-ti), n. agree- 
 ment; fitness. 
 
 congruous (kon'grod-us) , adj. ac- 
 cordant; fit. 
 
 conic (kon'ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
 shaped like, a cone. Also conical: 
 n.pl. the branch of geometry which 
 treats of the parabola, ellipse, and 
 hyperbola; conic sections. 
 
 conjecture (kon-jek'tiir), n. a prob- 
 able inference; a guess; v.t. to im- 
 agine; surmise: v.i. to form con- 
 jectures. 
 
 conjoin (kon-join'), v.t. to join to- 
 gether; connect or associate: v.i. to 
 unite. 
 
 conjoint (kon-joint')i adj. united; co- 
 operating. 
 
 conjugal (kon'ju-gal), adj. of, or per- 
 taining to, marriage; connubial. 
 
 conjugate (kon'ju-gat), v.t. to in- 
 flect (verbs) : v.i. to unite in conju- 
 gation: adj. combined in pairs; kin- 
 dred in meaning and origin. 
 
 conjugation (kon-ju-ga'shun), n. the 
 act of conjugating; the inflection of 
 a verb ; a kind of sexual union. 
 
 conjunction (kon-jungk'shun) , n. un- 
 ion; association; connection; the ap- 
 parent meeting of two or more 
 stars or planets; a word used to 
 connect sentences or words. 
 
 conjure (kon-jur'), v.t. to summon 
 in a sacred name; enjoin with the 
 highest solemnity: (kun'jer), in- 
 fluence by, or as if by, magic: v.i. 
 to practice the arts of a con- 
 jurer. 
 
 connect (kon'nekt'). v.t. to bind or 
 fasten together; unite; associate 
 with: v.i. to be joined; cohere. 
 
 connection or connexion (kon-nek'- 
 shun), n. the state of being con- 
 nected; relation by marriage or 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, Men. 
 
CONNECTIVE 
 
 119 
 
 CONSPIRACY 
 
 blood; sexual intercourse; acquain- 
 tance; one's customers, &c. 
 
 connective (kon-nek'tiv), adj. able to 
 connect: n. that which connects. 
 
 connive (kon-niv'), v.i. to close the 
 eyes upon a fault; be in secret com- 
 plicity [with at], 
 
 connoisseur (kon-a-ser'), n. a criti- 
 cal judge. [French.] 
 
 connote (kon-not'). v.t. to designate 
 by implication; imply as an attri- 
 bute. 
 
 connubial (kon-u'bi-al), adj. of, or 
 pertaining to, the marriage state; 
 nuptial. [Latin.] 
 
 conquer (kong'ker), v.t. gain by con- 
 quest; overcome; subdue: v.i. to 
 get the victory. [French.] 
 
 conquest (kon'kwest), n. the act of 
 conquering; subjugation; victory. 
 
 consanguinity (kon-sang-gwin'i-ti) , 
 n. blood relationship. [Latin.] 
 
 conscience (kon'shens), n. the moral 
 sense which distinguishes right from 
 wrong. [Latin.] 
 
 conscientious (kon-shi-en'shus) , adj. 
 influenced or regulated by con- 
 science; scrupulous. 
 
 conscious (kon'shus), adj. aware of 
 one's thoughts and actions; sen- 
 sible. 
 
 consciousness (kon'shus-nes) , n. the 
 knowledge of that which passes in 
 one's own mind. 
 
 conscript (kon-skript'_), v.t. to en- 
 roll for compulsory military or naval 
 service: (kon'skript), adj. registered; 
 enrolled: n. one thus compulsorily 
 enrolled. [Latin.] 
 
 consecrate (kon'se-krat), v.t. to set 
 apart as sacred; dedicate to the 
 service of God; set apart to a 
 sacred office; devote: adj. conse- 
 crated; made sacred. [Latin.] 
 
 consecutive (kon-sek'u-tiy) , adj. suc- 
 cessive; following. [Latin.] 
 
 consensus (kon-sen'sus) , n. general 
 agreement. 
 
 consent (kon-sent'), n. a yielding of 
 the mind or will; acquiescence; 
 sympathy: v.i. to comply; yield; 
 accede; concur. [Latin.] 
 
 consequence (kon'se-kwens) , n. that* 
 which naturally follows an effect; 
 inference; result; importance; sig- 
 nificance. 
 
 consequent (kon'se-kwent) , adj. fol- 
 
 lowing as a result or natural effect 
 [with to]: n. a result or effect. 
 
 conservatory (kon-ser'va-to-ri) , adj. 
 tending to preserve: n. a green- 
 house. 
 
 conserve (kon-serv'), v.t. to pre- 
 serve from injury or destruction; 
 preserve with sugar: n. (kon'serv), 
 preserved or candied fruit. [Latin.] 
 
 consider (kon-sid'er), v.t. to fix the 
 mind upon; contemplate: v.i. to de- 
 liberate; reflect. [Latin.] 
 
 considerable (kon-sid'er-a-bl), adj. 
 worthy of notice; important; valu- 
 able; more than a little. 
 
 considerate (kon-sid'er-at), adj. hav- 
 ing regard for others; prudent; 
 thoughtful; careful. 
 
 consign (kon-sln'), v.t. to deliver in 
 a formal manner to another; yield 
 in trust; to send goods. [French.] 
 
 consist (kon-sist'), v.i. to be com- 
 posed of; co-exist; subsist [with 
 in]. [Latin.] 
 
 consistence (kon-sis'tens), n. degree 
 of density or firmness; harmony, 
 Also consistency. 
 
 consistent (kon-sis'tent), adj. solid; 
 uniform; not contradictory. 
 
 console (kon-sol'), v.t. to give com- 
 fort to; cheer in sorrow; solace. 
 
 consolidate (kon-sol'i-dat) , v.t. to 
 make solid; harden; condense: v.i. 
 to become solid. 
 
 consols (kon'solz or kon-solz'), n. the 
 principal _ British funded security: 
 abbreviation for consolidated fund. 
 
 consomme (kon-so-ma/), n. a strong 
 clear soup or bouillon. 
 
 consonant (kon'so-nant), adj. har- 
 monious; accordant: n. a letter other 
 than a vowel. 
 
 consort (kon'sort), n. a companion; 
 a partner; a husband or wife; a 
 ship accompanying another: v.t. 
 & v.i. (kon-sort'), to associate; keep 
 company [with with]. 
 
 conspectus (kon-spek'tus), n. a gen- 
 eral sketch or digest of some sub- 
 ject; a synopsis. 
 
 conspicuous (kon-spik'u-us), adj. 
 mentally or physically visible; mani- 
 fest; distinguished. 
 
 conspiracy (kon-spir'a-si), n. \j)l. con- 
 spiracies (kon-spir'a-siz)], a plot; two 
 or more persons engaged together 
 for an unlawful or evil purpose. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
CONSPIRE 
 
 120 
 
 CONTENTMENT 
 
 conspire (kon-spir'), v.i. to concert 
 a crime; combine for an unlawful 
 purpose. [Latin.] 
 
 constable (kun'sta-bl), n. a high of- 
 ficer of state in mediaeval courts; a 
 policeman. 
 
 constant (kon'stant), adj. steadfast; 
 firm, continuous: n. in physics, 
 that which is not subject to change, 
 as gravity. 
 
 constellation (kon-stel-a/shun), n. a 
 group or cluster of fixed stars desig- 
 nated by some name; an assemblage 
 of splendors. [Latin.] 
 
 consternation (kon-ster-na/shun), n. 
 excessive terror, wonder, or sur- 
 prise; perturbation. 
 
 constipate (kon'sti-pat), v.t. to make 
 costive. [Latin.] 
 
 constituency (kon-stit'u-en-si) , n. 
 [%l. constituencies (kon-stit'u-en- 
 siz)], the body of electors voting for 
 a member of Congress,_&c. 
 
 constituent (kon-stit'ti-ent), adj. 
 necessary or essential: n. an essen- 
 tial or component part; an elector. 
 
 constitute (kon'sti-tut) , v.t. to com- 
 pose or make up; appoint; elect; 
 enact; establish. [Latin.] 
 
 constitution (kon-sti-tti'shun) , n. the 
 act of constituting; the thing consti- 
 tuted; bodily strength; mental or 
 physical temperament; the funda- 
 mental law of a nation, state or 
 society, whether unwritten as in 
 Great Britain, or written as in the 
 United States. [Latin.] 
 
 constrain (kon-stran'), v.t. to hold 
 down or keep back by force; re- 
 strain. . 
 
 constraint (kon-strant'), n. compul- 
 sion. 
 
 constrict (kon-strikt'), v.t. to bind; 
 cramp. [Latin.] 
 
 construct (kon-strukt'), v.t. to 
 build ; form ; put together ; compose. 
 
 constructive (kon-struk'tiv) , adj. hav- 
 ing the character of construction; 
 inferred. 
 
 construe (kon'stroo), v.t. to put into 
 proper order by syntactical rules; 
 translate; interpret. [Latin.] 
 
 Consul (kon'sul), n. an officer com- 
 missioned by a government to reside 
 in a foreign country to promote the 
 interests of its trade, and protect 
 its subjects. 
 
 consult (kon-sulf), v.t. to ask advice 
 of; regard: v.i. to take counsel to- 
 gether. [Latin.] 
 
 consume (kon-sum'), v.t. to destroy; 
 waste; spend: v.i. waste away; be 
 exhausted. [Latin.] 
 
 consummate (kon'sum-at) , v.t. to 
 complete; finish: adj. (kon-sum 'at) , 
 perfect. 
 
 consumption (kon-sump'shun) , n. the 
 act of consuming; a gradual wasting 
 away; pulmonary disease; phthisis. 
 
 consumptive (kon-sump'tiv), adj. 
 pertaining to consumption; affected 
 with phthisis. 
 
 contact (kon'takt), n. touch; close 
 union. [Latin.] 
 
 contagion (kon-ta'jun), n, transmis- 
 sion of disease by direct or indirect 
 contact. 
 
 contagious (kon-ta'jus) , adj. trans- 
 mitted by contact. 
 
 contain (kon-tan'), v.t. to hold, as a 
 vessel; keep within bounds; inclose: 
 v.i. to live in continence. [Latin.] 
 
 contaminate (kon-tam'i-nat), v.t. to 
 pollute. 
 
 contemn (kon-tem'), v.t. to despise. 
 
 contemplate (kon'tem-, or kon-tem'- 
 plat), v.t. to consider with con- 
 tinued attention ; meditate on ; study. 
 
 contemporary (kon-tem'po-ra-ri) , adj. 
 existing or occurring at the same 
 time: n. one living at the same time 
 as another. 
 
 contempt (kon-tempt'), n. disdain; 
 scorn; disobedience to the orders, 
 &c, of a court. 
 
 contemptible (kon-temp'ti-bl), adj. 
 meriting scorn. 
 
 contemptuous (kon-temp'tu-us), adj. 
 disdainful. 
 
 contend (kon-tend'), v.i. to strive in 
 opposition ; vie [with with or against] ; 
 dispute or debate; assert. 
 
 content (kon-tent'), adj. satisfied; 
 willing: v.t. to satisfy; gratify; ap- 
 pease: n. (kon'tent), generally plu- 
 ral, that which is comprised in any- 
 thing. 
 
 contention (kon-ten'shun) , n. con- 
 test; debate. 
 
 contentious (kon-ten'shus) , adj. caus- 
 ing contention; quarrelsome; litigi- 
 ous. 
 
 contentment (kon-tent 'ment) , n. sat- 
 isfaction. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
CONTEST 
 
 121 
 
 CONVENE 
 
 contest (kon-test')i v.t. to dispute; 
 oppose; litigate: v.i. to strive; con- 
 tend; vie: n. (kqn'test), a struggle 
 for superiority; dispute. 
 
 context (kon'tekst), n. the parts in 
 a book or discourse immediately ad- 
 joining the sentence quoted. 
 
 contiguity (kon-ti-gii'i-ti), n. contact. 
 
 contiguous (kon-tig'u-us), adj. ad- 
 jacent. 
 
 continence (kon'ti-nens), n. chasti- 
 ty; self-restraint; moderation. 
 
 continent (kon'ti-nent), adj. chaste; 
 exercising self-restraint: n. a large 
 extent of land forming a geograph- 
 ical division. 
 
 contingent (kon-tin'jent), adj. ac- 
 cidental; conditional: n. a possi- 
 bility; quota of troops. 
 
 continual (kon-tin'u-al), adj. pro- 
 ceeding without interruption; in- 
 cessant: constant. 
 
 continuance (kon-tin'u-ans) , n. per- 
 manence; uninterrupted succession; 
 duration. 
 
 continuation (kon-tin-u-a/shun), n. 
 the act of continuing. 
 
 continue (kon-tin'u), v.t. to carry on 
 without interruption; persist in: v.i. 
 to remain; abide; endure; persevere. 
 
 continuity (kon-ti-nu'i-ti). n. [pi. con- 
 tinuities (kon-ti-nu'i-tiz)], uninter- 
 rupted succession or connection; 
 cohesion. 
 
 contort (kon-torf), v.t. to twist. 
 
 contour (kon'toor), n. an outline; 
 profile: v.t. to make an outline of. 
 
 contraband (kon'tra-band), adj. pro- 
 hibited from importation; illegal. 
 
 contract (kon-trakt'), v.t. draw closer 
 together; shorten; condense: v.i. to 
 shrink up; bargain; agree upon: n. 
 (kon'trakt), a compact; a written 
 agreement. 
 
 contraction (kon-trak'shun) , n. the act 
 of contracting ; the state of being con- 
 tracted ; the reduction of two vowels 
 or syllables into one; abbrevia- 
 tion. 
 
 contradict (kon-tra-dikt') , v.t. to as- 
 sert the contrary or opposite of; 
 gainsay; deny. 
 
 contradistinguish (kon-tra-dis-ting'- 
 gwish), v.t. to distinguish by op- 
 posite qualities. 
 
 contralto (kon-tral't5) , n. the part 
 sung by the highest male {counter- 
 
 tenor) or the lowest female voice 
 (alto) ; also the lowest female voice. 
 
 contrary (kon'tra-ri), adj. opposite; in 
 an opposite direction; perverse; 
 wayward: n. a thing of opposite 
 qualities. 
 
 contrast (kon-trast'), v.t. to place in 
 contrast; compare: n. (kon'trast), 
 opposition or difference of qualities 
 made manifest by comparison; dis- 
 similitude. 
 
 contra vallation (kon-tra-val-a'shun) , 
 n. a fortification thrown up round a 
 city by a besieging force for security 
 against the enemy's sallies. [Latin.] 
 
 contravene (kon-tra-ven') , v.t. to ob- 
 struct; violate. 
 
 contribute (kon-trib'ut), v.t. to give 
 to some common stock; furnish as a 
 share: v.i. to use one's influence. 
 
 contrite (kon'trit), adj. penitent. 
 
 contrition (kon-trish'un) , n. sorrow 
 for sin. 
 
 contrivance (kon-tri'vans), n. a de- 
 vice; apparatus; scheme; plan. 
 
 contrive (kon-triv'), v.t. to devise; 
 invent; plan; scheme. 
 
 control (kon-trol'), n. a check; re- 
 straint; superintendence; authority: 
 v.t. [p.t. & p.p. controlled: p.pr. 
 controlling], to restrain; govern; 
 regulate. 
 
 controversial (kon-tro-ver'shal) , adj. 
 polemical. 
 
 controversy (kon'tro-yer-si) , n. [pi. 
 controversies (kon'tro-ver-siz)], agi- 
 tation of contrary opinions; debate; 
 disputation. 
 
 controvert (kon-tro-vert'), v.t. to con- 
 tend against; refute; disprove. 
 
 contumacy (kon'tu-ma-si), n. [pi. 
 contumacies (kon'tu-ma-siz)], ob- 
 stinate or perverse opposition to law- 
 ful authority. 
 
 contumely (kon'tu-me-li), n. [pi. con- 
 tumelies (kon'tu-me-liz)], haughty 
 and contemptuous rudeness; scorn- 
 ful and insolent abuse. 
 
 contuse (kon-tuz'), v.t. to wound or 
 bruise without breaking the skin. 
 
 conundrum (ko-nun'drum), n. a rid- 
 dle. [Dubious Latin.] 
 
 convalescence (kon-va-les'ens), n. 
 gradual recovery after illness. 
 
 convalescent (kon-va-les'ent) , adj. 
 recovering health. 
 
 convene (kon-ven'), v.i. to meet to- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book : 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
CONVENIENT 
 
 122 
 
 COPARCENER 
 
 gether: v.t. cause to assemble; sum- 
 mon judicially. 
 
 convenient (kon-ve'ni-ent), adj. suit- 
 able; appropriate; affording accom- 
 modation; handy. 
 
 convent (kon'vent), n. a community 
 of religious recluses; a nunnery; 
 monastery. 
 
 convention (kon-ven'shun) , n . a polit- 
 ical or ecclesiastical assembly; a 
 diplomatic agreement. 
 
 conventionality (kon-ven-shun-al'i- 
 ti), n. [pi. conventionalities (kon-ven- 
 shun-al'i-tiz)], adherence to con- 
 ventional rules or precedents; arti- 
 ficiality. 
 
 converge (kon-verj'), v.i. tend to 
 one point. 
 
 conversant (kon'ver-sant) , adj. ac- 
 quainted or familiar with; profi- 
 cient. 
 
 conversation (kon-ver-sa'shun) , n. 
 informal or familiar talk. 
 
 converse (kon-vers'), v.i. to inter- 
 change thoughts; talk familiarly: 
 adj. & n. (kon'vers), reversed in 
 order or relation; opposite; ac- 
 quaintance; familiar talk. 
 
 conversely (kon-vers'li) , adv. recip- 
 rocally. 
 
 conversion (kon-ver'shun), n. change 
 from one state, or from one religion, 
 to another. 
 
 convert (kon-vert'). v.t. to trans- 
 mute: change from one religion to 
 another; cause to undergo a moral 
 change; apply to any use: n. (kon'- 
 vert), one who changes from one 
 religion to another ; one who has un- 
 dergone a moral change. [Latin.] 
 
 convex (kon'veks), adj. curved on the 
 exterior surface: opposed to con- 
 cave: n. a convex body. [Latin.] 
 
 convey (kon-va'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 conveyed, p.pr. conveying], to carry 
 or transport; transmit; impart; 
 communicate; transfer the title to 
 (property) . 
 
 conveyance (kon-va/ans 1 ) , n. the act 
 or means of conveying; a vehicle; 
 the transference of property from 
 one owner to another. 
 
 convict (kon-vikt'), v.t. to prove or 
 pronounce guilty of a crime charged: 
 n. (kon'vikt), a criminal sentenced 
 to penal servitude. [Latin.] 
 
 conviction (kon-vik'shun) , n. the act 
 
 of convicting; the state of being con- 
 victed; strong belief. 
 
 convince (kon-vins'), v.t. to satisfy by 
 evidence or argument; persuade; 
 cause to believe. 
 
 convivial (kon-viv'i-al), adj. festive; 
 jovial. 
 
 convocation (kon-vo-ka'shun) , n. the 
 act of convoking an assembly, es- 
 pecially of bishops and beneficed 
 clergy, or heads of a university; an 
 assembly of clergy. 
 
 convoke (kon-vok'), v.t. to call or 
 summon together; convene. 
 
 convolution (kon-vo-lu'shun) , n. a 
 rolling together. 
 
 convoy (kon-voi')» v.t. [p.t. & p.p. con- 
 voyed, p.pr. convoying], to accom- 
 pany on the way for protection, by 
 sea or land: n. (kon'voi), a protect- 
 ing force accompanying ships, goods, 
 persons, &c; an escort. 
 
 convulse (kon-vuls'), v.t. to agitate 
 violently; shake; affect with convul- 
 sions. 
 
 convulsion (kon-vul'shun), n. an agi- 
 tation; tumult; a violent and unnat- 
 ural contraction of the muscles. 
 
 coo (koo), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. cooed, p.pr. 
 cooing], to cry like a dove or pigeon; 
 to act or converse in a loving man- 
 ner : n. the sound uttered by doves 
 and pigeons. 
 
 cook (kook), v.t. to prepare for eating 
 by boiling, baking, or roasting: v.i. 
 to act as a cook: n. one who pre- 
 pares food for the table. 
 
 cool (kool), adj. [compar. cooler, 
 superl. coolest], slightly or moderate- 
 ly cold; calm; deliberate: v.t. to 
 make cool: v.i. to become cool. 
 
 coop (koop), n. a cage; pen: v.t. to 
 confine in, or as in, a coop; inclose. 
 
 cooperate (ko-op'er-at) , v.i. to act or 
 work jointly; concur to produce the 
 same effect. 
 
 coordinate (ko-or'di-nat), v.t. to place 
 in the same order, class, &c; har- 
 monize: adj. of the same rank or 
 authority as another: n.pl. lines or 
 other elements by which the position 
 of any point is determined by a fixed 
 figure or lines. 
 
 cop (kop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. copped, p.pr. 
 copping], to seize as a prisoner: 
 n. a policeman. 
 
 coparcener (ko-par'se-ner), n. a con- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
COPE 
 
 123 
 
 CORONA 
 
 federate: one who shares with an- 
 other in an act, usually wrong. 
 
 cope (kop), v.i. to strive or contend 
 (followed by with). 
 
 copious (kd'pi-us), adj. abundant; dif- 
 fusive. 
 
 copper (kop'er), n. a red, ductile, mal- 
 leable, tenacious metal; a boiler: 
 v.t. to cover with copper. Also cop- 
 perize. 
 
 copse (kops), n. a thicket of brush- 
 wood. Also coppice. 
 
 copula (kop'u-la), n._ [pi. copulas or ae 
 (kop'u-laz, kop'u-le)J. a word which 
 joins the subject and predicate in 
 a sentence or proposition. 
 
 copulation (kop-u-la'shun) , n. sexual 
 intercourse. 
 
 copy (kop'i), n. [pi. copies (kop'iz)J. an 
 imitation; a transcript; a writing 
 exercise; an original work: v.t.^ to 
 transcribe; reproduce: v.i. imi- 
 tate. 
 
 copyright (kop'i-rit), n. the exclusive 
 right of an author in his literary or 
 artistic work for a prescribed num- 
 ber of years. 
 
 coquet (ko-ket'), v.i. [p.p. & p.p. co- 
 quetted, p.pr. coquetting], to flirt; 
 seek to attract attention or admi- 
 ration; trifle. 
 
 coquette (ko-ket'), n. a vain woman 
 who seeks to gain men's admiration. 
 
 coral (kor'al), n. the hard calcareous 
 skeleton of certain marine polyps; 
 the unimpregnated roe of the lob- 
 ster.: adj. pertaining to coral. 
 
 cord (kord), n. a twisted string; a 
 measure of wood = 128 cub. ft. (8 
 ft. long, 4 ft. high, 4 ft. broad); a 
 moral influence: v.t. to fasten or 
 connect with cord. 
 
 cordial (kor'jal), adj. hearty; sincere; 
 cheering: n. a medicine that in- 
 creases the strength and restores the 
 spirits; an aromatic and sweetened 
 spirit. 
 
 cordiality (kor-jal'i-ti), n. sincere sym- 
 pathetic geniality; sincerity; hearti- 
 ness. 
 
 cordite (kor'dit), n. a powerful ex- 
 plosive, used for military pur- 
 poses. 
 
 cordon (kor'don), n. a ribbon worn as 
 the badge of an order; a band; a 
 course of projecting stones forming 
 the coping of a scarf wall; a line of 
 
 military posts; an elongated body of 
 troops. [French.] 
 
 corduroy (kor'du-roi), n. a stout 
 ribbed or corded cotton; piled fus- 
 tian: v.t. to construct (a corduroy 
 road) . 
 
 core (kor), n. the heart or innermost 
 part of anything, especially of fruit: 
 v.t. to remove the core from; to 
 mold or cast on a core. 
 
 cork (kork), n. the outer layer of the 
 bark of the cork tree, a species of 
 oak; a stopper for a bottle: adj. 
 made of cork. 
 
 cormorant (kor'mo-rant), n. a diving 
 bird that preys voraciously on fish; 
 a glutton. 
 
 corn (korn), n. grain, as wheat, bar- 
 ley, &c; maize, or Indian corn; 
 plants that yield grain; bread- 
 stuff. 
 
 corn (korn), n. a horny excrescence on 
 the toe, or foot. 
 
 cornea (kor'ne-a), n. the horny circu- 
 lar transparent _ membrane which 
 forms the anterior portion of the 
 eyeball. 
 
 corner (kor'ner), n. an angle; a re- 
 tired place; a mercantile ring to mo- 
 nopolize some product: v.t. to drive 
 or force into some position of diffi- 
 culty from which there is no escape. 
 
 cornet (kor-nef), n. a kind of trumpet; 
 formerly, the lowest in rank among 
 cavalry officers, corresponding to a 
 midshipman in the navy. _ 
 
 cornice (kor'nis), n. the highest pro- 
 jection or border on a wall or column. 
 
 cornstarch (korn'starch), n. starch 
 made from meal of Indian corn; used 
 for puddings, &c. 
 
 cornucopia (kor-nu-ko'pi-a), n. [pi. 
 cornucopia? (kor-nti-ko'pi-e) or -as 
 (-az)], the horn of plenty represent- 
 ed in sculpture as overflowing with 
 fruit, flowers, &c. [Latin.] 
 
 corolla (ko-rol'a), n. the inner envel- 
 ope of a flower composed of two or 
 more petals. 
 
 corollary (kor'ol-a-ri), n. an additional 
 deduction or inference drawn from 
 a demonstrated proposition. 
 
 corona fko-ro'na), n. [pi. coronae 
 (ko-ro'ne)], a crown; the flat pro- 
 jecting part of a cornice; the upper 
 surface of a molar tooth; a halo 
 surrounding heavenly bodies; any 
 
 ate. arm, at, awl 
 
 me, merge, mpt : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hiie, hut : think, then. 
 
CORONATION 
 
 124 
 
 COST 
 
 crown-like appendage at the top of 
 an organ of a plant. [Latin.] 
 
 coronation (kor-o-na/shun) , n. the act 
 or ceremony of crowning a sovereign. 
 
 coroner (kor'o-ner), n. an officer who 
 inquires into cases of sudden or ac- 
 cidental death. 
 
 coronet (kor'o-net), n. an inferior 
 crown; an ornamental head-dress. 
 
 corporal (kor'po-ral) , adj. relating to 
 the body; opposed to the mind: n. a 
 communion cloth; a corporal; a non- 
 commissioned officer of the lowest 
 grade. 
 
 corporation (kor-po-ra'shun), n. a 
 body politic having a common seal, 
 and legally authorized to act as one 
 individual; a protuberant stomach. 
 
 corporeal (kor-po're-al), adj. having 
 a material body; physical. 
 
 corps (kor), n. [pi. corps (korz)], a 
 body of troops ; a body of persons 
 associated in a common work. 
 
 corpse (korps), n. a dead body. 
 
 corpulence (kor'pu-lens), n. excessive 
 fatness of body. Also corpulency. 
 
 corpuscle (kor'pus-1), n. a minute par- 
 ticle usually of blood. 
 
 corral (kor-ral'), n. a pen for live 
 stock; an enclosure with wagons; a 
 strong stockade for capturing wild 
 elephants: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. corralled, 
 p.pr. corralling], to drive into, _ or 
 secure in, a corral ; to take possession 
 of, or capture; corner. [Spanish.] 
 
 correct (ko-rekt'), v.t. to set straight; 
 rectify; punish faults; amend: adj. 
 exact; accurate; free from error; con- 
 forming to a fixed rule or standard. 
 
 corrective (ko-rek'tiv) , adj. able to 
 correct: n. that which corrects; an 
 antidote. 
 
 correlate (kor'e-lat), v.i. to be recip- 
 rocally related: v.t. to make clear the 
 existence of reciprocal relations: 
 adj. reciprocally related. 
 
 correlative (kor-el'a-tiv), adj. having 
 reciprocal or mutual relation: n. the 
 antecedent of a pronoun. 
 
 correspond (kor-e-spond') ; v.i. to be 
 adequate to; agree; suit; answer; 
 communicate by letters. 
 
 correspondence (kor-e-spond'ens) , n. 
 communication by letters; mutual 
 adaptation; congruity. 
 
 corridor (kor'i-<l6r) , n. a gallery or 
 open passage in a building. 
 
 corrigible (kor'ij-i-bl), adj. capable of 
 being amended, corrected, or re- 
 formed. 
 
 corroborate (kor-rob'or-at), v.t. con- 
 firm; strengthen; establish; ver- 
 ify- 
 
 corrode (kor-od'), v.t. to eat away 
 gradually; consume; disintegrate. 
 
 corrosion (kor-o'zhun) , n. the act of 
 corroding; a corroded condition. 
 
 corrosive (kor-o'siv), adj. capable of 
 being corrosive. 
 
 corrugate (kor'oo-gat), v.t. to draw, 
 or shape, into wrinkles or folds. 
 
 corrupt (kor-upf), v.t. to turn from a 
 sound to an unsound and putrescent 
 state; make impure; seduce; bribe: 
 v.i. to become putrid: adj. altered; 
 depraved; putrid; spoiled; open to 
 bribery. 
 
 corruptible (kor-up'ti-bl), adj. ca- 
 pable of being corrupted; subject 
 to decay; susceptible of being 
 bribed. 
 
 corruption (kor-up'shun), n. the act 
 of corrupting; the state of being cor- 
 rupted; physical dissolution. 
 
 corsair (kor'sar), n. a pirate. [French.] 
 
 corset (kor'set), n. a bodice: pi. a pair 
 of stays: v.t. to inclose in corsets. 
 
 corslet (kors'let), n. light body-armor. 
 
 cortex (kor'teks), n. [pi. cortices (kor'- 
 ti-sez)], outer bark or covering. 
 
 coruscate (kor'us-kat) , v.i. to sparkle; 
 flash. 
 
 cosmetic (koz-met'ik), adj. imparting 
 or improving beauty: n. a wash or 
 preparation for such a purpose. 
 
 cosmic (koz'mik), adj. pertaining to 
 the universe and the laws which gov- 
 ern it; rising or setting with the sun. 
 Also cosmical. 
 
 cosmogony (koz-mog'q-ni), n. a trea- 
 tise on the world's origin. 
 
 cosmography (koz-mog'ra-fi) , n. the 
 science which treats of the constitu- 
 tion of the universe. 
 
 cosmopolitan (koz-mo-pori-tan), n. 
 one who by much travel has become 
 a citizen of the world. Also cos- 
 mopolite: adj. at home in any part 
 of the world. 
 
 cosmos (koz'mos), n. the world or 
 universe as an orderly system: op- 
 posed to chaos. 
 
 cost (kost), v.t. to be bought for, or 
 had at, a price; cause to bear or 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
COSTERMONGER 
 
 125 
 
 COUNTESS 
 
 suffer: n. charge; expense; labor: 
 pi. law charges. 
 
 costermonger (kos'ter-mung-ger), n. 
 a hawker of fruit, vegetables, fish, 
 &c. 
 
 costive (kos'tiv), adj. constipated. 
 
 costume (kos'tum), n. dress in gen- 
 eral; style of dress; a walking or 
 tailor-made dress: v.t. (kos-tum'), to 
 dress in, or provide with, appropriate 
 costumes. 
 
 cot (kot), n. a cottage; small bed. 
 
 coterie (ko'te-re), n. an association or 
 set of persons united together for 
 social or other intercourse; a clique. 
 
 cotillion (ko-til'yun), n. a brisk, lively 
 dance for eight persons. 
 
 cottage (kot'aj), n. a small dwelling. 
 
 cotton (kot'n), n. a white, soft, downy 
 substance resembling wool envelop- 
 ing the seeds of the cotton-plant; 
 cotton thread or cloth: adj. pertain- 
 ing to, or made of, cotton: v.i. (with 
 to), to make up [to] another; seek his 
 intimacy; fall in with his whims. 
 
 couch (kouch), v.t. to place on a bed 
 or other resting-place; hide; deposit 
 in a bed or layer; express in words; 
 include: v.i. to lie down; stoop; de- 
 press or remove a cataract: n. a 
 bed; sofa; a layer or stratum; a pre- 
 liminary coat of size, paint, &c; a 
 layer of barley spread out for malt- 
 ing. 
 
 cougar (koo'gar and kow'gar), n. the 
 puma. 
 
 cough (kof), v.i. to expel air from the 
 lungs by a violent effort: v.t. to ex- 
 pel from the lungs (followed by up):' 
 n. an effort of the lungs, attended 
 with noise, to expel irritating or 
 foreign matter. 
 
 could (kood), v.t. of can. 
 
 council (kounsil), n. an assembly of 
 persons met in consultation, or to 
 give advice; a convocation; a mu- 
 nicipal body. 
 
 councilman (koun'sil-man) , n. [pi, 
 councilmen (koun'sil-men)], a mem- 
 ber of a municipal council. 
 
 counsel (koun'sel), n. interchange of 
 opinion; advice; consultation; de- 
 liberate purpose or design; a bar- 
 rister, attorney: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 counseled, p.pr. counseling], to give 
 advice to; advise. [Latin.] 
 
 counselor (koun'sel-er) , n. one who 
 
 gives advice, especially legal advice; 
 a member of a council. 
 
 count (kount), n. a title of nobility. 
 
 count (kount), v.t. to reckon or sum 
 up; enumerate; place to an account; 
 esteem: v.i. to tell off; mark time: 
 n. the act of numbering or reckon- 
 ing; the total ascertained; a separate 
 and distinct charge in an indictment; 
 rhythm. [French.] 
 
 countenance (koun'te-nans), n. the 
 whole form of the face; appearance; 
 support: v.t. to support; encourage; 
 favor. 
 
 counter (koun'ter), n. one who, or 
 that which, counts; a shop table; 
 imitation money; a counter-tenor; 
 a horse's breast between the shoul- 
 ders and under the neck; a ship's 
 stern between the water-line and the 
 knuckle of the stern: a blow given in 
 parrying: v.i. to give a blow while 
 receiving or parrying one. 
 
 counter (koun'ter), adv. contrary; ad- 
 verse; in an opposite direction; the 
 wrong way: used in composition, as 
 co?/??£er-eyidence, evidence opposing 
 other evidence; co?/n^r-balance, to 
 weigh or act against with equal 
 force. 
 
 counteract (koun-ter-akt'), v.t. to act 
 in opposition to so as to defeat or 
 hinder; neutralize. 
 
 counterfeit (koun'tcr-fit), v.t. to make 
 a copy of without authority for 
 fraudulent purposes; forge; imitate: 
 v.i. to carry on deception: adj. 
 feigned; spurious; forged: n. an imi- 
 tation; a forgery. [French.] 
 
 countermand (koun-ter-mand'), v.t. 
 to revoke or annul, as an order or 
 command; contradict the orders of: 
 n. a revocation of a former order or 
 command. 
 
 counterpane (koun'ter-pan), n. a bed 
 coverlet. 
 
 counterpart (koun'ter-part) , n. a du- 
 plicate. 
 
 counterpoint (koun'ter-point), n. the 
 science of harmony. 
 
 countersign (koun-ter-sin') , v.t. to 
 authenticate by an additional sig- 
 nature: n. (koun'ter-sm), an addi- 
 tional signature to a document to 
 attest it; a military watchword. 
 
 countess (koun'tes), n. the wife of an 
 earl or count. [French.] 
 
 ite, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
COUNTRY 
 
 126 
 
 COXCOMB 
 
 country (kun'tri), n. [pi. countries 
 (kunt'rez)], a tract of land; region; 
 rural parts; one's native land: adj. 
 rural; rustic; unpolished. [French.] 
 
 county (koun'ti), n. [pi. counties 
 (koun'tiz)], a definite district of a 
 country separated from the rest for 
 political or judicial administrative 
 purposes: adj. pertaining to a 
 county. 
 
 coup (koo), n. a sudden telling blow, 
 a master-stroke. [French.] 
 
 coupe (koo-pa'), n. the front compart- 
 ment of a French stage-coach; a 
 small four-wheeled carriage. [French.] 
 
 couple (kup'l), n. two of the same 
 kind connected together; a pair; 
 man and wife; a pair of equal and 
 parallel forces; two dissimilar metal 
 plates in contact forming a voltaic 
 battery: v.t. to link or join together; 
 unite in marriage: v.i. to copulate; 
 unite. [French.] 
 
 coupon (koo'pon), n. a certificate at- 
 tached to transferable bonds, which 
 is intended to be cut off and pre- 
 sented for the payment of dividends 
 when due; a section of a ticket en- 
 titling the holder to some specified 
 accommodation, &c, over a line or 
 route to be traveled, or to a seat in 
 a theater, &c. [French.] 
 
 courage (ker'aj), n. fortitude; valor. 
 
 courageous (ker-a'jus), adj. brave; 
 bold. 
 
 courier (koo'ri-er), n. an express 
 messenger; a special messenger for 
 a government or monarch; a travel- 
 ing attendant who makes pre- 
 liminary arrangements. [French.] 
 
 course (kors), n. a race; a path or 
 track; career; direction or line of 
 motion; regular sequence; the por- 
 tion of a meal served at one time; 
 conduct; behavior; the direction a 
 ship is steered; a continuous level 
 range of brick or masonry of the 
 same height; the chase of a hare by 
 greyhounds: pi. catamenia; the sails 
 set on the lower yards of a ship: 
 v.t. to hunt: v.i. move swiftly; en- 
 gage in coursing. [French.] 
 
 court (kort), n. an enclosed space; a 
 small paved space surrounded by 
 houses; a royal palace; the retinue 
 of a sovereign; a hall of justice; 
 the judges, &c, engaged there; civil- 
 
 ity; flattery: v.t. to pay court to; 
 woo; flatter; solicit. [French.] 
 
 courteous (ker'te-us), adj. polite; 
 obliging. 
 
 courtesy (ker'te-si), n. [pi. courtesies 
 (ker'te-siz)], politeness combined with 
 kindness; civility. [French.] 
 
 cousin (kuz'in), n. the son or daugh- 
 ter of an uncle or aunt; a kinsman; 
 a title of address used by a sover- 
 eign to certain noblemen. [French.] 
 
 cove (kov), n. a small sheltered in- 
 let or creek; a retired nook; a hol- 
 low molding ; a fellow : v.i. to arch over. 
 
 covenant (kuv'e-nant) , n. a written 
 agreement; deed; bargain; a free 
 promise of God's blessing; a solemn 
 agreement of fellowship and faith 
 between members of a church: v.i. to 
 enter into a formal agreement; bind 
 one's self by contract. [Old French.] 
 
 cover (kuv'er), v.t. to overspread, as 
 the top of anything, with something 
 else; hide; save from punishment; 
 shelter; clothe: v.i. put on a head 
 covering: n. that which is laid on 
 something else; a shelter; a covert; 
 table furniture for one person: pi. 
 thickets, underwood, &c, concealing 
 game. [French.] 
 
 coverlet (kuv'er-let), n. a bed quilt. 
 
 covet (kuv'et), v.t. to desire earnest- 
 ly: lust after: v.i. to indulge in in- 
 ordinate desire. [French.] 
 
 covetous (kuv'et-us), adj. inordinate- 
 ly desirous, especially of money; 
 avaricious. 
 
 covey (kuv'i), n. a hatch or brood 
 of birds, especially partridges. 
 
 cow (kou), n. [pi. cows (kouz)]. the ma- 
 ture female of the genus bos, or ox; 
 the female of various other animals, 
 as the whale, elephant, &c. [Anglo- 
 Saxon] : n. a wedge placed behind a 
 crab or windlass to check its mo- 
 tion: v.t. to depress with fear. [Ice- 
 landic] 
 
 coward (kou'ard), n. one without cour- 
 age; a dastard; poltroon. 
 
 cowardice (kou'ard-is), n. dishonor- 
 able fear. 
 
 cower (kou'er), v.i. to crouch or sink 
 down through fear. 
 
 cowl (koul), n. a monk's hood; a re-, 
 volving cover for a chimney pot. 
 
 coxcomb (koks'kom), n. something 
 resembling a cock's comb formerly 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
COXSWAIN 
 
 127 
 
 CRATER 
 
 worn by licensed jesters; a vain, 
 pretentious, conceited fellow; a fop. 
 
 coxswain (kok'sun), n. the steers- 
 man of a boat, especially in a race. 
 
 coy (koi), adj. modest; bashful; de- 
 mure. [Old French.] 
 
 coyote (koi-ot' or ko-yo'ta), n. the 
 prairie-wolf; v.i. (koi-ot'), to search 
 for gold single-handed, and as by 
 chance. [Spanish, from Mexican.] 
 
 cozen (kuz'n), v.t. to cheat. 
 
 cozy (ko'zi), adj. warm and com- 
 fortable; snug: n. a woolen cover to 
 keep a teapot warm. Also cosy. 
 
 crab (krab), n. a short-tailed, stalk- 
 eyed, ten-footed crustacean; a crab- 
 apple; a sign (Cancer) in the Zo- 
 diac ; a name of various mechanical 
 devices or machines: pi. the lowest 
 cast at hazard: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
 crabbed, p.pr. crabbing], to fish for 
 crabs; to back out. 
 
 crack (krak), n. a chink or fissure; 
 a narrow fracture; a sharp sound; 
 a sharp resonant blow; an altered 
 tone of voice: v.t. & v.i. to burst, 
 break, or sever; utter a sharp, ab- 
 rupt cry; extol; injure; damage 
 mentally; open a bottle; to commit 
 burglary: adj. of superior excel- 
 lence. 
 
 cracker (krak'er), n. a hard biscuit; 
 a firework; a kind of bonbon; a lie: 
 pi. an instrument for cracking 
 nuts. 
 
 crackle (krak'l), v.i.^ to make a 
 slight, sharp explosive noise: v.t. 
 cover with a delicate network of 
 minute cracks: n. a noise of fre- 
 quent and slight cracks and re- 
 ports; a surface glaze on glass or 
 porcelain; the noise made by dis- 
 eased lungs in breathing. 
 
 cradle (kra'dl), n. a baby's crib or 
 little bed; infancy; birthplace or 
 origin; a case for a broken limb; a 
 device for rescuing shipwrecked per- 
 sons; a frame of timbers placed 
 under a ship for launching it; a 
 steel tool used in engraving ; a gold- 
 washing machine; a frame of wood, 
 with long teeth, fastened to a 
 scythe: v.t. to rock or place in a 
 cradle^ nurse or train in infancy; 
 wash in a miner's cradle: v.i. to 
 lie in a cradle. [Irish.] 
 
 craft (kraft), n. manual skill; a 
 
 trade; cunning; fraud; a small 
 trading vessel. 
 
 crafty (kraf'ti), adj. cunning; artful. 
 
 crag (krag), n. a, steep, rugged rock; 
 shelly deposits in Pliocene strata. 
 
 cram (kram), v.t. [p.t. & p^p. crammed, 
 p.pr. cramming], to stuff; fill beyond 
 satiety; tell lies to: v.i. qualify 
 speedily for an examination; to 
 eat greedily: n. the act of cramming 
 physically or mentally; hastily ac- 
 quired knowledge; a lie. [Ice- 
 landic] 
 
 cramp (kramp), n. a rectangular 
 piece of iron with a tightening 
 screw at one end; a spasmodic mus- 
 cular contraction of the limbs; a 
 piece of iron bent at both ends for 
 holding: v.t. to affect with muscular 
 spasms; confine; secure with a 
 cramp. [Danish.] 
 
 cranberry (kran'ber-ri), n. [pi. cran- 
 berries (kran'ber-riz)], the _ marsh 
 whortleberry, with red acid ber- 
 ries. 
 
 crane (kran), n. a large wading bird 
 with verylong legs and neck, and a 
 long straight bill; a machine for 
 raising heavy weights: v.t. to stretch 
 or bend (the neck) like a crane. 
 
 cranium (kra'ni-um), n. [pi. crania], 
 the skull. [Grseco-Latin.] 
 
 crank (krangk), n. a device for caus- 
 ing the # rotation of an axis, or for 
 converting rotary into reciprocal mo- 
 tion, or the contrary; an instru- 
 ment of prison discipline like a 
 paddle-wheel; an iron brace; a 
 fantastic form of speech; whim; 
 fancy; a crotchety or impracticable 
 person, especially one who has a 
 monomania: adj. liable to lurch or 
 capsize. 
 
 cranny (kran'i), n. [pi. crannies (kran'- 
 iz)], a chink. [French.] 
 
 crape (krap), n._ a thin black gauze 
 made of raw silk and gummed: v.t. 
 to cover or drape with crape. 
 
 crash (krash), v.t. to clash together 
 with violence: v.i. to make a loud, 
 clattering noise [Swedish] : n. a loud, 
 sudden, confused noise; a coarse, 
 heavy linen fabric. [French.] 
 
 crass (kras), adj. gross; dense; ob- 
 tuse. [French, from Latin.] 
 
 crate (krat), n. a wicker hamper. 
 
 crater (kra'ter), n. the cup-shaped 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, tJien. 
 
CRAVAT 
 
 128 
 
 CREW 
 
 cavity of a volcano; an ancient 
 goblet. 
 
 cravat (kra-vat'), n. a neckcloth. 
 
 crave (krav), v.t. to ask for with 
 humility; beg earnestly; long for 
 eagerly. 
 
 craven (kra'vn), adj. cowardly; base: 
 n. a coward; recreant. 
 
 crawl (krawl), v.i. move slowly and 
 with difficulty; creep: n. the act of 
 crawling; a pen on the sea-coast for 
 fish, turtles, &c. 
 
 crayon (kra/un), # n. a kind of chalk 
 pencil; a drawing done with cray- 
 ons ; one of the carbon points of an 
 arc-light: adj. drawn with crayons: 
 v.t. to sketch out, as with a crayon. 
 
 craze (kraz),_ v.i. to become dement- 
 ed; open in slight cracks: v.t. to 
 produce cracks; render insane: n. 
 a passing fashion or infatuation; 
 a crack in pottery glaze. 
 
 crazy (kra'zi), adj. insane; dilapi- 
 dated: foolishly eager. [Swedish.] 
 
 creak (krek)». v.i. to make a sharp, 
 harsh, grating sound: n. such a 
 sound. 
 
 cream (krem), n. the rich, oily part 
 of milk: hence the choicest part of 
 anything; a soft unctuous cosmetic: 
 v.t. to skim cream from; remove 
 the best part of. 
 
 crease (kres), n. a mark made by 
 folding or doubling anything; a line 
 drawn to define the limits of bowler 
 and batsman: v.t. make a crease in. 
 
 create (kre-at/), v.t. to cause to come 
 into existence; form out of nothing; 
 invest with a new rank, office, or 
 function. 
 
 creation (kre-a'shun) , n. the act of cre- 
 ating; the thing created ; the universe. 
 
 creative (kre-a'tiv), adj. constructive. 
 
 Creator, n. theSupreme Being. 
 
 creature (kre'tur), n. anything cre- 
 ated, especially a living being; one 
 dependent on the influence of anoth- 
 er: adj. of, or belonging to, the 
 body. 
 
 credence (kre'dens), n. belief; trust. 
 
 credential (kre-den'shal) , adj. giving 
 a claim or title to credit: n.pl. letters 
 or certificates given to a person to 
 show he has a right to confidence or 
 the exercise of authority. 
 
 credible (kred'i-bl), adj. worthy of 
 credit; probable. 
 
 credit (kred'it), v.t. to believe; trust; 
 have confidence in; enter on the 
 credit side of an account: n. belief; 
 honor; trust reposed; sale on trust; 
 time allowed for payment of goods 
 sold. [Latin.] 
 
 credulous (kred'u-lus), adj. easily 
 imposed upon. 
 
 creed (kred), n. a brief statement of 
 belief. [Latin.] 
 
 creek (krek, colloq. krik), n. a small 
 bay; cove. 
 
 creep (krep), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. crept 
 (krept), p.pr. creeping], to move 
 slowly along the ground, as a worm 
 or reptile ; grow along the ground, as 
 a plant; move secretly or insidious- 
 ly; fawn. 
 
 cremate (kre-maf), v.t. to reduce to 
 ashes by heat.especially dead bodies. 
 
 crenate (kre'nat), adj. notched. 
 
 crenellated (kren'el-a-ted), adj. dec- 
 orated with indented moldings (cre- 
 nelles) . 
 
 Creole (kre'ol), n. a native of Span- 
 ish America, Louisiana, or the West 
 Indies, descended from European 
 (originally Spanish or French) an- 
 cestors: adj. pertaining to a Creole. 
 
 creosote (kre'o-sot), n. a heavy oily 
 liquid with a smoky smell, prepared 
 from wood-tar: used as an antisep- 
 tic, also as a wood preservative. 
 
 crepitation (krep-i-ta'shun),n. a slight 
 crackling noise. 
 
 crept (krept), p.t. & p.p. of creep. 
 
 crescent (kres ent), adj. growing: n. 
 an increasing or new moon; a figure 
 like a new moon; the Moslem pow- 
 er: v.t. to form into a crescent. 
 
 crest (krest), n. a plume of feathers 
 on the head of a bird, helmet, &c; 
 the ridge of a wave; summit of a 
 hill; courage; pride; spirit: v.t. to 
 furnish or adorn with a crest; mark 
 with lines or streaks: v.i. to take 
 the form of a crest or ridge. 
 
 cretinism (kre'tn-izm) , n. an incur- 
 able, endemic malady, generally ac- 
 companied by goitre, which occurs 
 among the inhabitants of mountain- 
 ous districts, as in Switzerland, and 
 is supposed to be caused by drink- 
 ing snow-water. 
 
 crevice (krev'is), n. a crack; fissure. 
 
 crew (kroo), p.t. of crow. 
 
 crew (kroo), n. a ship or boat's com- 
 
 ate, arm, at awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
CRIB 
 
 129 
 
 CROP 
 
 pany; a crowd or company of peo- 
 ple. 
 
 crib (knb), n. a rack or manger; a 
 stall for horses or cattle; a child's 
 bed; a small lodging; a situation; 
 a petty theft; a plagiarism; a lit- 
 eral translation: v.t. [p.t. & v.p. 
 cribbed, p.pr. cribbing], to confine; 
 steal; plagiarize: v.i. make notes 
 for dishonest use in an examination. 
 
 cribbage (krib'aj), n. a card game. 
 See pony. 
 
 crick (krik), n. a painful stiffness of 
 the muscles of the neck, or local 
 spasm. 
 
 cricket (krik'et), n. the well-known 
 game played with wickets, bats, and 
 a ball, by eleven players on each 
 side; a chirping insect. 
 
 crime (krim), n. a violation of the 
 law; an offense against morality or 
 the public welfare; wrong-doing. 
 
 criminal (krim'i-nal) , adj. pertaining 
 to crime: n. one guilty of a 
 crime. 
 
 crimp (krimp), v.t. to bend or twist 
 in regular undulations; to cause to 
 contract, as the flesh of live fish; 
 decoy for enlistment: n. formerly 
 one who entrapped men for the Eng- 
 lish navy or army, or the merchant 
 service; one who keeps a low lodg- 
 ing-house for seamen. 
 
 crimson (krim'zn), n. a deep red 
 color inclining to purple: adj. crim- 
 son-colored: v.t. to dye with crimson: 
 v.i. to blush. 
 
 cringe (krinj), v.i. to bend or crouch 
 from fear or with servility: n. a 
 servile bow. 
 
 crinkle (kring'kl), v.t. to wrinkle; 
 corrugate: v.i. to be corrugated or 
 crimped: n. a wrinkle; bend. 
 
 crinoline (krin'o-lin) , n. a hoop- 
 skirt; a stiff fabric for stiffening a 
 garment. 
 
 cripple (krip'l), v.t. to deprive of the 
 use of a limb; disable: n. one who 
 is lame. 
 
 crisis (kri'sis), n. [pi. cri'ses (kri'sez)], 
 a turning point; a critical turn 
 in a disease; emergency; conjunc- 
 ture. 
 
 crisp (krisp), adj. wavy; curled; 
 brittle; cheerful; terse; sparkling: 
 v.t. to curl; ripple: v.i. to form 
 little curls; become friable. 
 
 criterion (krl-te'ri-on), n. [pi. cri- 
 teria (kri-te'ri-a)], a standard, law, 
 or rule by which a correct judgment 
 can be formed. [Greek.] 
 
 critic (krit'ik), n. one skilled in criti- 
 cism; one who judges captiously. 
 
 critical (krit'i-kal), adj. nicely exact; 
 skilled in criticism; censorious; per- 
 taining to the turning point of a 
 disease. 
 
 criticise (krit'i-siz), v.t. to examine or 
 judge as a critic; censure: v.i. to 
 review. 
 
 criticism (krit'i-sizm), n. the art of 
 judging and defining the merits of a 
 literary or artistic work; censure. 
 
 croak (krok), v.i. to make a sound 
 like a raven, &c; grumble: n. the 
 low, hoarse sound of the raven or 
 frog. 
 
 crochet (kro-sha'), n. a kind of knit- 
 ting with a hooked needle, in cot- 
 ton, wool, &c. : v.t. to work in crochet. 
 
 crock (krok), n. soot on a kettle, 
 &c; an earthenware pot or vessel: 
 v.t. to blacken with soot; smudge. 
 
 crockery (krok'er-i), n. earthenware. 
 
 crocodile (krok'o-dil or -dil), n. a. 
 large lizard-like amphibian reptile, 
 with hard square scales on its back 
 and tail. [French, from Latin.] 
 
 crocus (kro'kus), n. sl genus of irida- 
 ceous plants, from one species of 
 which saffron is obtained. 
 
 croft (kroft), n. a small farm, or in- 
 closed field. 
 
 cromlech (krom'lek), n. an ancient 
 monument of rough stones in a 
 circle and usually surrounding a 
 lofty pillar of stone. Such are 
 found at Stonehenge and Avebury 
 in England. 
 
 crone (kron) ; n. an old woman. 
 
 crony (kro'ni), n. [pi. cronies (kro'- 
 niz)], a familiar friend. 
 
 crook (krook), n. a bend; a shep- 
 herd's hooked staff; a bishop's staff; 
 a swindler: v.t. to bend: v.i. to be 
 bent. 
 
 croon (kroon), v.i. to utter a hollow, 
 continued moan; sing in a soft, 
 plaintive tone. 
 
 crop (krop), n. the produce of the 
 ground, as corn, &c; a bird's craw; 
 a stout hunting whip; hair cut 
 close or short: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 cropped, cropt, p.pr. cropping], to 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
CROQUET 130 CRUSADE 
 
 cut off the tops or ends of anything; invest with a crown; adorn or 
 
 reap; mow; cause to bear a crop: dignify; complete; reward. 
 
 v.i. appear unexpectedly [with up], crucial (kroo'shial), adj. cruciform; 
 
 croquet (kro-ka'), n. a lawn game intersecting; searching. [Latin.] 
 
 Elayed with mallets, balls, and crucible (kroo'si-bl) , n. a melting-pot. 
 
 oops: v.t. to drive away, as an op- crucifix (kroo'si-fiks), n. [pi. crucifixes 
 
 ponent's ball, after placing one's own (kroo'si-fiks-ez)], a cross with the 
 
 in contact with it. sculptured figure of Christ. 
 
 cross (kros), n. a gibbet of wood crucifixion (kroo-si-fik'shun) , n. the 
 
 formed of an upright and a cross act of crucifying, especially the cruci- 
 
 piece, used in the punishment of fixion of Christ upon the cross; 
 
 crucifixion: now the emblem of the great mental trial, or suffering. 
 
 Christian faith; a device resembling crucify (kroo'si-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cru- 
 
 a cross, of which there are many cified, p.pr. crucifying], to put to 
 
 kinds, i.e. the Greek cross, St. death by nailing the hands and feet 
 
 Andrew's cross, St. George's cross, to a cross; torture; destroy the 
 
 the Maltese cross, &c; a mark made power of (Gal. v. 24). [Latin.] 
 
 on a document by those who can- crude (krood), adj. in a natural 
 
 not write; a trial of patience; an state; raw; uncultured; harsh in 
 
 animal of a cross-breed: v.t. to put, color, or half-digested. [Latin.] 
 
 or draw, across; cancel; pass; thwart; crudity (krood'i-ti) , n. [pi. crudities 
 
 obstruct; make the sign of a cross (kr5od'i-tiz)], the state or condition 
 
 upon [French]; to cause to inter- of being crude, 
 
 breed: v.i. to be athwart; be in- cruel (kroo'el), adj. disposed to give 
 
 consistent; interbreed: adj. falling pain to others; merciless; hard- 
 
 athwart; not parallel; fretful; per- hearted; unrelenting, 
 
 verse; untractable. cruelty (kroo'eHi), n. [pi. cruelties 
 
 crouch (krouch), v.i. to stoop low; (kroo'el-tiz)], inhumanity; savage- 
 cringe, ry. 
 
 croup (kroop), n. the rump or but- cruise (krooz), v.i. to sail to and fro; 
 
 tocks of certain animals; the place wander about: n. a voyage from 
 
 behind the saddle [French]; inflam- place to place for warlike purposes, 
 
 mation of the trachea and larynx, or for pleasure. [Danish.] 
 
 with a hoarse cough and difficult cruiser (krooz'er), n. a person, or ship, 
 
 breathing. [Scottish.] that cruises; a fast warship, either 
 
 crow (kro), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. crowed, armored, unarmored, belted, &c. 
 
 crew, p.pr. crowing], to make a An armored cruiser is practically 
 
 shrill sound like a cock; boast in the same as a battleship. See 
 
 triumph; utter a cry of pleasure: battleship. 
 
 v.t. to "eat crow," to submit to an act crumb (krum), n. the soft inner part 
 
 of humiliation: n. the cry of a cock; of bread; a fragment of bread; a 
 
 a general name for birds of the little piece: v.t. to dress with crumbs, 
 
 genus Corvus, usually black, and crumple (krum'pl), v.t. to press into 
 
 with a strong conical bill. wrinkles; rumple: v.i. to become 
 
 crowd (kroud), n. a number of per- rumpled. 
 
 sons or things collected closely to- crunch (krunch), v.t. to crush with 
 
 gether; the populace: v.t. to press the teeth; grind violently: v.i. to 
 
 closely together; fill to excess; im- chew audibly: n. the act of crunch- 
 
 portune, as for a debt: v.i. to press ing. 
 
 in numbers. crupper (krup'er), n. the buttocks of 
 
 crown (kroun), n. a royal head-dress a horse; the looped leather band 
 
 of jewels and gold worn as the in- passing round a horse's tail: v.t. 
 
 signia of sovereignty; regal power; a to put a crupper on. [French.] 
 
 wreath; the top; an English silver crusade (kroo-sad'), n. a mediaeval 
 
 coin ($1.25); the corona of a flower; military expedition under the ban- 
 
 the upper part of a tooth; a size of ner of the cross headed by any one 
 
 printing paper (15 x 20 in.): v.t. to of the Christian powers, to recover 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
CRUSE 131 CULTIVATE 
 
 the Holy Land; vigorous concerted of 5: v.t. to raise to the third power, 
 action for the defense of some cause. or cube. [Graeco-Latin.] 
 cruse (krooz), n. an earthen pot or cubic (ku'bik), adj. having the form 
 dish ; a small vessel for holding or properties of a cube. Also cubic- 
 liquids; a vial. Also cruise. al. 
 crush (krush), v.t. to press between cubit (ku'bit), n. an ancient measure 
 two opposite bodies; squeeze; break of about 18 inches; the forearm 
 by pressure; bruise; ruin; quell: from the elbow to the wrist. [Latin.] 
 yd. to be pressed out of shape or cuckoo (kook'oo), n. a passerine 
 into smaller compass: n. a violent bird with a dark plumage and 
 compression or collision. curved bill: so named from its char- 
 crust (krust), # n. a hard external acteristic note. 
 
 coating or rind; the exterior solid cucumber (ku'kum-ber), n. a creep- 
 part of the earth's surface; a shell ing plant, the elongated fruit of 
 or hard covering: v.t. to cover over which is used as a salad, and as a 
 with crust: v.i. to contract into a pickle. 
 
 hard covering. [Latin.] cud (kud), n. food brought from the 
 crutch (kruch), n. a support for first stomach of a ruminating ani- 
 cripples ; any mechanical device like mal back into the mouth and chewed 
 a crutch; the forked rest on a again. See quid, 
 woman's saddle. cuddle (kud'l), v.t. to embrace close- 
 cry (kri), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. cried, p.pr. ly: v.i. to lie close or snug: n. a 
 crying], to call aloud; proclaim; close embrace. 
 
 exclaim vehemently; implore; re- cudgel (kuj'el), n. a short thick 
 
 quire redress; shed tears: v.t. to stick: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cudgeled, 
 
 utter loudly and publicly in giving p.pr. cudgeling], to beat with a 
 
 notice: n. loud or passionate utter- cudgel. 
 
 ance, especially of weeping or lam- cue (ku), n. the tail or end of a 
 entation; an exclamation of won- thing; a queue; a hint; the last 
 der or triumph; outcry; clamor; word of an actor's speech; the part 
 acclamation; proclamation; common one has to play; a number of per- 
 report; a pack of hounds; a battle sons waiting ranged in a line; the 
 cry; a party catchword or phrase. tapering rod used in billiards. 
 crypt (kript), n. a subterranean cell cuff (kuf), n. a blow; the ornamental 
 or vault, usually under a church: fold of the sleeve of a garment at the 
 sometimes used as a chapel or wrist: v.t. to strike with the hand, 
 shrine. [Greek.] cuirass (kwe-ras'), n. a breastplate. 
 cryptogram (krip'to-gram), n. a writ- culinary (kii'li-na-ri) , adj. pertain- 
 ing, or a system of writing, in ing to the kitchen, or the art or proc- 
 cipher. ess of cooking. 
 crystal (kris'tal), n. _ an inorganic cull (kul), v.t. to pick out; select; 
 body having a definite geometrical gather. 
 
 form; a glass of superior clearness; culminate (kul'mi-nat) , v.i. to reach 
 
 anything transparent and clear: adj. the highest point of altitude, rank, 
 
 consisting of crystal; clear; trans- power, &c; come to the meridian, 
 
 parent. [Greek.] culpable (kul'pa-bl), adj. deserving 
 
 crystallize (kris'tal-iz), v.t. to cause censure: criminal; blameworthy, 
 
 to form crystals or a crystalline culprit (kul'prit), n. one arraigned be- 
 
 structure: v.i. to be converted into fore a judge; one accused of a crime 
 
 crystals; assume a definite shape. or fault, 
 
 cub (kub), n. the young of certain cult (kult), n. a particular ritual or 
 
 animals, as the fox. system of worship; a subject of 
 
 cube (kub), n. a regular solid body special study; devoted or extraya- 
 
 with six equal square sides or faces; gant homage or adoration. [Latin.] 
 
 the product obtained by multiplying cultivate (kul'ti-vat), v.t. to till; 
 
 the square of a quantity by the quan- improve by care, labor, or study ; 
 
 tity itself, as 5 x 5 x 5 = 125, cube seek the society of. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 9 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
CULTIVATION 
 
 132 
 
 CURSE 
 
 cultivation (kul-ti-va/shun), n. the 
 act of cultivating; tillage; cul- 
 ture. 
 
 culture (kul'tiir), n. tillage; the train- 
 ing or refining of the moral or in- 
 tellectual faculties; care given to 
 the growth and development of ani- 
 mals and plants; the propagation 
 of bacteria for scientific study. 
 
 culvert (kul'vert), n. sl drain or water- 
 way of masonry or brickwork under 
 a road, &c. 
 
 cumbrous (kum'brus), adj. trouble- 
 some; vexatious; heavy; obstructing. 
 
 cumulative (ku'mu-la-tiv), adj. aug- 
 menting or giving force; increasing 
 by successive additions. 
 
 cuneiform (ku-ne'i-form) , adj. having 
 the form of a wedge; said of the 
 wedge-shap'ed characters of the 
 Assyrian and ancient Persian in- 
 scriptions. Also arrowhead. [Latin.] 
 
 cunning (kun'ing), adj. crafty; sly; 
 designing; subtle: n. deceit; crafti- 
 ness; the natural instinct of an 
 animal. 
 
 cup (kup), n. a small drinking ves- 
 sel; something shaped like a cup; a 
 chalice; a piece of plate offered as 
 a prize; a vessel for drawing blood: 
 pi. repeated potations: v.t. [p.t. & 
 p.p. cupped, p.pr. cupping], to bleed 
 by means of a cupping-glass: v.i. to 
 strike or indent the ground with 
 a golf-club when striking the ball. 
 
 cupidity (ku-pid'i-ti), n. covetous- 
 ness. 
 
 cupola (ku'po-la), n. [pi. cupolas 
 (ku'po-laz)], a spherical cup-shaped 
 roof; a revolving shot-proof turret. 
 
 cur (ker), n. a mongrel dog; a surly, 
 ill-bred person. 
 
 curate (kii'rat), n. a clergyman who 
 assists a vicar or incumbent. 
 
 curative (ku'ra-tiv) , adj. pertaining to 
 the cure of diseases; promoting 
 cure: n. that which cures or serves 
 to cure. jLatin.] 
 
 curator (ku-ra/ter), n. the superin- 
 tendent of a museum, art gallery, 
 &c. 
 
 curb (kerb), v.t. restrain; keep in sub- 
 jection; furnish with, or as with, a 
 curb: n. that which checks, re- 
 strains, or subdues; a part of a 
 horse's bridle; a curbstone. 
 
 curd (kerd), n. the coagulated part of 
 
 milk, containing casein: v.t. to cause 
 to curdle. [Irish.] 
 
 cure (kur), n. restoration to health; 
 the act, or art, of healing; spiritual 
 charge; the office of a parish priest 
 or curate: v.t. to heal; restore to 
 health; preserve by salting. 
 
 curiosity (kti-ri-os'i-ti), n. [pi. curi- 
 osities (ku-ri-os'i-tiz)], inquisitive- 
 ness; something strange or rare. 
 
 curious (kti'ri-us), adj. desirous to see 
 or know something new or strange ; 
 inquisitive; scrutinizing; exact; ex- 
 traordinary. 
 
 curl (kerl), n. a ringlet of hair; an 
 undulation or bend; a disease in 
 fruit trees and potatoes: v.t. to 
 twist into ringlets; crisp; coil; raise 
 in undulations ; curve : v.i. to con- 
 tract or bend into ringlets; move 
 in spirals or undulations; become 
 curled; play at the game of curling. 
 
 curling (kerl'ling), n. a popular Scot- 
 tish game played on the ice with 
 smooth, flat, cheese-shaped stones, 
 fitted with handles. 
 
 curmudgeon (ker-mud'jun), n. a 
 grasping, churlish fellow; a niggard. 
 
 currant (ker'ant), n. a small variety 
 of dried grape ; the well-known shrub 
 and its berry. 
 
 currency (ker 'en-si), n. a continual 
 passing from hand to hand; unin- 
 terrupted course; the circulating 
 monetary medium of a nation. 
 
 current (ker'ent), adj. widely circu- 
 lated; now passing as time; gener- 
 ally accepted or credited: n. a flow: 
 said of fluids; body of air or water 
 flowing in a certain direction; gen- 
 eral tendency. [French.] 
 
 curriculum (ker-ik'u-lum) , n. [pi. cur- 
 ricula (ker-ik'u-la)], a course; a 
 prescribed course of study in a uni- 
 versity, school, &c. [Latin.] 
 
 curry (ker'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. curried, 
 p.pr. currying], to dress (leather) 
 after tanning; beat; flatter; dress or 
 clean (a horse). 
 
 curry (ker'i), n. [pi. curries (ker'iz)], 
 a highly-spiced East Indian sauce: a 
 stew of rice, fowl, &c, flavored with 
 curry: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. curried, p.pr. 
 currying], to cook or flavor with 
 curry. 
 
 curse (kers), n. an imprecation of 
 evil; that which brings or causes 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon,, book; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
CURSORY 
 
 133 
 
 CYMBAL 
 
 evil or trouble; a profane oath: v.t. 
 to imprecate evil upon; cause evil 
 to; anathematize: v.i. to swear. 
 
 cursory (ker'so-ri), adj. hasty; superfi- 
 cial. 
 
 curst (kerst), p.p. of curse. 
 
 curt (kert), adj. abrupt; short. 
 
 curtail (ker-tal'), v.t. to cut short; 
 reduce. 
 
 curtain (ker'tin), n. a textile hanging 
 screen which can be drawn up or 
 set aside at pleasure; the part of 
 the rampart and parapet between 
 two bastions or gates: v.t. to in- 
 close in, or as with, curtains. 
 
 curtsy (kert'si), n. [pi. curtsies (kert'- 
 siz)], a salutation made by bending 
 the knees. t Also curtsey: v.i. [p.t. & 
 p.p. curtsied, p.pr. curtsying], to 
 make a curtsy. 
 
 curve (kerv) , adj. bent without angles : 
 n. a bending without angles; a 
 draughtsman's instrument for form- 
 ing curves: v.t. to bend. 
 
 cushion (koosh'un), n. a pillow or 
 soft pad for sitting or reclining upon ; 
 a pillow used in lace-making; the 
 elastic rim of a billiard-table: v.t. 
 to seat upon a cushion; furnish with 
 a cushion: v.i. make the cue-ball 
 strike against the cushion. 
 
 cusp (kusp), n. the horn of a crescent; 
 a sharp rigid point; a spear-shaped 
 architectural ornament. 
 
 cuspidor (kus'pi-dor), n. a spittoon. 
 [Spanish.] 
 
 custard (kus'terd), n. a composition 
 of eggs and milk, &c, baked or boiled. 
 
 custody (kus'to-di), n. guardianship; 
 imprisonment; security. [Latin.] 
 
 custom (kus'tum), n. frequent or ha- 
 bitual repetition of the same act; 
 established usage; business support ; 
 unwritten law; duties on imported 
 or exported goods: v.i. to be accus- 
 tomed. [French.] 
 
 customary (kus'tum-a-ri), adj. habit- 
 ual; conventional; common. 
 
 customer (kus'tum-er) , n. a purchaser. 
 
 cut (kut), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cut, p.pr. 
 cutting], to cleave or separate with 
 a sharp instrument; make an in- 
 cision in; divide; trim; castrate; 
 excavate; intersect; abridge; di- 
 minish; pass deliberately without 
 recognition; divide (a pack of 
 cards) at random; strike (a ball) 
 
 so as to send it at right angles 
 to the batsman: v.i. to make an in- 
 cision ; perform the work of an edged 
 instrument ; grow through the gums : 
 n. an incision or wound made by a 
 sharp instrument; gash; a sharp 
 stroke; a sarcastic remark; a trench, 
 channel, &c, made by digging; a 
 slice ; a near passage ; a block on which 
 an engraving is cut; the fashion of 
 a garment; shape; deliberate ignor- 
 ing of an acquaintance; the. division 
 of a pack of cards; a particular 
 stroke in cricket, and lawn tennis; 
 a diminution in price below another 
 merchant : adj. divided or separated ; 
 gashed; having the surface orna- 
 mented or fashioned. 
 
 cute (kut), adj. sharp; clever. 
 
 cuticle (ktrt'i-kl), n. the scarf-skin; 
 the thin exterior bark of a plant. _ 
 
 cutlass (kut'las), n. a broad cutting 
 sword, 
 
 cutler (kut'ler), n. one who makes or 
 sells knives or other cutting instru- 
 ments. 
 
 cutlery (kut'ler-i), n. edged or cutting 
 instruments. 
 
 cutlet (kut'let), n. a slice of meat. 
 
 cycle (si'kl), n. a revolution of a cer- 
 tain period of time, which recurs 
 again in the same order; an imagi- 
 nary circle in the heavens; the ag- 
 gregate of traditional or legendary 
 matter connected with a mytholog- 
 ical personage or event; a bicycle 
 or tricycle: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. cycled, 
 p.pr. cycling], to occur, or recur, in 
 cycles; ride a bicycle or tricycle. 
 
 cyclone (si'klon), n. a violent storm; 
 an atmospheric movement in which 
 the wind blows spirally round to- 
 wards a center. 
 
 cyclopaedia or cyclopedia (si-klo-pe'- 
 di-a), abbreviation of encyclopaedia. 
 
 cylinder (sil'in-der), n. a long circu- 
 lar body, solid or hollow, of uniform 
 diameter; a chamber in which force 
 is exerted on the piston of a steam 
 engine; the barrel of a pump; a hol- 
 low roller for printing; a # roller- 
 shaped stone with cuneiform inscrip- 
 tions. 
 
 cymbal (sim'bal), n. one of a pair 
 of circular disk-shaped brass plates, 
 which when struck produce a clash- 
 ing sound. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
CYNIC 
 
 134 
 
 CZARINA 
 
 cynic (sin'ik), n. a morose, surly, or 
 sarcastic person; one of a sect of 
 ancient Greek philosophers. The 
 word means "dog-like." [Greek.] 
 
 cynicism (sin'i-sizm), n. the temper 
 and practice of a cynic. 
 
 cynosure (si'no- or sin'o-shur), n. an 
 object of general attraction. 
 [Greek.] 
 
 cypress (si'pres), n. a coniferous tree, 
 the emblem of mourning: adj. be- 
 longing to, or made of, cypress. 
 
 cyst (sist), n. a bladder; pouch, usu- 
 ally membranous, containing mor- 
 bid matter. 
 
 Czar (zar) or Tzar (tsar), n. the title 
 of the Russian Emperor. 
 
 Czarevitch (zar'e-vich) or Tsare- 
 vitch (tzarM, n. the eldest son of 
 the Czar. Also Czarewitch, Caesare- 
 witch. 
 
 Czarina (za-re'na) or Tsarina (tsa-), 
 n. an empress of Russia; the wife of 
 the Czar. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, tfften. 
 
D 
 
 D, the fourth letter in the Greek 
 and Latin alphabets, as in English 
 and others of Western Europe. It 
 was formed from a West Greek 
 delta in which that letter A was 
 rounded at the right side. The 
 name delta, derived from the Phoeni- 
 cian, means "a door," or the flap 
 of a tent. D (d), as an abbreviation 
 in Great Britain, meaning a penny, 
 is from the Latin denarius, a small 
 coin. 
 
 dab (dab), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dabbed, 
 p.pr. dabbing], to strike or touch 
 ligntly: n. a small soft lump; a 
 gentle blow; a salt-water flounder; 
 an alleged expert : adj. clever ; handy. 
 
 dabble (dab'l), v.t. to dip slightly and 
 often; moisten; spatter: v.i. to play 
 in water; do anything in a superfi- 
 cial manner. 
 
 dachshund (daks'hoont) , n. the Ger- 
 man badger-dog. 
 
 dactyl (dak'til), n. a poetical foot of 
 three syllables, one long followed by 
 twoshort (- w. ~). [Greek, "afinger."] 
 
 daffodil (daf'o-dil), n. the narcis- 
 sus. 
 
 daft (daft), adj. simple; silly. 
 [Gaelic] 
 
 dagger (dag'er), n. a short edged and 
 pointed weapon, used for stabbing; 
 a reference mark in printing (t)^ 
 
 dago (da/go) , n. [pi. dagos (da'goz)], 
 a nickname for a dark-complexioned 
 person, especially of Spanish, Portu- 
 guese, or Italian descent; a sailor's 
 name for a person speaking Portu- 
 guese or Spanish. 
 
 daguerreotype (da-ger'o-tip), n. a pic- 
 ture produced on a silver plate, called 
 from its inventor, M. Daguerre, who 
 gave to the world this, the first form 
 of photograph, in 1839. 
 
 dahlia (dal'ya), n. [pi. dahlias (dal'- 
 yaz)l, a composite plant, with large 
 bright-colored flowers. 
 
 daily (da'li), n. [pi. dailies (da'liz)], a 
 newspaper or periodical published 
 each week-day ; adj. occurring or re- 
 curring each successive day ; diurnal : 
 adv. day by day. 
 
 dainty (dan'ti), n. [pi. dainties (dan'- 
 tiz)], something choice or delicious: 
 adj. refined as regards taste; fastidi- 
 ous; delicious; elegant; sensitive; 
 choice. 
 
 dairy (da'ri), n. [pi. dairies (da'riz)], 
 a place where milk is kept and con- 
 verted into butter and cheese, &c, 
 the shop where dairy produce is 
 sold. 
 
 dais (da/is), n. a raised platform. 
 
 daisy (da'zi), n. [pi. daisies (da'ziz)], 
 a low composite herb with a yellow 
 disk, and white or rose-colored rays; 
 in colloquial language, a pretty girl. 
 
 dale (dal), n. a vale; glen. 
 
 dally (dal'li), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. dallied, 
 p.pr. dallying], to trifle away time; 
 to loiter; procrastinate; to consume 
 in neglect; to toy with; act volup- 
 tuously (with) ; to waste time in friv- 
 olous talk. 
 
 dam (dam), n. a barrier across a water- 
 course; any artificial contrivance to 
 stop the flow of water or a gas; a 
 female parent: said of beasts: _ v.t. 
 [p.t. & p.p. dammed, p.pr. damning], 
 to confine, or raise the level of, by a 
 dam ; restrain [usually with in or up] . 
 
 damage (dam'aj), n. injury or haim; 
 harm wilfully done to a person's 
 character, person, or estate: pi. 
 money recovered for loss suffered: 
 v.t. to injure: v.i. to receive in- 
 jury. 
 
 damask (dam'ask), n. a rich silk fab- 
 ric woven with elaborate patterns; a 
 fine twilled table-linen; a fabric of 
 silk and wool, silk and cotton, &c, 
 with a variegated design; Damascus 
 steel or work; deep pink: adj. per- 
 taining to, or made of, damask: 
 
 ate, arm, at, -awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
DAME 
 
 136 
 
 DATIVE 
 
 v.t. to work flowers upon; ornament 
 (metals) with wavy, silvery devices. 
 
 dame (dam), n. a title formerly used 
 instead of mistress, written Mrs.; 
 the mistress of an elementary school; 
 an elderly woman. Originally, how- 
 ever, like the French dame, it 
 denoted a lady of position, and 
 usually the wife or widow of a 
 knight. 
 
 damn (dam), v.t. to sentence to pun- 
 ishment judicially; consign to a cer- 
 tain fate; condemn as bad or as a 
 failure; to invoke a malediction 
 upon: v.i. curse inwardly: n. a curse. 
 
 damnation (dam-na'shun), n. the 
 state of being damned; ruination by 
 adverse criticism; punishment in a 
 future state. 
 
 damp (damp), n. moisture; fog; humid 
 exhalation; adj. moist; foggy; humid; 
 dejected: v.t. to moisten; discourage; 
 depress; diminish the vibrations of: 
 p.p. sometimes dampen. 
 
 dance (dans), v.i. to move with meas- 
 ured steps or to a musical accom- 
 paniment; perform the figures of a 
 dance; move nimbly, or merrily; 
 exult: v.t. to give a dancing motion 
 to; perform as a dancer: n. a regu- 
 lated movement of the feet to a 
 rhythmical musical accompaniment; 
 a dancing party, less formal than a 
 ball. 
 
 dandelion (dan'de-li-un) , n. a bien- 
 nial composite plant with large yel- 
 low flowers and deeply notched 
 leaves. 
 
 dandle (dan'dl), v.t. to move up and 
 down on the knee or in the arms in 
 affectionate play; fondle. 
 
 dandruff (dan'druf), n. scurf on the 
 scalp. 
 
 dandy (dan'di), n. [pi. dandies (dan'- 
 diz)], a fop; coxcomb; something 
 very neat and trim. 
 
 danger (dan'jer), n. hazard; peril. 
 
 dangerous (dan'jer-us) , adj. involving, 
 or beset with, danger; ready to do 
 harm or injury; perilous; hazard- 
 ous. 
 
 dangle (dang'gl), v.i. to hang or swing 
 loosely; follow: v.t. to cause to 
 dangle. 
 
 dank (dangk), adj. humid; damp. 
 
 dapper (dap'er), adj. small and ac- 
 tive; trim and neat in appearance. 
 
 darbies (dar'bez) , n. a word used by the 
 police for handcuffs; also nippers. 
 [English.] 
 
 Dardanelles (dar'dan-els), n. a forti- 
 fied strait connecting the Sea of 
 Marmora with the Aegean Sea, sep- 
 arating the Gallipoli Peninsula from 
 Asia Minor; in 1915 scene of attacks 
 by the Allies in the European War. 
 
 dare (dar), v.i. [p.t. dared, durst, p.p. 
 dared, p.pr. daring], to have cour- 
 age; attempt; venture: v.t. to defy; 
 challenge. 
 
 dark (dark), adj. destitute of light; 
 not reflecting fight; wholly black or 
 grey; producing gloom; unenlight- 
 ened, mentally or physically; ob- 
 scure; untried; of a brunette com- 
 
 _ plexion: n. darkness. 
 
 darling (dar 'ling) , t meaning "little 
 dear, n. a favorite; pet: adj. ten- 
 derly beloved ; very dear. 
 
 darn (darn), v.t. to mend (a rent) by 
 filling in the hole with yarn or thread 
 by means of a needle: n. a patch 
 made by darning. 
 
 dart (dart), n. a small lance or spear; 
 a kind of eel-spear; the arrow of a 
 blow-gun; a swift, sudden move- 
 ment; the dace: v.t. throw; give out 
 or send forth: v.i. move swiftly; 
 start suddenly and run quickly. 
 
 dash (dash), v.t. to throw violently or 
 hastily; break by collision; hurl; 
 shatter; suffuse; depress; confuse; 
 mingle; sketch rapidly: v.i. to rush 
 with violence; fly off the surface 
 with a violent noisy motion: n. a 
 collision; a slight addition; ostenta- 
 tious parade; a mark ( — ) in writing 
 or printing. 
 
 dastard (das'tard), n. a coward: adj. 
 meanly shrinking from danger; cow- 
 ardly. 
 
 date (dat), n. the time of an epoch or 
 transaction; the inscription which 
 specifies when a writing or inscrip- 
 tion was executed; duration; the 
 edible oval fruit of the date-palm: 
 v.t. to mark with a date: v.i. to have 
 a date; reckon. 
 
 dative (da'tiv), adj. denoting the case 
 of a noun, pronoun, or adjective 
 which expresses the remoter object: 
 usually indicated in English by to or 
 for with the objective case: n. the 
 dative case in Greek and Latin. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
DATUM 
 
 137 
 
 DEBAUCH 
 
 datum (da'tum), n. [pi. data (da'ta)], 
 something assumed, known, or con- 
 ceded for the basis of an argument 
 or inference [usually in pi.]. 
 
 daub (dawb), v.t. to cover or smear 
 with adhesive matter; paint coarse- 
 ly or unskilfully ; plaster ; flatter gross- 
 ly: n. a coarse or rudely-executed 
 painting; a smear; a cheap kind of 
 mortar. 
 
 daughter (daw'ter), n. the female off- 
 spring of a man or woman ; a female 
 in a childlike relation; something 
 conceived of as feminine. 
 
 daunt (dawnt), v.t. to intimidate; dis- 
 hearten. 
 
 dauntless (dawnt'les), adj. fearless. 
 
 daw (daw), n. a bird of the crow 
 family; a jackdaw. 
 
 dawdle (daw'dl), v.i. to waste time 
 in a trifling manner; loiter: n. a 
 dawdler. 
 
 dawn (dawn), v.i. to begin to grow 
 light; glimmer; break as the day: n. 
 the first appearance of light in the 
 morning; beginning. 
 
 day (da), n. the period of light be- 
 tween sunrise and sunset; daylight; 
 sunshine; the space of twenty-four 
 hours, reckoning from midnight to 
 midnight (the civil day), or from 
 noon to noon (the astronomical 
 day); in the East, a distance that 
 can be traveled in twenty-four 
 hours; a specified time or pe- 
 riod. 
 
 daze (daz), v.t. to dazzle: n. the state 
 of being dazed. 
 
 dazzle (daz'l), v.t. to overpower by a 
 glare of light; dim by excess of 
 light; overpower by splendor: v.i. to 
 be overpowered by light: n. excess 
 of light. 
 
 deacon (de'kn), ?i.the lowest order 
 of the clergy in the Anglican 
 Church; in non-episcopal churches, 
 a layman appointed to assist the 
 minister and manage the temporal 
 affairs of a church. 
 
 dead (ded), adj. destitute of life; 
 inanimate; resembling death; in- 
 active; unprofitable; monotonous; 
 tasteless; unerring; without reli- 
 gious vitality; flat; not transmitting 
 a current; deprived of civil rights; 
 out of the game or play: n. dead 
 persons individually or collectively; 
 
 the point or degree of greatest life- 
 lessness: adv. absolutely; exactly. 
 
 deal (del), n. an indefinite quantity, 
 degree, or extent; a division of cards 
 to the players; a mercantile com- 
 bination ; the wood of the fir or pine 
 tree cut into boards or planks: v.t. 
 [p.t. & p.p. dealt, p.pr. dealing], to 
 distribute, apportion, or divide; 
 throw about; scatter: v.i. to have 
 business; make a private arrange- 
 ment. 
 
 dealt (delt), p.t. of deal. 
 
 dean (den), n. the presiding ecclesias- 
 tical dignitary in cathedral and col- 
 legiate churches, in his own juris- 
 diction the superior of a bishop ; the 
 chief officer of any faculty in a 
 college; the oldest member, by rea- 
 son of service, in a constituted body 
 of which he acts as president; the 
 senior member of a diplomatic corps ; 
 the oldest and most distinguished 
 representative of the literature of a 
 country. [French.] 
 
 dear (der), adj. expensive; costly; 
 marked by scarcity or dearth; be- 
 loved; highly esteemed; precious :n. 
 a darling; favorite: adv. at a high 
 price or rate: inter j. expressing sur- 
 prise, pity, or emotion. 
 
 dearth (derth), n. want; scarcity; 
 famine. 
 
 death (deth), n. extinction of life or 
 feeling; the state of the dead; a 
 general mortality; decay; destruc- 
 tion; spiritual ruin after physical 
 death (Rom. viii. 6). 
 
 debar (de-bar'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- 
 barred, p.pr. debarring], to shut 
 out; exclude; hinder from approach, 
 enjoyment, or action; preclude [with 
 from], 
 
 debarkation (de-bar-ka'shun) , n. the 
 act of disembarking. 
 
 debase (de-bas'), v.t. to reduce from 
 a higher toa lower state; lower in 
 character, virtue, purity, or quality. 
 
 debate (de-bat), v.t. to contend for 
 in words or arguments; meditate 
 upon; deliberate together: v.i. to ar- 
 gue or discuss a point; reflect: n. 
 contention in words or argument; 
 controversy; discussion. 
 
 debauch (de-bawch'), v.t. _ to cor- 
 rupt in morals or principles; se- 
 duce; pollute; vitiate: v.i. to engage 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
DEBENTURE 
 
 138 
 
 DECLINE 
 
 in debauchery or riot: n. excess in 
 eating and drinking; lewdness. 
 
 debenture (de-ben 'tur), n. a written 
 acknowledgment of a debt. 
 
 debilitate (de-bil'i-tat) , v.t. to en- 
 feeble; enervate. 
 
 debility (de-biri-ti), n. [pi. debilities 
 (de-bil'i-tiz)], abnormal functional 
 weakness; languor. 
 
 debit (deb 'it), n. that which is ow- 
 ing, entered on the debtor side of a 
 ledger: opposed to credit: adj. re- 
 lating to debts: v.t. to charge with 
 debt; enter on the debtor's side of 
 an account. 
 
 debt (det), n. that which is due from 
 one person to another; obligation; 
 trespass. [Latin.] 
 
 debtor (det'er) , n. one who owes some- 
 thing to another; one who is in 
 debt. 
 
 decade (dek'ad), n. a group of ten; 
 ten consecutive years. 
 
 decadent (dek'a-dent) , adj. deteriorat- 
 ing. 
 
 decagon (dek'a-gon), n. plain figure 
 having ten sides and ten angles. 
 
 decalogue (dek'a-log) , n. the ten com- 
 mandments (Ex. xx.) ; the moral 
 law. [Greek.] 
 
 decamp (de-kamp'), v.i. to depart 
 speedily; go away secretly or un- 
 ceremoniously. 
 
 decanter (de-kant'er) , n. an orna- 
 mental glass bottle for holding 
 wines, &c. 
 
 decapitation (de-kap-i-ta'shun) , n. 
 beheading. 
 
 decay (de-ka'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. de- 
 cayed, p.pr. decaying], to become 
 impaired; rot; decline or fall: n. 
 deterioration ; decline ; rotten- 
 ness. 
 
 decease (de-ses'), v.i. to die: n. 
 death. 
 
 deceit (de-set'), n. deception; false- 
 hood. 
 
 deceitful (de-set 'fool), adj. full of 
 deceit. 
 
 deceive (de-sev'), v.t. to mislead or 
 cause to err; delude; impose upon; 
 disappoint. 
 
 December (de-sem'ber), n. the twelfth 
 month of the year. 
 
 decennial- (des-en'i-al), adj. lasting 
 for or occurring every ten years. 
 
 decent (de'sent), adj. decorous; be- 
 
 coming; respectable; modest; pass- 
 able. 
 
 deceptive (de-sep'tiv), adj. tending to 
 deceive. 
 
 decide (de-sid'), v.t. to bring to an 
 issue or conclusion; fix the end of; 
 resolve: v.i. to give a judgment or 
 decision; arbitrate. 
 
 deciduous (de-sid 'ti-us), adj. falling 
 off at maturity, or in season; shed 
 periodically. [Latin.] 
 
 decimal (des'i-mal), adj. pertaining 
 to, or based upon, the number 10: 
 n. a decimal fraction. 
 
 decimate (des'i-mat), v.t. to select 
 by lot and put to death, or punish, 
 every tenth man; destroy a large 
 proportion of. 
 
 decipher (de-si'fer), v.t. to read (se- 
 cret writing) ; discover or make out 
 the meaning of; solve; unravel. 
 
 decision (de-sizh'un), n. the act of de- 
 ciding; determination; judgment; 
 settlement. 
 
 decisive (de-sl'siv), adj. final; conclu- 
 sive. 
 
 deck (dek), v.t. to array in finery or 
 ornaments; adorn; to furnish _ with 
 a deck: n. the flooring of a ship. 
 
 declaim (de-klam'), v.t. to speak in 
 a rhetorical style; speak as an exer- 
 cise in elocution; harangue. 
 
 declamation (dek-la-ma'shun), n. the 
 art_ of declaiming according to rhe- 
 torical rules; impassioned oratory; 
 distinct and correct enunciation of 
 words in vocal music. 
 
 declaration (dek-la-ra'shun) , n. the 
 act of declaring or proclaiming; that 
 which is declared; an assertion; 
 publication. 
 
 declarative (de-klar'a-tiv) , adj. ex- 
 planatory. 
 
 declare (de-klar'), v.t. to make known; 
 tell openly or publicly; proclaim 
 formally; publish; make a solemn 
 affirmation before witnesses; make 
 a full statement as to goods, &c: 
 v.i. to make a declaration; avow 
 [with for or aoainst]. 
 
 declension (de-klen'shun) , n. decline; 
 a falling off, or away; deterioration; 
 the inflection of nouns, pronouns, 
 and adjectives. 
 
 decline (de-klin'), v.i. to incline from 
 a right line; bend or lean down- 
 wards; droop; draw to a close; be- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
DECLIVITY 
 
 139 
 
 DEFECATE 
 
 come weak; deviate from rectitude: 
 v.t. to refuse; bend downwards; de- 
 press; inflect: n. diminution; de- 
 cay: deterioration; consumption. 
 
 declivity (de-kliv'i-ti), n. [pi. declivi- 
 ties (de-kliv'i-tiz)], a gradual de- 
 scent ; deviation from a horizontal 
 line: opposed to acclivity. 
 
 decoct (de-kokt'), v.t. the act of boil- 
 ing anything to extract its essence. 
 
 decomposition (de-kom-po-zish'un) , 
 n. the act of resolving into con- 
 stituent elements; analysis; disin- 
 tegration. 
 
 decorate (dek'6-rat), v.t. to orna- 
 ment, embellish, adorn, or beautify; 
 confer a badge_of honor upon ; grace. 
 
 decorous (de-ko' or dek'er-us), adj. 
 marked by propriety; decent; fit; 
 proper. 
 
 decorum (de-ko 'rum), n. propriety 
 and decency of words, dress, and 
 conduct. 
 
 decoy (de-koi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- 
 coyed, p.pr. decoying], to lead or al- 
 lure into danger by artifice: v.i. to 
 be allured by means of a decoy: n. 
 a deceptive stratagem; a lure;_ a 
 piece of enclosed water into which 
 wild fowl are decoyed. 
 
 decrease (de-kres'), v.i. to become 
 less; diminish; abate; wane; fail: 
 v.t. to cause to grow less; reduce 
 gradually in size or extent: dwindle: 
 n. gradual diminution, or decay; the 
 amount or degree of lessening; the 
 wane of the moon. [Latin.] 
 
 decree (de-kre'), n. an ordinance, 
 law, or edict; a judicial decision; 
 the award of an umpire or arbitra- 
 tor; the predetermined purpose of 
 God: v.t. to determine by a decree; 
 ordain; constitute by edict; assign: 
 v.i. to make a decree; determine. 
 
 decrepit (de-krep'it), adj. enfeebled 
 by age, or infirmity; wasted; worn 
 out. [Latin.] 
 
 decrepitude (de-krep'i-tud), n. phys- 
 ical infirmity caused by old age. 
 
 decry (de-kri'). v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- 
 cried, p.pr. decrying], to blame 
 clamorously; cry down; censure; 
 disparage. 
 
 dedicate (ded'i-kat), v.t. to set apart 
 by a solemn act or religious cere- 
 mony; devote or set apart to some 
 work or duty; inscribe, as a literary 
 work. [Latin.] 
 
 dedication (dcd-i-ka'shun), n. the act 
 of dedicating; an inscription or ad- 
 dress. 
 
 deduce (de-dus'), v.t. to gather by 
 reasoning; infer; derive [with from 
 or out of\. 
 
 deduct (de-dukt';, v.t. to take away. 
 
 deduction (de-duk'shun), n. the act 
 or process of deducting; subtraction; 
 in logic, the process of reasoning 
 from a single fact by a general law 
 through a series of related facts to 
 a conclusion; syllogistic reasoning. 
 See induction. 
 
 deed (ded), n. that which is done by 
 a responsible agent; an act; an il- 
 lustrious achievement; a written in- 
 strument for the transfer of real es- 
 tate: v.t convey by deed. 
 
 deem (dem), v.t. to think; determine: 
 v.i. to have, or be of, an opinion; 
 judge. [Gothic] 
 
 deep (dep), adj. extending far below 
 the surface; low in situation; pen- 
 etrating; sagacious: profound: dif- 
 ficult to understand; absorbed; 
 grave in tone, or low in pitch: 
 strongly colored: n. that which is of 
 great depth; a great body of wa- 
 ter. 
 
 deer (der), n. sing. & pi. a general 
 name for solid-horned ruminants of 
 the genus Cervus. 
 
 deface (de-fas'), v.t. to mar or de- 
 stroy the surface of: disfigure: im- 
 pair the legibility of; injure; 
 spoil. 
 
 defalcation fde-fal-ka'shun). n. a def- 
 icit of funds through a breach of 
 trust; embezzlement: diminution. 
 
 defamation _(def-a-ma'shun), n. the 
 act of injuring one's good name or 
 reputation without justification, 
 either orally, or by a written com- 
 munication. 
 
 defame (de-fam'), v.t. to injure or 
 destroy the good reputation of; ac- 
 cuse falsely; asperse; vilify. 
 
 default (de-fa wit'), n. failure or 
 omission to do any act: failure to 
 satisfy the acts required in a law- 
 suit: v.t. to make a default in; neg- 
 lect: v.i. to make a default. 
 
 defeat (de-fet'), v.t. to overcome or 
 vanquish; frustrate: baffle: n. the 
 act of defeating; frustration; over- 
 throw. 
 
 defecate (def'e-kat), v.t. to clarify: 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
DEFECT 
 
 140 
 
 DEIST 
 
 v.i. to become clear; discharge ex- 
 cremental matter from the bowels. 
 
 defect (de-fekt'), n. an imperfection, 
 moral or physical; insufficiency; 
 fault; error. 
 
 defection (de-fek'shun), n. a falling 
 away from duty or allegiance; de- 
 sertion. 
 
 defective (de-fek'tiv), adj. having a 
 defect or flaw of any kind; incom- 
 plete; faulty; wanting some of the 
 usual grammatical forms. 
 
 defend (de-fend'), v.t. to guard or 
 protect; maintain; vindicate one's 
 legal rights by force of argument or 
 evidence; v.i. to formally enter a de- 
 fense to an action. 
 
 defense (de-fens'), n. the act or state 
 of defending or being defended; pro- 
 tection; vindication by force or ar- 
 gument; a defendant's plea or an- 
 swer. 
 
 defensive (de-fen'siv), adj. serving to 
 defend or protect; carried on in de- 
 fense. 
 
 defer (de-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- 
 ferred, p.pr. deferring], to put off to 
 a future time; delay: v.i. to pro- 
 crastinate. 
 
 deference (def'er-ens), n. a yielding 
 to the opinions or wishes of another; 
 regard, as shown in act or man- 
 ner. 
 
 defiant (de-fi'ant), adj. characterized 
 by defiance. 
 
 deficient (de-fish'ent), adj. wanting; 
 incomplete. 
 
 deficit (def'i-sit), n. a falling off, or 
 deficiency, in amount or quantity, 
 especially of receipts. 
 
 defile (de-fil'), v.t. to make foul or 
 impure; tarnish; corrupt the chas- 
 tity of: v.i. to march off in a file: n. 
 a long narrow mountainous 
 pass. 
 
 define (de-fin'), v.t. to determine the 
 limits of; describe the nature or 
 properties of. 
 
 definite (def 'i-nit) , adj. having fixed or 
 distinct limits; certain; pointing out. 
 
 definition (def-i-nish'un), n. a brief 
 description or explanation of the 
 precise meaning of a term, phrase, 
 &c; a concise statement. 
 
 deflect (de-flekt'), v.t. to bend from 
 a straight line: v.i. to swerve; bend 
 or turn aside. 
 
 deform (de-form'), v.t. to render ugly 
 or unshapely; disfigure; mar. 
 
 deformity (de-form'i-ti) , n. [pi. de- 
 formities (de-form'i-tiz)], physical 
 malformation; disfigurement; want 
 of beauty or harmony. 
 
 defraud (de-frawd'), v.t. to deprive of 
 some right or interest by deception; 
 cheat; withhold wrongfully. 
 
 defray (de-fra'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- 
 frayed, p.pr. defraying], to dis- 
 charge (the expenses of anything); 
 pay; settle. 
 
 deft (deft), adj. dexterous; handy; 
 clever. 
 
 defunct (de-fungkt') , adj. dead; ex- 
 tinct: n. a dead person; the dead 
 (collectively). 
 
 defy (de-fi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. defied, 
 p.pr. defying], to challenge or pro- 
 voke to strife; set at defiance; re- 
 sist openly. 
 
 degenerate (de-jen'er-at), v.i. to be- 
 come inferior in goodness or quality ; 
 become of a lower type; pass to an 
 inferior or worse state; deteriorate: 
 adj. deteriorated; degraded: n. a 
 degenerate person or organism. 
 
 degeneration (de-jen-er-a'shun), n. 
 the act, state, or process of growing 
 worse; degeneracy; decline; the 
 morbid impairment of any struc- 
 tural tissue or organ. 
 
 deglutition (deg-loo-tish'un) , n. swal- 
 lowing. 
 
 degrade (de-grad'), v.t. to reduce in 
 grade or rank; deprive of honors, 
 office, or dignity; lower physically 
 or morally; tone down; diminish; 
 wear away. 
 
 degree (de-gre'), n. a step or grade; 
 rank or station; relationship be- 
 tween a person and the next in line 
 of descent; rank conferred by a 
 diploma after examination; one of 
 three degrees in the comparison of 
 an adjective or adverb; a certain 
 amount or interval; the 360th part 
 of the circumference of a circle; 
 60 geographical miles. 
 
 deify (de'i-fi) t , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. deified, 
 p.pr. deifying], to make, or exalt 
 to the rank of, a deity; idolize. 
 
 deign (dan), v.i. to condescend; 
 vouchsafe: v.t. to permit. 
 
 deist (de'ist), n. one who believes in 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
DEITY 
 
 141 
 
 DEMARCATION 
 
 the existence of a personal God, 
 but not in revealed religion. 
 
 Deity, n. God; Jehovah; the charac- 
 ter, nature, or attributes of God; 
 the Godhead. 
 
 deject (de-jekf), v.t. to depress the 
 spirits of; dishearten; sadden. 
 
 delay (de-la'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- 
 layed, p.pr. delaying!, to postpone; 
 hinder for a time: v.i. to act or pro- 
 ceed slowly: n. postponement; pro- 
 crastination. 
 
 delectable (de-lek'ta-bl) , adj. pleas- 
 ing; delightful. 
 
 delegate (del'e-gat), v.t. to send as 
 a representative with authority to 
 act; entrust; commit: n. one sent 
 to represent and act for others. 
 
 delegation (del-e-ga'shun), n. the act 
 of delegating; a person or body of 
 persons chosen to act for others. 
 
 delete (de-lef), v.t. to blot out; 
 erase. 
 
 deleterious (del-e-ter'i-us) , adj. harm- 
 ful, morally or physically; poison- 
 ous. 
 
 deliberate (de-lib 'er-at), v.t. to think 
 upon or consider ; weigh in the mind ; 
 ponder: v.i. to take counsel with 
 one's self or others: adj. circum- 
 spect; slow in determining or in 
 action; well-considered ._ 
 
 deliberation (de-lib-er-a'shun) , n. 
 calm and careful consideration ; slow- 
 ness in action. 
 
 delicacy (del'i-ka-si) , n. \pl. delica- 
 cies (del'i-ka-siz)], the state or 
 quality of being delicate; agreeable- 
 ness to the taste or other senses; 
 grace ; sensitiveness ; refinement ; sen- 
 sibility; consideration for the feel- 
 ings of others ; susceptibility to dis- 
 ease. 
 
 delicious (de-lish'us) , adj. highly 
 pleasing to the senses, taste, or 
 mind; exquisite. 
 
 delight (de-lit'), v.t. to gratify, or 
 please greatly; charm: v.i. be high- 
 ly gratified or pleased [with in] : _ n. 
 an extreme degree of pleasure; high 
 satisfaction; joy. 
 
 delineate (de-lin'e-at), v.t. to mark 
 out with lines; sketch; portray; 
 describe minutely and accurately in 
 words. 
 
 delinquent (de-lin'kwent) , adj. falling 
 short of duty: n. one who neglects, 
 
 or fails to perform, a duty; an of- 
 fender. 
 
 deliquescent (del-i-kwes'ent), adj. 
 liquefying or melting on exposure to 
 the atmosphere. 
 
 delirious (de-lir'i-us) , adj. light-head- 
 ed; insane; frantic with delight. 
 
 delirium (de4ir'i-um), n. excitement 
 and aberration of the mind, caused 
 by fever, &c. 
 
 deliver (de-liv'er), v.t. to set free; 
 save; yield possession or control of; 
 send forth vigorously; discharge; 
 communicate; speak; disburden of 
 a child. 
 
 deliverance _ (de-liv'er-ans) , n. the 
 act of delivering; rescue; an au- 
 thoritative utterance by an official 
 or judge on some technical point. 
 
 delivery (de-liv'er-i), n. [pi. deliveries 
 (de-liv'er-riz)], the act of delivering; 
 a setting free; a surrender; transfer; 
 manner of utterance ; a distribution 
 of letters, &c; the act or manner of 
 delivering a ball; parturition. 
 
 dell (del), n. a small secluded valley. 
 
 delta (del'ta), n. [pi. deltas (del'taz)], 
 an alluvial deposit, shaped like the 
 Greek letter A formed at the mouth 
 of a river; any triangular surface. 
 
 delude (de-hud'), v.t. to impose upon 
 the mind or judgment of; beguile; 
 deceive. 
 
 deluge (del'uj), n. an inundation; a 
 great overflowing of the land by 
 water, especially that of the time of 
 Noah (Genesis vii.) ; a sudden and 
 resistless calamity: v.t. to over- 
 whelm. 
 
 delusion (de-lu'zhun), n. the act of 
 deluding; deceit; imposition; illu- 
 sion. 
 
 delve (delv), v.t. to open with a 
 spade; fathom; penetrate. 
 
 demagogue (dem'a-gog), n. a popular 
 and factious orator, especially one 
 who inveighs against constituted au- 
 thority. [Greek.] 
 
 demand (de-mand'), v.t. to claim as 
 by right or authority; ask in a per- 
 emptory manner; summon: n. an 
 authoritative claim; a peremptory 
 request; the state of being much 
 sought after. 
 
 demarcation (de-mar-ka'shun), n. 
 the act of defining, or marking, the 
 bounds of. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
DEMEANOR 
 
 142 
 
 DENY 
 
 demeanor (de-men'er) , n. behavior; 
 deportment. 
 
 dement (de-ment'), v.t. to make in- 
 sane. 
 
 dementia (de-men'shi-a) , ft. insanity. 
 
 demesne (de-men'), ft. landed estate 
 attached to a manor: adj. pertaining 
 to a demesne. 
 
 demise (de-miz'), ft.; death, especially 
 of a royal personage; the conveyance 
 or transfer of an estate to a suc- 
 cessor: v.t. to give or grant by will: 
 v.i. to pass by bequest or inheritance. 
 
 democracy (de-mok'ra-si) , ft. [pi. de- 
 mocracies (de-mok'ra-siz)], govern- 
 ment by the people collectively by 
 elected representatives; political or 
 social equality. 
 
 demolish (de-mol'ish) , v.t. to throw 
 down; reduce to ruins; destroy; 
 annihilate. [Latin.] 
 
 demon (de'mon), n. an evil spirit; 
 devil; a guardian spirit or gen- 
 ius. 
 
 demonetize (de-mon'e-tiz), v.t. to de- 
 prive of standard value, as currency ; 
 withdraw from use as money. 
 
 demonstrate (de-mon' or dem'on- 
 strat), v.t. to prove beyond the pos- 
 sibility of a doubt; teach by exam- 
 ples: v.i. to organize, or take part 
 in, a party demonstration. 
 
 demonstrative (dem-on'stra-tiv), adj. 
 having the power of demonstration; 
 conclusive; manifesting the feelings 
 openly and strongly: n. a demon- 
 strative pronoun. 
 
 demoralize (de-mor'al-iz), v.t. to cor- 
 rupt, or undermine, the morals of; 
 deprive of spirit or energy ; throw 
 into confusion. 
 
 demur (de-mur'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. de- 
 murred, p.pr. demurring], to hesi- 
 tate; raise objections; to interpose 
 a demurrer: ft. an objection or ex- 
 ception. 
 
 demure (de-mur'), adj. grave: sober; 
 decorous in bearing; affectedly mod- 
 est or grave. 
 
 den (den), n. the cave of a wild beast; 
 lair; a small or secluded apartment, 
 used as a retreat for work and lei- 
 sure. 
 
 denationalize (de-nash'un-al-iz), v.t. 
 to deprive of national rights or char- 
 acter; render local. 
 
 denaturalize (de-nat'u-ral-iz), v.t. to 
 
 make unnatural ; divest of the ac- 
 quired rights of citizenship in a for- 
 eign country. 
 
 denial (de-m'al), n. the act of deny- 
 ing; refusal; contradiction; non-com- 
 pliance. 
 
 denizen (den'i-zen), n. an inhabitant; 
 citizen; an alien who has received 
 letters patent admitting him to the 
 rights of citizenship. 
 
 denomination (de-nom-i-na'shun) , n. 
 the act of designating; a sect, class, 
 or division. 
 
 denominative (de-nom'i-na-tiv) , adj. 
 giving a name; formed from a sub- 
 stantive or adjectival stem; conno- 
 tative: n. a verb formed from a sub- 
 stantive or adjectival stem. 
 
 denominator (de-nom'i-na-ter) , n. 
 one who, or that which, denominates; 
 the expression of a fraction which, 
 when placed below the line, gives 
 the name or value to the unit. 
 
 denote (de-nof), v.t. to signify or iden- 
 tify by a visible sign; indicate; be- 
 token. 
 
 denounce (de-nouns'), v.t. to threaten 
 or accuse publicly; censure; stigma- 
 tize; lay claim to (as a new, or an 
 abandoned, mine); to give notice to 
 a government that the government 
 of another nation intends to termi- 
 nate a treaty. 
 
 dense (dens), adj. thick; compact; in- 
 tense. 
 
 density (den'si-ti), ft. compactness; 
 mass of matter per unit of volume; 
 depth of shade. 
 
 dent (dent), ft. a slight depression 
 caused by a blow or pressure; the 
 tooth of a wheel; a cog, card, comb, 
 or metallic brush: v.t. to make a 
 dent in. 
 
 dental (den'tal) , adj. pertaining to the 
 teeth; pronounced by the aid of the 
 teeth: n. a letter pronounced by the 
 aid of the teeth. 
 
 dentifrice (den'ti-f ris) , n. tooth-pow- 
 der. 
 
 denude (de-nud'), v.t. to make bare 
 or naked; lay bare (rocks) by ero- 
 sive action. 
 
 denunciation (de-nun-si-a'shun) , n. 
 the act of denouncing; a threat; 
 menace. 
 
 deny (de-nl'), v.t. to refuse to believe 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
DEODORIZE 
 
 143 
 
 DERELICT 
 
 or admit ; contradict ; refuse to grant ; 
 abjure. 
 
 deodorize (de-o'der-iz), v.t. to disin- 
 fect. 
 
 depart (de-part'), v.i. to go or move 
 away; leave; die; desist. 
 
 department (de-part 'ment), n._ a sepa- 
 rate room or office for business; a 
 branch of business, study, or science; 
 a territorial administrative division. 
 
 department - store (de - part'ment- 
 stor), n. a large retail store carrying 
 on many different lines of business. 
 
 depend (de-pend'), v.i. to rely for sup- 
 port; trust; hang down. 
 
 dependent (de-pend'ent), adj. m hang- 
 ing down; contingent; conditional; 
 subordinate: n. one dependent upon 
 another; a retainer; consequence. 
 
 depict (de-pikt'), v.t. to paint or por- 
 tray; describe or represent vividly. 
 
 depilatory (de-pil'a-tq-ri) , adj. having 
 the power of removing hair: n. an 
 application for removing superfluous 
 hairs. 
 
 depletion (de-ple'shun) , n. the act of 
 emptying or exhausting; blood-let- 
 ting. 
 
 deplore (de-plor'), v.t. to lament; 
 grieve for. 
 
 deploy (de-ploi'), v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
 deployed, p.pr. deploying], to open 
 out; extend in line so as to present 
 a wider front: n. the act of deploy- 
 ing. Also deployment. 
 
 deponent (de-pon'ent), adj. denoting 
 a Latin verb with_ a passive form 
 and an active meaning: n. a witness 
 who makes an affidavit to a state- 
 ment of fact. 
 
 depopulate (de-pop 'u-lat), v.t. to de- 
 prive of inhabitants; devastate; lay 
 waste. 
 
 deport (de-port'), v.t. to carry from 
 one country to another; banish; be- 
 have (one's self). 
 
 deportment (de-port'ment), n. con- 
 duct; behavior. 
 
 depose (de-poz'), v.t. tp remove from a 
 throne, or other high station; de- 
 prive of office: v.i. testify on 
 oath. 
 
 deposit (de-poz'it), v.t. to put or set 
 down; place; intrust to another for 
 security: n. anything deposited; 
 something committed to the care of 
 another; a pledge; rocks produced 
 
 by denudation or by the laying down 
 of other formations. 
 
 deposition (dep-o-zish'un), n. the act 
 of depositing or deposing; that 
 which is deposited or deposed; an 
 affidavit. 
 
 depository (de-poz 'i-to-ri), n. [pi. de- 
 positories (de-poz'i-to-riz)], the place 
 where anything is deposited for se- 
 curity; a depot for the sale of publi- 
 cations. 
 
 depot (de'po or dep'o), n. a ware- 
 house; a magazine for military 
 stores, &c; the headquarters of a 
 regiment; a railway station. 
 
 deprave (de-prav'), v.t. to make bad. 
 
 depravity (de-prav'i-ti), n. the state 
 of being depraved or corrupt; wick- 
 edness. 
 
 deprecate (dep're-kat), v.t. to pray 
 against; disapprove strongly; ex* 
 press regret for. 
 
 depreciate (de-pre'shi-at) , v.t. to 
 lower the value, or rate, of; dis- 
 parage: v.i. to fall in value. 
 
 depress (de-pres'), v.t. to press or 
 thrust down; humble; dispirit; lower 
 or cheapen. 
 
 deprivation (dep-ri-va'shun) , n. the 
 act of taking away; destitution; loss; 
 the deposition of a cleric from his 
 office or functions. 
 
 deprive (de-priv'), v.t. to take from; 
 dispossess; debar; depose from of- 
 fice. 
 
 depth (depth), n. the state or degree 
 of being deep; profoundness; extent 
 of penetration; richness of tone or 
 color. [Gothic] 
 
 depute (de-put'), v.t. to appoint as an 
 agent or deputy; send with authority 
 to act on behalf of the principal. 
 
 deputy_ (dep'u-ti), n. [pi. deputies 
 (dep'u-tiz)], one appointed to act 
 for another ; a delegate ; in the French 
 Parliament a member of the lower 
 house. 
 
 derail (de-ral'). v.i. to run off the rails: 
 v.t. to cause to leave the rails. 
 
 derange (de-ranj'), v.t. to throw into 
 confusion ^disturb the normal func- 
 tions of; displace. 
 
 derby (der'bi and in England dar'bi), 
 n. a kind of stiff felt hat, with convex 
 crown and curved brim. 
 
 derelict (der'e-likt), adj. abandoned; 
 adrift: n. anything left, forsaken, or 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
DERIDE 
 
 144 
 
 DESPATCH 
 
 cast away intentionally, as at sea: 
 pi. abandoned goods found at sea; 
 also, morally neglected. 
 
 deride (de-rid'), v.t. to mock; laugh at: 
 v.i. m to indulge in mockery, scorn, or 
 ridicule. 
 
 derision (de-nzh'un), n. the act of de- 
 riding; ridicule; scorn; contempt. 
 
 derivation (der-i-va/shun) , n. the act 
 of deriving, or the condition of being 
 derived; the process of tracing a 
 word from its original source; ety- 
 mology; evolution; deduction. 
 
 derivative (de-riv'a-tiv), adj. derived 
 or taken from another; deducible; 
 secondary: n. a word obtained from 
 some other by a prefix or suffix, or 
 other modification. 
 
 derive (de-riv'), v.t. to draw from an 
 original source; obtain by trans- 
 mission or descent; trace (a word) 
 to its original root or stem; deduce; 
 infer. 
 
 derogate (der'o-gat), v.t. to take away; 
 annul partially: v.i. detract [with 
 from] . 
 
 derrick (der'ik), n.an apparatus for 
 hoisting heavy weights. 
 
 dervish (der'vish), n. a Mohammedan 
 monk who professes extreme pov- 
 erty, chastity, and humility, and 
 leads a very austere life; any Sou- 
 danese who adhered to the Mahdi 
 in his attempt to expel the English 
 from Egypt. 
 
 descant (des'kant), n. a varied song 
 or melody; a disquisition or com- 
 ment: (des-kant') v.i. to comment 
 freely; discourse at length. 
 
 descend (de-send'), v.i. to pass from 
 a higher to a lower position; fall 
 upon or invade ; be derived from ; 
 fall in order of inheritance, or from 
 one generation to another; move to- 
 ward the south: said of a star: v.t. 
 to move or pass along down- 
 wards. 
 
 descendant (de-send'ant) , n. one who 
 is lineally descended from an an- 
 cestor: offspring. 
 
 descent (de-senf), n. change from a 
 higher to a lower place; a sudden 
 hostile invasion or attack; moral or 
 social declension; transmission of an 
 estate; derivation from a common 
 ancestor ; birth ; a passage from a 
 higher to a lower pitch. 
 
 describe (de-skrib'), v.t. to delineate 
 or trace out; narrate; set forth. 
 
 descriptive (de-skrip'tiv), adj. tend- 
 ing to, or serving to, describe; con- 
 taining description. 
 
 desecrate (des'e-krat) , v.t. to divert 
 from a sacred to a secular use; pro- 
 fane. 
 
 desert (de-zerf), v.t. to forsake; aban- 
 don: v.i. abscond from duty. 
 
 desert (dez'ert), n. a barren tract in- 
 capable of supporting life or vege- 
 tation; a solitude ; that which is 
 merited: adj. pertaining to a desert. 
 
 deserve (de-zerv'), v.t. to earn by serv- 
 ice; be justly entitled to, or worthy 
 of, merit: v.i. to be worthy or de- 
 serving [usually with well or ill]. 
 
 desiccation (des-i-ka'shun) , n. the act 
 of drying. 
 
 desiderate (de-sid'er-at) , v.t. to be 
 in want or need of; desire to 
 have. 
 
 design (de-zin'), v.t. to draw, mark, or 
 plan out; project; set apart mental- 
 ly: v.i. to formulate designs or exe- 
 cute original work: n. an outline, 
 plan, or drawing; project; inten- 
 tion. 
 
 designate (dez'ig-nat), v.t. to indi- 
 cate by marks, lines, or a descrip- 
 tion the limits of; point out; dis- 
 tinguish; name: adj. designated; 
 selected. 
 
 desire (de-zir'), v.t. to wish earnestly 
 for; crave : v.i. be in the state of 
 desire: n. a longing for the posses- 
 sion of some object; a petition or 
 prayer ; natural or sensual tendency ; 
 the object longed for. [French.] 
 
 desirous (de-zlrus), adj. full of desire. 
 
 desist (de-zist'), v.i. to cease from. 
 
 desk (desk), n. a sloping frame or 
 table for reading or writing upon; a 
 clerk's position. 
 
 desolate (des'o-lat), v.t. to lay waste; 
 deprive of inhabitants; overwhelm 
 with sorrow : adj. deprived of inhabi- 
 tants; solitary; laid waste; aban- 
 doned; miserable. 
 
 despair (des-par'), v.i. to abandon all 
 hope, or expectation; become hope- 
 less: v.t. to lose hope or confidence 
 in: n. loss of hope or confidence; 
 hopelessness ; desperation. 
 
 despatch (des-pach') or dispatch 
 (dis-), v.t. to send off; expedite; 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
DESPERATE 
 
 145 
 
 DETRIMENT 
 
 put to death; finish quickly: n. 
 speedy performance; celerity; an ex- 
 press; an ofhcial document sent to a 
 minister abroad. 
 
 desperate (des'per-at), adj. regard- 
 less of danger or consequences. 
 
 despise (de-spiz'), v.t. to look down 
 upon with scorn or contempt; dis- 
 dain. 
 
 despite (de-spit') , n. extreme con- 
 tempt; malicious anger; scorn; ha- 
 tred: prep, notwithstanding. 
 
 despoil (de-spoil'), v.t. to rob; deprive. 
 
 despond (de-spond'), v.i. to be cast 
 down in spirits; give way to de- 
 spondency. 
 
 despot (des'pot), n. an absolute irre- 
 sponsible ruler; an autocrat; tyrant. 
 
 despotic (des-pot'ik), adj. absolute in 
 power; autocratic; irresponsible; ar- 
 bitrary; tyrannical. 
 
 dessert (dez-ert'), n. a course of 
 fruits, sweets, &c, usually served 
 last at dinner. [French.] 
 
 destination (des-ti-na'shun), n. pur- 
 pose or end for which anything is 
 appointed; ultimate design; goal; 
 termination. 
 
 destine (des'tin), v.t. to appoint to 
 any use or purpose; fix unalterably; 
 doom. 
 
 destiny (des'ti-ni), n. [pi. destinies 
 (des'ti-niz)J, premeditated lot; fate; 
 inevitable necessity. 
 
 destitute (des'ti-tut), adj. without 
 means of existence; forsaken; poor; 
 penniless. 
 
 destroy (de-stroi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 destroyed, p.pr. destroying], to pull 
 down; overturn; lay waste; render 
 desolate ; kill ; put an end to ; disprove. 
 
 destroyer (de-stroi'er) , n. one who de- 
 stroys; a torpedo-boat destroyer. 
 
 destruction (de-struk'shun) , n. the 
 act or process of destroying; sub- 
 version; overthrow; ruin; death. 
 
 destructive (de-struk'tiv), adj. tend- 
 ing to, or causing, destruction; ruin- 
 ous; hurtful. 
 
 desuetude (des'we-tud), n. disuse. 
 
 desultory (des'ul-to-ri), adj. passing 
 from one thing to another without 
 order or method; cursory; erratic. 
 
 detach (de-tach'), v.t. to disconnect; 
 detail for a specific purpose; send 
 away from. 
 
 detachment (de-tach'ment), n. the 
 
 act of detaching; the thing detached; 
 a body of troops, or certain ships, 
 detached from the main body and 
 sent on special service; mental aloof- 
 ness. 
 
 detail (de-tal), v.t. to relate minute- 
 ly; enumerate; tell off for a given 
 duty: v.i. to give details of: n. an 
 item; a particular or minute ac- 
 count; a small detachment for spe- 
 cial service: pi. minute parts of a 
 picture, statue, &c. [French.] 
 
 detain (de-tan'), v.t. to hold back; 
 restrain from departure; retain in 
 custody. 
 
 detect (de-tektO, v.t. to discover ; bring 
 to light; expose; find out; ascertain 
 the charactor of. 
 
 detectable (de-tek'ta-bl), adj. that 
 may be detected. 
 
 detection (de-tek'shun), n. the act of 
 detecting or its result; discovery. 
 
 detective (de-tek'tiv), adj. employed 
 in detecting; pertaining to detec- 
 tives, or detection: n. one whose 
 business it is to trace wrong-doers. 
 
 detention (de-ten'shun) , n. the act of 
 detaining or withholding; restraint; 
 delay. 
 
 deter (de-ter'),_ v.t. [p.t. & p.p. deterred, 
 p.pr. deterring], to discourage, or 
 hinder, by fear; restrain; dishearten. 
 
 detergent (de-ter'jent), n. any lotion 
 or medicine that is applied to cleanse 
 and help to heal ulcers, wounds, 
 &c. 
 
 deteriorate (de-te'ri-o-rat), v.t. to re- 
 duce to an inferior quality or value; 
 impair: v.i. to grow worse. 
 
 determine (de-ter'min), v.i. to de- 
 cide; end: v.t. to fix or settle the 
 bounds of; put an end to; restrict. 
 
 deterrent (de-ter'ent), adj. serving, or 
 tending, to deter: n. that which de- 
 ters. 
 
 detest (de-test'), v.t. to hate intensely. 
 
 dethrone (de-thron'), v.t. to remove 
 from a throne; deprive of author- 
 ity. 
 
 detonate (det'o-nat), v.t. to cause to 
 explode with a loud and sudden re- 
 port: v.i. to explode loudly and sud- 
 denly. [Latin.] 
 
 detract (de-trakt'), v.t. to draw or 
 take away [with from]: v.i. take 
 away the reputation. [Latin.] 
 
 detriment (det'ri-ment), n. that which 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
DEUCE 
 
 146 
 
 DIAL 
 
 injures, reduces in value, or causes 
 damage. 
 
 deuce (dus), n. the devil; a card or 
 dice with two spots; a term used in 
 scoring at lawn tennis. [Deuce in the 
 sense of devil came from, the early 
 Teutons, who believed in a hairy 
 wood demon whom they called Dus. 
 The Celts gave him the name Scrat, 
 whence "Old Scratch."] 
 
 devastate (dev'as-tat), v.t. to lay 
 waste; desolate; ravage; plunder. 
 
 develop (de-vel'op), v.t. to unfold 
 gradually; make known in detail; 
 complete; to cause to go from a 
 lower to a higher state; bring to 
 view by inducing changes on a sen- 
 sitized plate: v.i. to advance from 
 one stage to another; become grad- 
 ually apparent. 
 
 development (de-vel'op-ment), n. the 
 act of developing. 
 
 devest (de-vest'), v.t. to alienate or 
 annul, as right or title: v.i. to be 
 lost or alienated. 
 
 deviate (de'viat), v.i. to turn aside 
 from a certain course; diverge; err: 
 v.t. to change the direction or posi- 
 tion of. 
 
 device (de-vis'), n. a contrivance; in- 
 vention; a stratagem; a fanciful de- 
 sign or pattern; a heraldic emblem. 
 
 devil (dev'l), n. the Evil Spirit, Satan; 
 a fallen angel: feminine, she-devil; 
 a false god or demon; a very wicked 
 person; a bold dashing fellow; a 
 malicious spirit in a person; a 
 printer's apprentice; a machine for 
 dividing rags or cotton in paper- 
 making: v.t. to season cold meat 
 highly with cayenne pepper, mus- 
 tard and other condiments and then 
 to broil it; prepare work for another; 
 to stir up disturbance. Also be- 
 devil. [Late Latin, Anglo-Saxon.] 
 
 deviltry (dev'1-tri), n. malicious mis- 
 chief; diabolical wickedness. 
 
 devious (de'vi-us), adj. rambling; 
 circuitous. 
 
 devise (de-vlz'), v.t. to imagine; 
 scheme; contrive; concoct; bequeath 
 by will: n. a gift of real property 
 by will; a will. 
 
 devoid (de-void'), adj. destitute of. 
 
 devolve (de-volv'), v.t. to transfer 
 from one to another; transmit: v.i. 
 to be transferred or transmitted. 
 
 devote (de-vof), v.t. to dedicate or 
 consecrate; consign to evil; give up 
 wholly to; apply (one's self, &c.) to 
 some object. 
 
 devotion (de-vo'shun), n. the act of 
 devoting or consecrating; the state 
 of being devoted; strong affection; 
 ardent love ; religious worship; 
 prayer [usually pi.]. 
 
 devour (de-vour'), v.t. to swallow 
 greedily or ravenously; consume or 
 destroy rapidly; annihilate; enjoy 
 with avidity. 
 
 devout (de-vouf), adj. devoted to re- 
 ligious thoughts and exercises; heart- 
 felt. 
 
 dew (du), n. aqueous vapor con- 
 densed from the atmosphere and de- 
 posited in small drops at evening; 
 that which falls lightly and in a re- 
 freshing manner. 
 
 dexterity (deks-ter'i-ti), n. manual 
 skill; mental or physical adroitness; 
 cleverness. 
 
 dexterous (deks'ter-us), adj. pos- 
 sessing manual skill; quick, men- 
 tally or physically; adroit; clever. 
 Also dextrous. 
 
 dey (da), n. the former title of the 
 governor of Algiers, and of the chief 
 of the Turkish Janizaries. 
 
 diabetes (di-a-be'tez), n. a disease 
 characterized by a morbid and ex- 
 cessive discharge of urine. [Greek.] 
 
 diabolic (di-a-bol'ik) or diabolical 
 (dI-a-bori-kal),ad/. aevilish; impious. 
 
 diadem (di'a-dem), n. a crown; tiara. 
 
 diagnosis (di-ag-no'sis), n. [pi. diag- 
 noses (di-ag-no'sez)], scientific dis- 
 crimination; the recognition of a 
 disease by its symptoms. 
 
 diagonal (di-ag'o-nal), adj. extending 
 from one angle to another: n. a 
 straight oblique line dividing a rec- 
 tangular figure into equal parts. 
 
 diagram (di'a-gram), n. a geomet- 
 rical figure; a mechanical plan; an 
 outline, drawing, or figure. 
 
 dial (di'al), n. an instrument for 
 showing the time by the sun's shad- 
 ow; the face of a timepiece; any 
 plate on which an index finger 
 marks revolutions, pressure, &c; 
 an insulated fixed wheel used in 
 telegraphy: v.t. to measure or in- 
 dicate by a dial; survey with a 
 miner's compass. [Latin.] 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
DIALECT 
 
 147 
 
 DIET 
 
 dialect (di'a-lekt), n. the peculiar 
 manner in which a language ia 
 spoken in a province or district of 
 a country; idiom; a sub-division of 
 a language, as the Yorkshire dialect 
 in England, the Suabian dialect in 
 Germany, and the Provengal dialect 
 in France. [Greek.] 
 
 dialogue (di'a-log), n. a conversation 
 between two or more persons; a 
 literary composition in which per- 
 sons are represented as reasoning 
 on, or discussing, a subject. 
 
 diameter (di-am'e-ter), n. the length 
 of a line passing through the center 
 of any object from one side to the 
 other; the distance through the 
 lower part of the shaft of a col- 
 umn. 
 
 diamond (dl'a-mund), n. a gem of 
 extreme hardness and refractive 
 power; a rhomboidal figure; a play- 
 ing card with one or more lozenge- 
 shaped figures; a glass cutter's tool; 
 the smallest kind of type generally 
 used (see type): adj. resembling a 
 diamond, as the so-called "base- 
 ball diamond" where the ground 
 for the players is laid out diamond- 
 wise. [French.] 
 
 diapason (di-a-pa/zon) , n. the entire 
 compass of a voice or instrument; 
 a recognized musical standard of 
 pitch; the foundation stops of an 
 organ. 
 
 diaper (di'a-per), n. linen cloth woven 
 in geometric patterns; a napkin; 
 surface decoration of one or more 
 simple figures repeated: v.t. to varie- 
 gate or embroider; work in dia- 
 per. 
 
 diaphanous (dl-af'a-nus), adj. trans- 
 parent. 
 
 diaphragm (di'a-fram), n. the mid- 
 riff, which divides the chest from 
 the abdomen; any substance that in- 
 tercepts or divides. 
 
 diarrhoea (di-a-re'a), n. a morbidly 
 persistent purging or looseness of 
 the bowels. Also diarrhea. 
 
 diary (di'a-ri), n. [pi. diaries (dr'a- 
 riz)], a register of daily occurrences 
 or duties; a book for daily memo- 
 randa. 
 
 diastole (di-as'to-le), n. the rhythmi- 
 cal expansion and dilatation of the 
 heart and arteries in beating; the 
 
 lengthening of a syllable naturally 
 short. 
 
 diatonic (dl-a-ton'ik) , adj. designat- 
 ing the regular tones of a key or 
 scale. 
 
 diatribe (dl'a-trib) , n. a continued dis- 
 course or disputation; a strain of 
 violent abuse; bitter criticism. 
 
 dice (dls),n.pl. small cubes marked 
 on the sides with one to six spots 
 or pips: used in games of chance: 
 v.i. to play with dice : v.t. to decorate 
 with woven patterns to resemble 
 cubes; to cut into cubes. 
 
 dictate (dik'tat), v.t. declare with 
 authority; express orally so that 
 another may take words down in 
 writing: v.i. to speak with author- 
 ity. 
 
 diction (dik'shun), n. manner of 
 speaking or expression; choice of 
 words; style. [Latin J 
 
 dictionary (dik'shun-a-ri) , n. [pi. 
 dictionaries (dik'shun - a - riz)], a 
 book containing all, or the prin- 
 cipal, words .in a language, with 
 phonetics indicative of the sound of 
 each, followed by definitions and 
 other explanatory matter. 
 
 did (did), p.t. of do. 
 
 didactic (di-dak'tik) , adj. teaching; 
 instructing; explanatory. Also di- 
 dactical. [Greek.] 
 
 die (di), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. died, p.pr. 
 dying], to cease to live; expire; 
 perish; wither; become extinct grad- 
 ually; languish with pleasure. 
 
 die (di), n. [pi. dies (dis)], a small 
 cube (pi. dice, see dice) ; a piece of 
 engraved metal with a device used 
 for coining money, medals, &c. 
 
 dieresis (dl-er'e-sis), n. a sign (") 
 placed over the second of two sepa- 
 rate vowels to show that each has 
 a separate sound in pronuncia- 
 tion. 
 
 Diesel engine (de'sel en 'gin) , n. an oil- 
 engine, using heavy oil, invented by 
 Rudolf Diesel, in which the vapor 
 produced from the oil is injected 
 under extremely high pressure and is 
 ignited by air raised to incandes- 
 cence by compression, employed on 
 *>hips. 
 
 diet (dl'et), n. solid or liquid food; 
 manner of living, with special refer- 
 ence to food; a deliberative conven- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 10 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
DIFFER 
 
 148 
 
 DILIGENCE 
 
 tion; a national or legislative assem- 
 bly, as the Hungarian Diet. [Greek.] 
 
 differ (dif'er), v.i. to be dissimilar; 
 be distinguished from, or have dif- 
 ferent properties or qualities; dis- 
 agree; contend. 
 
 difference (dif' er-ens) K n. the act or 
 state of being unlike; disparity; 
 distinction; controversy; quarrel; 
 on the Stock Exchange, the margin 
 payable on settlement: v.t. to distin- 
 guish between; discriminate; take 
 the difference of. 
 
 different (dif 'er-ent) , adj. unlike; dis- 
 tinct. 
 
 differentiate (dif-er-en'shi-at) , v.t. 
 to constitute a difference between; 
 specialize in structure or functions: 
 v.i. to acquire a distinctive and sepa- 
 rate character. 
 
 difficult (dif'i-kult), adj. not easy; 
 arduous; perplexing; not easily 
 managed. 
 
 difficulty (dif'i-kul-ti), n. [pi. dif- 
 ficulties (dif'i-kul-tiz)], something 
 that requires labor or skill to over- 
 come; scruple; objection; contro- 
 versy: pi. complication of affairs; 
 embarrassment; perplexity. 
 
 diffident (dif 'i-dent) , adj. lacking self- 
 reliance; shy; modest. 
 
 diffuse (dif-uz'), v.t. to pour out and 
 spread all around; scatter; circu- 
 late: adj. (dif-us'), widely spread; 
 verbose: redundant. 
 
 diffusive (dif-tis'iy), adj. capable of 
 diffusing; spreading every way; wide- 
 ly reaching. 
 
 dig (dig), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. dug or 
 digged, p.pr. digging], to work with 
 a spade; cast up earth; study hard: 
 v.t. to excavate; break up (ground); 
 search; thrust or force in. 
 
 digest (di'jest), n. any compilation, 
 abridgment, or summary of laws ar- 
 ranged methodically under proper 
 heads, or titles; the Pandects of the 
 Emperor Justinian; a synopsis: v.t. 
 (di-jesf), to arrange methodically un- 
 der proper heads or titles; classify; 
 dissolve in the stomach by the ac- 
 tion of digestive juices; think over 
 
 digestion (di-jes'chun), n. the act of 
 digesting; the conversion of food by 
 the action of the gastric juices into 
 soluble products; mental or physical 
 assimilation. 
 
 dig in, v. m reflexive (of an invading 
 force); intrench for a prolonged 
 stay. 
 
 digit (dij'it), n. a finger or toe; a 
 measure (Y± inch); l-12th of the di- 
 ameter of the sun or moon; any one 
 of the ten Arabic numerals. 
 
 dignify (dig'ni-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dig- 
 nified, p.pr. dignifying], to invest 
 with, or exalt in, dignity or rank; 
 confer honor upon; elevate; ennoble. 
 
 dignitary (dig'ni-ta-ri), n. [pi. digni- 
 taries (dig'ni-ta-riz)], one who holds 
 a position of dignity or honor; an 
 ecclesiastic above a priest or canon. 
 
 dignity (dig'ni-ti), n. [pi. dignities 
 (dig'ni-tiz)], elevation of rank; de- 
 gree of excellence; moral worth; 
 qualities suited to inspire or com- 
 mand respect and reverence. _ 
 
 digraph (dl'graf), n. combination of 
 two sounds or characters to repre- 
 sent one simple sound, as read. 
 Also digram. 
 
 digress (di- or di-gres'), v.i. to turn 
 aside; deviate from the main sub- 
 ject or line of argument; wander. 
 
 dike (dik), n. an embankment or cut- 
 ting of earth, especially one thrown 
 up as a protection against the sea, 
 floods, &c. ; a mass of igneous intru- 
 sive rock. Also dyke: v.t. to sur- 
 round, protect or inclose with a 
 dike; drain by ditching. 
 
 dilapidate (di-lap'i-dat), v.t. to bring 
 into partial ruin by neglect or mis- 
 use: v.i. to become dilapidated. 
 
 dilate (di-lat'), v.t. to enlarge or ex- 
 pand in all directions; distend: v.i. 
 to be extended or enlarged; speak 
 fully and copiously. 
 
 dilatory (dil'a-to-ri) , adj. causing, or 
 tending to cause, delay; slow; inac- 
 tive. 
 
 dilemma (di- or di-lem'a), n. an 
 awkward or vexatious situation; an 
 argument which presents an antag- 
 onist with alternatives, each of which 
 is fatal to his cause. 
 
 dilettante (dil-e-tan'te), n. [pi. dilet- 
 tanti (dil-e-tan'te)], one who pur- 
 sues the fine arts, literature, or 
 science, only for amusement; an 
 amateur: opposed to connoisseur: 
 adj. pertaining to dilettanti, or 
 dilettantism. [Italian.] 
 
 diligence (dil'i-jens), n. careful atten- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
DILL 
 
 14'., 
 
 DIRECTION 
 
 tion; assiduity; industry; a French 
 stage-coach (de-le-zhiins') . 
 
 dill (dil), n. an herb belonging to the 
 parsley family, with an aromatic 
 fruit. 
 
 dilute (di- or di-lut'), v.t. to thin or 
 weaken by the admixture of another 
 fluid, especially water; weaken: v.i. 
 to become thinner. 
 
 diluvial (di-lu'vi-al), adj. pertaining 
 to, produced by, or resulting from, a 
 deluge or flood. 
 
 dim (dim), adj. [com p. dimmer, su- 
 per!, dimmest], somewhat dark; 
 hazy; obscure; faint; tarnished; ill- 
 defined: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dimmed, 
 p.pr. dimming], to render obscure or 
 less distinct; cloud; tarnish; dull: 
 v.i. to become dim; fade. 
 
 dime (dim), n. a silver coin = l-10th 
 of a dollar, or ten cents: adj. of the 
 value of a dime. 
 
 dimension (di-men'shun) , n. the size 
 or measured extent of a body; cubic 
 capacity ; the literal factor of an 
 algebraic product or term: pi. mag- 
 nitude or importance. 
 
 diminish (di-min'ish), v.t. to make- 
 less; reduce in bulk or amount; 
 weaken; impair; detract from; re- 
 duce by a semitone: v.i. to lessen; 
 dwindle. 
 
 diminutive (di-min'u-tiv), adj. be- 
 low the average size; little; con- 
 tracted; narrow: n. a w r ord formed 
 from another to express the sense of 
 littleness. 
 
 dimity (dim'i-ti), n. [pi. dimities (dim'i- 
 tiz)], a cotton cloth of thick texture 
 with a ridged surface. 
 
 dimple (dim 'pi), n. a small depres- 
 sion or hollow in the cheek or chin; 
 an indentation: v.i. to form dim- 
 ples, as the sea: v.t. to mark with 
 dimples. 
 
 din (din), n. a continued and violent 
 noise: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dinned, p.pr. 
 dinning], to stun with noise: v.i. 
 make a clamor. 
 
 dine (din), v.i. to take dinner: v.t. to 
 give or provide a dinner for; feed. 
 
 dingle (ding'gl), n. a narrow hollow 
 between hills; the enclosed weather- 
 porch of a house. [Americanism.] 
 
 dingy (din'ji), adj. dark-colored; dirty. 
 
 dinner (din'er), n. the chief meal of 
 the day; a dinner party. [French.] 
 
 dint (dint), n. a mark left by a blow 
 or pressure; force or power [with 
 of]: v.t. to make a mark on or 
 in. 
 
 diocese (dl'o-ses), n. [pi. dioceses (di'- 
 o-se-sez)], a bishop's see; a bishop- 
 ric. 
 
 diorama (dl-o-ra'ma) , n. an exhibition 
 of pictures on movable screens, 
 viewed through a large opening in a 
 darkened room. 
 
 dip (dip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dipped, 
 p.pr. dipping], to plunge for a short 
 time into a fluid ; baptize by im- 
 mersion; lower and raise quickly: 
 v.i. to immerse one's self; enter 
 slightly into anything; sink: n. the 
 act of dipping; the inclination of the 
 magnetic needle, or the angle made 
 by it; the angle of inclination of 
 strata to the horizon. 
 
 diphtheria (dif- or dip-the'ri-a), n. 
 a contagious throat-disease charac- 
 terized by the formation of a false 
 membrane in the air-passages. Also 
 diphtheritis._ [Greek.] 
 
 diphthong (dif 'thong), n. the union of 
 two vowel-sounds pronounced in one 
 syllable, as Caesar, boil. 
 
 diploma (di-plo'ma), n. a writing on 
 parchment or paper under sign and 
 seal, conferring some honor or au- 
 thority; any ancient record, such as 
 a charter, royal proclamation, war- 
 rant, or legal document. [Latin.] 
 
 diplomacy (di-plom'a-si), n. [pi. dip- 
 plomacies (di-plom'a-siz)], the art 
 of conducting negotiations between 
 two States or nations; or of trans- 
 acting international business; skill 
 in conducting negotiations. [French.] 
 
 dipper (dip'er), n. one who, or that 
 which, dips; a water-fow r l; a tin cup 
 with a long handle used in the coun- 
 try for dipping water. 
 
 dire (dir), adj. dreadful; mournful. 
 
 direct (di-rekt'), adj. _ straight; not 
 circuitous; open; plain; straightfor- 
 ward; not of collateral descent; not 
 retrograde: v.t. to aim or drive in a 
 straight line; guide or show; point 
 out or determine with authority: v.i. 
 to act as a guide. 
 
 direction (dl-rek'shun), n. relative po- 
 sition; a command; order; guid- 
 ance; the address of a person on a 
 package or ticket. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
DIRECTOR 
 
 150 
 
 DISCOMFITURE 
 
 director (di-rekt'ter), n. one who 
 directs or superintends ; one appoint- 
 ed to transact the affairs of the com- 
 pany, &c; a spiritual guide or ad- 
 viser; a surgical instrument. 
 
 directory (di-rekt'to-ri) , n. [pi. direc- 
 tories (dl-rekt'to-riz)], a book con- 
 taining the names, addresses, and 
 occupations of the residents of a 
 place; a body of directors; a book of 
 ecclesiastical rules or directions for 
 divine worship: adj. guiding 
 
 direct primary (di-rekf pri'ma-ri) , n. 
 method of selecting the nominees of a 
 party for political office by direct vote 
 of the people, winners of the primary 
 becoming the party's candidates in 
 the regular election. 
 
 direful (dir'fool), adj. dreadful; dis- 
 mal. 
 
 dirge (derj), n. a funeral hymn. 
 
 dirigible (dir'i-ji-bl) , adj. that may 
 be guided or steered: n. a dirigible 
 aircraft. 
 
 dirk (derk), n. a dagger. 
 
 dirt (dert), n. any foul or filthy sub- 
 stance; garden earth. 
 
 dis-, Latin prefix, signifies separation, 
 privation or negation. 
 
 disable (dis-a'bl), v.t. to deprive of 
 power; disqualify; impoverish; in- 
 capacitate. 
 
 disabuse (dis-a-buz') , v.t. to clear from 
 mistakes or false conceptions; set 
 right. 
 
 disaffect (dis-a-f ekt') , v.t. to fill with 
 discontent; alienate the affections 
 from; disturb the functions of. 
 
 disagree (dis-a-gre'), v.i. to be at 
 variance; to differ. 
 
 disagreeable (dis-a-gre'a-bl) , adj. ex- 
 citing repugnance or displeasure: n. 
 that which is displeasing or un- 
 satisfactory. 
 
 disappear (dis-a-per'), v.i. to pass 
 away; vanish. 
 
 disappoint (dis-ap-point') , v.t. to 
 thwart or frustrate the hopes of; 
 fail to keep an appointment 
 with. 
 
 disappointment (dis-a-point'ment) , 
 n. defeat or failure of expectation; 
 state of depression caused by failure, 
 &c. 
 
 disarm (dis-arm'), v.t. to deprive of 
 arms; reduce to a peace footing, 
 render harmless; subdue. 
 
 disaster (dis-as'ter) , n. a sudden or un- 
 expected misfortune; a serious acci- 
 dent. 
 
 disavow (dis-a-vow'). v.t. to ab- 
 jure. 
 
 disband (dis-band')., v.t. to dismiss 
 from military service; break up: v.i. 
 to be dismissed. 
 
 disbar (dis-bar), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dis- 
 barred, p.pr. disbarring], to deprive 
 a lawyer of his right to prac- 
 tice. 
 
 disburse (dis-bers'), v.t. to ex- 
 pend. 
 
 discard (dis-kard'), v.t. to cast off as 
 useless; dismiss from service; reject 
 as useless: v.i. in card-playing, to 
 throw out cards not required. 
 
 discern (diz-ern'), v.t. to distinguish 
 mentally, or with the eye; judge or 
 decide between: v.i. to make distinc- 
 tion. 
 
 discernment (diz-ern 'ment) , n. acute- 
 ness in judgment; penetration; dis- 
 crimination. 
 
 discharge (dis-charj'), v.t. unload; dis- 
 embark; free from any burden, im- 
 pediment, or obligation; exonerate 
 or acquit; free from restraint or 
 custody; let fly; explode; perform 
 (a trust or duty): v.i. to send out 
 liquid matter: n. the act of discharg- 
 ing; that which is discharged; an 
 explosion; a flowing or issuing out; 
 dismission from office or employ- 
 ment; liberation. 
 
 disciple (di-si'pl), _ n. one who re- 
 ceives the teaching of another; a 
 scholar; a follower. 
 
 discipline (dis'i-plin), n. mental or 
 moral training; education; subjec- 
 tion to control; military regulation; 
 chastisement: v.t. to train to obe- 
 dience or efficiency; regulate; chas- 
 tise. 
 
 disclaim (dis-kiam'), v.t. to disown; 
 repudiate. 
 
 disclose (dis-kloz'), v.t. to uncover; 
 reveal. 
 
 disclosure (dis-kloz 'ur) t n. the act of 
 revealing anything secret; discov- 
 ery. 
 
 discolor (dis-kul'er), v.t. to change 
 from the natural color; give a false 
 complexion to; stain. 
 
 discomfiture (dis-kum'fi-tur), n. de- 
 feat; disappointment. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
DISCOMMODE 
 
 151 
 
 DISHONOR 
 
 discommode (dis-kom-od') , v.t. to 
 inconvenience. 
 
 discompose (dis-kom-poz'), v.t. dis- 
 arrange; vex; ruffle. 
 
 disconcert (dis-kon-sert/), v.t. to dis- 
 turb the composure or self-posses- 
 sion of; frustrate. 
 
 disconsolate (dis-kon'so-lat) , adj. 
 hopeless; sad. 
 
 discord (dis'kord), n. disagreement; a 
 confused noise; a combination of 
 discordant sounds; disagreement in 
 coloring or parts. 
 
 discordant m (dis-kord'ant), adj. at 
 variance; inharmonious; jarring; in- 
 congruous. 
 
 discount (dis'kount), n. a sum de- 
 ducted or allowed for prompt pay- 
 ment of an _ account ; a deduction 
 made according to. the current rate 
 of interest; v.t. (dis-kount'), to al- 
 low a discount on; advance money, 
 deducting a certain rate per cent.; 
 make a deduction from; anticipate. 
 
 discourage (dis-kur'aj), v.t. to deprive 
 or lessen the courage of; dishearten; 
 deter. 
 
 discouragement (dis-kur'aj-ment) , n. 
 the act of depriving of confidence; 
 that which destroys courage. 
 
 discourse (dis-kors'), n. speech or lan- 
 guage; conversation; a treatise or 
 dissertation; sermon: v.t. & v.i. to 
 talk or converse; utter; communi- 
 cate ideas orally. 
 
 discover (dis-kuv'er) , v.t. to bring to 
 light; reveal; find (something previ- 
 ously unknown). 
 
 discovery (dis-kuv'er-i) , n. [pi. dis- 
 coveries (dis-kuv'er-iz)], a bringing 
 to light or making known, especially 
 for the first time; disclosure. 
 
 discreet (dis-kret'), adj. prudent; cir- 
 cumspect. 
 
 discrepant (dis-krep'ant), adj. dis- 
 agreeing; different. 
 
 discrete (dis-kret'), adj. separate from 
 others; distinct; not continuous. 
 
 discretion (dis-kresh'un) , n. prudence; 
 judgment; sagacity ; skill. 
 
 discriminate (dis-krim'i-nat), v.t. to 
 observe or mark the differences be- 
 tween; select: v.i. to make a differ- 
 ence or distinction. 
 
 discursive (dis-ker'siv), adj. desultory. 
 
 discuss (dis-kus'), vt. to debate; agi- 
 tate; reason upon; test (viands). 
 
 discussion (dis-kush'un), n. argument; 
 debate; ventilation of a question. 
 
 disdain (dis-dan'), v.t. to think unwor- 
 thy; deem unsuitable; look upon 
 with contempt or scorn: n. con- 
 tempt; haughty, or indignant 
 scorn. 
 
 disease (di-zez'), n. any mental, 
 moral, or physical disorder; mal- 
 ady; illness: v.t. to cause disease in; 
 derange. 
 
 disembowel (dis-em-bou'el) , v.t. [p.t. 
 & p.p. disemboweled, p.pr. disem- 
 boweling], to deprive of bowels; 
 wound in the abdomen, so that the 
 bowels protrude. 
 
 disfigure (dis-fig'ur), v.t. to injure the 
 shape, form, or beauty of; deform. 
 
 disfranchise (dis-fran'chiz), v.t. to de- 
 prive of electoral or municipal priv- 
 ileges; especially the right to vote. 
 
 disgorge (dis-gorj'), v.t. to force out of 
 the mouth or stomach with violence ; 
 surrender what has been unlawfully 
 obtained; make restitution of. 
 
 disgrace (dis-gras'), n. the. state of be- 
 ing out of favor; ignominy; shame; 
 dishonor: v.t. to bring shame, re- 
 proval or dishonor upon; dismiss 
 with dishonor. [Old French.] 
 
 disguise (dis-giz'), v.t. to change the 
 appearance of, as by an unusual 
 dress; counterfeit; conceal: n. a 
 dress designed to conceal the. iden- 
 tity of the wearer; counterfeit ap- 
 pearance; false pretense. [French.] 
 
 disgust (dis-gust'), v.t. to cause aver- 
 sion in, or repugnance to ; offend the 
 moral sense of: n. strong aversion 
 or repugnance. [French.] 
 
 dish (dish), n. a broad hollow vessel 
 with a rimmed edge ; food served in 
 a dish: v.t. to put into a dish for 
 serving at table [often with up]; 
 frustrate. 
 
 dishearten (dis-har'tn) , v.t. to discour- 
 age. 
 
 dishevel (dis-hev'l) ,_ v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 disheveled, p.pr. disheveling], to dis- 
 order (the hair) or cause it to hang 
 negligently: v.i. to be spread in dis- 
 order. 
 
 dishonor (dis-on'er), v.t. to deprive of 
 honor; bring shame upon the char- 
 acter of; lessen the reputation of; 
 violate the chastity of; refuse, or 
 fail, to pay (a bill or note when due 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
DISINCLINATION 
 
 152 
 
 DISPORT 
 
 and presented): n. disgrace; igno- 
 miny; shame; violation of dignity. 
 
 disinclination (dis-in-kli-na'shun), n. 
 unwillingness. 
 
 disinfect (dis-in-fekt'),*U-tofree from 
 infection; to purify. 
 
 disingenuous (dis-in-jen'u-us), adj. 
 not frank or open; crafty. 
 
 disintegrate (dis-in'te-grat) , v.t. to 
 break up into component parts by 
 mechanical or atmospheric agency: 
 v.i. separate. . 
 
 disjunctive (dis-jungk'tiv), adj. serv- 
 ing, or tending, to disjoin or sepa- 
 rate: n. a disjunctive conjunction 
 which connects grammatically two 
 words or clauses disjoined in meaning. 
 
 disk (disk), n. an ancient quoit; a 
 flat circular plate, or anything re- 
 sembling it; the whole surface of a 
 leaf. Also disc. [Greek.] 
 
 dislike (dis-lik'), n. a strong feeling 
 of repugnance or aversion; antip- 
 athy: v.t. to regard with aversion. 
 
 dislocate (dis'lo-kat), v.t. to put out of 
 joint; interrupt the continuity of. 
 
 dislodge (dis-loj'), v.t. to remove or 
 drive out from a place of lodgment; 
 drive from a hiding place or chosen 
 station. 
 
 disloyal (dis-loi'al), adj. unfaithful to 
 one's sovereign or country; untrue 
 to plighted faith or duty. 
 
 dismal (diz'mal), adj. gloomy; de- 
 pressing; dark; horrid; sorrowful. 
 
 dismantle (dis-mant'l), v.t. to strip 
 or divest of furniture, equipment, or 
 means of defense; raze; demolish. 
 
 dismay (dis-ma/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dis- 
 mayed, p.pr. dismaying], to terrify; 
 dispirit; discourage; intimidate: n. 
 loss of courage through fear. 
 
 dismember (dis-mem'ber) , v.t. to cut 
 or tear limb from limb; sever into 
 parts and distribute; dislocate; sev- 
 er; divide. 
 
 dismiss (dis-mis'), v.t. to send away; 
 permit to depart; discharge from of- 
 fice or employment. 
 
 dismount (dis-mount'), v.t. to re- 
 move from a horse or the like: to 
 displace from a mounting, as a can- 
 non: v.i. to_alight; to descend. 
 
 disobey (dis-o-ba'), v.t. to refuse to 
 submit to lawful authority. 
 
 disorder (dis-or'der) , n. want of order 
 or arrangement; lack of system; ir- 
 
 regularity; breach of public order; 
 riot; mental or physical disease: v.t. 
 to throw into confusion; disturb the 
 regular mental or physical func- 
 tions; derange; ruffle. 
 
 disorganize (dis-or'ga-nlz) , v.t. to 
 throw into confusion. 
 
 disown (dis-on'), v.t. to cast off; to 
 sever specific or general relations. 
 
 disparage (dis-par'aj), v.t. treat with 
 contempt; criticise unjustly; depre- 
 ciate; belittle. 
 
 disparity (dis-par'i-ti), n. [pi. dispari- 
 ties (dis-par'i-tiz)], inequality of 
 rank, station, degree, or excellence; 
 disproportion. 
 
 dispassionate (dis-pash'un-at) , adj. 
 free from passion; calm; unpreju- 
 diced; impartial. 
 
 dispatch, same as despatch. 
 
 dispel (dis-pel'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dis- 
 pelled, p.pr. dispelling], to drive 
 away by, or as by, scattering; dis- 
 perse; dissipate. 
 
 dispensary (dis-pen'sa-ri) , n. [pi. dis- 
 pensaries (dis-pen'sa-riz)], a place 
 where medicines are kept and made 
 up; a charitable institution for 
 providing the poor with medical 
 advice and medicines. 
 
 dispensation (dis-pen-sa'shun) , n. the 
 act of dispensing; distribution; that 
 which is appointed or bestowed by a 
 higher power. 
 
 dispense (dis-pens'), v.t. to deal out 
 in portions; distribute; give forth 
 effusively; excuse: v.i. to .give dis- 
 pensation; distribute medicines. 
 
 disperse (dis-pers'). v.t. to scatter 
 in different directions or parts; dif- 
 fuse; spread; cause to vanish: v.i. 
 to separate; go to different parts; 
 vanish out of sight. 
 
 dispirit (dis-pir'it) , v.t. to depress the 
 spirits of; dishearten; render cheer- 
 less. 
 
 displace (dis-plas'), v.t. to put out of 
 place; disorder; depose from office 
 or dignity. 
 
 display (dis-pla/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dis- 
 played, p.pr. displaying], to spread 
 out; unfold; exhibit; force into no- 
 tice; manifest mentally or physically : 
 v.i. to make a display ._ 
 
 displeasure (dis-plezh'ur), n. annoy- 
 ance; vexation; distaste; pique. 
 
 disport (dis-porf), v.t. to amuse or 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nSrth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, tlten. 
 
DISPOSE 
 
 153 
 
 DISTINCTION 
 
 divert [with self]; to display gaily: 
 v.i. to play. 
 
 dispose (dis-poz'), v.t. to place; ar- 
 range; order; distribute; adapt; in- 
 cline. 
 
 disposition (dis-po-zish'un), n. the 
 act of disposing; order; arrange- 
 ment; natural temperament. 
 
 disputation (dis-pii-ta'shun) , n. a. ver- 
 bal controversy; an altercation. 
 
 dispute (dis-put'), v.i. to debate; 
 argue: v.t. contend for by words or 
 actions; express doubt of; contro- 
 vert: n. a controversy; altercation; 
 quarrel; contest. 
 
 disquisition (dis-kwi-zish'un), n. a 
 systematic investigation or discus- 
 sion of some subject; an elaborate 
 essay. 
 
 disrate _(dis-rat'), v.t. to degrade or 
 lower in rank, as a petty officer. _ 
 
 disruption (dis-rup'shun), n. forcible 
 separation; breach. 
 
 dissatisfaction (dis-sat-is-f ak'shun) , 
 n. discontent; uneasiness of mind 
 arising from disappointed wishes. 
 
 dissect (di-sekt'), v.t. to cut in pieces; 
 anatomize; divide and examine mi- 
 nutely. [Latin.] 
 
 dissemble (di-sem'bl), v.t. to hide un- 
 der a false appearance ; give the sem- 
 blance of something else to: v.i. 
 to act the hypocrite. 
 
 disseminate (di-sem'i-nat) , v.t. to scat- 
 ter abroad, like seed; propagate; 
 diffuse. 
 
 dissension (dis-sen'shun) , n. strife; 
 disagreement; breach of union; va- 
 riance. 
 
 dissent (di-sent'), v.i. to disagree in 
 opinion [with from]; refuse adher- 
 ence to an Established Church. 
 
 dissertation (dis-er-ta/shun) , n. a for- 
 mal discourse; treatise, 
 
 dissever (di-sev'er), v.t. to cut in two; 
 disjoin; divide ;_ separate. 
 
 dissidence (dis'i-dens) , n. disagree- 
 ment. 
 
 dissilient (di-sil'i-ent) , adj. springing 
 asunder, or bursting open with force. 
 
 dissimulate (di-sim'u-lat) , v.i. & v.t. 
 to dissemble; feign; disguise. 
 
 dissipate (dis'i-pat), v.t. to scatter 
 completely; drive in different direc- 
 tions; squander: v.i. to engage in 
 dissipation. 
 
 dissipation (dis-i-pa'shun) , n. the act. 
 
 or state of being dissipated ; mental 
 distraction; excessive indulgence in 
 luxury. 
 
 dissociate (di-so'shi-at), v.t. to separate. 
 
 dissoluble (dis'ol-ii-bl) , adj. capable of 
 being dissolved or converted into a 
 fluid. 
 
 dissolute (dis'o-lut), adj. given to vice 
 or dissipation ; loose in morals or con- 
 duct. 
 
 dissolution (dis-o-lu'shun) , n. the act 
 of dissolving or liquefying; separa- 
 tion of component parts; separation 
 of the soul from the body; death. 
 
 dissolve (dis-olv'), v.t. to liquefy; 
 melt; terminate; annul: v.i. to be- 
 come liquefied; waste away; sepa- 
 rate. 
 
 dissonance (dis'o-nans) , n. discord; 
 lack of harmony. 
 
 dissuade (di-swad% v.t. to advise or 
 counsel against; divert by argument. 
 
 dissyllable (di-sil'a-bl) , n. a word of 
 two syllables. 
 
 distaff (dis'taf), n. [pi. distaffs (dis'- 
 tafs)], the staff from which flax is 
 ^ drawn in spinning. 
 
 distance (dis'tans), n. the space or 
 interval between two objects or 
 points; remoteness of time, rank, re- 
 lationship or place; interval between 
 two notes; reserve of manner; alien- 
 ation: v.t. to place remotely; leave 
 behind in a race. 
 
 distant (dis'tant), adj. remote; re- 
 served. 
 
 distaste (dis-tast')., n. aversion of the 
 palate; dislike; disinclination. 
 
 distasteful (dis-tast'fool), adj. un- 
 pleasant to the taste; expressive of 
 dislike. 
 
 distemper (dis-tem'per), n. a morbid 
 state of body or mind: v.t. to dis- 
 order or disease. 
 
 distend (dis-tend'), v.t. to stretch out 
 in all directions; expand: v.i. to 
 swell. 
 
 distich (dis'tik), n. a couplet. 
 
 distil (dis-th"), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. dis- 
 tilled, p.pr. distilling], # to fall in 
 drops; flow gently; trickle forth; 
 practice the art of distillation: v.t. 
 to let fall in drops ; obtain by dis- 
 tillation; rectify. 
 
 distinct (dis-tingkt'), adj. separate; 
 different; clear; plain; unconfused. 
 
 distinction (dis-tingk'shun), n. mark 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
DISTINCTIVE 
 
 154 
 
 DIVISION 
 
 of difference or superiority; emi- 
 nence of rank or conduct; fame; dis- 
 crimination. 
 
 distinctive (dis-tingk'tiy) , adj. mark- 
 ing a difference or distinction ; char- 
 acteristic; discriminating; plain. 
 
 distinguish (dis-ting'gwish) , v.t. to 
 separate from others by some mark 
 of honor or preference; designate 
 by special characteristics; discrim- 
 inate; make known: v.i. to make a 
 distinction [with between]. 
 
 distort (dis-tort), v.t. to twist or turn 
 from the natural shape or figure; 
 twist; pervert from the true mean- 
 ing; misrepresent. 
 
 distract (dis-trakf; , v.t. to perplex; 
 harass; confuse the mind; bewilder; 
 derange. 
 
 distrain (dis-tran'), v.t. to seize and 
 hold (goods or chattels) as security 
 for payment of a debt: v.i. to levy 
 a distress. 
 
 distrait (dis-tra'), adj. absent-minded. 
 
 distraught (dis-trawt'), adj. bewil- 
 dered or harassed. 
 
 distress (dis-tres'), v.t. to inflict pain 
 or suffering upon; grieve; harass; 
 perplex; in law, to seize for debt: n. 
 physical or mental anguish; the act 
 of distraining; goods taken in dis- 
 traint. 
 
 distribute (dis-trib'ut), v.t. to deal 
 out or divide ; allot ; apportion ; ar- 
 range according to classification; 
 dispose of separately; separate and 
 return (as types) to their respective 
 cases. 
 
 district (dis'trikt), n. a territorial di- 
 vision; circuit; region or tract of 
 country. 
 
 distrust (dis-trust'), n. want of confi- 
 dence, faith or reliance; suspicion; 
 discredit: v.t. to have no confidence 
 or trust in; doubt; suspect. 
 
 disturb (dis-terb), v.t. to trouble; vex; 
 throw into confusion; agitate; dis- 
 place. 
 
 disturbance (dis-terb 'ans), n. the in- 
 terruption of a settled state; uproar; 
 mental agitation. 
 
 disuse (dis-us'), n. cessation of use or 
 custom. 
 
 ditch (dich), n. a trench cut in the 
 earth; a moat: v.i. make a ditch: 
 v.t. surround with a ditch. 
 
 ditto (dit'to), n. that which has been 
 
 said; a duplicate: adv. as before; 
 likewise. [Italian.] 
 
 ditty (dit'i), n. [pi. ditties (dit'iz)],a 
 little song. 
 
 divan (di : van'), n. a court of justice; 
 a council of state in Turkey ; a coun- 
 cil-hall; a smoking-room: couch. 
 
 dive (dry), v.i. to plunge head fore- 
 most into water; enter deeply into 
 any subject or question: v.t. to ex- 
 plore by diving: n. a sudden plunge 
 head foremost into water. 
 
 diverge (di-verj'), v.i. to spread out 
 from one point; recede from. 
 
 divergence (dl-ver'jens), n. a receding 
 from each other: a tending apart. 
 
 diverse (di'yers or dl-yers')., adj. es- 
 sentially different; dissimilar; sep- 
 arate. 
 
 diversion (di-ver'shun) , n. variation; 
 alteration; pastime; the act of di- 
 verting the attention of an enemy 
 from the real point of attack. 
 
 divert (di-vert'), v.t. to turn aside 
 from any direction or course ; draw 
 away from; entertain; amuse. 
 
 divest (di-yest'), v.t. to strip or deprive 
 of anything; despoil; make bare. 
 
 divide (di-vld'), v.t. to cut into two 
 or more parts; separate; keep apart; 
 disunite by discord; distribute: v.i. 
 to be separated; cleave; diverge; 
 have a share; vote by division: n. 
 a watershed. _ 
 
 dividend (div'i-dend), n. a share of 
 the profits of a public company or 
 business; a sum paid pro rata out of 
 a bankrupt's estate; interest payable 
 on money invested in the public 
 funds; a number or quantity to be 
 divided. [Latin.] 
 
 divine (di-vin'), adj. partaking of the 
 nature of God ; excellent in the high- 
 est degree; godlike; sacred; holy; 
 pertaining to theology: n. a the- 
 ologian; clergyman: v.t. to foretell; 
 presage: v.i. to conjecture; guess. 
 
 divinity (di-vin'i-ti), n. [pi. divinities 
 (di-vin'i-tiz)], the state or quality of 
 being divine; Godhead; a pagan or 
 heathen deity; theology. 
 
 division (di-vizh'un) , n. the act or 
 state of being divided; separation; 
 a partition; section; discord; dif- 
 ference: the separating of the mem- 
 bers of a legislative or municipal 
 assembly in order to take a vote; 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
DIVISOR 
 
 155 
 
 DOMESTIC 
 
 two or more brigades under the com- 
 mand of a general officer; a section 
 of a fleet under one commander; the 
 process of finding how many times 
 one number or quantity is contained 
 in another. 
 
 divisor (di-vi'zor), n. the number by 
 which another (the dividend) is 
 divided. [Latin.] 
 
 divorce (di-vors'),' n. a dissolution of 
 the marriage bond by legal au- 
 thority: v.t. to dissolve the mar- 
 riage contract between by legal 
 authority; release from clos° union. 
 
 divulge (di-yulj'), v.t. to make known, 
 as something previously kept secret; 
 disclose. 
 
 dizzy _(diz'i), adj. giddy. 
 
 do (doo), v.t. [p.t. did, p.p. done, p. 
 pr. doing], to perform; achieve; 
 cause to bring about; make ready 
 for some object or purpose; cheat or 
 swindle: v.i. to act or behave; suc- 
 ceed; suffice; fare as to health: n. a 
 trick or hoax. 
 
 docile (dos'il) , adj. easy to teach; 
 tractable; easily managed. 
 
 dock (dok). n. a place for constructing 
 and laying up ships; the place where 
 a prisoner stands in a court to be 
 tried; a coarse weed with broad 
 leaves; the tail of a horse after it 
 has been docked: v.t. to cut off or 
 curtail; deduct from; diminish. 
 
 docket (dok'et), v.t. to mark the con- 
 tents or titles of papers on the back 
 of them; indorse: n. a directed label 
 or ticket tied on goods; a summary 
 of a larger writing; a digest. 
 
 dockyard (dok'yard), n. a place where 
 ships are built and naval stores are 
 kept. 
 
 doctor (dok'ter), n. one skilled in any 
 particular branch of knowledge; an 
 academical degree denoting the 
 highest proficiency in a faculty of 
 a university ; a learned man ; a medi- 
 cal practitioner: v.t. to treat medi- 
 cally; tamper with. 
 
 doctrine (dok'trin), n. that which is 
 taught; the principles, belief, or 
 dogma of any church, sect or party. 
 
 document (dok'Q-ment), n. a printed 
 or written paper relied upon to es- 
 tablish some fact or assertion, or con- 
 veying information. 
 
 dodge (doj), v.i. to start aside and shift 
 
 about; evade by craft; avoid; prac- 
 tice tricky devices: v.t. to establish 
 by starting aside: n. the act of 
 dodging; a trick. 
 
 doe (do), n. the female of a buck or 
 fallow deer, or of an antelope, rab- 
 bit, or hare. 
 
 doff (dof), v.t. to take or put off, 
 as clothes: v.i. remove the hat in 
 saluting. 
 
 dog (dog), n. a domesticated carnivo- 
 rous animal belonging to the genus 
 Canis; name of various mechanical 
 contrivances: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dog- 
 ged, p.pr. dogging], to hunt as a 
 dog; follow pertinaciously. 
 
 doggerel (dog'er-el), n. a kind of verse 
 devoid of skill or rhythm: adj. weak 
 and illiterate in construction: said of 
 verse. 
 
 dogma (dog'ma), n. [pi. dogmas (dog'- 
 maz)] or dogmata (dog'ma -ta), 
 an established principle, tenet, or 
 doctrine; a doctrine stated in a for- 
 mal manner and received by the 
 Church as authoritative. 
 
 doily (doi'li), n. [pi. doilies (doi'liz)], 
 a small mat or napkin: used on 
 dessert plates, &c. 
 
 dole (dol), n. that which is dealt out 
 sparingly; a charitable gift of mon- 
 ey or food; alms: v.t. to deal out 
 sparingly. 
 
 doll (dol), n. a girl's puppet or toy- 
 baby; a childish-featured girl or 
 woman. 
 
 dollar (dol'ar), n. a silver coin current 
 in the United States and Canada = 
 100 cents; a coin of various other 
 countries. [Dutch.] 
 
 dolman (dol'man), n. a long outer 
 garment worn by the Turks; an 
 hussar's uniform jacket; a woman's 
 sleeveless mantle. 
 
 dolorous (dol'o-rus), adj. sorrowful. 
 
 dolphin (dol'fin), n. a marine animal 
 closely resembling the porpoise. 
 
 dolt (dolt), n. a heavy, stupid fellow. 
 
 domain (do-man'), n. lordship; au- 
 thority; empire; landed property; 
 demesne. 
 
 dome (dom), n. a hemispherical 
 roof. 
 
 domestic (do-mes'tik), adj. pertain- 
 ing to the house or household af- 
 fairs; private; home-made: n. a 
 household servant: pi. articles of 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
DOMESTICATE 156 DOUGHTY 
 
 home manufacture, especially cot- dormant (dor'mant), adj. sleeping; 
 
 ton-cloths. _ quiet; in abeyance. 
 
 domesticate (do - mes'ti - kat) , v.t. dormitory (dor'mi-to-ri) , n. [pi. dormi- 
 to make domestic; familiarize with tories (dor'mi-to-riz)], a large apart- 
 domestic life; tame: v.i. to become ment capable of holding several beds, 
 domestic. % dory (do'ri), n. [pi. dories (do'riz)], a 
 
 domicile (dom'i-sn), n. a permanent popular name for a golden-colored 
 
 residence or place of abode; home: fish much esteemed for the table; 
 
 v.t. to establish in a fixed resi- the wall-eyed pike-perch, John Dory ; 
 
 dence. . a small flat-bottomed skiff with a 
 
 dominant (dom'i-nant), adj. exercis- sharp prow. 
 
 ing chief authority; ruling; predomi- dose (dos), n. the quantity of medi- 
 
 nant; ascending: n. the recitative cine to be taken at one time; any- 
 
 note in Gregorian scales; the fifth thing nauseous; quantity: v.t. to 
 
 tone of a musical scale in any as- give doses to; administer anything 
 
 cending key. objectionable or nauseous. 
 
 dominate (dom'i-nat), v.t. to govern; dost (dust), 2 p. sing. pres. indie, of do. 
 
 rule; predominate over: v.i. to be dot (dot), n. a small point or speck; 
 
 dominant. a diminutive child: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 
 domineer (dom-i-ner'), v.i. to exer- dotted, p.pr. dotting], to mark with 
 
 cise authority arrogantly or tyrannic- dots or specks, 
 
 ally: bluster. dotage (do'taj), n. imbecility of 
 
 dominion (do-min'yun) , n. supreme mind due to old age; foolish or ex- 
 authority; sovereignty; independent cessive affection, 
 right or possession; a territory or doth (duth), 3 p. sing, indie, of do. 
 country subject to the control of one double (dub'l), adj. twofold; two of 
 government; such especially is the a sort; being in pairs; twice as 
 Dominion of Canada. much; deceitful; insincere: n. twice 
 
 don (don), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. donned, the quantity; a duplicate; trick; a 
 
 p.pr. donning], to put on; invest turning back to escape pursuit; an 
 
 with; assume: n. a Spanish title apparition; a fold or plait: pi. 
 
 of courtesy [Latin]; [fern. Dona changes rung on five bells; games 
 
 (don'ya')]; a fellow or collegiate dig- played by two on a side: v.t. to 
 
 nitary. _ make double; duplicate; repeat; 
 
 donate (do'nat), v.t. to contribute, fold; sail round or by: v.i. to in- 
 
 especially to some religious or phil- crease to twice the quantity; return 
 
 anthropic object. on one's track; march at double 
 
 done (dun), p. adj. completed; pub- quick time: adv. twice over. 
 
 lished officially; cooked sufficiently; doublet (dub'let), n. a duplicate; 
 
 thoroughly fatigued; cheated: inter j. pair; a kind^ of close-fitting man's 
 
 agreed! garment; a ring in which the stone 
 
 donjon (don' or dun'jun), n. the has been split into two halves, or 
 
 principal tower or keep of a mediae- one shallow stone imposed upon 
 
 val castle, containing the another, 
 
 prison. # doubt (dout), v.i. to waver in opin- 
 
 donkey (dong'ki), n. [pi. donkeys ion; hesitate; be in suspense: v.t. 
 
 (dong'kiz)], an ass; a stupid or obsti- to suspect; distrust: n. uncertainty 
 
 nate fellow. of mind; suspense; scruple; per- 
 
 doom (d5om), n. a judicial sentence plexity. 
 
 of condemnation; the infliction of doubtful (dout'fool), adj. of uncer- 
 
 a sentence; irrevocable destiny; tain issue; questionable; hazardous; 
 
 fate; ruin; the Day of Judgment: insecure. 
 
 v.t. to pronounce condemnation doubtless (dout'les), adv. assuredly; 
 
 upon; sentence to punishment; or- certainly. 
 
 dain as a penalty. dough (do), n. a soft mass of mois- 
 
 door (dor), n. the gate or entrance tened flour yet unbaked. 
 
 of a house; portal; means of access, doughty (dou'ti) , adj. valiant ; strong. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
DOVE 
 
 157 
 
 DRAPERY 
 
 dove (duv), n. a pigeon of the genua 
 Columba; a term of endearment. 
 
 dovetail (duv'tal), v.t. to unite by a 
 joint resembling a dove's tail spread 
 out; fit closely and exactly. 
 
 dowager (dou'a-jer), n. the widow 
 of a king, prince, or person of rank; 
 a widow with a jointure. [Old 
 French.] 
 
 dowdy (dow'di) and dowd (doud), n. 
 [pi. dowdies (dow'diz)], a slatternly 
 woman who affects finery: adj. 
 slovenly or ill-dressed; shabby. 
 
 dower (dou'er), n. that part of a hus- 
 band's property which his widow en- 
 joys during her life; jointure; per- 
 sonal endowment. 
 
 down (doun), n. soft feathers, hair, 
 or wool; the soft fibres of plants: 
 pi. a tract of bare, hilly land used 
 for pasturing sheep; banks or round- 
 ed hillocks of sand: adv. from a 
 higher to a lower degree or position; 
 at the lowest point; on the ground; 
 below the horizon; from earlier to 
 later times; in hand, or on the 
 counter; on paper, or in a book: 
 adj. dejected; downcast: prep, along 
 a descent; from a higher place to a 
 lower: along the course or current of. 
 
 downward (doun'ward), adj. tending 
 to the ground; moving from a higher 
 to a lower place, grade, or direc- 
 tion; descending '.adv. from a higher 
 to a lower condition, state, or place; 
 from the source. Also downwards. 
 
 dowry (dou'ri), n. [pi. dowries (dou'- 
 riz)], the property a woman brings 
 to her husband at marriage; gift 
 or possession. 
 
 doxology (doks-ol'o-ji) , n. [pi. dox- 
 ologies (doks-ol'o-jiz)], an as- 
 cription or short hvmn of praise to 
 God. [Greek.] 
 
 doze (doz), v.i. to sleep lightly or fit- 
 fully: n. a light sleep, or nap. 
 
 dozen (duz'n), n. twelve units. [A 
 remnant of the duodecimal system.] 
 
 drab (drab), n. a kind of thick dull 
 brown or yellowish-grey woolen 
 cloth; a tint of such a color; a dis- 
 solute woman; a prostitute: adj. 
 of a drab color. 
 
 draft (draft), n. a sketch or outline; 
 bill of exchange; an order for mon- 
 ey; detachment of soldiers; the act 
 of drawing a load; the state of be- 
 
 ing drawn; the act of drinking or 
 the amount drunk at once; an out- 
 line or sketch; the act of sweeping 
 with a net; the quantity of fish 
 caught at one draw of the net; the 
 depth of water a vessel draws or 
 to which she sinks ; a current of 
 air: v.t. to delineate or sketch out; 
 call forth; select by a draft for mili- 
 tary service. 
 
 drag (drag), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dragged, 
 p.pr. dragging], to pull or draw 
 along by force; draw along slowly 
 or heavily; haul; tug: v.t. to trail 
 along _ the ground: n. the act of 
 dragging; a net or apparatus for 
 drawing along the bottom of the 
 water: a coach drawn by four 
 horses; a kind of sledge for heavy 
 loads: the difference between the 
 draft of water forward or aft of a ship. 
 
 dragon (drag'un), n. a fabulous animal 
 represented as a winged serpent or 
 lizard ; a fierce person; a winged 
 heraldic beast: adj. fierce: destruc- 
 tive. [Greek.] 
 
 dragoon (dra-goon'), n. originally a 
 kind of mounted infantry, now cav- 
 alry, either light or heavy, wearing 
 helmets: v.t. to harass or reduce to 
 submission by military force; to 
 harass: to worry; to force into some 
 action against one's will. 
 
 drain (dran), v.t. to draw off grad- 
 ually; exhaust: v.i. to become dry: 
 n. a channel or pipe for superfluous 
 water; a sewer; the act of exhaust- 
 ing. 
 
 drake (drak), n. a male duck. 
 
 dram (dram), n. 1-Sth of an ounce 
 troy, and l-16th of an ounce avoir- 
 dupois; a small quantity of spiritu- 
 ous liquor. 
 
 drama (dra'ma), n. a. prose or poet- 
 ical composition depicting a story of 
 human life in character , &c, on the 
 stage; theatrical entertainment. 
 
 dramatic (dra-mat'ik) , adj. pertain- 
 ing to, or appropriate to, the drama. 
 
 drank, p.t. & p.p. of drink. 
 
 drape (drap), v.t. to cover with cloth; 
 arrange in folds^ or hangings. 
 
 drapery (dra'per-i), n. [pi. draperies 
 (dra'per-iz)], textile cloths pr fabrics 
 used for garments or hangings; cos- 
 tumes represented in sculpture or 
 painting. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl 
 
 me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
DRASTIC 
 
 158 
 
 DRIP 
 
 drastic (dras'tik), adj. powerful; 
 vigorous; severe. [Greek.] 
 
 draught (draft), n. Same as draft. 
 
 draw (draw), v.t. [p.t. drew, p.p. 
 drawn, p.pr. drawing], to pull along 
 or haul; raise; suck in; pull out; 
 force out; elongate; disembowel; 
 win, as in a lottery; drive or beat 
 out; sketch; draft ; require a cer- 
 tain depth to float in; entice or al- 
 lure; induce; receive; write out; 
 leave undecided : v.i. to produce mo- 
 tion; act as an inducement; shrink; 
 come together or near; practice 
 drawing; settle in the water to a 
 certain depth: n. the act of draw- 
 ing ; a lot or chance drawn ; a game 
 left undecided; a feeler; the act of 
 drawing a covert. 
 
 drawer (draw'er), n. one who draws; a 
 draftsman; a sliding box-like ar- 
 rangement for holding clothes, pa- 
 pers, &c; one who draws a bill of 
 exchange, or an order for the pay- 
 ment of money: pi. an under-gar- 
 ment worn by both sexes, covering 
 the lower part of the body and 
 legs. 
 
 drawl (drawl), v.t. to utter in a slow, 
 lazy tone: n. a slow, lazy manner of 
 speaking. 
 
 drawn (drawn), p. adj. left unde- 
 cided; disemboweled; contracted. 
 
 dray (dra), n. a low, stoutly-built 
 cart used for heavy loads. 
 
 dread (dred), v.t. to fear greatly; an- 
 ticipate with shrinking or terror; 
 venerate: %i. m to be in great fear: 
 n. apprehensive terror; reverential 
 awe: adj. awful; solemn. 
 
 dreadful (dred 'fool), adj. inspiring 
 dread. 
 
 dream (drem), n. a train of thoughts 
 or images passing through the mind 
 during sleep; an idle fancy: v.t. [p.t. 
 & p.p. dreamt, p.pr. dreaming], to 
 see or imagine in sleep; think about 
 vainly: v.i. to have a train of ideas 
 in sleep. 
 
 dreary (drer'i), adj. cheerless; 
 gloomy. 
 
 dredge (drej), n. a drag or instru- 
 ment for sweeping the bottoms of 
 rivers to bring up something: v.t. 
 to clean out and deepen by a dredge; 
 gather with a dredge; sprinkle flour 
 upon. 
 
 dregs (dregz), n.pl. the sediment of 
 liquor; lees; worthless matter. 
 
 drench (drench), v.t. to wet thorough- 
 ly; steep in moisture; forcibly ad- 
 minister a draft to: n. a large draft; 
 a dose of medicine for a horse or cattle. 
 
 dress (dres),v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dressed, 
 p.pr. dressing], to invest with, or 
 as with, clothing; adorn; deck out; 
 embellish; prepare or make ready; 
 cook; curry or rub down; adjust 
 to a straight line; prune or trim: v.i. 
 to put on clothes: n. a covering for 
 the body; a robe; external finish or 
 ornament; adjustment. [Old French.] 
 
 drew (droo), p.t. of draw. 
 
 dried (drld), p.t. & p.p. of dry. 
 
 drier (dri'er), n. one who, or that 
 which, dries; a substance added to 
 paint, &c, causing it to dry quick- 
 ly; an apparatus for drying off 
 moisture. 
 
 drift (drift), n. the direction in 
 w T hich anything is driven; an im- 
 pellent force ; overbearing influence ; 
 an accumulation heaped up by sea 
 or wind; tendency; scope; the hori- 
 zontal passage of a mine; a collec- 
 tion of loose earth, rocks, &c, trans- 
 ported from a distance by the 
 agency of ice; leeway made in a 
 gale; the direction of a current: v.t. 
 to drive along, or in heaps; coyer 
 with driftage: v.i. to be carried 
 along by a current, or by circum- 
 stances; accumulate in heaps. 
 
 drill (dril), v.t. to pierce with a 
 drill; bore; perforate; instruct thor- 
 oughly in the rudiments of any busi- 
 ness, &c; train; sow in lines or 
 rows: v.i. to engage in military ex- 
 ercises: n. a tool for boring or mak- 
 ing holes in a hard substance; a 
 machine for sowing seeds in rows; 
 military exercise. 
 
 drink (dringk), y.i. m [p.t. drank, p.p. 
 drunk, p.pr. drinking], to swallow a 
 liquid; imbibe alcoholic liquors ha- 
 bitually: n. any beverage swallowed 
 to quench thirst; as much liquor as 
 can be taken at once; strong or in- 
 toxicating liquor. 
 
 drip (drip), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. dripped, 
 p.pr. dripping], to fall in drops: v.t. 
 to let fall in drops: n. that which 
 falls in drops; a projecting cornice 
 to throw off rain. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
DRIVE 159 DUCAL 
 
 drive (driv), v.t. [p.t. drove, p.p. by immersion in water; overwhelm; 
 
 driven, p.pr. driving], to impel or inundate; deluge, 
 
 urge forward by force; propel; com- drowse (drouz), v.i. to be heavy with 
 
 municate motion to; convey in a sleepiness; be half -asleep: n. a light 
 
 vehicle: v.i. to press, or be impelled, sleep. 
 
 forward with violence; travel in a drowsy (drouz'i), adj. sleepy; sluggish, 
 
 carriage; aim a blow [with let]: n. drub (drub), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. drubbed, 
 
 the act of driving or impelling; a p.pr. drubbing], to bea't vigorously: 
 
 strong blow; a road prepared for n. a thump. 
 
 driving; an excursion in a carriage; drudge (drudj), v.i. to labor hard at 
 
 an annual gathering of cattle for mean or uncongenial tasks; slave: 
 
 branding; a forward blow given to v.t. to spend or pass laboriously: n. 
 
 a ball at cricket; a forward movement one employed in menial work who 
 
 in force by an army. works hard for insufficient remu- 
 
 drizzle (driz'l), v.i. to rain slightly neration. 
 
 or in misty drops: n. fine misty rain, drug (drug), n. an ingredient used 
 droll (drol), adj. ridiculous; queer. in medicine; a narcotic; an unsal- 
 drone (dron), v.i. to utter in a mo- able article: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. drug- 
 notonous tone or sound; live in idle- ged, p.pr. drugging], to mix drugs 
 ness: v.t. to read in a monotonous with; render stupid by a narcotic 
 tone: n. a dull, monotonous tone; drug; to take or to administer drugs 
 one of the pipes of a bagpipe; the habitually. [French.l 
 male of the honey-bee which pro- drugget (drug'et), n. a coarse woolen 
 duces no_ honey; a lazy fellow. fabric used as a floor-cloth. 
 droop (droop), v.i. to sink or hang drum (drum), n. an instrument of 
 down; languish; bend down gradu- percussion, consisting of a hollow 
 ally: v.t. cause to hang down: n. cylinder with vellum at the ends, 
 the act of drooping. and beaten with sticks (drum- 
 drop (drop), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. dropped, sticks); the tympanum of the ear 
 dropt, 'p.pr. dropping], to fall in beat a drum; beat up recruits; beat 
 drops; distil; sink to a lower posi- rapidly with the fingers: v.t. to play 
 tion; fall in death; visit informally on a drum ; din ; expel ignominiously 
 [with in]: v.t. to let fall; discon- [with out]. [Danish.] 
 tinue; utter casually; send off (a drunk (drungk), p.p. of drink: n. a 
 hasty note): n. a globule of mois- fit of drunkenness; a drunken per- 
 ture; something that hangs like a son: adj. intoxicated, 
 drop; a small quantity of a liquid; a drunkard (drungk'ard), n. one habit- 
 falling trap-door; the painted cur- ually drunk. 
 
 tain of a theater (drop-scene): pi. dry (dri), adj. [comp. drier, superl. 
 medicine regulated by drops. driest], free from moisture or wet- 
 dropsy (drop'si), n. an unnatural accu- ness; not yielding juices; devoid of 
 mulation of serous fluid in any interest; unintentionally humorous 
 cavity of the body or its tissues; a or quaint: v.t. free from moisture or 
 disease affecting the food-sac of juice; stop the flow of; parch, 
 young trout; blue swelling. dry dock (dri'dok), n. a dock, or basin, 
 dropt, p.t. & p.p. of drop. in which ships are laid up dry for re- 
 dross (dros), n. the scum or slag of pairs. 
 
 melted metal; sediment; refuse. dual (du'al), adj. expressing or com- 
 
 drought (drout), n. continued ab- posed of the number two.: n. the 
 
 sence of rain or moisture; 'dry- form of the noun or verb connoting 
 
 ness. two persons or tilings, as in Greek. 
 
 drove (drov), v.t. of drive: n. a collec- duality (du-al'i-ti), n. the 3tate or 
 
 tion of cattle or sheep driven in a quality of being twofold; division 
 
 body; a crowd; sprats caught early into two. _ 
 
 in the season. dubious (du'bi-us), adj. doubtful, 
 
 drown (droun), v.i. to perish by suf- ducal (du'kal), adj. pertaining to a 
 
 focation in water: v.t. to suffocate duke. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
DUCHESS 
 
 160 
 
 DUPLICATE 
 
 duchess (duch'es), n. the consort or 
 widow of a duke. 
 
 duck (duk), n. any bird of the fam- 
 ily Anatidse, especially the domestic 
 duck; the female of this bird, as dis- 
 tinguished from the drake; an ex- 
 pression of endearment, also of 
 slight contempt; a strong linen un- 
 twilled fabric: pi. sailors' trousers or 
 light clothes worn in hot climates: 
 v.i. to plunge the head under water 
 and then withdraw it quickly; bob 
 the head. 
 
 duct (dukt), n. a passage, tube, or 
 canal by which a fluid or secretion 
 is conveyed. 
 
 ductile (duk'til) , adj. capable of being 
 drawn out into threads or wire; 
 tractable. 
 
 dude (dud), n. a kind of dandy, 
 characterized by over-affectedness 
 in manners, dress, &c. [Slang.] 
 
 dudgeon (duj'un)^ n. sullen anger; 
 resentment; ill-will. 
 
 due (du), adj. owed or owing; pay- 
 able; fulfilling obligation; suitable 
 to a case;_ ascribable; proper: adv. 
 exactly; directly: n. that which is 
 owed or required by an obligation; 
 a custom, toll, tribute, or fee. 
 
 duel (du'el), n. a combat between two 
 persons with deadly weapons: v.i. 
 to fight in a duel. [French.] 
 
 duet (du-ef), n. a vocal or instru- 
 mental composition for two per- 
 formers. Also duetto. [Italian.] 
 
 duff(duf), n. a pudding of flour, &c, 
 boiled in a bag; a vegetable growth 
 accumulated in forest ground. When 
 duff is dealt out to sailors, sweetened 
 or with currants, they style it 
 "plum-duff." 
 
 dug, p.t. & p.p. of dig: n. a teat. 
 
 dugout (dugout), n. a canoe hol- 
 lowed out from a log; a rough kind 
 of shelter excavated in the side of a 
 hill or bank. 
 
 duke (duk) , n. the highest order in the 
 British peerage and ranking next 
 below an archbishop and the princes 
 of the blood. A m title given in 
 monarchical countries on the Con- 
 tinent of Europe, but carrying no 
 right to legislate, as is the case with 
 peers of the United Kingdom. 
 
 dulcet (dul'set), adj. sweet or pleas- 
 ant to the ear; harmonious. 
 
 dull (dul), adj. slow of apprehension 
 or action; stupid; sluggish; with- 
 out sensibility; not bright or clear 
 to the eye; blunt; without wind: 
 v.t. to deprive of sharpness; make 
 stupid or heavy; tarnish. 
 
 duly (du'li), adv. in a fit and becom- 
 ing manner; fitly; regularly. 
 
 dumb (dum), adj. incapable of speech. 
 
 dummy (dum'i), n. [pi. dummies 
 (dum'iz)], one who is mute or 
 silent; that which imitates a reality; 
 an exposed hand at whist when three 
 persons are playing: adj. fictitious. 
 
 dump (dump), n. a thud or heavy 
 sound; anything short, thick, and 
 heavy; a place to discharge rub- 
 bish in: pi. low spirits: v.t. to throw 
 down and empty. 
 
 dumpling (dump'ling), n. a pudding 
 of paste or dough, often put around 
 fruit or meat. 
 
 dun (dun), adj.^ of a dull brown col- 
 or: n. a creditor who presses per- 
 sistently for payment of a debt; a 
 fortified eminence; earthwork; 
 mound: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dunned, 
 p.pr. dunning], to urge 'importunate- 
 ly, especially for a debt; cure, as 
 codfish, after salting, to impart a 
 dark color. 
 
 dunce (duns), n. a dull, ignorant 
 person. 
 
 dune (dun), a heap of drifted sand 
 piled up on the sea-shore by the 
 action of the wind. 
 
 dung (dung), n. the excrement of 
 animals; anything filthy or rotten: 
 v.t. to manure with dung. 
 
 dungeon (dun'jun), n. the principal 
 keep of a mediaeval castle; a dark 
 underground cell; a prison. 
 
 duodecimal (du-o-des'i-mal), adj. con- 
 sisting of, or computing by, twelves. 
 
 dupe (dup), n. one who is, or can be, 
 easily tricked; a credulous person: 
 v.t. to deceive by trickery; cheat. 
 
 duplex (dii'pleks), adj. double; com- 
 pound: applied to the transmission 
 of two telegraphic messages over 
 a single wire at the same time: v.i. 
 to transmit telegraphic messages by 
 the duplex system. 
 
 duplicate (du'pli-kat), v.t. to make or 
 render double; make a copy or 
 copies of: v.i. to celebrate Mass or 
 receive the Eucharist twice in one 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
DUPLICITY 
 
 161 
 
 DYSPEPSIA 
 
 day: adj. corresponding exactly with 
 another; twofold; double; growing 
 in pairs: n. facsimile; counterpart; 
 an exact copy. 
 
 duplicity (du-plis'i-ti), n. deceit; 
 hypocrisy. 
 
 durable (du'ra-bl), adi. not perishing; 
 permanent; stable; lasting; 
 
 durance (du'rans), n. imprisonment. 
 [French.] 
 
 duration (du-ra'shun), n. continuance 
 in time; permanency. 
 
 during (dur'ing), prep, in the time 
 of; at some period of. 
 
 durst (derst), p.t. of dare. 
 
 dusk (dusk), adj. tending to dark- 
 ness; shadowy; swarthy: n. incip- 
 ient darkness; twilight. [Swedish.] 
 
 dust (dust), n. fine dry particles of 
 matter; a stirring of such fine par- 
 ticles; gold-dust, hence money; un- 
 organized matter; pollen; obscurity; 
 confusion: v.t. to brush away from; 
 cover with a powdered substance. 
 
 dutiful (dii'ti-f ool) , adj. respectful; 
 obedient to parents. 
 
 duty (du'ti), n. \pl. duties (du'tiz)], 
 obligatory service; tax, impost, or 
 toll levied by Government on cer- 
 tain articles. 
 
 dwarf (dwawrf), n. a human being, 
 animal, or plant much below the 
 average height: adj. of smaller size 
 or height than the average: v.t. hin- 
 der from growing to the natural size. 
 
 dwell (dwel), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. dwelt,, 
 v.pr. dwelling], to reside for a 
 length of time; have a fixed abode; 
 continue; linger: i>,(, to inhabit. 
 
 dwelling (dwel'ing), n. a house or 
 place of abode. 
 
 dwindle (dwin'dl), v.i, to become 
 gradually less; diminish; decrease. 
 
 dye (di), v.t. [p.t, t & p.p. dyed, p.pr. 
 dyeing], to stain or color: v.i. to 
 follow the trade of a dyer: n. a col- 
 oring liquid or stain. 
 
 dynamic (di-nam'ik), adj. pertaining 
 to mechanical forces not in equilib- 
 rium; effective. [Greek.] n.pl. that 
 branch of mechanics which treats of 
 the effects of force in producing 
 motion. Also kinetics, 
 
 dynamite (di'na-mit), n. a highly ex- 
 plosive compound of nitro-glycerine 
 mixed with sawdust or infusorial 
 silica: v.t. to destroy by dyna- 
 mite. 
 
 dynamo (di'na-mo), n. an electric ma- 
 chine for converting mechanical into 
 electric energy. 
 
 dynasty (di'nas-ti), n. [pi. dynasties 
 (di'nas-tiz)], a lineor succession of 
 sovereigns of a particular family ; the 
 length of time during which a cer- 
 tain family rei-ms, 
 
 dysentery (dis'ei. -ter-i) , n. a tropic-* 
 al disease akin to diarrhoea, at- 
 tended with fever. 
 
 dyspepsia (dis-pep'si-a) , n. indigestion* 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ;• 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
E 
 
 E, the fifth letter of the English al- earth; place in connection with the 
 
 phabet, deriving its form from a earth: v.i. to burrow. 
 
 Phoenician sign through the Greek earthly (erth'li), adj. pertaining to the 
 
 and Latin scripts. E occurs with earth; sensual; worldly; possible; 
 
 great frequency because it came in- conceivable. 
 
 discriminately to take the place of earthquake (erth'kwak), n. a shaking 
 
 other vowels at the end of words in or trembling of the earth produced 
 
 Latin, a, i(s),u(s). by subterranean volcanic forces. 
 
 each (ech), adj. & pron. every one; ease (ez), n. freedom from pain, dis- 
 
 either. _ turbance, labor, or affectation; 
 
 eager (e'ger), adj. impetuous; vehe- quiet; repose; facility: v.t. to free 
 
 ment; earnest; keen; enthusias- from pain, anxiety, or trouble; give 
 
 tic. rest or relief. 
 
 eagle (e'gl), n. a bird of prey, genus easel (e'zl), n. a wooden frame or 
 
 Aquila, noted for its strength, size, tripod for supporting a canvas, 
 
 and keenness of vision; a gold coin blackboard, &c. 
 
 of the United States = 10 dollars; the east (est), n. that part of the heavens 
 
 military standard of ancient where the sun is seen to rise; one 
 
 Rome. of the four cardinal points; the 
 
 ear (er), n. the organ of hearing; eastern part of the earth: adj. com- 
 
 delicate perception of sounds; at- ing from the east; near the altar of 
 
 tention; a spike of corn; anything a church, as seen from the nave: 
 
 that resembles an ear. adv. in an easterly direction. 
 
 earl (erl), n. an English nobleman next Easter (es'ter), n. a festival of the 
 
 in rank below a marquis. On the Christian Church to commemorate 
 
 Continent the title "count" is the the resurrection of Jesus Christ: 
 
 same in origin. adj. pertaining to Easter._ 
 
 early (er'li), # adj. [comp. earlier, easy (ez'i), adj. [comp : easier, superl. 
 
 superl. earliest 1 ], before the usual easiest], free from pain, disturbance, 
 
 time; seasonable: adv. soon; sea- &c; not burdensome; moderate; 
 
 sonably. credulous; natural; _ not formal; 
 
 earn (ern), v.t. to gain as a just yielding; gentle; self-indulgent: adv. 
 
 recompense for one's labor, service, easily. 
 
 &c; merit. eat (et), v.t. [p.t. ate, p.p. eaten, p.pr. 
 
 earnest (ern'est) , ac?; . in serious reality; eating], to chew ana swallow, as 
 
 serious in speech or action; ardent; food; devour; consume; corrode; 
 
 zealous; eager: n. a portion of waste or wear away: v.i. to take 
 
 something given or done in advance food; penetrate; taste, 
 
 as a pledge. eaves (evz), n.pl. the edges of the 
 
 earth (erth), n. the inhabited terra- roof which overhang a build- 
 
 queous globe; the solid materials ing. 
 
 which compose the globe; ground; ebb (eb), n. the flowing back of the 
 
 soil; a region or land; worldly tide; ebb-tide; decline: v.i. to flow 
 
 things or interests: the inhabitants back or return, as the tide to the 
 
 of the globe; that part of the ground sea; decline; recede, 
 
 forming part of an electric cir- ebony (eb'un-i). n. a hard, heavy, dur- 
 
 cuit: v.t. to hide or bury in the able black-colored wood [pi. ebonies 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
EBULLITION 
 
 163 
 
 E'ER 
 
 (eb'un-iz)], negroes: adj. made of, or 
 like, ebony. 
 
 ebullition (eb-u-lish'un), n. the act 
 of boiling; effervescence; a sudden 
 outburst of feeling. 
 
 eccentric (ek-sen'trik), adj. not sit- 
 uated in, or deviating from, the cen- 
 ter; peculiar in manner or char- 
 acter; erratic; not having the same 
 center: opposed to concentric: n. a 
 circle or sphere not having the same 
 center as another circle; a mechani- 
 cal device for converting continuous 
 circular motion into reciprocating 
 rectilinear motion. 
 
 ecclesiastical (e-kle-zi-as'ti-kal), adj. 
 pertaining to the Church and its 
 organization or government. 
 
 echo (ek'o), n. [pi. echoes (ek'oz)], the 
 repetition of a sound caused by 
 reflection ; the _ repetition of the 
 words or opinions of others : v.i. 
 [p.t. & p.p. echoed, p.pr. echoing], 
 to emit an echo; give, or reflect 
 back, a sound: v.t. to repeat the 
 sound of; repeat closely (the words, 
 &c, of others). 
 
 eclat (a-kla'), n. a bursting forth, as 
 of applause or admiration; renown; 
 striking effect; splendor. [French.] 
 
 eclectic (ek-lek'tik) , adj. selecting or 
 choosing from different systems, doc- 
 trines, or sources; liberal and broad 
 in taste or belief: n. one of a class 
 of ancient philosophers. [Greek.] 
 
 eclipse (e-klips'), n. the total or par- 
 tial obscuration of the light of a 
 heavenly body caused by its entering 
 the shadow of another body: hence 
 diminution: obscuration; temporary 
 failure: adj. pertaining to an eclipse: 
 v.t. to cover or obscure by an eclipse; 
 darken or conceal; overshadow. 
 
 ecliptic (e-klip'tik), n. the apparent 
 path of the sun, or real path of the 
 earth, in the heavens during a year. 
 
 economize (e-kon'o-miz), v.t. to man- 
 age with care or frugality: v.i. to be 
 careful in outlay. 
 
 economy (e-kon'o-mi), n. [pi. econ- 
 omies (e-kon'o-miz)], the regulation 
 of household affairs ; frugality in ex- 
 penditure; any system of religious 
 laws, rites, or ceremonies. [Greek.] 
 
 ecstasy (ek'sta-si), n. [pi. ecstasies 
 (ek'sta-siz)], the state of being beside 
 
 one's self; excessive joy; a kind cf 
 cataleptic trance. [Greek.] 
 
 eczema (ek'ze-ma), n. an inflamma- 
 tory disease of the skin. 
 
 eddy (ed'i), n. [pi. eddies (ed'iz)], a 
 contrary current of air or water 
 causing a circular motion; a small 
 whirlpool: v.i. to move with a circu- 
 lar motion; whirl. 
 
 edge (ej), n. the thin, sharp or cut- 
 ting part of an instrument; extreme 
 border; brink; margin; keenness; 
 mental acuteness: v.t. to furnish 
 with an edge or a border; exasper- 
 ate; incite; move forward little by 
 little: v.i. to sail close to the wind 
 
 edible (ed'i-bl), adj. fit to be eaten a« 
 food: n. something fit to be eaten 
 [usually in pi.]. [Latin.] 
 
 edict (e'dikt), n. a public proclama- 
 tion or decree issued by a sovereign 
 and having the force of a law. 
 
 edify (ed'i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. edified, 
 p.pr. edifying], to build up or 
 strengthen, especially in faith or 
 morals; impart instruction to. 
 
 edit (ed'it), v.t. to revise and prepare 
 for publication; direct, select, and 
 adapt literary matter for the press; 
 make a revision of. 
 
 edition (e-dish'un), n. the published 
 form of a literary work; the number 
 of copies of a book, magazine, or 
 newspaper published at one time; 
 reproduction. 
 
 editor (ed'i-ter), n. one who superin- 
 tends, revises, or prepares a literary 
 work for publication; one who con- 
 ducts a newspaper, magazine, &c. 
 
 editorial (ed-i-tor'i-al) , adj. pertaining 
 to an editor, or his duties: n. a lead- 
 ing article. 
 
 educate (ed'u-kat), v.t. to impart 
 knowledge to ; cultivate the moral or 
 intellectual faculties of; instruct; 
 train. 
 
 education (ed-u-ka'shun) , n. the act, 
 process, or result of educating; the 
 systematic training of the moral and 
 intellectual faculties; the rearing of 
 animals. 
 
 eel (el), n. an elongated fish, destitute 
 of ventral _ fins, having a slippery 
 mucous skin. 
 
 e'en (en), contraction of even and 
 evening. [Poetical.] 
 
 e'er (ar), contraction of ever. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl;, me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 
 •jl hue, hut ; think, then, 
 
EFFACE 
 
 164 
 
 ELBOW 
 
 efface (ef-fas'), v.t. to obliterate; 
 render indistinguishable; destroy. 
 
 effable (ef'a-bl), adj. capable of be- 
 ing expressed. 
 
 effect (ef-fekf), v.t. to produce as a 
 cause, consequence, or result; ac- 
 complish; fulfil: n. result; purpose; 
 realization; efficiency; purport: pi. 
 goods; personal estate. 
 
 effective (ef-f ekt'iv) , adj. having the 
 power to effect; operative; efficient; 
 powerful: n. a soldier fit for duty. 
 
 effeminate (ef-fem'i-nat), v.t. to make 
 womanish or delicate: v.i. become 
 womanish: adj. having the qualities 
 or characteristics of a woman; deli- 
 cate or unmanly. [Latin.] 
 
 efferent (ef'fer-ent), adj. conveying or 
 discharging outwards. 
 
 effervesce (ef-fer-ves'), v.i. to be in a 
 state of natural ebullition ; bubble 
 or hiss. [Latin.] 
 
 effete (ef-fet/), adj. worn out; barren; 
 exhausted. 
 
 efficacy (ef'i-ka-si), n. power to pro- 
 duce results or effects; ability. 
 
 efficient (e-fish'ent), adj. producing 
 or causing effects or results; power- 
 ful; ready: n. an agent or cause; a 
 qualified person. 
 
 effigy (ef'i-ji), n. [pi. effigies (ef'i-jiz)], 
 an image; a likeness or figure in 
 sculpture, painting, or on coins, &c. 
 
 efflorescence (e-flo-res'ens), n. the 
 time or state of flowering; the pro- 
 duction of flowers; redness of the 
 skin; the formation of fine white 
 crystals on the surface of efflorescing 
 substances. 
 
 effluence (ef flu-ens), n. an issuing 
 out. 
 
 effluvium (e-flu'vi-um), n. [pi. effluvia 
 (e-flu'vi-a)], an invisible subtle em- 
 anation ; disagreeable exhalations 
 arising from decaying matter. 
 
 efflux (ef'fluks), n. the act of flowing 
 out; effluence; emanation; a passing 
 away. 
 
 effort (effort), n. strenuous exertion, 
 physical or mental; struggle; at- 
 tempt. 
 
 effrontery (e-f runt'er-i) , n. impu- 
 dence. 
 
 effulgence (e-ful'jens), n. a great lus- 
 ter, brightness, or splendor. 
 
 effusive (e-fu'siv), adj. pouring forth 
 freely or widely. 
 
 ©gg.(eg). n. the oval or roundish body 
 laid by birds and certain other ani- 
 mals, from which their young are 
 produced; something shaped like an 
 egg; the germ or first principle of 
 anything: v.t. to urge on or incite; 
 pett with eggs. 
 
 ego (e'go), pr. I: n. self; personality. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 egotism (e'go- or eg'o-tizm), n. self- 
 exaltation in thought, speech, or 
 writing; vanity. Also egoism. 
 
 egregious (e-gre'jus), adj. extraordi- 
 nary. 
 
 egress (e'gres), n. departure. 
 
 eider (I'der), n. a large marine duck, 
 the down of which is an article of 
 commercial value. [Icelandic] 
 
 eight (at), adj. one more than 7: a 
 cardinal numeral: n. the sum of 7 
 and 1 ; a symbol (8, VIII., viii.) de- 
 noting this number. 
 
 eighteen (a/ten), adj. one more than 
 17: a cardinal numeral: n. the sum 
 of 17 and 1; a symbol (18, XVIII., 
 xviii.) denoting this number. 
 
 eighth (a'th), adj. next after sev- 
 enth: an ordinal numeral: n. an in- 
 terval of an octave. 
 
 eightieth (a'ti-eth), adj. next to 79th. 
 
 eighty (a'ti), adj. 8 times 10. 
 
 either (e' or i'ther), adj. one or the 
 other of two; both: pron. one of 
 two: conj. the correlative to or. 
 
 ejaculate (e-jak'u-lat), v.t. to utter 
 suddenly: v.i. to utter ejaculations. 
 
 eject (e-jekt'), v.t. to cast forth; dis- 
 miss from office; evict. 
 
 ejection (e-jek'shun), n. expulsion. 
 
 eke (ek), v.t. to extend or lengthen 
 [with out]: adv. also; likewise. [Poet.] 
 
 elaborate (e-lab'6-rat), v.t. to pro- 
 duce with labor; improve or refine 
 with study or labor: adj. highly- 
 finished; complicated. 
 
 elapse (e-laps'), v.i. to slip or glide 
 away; run out without notice. 
 
 elastic (e-las'tik) , adj. springing back : 
 having the power of returning to its 
 original form; rebounding; springy; 
 capable of extension: n. an elastic 
 woven fabric made partly of india- 
 rubber. 
 
 elate (e-lat'), v.t. to raise the spirits 
 of; cause to feel exultant; excite. 
 
 elbow (el'b5), n. the joint or bend of 
 the arm; anything bent or curved 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ELDER 
 
 165 
 
 ELK 
 
 like an elbow: v.t. to thrust on one 
 side. 
 
 elder (el'der), adj. older; exceeding an- 
 other in age; prior in time, origin, 
 or appointment : n. one older in age, 
 rank, or station. 
 
 elect (e-lekt'), v.t. to choose for any 
 office or use ; choose by ballot ; select 
 from a number: adj. taken in prefer- 
 ence ; chosen to an office but not yet 
 invested with the dignity: n.pl. 
 those chosen to eternal hie by Divine 
 Sovereignty. 
 
 election (e-lek'shun), n. the act of 
 electing ;_ voluntary preference. 
 
 elective (e-lek'tiv), adj. regulated by 
 choice; exerting the power of choice; 
 opposed to hereditary; having the 
 tendency to attract, or combine 
 with. 
 
 electricity (e-lek-tris'i-ti) , n. an im- 
 ponderable and invisible agent pro- 
 ducing light, heat, chemical decom- 
 position, and other physical phenom- 
 ena; the science of the laws and 
 phenomena which characterize elec- 
 tricity. 
 
 electrify (e-lek'tri-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 electrified, p.pr. electrifying], to 
 charge with, or act upon, by elec- 
 tricity; pass an electric current 
 through. Also electrize. 
 
 electro (e-lek'tro), a Greek prejix de- 
 noting electricity as the motive 
 
 . power or operating agent. 
 
 electrocution (e-lek-tro-ku'shun) , n. 
 the act of electrocuting. 
 
 electron (e-lek'tron) , n. an atom 
 corpuscle; the Beta ray of radium; 
 the carrier of negative electricity. 
 
 electroplate (e-lek'tro-plat), v.t. to 
 cover or give a coating of metal to 
 by means of a current of electricity: 
 n. an article thus coated: generally 
 applied to silver plate. 
 
 electrotype (e-lek/tro-tip), n. a fac- 
 simile in metal of any object made: 
 v.t. to take a copy of by electrical 
 deposition. 
 
 eleemosynary (el-e-mos'i-na-ri) , adj. 
 pertaining to alms; devoted to 
 charitable purposes ; dependent 
 upon charity: n. one who lives on 
 alms. 
 
 elegance (el'e-gans), n. [pi. elegances 
 (el'e-gan-siz)], the state or quality 
 
 of being elegant; polish; refinement; 
 symmetry. [French.] 
 
 elegant (el'e-gant), adj. characterized 
 by refinement and good taste; re- 
 fined; polished; beautiful in form, 
 color, or design. 
 
 elegy (el'e-ji), n. [pi. elegies (el'e-jiz)], 
 a funeral song or ode; dirge; re- 
 quiem. 
 
 element (el'e-ment), n. a first or con- 
 stituent principle; a component or 
 essential part; a substance which 
 cannot be decomposed by any known 
 method; natural environment; in- 
 gredient: pi. the letters or sounds 
 of the alphabet; the Eucharistic 
 bread and wine. 
 
 elephant (el'e-fant), n. a large five- 
 toed proboscidian mammal with a 
 flexible trunk and large tusks. 
 
 elevate (el'e-vat), v.t. to raise from a 
 lower to a higher position; ennoble; 
 animate; inspire; raise by training 
 or education; to intoxicate slightly. 
 
 elevator (el'e-va-ter), n. that which 
 raises up or exalts; a hoisting ma- 
 chine or lift; a warehouse for the 
 storage of grain. 
 
 eleven (e-lev'n), adj. 10 with 1 added: 
 a cardinal numeral: n. the sum of 10 
 with 1 added. 
 
 elf (elf), n. [pi. elves (elvz)l, a di- 
 minutive mischievous sprite sup- 
 posed to haunt hills and wild places; 
 a dwarf; fairy. 
 
 elicit (e-lis'it), v.t. to draw out. [Latin.] 
 
 elide (e-lkT), v.t. to slur over, or cut 
 off, as a final vowel. [Latin.] 
 
 eligible (ei'i-ji-bl) , adj. capable of 
 being, or fit to be, chosen; legally 
 qualified. 
 
 eliminate (e-lim'i-nat), v.t. to leave 
 out of consideration, or cast 
 aside. 
 
 elision (e-lizh'un), n. the cutting off 
 of a vowel or syllable for the sake 
 of euphony, as o'er for over. 
 
 elite (a-let'), n. the choicest part, as 
 of society, a profession, an army, 
 &c. 
 
 elixir (e-lik'ser), n. an imaginary 
 liquid of the alchemists supposed to 
 be capable of prolonging life indefi- 
 nitely, and of changing baser metals 
 into gold; a tincture, essence, or 
 cordial. [Arabic] 
 
 elk (elk), n. a very large deer of North 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ELL 
 
 166 
 
 EMBRASURE 
 
 America and Northern Europe; the 
 moose-deer. [Icelandic] 
 
 ell (el), n. a measure formerly used 
 for cloth, varying in different coun- 
 tries, an English ell being 45 
 inches. 
 
 ellipse (el-lips'), n. one of the sec- 
 tions of a cone; the elliptical orbit 
 of a planet. [Greek.] 
 
 ellipsis (el-lips'is), n. the omission of a 
 word or words in a sentence, the 
 sense of which is obvious. 
 
 elm (elm), n. a tree of various spe- 
 cies belonging to the genus Ulmus. 
 
 elocution (el-o-ku'shun) , n. the art, 
 manner, or style of speaking in pub- 
 lic; delivery. 
 
 elongate (e-16ng'gat) , v.t. to stretch 
 out; extend; lengthen. 
 
 elope (e-lopO, v.i. to escape private- 
 ly ; run away with a lover or para- 
 mour. [Dutch.] 
 
 eloquent (el'o-kwent), adj. having the 
 power of fluent and elegant oratory. 
 
 else (els), adv. besides; otherwise. 
 
 elsewhere (els'hwar), adv. in another 
 place. 
 
 elucidate (e-lus'i-dat), v.t. to make 
 clear; render intelligible; illus- 
 trate. 
 
 elude (e-lud'), v.t. to avoid by artifice 
 or dexterity ; shun ; escape. 
 
 em (em), n. the square body of any 
 size of type, serving as a unit of 
 measurement^ 
 
 emaciate (e-ma'shi-at), v.i. to lose 
 flesh gradually; pine away: v.t. to 
 make thin. [Latin.] 
 
 emanate (em'a-nat), v.i. to flow out, 
 issue, or proceed, as from a source. 
 
 emancipate (e-man'si-pat), v.t. to 
 liberate from servitude or bondage; 
 set free; enfranchise. _ 
 
 emasculate (e-mas'ku-lat), v.t. to 
 castrate; deprive of virility; weaken 
 by expurgation; adj. castrated. 
 
 embalm (em-bam'), v.t. to preserve 
 from decay by balsams, aromatic 
 spices or antiseptics. 
 
 embank (em-bangk'), v.t. to inclose 
 with a bank; protect by a bank. 
 
 embargo (em-bar'go), n. [pi. embar- 
 goes (em-bar'goz)], an order by au- 
 thority prohibiting the departure 
 of vessels from a port. 
 
 embark (em-bark'), v.t. to put on 
 board ship; venture or invest: v.i. to 
 
 go on board a vessel; engage in any 
 affairs. 
 
 embarrass (em-bar'as), v.t. to hinder; 
 perplex; involve in pecuniary diffi- 
 culties; distress. 
 
 embassy (em'ba-si), n. [pi. embassies 
 (em'ba-siz)], the public function, or 
 official residence of an ambassador. 
 
 embattled (em-bat'ld), p. adj. fur- 
 nished with battlements; drawn up 
 in battle array. 
 
 embed (em-bed'), v.t. to lay in, or as 
 in, a bed; set in surrounding mat- 
 ter. 
 
 embellish (em-bel'ish) , v.t. to make 
 beautiful; set off by ornamentation. 
 
 ember (em'ber), n. a small live coal 
 or unextinguished smoldering ashes. 
 
 embezzle (em-bez'l), v.t. to appropri- 
 ate fraudulently, as property en- 
 trusted to one's care. 
 
 embitter (em-bit'er), v.t. to make bit- 
 ter, or more bitter; exasperate. 
 Also imbitter. 
 
 emblazon (em-bla'zn), v.t. to adorn 
 with heraldic figures; blazon; deco- 
 rate; celebrate the praises of. 
 
 emblem (em'blem), n. a symbolical fig- 
 ure or design ; a visible sign of an idea. 
 
 embody (em-bod'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 embodied, p.pr. embodying], to 
 collect into one mass or united 
 whole; invest with, or as with, a 
 material body; v.i. to coalesce. 
 
 embolden (em-bold'en), v.t. to en- 
 courage. 
 
 embosom (em-booz'um), v.t. to hold 
 in the bosom; inclose in the midst; 
 shelter. 
 
 emboss (em-bos'), v.t. to cover with 
 bosses or studs; raise in relief from 
 the surface. 
 
 embower (em-bou'er), v.t. to cover 
 with, or as with, a bower: v.i. to rest, 
 as in a bower; form a bower. 
 
 embrace (em-bras'), v.t. to take in 
 close, or press to the bosom with 
 affection; hug; cling to; receive 
 with willingness; in law, to attempt 
 to influence by threats or bribes: 
 v.i. to join in an embrace: n. the act 
 of embracing; a clasping in the arms; 
 a hug. 
 
 embrasure (em-bra'zhur) , n. an open- 
 ing in a wall or parapet from which to 
 fire guns; a window or door having 
 its sides slanted on the inside. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
EMBROCATE 
 
 167 
 
 ENABLE 
 
 embrocate (em'bro-kat), v.t. to mois- 
 ten and rub, as a diseased or injured 
 part, with a lotion. 
 
 embroider (em-broid'er), v.t. to deco- 
 rate with needlework; embellish with 
 additions. 
 
 embroil (em-broil'), v.t. to throw into 
 confusion; involve in contention; 
 mix up; entangle. 
 
 embryo (em'bri-o), n. [pi. embryos 
 (em'bri-oz)], the first germ or rudi- 
 ment of an organism ; the first or 
 undeveloped state of anything. 
 
 emend (e-mend'), v.t. to. alter or 
 correct a text or manuscript. 
 
 emerge (e-merj'), v.i. to rise up, or 
 come forth, from anything which 
 conceals; become apparent. 
 
 emergency (e-mer'jen-si), n. [pi. 
 emergencies (e-iner'jen-siz)], a sud- 
 den occasion; pressing necessity; 
 strait; crisis: adj. pertaining to, or 
 used in, an emergency. 
 
 emeritus (e-mer'i-tus), adj. retired 
 from service with honor: said of a 
 university or college professor, or of 
 the rector of a church. [Latin.] 
 
 emery (em'er-i), n. a very hard va- 
 riety of corundum; used when pow- 
 dered for grinding or polishing. 
 
 emetic (e-met'ik), adj. inducing vom- 
 iting: n. a medicine possessing 
 emetic properties. 
 
 emigrate (em'i-grat), v.i. to leave one's 
 country to settle in another. 
 
 eminent (em'i-nent), adj. _ high in 
 office, rank, or reputation; dis- 
 tinguished; exalted; conspicu- 
 ous. 
 
 emissary (em'i-sa : ri) , n. [pi. emis- 
 saries (em'i-sa-riz)], a person, or 
 agent, sent on a mission, especially 
 of a secret nature. 
 
 emit (e-mit'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. emitted, 
 p.pr. emitting], to send or give 
 forth; issue, as an order or decree; 
 to print and send into circulation, 
 as bank notes. [Latin.] 
 
 emollient (e-mol'yent) , adj. soften- 
 ing: n. a medicine that has a soften- 
 ing effect on living tissues. 
 
 emolument (e-mql'u-ment), n. profit; 
 remuneration; income; pecuniary 
 gain. 
 
 emotion (e-mo'shun), n. mental agi- 
 tation; excited feeling; passion. 
 
 emperor (em'per-er), n. the sover- 
 
 eign or supreme ruler of an em- 
 pire. 
 
 emphasis (em'fa-sis), n. a particular 
 stress of the voice on a word or 
 words in reading or speaking; spe- 
 cial force of language or thought. 
 
 emphatic (em-fat'ik), adj. uttered 
 with emphasis; forcibly significant; 
 impressive; earnest. Also emphati- 
 cal. 
 
 empire (em'pir), n. supreme power or 
 dominion; imperial rule or sover- 
 eignty; the region ruled over by an 
 emperor or sovereign; sway; con- 
 trol. [French.] 
 
 empiric (em-pir'ik), adj. pertaining 
 to, founded upon, or derived from, 
 experience. Also empirical. 
 
 employ (em-ploi'). v.t. [p.t. & p.p. em- 
 ployed, p.pr. employing], to give oc- 
 cupation to; keep busy; exercise; 
 make use of; apply or devote to an 
 object: n. occupation. 
 
 employment (em-ploi'ment) , n. busi- 
 ness; occupation. 
 
 emporium (em-po'ri-um), n. a com- 
 mercial center or place of trade; a 
 large shop. 
 
 empower (em-pou'er), v.t. to au- 
 thorize; enable. 
 
 empress (em'pres), n. the consort or 
 widow of an emperor. 
 
 empty (emp'ti), adj. [comp. emptier 
 (emp'ti-er), superl. emptiest (empti- 
 est)], _ containing nothing; vague; 
 unsatisfactory; destitute of force, 
 knowledge, or sense; fasting; vacant: 
 v.t. [p.t. & p.p. emptied, p.pr. empty- 
 ing], to. deprive of the contents; pour 
 out; discharge; make vacant: v.i. 
 to become empty; discharge itself: 
 n. {pi. empties), an empty vessel, 
 packing case, or sack. 
 
 empyrean (em-pir-e'an), adj. per- 
 taining to the highest and purest re- 
 gion of heaven, or the region of pure 
 fire; ethereal L Also empyreal. 
 
 emulate (em'u-lat), v.t. to strive to 
 equal or excel; vie with; rival. 
 
 emulsion (e-muTshun), n. any liquid 
 preparation resembling milk; a sub- 
 stance suspended in gelatine or col- 
 lodion, used in the preparation of 
 dry photographic plates. 
 
 enable (en'a-bl), v.t. to make able: 
 furnish with adequate means or 
 power; empower. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, n6rth, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ENACT 
 
 168 
 
 ENDURE 
 
 enact (en»akt'), v.t. to decree; pass 
 into law; act the part of. 
 
 enallage (en-al'a-je), n.the exchange of 
 one case, mood or tense for another. 
 
 enamel (en-am'el), n. an opaque, 
 semi-transparent, or colored sub- 
 stance, or glass, used in coating the 
 surface of metals or porcelain, and 
 afterwards fired ; anything enameled ; 
 any smooth hard coating, especially 
 the dense white substance of the 
 teeth: v.t. cover with enamel . 
 
 enamor (en-am'er), v.t. to captivate. 
 
 encamp (en-kamp'), v.i. to form a 
 camp; halt on the march; go into 
 camp or settle in temporary quar- 
 ters: v.t. to form into a camp. 
 
 encaustic (en-kaws'tik), adj. pertain- 
 ing to the art of painting in burnt 
 wax. [Greek.] 
 
 enceinte (ang-sangt') , n. the main in- 
 closure of a fortress: adj. with child; 
 pregnant. [French.] 
 
 enchain (en-chan'), v.t. to hold fast 
 with, or as with, a chain. 
 
 enchant (en-chanf), v.t. to charm or 
 subdue, as by spells or sorcery; be- 
 witch; fill with delight. 
 
 encircle (en-ser'kl), v.t. to form, or 
 inclose, in a circle; enclasp; embrace. 
 
 enclose. See inclose. 
 
 enclosure. See inclosure. 
 
 encomium (en-ko'mi-um), n. [pi. 
 encomiums (en-ko'mi-umz)], formal 
 praise; eulogy. [Greek.] 
 
 encompass (en-kum'pas) , v.t. to sur- 
 round. 
 
 encore (ang-kor'),. adv. once more; 
 again; n. a repetition in response to 
 a call by an audience: v.t. to call 
 for a repetition of. 
 
 encounter (en-koun'ter) , v.t. to come 
 upon suddenly; meet face to face: 
 v.i. to come into collision; meet in 
 combat: n. a sudden or accidental 
 meeting; conflict; battle. 
 
 encourage (en-kur'aj), v.t. to give, or 
 inspire with, courage; stimulate. 
 
 encroach (en-kroch'), v.i. to invade 
 gradually or by stealth; infringe; 
 intrude (usually with on or upon). 
 
 encumber (en-kum'ber) , v.t. to im- 
 pede; retard; clog; obstruct; load 
 with debt or other legal liabilities. 
 
 encyclical (en-sik'li-kal) , adj. sent to 
 all members of a class or commu- 
 nity; intended for general circula- 
 
 tion. Also encyclic: n. a circular 
 letter sent by the Pope to the bish- 
 ops, treating of topics of general ec- 
 clesiastical interest. [Greek.] 
 
 encyclopaedia or encyclopedia (en- 
 si-klo-pe'di-a) , n. the circle of the 
 arts and sciences; a dictionary of 
 the arts, sciences, and literature; a 
 comprehensive summary of knowl- 
 edge; a cyclopaedia. 
 
 encyst (en-sisf), v.t. & v.i. to enclose, or 
 become enclosed, in a cyst or vesicle. 
 
 end (end), n. the extreme limit or 
 terminal point of anything; purpose 
 in view; design; necessary termina- 
 tion, or logical outcome; death: v.t. 
 to bring to an end; finish; ter- 
 minate; destroy: v.i. to come to an 
 end; die. 
 
 endanger (en-dan'jer), v.t. expose to, 
 or bring into, danger; hazard. 
 
 endear (en-deV), v.t. to make dear or 
 beloved ; attach to one's self. 
 
 endeavor (en-dev'er) , v.i. to strive for 
 the attainment of some object; at- 
 tempt: n. an effort or attempt.^ 
 
 endemic (en-dem'ik), adj. peculiar to 
 a nation, people, or locality: ap- 
 plied to a disease. 
 
 endless (end'les), a. everlasting; with- 
 out termination. 
 
 endo and endon, a Greek prefix mean- 
 ing within. 
 
 endocardium (en-do-kar'di-um), n. 
 the membrane lining the heart. 
 
 endogen (en'do-jen), n. an endogen- 
 ous plant: pi. one of the primary 
 classes of the vegetable kingdom, 
 in which the plants increase by in- 
 ternal growth and elongation at the 
 summit, and have a distinct pith. 
 
 endosperm (en'do-sperm) , n. the albu- 
 men of a seed. 
 
 endow (en-dou'), v.t. to bestow a fund 
 or income upon; settle upon; fur- 
 
 . nish, as with some gift or quality 
 (with with). 
 
 endue (en-du'), v.t. to clothe; invest; 
 assume; furnish with some moral or 
 spiritual gift. Also indue. 
 
 endurable (en-dur'a-bl) , adj. bearable. 
 
 endurance (en-diir'ans) , n. the capac- 
 ity to endure; power of suffering 
 without succumbing ; continuance ; 
 fortitude. 
 
 endure (en-dur'), v.t. to support with- 
 out breaking or yielding; put up 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ENEMA 
 
 ENMITY 
 
 with; remain in: v.i. to harden; re- 
 main in the same state. 
 
 enema (en'e-ma), n. an injection 
 thrown into the rectum as a medi- 
 cine. 
 
 enemy (en'e-mi), n. [pi. enemies 
 (,en'e-miz)], one hostile to another; 
 foe; antagonist; a hostile army. 
 
 energy (en'er-ji), n. [pi. energies (en'- 
 er-jiz)], internal or inherent power; 
 vigorous operation; power efficiently 
 and forcibly exerted; capacity for 
 performing work; emphasis. 
 
 enervate (en'er-vat or e-ner'vat), v.t. 
 to deprive of nerve, force, or vigor; 
 render effeminate or feeble; debili- 
 tate. 
 
 enfeeble (en-fe'bl), v.t. to weaken; 
 relax. 
 
 enfilade (en-fi-lad')., n. a straight line 
 or passage; the situation of a place 
 or a body of men liable to be raked 
 with shot through its whole extent: 
 v.t. to pierce or rake with shot in a 
 straight line. 
 
 enforce (en-fors'), v.t. to put into exe- 
 cution with vigor; compel; make 
 clear or intelligible. 
 
 enfranchise (en-fran'chlz), v.t. to lib- 
 erate or set free; make free of a 
 state, city, or corporation; confer 
 the electoral franchise upon; ad- 
 mit to the right of voting in public 
 elections. 
 
 engage (en-gaj'), v.t. to pledge or 
 bind by oath or contract; make lia- 
 ble for a debt; secure for aid or em- 
 ployment; encounter in battle; oc- 
 cupy the time or attention of ; inter- 
 lock: v.i. to promise or assume an 
 obligation; occupy one's self; enter 
 a conflict. 
 
 engagement (en-gaj 'ment), n. the act 
 of engaging; the state or condition 
 of being engaged; betrothal; occu- 
 pation; a conflict between armies 
 or fleets. 
 
 engender (en-jen'der), v.t. to beget; 
 excite: v.i. to come into existence. 
 
 engine (en'jin), n. anything used to 
 effect a purpose ; a machine by which 
 power is applied for the performance 
 of work ; an apparatus for producing 
 some mechanical effect: v.t. to fur- 
 nish or fit up a vessel with engines. 
 
 engineer (en-ji-ner'), n. one who is 
 soiled in the principles or practice 
 
 of any branch of engineering; one 
 who has charge of and manages an 
 engine; one who carries through a 
 scheme or undertaking by skill or 
 astuteness: v.t. plan, to lay out, or 
 direct, as an engineer, the forma- 
 tion or execution of, as a road or 
 work. 
 
 English (ing'glish), adj. belonging 
 to, characteristic of, or pertaining 
 to, the language or the people of 
 England, or those descended from 
 them: n. the English people or the 
 language spoken by them. 
 
 engrave (en-grav'), v.t. to cut or 
 carve in sunken patterns; incise 
 with figures or lines; impress deeply 
 or indelibly. 
 
 engross (en-gros'), v.t. to purchase in 
 the gross or bulk; monopolize; write 
 in a large distinct round hand. 
 
 engulf (en-gulf), v.t. to draw down 
 into an abyss; to overwhelm in a 
 mass of water. Also ingulf. 
 
 enhance (en-hans'), v.t. to raise in 
 esteem; advance; heighten in price 
 or value. 
 
 enigma (e-nig'ma), n. a riddle. 
 
 enjoin (en-join'), v.t. to direct with 
 authority or urgency; enforce; pro- 
 hibit or restrain by an injunction. 
 
 enjoy (en-joi'), v.t. to feel or perceive 
 with pleasure; have the use or pos- 
 session of. 
 
 enkindle (en-kin'dl), v.t. to set on fire; 
 rouse. 
 
 enlarge (en-larj/), v.t. to make larger; 
 extend in limits or dimensions; am- 
 plify; extend to more purposes or 
 uses; release from confinement; di- 
 late upon: v.i. to become larger; ex- 
 patiate. 
 
 enlighten (en-lit'n), v.t. to illuminate; 
 make clear to the mind; furnish 
 with increased knowledge; elevate 
 morally or spiritually. 
 
 enlist (en-lisf), v.t. to enroll, as for 
 military service; register; gain over, 
 or employ in some cause: v.i. to 
 engage one's self for military ser- 
 vice. 
 
 enliven (en-llv'n),_ v.t. to make vigor- 
 pus, active, or vivacious; exhilarate; 
 inspirit. 
 
 enmity (en'mi-ti), n. [pi. enmities 
 (en'mi-tiz)], animosity ; hatred ; hos- 
 tility; ill-will. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, fTien. 
 
ENNOBLE 
 
 170 
 
 ENTRAP 
 
 ennoble (en-no'bl), v.t. to make noble; 
 dignify; exalt; make famous or il- 
 lustrious. 
 
 ennui (ang-we'), languor of mind; 
 listlessness ; [French.] 
 
 enormous (e-nor'mus), adj. excessive; 
 very great; immense; huge; ex- 
 tremely wicked. 
 
 enough (e-nuf), adj. sufficient: n. a 
 sufficiency: adv. so as to be suffi- 
 cient; very; quite: inter j. stop! 
 
 enquire (en-quir'), same as inquire. 
 
 enquiry (en-qui'ri), same as inquiry. 
 
 enrage (en-raj '), v.t. to throw into a 
 rage. 
 
 enrich (en-rich'), v.t. to make rich; 
 fertilize; store; adorn. 
 
 enroll (en-rol'), v.t. to insert in a reg- 
 ister; enlist; record. 
 
 ensconce (en-skons'), v.t. to hide; fix 
 securely or comfortably; settle. 
 
 ensemble (ang-sam'bl), the whole, 
 with the parts all gathered together. 
 [French.] 
 
 enshrine (en-shrin'), v.t. to place in 
 a shrine; keep sacred. 
 
 ensign (en'sin), n. a flag; badge; the 
 lowest rank in the navy, formerly 
 known as "passed midshipman." In 
 the British navy the name ensign 
 has been changed to "sublieuten- 
 ant." 
 
 ensilage (en'si-laj), n. fodder or vege- 
 table produce stored in a silo or 
 pit : v.t . to preserve in a silo. 
 
 enslave (en-slav'), v.t. to bring into, 
 or reduce to, slavery; enthrall. 
 
 ensnare (en-snax'), v.t. to take in, or 
 as in, a snare; take by craft; al- 
 lure. 
 
 ensue (en-su'), v.i. to follow as a con- 
 sequence; succeed. 
 
 entablature (en-tab'la-tur) , n. the 
 whole parts on the top of a m pillar 
 
 entail (en-tal'), n. an estate in fee 
 limited to a particular heir or heirs: 
 v.t. to leave or settle, as if by en- 
 tail; involve; necessitate. 
 
 entangle (en-tang'gl) , v.t. to involve; 
 tangle; ensnare; perplex; bewil- 
 der. 
 
 entente (ang-tant), n. understanding 
 between governments; affiance. 
 
 enter (en'ter), v.t. to go or come into; 
 begin; penetrate; set down in writ- 
 ing; join or become a member of; 
 initiate into a business, &c; place 
 
 on the records of a court: v.i. to 
 effect an entrance; come in. 
 
 enterprise (en'ter-priz), n. an under- 
 taking of importance or risk; bold- 
 ness; energy and invention. 
 
 entertain (en-ter r tan') , v.t. to receive 
 and treat hospitably; afford diver- 
 sion to; keep in the mind; take into 
 consideration: v.i. to receive guests 
 hospitably. 
 
 entertainment (en-ter-tan'ment) , n. 
 the act of entertaining; hospitality 
 at table; a feast or banquet; a 
 diverting performance; amusement. 
 
 enthrall (en-thrawl'), v.t. to enslave; 
 bring or hold under some overmas- 
 tering influence. 
 
 enthrone (en-thron'), v.t. to place on 
 a throne; invest with sovereign 
 power and authority. 
 
 enthusiasm (en-thu'zi-azm) , n. eleva- 
 tion of fancy; ardor of mind; fer- 
 vent zeal; fanaticism. [Greek.] 
 
 entice (en-tis'), v.t. to attract or al- 
 lure; tempt. 
 
 entire (en-tir'), adj. complete in all 
 parts; whole; undivided or un- 
 broken; unalloyed; consisting of one 
 piece: adv.^ entirely; wholly: n. the 
 whole; entire beer. 
 
 entitle (en-ti'tl), v.t. to give a title, 
 name, or designation to; style; give 
 a right to. 
 
 entity (en'ti-ti), n. [pi. entities (en'- 
 ti-tiz)], anything that exists, or is 
 supposed to exist; being. 
 
 ento, ent, a Greek prejix forming 
 many compounds with scientific 
 words, meaning within, interior. 
 
 entomb (en-toom'), v.t. to place in, 
 or as in, a tomb. 
 
 entomology (en-to-mol'5-ji) , n. that 
 branch of zoology which treats of in- 
 sects and their habits. 
 
 entourage (ang-too-razh'), n. asso- 
 ciates, surroundings. 
 
 entrails (en'tralz), n.pl. the intes- 
 tines. 
 
 entrain (en-tran), v.t. to dispatch 
 (troops) by train : v.i. to board a train. 
 
 entrance (en'trans), n. the act of en- 
 tering; a passage; avenue; the en- 
 try of a ship, or goods, at the cus- 
 tom house of a port: v.t. (en-trans') 
 to bewitch, to fascinate. 
 
 entrap (en-trap'), v.t. to take in, or 
 as in, a trap; inveigle; ensnare. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ENTREAT 
 
 171 
 
 EPOCH 
 
 entreat (en-tret'), v.t. to solicit ear- 
 nestly; importune; beseech. 
 
 entree (iing-tra'), n. entrance; admis- 
 sion; a side dish. [French.] 
 
 entrust, same as intrust. _ 
 
 entry (en'tri), n. [pi. entries (en'triz)], 
 an entrance; passage; entree; the 
 act of entering and inscribing in a 
 book; item; the taking possession of. 
 
 entwine (en-twin'), v.t. to twine 
 around; twist together. 
 
 enumerate (e - nu'mer - at) , v.t. to 
 reckon or name singly; count; go 
 over in detail. 
 
 enunciate (e-nun'shi-at) , v.t. to de- 
 clare or proclaim; utter; express; 
 speak. 
 
 envelop (en-vel'up), v.t. to surround 
 with, or as with, a wrapper; hide; 
 cover. 
 
 envelope (en'vel-op), n. a case or 
 wrapper, usually gummed, for safe 
 conveyance of a letter by post, &c; 
 covering; wrapper. 
 
 envenom (en-ven'um), v.t. make poi- 
 sonous; infuse venom into; embit- 
 ter. 
 
 enviable (en'vi-a-bl) , adj. exciting 
 envy: capable of awakening the de- 
 sire to possess. 
 
 envious (en'vi-us), adj. feeling, or 
 characterized by, envy; jealous. 
 
 environ (en-vl'run), v.t. to surround or 
 inclose; encompass; hem in: n.pl. 
 places near a town or city; suburbs. 
 
 envoy (en'voi), n. a diplomatic repre- 
 sentative, second in rank to an am- 
 bassador; one sent on a special mis- 
 sion. [French.] 
 
 envy (en'vi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. envied, 
 p.pr. envying], to grudge; feel dis- 
 pleasure at the excellence or pros- 
 perity of; covet: v.i. m to feel or 
 exhibit envy: n. malice, ill-will; 
 displeasure felt at the excellence of 
 another; an object of envy. 
 
 enwrap (en-rap'), v.t. to wrap up. 
 
 enzym, enzyme (en'zim), n. any of 
 the unorganized ferments ; leavened 
 bread. 
 
 eon (e'on), n a period of time; an age: 
 eternity. Also aeon. [Greek.] 
 
 epact (e'pakt), n. the excess of the 
 solar over the lunar month, about 11 
 days in the year. [French.] 
 
 epaulet (ep'aw-let), n. an ornament- 
 al badge sometimes worn on the 
 
 shoulder by navai and military of- 
 ficers. [French.] 
 
 ephemeral (e-fem'er-al), adj. existing 
 only for a day; short-lived. 
 
 epic (ep'ik), adj. heroic; narrative; 
 said of a poem: n. a narrative poem 
 of some heroic deed or event. 
 [Greek.] 
 
 Epicurean (ep-i-ku-re'an), n. a fol- 
 lower of the Greek philosopher, 
 Epicurus (third century B.C.), who 
 taught that pleasure is the chief 
 good; by a perversion of his meaning, 
 the word came to be applied to a 
 voluptuary, or gourmand. 
 
 epidemic (ep-i-dem'ik)^ adj. attacking 
 many at the same time: said of a 
 disease: n. a disease having this 
 characteristic. [Greek.] 
 
 epidermis (ep-i-der'mis), n. the cuticle 
 or scarf skin; the outer coating or 
 bark of a plant. 
 
 epigastrium (ep-i-gas'tri-um), n. the 
 upper part of the abdomen and more 
 particularly the walls of the stomach 
 and the stomach itself. [Greek.] 
 
 epiglottis (ep-i-glot'is), n. the leaf- 
 shaped cartilage which covers the 
 upper part of the larynx in the act 
 of swallowing. 
 
 epigram (ep'i-gram), ??. a verse or 
 short poem ending in some ingenious 
 or witty turn ; a pithy phrase.^ 
 
 epilepsy (ep'i-lep-si), n. a chronic ner- 
 vous disease accompanied by loss of 
 consciousness and convulsions. 
 
 epilogue (ep'i-log), n. a poem or 
 speech at the conclusion of a 
 play. 
 
 episcopacy (e-pis'ko-pa-si), n. church 
 government by bishops; prelacy. 
 
 episode (ep'i-sod), n. an incident; a 
 digression, or incidental narrative. 
 
 epistle (e-pis'l), n. a letter; a writ- 
 ten communication or message. 
 
 epitaph (ep'i-taf), n. a memorial in- 
 scription on a tomb or monument. 
 
 epithelium (ep-i-the'li-um) , n. the 
 cells that line the alimentary canal 
 and sometimes other parts of the 
 body. 
 
 epithet (ep'i-thet), n. an adjective 
 denoting any quality either good or 
 bad; appellation. 
 
 epitome (e-pit'5-me) , n. a summary; 
 abridgment; compendium. 
 
 epoch (ep'ok), n. a point of time 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
EPODE 172 ERROR 
 
 from which succeeding years are and outfit of an army, vessel, trav- 
 reckoned; era; date. eler, &c; the carriage, horse, liver- 
 
 epode (ep'od), n. the last part of an ied servants of a person of rank or 
 ode; a burden or refrain in music. gentleman. 
 
 equable (ek'wa-bl), adj. uniform; equity (ek'wi-ti), n. [pi. equities 
 consistently equal; proportionate. (ekVi-tiz)], justice; just regard to 
 
 equal (e'kwal), adj. of the same ex- right or claim; impartiality; the ad- 
 tent, or magnitude; uniform; ade- ministration of law according to its 
 quate; of the same rank, degree, or spirit and not according to the 
 value; just; parallel: n. one of the letter. 
 
 same age, rank, office, talents, &c: equivalent (e-kwiv'a-lent), adj. equal 
 v.t. [p.t. & p.p. equaled, p.pr. equal- in value or power; the same in 
 ing], to be, become or make equal; significance or effect : n. a thing of the 
 return a full equivalent for. # same effect. 
 
 equality (e-kwal'i-ti) , n. [pi. equali- equivocal (e-kwiv'o-kal) , adj. of a 
 ties (e-kwal'i-tiz)l, the state of being doubtful or double significance; 
 equal; uniformity; evenness, equa- ambiguous; open to suspicion or 
 bility. doubt; uncertain. 
 
 equanimity (e-kwa-nim'i-ti) , n. even- era (e'ra), n. the point of time from 
 ness of temper or mind; calmness. which a series of years is reckoned; 
 
 equation (e-kwa'shun), n. in mathe- period; the beginning of a new geo- 
 matics, a proposition expressing the logical system or formation, 
 equality of two quantities, the sign eradicate (e-rad'i-kat) , v.t. to de- 
 = being placed between them; a stroy thoroughly; exterminate, 
 representation of a chemical reac- erase (e-ras'), v.t. to obliterate by, or 
 tion expressed by symbols. as by, scratching, or blotting out; 
 
 equator (e-kwa'ter), n. the imaginary expunge. 
 
 circle which passes round the mid- ere (ar), conj. & prep, before; sooner 
 
 die of the earth and divides it into than. 
 
 two equal parts. . erect (e-rekt'), v.t. to raise upright; 
 
 equerry (ek'wer-i), n. .[pi. equerries construct; build; raise; establish; 
 (ekVer-iz)], an officer in the house of distend or stiffen: adj. upright; 
 a prince or nobleman, who attends firmly uplifted; bold or un- 
 him in public, and has the super- shaken, 
 vision of his horses. ergo (er'go), adv. therefore; conse- 
 
 equestrian (e-kwes'tri-an) , adj. per- quently. [Latin.] 
 
 taining to horses or horsemanship; ermine (er'min), n. a weasel-like 
 performing with horses: n. one animal, much valued for its fur, 
 skilled in horsemanship. which becomes white in winter, ex- 
 
 equi, a Latin prejix meaning equal. cept the tip of the tail, which re- 
 
 equilateral (e-kwi-lat'er-al), adj. hav- mains black; the emblem, dignity, 
 ing all the sides equal: n. a figure or office of a judge, 
 with equal sides. erosion (e-ro'zhun), n. the act of 
 
 equilibrium (e - kwi - lib ' ri - um) , n. eating away ; gradual destruction, 
 equality of # weight, power, force, erotic (e-rot'ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
 &c; equipoise. # caused by, love; amorous: n. an 
 
 equinox (e'kwi-noks) , n. the point of amatory poem or composition, 
 intersection of the ecliptic and the err (er), v.i. to commit an error or 
 equator; the time the sun enters mistake; wander; deviate from the 
 one of the two equinoctial points path of rectitude, 
 when the days and nights are of errand (er'and), n. a message; corn- 
 equal duration. mission. 
 
 equip (e-kwip'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. erratic (er-rat'ik) , _ adj. wandering; 
 equipped, p.pr. equipping!, to fur- irregular; eccentric: n.pl. boulders 
 nish or fit out; accoutre; prepare or transported by natural agencies 
 qualify. from their original site. 
 
 equipage (ek'wi-paj), n. the arms error (er'er), n. deviation from the 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ERST 173 ESTRANGE 
 
 truth; mistake; blunder; an irreg- terrace or promenade, for public 
 ularity. use. 
 
 erst (erst), adv. formerly. espouse (es-pouz'), v.t. to promise, en- 
 
 eructation (es-ruk-ta'shun), n. the gage, or give in marriage; wed; 
 act of throwing off wind from the adopt; advocate or defend, as a 
 stomach. cause. 
 
 erudite (er'u-dit), learned. espy (es-pl'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. espied, 
 
 erudition (er-u-dish'un), n. knowledge p.pr. espying], to' see at a distance; 
 obtained by the study of books; discover (something intended to be 
 learning. hid) ; see unexpectedly. 
 
 eruption (e-rup'shun) , n. a breaking esquire (es-kwir') , n. originally the ar- 
 or bursting forth; that which bursts mor-bearer or attendant on a knight; 
 forth; a breaking out. a title next below a knight's; a title 
 
 erysipelas (er-i-sip'e-las), n. an in- applied to professional men, justices 
 flammation of the skin, accompanied of the peace, and often used instead 
 with fever. [Greek.] of Mr. in the address of a letter. 
 
 escalator (es'ka-la'tor) , n. a moving In England it is considered dis- 
 stairway. courteous or contemptuous to use 
 
 escapade (es'ka-pad') , n. a breach of Mr. in place of Esq. in a let- 
 propriety; misdeed; freak, ter. 
 escape (es-kap'), v.t. to flee from; get essay (es'sa), n. a short written com- 
 mit of the way of; avoid; enjoy position or treatise; an attempt; 
 immunity from: v.i. to get out of experiment: v.t. (es-sa/), [p.t. & 
 danger; fly: n. a getting away from p.p. essayed, p.pr. essaying], to try 
 danger; flight: deliverance. or attempt. 
 escarp (es-karp'), v.t. to give a steep essence (es'ens), n. the concentrated 
 slope to: n. the side of the ditch preparation of any substance; vola- 
 next the rampart forming a steep tile matter; perfume; that in which 
 slope. _ the real character of a thing con- 
 escheat (es r chet') ? v.L to forfeit sists. 
 
 through failure of heirs in British essential (es-sen'shal) , adj. necessary 
 law: v.i. to revert to the crown or to the existence of a thing; most 
 lord of the manor by reason of important; indispensable; pure; vol- 
 forfeiture or failure of heirs: n. land atile; highly rectified. 
 or tenements which fall to the crown establish (es-tab'lish), v.t. to fix firm- 
 or lord of the manor by forfeiture or ly; settle; prove legally; strength- 
 failure of heirs. en; restore. 
 eschew (es-chu'), v.t. to shun; avoid, estate (es-tat/), n. condition of life; 
 escort (es'kort), n. a body of armed rank, position, or quality; the title 
 men acting as a guard; a retinue: or interest one has in lands or tene- 
 v.t. (es-kort') to accompany; con- ments; property in general: pi. or- 
 voy. _ ders or classes of men in a country; 
 escutcheon (es-kuch'un) , n. a shield a legislative assembly composed of 
 on which the heraldic arms of a these classes. 
 
 family are emblazoned. esteem (es-tem'), v.t. to set a high 
 
 esophagus (e-sof 'a-gus) , n. the gul- value upon; respect; prize; con- 
 let or canal through which food and sider: n. favorable opinion; estima- 
 drink pass to the stomach. tion; respect; reverence. 
 
 esoteric (es-o-ter'ik), adj. secret; con- estimate (es'ti-mat), v.t. to compute; 
 fidential; profound. determine the value of : n. the com- 
 
 especial (es-pesh'al), adj. particular; puted cost or value of anything; 
 
 chief. appraisement. 
 
 espionage (es'pi-o-naj), n. the act or estop (es-top'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. es- 
 practice of spying to detect wrong- topped, p.pr. estopping], to place 
 doing, or of employing spies or se- under estoppel; bar. 
 cret agents. estrange (es-tranj'), v.t. to alienate; 
 
 esplanade (es-pla-nade') , n. a levelled keep at a distance; turn from kind- 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ESTUARY 
 
 174 
 
 EVENT 
 
 ness to indifference or enmity (with 
 from). 
 
 estuary (es'tu-a-ri) , n. [pi. estuariea 
 (es'tu-a-riz)], the mouth of a tidal 
 river. 
 
 et csetera (et set'er-a), and othera 
 of the same kind; and so forth. 
 Also et cetera. 
 
 etch (ech), v.t. to engrave by biting 
 out with an acid the design previous- 
 ly drawn with an etching-needle: v.i. 
 to practice etching. 
 
 eternal (e-ter'nal), adj. without be- 
 ginning or end; everlasting; per- 
 petual; incessant. 
 
 eternity (e-ter'ni-ti) , # n. [pi. eternities 
 (e-ter'ni-tiz)], infinite duration; un- 
 ending existence. 
 
 ether (e'ther), n. an extremely fine 
 fluid, lighter than air, supposed to 
 pervade all space beyond the atmos- 
 phere of the earth; a volatile in- 
 flammable liquid produced by the 
 distillation of alcohol with sulphuric 
 acid. It is now used as an anaes- 
 thetic largely supplanting chloroform 
 as being safer. 
 
 ethics (eth'iks), n.pl. the science that 
 treats of the principles of human 
 morality and duty; moral philoso- 
 phy; morals. 
 
 ethnic (eth'nik), adj. pertaining to, or 
 characteristic of, races or peoples. 
 
 ethyl (eth'il), n. a monatomic fatty 
 hydrocarbon radical, contained in 
 alcohol and ether. 
 
 etiquette (et'i-ket), n. the conven- 
 tional rules or ceremonial observed 
 in polite society; good breeding. 
 [French.] 
 
 etymology (et-i-mol'o-ji), n. [pi. ety- 
 mologies (et-i-mol'o-jiz)], that branch 
 of philology which treats of the origin 
 and derivation of words. [Greek.] 
 
 euchre (u'ker), n. a particular game 
 of cards, those between seven and 
 ace being discarded: v.t. to prevent 
 (an opponent at euchre) from tak- 
 ing three of the five tricks: hence 
 to outwit. [From German Jucks.] 
 
 eugenics (u-jen'iks), n. the science 
 which is concerned in securing the 
 birth of healthy children. 
 
 eunuch (u'nuk), n. a castrated per- 
 son, especially an attendant in a 
 harem. [Greek.] 
 
 euphemism (u'fem-izm), n. the sub- 
 
 stitution of a delicate or pleasing 
 expression in place of one which is 
 offensive or indelicate. 
 
 euphonic (ii-fon'ik), adj. sounding 
 pleasantly to the ear. Also euphon- 
 ical, euphonious. [Greek.] 
 
 euphony (ii'fo-ni), n. [pi. euphonies 
 (u'fo-niz)], an agreeable sound, or 
 pronunciation. 
 
 euphuism (u'fu-izm), n. a pedantic 
 or affected use of words or language, 
 prevalent at the court of Queen 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 eureka (hu-re'ka) , n. a Greek word sig- 
 nifying "I have found it." 
 
 evacuate (e-vak'Q-at), v.t. to make 
 void or empty; discharge through 
 the excretory passages; abandon 
 possession, or withdraw from. 
 
 evade (e-vad'), v.t. to elude; escape by 
 artifice, stratagem, or sophistry. 
 
 evanescent (ev-a-nes'ent), adj. dis- 
 appearing gradually from sight; van- 
 ishing. 
 
 evangel (e-van'jel), n. good news, 
 especially that of the Gospel. 
 
 evangelical (ev-an-jel'i-kal), adj. per- 
 taining to the Gospel, or the four 
 Gospels. 
 
 evaporate (e-vap'6-rat), v.i. to dis- 
 perse in vapor; pass away without 
 effect: v.t. to convert into va- 
 por. 
 
 evasion (e-va/zhun) , n. the act of evad- 
 ing; an excuse; equivocation; sub- 
 terfuge. 
 
 evasive (e-va'siv), adj. tending, or 
 seeking to evade; elusive. 
 
 eve (ev), n. the fast or vigil before a 
 church festival, or Saint's day; the 
 period immediately preceding some 
 important event; evening [Poet.]. 
 
 evection (e-vek'shun), n. a periodical 
 irregularity of the moon's mo- 
 tion. 
 
 even (e'vn), adj. level; uniform; 
 smooth; parallel; divisible by two 
 without a remainder; equal; bal- 
 anced; calm; whole: n. evening 
 [Poet.]: v.t. to level or make even: 
 v.t. to be quits: adv. verily; exactly; 
 noting emphasis; but also. 
 
 evening (e'vn-ing), n. the close of the 
 day and beginning of the night; the 
 latter end of life. 
 
 event (e-vent/), n. an occurrence; in- 
 cident; consequence of an action; 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut : think, then. 
 
EVENTIDE 
 
 175 
 
 EXCEPTION 
 
 any single item in a program of 
 sports or_ games. 
 
 eventide (e'vn-tid), n. evening. 
 
 eventual (e-ven'tu-al) , adj. happen- 
 ing as a result; ultimate; contin- 
 gent. 
 
 ever (ev'er), adv. at any time; al- 
 ways; without end ; in any degree. 
 
 everglade (ev'er-glad) , n. a low, 
 swampy tract of land, with patches 
 of tall grass; especially such the 
 great marsh in Southern Florida. 
 
 evergreen (ev'er-gren), n. a tree or 
 plant which retains its foliage 
 throughout the year: adj. always 
 green, or fresh. 
 
 everlasting (ev-er-last'ing), adj. per- 
 petual: n. eternity; a plant whose 
 flowers retain their color when dried ; 
 a kind of stout woolen material. 
 
 evermore (ever-mor'), adv. eternally ; 
 always. 
 
 every (ev'ri or ev'er-i), adj. the 
 whole, taken one at a time; each. 
 
 evict (e-vikt'), v.t. to expel or dis- 
 possess by legal process. 
 
 evidence (ev'i-dens), n. indubitable 
 certainty; proof; testimony: v.t. to 
 prove; make evident or plain. 
 
 evident (ev'i-dent), adj. plain; ob- 
 vious. 
 
 evil (e'vl), adj. morally bad; wicked; 
 sinful; unfortunate; mischievous; 
 disastrous; worthless: adv. badly; 
 unkindly: n. moral depravity; in- 
 jury; affliction. 
 
 evince (e-yins'), v.t. to manifest or 
 make evident; demonstrate. 
 
 evoke (e-vok'), v.t. to call forth. 
 
 evolution (ev-o-lu'shun) , n. devel- 
 opment or growth; the movements 
 of troops in marching or on the bat- 
 tle field; the extraction of roots of 
 any arithmetical or algebraical pow- 
 er; the gradual development or de- 
 scent of forms of life from simple 
 or low organized types consisting of 
 a single cell. [Latin.] 
 
 evolve (e-volv'), v.t. to develop; un- 
 fold; expand; work out. 
 
 ewe (u), n. a female sheep. 
 
 ewer (u'er), n. a large water pitcher, 
 used in the toilet. 
 
 ex, a Latin prefix, meaning out of, 
 beyond, from ; before words denoting 
 occupation or office, it indicates pre- 
 vious occupancy. 
 
 exact (egz-akt').. adj. very correct or 
 accurate; precise; methodical; strict; 
 particular: v.t. require or claim au- 
 thoritatively; compel to be paid; in- 
 sist upon as a right. 
 
 exaction (egz-ak'shun) , n. the act of 
 exacting; extortion. 
 
 exaggerate (egz-aj'er-at), v.t. to en- 
 large or heighten by overstatement; 
 color highly. 
 
 exalt (egz-awlf), v.t. to elevate in 
 rank, station, or dignity; raise on 
 high; glorify or extol. 
 
 examine (egz-am'in), v.t. to scrutinize 
 or investigate carefully; search or 
 inquire into; interrogate as a wit- 
 ness; test orally or by papers the 
 knowledge, qualifications, &c, of, as 
 a candidate for a degree or office; 
 experiment; analyze; test. 
 
 example (egz-am'pl), n. a pattern; a 
 model or copy; an illustration of a 
 rule or precept; sample; specimen; 
 one punished for the admonition of 
 others. 
 
 exasperate (egz-as'per-at), v.t. to irri- 
 tate exceedingly; enrage greatly; 
 embitter; intensify: adj. covered 
 with hard, stiff points: said of a 
 plant. 
 
 excavate (eks'ka-vat) , v.t. to dig or 
 hollow out; scoop or cut out. 
 
 exceed (ek-sed'), v.t. to go beyond the 
 limit or measure of; surpass; excel; 
 transcend: v.i. to be greater; go be- 
 yond bounds. 
 
 excel (ek-sel'),.y.i. [p.t. & p.p. excelled, 
 p.pr._ excelling], to possess good 
 qualities in a great degree: v.t. sur- 
 pass ; outdo in comparison ; to be 
 superior to. 
 
 excellence (ek'sel-ens), n. the state of 
 excelling in anything; superior merit, 
 goodness, or virtue. 
 
 excellent (ek'sel-ent), adj. of great 
 value, merit, or virtue; highly useful 
 or desirable; eminently distinguished 
 for goodness, or ability. 
 
 excelsior (ek-sel'si-er), n. wood shav- 
 ings, long and thin, and used for 
 packing material. 
 
 except (ek-sept'), v.t. to omit or leave 
 out; exclude: _ v.i. to object (with 
 to): prep, omitting; without inclu- 
 sion of; besides: conj. unless. 
 
 exception (ek-sep'shun), n. the state 
 of being excepted; omission; exclu- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, rr.it; note, north, not; boon, book; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
EXCEPTIONABLE 
 
 176 
 
 EXEMPLARY 
 
 sion; objection; offense taken (with 
 to) ; a formal objection to a decision 
 of a court during trial. 
 
 exceptionable (ek-sep'shun-a-bl), adj. 
 objectionable. 
 
 exceptional (ek-sep'shun-al), adj. un- 
 usual. 
 
 excerpt (ek-serpf), v.t. to take out or 
 select from, as a book; quote: n. a 
 selection or extract from a book or 
 writing. 
 
 excess (ek-ses'), n. that which exceeds 
 the ordinary limit, measure, or ex- 
 perience; overplus; superfluity; in- 
 temperance. 
 
 exchange (eks-chanj'), v.t. to give in 
 return for an equivalent; barter, 
 give, resign, or abandon: n. the act 
 of exchanging^ barter; reciprocity; 
 the act of resigning one thing for 
 another; a place where merchants 
 meet (often 'change). 
 
 exchequer (eks-chek'er) , n. a treasury; 
 cash or funds; formerly an English 
 court of law, now merged into the 
 Queen's Bench division of the High 
 Court of Justice. [Old French.] 
 
 excise (ek-siz'), v.t. to levy an excise 
 duty upon: n. an inland tax levied 
 on commodities of home production 
 and consumption. 
 
 excision (eks-sizh'un), n. the act of 
 cutting out, or off; the state of being 
 cut off; destruction; ruin; amputa- 
 tion. 
 
 excite (ek-sif), v.t. to animate; rouse 
 up; encourage; put into motion or 
 action. 
 
 excitement (ek-sit'ment), n. the state 
 of being excited; commotion; sensa- 
 tion ; stimulation ; warmth of temper. 
 
 exclaim (eks-klam), v.i. & v.t. to cry 
 out abruptly and passionately; to 
 vociferate. 
 
 exclamation (eks-kla-ma'shun) , n. an 
 abrupt or clamorous outcry; an ex- 
 pression of surprise, pain.&c; a 
 mark (!) in writing or printing to 
 denote emotion, surprise, &c. 
 
 exclude (eks-klud'), v.t. to shut out; 
 hinder from entrance or admission; 
 prohibit; debar: except. 
 
 exclusive (eks-klu'siv) , adj. tending to 
 exclude; illiberal; shutting out from 
 limits fixed by law: n. one who ex- 
 cludes all but a few from his society 
 or fellowship. 
 
 excogitate (eks-koj'i-tat), v.t. to in- 
 vent; discover by thinking. 
 
 excommunicate (eks-kom-mu'ni- 
 kat), v.t. to punish by cutting off 
 from the membership and communi- 
 cation of the church. [Latin.] 
 
 excoriate (eks-ko'ri-at), v.t. to strip off 
 the skin; rub or gall; abrade. 
 
 excrement (eks'kre-ment), n. matter 
 discharged from the body of an ani- 
 mal after digestion. 
 
 excrescence (eks-kres'ens) , n. an un- 
 natural or disfiguring outgrowth. 
 
 excretion (eks-kre'shun), n. the throw- 
 ing off or ejection of waste matter 
 from the body. 
 
 excruciate (eks-kru'shi-at) , v.t. to in- 
 flict severe pains upon ; torture. 
 
 exculpate (eks-kul'pat), v.t. to clear 
 from the imputation of a fault; ex- 
 onerate. 
 
 excursion (eks-ker'shun), n. a pleas- 
 ure trip; a short or rapid tour; a di- 
 gression. 
 
 excuse (eks-ku.z'),v.t. to extenuate by 
 apology; pardon; free from obliga- 
 tion or duty; remit; justify: n. 
 (eks-kiis'), a plea offered in extenua- 
 tion of some fault or neglect of duty ; 
 apology; pretext. 
 
 execrate (eks'e-krat), v.t. to imprecate 
 evil upon; detest; abhor. 
 
 execute (eks'e-kut), v.t. to perform; 
 carry into effect; put to death; pur- 
 sue to the end; make valid or legal 
 by signing or sealing: v.i. to per- 
 form any act or office; play some 
 piece of music. [Latin.] 
 
 execution (eks-e-ku'shun) , n. the act 
 of executing; performance; manner 
 of carrying anything into effect; 
 completion; a legal warrant or or- 
 der; the act of giving validity to 
 a legal instrument; capital punish- 
 ment; destruction; effective work or 
 operation. 
 
 executive (egs-ek'u-tiv) , adj. per- 
 taining to the governing body; ad- 
 ministrative; active: n. an official, 
 or body, charged with carrying the 
 laws into effect; the administrative 
 branch of a government. 
 
 exegesis (eks-e-je'sis) , n. explanation 
 or interpretation of a text or passage, 
 especially of the Bible. [Latin.] 
 
 exemplary (egz-em'pla-ri) , adj. serving 
 as a copy or model; commendable. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
EXEMPLIFY 
 
 177 
 
 EXPEL 
 
 exemplify (egz-em'pli-fi), v.t. [p.t. & 
 p.p. exemplified, p.pr. exemplifying], 
 to illustrate by example; tran- 
 scribe. 
 
 exempt (egz-empt'), v.t. to free from 
 some duty or obligation; grant im- 
 munity to: adj. free from some duty 
 or obligation (with from) : n. a person 
 thus set free; an exon. 
 
 exercise (eks'er-slz), v.t. to train by 
 use; exert; practice; employ ac- 
 tively; make anxious; harass: v.i. 
 to undergo training: n. bodily exer- 
 tion; mental or physical develop- 
 ment; labor; practice; a lesson or 
 example for practice. 
 
 exert (eks-ert'), v.t. to put forth; use 
 with an effort. 
 
 exhale (eks-haT), v.t. to breathe forth; 
 emit or send out; cause to evapo- 
 rate: v.i. to rise in vapor. 
 
 exhaust (egz-awst'), v.t. to empty by 
 drawing off the contents; drain; 
 weaken; wear out by exertion; dis- 
 cuss or treat thoroughly: adj. wholly 
 or partially deprived of strength. 
 
 exhibit (egz-ib'it), v.t. to present to 
 view; display; show; manifest pub- 
 licly; present formally or officially; 
 administer: n. a legal document pre- 
 sented in proof of facts; an object 
 offered for public view. 
 
 exhibition (eks-i-bish'un), n. the act 
 of exhibiting; a public show; a pri- 
 vate benefaction for the support of 
 a scholar at a university. 
 
 exhilarate (egz-il'a-rat and eks-hil'- 
 a-rat), v.t. to make joyous, glad, or 
 cheerful; enliven. 
 
 exhort (egz-ort'). v.t. to incite by ap- 
 peal or argument to good deeds ; 
 caution; admonish. 
 
 exhume (eks-hum'), v.t. to disin- 
 ter. 
 
 exigency (eks'i-jen-si), n. [pi. exigen- 
 cies (eks'i-jen-siz)], pressmg neces- 
 sity or demand; urgency. 
 
 exile (ex'il), v.t. to banish from one's 
 native country: n. the state of being 
 banished from one's native country; 
 the condition of living away from 
 one's home or friends. [Latin.] 
 
 exist (egz-ist'), v.i. to have existence; 
 live. 
 
 existence (egz-ist'ens), n. the state of 
 being; life; duration; occurrence. 
 
 exit (eks'it), n. the act of going out; 
 
 egress; the departure of an actor 
 from the stage. 
 
 exo, a Greek prefix, meaning on the 
 outside, occurring in many scientific 
 words. 
 
 exodus (eks'o-dus), n.a departure, es- 
 pecially that of the Israelites from 
 Egypt. 
 
 exonerate (egz-on er-at) , v.t. to free 
 from the imputation of a fault; 
 acquit; justify; relieve or discharge 
 from a responsibility, duty, &c. 
 
 exorbitant (egz-or'bi-tant), adj. ex- 
 cessive. 
 
 exorcise (eks'or-siz), v.t. to expel (an 
 evil spirit) by prayers or incanta- 
 tions; pronounce exorcisms over. 
 
 exordium (egz-or'di-um), n. the open- 
 ing part of a speech or composition. 
 
 exoteric (eks-o-ter'ik) , adj. pertaining 
 to the uninitiated public: opposed 
 to esoteric. 
 
 exotic (eks-ot'ik), adj. foreign. 
 
 expand (eks-pand 7 ), v.t. to distend; di- 
 late; extend: v.i. to increase in 
 size. 
 
 expanse (eks-pans'), n. a continuous 
 area; the firmament; extent. 
 
 expansive (eks-pan'siv) , adj. capable 
 of being expanded; widely extended. 
 
 expatiate (eks-pa'shi-at), v.i. to en- 
 large in statement or language. 
 
 expatriate (eks-pat'ri-at), v.t. to drive 
 from one's native country. 
 
 expect (eks-pekt'), v.t. to wait for; 
 look for with an apprehension of 
 something good or evil. 
 
 expectorate (eks-pek'to-rat) , v.t. % to 
 eject from the lungs by coughing, 
 &c; spit. 
 
 expedient (eks-pe'di-ent) , adj. fit ; con- 
 venient; suitable; proper: n. that 
 which aids as a means to an end; 
 device. 
 
 expedite (eks'pe-dit) , v.t. to hasten; 
 facilitate. 
 
 expedition (eks-pe-dish'un) , n. haste; 
 despatch ; promptness ; a march, voy- 
 age, &c, by an army or several 
 persons for some particular pur- 
 pose. 
 
 expeditious (eks - pe - dish ' us) , adj. 
 quick; speedy. 
 
 expel (eks-pel'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ex- 
 pelled, p.pr. expelling], to drive 
 away; force out; send away by 
 authority; exclude. [Latin.] 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
EXPEND 
 
 178 
 
 EXQUISITE 
 
 expend (eks-pend'), v.t. to lay out; 
 spend. 
 
 expenditure (eks-pen'di-tur) , n. a 
 laying out, as money, time, labor, 
 &c; disbursement. 
 
 expense (eks-pens'), n. expenditure; 
 drain on resources; detriment; cost. 
 
 expensive (eks-pen'siv) , adj. causing 
 expense. 
 
 experience (eks-pe'ri-ens), n. knowl- 
 edge gained by trial and practice; 
 test; practice; spiritual exercise of 
 mind. 
 
 experiment (eks-per'i-ment), n. a 
 trial or operation to discover some- 
 thing previously unknown; proof 
 trial: v.i. to search out by trial. 
 Also experimentalize. 
 
 expert (eks-pert'), adj. skilful, through 
 practice or experience; adroit; dex- 
 terous: n. (eks'pert), one who is 
 skilled through practise or ex- 
 perience. 
 
 expiate (eks'pi-at), v.t. to atone for. 
 
 expire (eks-pir'), v.t. to breathe out 
 from the lungs: v.i. to die. 
 
 explain (eks-plan'), v.t. to make in- 
 telligible or clear; expound or in- 
 terpret. 
 
 explanatory (eks-plan'a-to-ri) , adj. 
 serving to explain. 
 
 expletive (eks'ple-tiv), n. a word not 
 necessary for the sense inserted in 
 a sentence for ornament or to fill 
 up a verse: adj. filling up; added 
 or inserted for emphasis, &c. ; an oath. 
 
 explicable (eks'pli-ka-bl), adj. that 
 may be explained or interpreted. 
 
 explicit (eks - plis ' it) , adj. plain ; 
 definite. 
 
 explode (eks-plod/), v.i. to burst forth 
 with sudden noise and violence; col- 
 lapse: v.t. to cause to pass from a solid 
 to a gaseous state; refute; demolish. 
 
 exploit (eks-ploif) , v.t. to make use of 
 for one's own profit; put to use; 
 explore in search of; explain at 
 length: n. (eks'ploit), a remarkable 
 deed or heroic act. 
 
 explore (eks-plor'), v.t. to search into 
 or examine thoroughly; travel in 
 or over (a country) to discover its 
 characteristic features, &c. 
 
 explosion (eks-plo'zhun), n. the act 
 of exploding ; a sudden bursting with 
 a loud report; a sudden and violent 
 outbreak. 
 
 explosive (eks-plo'siv), adj. pertaining 
 to, or causing, explosion: n. any sub- 
 stance that causes an explosion; a 
 mute consonant. 
 
 exponent (eks-po'nent), n. the index 
 of an algebraical power; one who 
 explains or interprets the principles 
 of something. 
 
 export (eks-port'j, v.t. to send or carry 
 out of a country, as merchandise: 
 v.i. to send goods to a foreign coun- 
 try: (eks'port), n. a commodity car- 
 ried to a foreign country. 
 
 expose (eks-poz'), v.t. to lay open; put 
 forward for sale; leave to the ac- 
 tion of any force or circumstance; 
 disclose; place in peril; lay open to 
 censure or ridicule. 
 
 expostulate (eks-pos'tu-lat) , v.i. to 
 reason earnestly or remonstrate 
 (followed by with, on or upon). 
 
 exposure (eks-po'zhur), n. the act of 
 exposing; situation; aspect. 
 
 expound (eks-pound'), v.t. to set 
 forth, explain, or interpret; make 
 clear. 
 
 express (eks-pres'), v.t. to exhibit by 
 language; utter; show; represent; 
 squeeze out; despatch by express; 
 adj. plainly stated; _ exact; resem- 
 bling precisely; not implied; special- 
 ly prepared; pertaining to quick or 
 direct conveyance: n. a person or 
 vehicle that carries letters or small 
 packages expeditiously; an express- 
 train ; a message or despatch ; a reg- 
 ular and systematic method of con- 
 veyance for passengers, mails, goods 
 of small bulk, &c. [Latin.] 
 
 expression (eks-presh'un) , n. the act 
 or power of representing anything; 
 a saying ; mode of speech ; transient 
 change of the countenance; modu- 
 lation of the voice. 
 
 expressive (eks-pres'iv) , adj. serving 
 to express; full of significance; forci- 
 bly. 
 
 expulsion (eks-pul'shun) , n. forcible 
 ejection. 
 
 expunge (eks-punj'), v.t. to blot out; 
 erase; destroy; obliterate. [Latin.] 
 
 expurgate (eks'per-gat), v.t. to re- 
 move whatever is offensive to good 
 taste or morality from: said of books. 
 See Bowdlerize. [Latin.] 
 
 exquisite (eks'kwi-zit), adj. refined; 
 delicate; nice; accurate; choice; ex- 
 
 fite, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
EXTANT 
 
 179 
 
 EXTRAVAGANZA 
 
 cellent; highly finished; extreme: n. 
 a person over refined in dress; a 
 dandy. [Latin.] 
 
 extant (eks'tant), adj. still existing. 
 
 extemporaneous (eks-tem-po-ra'ne- 
 us), adj. unpremeditated; without 
 previous notes or study; off-hand. 
 
 extempore (eks-tem'po-re), adj. and 
 adv. without study or premeditation. 
 
 extemporize (eks-tem'po-riz), v.t. to 
 compose on the spur of the moment : 
 v.i. to discourse, &c, without notes 
 or previous study. 
 
 extend (eks-tend'), v.t. to stretch out; 
 enlarge; amplify; continue; diffuse; 
 communicate; disseminate: v.i. to 
 reach to any distance; be prolonged. 
 
 extension (eks-ten'shun). n. the act of 
 extending; the state of being ex- 
 tended; a branch line of railway, 
 &c; space regarded as having di- 
 mensions. 
 
 extensive (eks-ten'siv), adj. having 
 great extent; wide; comprehensive. 
 
 extent (eks-tent'), n. the space or de- 
 gree to which a thing is extended; 
 size; compass; reach; a writ of 
 execution. 
 
 extenuate (eks-ten'u-at)^ v.t. to offer 
 excuses for: palliate; mitigate. 
 
 exterior (eks-te'ri-er), adj. outward; 
 external: n. that which is outside; 
 outer surface. 
 
 exterminate (eks-ter'mi-nat), v.t. to 
 destroy utterly; annihilate; root 
 out. 
 
 external (eks-ter'nal) , adj. outside; ex- 
 terior; superficial; objective; for- 
 eign: n. an exterior or outward part; 
 an outward form, rite, or ceremony. 
 
 extinct (eks-tingkt'). adj. extinguished; 
 put out; quenched; worn out; in- 
 active. 
 
 extinguish (eks-ting'gwish) , v.t. to 
 put out; pay off and satisfy in full; 
 eclipse. 
 
 extinguisher (eks-ting'gwish-er), n. 
 one who, or that which, extinguishes : 
 a hollow cone for extinguishing a 
 light; an instrument filled with 
 liquids, and by which these can be 
 thrown upon fire. 
 
 extirpate (eks-ter'pat), v.t. to eradi- 
 cate; destroy; exterminate. 
 
 extol (eks-tol'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ex- 
 tolled, p.pr. extolling], to praise 
 highly; magnify; laud; celebrate. 
 
 extort (eks-tort'), v.t. to obtain by 
 threats, violence, or injustice: v.i. 
 to practice extortion. 
 
 extortion (eks-tor'shun), n. the act or 
 practice of extorting : oppressive or 
 unjust exaction. 
 
 extortionate (eks-tor'shun-at), adj. 
 characterized by extortion; unjust. 
 
 extra, a Latin prefix meaning over and 
 above; beyond; besides; found in 
 numerous words, the sense of which 
 is self-evident, as extra-officia\, extra- 
 parochial, ez^ra-judicial, &c. 
 
 extra (eks'tra), adj. additional: n. 
 something not included in the usual 
 fee or charge; an edition of a news- 
 paper issued in addition to the reg- 
 ular edition, or for some particular 
 object. 
 
 extract (eks-trakf), v.t. to draw out 
 of; pull out; select from a larger 
 literary work: n. (eks'trakt). a sub- 
 stance extracted by distillation, so- 
 lution, &c; an abstract or excerpt 
 from a book; quotation. 
 
 extraction (eks-trak'shun), n. the act of 
 extracting : lineage, birth, or descent . 
 
 extradite (eks'tra-dlt), v.t. to sur- 
 render (a person) to another govern- 
 ment under the terms of a treaty of 
 extradition. 
 
 extradition (eks-tra-dish'un), n. the 
 surrender by the government of one 
 nation to another of a person guilty 
 of a crime, in accordance with the 
 terms of a treaty existing between 
 the two nations. 
 
 extramural (eks-tra-mu'ral), adj. be- 
 yond the wall of a city or university. 
 
 extraneous (eks-tra'ne-us) , adj. ex- 
 ternal; foreign. 
 
 extraordinary (eks-tror'di-na-ri, or 
 eks-tra-or'di-na-ri) , adj. beyond or 
 out of the usual course ; uncommon ; 
 unusual; remarkable; rare; emi- 
 nent; special. 
 
 extravagance (eks-trav'a-gans), n. ex- 
 cess in anything, especially expendi- 
 ture; profusion. 
 
 extravagant (eks-trav'a-gant), adj. 
 exceeding reasonable limits; waste- 
 ful: prodigal; irregular; needlessly 
 lavish in expenditure; visionary. 
 
 extravaganza (eks-trav-a-gan'za), n. a 
 stage burlesque : an irregular piece of 
 music : a wild flight of language or 
 feeling. [Italian.] 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 12 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
EXTRAVASATE 
 
 180 
 
 EYRIE 
 
 extravasate (eks-trav'a-sat), v.t. to 
 force out of a duct or vessel, as 
 blood : v.i. to escape out of the prop- 
 er vessel. 
 
 extreme (eks-trem'), adj. of the high- 
 est degree; last; utmost; furthest; 
 final; most severe or strict; uncom- 
 promising: n. the utmost degree of 
 anything; extremity; excess; end: pi. 
 points at the greatest distance from 
 each other. 
 
 extremist (eks-trem'ist), n. a sup- 
 porter of extreme views or practice. 
 
 extremity (eks-trem 'i-ti) , n. [pi. ex- 
 tremities (eks-trem'i-tiz) ], the ut- 
 most point or degree; remotest part; 
 utmost violence, vigor, or necessity; 
 end: pi. the limbs. 
 
 extricate (eks'tri-kat), v.t. to free 
 from difficulties, complications, or 
 perplexity; disembarrass. 
 
 extrinsic (eks-trin'sik) , adj. external, 
 not inherent or essential; foreign. 
 
 extrude (eks-trudO, v.t. to thrust out. 
 
 exuberance (eks-u'ber-ans), n. super- 
 abundance. 
 
 exuberant (eks-u'ber-ant), adj. copi- 
 ous. 
 
 exude (eks-ud'), v.t. to discharge grad- 
 ually through pores: v.i. to flow out 
 slowly. 
 
 exult (egz-ult/), v.i. to rejoice in tri- 
 umph; be glad above measure. 
 
 exultant (egz-ult'ant) , adj. rejoicing 
 triumphantly. 
 
 eye (I), n. [pi. eyes (iz)J, the organ of 
 sight; the eyeball, sight; observa- 
 tion; view; a small perforation; bud; 
 that which resembles an eye: v.t. [p.t. 
 & p.p. eyed; P-pr.- eyeing], to 
 watch closely; keep in view; scruti- 
 nize. 
 
 eyeball (I 'bawl), n. the globe of the 
 eye. 
 
 eyebrow (I'brou), n. the hairy arch 
 above the eyeij. 
 
 eyelash (I'lash), n. the ridge of hair 
 that lines the eyelid. 
 
 eyelet (I 'let), n. a small hole to re- 
 ceive a lace or cord. 
 
 eyelid (i'lid), n. the movable skin 
 which covers over and closes the eye. 
 
 eye-piece (I'pes), n. the lens or lenses 
 in an optical instrument through 
 which the image of an object is 
 magnified and viewed. 
 
 eyesight (I'slt), n. the sight of the 
 eye: range of vision; view. 
 
 eyesore (i'sor), n. anything that of- 
 fends the sight. 
 
 eyot (I'ot), n. a little island in a river 
 or lake. Also ait. [English.] 
 
 eyre (ar), n. a circuit of itinerant 
 judges. 
 
 eyrie (e' or a'ri), n. the nest of a 
 predatory bird. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
F 
 
 F, the sixth letter in the alphabet; (fa-sil'i-tiz)l, freedom from difficulty; 
 
 derived from Greek and Latin. In dexterity; ease; pliancy; ready com- 
 
 the Oriental character it was called pliance: pi. the means by which the 
 
 van or wan, which means a nail. performance of any act may be 
 
 fa (fa), n. the fourth note in the sol- more easily accomplished. 
 
 fa musical notation = F. fact (fakt), n. anything that is done; 
 
 Fabian (f a'bi-an) , adj. avoiding battle ; reality ; event ; truth. 
 
 cautious; adopting the policy of faction (fak'shun), n. a party in dis- 
 
 delay. loyal opposition; dissension. 
 
 fable (fa'bl), n. a short fictitious nar- factitious (f ak-tish'us) , adj. artificial; 
 
 rative intended to convey some sham. 
 
 moral; an idle story or falsehood: factor (fak'ter), n. an agent who 
 v.t. to feign; fabricate: v.i. to speak transacts business for another; one 
 falsely or untruthfully. of two or more quantities (multi- 
 fabric (fab'rik), n. an edifice or plier and multiplicand) which, mul- 
 building; a woven, felted, or knitted tiplied together, give a product; any 
 material. circumstance, &c, which produces a 
 
 fabricate (fab'ri-kat), v.t. to con- result: v.t. to manage or act as a 
 
 struct; form by manufacture or factor for; resolve into mathemati- 
 
 art; invent falsely. cal factors. 
 
 fabulous (fab'u-lus), adj. fictitious; factory (fak'to-ri), n. [pi. factories 
 mythical. (fak'to-riz) ], a manufactory; a trad- 
 facade (fa-sad'), n. front elevation. ing settlement. 
 
 face (fas), n. the countenance; dial faculty (fak'ul-ti), n. [pi. faculties 
 
 of a clock, &c; front; visage; sur- (fak r ul-tiz) ], any mental or physical 
 
 face; appearance; outward aspect; power; mental capacity; skill ob- 
 
 confidence; personal influence; an tained by practice; ability; ease; 
 
 expressive grimace; value, exclud- readiness; the members collectively 
 
 ing discount or interest : said of a of any one of the learned profes- 
 
 note, &c. (face-value): v.t. [p.t. & sions, especially the medical; the 
 
 p.p. faced, p.pr. facing], to meet professors and instructors of a de- 
 
 m front; oppose with boldness or partment in a university, 
 
 confidence; stand opposite to; cover fad (fad), n. a crotchet; a pet idea or 
 
 with an additional surface: v.i. to hobby; a passing fashion, 
 
 turn the face. fade (fad), v.i. to lose color or dis- 
 
 facet (fas'et), n. a small surface or tinctness; languish; wither; droop; 
 
 face; one of the minute planes into die away. 
 
 which the surface of a diamond is faeces (fe'sez), n.pl. excrement; sedi- 
 
 cut: v.t. to cut or work a facet ment. 
 
 upon. fag (fag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. fagged, p.pr. 
 
 facetious (f a-se'shus) , adj. humorous; faggingl, to work hard; grow weary; 
 
 jocular. drudge for another: v.t. to tire out or 
 
 facial (fa/shal), adj. pertaining to the exhaust; to compel to drudge for 
 
 face. another: n. one who drudges for an- 
 
 facile (fas'il), adj. yielding; pliant; other; fatigue ; drudgery. 
 
 affable. m _ fagot (fog'ot), n. a bundle of sticks 
 
 facility (f a-sil'i-ti) , n. [pi. facilities bound together; a bundle of fish laid 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut: think, J7ien. 
 
FAHRENHEIT 
 
 182 
 
 FAME 
 
 up for drying; a bundle of scrap- 
 or wrought-iron or steel to be 
 worked over; a kind of meat-cake of 
 pork: v.t. to form into fagots. 
 
 Fahrenheit (fa'ren-hlt), n. the name 
 of a thermometer-scale, having 32° 
 as its freezing point, and 212° as 
 the boiling point of water. 
 
 fail (fal) , v.i. to fall short ; be deficient; 
 waste away; decline; turn out 
 badly; become bankrupt: v.t. to be 
 wanting, or insufficient for; forsake; 
 n. failure; omission. 
 
 failing (faring), n. a fault; weakness; 
 imperfection; the act of becoming 
 bankrupt. 
 
 failure _ (fal'ur) , n. the act of failing; 
 omission; neglect or non-perform- 
 . ance; want of success; lapse; the act 
 of becoming bankrupt. 
 
 fain (fan), adv. willingly; gladly. 
 
 faint (fant), v.i. to become feeble; lose 
 consciousness; swoon; lose cour- 
 age and hope: adj. feeble; languid; 
 depressed; spiritless; not bright or 
 vivid in color; not loud or clear: n. 
 a sudden loss of consciousness: pi. 
 the impure spirit which distils over 
 first and last in making whisky. 
 
 fair (far), adj. beautiful; handsome; 
 pleasing to the eye or mind; free 
 from any dark hue; spotless; not 
 cloudy; fine; favorable; prosper- 
 ous; just; equitable; civil; legible; 
 above mediocrity; of good reputa- 
 tion; reasonable; passably good; 
 blowing direct ; the female sex (with 
 the); a market held at particular 
 times: adv. distinctly; openly; hon- 
 estly; on good terms; legibly. 
 
 fairy (far'i and fa'e-ri), n. [vl._ fairies 
 (far'iz)l, an imaginary being of 
 graceful and diminutive human 
 form, supposed to interfere in hu- 
 man affairs for good or evil; an elf; 
 fay; sprite; brownie: adj. pertaining 
 to, or resembling, fairies. 
 
 faith (fath), n. belief; trust in the 
 honesty and truth of another; the 
 assent of the mind to Divine revela- 
 tion; unshaken adherence; fidelity; 
 honesty; a system of doctrines or 
 tenets. 
 
 faithful (fath'fool), adj. full of faith; 
 trustworthy; truthful; honest; loy- 
 al: n. Christians in full communion 
 (with the). 
 
 fake (fak), v.t. to fold or coil; to cover up 
 imperfections of, or fabricate with 
 the view to deception; steal: n. a coil 
 or turn of a rope; a cheat or dodge; 
 canard] hoax; a swindler or trickster. 
 
 faker (fak'er), n. one who fakes; a 
 swindler, pickpocket. 
 
 fakir (fa'ker), n. a Mohammedan as- 
 cetic or mendicant priest. 
 
 falcon (fawl'kn), n. a predatory bird 
 with a hooked beak, trained for 
 hunting. 
 
 fall (fawl), v.i. [p.t. fell, p.p. fallen, 
 p.pr. falling], to drop from a higher 
 to a lower place; drop from an erect 
 posture; descend; sink; flow into; 
 perish; be degraded or disgraced; 
 happen; apostatize or fall into sin; 
 begin with ardor; become the prop- 
 erty of: adj. pertaining to the au- 
 tumn: n. the act of falling; distance 
 through which anything falls; over- 
 throw; ruin; death; cadence; water- 
 fall; cataract; decrease in value; a 
 vail: autumn. 
 
 fallacy (fal'a-si), n._ [pi. fallacies 
 (fal'a-siz) ], a deceptive or false ap- 
 pearance; mistake; an _ unsound 
 method of reasoning; sophism. 
 
 fallible (fal'i-bl), adj. liable to be de- 
 ceived, misled, err, or fail. 
 
 fallow (faro), v.t. to make or keep fal- 
 low: adj. plowed but not sown for 
 the season; untilled; neglected; of 
 a pale yellow or reddish-yellow color : 
 n. land plowed but left unseeded. 
 
 false (fawls), adj. untrue; dishon- 
 est; disloyal; perfidious; counter- 
 feit; not well founded; unreliable; 
 made for temporary use; not in har- 
 mony: adv. falsely. 
 
 falsehood (fawls'hood), n. an untruth; 
 lie. 
 
 falsetto (fal-set'o), n. an artificial 
 tone higher in key than the_ natural 
 compass of the voice. [Italian.] 
 
 falsify (fawl'si-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 falsified, p.pr. falsifying], to make, 
 or prove to be false; counterfeit; 
 forge: v.i. to lie. 
 
 falter (fawl'ter), v.t. to utter in a weak 
 trembling manner (with out) : v.i. 
 to exhibit moral or physical hesi- 
 tancy; waver; tremble; fail in ut- 
 terance. 
 
 fame (fam), n. public report; rumor; 
 celebrity; renown. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
FAMILIAR 
 
 183 
 
 FASCINATE 
 
 familiar (fa-mil'yer), adj. well ac- 
 quainted, or intimate with; domes- 
 tic; affable; easy; unconstrained; 
 unceremonious; habituated by cus- 
 tom : n. a spirit or demon supposed to 
 attend at the call of a necromancer; 
 a domestic of the papal household. 
 
 family (fam'i-li), n. [pi. families 
 (fam'i-liz)], a household; children as 
 distinguished from the parent; a 
 body of persons descended from a 
 common ancestor; tribe; race; gene- 
 alogy ; noble lineage ; class ; a group of 
 animals larger than a genus, but 
 less than an order; an order [Bot.j. 
 
 famine (f am/in), n. extreme dearth; 
 great scarcity. 
 
 famous (fa'mus), adj. renowned; con- 
 spicuous; noted. 
 
 fan (fan), v.t. \p.t. & p.p. fanned, 
 p.pr. fanning], to cool with a fan; 
 agitate the air, as with a fan; ven- 
 tilate; winnow: n. a flat implement 
 used to cool the face by agitating the 
 air; an instrument for exciting a 
 current of air; anything resembling 
 a fan in shape; a winnowing imple- 
 ment; an enthusiastic spectator at 
 baseball. 
 
 fanatic (fa-nat'ik), n. one who is in- 
 temperately zealous, or wildly ex- 
 travagant, especially on religious 
 subjects: adj. characterized by fa- 
 naticism; visionary. Also fanatical. 
 
 fanciful (fan'si-fool) , adj. influenced by 
 the fancy; unreal; whimsical; wild. 
 
 fancy (fan'si) <( v.t. [p.t : & p.p. fancied, 
 p.pr. fancying], to imagine; take a 
 liking to; to be pleased with: v.i. to 
 imagine; suppose: adj. ornamental; 
 elegant ; imaginary ; characterized by 
 yariety: n. creative imagination; 
 idea; notion; liking; caprice; pet 
 pursuit; sporting characters, as 
 pugilists, &c. (with the). 
 
 fane (fan), n. a temple; church. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 fanfare (fan'far or fang-far'), n. a 
 flourish of trumpets; noisy osten- 
 tatious parade. [French.] 
 
 fang (fang), n. the lower part of a 
 tooth set in the socket; the poison- 
 tooth of a serpent; a tusk, claw, 
 talon, or pointed tooth. 
 
 fantastic (fan-tas'tik), adj. odd; whim- 
 sical; grotesque; unreal; imaginary. 
 Also fantastical. 
 
 fantasy (fan'ta-si), n. [pi. fantasies 
 (fan'ta-siz)], a fantastic idea; a 
 whimsical fancy. 
 
 far (far), adj. [comp. farther, further, 
 superl. farthest, furthest], remote; 
 distant; extending widely or at 
 length; contrary to design or pur- 
 pose; alienated: adv. remotely; very 
 much; to a certain point or degree; 
 to a great distance; widely. 
 
 farce (fars), n. a short comedy in 
 which qualities and actions are much 
 exaggerated; ridiculous or empty 
 parade. 
 
 farcy (far'si), n. a disease of horses, 
 closely allied to glanders. 
 
 fardel (far'del), n. a burden; anything 
 cumbersome or irksome. 
 
 fare (far), v.i. to be in any state, 
 either good or ill; be entertained 
 with food; live; succeed; result: n. 
 the sum paid for a journey by rail, 
 &c. ; a person conveyed for hire in a 
 vehicle; provisions of a table; enter- 
 tainment; the quantity of fish taken 
 by a smac_k. 
 
 farewell (far-wel'), inter j. may you 
 fare well or prosper; good-bye: adj. 
 noting, or accompanying, a parting: 
 n. an adieu. 
 
 farm (farm), n. a portion of land, 
 cultivated by one person, with the 
 buildings, &c, appurtenant to it: v.t. 
 to cultivate (land) at a fixed rental; 
 lease or let: v.i. to carry on the op- 
 eration of farming. 
 
 farming (farm'ing), adj. pertaining to, 
 or engaged in, agriculture: n. the 
 leasing out, or collection of taxes, 
 revenues, &c, for a certain commis- 
 sion or rate per cent. 
 
 farrier (far'i-er)_, n. one who shoes 
 horses; a veterinary surgeon. _ 
 
 farrow (far'o), v.t. to give birth to: 
 said of pigs: n. sl litter of pigs: adj. 
 noting a cow not calving in a given 
 season. 
 
 farther (farmer), adj., comp. of far; 
 more distant or remote; additional: 
 adv. more remotely: conj. moreover. 
 
 farthing (farming), n. one-fourth of 
 an English penny; half a cent. 
 
 fascicle (fas'i-kl), n. a small collection, 
 group, or bundle; a serial division 
 of a book. 
 
 fascinate (fas'i-nat), v.t. to influence 
 the mind or will of as if by enchant- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
FASHION 
 
 184 
 
 FEAR 
 
 ment; bewitch; captivate: v.i. to 
 exercise a bewitching or captivating 
 power. [Latin.] 
 
 fashion (fash/un), n. the shape or 
 form of anything; conventional cus- 
 tom or usage, especially in dress; com- 
 pliance with the rules of good society; 
 method ; general practice: v.t. to mold, 
 shape, or form; accommodate. 
 
 fast (fast), v.i. to abstain from food, 
 either from necessity, or as a reli- 
 gious obligation: n. abstinence from 
 food; religious mortification by ab- 
 stinence. [Anglo-Saxon.] 
 
 fast (fast), adj. quick; speedy in mo- 
 tion; expeditious; in advance of the 
 standard: said of a timepiece; firm; 
 immovable; close; faithful; dissi- 
 pated; gay: adv. rapidly; firmly. 
 
 fastidious (f as-tid'i-us) , adj. squeam- 
 ish; overnice. 
 
 fastness (fast'nes), n. the state or 
 quality of being fast ; a fortress or 
 natural stronghold. 
 
 fat (fat), adj. [comp. fatter, superl. 
 fattest], corpulent; fleshy; adipose; 
 greasy; unusually extended: said of 
 type; broad; sluggish; stupid; dull; 
 lucrative; fertile; affluent: n. a 
 solid, oily, yellow or white substance 
 forming part of the tissue of ani- 
 mals; the best or richest of any- 
 thing: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fatted, p.pr. 
 fatting], to fatten; cause to gain 
 flesh: v.i. to become fat. 
 
 fatal (fa'tal), adj. causing death or 
 destruction; fateful. [Latin.] 
 
 fatality (fa-tal'i-ti), n. [pi. fatalities (fa- 
 tal 'i-tiz) ], predetermined order or 
 series of events; destiny; a calamity; 
 fatal occurrence. 
 
 Fate (fat), n. destiny; inevitable ne- 
 cessity; death or destruction; pre- 
 destined lot: pi. the three classic 
 goddesses, Clotho, Lachesis, and 
 Atropos, who presided over the des- 
 tinies of mankind. 
 
 father (f&'ther), n. a male parent or 
 ancestor; one who stands in the re- 
 lation of a father; an originator or 
 founder; the official title of a con- 
 fessor of the Roman Catholic 
 Church, the superior of a convent, 
 or of an ancient Roman senator; the 
 senior member of any class, pro- 
 fession, or body; an ecclesiasti- 
 cal writer of the Early Christian 
 
 Church: v.t. to adopt as a son or 
 daughter; to ascribe to anyone as 
 his offspring or production: with on. 
 
 fathom (fai/i'um), n. a measure of 
 length = 6 ft.: v.t. to reach; ascer- 
 tain the depth of. 
 
 fatigue (fa-teg'), n. weariness; toil; 
 bodily or mental exhaustion: v.t. to 
 weary with bodily or mental exer- 
 tion; tire; harass. 
 
 fatuity (fa-tu'i-ti), n. weakness of 
 intellect; obstinate folly. 
 
 faucet (faw'set), n. a short pipe with 
 a valve, used for drawing out liquor. 
 
 fault (fawlt), n. a slight crime or 
 offense; blemish; defect; omission; 
 the loss of scent in hunting: said of 
 a hound; fracture of strata; an ac- 
 cidental leak in an electric circuit; 
 an improper service in lawn-tennis. 
 
 faun (fawn), n. a classic woodland 
 deity, resembling the satyrs in ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 fauna (faw'na), n. [pi. faunae (faw'ne), 
 faunas (faw'naz) J, the animals char- 
 acteristic of any particular region, 
 or geological period. [Latin.] 
 
 favor (fa'ver), n. kindness; support; 
 patronage; good will; facility; par- 
 tiality; bias; a love token; a bunch 
 of ribbons worn on some special oc- 
 casion; a letter: v.t. to regard with 
 favor; befriend; facilitate; resemble 
 in features; spare. [Latin.] 
 
 favorite (fa'ver-it), n. one who, or 
 that which, is particularly esteemed; 
 one regarded with undue preference ; 
 a person or animal considered to have 
 the best chance of winning in a con- 
 test : adj. preferred ; esteemed. 
 
 fawn (fawn), n. a young deer: v.i. & 
 v.t. to court servilely (with on or 
 upon)\ to exhibit affection by leap- 
 ing upon, cringing, or licking the 
 hand of a person: said of a dog. 
 
 fay (fa), n. an elf; fairy: v.t. to fit 
 (two pieces of wood) flush together: 
 v.i. to fit closely: adj. fated; dead. 
 [Scotch.] 
 
 faze (faz), v.t. to worry; annoy; 
 frighten; disturb; produce an effect 
 on. Also fease. 
 
 fealty (fe'al-ti), n. the duty of a 
 vassal or tenant to his feudal su- 
 perior; loyalty. [O. French.] 
 
 fear (fer), n. apprehension of evil or 
 danger; dread; anxiety; solicitude; 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
FEARFUL 
 
 185 
 
 FELT 
 
 reverence: v.t. to regard with appre- 
 hension; dread: v.i. to be in fear; 
 feel anxiety. 
 
 /earful (f er'f ool) , adj. affected with fear ; 
 timorous; inspiring fear. 
 
 fearless (fer'les), adj. intrepid. 
 
 feasible (fe'zi-bl), adj. practicable. 
 
 feast (fest), t n. a sumptuous repast, 
 especially in commemoration of some 
 event, <fec; a festival, especially of 
 the Church ; anything affording 
 pleasure to the palate or mind: v.t. to 
 entertain sumptuously; delight: v.i. 
 to feed sumptuously; enjoy one's self. 
 
 feat (fet), n. a notable achievement, 
 deed, or performance. 
 
 feather (teth'er), n. part of the ex- 
 terior covering of a bird; a plume; 
 something resembling a feather; the 
 water thrown up by the turn of the 
 blade of an oar; kind or class: v.t. 
 to ornament with feathers; cover 
 with, or as with, feathers; turn the 
 blade of (an oar) horizontally when 
 leaving the water: v.i. to become 
 covered with, or something resem- 
 bling, feathers. 
 
 feature (fe'tur), n. the cast of the 
 face; lineament; principal part; 
 outline; characteristic; appearance: 
 v.t. to make public or conspicuous; 
 to give a prominent place to. 
 
 febrile (feb'ril or fe'bril), adj. pertain- 
 ing to, accompanied by, or indicating 
 fever. 
 
 feckless (fek'les), adj. good-for-noth- 
 ing; shiftless. [Scottish.] 
 
 fecund (fek'und or fe-kund'), adj. 
 fruitful; prolific. [Latin.] 
 
 fecundity (f ek-un'di-ti) , n. fruitful- 
 ness; prolificness ; fertility of inven- 
 tion; germination. 
 
 fed, pi. & -p.p. of feed. 
 
 federal (fed'er-al), adj. pertaining to, 
 constituting, or founded upon, a 
 league or treaty; consisting in a 
 union or compact between States, 
 especially of the United States or 
 Switzerland; confederated. 
 
 federation (fed-er-a'shun), n. a league; 
 federal government. 
 
 fee (fe), n. a payment for service ren- 
 dered, especially professional ser- 
 vice; a gratuity; an heritable or 
 inherited estate; land held from a 
 superior; feud: v.t. in the sense of to 
 pay or give a fee to, it is French. 
 
 feeble (fe'bl), adj. weak; wanting in 
 physical strength or mental vigor ; 
 infirm: v.t. to weaken. 
 
 feed (fed), v.t. to give food to; nour- 
 ish; graze or pasture; supply with 
 necessaries; furnish with materials, 
 as a machine: v.i. to eat; subsist 
 (with on or upon) : n. a certain 
 quantity of food given to animals at 
 one time ; fodder ; pasture ; a banquet. 
 
 feel (fel), v.t. to perceive by the 
 touch; be conscious of; understand; 
 test; be influenced or moved by; ex- 
 perience, as pleasure or pain; exam- 
 ine by touching or handling: v.t. 
 seem to the touch ; have the passions 
 moved: n. the sense of feeling; 
 touch; sensation. 
 
 feet (fet), pi. of foot. 
 
 feign (fan), v.t. to pretend; invent. 
 
 feint (fant), n. a pretense; mock attack. 
 
 felicitate (fe-lis'i-tat) , v.t. to con- 
 gratulate. 
 
 felicity (fe-lis'i-ti), n. \pl. felicities 
 (fe-lis/i-tiz)], a condition of supreme 
 happiness ; blissfulness ; prosperity ; 
 appropriateness; a neat or well- 
 chosen ^expression. [Latin.] 
 
 feline (fe'lin), adj. pertaining to, or 
 resembling, a cat; stealthy; treach- 
 erous. [Latin.] 
 
 fell (fel), v.t. to hew, cut, or knock, 
 down; cause to fall; turn down (a 
 seam) : adj. cruel ; savage ; barbar- 
 ous; hideous; powerful: n. the skin 
 of an animal; a hem laid level with 
 the material; a rocky or barren hill; 
 small pieces of ore. 
 
 fellow (fel'o), n. a companion or asso- 
 ciate; one of the same kind; com- 
 peer; one of a pair; an individual; 
 one held in slight esteem; a member 
 of an incorporated society; a gradu- 
 ate member of a college who holds a 
 fellowship: adj. associated or joined 
 with (used in composition). 
 
 felly (fel'i), n. [pi. fellies (fel'iz)], one 
 of the curved pieces of wood which 
 form the rim of a wheel; the rim. 
 
 felon (fel'un^ n. one guilty of fel- 
 ony; a whitlow: adj. malignant; 
 traitorous 1 
 
 felony (fel'o-ni), n. [pi. felonies (fel'- 
 o-niz)], a crime punishable by death 
 or imprisonment in a state prison. 
 
 felt, p.t. of feel. 
 
 felt (felt), n. an unwoven fabric 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
FEMALE 186 FESTIVITY 
 
 composed of wool or wool and hair, fern (fern), n. a cryptogamous or 
 compacted together by pressure or flowerless plant with broad and 
 heat. feathery fronds or leaves, on the 
 
 female (fe'mal), n. one of that sex under surface of which the repro- 
 which conceives and produces young; ductive seeds are situated, 
 the plant or flower which bears the ferocious (fe-ro'shus), adj. savage; 
 pistil and receives the pollen of the fierce; rapacious; of cruel nature, 
 male flower: adj. pertaining to that ferocity (fe-ros'i-ti), n. [pi. ferocities 
 sex which produces young; feminine; (fe-ros'i-tiz) ], savageness or cruelty 
 womanly; having pistils but desti- of disposition; inhuman cruelty, 
 tute of stamens; noting, in mechan- ferret (fer'et), n. a domesticated va- 
 ics, something, as a hollow, into riety of polecat, employed to hunt 
 which another part fits. rats and rabbits from their holes; 
 
 feminine (fem'i-nin), adj. pertaining a kind of binding: v.t. to search 
 to, or characteristic of, women; deli- minutely (with out). 
 cate; tender; sensitive; wanting in ferrous (fer'us), adj. pertaining to, 
 manly characteristics; effeminate: or obtained from, iron. 
 n. a woman. ferrule (fer'il), n. a metal ring placed 
 
 femur (fe'mer), n. the thigh-bone. at the end of a stick, &c, to 
 
 fen (fen), n. low, flat, marsh land, strengthen it. [Latin.] 
 
 covered with sedges, &c; a kind of ferry (fer'i), n. [pi. ferries (fer'iz) ], a 
 mold or moss causing disease in passage across a river, &c; a ferry- 
 hops, boat; the place where a ferry-boat 
 
 fence (fens), v.i. to practise fencing; lands its passengers: v.t. [p.t. & 
 deposit stolen property with a con- p.p. ferried, p.pr. ferrying], to con- 
 federate: v.t. guard or protect; de- vey across a river, &c, in a boat: 
 fend; to inclose or surround with a v.i. go across water in a boat, 
 fence; fortify: n. the art of fencing; fertile (fer'til), adj. producing abun- 
 defense; guard; a boundarjr con- dantly; fruitful; reproductive; rich 
 sisting of posts, wire, &c; inclos- in resources or invention. [Latin.] 
 ure; skill in debate; a receiver of fertilize (fer'til-Iz), v.t. to make fer- 
 stolen goods. tile; render fruitful; impregnate. 
 
 fence (fens), n. a row of stakes or ferule (fer'Ql), n. a rod or flat stick 
 wooden piles that defend a place used for chastisement: v.t. to chas- 
 enclosed by them. [Latin.] tise with a ferule. [Latin.] 
 
 fencing (fens'ing), n. the art of skil- fervent (fer'vent), adj. zealous; ear- 
 fully using a foil or sword for at- nest; vehement; very hot. 
 tack or defense; materials used for fervid (fer'vid), adj. burning; ardent; 
 constructing a fence; a collection of fiery; intense; eager. [Latin.] 
 fences; guard; skilful debate. fervor (fer'ver), n. intensity of feeling; 
 
 fend (fend), v.t. to ward off; protect zeal; warmth. 
 
 with a fender. festal (fes'tal), adj. pertaining to a 
 
 fender (fend'er), n. a cushion of rope, feast; joyous; festive; hilarious. 
 or piece of wood hung over the side fester (fes'ter), v.t. to cause to fester 
 of a vessel to prevent injury by con- or rankle: v.i. to become ulcerated; 
 tact with a landing-stage, &c; a suppurate; rankle; become putrid; 
 metal guard in front of a fireplace rot: n. an ulcerous or purulent sore ; 
 to prevent the hot coal falling upon act of festering or rankling. [French.] 
 the floor; a device affixed to the festival (fes'ti-val), n. a joyful cde- 
 front of a street car to prevent in- bration in commemoration of some 
 jury to pedestrians. [Latin.] event, religious or civil; an enter- 
 
 ferment (fer'ment), n. a microscopic tainment on behalf of some charity 
 fungus which produces fermenta- at which fruit, &c, is sold. [Latin.] 
 tion; internal commotion; tumult: festive (fes'tiv), adj. pertaining to a 
 v.t. (fer-ment'), to produce fermenta- feast; gay; joyous; merry, 
 tion in; excite: v.i. to be in a state of festivity (f es-tiy'i-ti) , n. [pi. festivi- 
 fermentation; effervesce; be excited. ties (fes-tiv'i-tiz) ], social gaiety at 
 
 fite, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, nOrth, not; boon, book; 
 hue, hut ; think, Men. 
 
FESTOON 
 
 187 
 
 FIDGET 
 
 an entertainment or feast; merry- 
 making; joyfulness; a festival. 
 
 festoon (fes-toon'), n. a wreath or gar- 
 land suspended at the extremities 
 and hanging in a curve; an archi- 
 tectural ornament of such form: v.t. 
 to decorate with, or form into, fes- 
 toons. 
 
 fetch (fech), v.t. to go after and 
 bring; obtain as its price; call for 
 and accompany; heave, as a sigh; 
 fascinate: v.i. to move and turn; 
 reach or get: n. an artifice or trick; 
 the deep long breath, as of a person 
 dying; a wraith; the appearance at 
 night of a light resembling a candle, 
 supposed to portend death (fetch- 
 flight). 
 
 fete (fat), n. a festival or holiday: 
 v.t. to entertain, or honor, with fes- 
 tivities. [French.] 
 
 fetid (fe'tid, or fet'id), adj. giving 
 forth an offensive smell; stinking. 
 
 fetish (fe'tish, or fet'ish), n. any 
 material object, as a stone, weapon, 
 feather, &c, supposed by the ne- 
 groes of Western Africa to be the 
 abode of a spirit, and to give to its 
 possessor power over such a deity: 
 hence any object of unreasoning de- 
 votion: image or idol. Also fetich. 
 
 fetlock (fet'lok), n. a tuft of hair be- 
 hind a horse's pastern joint; the 
 pastern joint. 
 
 fetter (fet'er), n. a chain or shackle 
 for the feet (usually pi.); a re- 
 straint; hindrance: v.t. to place fet- 
 ters upon; chain; bind; hinder; re- 
 strain. 
 
 fettle (fet'l), v.i. to repair; work 
 with activity; clean up: v.t. to put 
 in order; cover or line; fasten: n. 
 good condition or repair; fuss. 
 
 feud (fud), n. an inveterate quarrel 
 between clans or families; blood- 
 feud; quarrel; enmity; hatred. 
 
 fever (fe'ver), n. a disease charac- 
 terized by marked increase of heat 
 of the skin, quickened pulse, great 
 debility, thirst, &c; a condition of 
 extreme nervous excitement: v.t. to 
 put into a fever. [Latin.] 
 
 few (fti), adj. [comp. fewer, superl. 
 fewest], not many; small in num- 
 ber; limited. [Latin.] 
 
 fez (fez), n. a brimless, close fitting, 
 felt hat, usually red, with a black 
 
 tassel: worn by Turks, Egyptians, 
 &c. [French.] 
 fiacre (fe-a'kr), n. a hackney-coach. 
 
 [French.] 
 
 fiance (fe-ang-sa'), n. one who is be- 
 trothed or affianced. Fern, fiancee. 
 
 fiasco (fe-as'ko), n. a complete or lu- 
 dicrous failure, as of some enter- 
 prise of which high hopes were en- 
 tertained, as a musical performance, 
 &c; a flask or bottle. [Italian.] 
 
 fiat (fi'at), n. a peremptory order or 
 decree; an order of a court authoriz- 
 ing certain proceedings, as in bank- 
 ruptcy. [Latin, "Let it be done."] 
 
 fib (fib), n. a falsehood; white, lie: 
 v.i. [p.t. & p.p. fibbed, p.pr. fibbing], 
 to tell fibs; to deliver a quick suc- 
 cession of blows. 
 
 fiber (fl'ber), n. a slender, thread- 
 like substance, or filament; raw ma- 
 terial which can be separated into 
 threads for making up textile fabrics. 
 
 fibula (fib'u-la), n. [pi. fibulae (-le)], 
 the outer and smaller of the two 
 bones which form the lower leg; an 
 ancient ornamental brooch or safe- 
 ty-pin. 
 
 fichu (fish'u), n. a light three-cornered 
 article of ladies' dress worn on the 
 neck, or over the neck and shoulders. 
 
 fickle (fik'l), adj. capricious; incon- 
 stant. 
 
 fiction (fik'shun), n. the act of feign- 
 ing or inventing; that which is 
 feigned or invented; a literary pro- 
 duction of the imagination in prose 
 form, as a novel, romance, &c; 
 a legal assumption for the purpose 
 of convenience, the furtherance of 
 justice, &c. [Latin.] 
 
 fid (fid), n. an iron or wooden bar to 
 support a topmast; a large tapering 
 wooden pin for opening the strands 
 of a rope: v.t. to put into place and 
 secure by a fid. Also fidd. 
 
 fiddle (fid'l), n. a violin; a rack 
 used on board ship to prevent arti- 
 cles from rolling off the table in 
 stormy weather: v.i. to play the fid- 
 dle or violin: v.t. to cheat by arti- 
 fice. 
 
 fidelity (fi-del'i-ti), n. [pi. fidelities 
 (fi-del'i-tiz)], integrity; faithful ad- 
 herence to obligation or duty; hon- 
 esty; loyalty; reliability. 
 
 fidget (fij'et), n. one who is fidgety; 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
FIDGETY 
 
 188 
 
 FILE 
 
 nervous restlessness (often in pi.): 
 v.t. to put in a fidget; worry: v.i. to 
 move about uneasily or restlessly. 
 
 fidgety (fij'et-i), adj. restless; impa- 
 tient. 
 
 fiduciary (fi-dii'shi-a-ri) , n. [pi. fidu- 
 ciaries (fi-dti'shi-a-riz) ], a trustee; 
 one who depends for salvation on 
 faith without works: adj. pertaining 
 to, or of the nature of, a trust; con- 
 fident; unwavering. 
 
 fie (fi), inter j. for shame. Also fy; 
 fye. 
 
 .fief (fef), n. a fee or feud; a landed 
 estate or manor held under a feudal 
 superior. [Old French.] 
 
 field (feld), n. a piece of land en- 
 closed for tillage or pasture; open 
 country; a region yielding some nat- 
 ural product; site of a battle; 
 sphere of action ; a wide expanse ; 
 space within which 'telescopic or 
 microscopic objects are viewed; 
 outdoor work; in heraldry, the sur- 
 face of the shield; the ground upon 
 which a game is played; the com- 
 petitors in a race, hunt, &c: v.t. to 
 catch or stop and return to the 
 wicket-keeper, as a ball at cricket, 
 &c: v.i. to act as a fielder; in a 
 race, bet on the field against the 
 favorite. 
 
 fiend (fend), n. an infernal being; 
 demon; one who is intensely mali- 
 cious or wicked. 
 
 fiendish (fend'ish), adj. like a fiend. 
 
 fierce (fers), adj. savage; violent; 
 merciless; ferocious; unrestrained. 
 
 fiery (fir'i), adj. [comp. fierier, superl. 
 fieriest], pertaining to, or consisting 
 of, fire; passionate; easily roused; 
 fervent; ardent. 
 
 fife (fif), n. a shrill-toned musical 
 instrument of the flute class: v.t. to 
 play (a tune) on a fife. 
 
 fifteen (fif 'ten), adj. consisting of 5 
 and 10; a cardinal numeral: n. the 
 number made up of 5 and 10; one 
 point scored at lawn-tennis. 
 
 fifteenth (fif 'tenth), adj. next in order 
 after fourteenth: n. a fifteenth part. 
 
 fifth (fifth), adj. next in order after 
 4th: n. one of five equal parts; in 
 music, an interval of three tones 
 and a semi-tone; the dominant. 
 
 fiftieth (fif'ti-eth), adj. next in order 
 after 49th: n. one of 50 equal parts. 
 
 fifty (fif'ti), adj. consisting of five 
 times 10: n. [pi. fifties (fif'tiz) ], the 
 number which amounts to five times 
 10. 
 
 fig (fig), n. the pear-shaped fruit of 
 the fig-tree; the fig-tree; a snap of 
 the fingers in token of contempt; 
 anything insignificant or worthless. 
 
 fight (fit), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. fought, 
 p.pr. fighting], contend in battle or 
 in arms; make war; offer resist- 
 ance: v.t. to war against; strive for 
 the mastery of; manoeuvre in bat- 
 tle, as ships: n. a combat; battle or 
 engagement; contest. 
 
 figment (fig'ment), n. an invention; 
 fiction. 
 
 figurative (fig'u-ra-tiv) , adj. repre- 
 senting by figure; symbolical; un- 
 real; metaphorical. 
 
 figure (fig'ur), n. the outline or shape 
 of a person or object; appearance; 
 an image or statue; representation 
 of a person by drawing or painting; 
 idea; pattern; type; sign or charac- 
 ter denoting a number ; a movement 
 in a dance; musical phrase, or re- 
 peated theme; a horoscope; value 
 or cost; in logic, the character of a 
 syllogism as determined by the 
 place of the middle term; a space 
 bounded on all sides by lines or 
 planes: v.t. to form into any deter- 
 minate shape; show by resemblance; 
 represent; symbolize; adorn or cover 
 with figures; calculate or compute: 
 v.i. to be conspicuous ; cipher. [Latin.] 
 
 figure-head (fig'ur-hed), n. a carved 
 representation of a human or other 
 figure placed at the prow of a ship; 
 a person who is only nominally im- 
 portant. 
 
 filament (fil'a-ment), n. a fine thread, 
 or thread-like process or appen- 
 dage ; the stalk of an anther. 
 
 filch (filch), v.t. to pilfer; rob. 
 
 file (fil), n. a wire, &c, on which pa- 
 pers are strung for preservation or 
 reference; a bundle of papers fas- 
 tened together and endorsed with the 
 date, contents, &c, of each; a line 
 of soldiers ranged one behind the 
 other; a tool of hard steel with 
 small grooves on the surface, used 
 for cutting and smoothing: v.t. to 
 cut or smooth with a file; string 
 (papers, &c.) on a file, or place 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
FILIAL 
 
 189 
 
 FINERY 
 
 them away, endorsed, for future 
 reference; place among the records 
 of a court or house of legislature: 
 v.i. to march in a file or line. 
 
 filial (fiTi-al), adj. pertaining to, or 
 befitting, a son or daughter; due to 
 a father. 
 
 filibuster (fil-i-bus'ter), n. a free- 
 booter; buccaneer; a lawless military 
 adventurer who invades a foreign 
 country: v.i. to act as a filibuster; 
 to delay legislation by obstructive 
 tactics. 
 
 filigree (fil'i-gre), adj. made of, or re- 
 lating to, work in filigree: n. orna- 
 mental work, resembling lace, in 
 gold or silver wire; something deli- 
 cate and ornamental, but not 
 lasting. [French.] 
 
 fill (fil), v.t. to make full; satisfy; 
 crowd; engage; occupy; employ: v.i. 
 to become full or replete; be dis- 
 tended; pour a glass or vessel full: 
 n. as much as produces complete 
 satisfaction; satiety. 
 
 filler (fiTer), n. one who, or that 
 which, fills; a funnel for filling 
 bottles, &c; composition for stop- 
 ping up holes or pores in a mate- 
 rial before painting it; the body of 
 a cigar. 
 
 fillet (fiTet), n. a nairow band of metal, 
 linen, silk, &c, worn around the 
 forehead, for securing the hair: the 
 fleshy part of the thigh: said of 
 veal; a boneless lump of meat or 
 fish served flat or rolled together 
 and tied round; a raised rim, nar- 
 row ornament, or molding; a plain 
 line or band; the loins of a horse: 
 v.t. to bind with a fillet; ornament 
 with a fillet; make into fillets, as 
 veal, &c. 
 
 fillip (fiTip), n. a sudden sharp jerk or 
 stroke with the finger; an incite- 
 ment: v.t. to strike with the nail of 
 the finger by a sudden movement; 
 project: v.i. to aim a fillip. 
 
 filly (fil'i), n. [pi. fillies (fil'iz)], a young 
 mare; a bold, lively girl. 
 
 film (film), n. a thin skin or filament; 
 a thin covering of some sensitized 
 substance to receive a photographic 
 impression: v.i. to become covered 
 with a film. 
 
 filmy (film'i), adj. composed of, or re- 
 sembling, films. 
 
 filter (fiTter), n. any material or ap- 
 paratus by which water or any 
 other liquid is purified; a contri- 
 vance for arresting particles of 
 steel, dust, &c., in the air; a strain- 
 er: v.t. to purify, as a liquid. 
 
 filth (filth), n. foul matter; dirt; de- 
 filement, moral or physical. 
 
 filthy (filth'i), adj. [comp. filthier, su- 
 perl. filthiest], foul; dirty; unclean, 
 morally or physically; obscene. 
 
 filtrate (fil'trat), n. a liquid which 
 has been filtered: v.t. to filter. 
 
 fin (fin), n. one of the organs of loco- 
 motion of a fish. 
 
 final (fi'nal), adj. pertaining to the 
 end; ultimate; finishing; decisive: 
 n. that which is last, or makes an 
 end; the deciding heat of an ath- 
 letic contest. 
 
 finale (fe-na'la), n. the last passage 
 in a musical composition; the final 
 act, &c, of a scene or performance; 
 termination; end. 
 
 finality (fi-nal'i-ti) , n. completeness. 
 
 finance (fi-nans'), n. the public 
 revenue of a government or state; 
 the science of the profitable manage- 
 ment of monetary affairs: v.t. to 
 manage the financial arrangement 
 of: v.i. to raise money for some spe- 
 cial object. 
 
 financial (fi-nan'shal) , adj. pertaining 
 to finance. 
 
 finch (finch), n. the common name 
 for various small birds, as the chaf- 
 finch, canary, &c. 
 
 find (find), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. found, 
 p.pr. finding], to discover; obtain 
 by searching; ascertain by experi- 
 ment; meet by accident; regain, as 
 something lost; supply; declare by 
 judicial verdict: n. the discovery of 
 something valuable. 
 
 fine (fin), n. money paid as a pen- 
 alty; forfeiture: v.t. to impose a 
 monetary penalty upon; purify; re- 
 fine; clarify. 
 
 fine (fin), adj. slender; thin; keen; 
 pure; refined; subtle; delicate; ele- 
 gant; of small diameter; very hand- 
 some; noble; showy; admirable; 
 splendid; beautiful in thought or 
 language; free from clouds or rain; 
 dexterous ; discriminating ; artful : 
 adv. very much; finely. 
 
 finery (fi'ner-i), n. [pi. fineries (it'- 
 
 ll te, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
FINESSE 
 
 190 
 
 FISHMONGER 
 
 ner-iz)], personal adornment, as fine 
 or showy clothes, &c; outward 
 show. 
 
 finesse (fi-nes')i n. artifice or strat- 
 agem; skill; dexterity; finessing at 
 whist: v.i. to use artifice or skill to 
 accomplish some end; in playing 
 whist, to endeavor to take a trick 
 with a lower card than that held 
 by an opponent, while holding a 
 higher card. [French.] 
 
 finger _ (fing'ger) , n. one of the five 
 divisions of the hand; one of the 
 four digits of the hand, as dis- 
 tinguished from a thumb; a fin- 
 ger's breadth; any mechanical con- 
 trivance resembling a finger; an in- 
 dex; musical touch: v.t. to handle, or 
 perform, with_ the fingers; meddle 
 with; steal; pilfer: v.i. to use the 
 fingers skilfully in performing upon 
 a musical instrument. 
 
 finical (fin'i-kal), adj. fastidious; over 
 particular. 
 
 finis (fi'nis), n. the end. [Latin.] 
 
 finish (fin'ish), v.t. to bring to an 
 end; complete; put an end to; con- 
 clude ; make perfect ; polish ; kill or 
 render powerless: v.i. to come to an 
 end; expire: n. completion; careful 
 elaboration; the final touches given 
 to a work; the end. 
 
 finite (fi'nit), adj. having limits: n. 
 that which is finite [with the]. 
 
 finny (fin'ni), adj. haying fins; resem- 
 bling, or abounding in, fish. 
 
 fiord (fyord), n. a long narrow inlet 
 or arm of the sea between high 
 rocks or banks. Also fjord. [Nor- 
 wegian.] 
 
 fir (fer), n. the name of various cone- 
 bearing trees of the genus Abies, 
 and allied genera; a fir-tree. 
 
 fire (fir), n. heat and light evolved 
 by ignition and combustion; the 
 result of combustion of bodies; 
 a burning; conflagration; flame; 
 discharge of firearms ; light ; _ in- 
 tensity of feeling; ardor; spirit; 
 severe trial or affliction: v.t. to set 
 on fire; inflame: kindle; bake, as 
 porcelain; explode; excite violently; 
 irritate; illuminate; cauterize: v.i. 
 to become ignited; be inflamed; dis- 
 charge firearms; ring a peal of bells 
 all together. 
 
 firebrand (flr'brand), n. a piece of 
 
 burning wood; an incendiary; one 
 who inflames the passions of others. 
 
 firecracker (fir'krak-er), n. a small 
 explosive firework. 
 
 fire-damp (fir'damp), n. carburet ted 
 hydrogen, explosive when _ brought 
 into contact with fire in mines. 
 
 firefly (fir'fli), _ n. a winged insect 
 which emits light at night. 
 
 firkin (fer'kin), n. a small wooden 
 vessel for holding butter, lard, &c; 
 a measure of capacity = l-4th of a 
 barrel; 9 gals. 
 
 firm (ferm), adj. hard; compact; 
 solid ; closely compressed ; unyield- 
 ing; not easily moved; rigorous; 
 staunch; unfaltering; steadfast: n. 
 the title or style under which a 
 mercantile house transacts its busi- 
 ness; a mercantile partnership. 
 
 firmament (fer'ma-ment). n. the sky. 
 
 first (ferst), adj. the ordinal of one; 
 foremost in place, rank, dignity, 
 time, excellence, &c; earliest; most 
 important; chief: adv. before all 
 others in order, place, rank, time, 
 &c; sooner: n. the beginning; the 
 upper part of a vocal or instru- 
 mental duet, trio, &c. [Mus.] 
 
 fiscal (fis'kal), adj. pertaining to the 
 exchequer or public revenues; finan- 
 cial: n. in Spain a state treasurer. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 fish (fish), n. [pi. fish, fishes (fish'ez)J, 
 a vertebrate, cold-blooded, aquatic 
 animal furnished with permanent 
 gills; the flesh of fish used as food; 
 a machine for hoisting an anchor; 
 a piece of wood fastened to an- 
 other to strengthen it; one of the 
 signs (Pisces) of the zodiac; a 
 counter used at cards: v.t. to search 
 in quest of fish; catch (fish); seek 
 for and bring to light; draw up; 
 strengthen by spars: v.i. to try to 
 catch fish; seek to gain or obtain 
 something by artifice or indirect 
 methods. 
 
 fisherman (fish'er-man) , n. one whose 
 occupation it is to catch fish; a fish- 
 ing-smack. 
 
 fishery (fish'er-i), n. [pi. fisheries 
 (fish'er-iz)]. the business of catching 
 fish; a fishing-ground; the right to 
 fish at a particular time or ground. 
 
 fishmonger (fish'mung-ger), n. one 
 who sells fish. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
FISSILE 
 
 191 
 
 FLAME 
 
 fissile (fis'il), adj. capable of being 
 split: said of rocks. 
 
 fission (fish'un), n the act of cleav- 
 ing or splitting up into parts; the 
 spontaneous division of a simple 
 organism into two parts, each of 
 which becomes a new individu- 
 al. 
 
 fissure (fish'ur), n. a cleft or crack; 
 a narrow opening; furrow: v.t. to 
 make a fissure: v.i. to crack. [Latin.] 
 
 fist (fist), n. the hand when closed or 
 clenched: v.t. to grip or strike with 
 the fist. 
 
 fistic (fis'tik), adj. pertaining to pu- 
 gilism. 
 
 fisticuffs (fis'ti-kufs), n. a combat 
 with the fists; boxing. 
 
 fistula (fis'tu-la), n. a deep pipe-like 
 ulcer in the rectum. 
 
 fit (fit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fitted, p.pr. 
 fitting], to make fit or suitable; 
 adapt; accommodate to anything; 
 qualify; adjust; equip; benefit: v.i. 
 to be proper or suitable: n. adapta- 
 tion of one thing to another; suit- 
 ability: adj. [camp, fitter, superl. 
 fittest], convenient; suitable; pre- 
 pared; qualified. 
 
 fit (fit), n. a sudden attack of disease 
 attended with convulsions, and often 
 with loss of consciousness; a tem- 
 porary mental paroxysm, or attack 
 of pain or illness; caprice.^ 
 
 fitful (fit 'fool), adj. capricious; spas- 
 modic. 
 
 fitness (fit'nes), n. the state or quality 
 of being fit. 
 
 five (flv), adj. consisting of 4 and 1; 
 a cardinal numeral: n. the sum of 
 4 and 1: pi. a game resembling ten- 
 nis, played in England. 
 
 fix (fiks), v.t. to make fast, secure, or 
 stable; direct steadily; set or place 
 permanently; adjust; transfix; de- 
 prive of volatility; predispose: v.i. 
 to become solid or firm; settle down: 
 n. an awkward situation; quandary. 
 
 fixative (fiks'a-tiv) , n. something that 
 serves to fi.?, as a mordant, &c. 
 
 fixed (fikst), p.adj. firm; lasting; set- 
 tled ; permanent ; stable ; established ; 
 resolute; not volatile. 
 
 fixity (fiks'i-ti), n. stability; perma- 
 nence. 
 
 fixture (fiks'tur), n. that which is 
 firmly fixed; an article of furni- 
 
 ture fixed to a house and regarded 
 as part of it. 
 
 fizz (fiz), n. a hissing noise; an ef- 
 fervescent beverage, as sparkling 
 champagne: v.i. to make a fizzing 
 noise. Also fizzle. 
 
 flabby (flab'i), adj. easily shaken, 
 or yielding to the touch; lack- 
 ing muscle; mentally or physically 
 feeble. 
 
 flaccid (flak'sid), adj. flabby; weak. 
 
 flag (flag), n. a piece of cloth or 
 bunting on which usually some de- 
 vice is wrought, used as the standard 
 of a nation, an ensign, signal, &c; 
 a plant of the genus Iris; a flagstone: 
 v.i. [p.t. & p.p. flagged, p.pr. flag- 
 ging], to become weary; lose vigor; 
 hang down: v.t. signal with a flag; 
 pave with flagstones. 
 
 flagellant (flaj 'el-ant) , adj. using a 
 whip or scourge: n. one who scourges 
 himself for religious discipline. 
 
 flagellate (fla'jel-at), v.t. to whip: adj. 
 having whip-like processes. 
 
 flagging (flag'ing), n. pavement of 
 flagstones. 
 
 flagitious (fla-jish'us), adj. atrocious; 
 wicked; highly criminal. 
 
 flagon (flag'un), n. a large drinking 
 vessel with a narrow mouth. 
 
 flagrant (fla ' grant), adj. openly 
 wicked; heinousj glaring; notorious. 
 
 flagstone (flag'ston), n. sl large flat 
 paving-stone. 
 
 flail (flal), n. a wooden instrument 
 for threshing wheat, &c, by hand. 
 
 flake (flak), n. a small film of any- 
 thing loosely held together, as 
 snow; a thin scaly piece of any- 
 thing; a carnation with a single 
 color in stripes on a white ground : 
 v.t. & v.i. to form into flakes; scale 
 or peel off. 
 
 flaky (flak'i), adj. consisting of flakes 
 or layers. 
 
 flam (flam), n. a falsehood; freak; 
 blarney; false pretense. [Obsolete.] 
 
 flamboyant (flam-boi'ant) , adj. de- 
 noting a florid or showy style, espe- 
 cially as deficient in good taste, de- 
 noting the French Pointed Gothic; 
 florid ; showy ; boisterous ; noisy ; de- 
 void of taste. 
 
 flame (flam), n. fire; ardor of tem- 
 per or passion; glow of imagination; 
 excitement; a sweetheart: v.t. to 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
FLAMINGO 
 
 192 
 
 FLEA 
 
 heat; excite: v.i. to burst into 
 flame; blaze. 
 
 flamingo (fla-ming'go), n. a long- 
 legged, web-footed, red-colored bird. 
 
 flange (flam'), n. a raised or project- 
 ing rim for preventing a wheel slip- 
 ping, or as an attachment: v.t. to 
 attach a flange to. 
 
 flank (flangk), n. the fleshy part of 
 an animal between the ribs and 
 hip; the side of an army, regiment 
 or building; that part of a fortifica- 
 tion constructed to defend another: 
 v.t. to attack or turn the flank or 
 side of (an army) ; guard on the 
 flank: v.i. to border or touch [with 
 on]: adj. pertaining to, or cut from, 
 the flank. 
 
 flannel (flan'el), n. a soft-textured, 
 loosely woven cloth with a light 
 nap. [French.] 
 
 flap (flap), n. anything broad and 
 flexible, hanging loosely, and fas- 
 tened on one side; the motion or 
 noise of anything broad and flat; 
 a slap; the tail of a coat: v.t. [p.t. 
 &, p.p. flapped], to strike with, or 
 as with, a flap; let fall; move back- 
 wards and forwards rapidly: v.i. to 
 move, as wings, with noise. 
 
 flare (flar), n. a large, unsteady 
 glaring light: v.i. m to burn with a 
 broad, unsteady light; be offensive- 
 ly showy in dress. 
 
 flash (flash), n. a sudden, quick, 
 transitory blaze or light; sudden 
 outburst, as of merriment, wit, or 
 passion; a short, transient state; a 
 body of water driven by violence; 
 a sluice above a shoal on navigable 
 rivers for easing the water for the 
 passage of boats: v.t. to cause to 
 act, burse, or appear suddenly; 
 cover with a thin coating of colored 
 glass; to show ostentatiously, as "to 
 flash his roll": v.i. to shine with a 
 sudden, quick, transient blaze or 
 light; act, or burst forth, suddenly; 
 gleam; splash: _ adj. pertaining to 
 thieves or their language, as "a 
 flash house"; cheap and_ gaudy; 
 sham; vulgarly ostentatious or 
 showy, as "flash jewelry." [Swe- 
 dish.] 
 
 flask (flask), n. a small bottle; a vessel, 
 usually metal or leather, for holding 
 powder or shot. 
 
 flat (flat), adj. level; even; smooth; 
 prostrate; horizontal; insipid; posi- 
 tive; downright; low: said of prices; 
 dull: said of sales; without interest ; 
 wanting relief or prominence: said 
 of figures in painting; sounded below 
 the true pitch : rff. a level or extended 
 plain ; a shallow ; shoal ; story or floor 
 of a house; the broad or plane part 
 of a thing ; surface without relief or 
 prominence; depression in thought 
 or language ; a musical sign (|?) which 
 lowers the succeeding note half a 
 tone; one of the halves of a scene 
 which meet in the middle of the 
 stage of a theater; a person easily 
 duped: adv. in a level or prostrate 
 position. 
 
 flatten (flat'n), v.t. to lay flat; make 
 level or even; beat down; depress; 
 make dull, insipid or tasteless; lower 
 in tone: v.i. to become flat or level; 
 become insipid. 
 
 flatter (flat'er), v.t. to gain over or 
 please by complimentary speech; 
 soothe; persuade; raise false hopes 
 or expectations: v.i. to employ flat- 
 tery. 
 
 flattery (flat'er-i), n. [pi. flatteries 
 (flat'er-iz)], insincere complimen- 
 tary speech; adulation; false praise. 
 
 flatulent (flat'u-lent), adj. affected 
 with, or tending to produce, flatu- 
 lence ; pretentious ; conceited. 
 
 flaunt (flant and flawnt), v.i. # to make 
 an ostentatious display in dress: 
 v.t. behave or exhibit pertly or 
 impudently: n. the act of flaunt- 
 ing; a boast; a brag. 
 
 flavor (fla'ver), n. a particular smell 
 or taste: v.L to impart a flavor to. 
 
 flavoring (fla'ver-ing) , n. an essence 
 or extract for giving a flavor to any- 
 thing. 
 
 flaw (flaw), n. a blemish; inherent 
 defect; crack: v.t. to make a flaw 
 in; crack. 
 
 flax (flaks), n. a plant of the genus 
 Linum, the fiber of which is spun 
 into linen cloth. 
 
 flaxen (flaks'en), adj. resembling, or 
 made of, flax; of golden color: said 
 of the hair. Also flaxy. 
 
 flaxseed (flak'sed), n. linseed. 
 
 flay (fia), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flayed, p.pr. 
 flaying], to strip on, skin: torture. 
 
 flea (fle), n. a small blood-sucking 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
FLECK 
 
 193 
 
 FLOAT 
 
 insect of the genus Pulex, remark- 
 able for its agility and irritating bite. 
 fleck (flek), n. a streak or spot: v.t. 
 
 to streak or spot ; variegate. 
 
 fledge (flej), v.i. to acquire the full 
 plumage or feathers necessary for 
 flight. 
 
 flee ifle), v.t. [p.t. fled, p.pr. fleeing], 
 to run away from: avoid: v.i. to 
 hasten away from danger; scatter; 
 disappear. 
 
 fleece (.fles), n. the whole wool shorn 
 from a sheep at one time: v.t. to 
 deprive of the wool or fleece: strip; 
 plunder by injustice or fraud; cover 
 with, or as with, a fleece._ 
 
 fleecy (fles'i), adj. resembling a fleece; 
 woolly. 
 
 fleer (fler), n. mocker?- or contempt 
 expressed in words or gesture: v.i. 
 to mock or sneer; grin contemptu- 
 ously^ 
 
 fleet (net), adj. swift; rapid; nimble: 
 n. a company of warships or mer- 
 chant vessels not fewer than twelve; 
 a creek or inlet: v.t. to move or pass 
 rapidly o_ver; skim. 
 
 fleeting (flet'ing), p. adj. passing quick- 
 ly- 
 
 flense (flens), v.t. to cut up and strip 
 the blubber from: said of a whale 
 or seal. Also flench, flinch. 
 
 flesh (flesh), n. that part of an ani- 
 mal body underlying the skin, and 
 composed of soft muscular tissue; 
 animal food; pulp of fruit, &c.; the 
 body: opposed to soul; human na- 
 ture or race; carnal state or ap- 
 petites^ present life; kindred: adj. 
 resembling flesh in color or ap- 
 pearance: v.t. to satiate or glut. 
 
 fleshly (flesh'li), adj. pertaining to the 
 body;_ corporeal; human; carnal; 
 lascivious: adv. carnallv. 
 
 flew (floo), p.^. of fly. 
 
 flexible (neks'i-bl), adj. easily bent: 
 pliant ; yielding to persuasion. Also 
 flexile. 
 
 flexion (flek'shun), n. the act or proc- 
 ess of bending; a curve: in gram- 
 mar, inflection. Also flection. 
 
 flick, (flik), n. a light, quick stroke, 
 as with a whip: v.t. to whip lightly. 
 
 flies (fliz), pi. of fly. 
 
 flight (flit), n. the act, process, man- 
 ner, or power of flying; hasty de- 
 parture; birds flying together, or 
 
 produced in the same season : a 
 soaring forth; extravagant sally; 
 the distance traveled by a projectile; 
 a shower or volley; a series of 
 steps. 
 
 flighty (flit'i), adj. changeful: capri- 
 cious; extravagant in fancy; wild; 
 giddy. 
 
 flimsy (flim'zi). n. [p/.flimsies(flim'ziz)], 
 a thin manifold paper, especially 
 that used for making reporting 
 copies: a bank-note :_ adj. unsub- 
 stantial; thin; weak: ineffective. 
 
 flinch (flinch), v.i. to shrink or draw 
 back, as from pain, danger, &c: n. 
 the act of flinching. 
 
 fling (fling) , # v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flung, 
 p.pr. flinging], to throw or hurl; 
 drive by violence; scatter; cast to 
 the ground: v.i. to flounce; throw 
 out the legs violently: n. the act of 
 throwing or casting; a sneer or 
 gibe: kick or leap: unrestrained 
 pleasure: dash: a Highland dance: 
 n. a "lark" or spree; the sportive 
 days of a young man. 
 
 flint (flint), n. a variety of quartz; 
 a flint implement; anything pro- 
 verbially hard._ 
 
 flip (flip), n. Bl liquor of beer, spirit, 
 sugar, &c.; a short quick stroke: a 
 flick: v.t. to jerk with the fingers; 
 strike with a short quick blow: adj. 
 frivolous, flippant. _ [Slang.] 
 
 flippancy (flip'an-si), n. pertness; 
 thoughtless fluency of speech. 
 
 flippant i flip 'ant), adj. characterized 
 by thoughtless levity of speech, or 
 pertness. 
 
 flipper tflip'er). n. a broad fin, arm. or 
 paddle used in swimming, as that of 
 the whale, seal, or turtle. 
 
 flirt (flert), v.t. move to and fro with 
 a short, rapid action; throw with a 
 quick elastic motion: v.i. make love 
 for mere amusement: coquette: n. 
 a coquette; a sudden jerk or toss. 
 
 flit (Ait), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flitted, 
 p.pr. flitting], to remove (a thing) 
 from one house to another [Scotch]: 
 v.i. to pass lightly and swiftly 
 along; fly away: skim; migrate. 
 
 flitch (flich), n. the side of a hog 
 salted and cured. 
 
 float (not), v.t. to cause to rest or be 
 conveyed on the surface of a liquid ; 
 convey without effort or will; to 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
FLOCCOSE 
 
 194 
 
 FLOWER 
 
 start, sell, or dispose of; smooth 
 or level plaster with a float: v.i. to 
 be buoyed up on the surface of a 
 liquid or gaseous fluid; move lightly 
 or glide without apparent effort; 
 drift about: n. anything that floats 
 on the surface of a liquid or buoys 
 up something; a raft; the cork or 
 quill used in angling; a ball-cock; 
 a plasterer's tool for spreading and 
 smoothing; the water-gauge of a 
 steam-boiler. _ 
 
 floccose (flok'os), adj. covered with 
 sofu hair or wool; woolly. 
 
 flock (flok), n. a company or collec- 
 tion of sheep or birds; a congrega- 
 tion; crowd; a lock of wool; fibrous 
 material used for stuffing uphol- 
 stery, &c: v.i. to come together in 
 a flock; assemble. 
 
 floe (no), n. a large flat mass of float- 
 ing ice. 
 
 flog (flog), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. flogged, 
 p.pr. flogging], to whip; chastise; 
 to lash (the water) with the line in 
 angling. 
 
 flood (flud), n. a great flow of water; 
 inundation; the deluge; high tide; 
 the sea; an abundant supply or out- 
 pouring of anything: v.t. to deluge; 
 inundate; overflow. 
 
 floor (flor), n. the part of a house, 
 room, &c, on which one treads; 
 story; a level suite of rooms; any 
 smooth or level area ; pavement ; the 
 part of a legislative chamber oc- 
 cupied by the members: v.t. to cover 
 with a floor; put to silence; strike 
 down. 
 
 flop (flop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flopped, 
 p.pr. flopping], to strike frequently; 
 unfold with a jerk: v.i. to plump 
 down; fall loosely and flatly; to 
 change one's politics unexpectedly: 
 n. the sound caused by a soft flat 
 body coming suddenly in contact 
 with the ground: adv. suddenly. 
 
 flora (flo'ra), n. the wild plants of 
 a particular region, district, or geo- 
 logical period; a description of such 
 plants. [Latin.] 
 
 floral (flo'ral), adj. pertaining to, re- 
 sembling, or consisting of, flowers. 
 
 florescence (flo-res'ens) , n. the flow- 
 ering of a plant. 
 
 floriculture (flo'ri-kul-tur), n. the cul- 
 ture of flowers. 
 
 florid (flor'id), adj. bright in color; 
 brilliant with decorations; profuse- 
 ly embellished. 
 
 florin (flor 'in), n. a European silver 
 coin, ranging in value in different 
 countries from forty to fifty cents. 
 
 florist (flo'rist), n. one who culti- 
 vates flowers for pleasure, or sells 
 them for profit. 
 
 floss (flos), n. floss-silk; the soft, 
 downy, silken substance in the husks 
 of certain plants; the slag on the 
 surface of molten iron in a puddling- 
 furnace; a small stream. 
 
 flotilla (flo-til'a), n. a fleet of small 
 vessels. 
 
 flotsam (flot'sam), n. goods lost in 
 shipwreck, and found floating upon 
 the sea. 
 
 flounce (flouns), n. a narrow piece 
 of nloth sewed to the skirt of a 
 dress or petticoat, with the lower 
 border loose and spreading; a sud- 
 den jerk or movement of the body, 
 indicative of impatience: v.t. to fur- 
 nish or trim with flounces: v.i. to 
 throw about the limbs and body. 
 
 flounder (floun'der), v.i. to strug- 
 gle, roll, or proceed with difficulty, 
 as an animal in the mire: n. a flat 
 sea-fish; a bootmaker's tool. 
 
 flour (flour), n. the fine meal of 
 ground wheat; a fine soft powder. 
 
 flourish (flur'ish), v.i. to prosper or 
 thrive; be vigorous; be copious or 
 flowery in language; embellish: v.t. 
 swing about or brandish; give flour- 
 ishes to: n. a figure formed by lines 
 or strokes fancifully drawn; the act 
 of brandishing; a musical passage 
 intended only for display; ostenta- 
 tious parade. 
 
 flout (flout), v.t. to insult; treat con- 
 temptuously; jeer: v.i. to scoff; 
 sneer: n. an insult; scoff. 
 
 flow (flo), v.i. to run or spread, as 
 water; circulate; glide; rise, as the 
 tide; melt; issue forth: v.t. to over- 
 flow or inundate: n. a current or 
 stream; copiousness; the rise of the 
 tide. 
 
 flower (flou'er), n. that part of a plant 
 which contains the reproductive or- 
 gans; blossom; the best, or choicest, 
 part of anything; the prime; a figure 
 or ornamental expression: pi. a light 
 powdery substance obtained by sub- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
FLOWN 
 
 195 
 
 FOB 
 
 limation: v.i. to put forth flowers; 
 blossom or bloom: v.t. ornament or 
 cover with flowers. [French.] 
 
 flown (fl5n), p.p. of fly. 
 
 fluctuate (fluk'tu-at), v.i. to roll to 
 and fro, as a wave; undulate; rise 
 and fall; be irresolute or wavering. 
 
 flue (flu), n. a pipe or passage to con- 
 vey away smoke, hot air, &c; soft 
 downy matter; fluff. 
 
 fluent (flu'ent), adj. possessing readi- 
 ness and ease of speech; voluble; 
 eloquent. 
 
 fluff (fluf), n. light down or fur nap: v.t. 
 to spread out, as feathers: n. a flash. 
 
 fluffy (fluf'i), adj. consisting of, or cov- 
 ered with, fluff; feathery. 
 
 fluid (flu'id), adj. liquid or gaseous: 
 n. a substance the particles of which 
 are readily separable. 
 
 fluke (fluk), n. the broad part of an 
 anchor which is fixed into the 
 ground; a flounder; a parasitic dis- 
 ease in sheep; a variety of potato; 
 one of the two lobes of a whale's 
 tail; a lucky stroke in billiards: v.i. 
 to score by a lucky stroke; use the 
 flukes in swimming : said of a whale. 
 
 flume (flum), n. a channel for the 
 conveyance of water. 
 
 flung, p.t. & p.p. of fling. 
 
 flunk (flungk), n. in college slang a 
 complete failure: v.i. to fail com- 
 pletely; retire through fear, or 
 confusion. 
 
 flunky (flungk'i), n. [pi. flunkies 
 (flungk'iz)], a liveried servant; a 
 toady; snob; a foolish, incautious 
 speculator. Also flunkey. 
 
 fluorescence (floo-o-res'ens), n. the 
 quality existing in certain trans- 
 parent bodies of giving off under the 
 action of light a color differing from 
 their own; the property possessed by 
 certain substances of becoming lu- 
 minous when exposed to X-rays or 
 other forms of radiant energy. 
 
 fluorine (floo'o-rin), n. an elemen- 
 tary gaseous body allied to chlorine. 
 It is the only element that will not 
 combine with oxygen. 
 
 flurry (flur'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flurried, 
 p.pr. flurrying], to agitate, confuse, 
 or bewilder: n. sudden commotion 
 or excitement; hurry; a sudden gust. 
 
 flush (flush), v.t. to cause to blush; 
 excite; clean out with a rush of 
 
 water; drive from cover: said of 
 game birds: v.i. to blush; glow: 
 n. a sudden rush of water; flow 
 of blood to the face; sudden ex- 
 citement or impulse; a flock of 
 game birds suddenly started; abun- 
 dance; bloom; growth; a hand of 
 cards all of the same suit: said of 
 poker and cribbage; a bog or morass: 
 adj. level with the surface; quite 
 full; abundant; plentifully supplied 
 with money; vigorous: adv. so as to 
 be level. 
 
 flute (flut), n. a tubular wind-instru- 
 ment furnished with finger-hcles and 
 keys; a long channel or groove cut 
 in the shaft of a column; crimping 
 or furrowing: v.t. to sound as a 
 flute; form parallel grooves or chan- 
 nel in ; crimp or furrow. 
 
 flutter (flut'er), v.i. to move or flap 
 the wings rapidly; move rapidly and 
 irregularly; be in agitation or un- 
 certainty: v.t. to throw into con- 
 fusion: n. a quick and irregular mo- 
 tion; vibration; state of excitement 
 or anxiety. 
 
 fluvial (flu'vi-al), adj. pertaining to, 
 growing or living in, or caused by, 
 rivers. Also fluvatile. 
 
 flux (fluks), n. any flow or issue of 
 matter; flow of the tide; a substance 
 added to assist in the reduction of a 
 metal by fusion: v.t. to melt or fuse. 
 
 fly (fli), v.i. [pt. flew, p.p. flown, p.pr. 
 flying], to move through, or rise in, 
 the air with wings; pass swiftly; be 
 driven through the air; move rapid- 
 ly; run away; part with violence; 
 burst; fade: v.t. to avoid or shun; 
 cause to fly or float in the air; flut- 
 ter: n. [pi. flies (fliz)], a two-winged 
 insect of many species, including the 
 house-fly, Musca domestica; an arti- 
 ficial fly used in angling ; a disease 
 in turnips; a hackney carriage: adj. 
 wide awake. [Slang.] 
 
 foal (fol), n. the young of a horse, 
 ass, or camel: v.i. to bring forth 
 young :_said of a mare, &c. 
 
 foam (fom), n. the white substance 
 formed on a liquid by violent agita- 
 tion or fermentation; spume: v.t. to 
 cause to foam: v.i. to gather foam; 
 froth. 
 
 fob (fob), n. a small pocket, especial- 
 ly for a watch: v.t. to cheat. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ;, 
 13 hue, hut ; think, Men. 
 
FOCUS 196 FOOT 
 
 focus (fo'kus), n. [pi. focuses (fo'kus- pages of a ledger, &c; in legal doc- 
 ez), foci (fo'si)], the point where a sys- uments 72 words of MS., lOO^words 
 tern of rays of light or heat meet in congressional proceedings; a case 
 after being reflected or refracted; for music, &c. : adj. having a sheet 
 any central point: v.t. [p. I. & p.p. of paper folded once: v.t. to page, 
 focused, p.pr. focusing], to bring to folk (folk or fok), n. people in gen- 
 a_ focus or center. Also focalize eral: nation or race; one's relatives, 
 (fo'kal-iz). follicle (fol'i-kl), n. a seed-vessel; 
 
 fodder (fod'er), n. food for horses, a very small tube or cavity; a sim- 
 cattle, or sheep; a weight for lead = pie gland. 
 21 cwt.: v.t. to feed with fodder. follow (fol'o), v.t. to go or come 
 
 foe (fo), n. a personal enemy; ill- after; pursue; succeed in order; ac- 
 wishen an adversary in war. m m company; attend; espouse the opin- 
 
 foetus (fe'tus), n. the young of vivipa- ions or cause of; imitate or conform 
 rous animals in the womb. to; watch or attend to closely; to 
 
 fog (fog), n. condensed watery vapor practice: v.i. to go or come after an- 
 near the surface of the sea or land, other; result: n. a particular stroke 
 bewilderment ; a cloud or haze ob- in billiards or croquet, 
 scuring a photographic plate; the folly (fol'i), n. [pi. follies (fol'iz)], 
 after-grass of autumn; winter pas- want of understanding; foolishness; 
 ture: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. fogged, p.pr. unbecoming conduct ; criminal weak- 
 fogging], to become foggy, ness; sin. 
 
 foil (foil), v.t. to baffle or frustrate; 'foment (fo-ment'), v.t. to bathe with 
 defeat: n. a long, thin fencing weap- warm or medicated liquids; excite; 
 on with a button on the end; the stir up or instigate, 
 trail of hunted game; a thin plate, fomentation (f o-men-ta/shun) , n. the 
 or sheet of metal; a contrast to set act of fomenting^ warm or medi- 
 something off to advantage; a small cated liquids applied to a diseased 
 arc in the tracery of a Gothic win- part; incitement, 
 dow, &c. fond (fond), adj. affectionate; lov- 
 
 foist (foist), v.t. to place in wrong- ing;^ ardently attached or devoted; 
 fully or surreptitiously; palm off partial to; injudiciously, foolishly 
 slyly fwith in, into, upon]. indulgent (with of). 
 
 Fokker (fok'er), n. a very efficient fondle (fon'dl), v.t. to caress; treat 
 fighting aeroplane of great speed em- with tenderness; handle tenderly: 
 ployed in 1916 by the Germans in v.i. to exhibit fondness, 
 the European War; said to have its font (font), n. a stone receptacle to 
 machine gun so mounted as to fire hold the water used in baptizing; a 
 through the propeller shaft. complete assortment of a particular 
 
 fold (fold), v.t. to bend one part over kind of type. 
 
 another; inclose; wrap up; shut up food (food), n. nutriment; material, 
 in a pen or fold: n. a part bent or fool (fool), n. a person devoid of rea- 
 doubled over another; a plait; a pen son or intelligence; idiot; one who 
 for sheep; a bend of a stratum; acts in a foolish manner; a victim 
 flock of sheep; the Church. or butt; a compound of crushed 
 
 foliage (fo'li-aj), n. leaves collective- gooseberries with cream: v.t. to make 
 ly; the artistic representation of a fool of ; treat with contempt; dis- 
 leaves, flowers, &c, as in archi- appoint, 
 tectural decoration. [Latin.] foolhardy (f ool'har-di) , adj. foolishly 
 
 foliated (fo'li-a-ted), p. adj. beaten, bold; daringly rash; regardless of 
 formed into, or covered with, thin consequences. 
 
 plates; splitting into laminae: deco- foolish (fool'ish), adj. acting with- 
 rated with leaf-like ornamentation. out reason or judgment; weak 
 
 folio (fo'li-o), n. a book of the larg- minded; silly; ridiculous; trifling; 
 est size formed by folding a sheet of contemptible, 
 paper once; a page of MS. or print- foolishness (f oorish-nes) , n. folly, 
 ed matter; the right and left hand foot (foot), n. [pi. feet (fet) ], that 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, Jften. 
 
FOP 
 
 197 
 
 FORESHORTEN 
 
 part of the leg on which an animal 
 walks or stands; the lower part, 
 base, foundation, or end, of any- 
 thing; that part of a boot or stock- 
 ing which receives the foot ; a meas- 
 ure = 12 in.; infantry soldiers; a 
 certain number of syllables consti- 
 tuting part of a verse: v.t. to add a 
 foot to, as a stocking; add fig- 
 ures in a column, and place the total 
 at the bottom: v.i. to dance; go on 
 foot. 
 
 fop (fop), n. a dandy; pretentious fool. 
 
 foppish (fop'ish), adj. affected in dress 
 and manners. 
 
 for (for), prep, in place of; on account 
 of; for the sake of; notwithstand- 
 ing; to the number or amount of: 
 conj. because; since: prefix, mean- 
 ing thoroughly, before, greatly, with a 
 privative, or negative force. 
 
 forage (for'aj), n. food for horses and 
 cattle; a search for provisions: v.i. 
 to wander about in search of pro- 
 visions: v.t. to supply with forage. 
 
 foray (for'a), n. a predatory expedi- 
 tion in border warfare: v.t. to plun- 
 der or ravage. 
 
 forbade (for-bad'), p.t. of forbid. 
 
 forbear (for-bar'), v.t. [p.t. forbore (for- 
 bor'), p.p. forborne (for-born'), p.pr. 
 forbearing], to abstain from; excuse; 
 spare: v.i. to restrain one's self; be 
 patient: n. an ancestor. Also fore- 
 bear. [Scotch.] 
 
 forbid . (for-bid'),y ,t. [p.t. forbade, p.p. 
 forbidden, forbid, p.pr. forbidding], to 
 prohibit ; command not to do ; oppose. 
 
 force (fors), n. active power; vigor; 
 strength; energy; violence; power 
 to persuade or convince; validity; 
 legality; efficacy; meaning; troops; 
 armament; a trained or organized 
 body; unlawful violence to property 
 or person; any cause that produces, 
 or tends to produce, motion, or a 
 change of motion, in a body; a wa- 
 terfall: v.t. to compel; overpower by 
 strength; impel; push; press; strain; 
 cause to grow or ripen by artificial 
 means: v.i. to endeavor. 
 
 forceps (for'seps), n. pincers or pliers 
 for seizing and extracting anything. 
 
 forcible (for'si-bl), adj. _ character- 
 ized by mental or physical power; 
 vigorous; violent. 
 
 ford (ford), n. a shallow part of a 
 
 stream, &c, which can be crossed by- 
 men or animals: v.t. to wade through 
 or pass over without swimming. 
 
 forebode (for-bod'), v.t. to presage, es- 
 pecially evil; feel a presentiment of: 
 v.i. to foretell (evil). 
 
 forecast (for'kast), n. a previous con- 
 trivance; foresight; prediction of the 
 weather: v.t. (for-kast'), to plan or 
 calculate beforehand; foresee; pre- 
 dict. 
 
 forecastle (f5k'sl), n. the part of a 
 vessel forward of the foremast, where 
 the seamen take their meals and 
 sleep. 
 
 foreclose (for-kl5z'), v.t. to cut off 
 from the right of redemption: said 
 of a mortgage. 
 
 forefather (for'fa-^er), n. a male an- 
 cestor. 
 
 foregather (for-ga^'er) , v.i. to assem- 
 ble; associate (with with). 
 
 forego (for-go'), v.t. [p.t. forewent, p.p. 
 foregone, p.pr. foregoing], to re- 
 nounce or refrain from; give up: v.t. 
 precede. 
 
 forehead '(for'ed), n. that part of the 
 face between the eyes and the hair; 
 brow. 
 
 foreign (for'en), adj. belonging to 
 another nation or country; alien; 
 exotic; extraneous; remote. 
 
 forel (for'el), n. a kind of parchment 
 used for covers of books. 
 
 foreman (for man) , 
 
 [pi. foremen 
 
 (for'men) ], the spokesman of a jury; 
 
 an overseer. 
 foremost (for'most), adj. chief; 
 
 first. 
 forensic (f o-ren'sik) , adj. pertaining 
 
 to, or used in, courts of justice or 
 
 public debate. 
 forereach (for-rech'), v.t. to gain 
 
 upon: v.i. to forge ahead in stays: 
 
 said of a vessel. 
 forerun (for-run'), v.t. [p.t. foreran, 
 
 p.p. forerun, p.pr. forerunning], to 
 
 run before; precede; announce. 
 foresail (for'sal), n. a large square sail, 
 
 the principal one on the foremast. 
 foreshadow (for-shad'o), v.t. to 
 
 shadow or typify beforehand. 
 foreshore (for'shSr), n. that part of a 
 
 beach or shore situated between the 
 
 high and low water marks. 
 foreshorten (for-short'n), v.t. to de- 
 pict (figures as they appear to the eye 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
FORESIGHT 
 
 198 
 
 FORMATIVE 
 
 when viewed obliquely) so as to 
 convey the impression of full length. 
 
 foresight (for'sit), n. the act of see- 
 ing beforehand; forethought; pru- 
 dence; the sight on the muzzle of a 
 gun. 
 
 forest (for'est), n. a large extent of 
 ground covered with trees; wood- 
 land; an uncultivated tract of land, 
 more or less covered with trees and 
 undergrowth: adj. pertaining to a 
 forest; rustic; sylvan: v.t. to cover 
 with trees or forest. 
 
 forestall (for-stawl'), v.t. to be before- 
 hand with; anticipate; buy up in 
 advance. 
 
 forestay (for'sta), n. a strong rope 
 reaching from the foremast-head to 
 the bow of a vessel to strengthen 
 the foremast. 
 
 forester (for'est-er), n. one skilled in 
 forestry, or an officer who has charge 
 of a forest; an inhabitant of a forest 
 or wild region. 
 
 foretaste (for'tast), n. anticipation: 
 v.t. (for-tast/), to taste before pos- 
 session; to anticipate. 
 
 forever (for-ev'er), adv. without end; 
 throughout all eternity. 
 
 forewarn (for-worn'), v.t. to inform 
 or caution beforehand. 
 
 forfeit (for'fit), n. a fine or penalty: 
 v.t. to lose (some position, right, or 
 advantage) by breach of conditions, 
 omission, or conduct: adj. alienated 
 or lost. [Old French.] 
 
 forfend (for-fend'), v.t. to ward off. 
 
 forgave (for-gav'), p.t. of forgive. 
 
 forge (forj), v.t. to fashion (a piece 
 of metal) by heating and hammer- 
 ing; form into shape; invent; coun- 
 terfeit, with intent to defraud; im- 
 pel forward: v.i. to be guilty of the 
 crime of forgery; go slowly or with 
 difficulty: n. an open fire in which a 
 blacksmith heats irons by forced 
 draught, and fashions the metal 
 while hot ; a place where metal is 
 forged; smithy; workshop. 
 
 forger ' f orj'er), n. one who commits 
 the crime of forgery; a fabricator. 
 
 forgery (forj 'er-i), n. the act of coun- 
 terfeiting the handwriting of another 
 with intent to defraud; the act of 
 counterfeiting coin. 
 
 forget (for-gef), v.t. [p.t. forgot: 
 p.p. forgotten, p.pr. forgetting], to 
 
 lose the remembrance of; overlook 
 or neglect; slight. 
 
 forgetful (f 6r-get'fool) , adj. apt to for- 
 get; careless; negligent; heedless. 
 
 forgetfulness (for-get'fool-nes), n. the 
 quality of being forgetful; loss of 
 remembrance; neglect. 
 
 forgive (for-giv'), v.t. [p.t. forgave, 
 p.p. forgiven, p.pr. forgiving], to 
 pardon; remit, as a sin, offense, debt, 
 &c: v.i. to exhibit forgiveness. 
 
 forgiven (for-giv'n), p.p. of forgive. 
 
 forgiveness (for-giv'nes), n. pardon; 
 remission. 
 
 forgotten (for-got'n), p.p. of forget. 
 
 fork (fork), n. an instrument with 
 two or more prongs; anything re- 
 sembling, or branching like, a fork; 
 the branch or space caused by the 
 junction of two roads or rivers: v.t. 
 to raise, throw, or dig with a fork; 
 steal: v.i. to branch off. 
 
 forlorn (for-lorn'), adj. abandoned; de- 
 serted; destitute; miserable; bereft; 
 hopeless. 
 
 form (form), n. the external appear- 
 ance or shape of anything; image; 
 likeness; orderly arrangement; beau- 
 ty; symmetry; determinate shape or 
 structure; established practice, or 
 ritual; a mold or pattern; an offi- 
 cial formula; a long bench without 
 a back; a class; state of high con- 
 dition or fitness; the bed or seat of 
 a hare; types, plates, &c, imposed in 
 a chase ready for printing (forme) : 
 v.t. to give shape to; create; mold 
 to a particular pattern; conceive or 
 imagine; constitute; devise; adjust: 
 v.i. to take shape. 
 
 formal (for'mal) , adj. according to 
 form or established rules; precise; 
 ceremonious; conventional; essential; 
 having the outward form without 
 the inward reality. 
 
 formality (for-mal'i-ti) , n. [pi. for- 
 malities (for-mal'i-tiz)], strict ad- 
 herence to external or customary 
 forms; ceremony; method or mode. 
 
 formation (for-ma'shun), n. the act 
 of forming; that which is formed; 
 structure; figure; production; a 
 group of strata of nearly the same 
 age having certain common charac- 
 teristics. 
 
 formative (f or'ma-tiv) , adj. giving or 
 serving to form; plastic; germinal: 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
FORMER 
 
 199 
 
 FOUL 
 
 n. a word formed by adding a pre- 
 fix, or suffix. 
 
 former (for'mer), adj. preceding in 
 time or place; first mentioned: n. a 
 maker; author. 
 
 formidable (for'mid-a-bl), adj. excit- 
 ing dread; fearful; powerful. 
 
 formless (form'les), adj. without form. 
 
 formula (for'mu-la), n. [pi. formulas 
 (for'mu-laz), formulae (for'mu-le)], 
 a prescribed form, rule, or model; a 
 group of symbols, expressing the 
 composition of a chemical compound ; 
 a formal statement of faith or doc- 
 trine; a prescription; the expression 
 of a rule by algebraic symbols. 
 
 formulate (for'mu-lat), v.t. to put 
 into the form of, or reduce to, a 
 formula; fix or state, in definite 
 terms. 
 
 fornication (for-ni-ka/shun) , n. the 
 illicit sexual intercourse of un- 
 married persons; adultery; idolatry; 
 an arching or vaulting. 
 
 forsake (for-sak'), v.t. [p.t. forsook 
 (for-sook'), p.p. forsaken (for-sak'n), 
 p.pr. forsaking], to leave; desert; 
 abandon; to part from. 
 
 forsooth (for-sooth') , adv. verily; in 
 truth. 
 
 forswear (for-swar'), v.i. [p.t. forswore 
 (for-swor'), p.p. forsworn (for- 
 sworn'), p.pr. forswearing], to swear 
 falsely; commit perjury: v.t. to deny 
 on oath; abjure. 
 
 fort (fort), n. an inclosed fortified 
 place ; castle ; fortress. 
 
 forte (fort), n. one's strong point, or 
 special talent. 
 
 forte (for-ta/), adv. used as a musical 
 term, strongly. Also fortissimo, 
 very strongly. [Italian.] 
 
 forth (forth), adv. onward in time, 
 place, or order; forward; abroad; 
 away. 
 
 forthcoming (forth-kum'ing), adj. 
 ready, or about to appear: n. a com- 
 ing forth. 
 
 forthwith (forth-wi^'). adv. imme- 
 diately. 
 
 fortieth (for'ti-eth), adj. next in or- 
 der after 39th: n. one of 40 equal 
 parts. 
 
 fortification (for-ti-fi-ka'shun) , n. the 
 art or science of fortifying; a mili- 
 tary defensive work; a strengthen- 
 ing. 
 
 fortify (for'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. forti- 
 fied, p.pr. fortifying], to strengthen 
 against attack by military works; 
 make strong; encourage or confirm: 
 v.i. to erect military works of de- 
 fense. 
 
 fortitude (for'ti-tud), n. mental 
 strength to endure suffering or ad- 
 versity with courage; patient en- 
 durance. 
 
 fortnight (fort'nlt), n. fourteen days. 
 
 fortress (fqrt'res), n. a large perma- 
 nent fortified place for defense or 
 security; castle_. 
 
 fortuitous (for-tu'i-tus), adj. happen- 
 ing by chance; accidental. 
 
 fortunate (for'tu-nat), adj. happening 
 by good fortune; lucky; auspicious; 
 successful. 
 
 fortune (for'tun), n. the good or ill 
 that happens to mankind; chance; 
 fate; estate; wealth; possessions; 
 future destiny. 
 
 forty (for'ti), adj. one more than 39: 
 n. the sum of 10 and 30. 
 
 forum (fo'rum), n. [pi. fora (fo'ra), 
 forums (fo'rumz)], the public place 
 of meeting in ancient Rome, where 
 the law courts, public offices, &c, 
 were situated: hence a place of 
 public resort, or court of law. [Latin.] 
 
 forward (for'werd), adv. onward; in 
 advance; toward the forepart: adj. 
 situated near the front; early in sea- 
 son or preparation; ready; prompt; 
 presumptuous; unreserved; not over 
 modest; eager; earnest; imperti- 
 nent: inter j. on! v.t. to help for- 
 ward; quicken or hasten; improve; 
 transmit. 
 
 forwardness (for'werd-nes) , n. the 
 state or quality of being forward; 
 impertinence; pertness. 
 
 forwards (for'werdz), adv. another 
 form of forward. 
 
 fossil (fos'il), ft. any organic body 
 which by burial in the earth's strata 
 has become petrified; a person an- 
 tiquated in his ideas: adj. pertain- 
 ing to, of the nature of, or converted 
 into, a fossil; dug from the earth: 
 antiquated. 
 
 foster (fos'ter), v.t. to nourish; nurse; 
 rear up; sustain or support; cherish. 
 
 fought (fawt), p.t. & p.p. of fight. 
 
 foul (foul), adj. offensive, morally or 
 physically; dirty; impure; scurri- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
FOULARD 
 
 200 
 
 FRAME 
 
 lous ; filthy ; hateful ; loathsome; dis- 
 graceful; unfair; cloudy and stormy; 
 contrary, as a wind; thick with 
 weeds, &c; entangled, as an anchor: 
 n. a wilful collision: v.t. to make 
 foul or dirty; sully or defile; come 
 into collision with: v.i. to become 
 foul or dirty. 
 
 foulard (foo-lard'), n. a light silk, or 
 silk-cotton washable dress fabric; a 
 silk handkerchief for wear round the 
 neck or head. 
 
 found, p.t. & p.p. of find. 
 
 found (found), v.t. to lay the basis 
 pf; build; fix firmly; establish; orig- 
 inate; form by melting a metal and 
 pouring it into a mold ; cast. 
 
 .foundation (foun-da'shun) , n. the 
 basis or lowest part of a structure; 
 groundwork; the principles or origin 
 of anything; an endowment or en- 
 dowed institution; the first stitches 
 in knitting or crocheting. 
 
 foundling (found'ling) , n. a child 
 found whose parents are unknown. 
 
 foundry (found'ri), n. [pi. foundries 
 (found'riz)], the place where metal 
 casting is carried on. 
 
 fount (fount), n. a fountain or 
 spring; original source. 
 
 fountain (foun'tan), n. a natural or 
 artificial spring of water; the head 
 or source of a river; a jet or spout 
 of water; the first cause or ori- 
 gin. 
 
 four (for), adj. consisting of 1 more 
 than 3; a cardinal numeral: n. the 
 sum of 3 and 1; a four-oared boat, 
 or its crew. 
 
 fourfold (for 'fold), n. a quantity 
 four times as much: adj. four times 
 told. 
 
 fourscore (for'skor), adj. eighty. 
 
 fourteen (for 'ten), adj. consisting of 
 4 more than 10 : n. the sum of 4 and 10. 
 
 fourteenth (for'tenth), adj. fourth in 
 order after tenth: n. one of fourteen 
 equal parts. 
 
 fourth (forth), adj. next in order 
 after third: n. one of four equal 
 parts; a musical interval of two 
 tones and one semitone. 
 
 Fourth, n. the fourth day of July; 
 Independence Day. 
 
 fowl (foul), n. a gallinaceous bird, 
 especially the domestic cock or hen; 
 poultry; birds collectively: v.i. to 
 
 catch or kill wild birds for sport or 
 food. 
 
 fowler (foul'er), n. one who catches or 
 kills wild birds for sport or food. 
 
 fox (foks), n. a canine mammal with 
 a long bushy tail, belonging to the 
 genus Vulpes, notorious for its cun- 
 ning: hence a sly, cunning person; 
 a small strand of rope, formed by 
 twisting several rope-yarns together : 
 v.t. to make sour, or turn reddish; 
 repair: said of boots; watch slyly: 
 v.i. to turn sour or become reddish; 
 act as a spy. 
 
 foxiness (foks'i-nes), n. sly cunning, or 
 shrewdness; the state of being de- 
 cayed, or sour. 
 
 foxy (foks'i), adj. pertaining to, or re- 
 sembling, a fox; cunning; crafty; 
 reddish-brown in color. 
 
 foyer (fwa-ya'), n. the lobby of a 
 theater. [French.] 
 
 fracas (fra/kas), n. a noisy quarrel. 
 [French.] 
 
 fraction (frak'shun), n. a, part bro- 
 ken off; act of breaking; the state of 
 being broken; a part of a unit, as H. 
 
 fractional (frak'shun-al) , adj. per- 
 taining to, or constituting, a fraction; 
 very small. 
 
 fractious (frak'shus), adj. unruly; 
 cross. 
 
 fracture (frak'tur), n. a part broken; a 
 break caused by violence; separa- 
 tion; the direction in which a min- 
 eral breaks so as to show its texture: 
 v.t. to break, or crack, as a bone, &c. 
 
 fragile (fraj'il), adj. easily broken; 
 weak; delicate. 
 
 fragility (fra-jil'i-ti), n. the state of 
 being fragile. 
 
 fragment (frag'ment), n. a part 
 broken off from a whole; an imper- 
 fect part. 
 
 fragrance (fra, 'grans), n. the state 
 or quality of being fragrant. Also 
 fragrancy. 
 
 fragrant (fra/grant), adj. sweet-smell- 
 ing. 
 
 frail (fral), adj. fragile; brittle; weak, 
 physically or morally; infirm: n. a 
 basket made of rushes. 
 
 frame (fram), n. something con- 
 structed or composed of parts fitted 
 and joined together; that on which 
 anything is held or stretched; any 
 contrivance for inclosing, admitting, 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
FRAMEWORK 
 
 201 
 
 FRESCO 
 
 or supporting something; a compos- 
 itor's stand; an inclined table or 
 planks for washing ore; shape; 
 temper; state: v.t. to fit (one thing) 
 into another; shape or form; adjust 
 or regulate; invent; adapt: v.i. to 
 wash ore on a frame. 
 
 framework (fram'werk), n. that which 
 incloses or supports something else. 
 
 franc (frangk), n. a French coin, the 
 unit of monetary value = 18.3 cents. 
 
 franchise (fran'chiz), n. the consti- 
 tutional right of suffrage; a particu- 
 lar privilege or right granted by a 
 sovereign or by a legislative body to 
 an individual, or to a corporation ; 
 the district or jurisdiction to which 
 a particular privilege extends. 
 
 frangible (franj'i-bl), adj. easily broken. 
 
 frank (frangk), adj. open or ingenu- 
 ous; candid; outspoken; unreserved: 
 n. a signature that exempts mail- 
 matter from payment of postage; a 
 letter privileged to go post-free: v.t. 
 to send or have conveyed free of 
 charge. 
 
 frankincense (frangk'in-sens) , n. a 
 fragrant inflammable resin burnt as 
 incense. 
 
 franklin (frangk'lin), n. a small land- 
 holder; a freeman. [Old French.] 
 
 frankness (frangk'nes) , n. candor; 
 openness. 
 
 frantic (fran'tik), adj. violently mad 
 or distracted; outrageous; trans- 
 ported by passion. 
 
 frappe (frap-pa/), adj. chilled with 
 ice. [French.] 
 
 fraternal (fra-ter'nal) , adj. pertain- 
 ing to, becoming, or like, brothers. 
 
 fratricide (fra'tri-sid), n. the crime 
 of killing a brother; one who kills a 
 brother. 
 
 fraud (frawd), n. deceit; artifice; 
 trick; cheat; a humbug. 
 
 fraudulent (fraw'du-lent), adj. charac- 
 terized by, founded on, or obtained 
 by, fraud. 
 
 fraught (frawt), adj. laden; charged. 
 
 fray (fra), n. sl riot; quarrel; a chafe 
 or rub: v.t. to chafe or wear away. 
 
 freak (frek), n. sudden or capricious 
 change of mind, or whim; a prank; 
 an abnormal animal or plant: v.t. 
 to variegate; spot or streak. 
 
 freakish (frek'ish), adj. eccentric; 
 frolicsome; whimsical. 
 
 freckle (frek'l), n. a brownish spot 
 in the skin: v.t. to mark with freck- 
 les: v.i. to become freckled. 
 
 free (fre), adj. [comp. freer, superl. 
 freest], without restraint; at lib- 
 erty; permitted; liberal; generous; 
 open; free from guilt; independent; 
 familiar; licentious; not arbitrary 
 or despotic; spirited; not attached 
 or fixed ; uncombined ; invested with 
 the franchise, &c. (with of) : v.t. to 
 set at liberty; emancipate; rid or 
 exempt; clear: adv. gratuitously. 
 
 freebooter (fre'boot-er), n. one who 
 roves about for plunder or pillage; 
 buccaneer. 
 
 freedman (fred'man), n. [pi. f reed- 
 men (f red 'men)], a slave who has 
 been legally emancipated. 
 
 freedom (fre'dum), n. the state of 
 being free; liberty; independence; 
 ease in performance; particular 
 privilege; absence of conventional- 
 ity; undue familiarity. 
 
 freeman (fre'man), n. [pi. freemen 
 (fre'men)], one in the enjoyment of 
 liberty; one possessed of certain 
 franchises or municipal privileges. 
 
 freeze (frez), v.t. [p.t. froze, p.p. 
 frozen, p.pr. freezing], to congeal or 
 harden into ice; kill by cold: v.i. to 
 be congealed with cold; be chilled 
 with cold; be at or below the tem- 
 perature of 32°. 
 
 freight (frat), n. the goods with 
 which a vessel is loaded; cargo; 
 goods carried by rail; the sum paid 
 or charged for the conveyance of 
 goods: adj. used for conveying 
 goods: v.t. to load with goods for 
 conveyance; hire or charter. 
 
 freighter (frat'er), n. one who freights 
 a ship or car; shipper; a vessel for 
 conveying freight. 
 
 frenzy (fren'zi), n. [pi. frenzies (fren'- 
 ziz)J, violent agitation; temporary 
 madness; fury: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fren- 
 zied, p.pr. frenzying], to throw into 
 a frenzy; render mad. 
 
 frequent (fre'kwent), adj. recurring 
 often: v.t. (fre-kwent') to resort to, 
 or visit, often. [Latin.] 
 
 fresco (fres'ko), n. [pi. frescos, fres- 
 coes (fres'koz)], a method of wall- 
 painting in water-colors on fresh 
 plaster: v.t. to decorate or paint in 
 fresco. [Italian.] 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut : think, then. 
 
FRESH 
 
 202 
 
 FRISK 
 
 fresh (fresh), adj. new; recent; un- 
 faded; uninjured by time; in good 
 condition; not forgotten; healthy; 
 strong and active; not wearied; live- 
 ly; brisk; pure and cool; not salt; 
 inexperienced; forward; intoxicated: 
 n. a spring" freshet; the union of 
 fresh and salt water in a river. 
 
 freshet (fresh'et), n. a flood caused by 
 melting snow or heavy rain. 
 
 freshman (fresh 'man), n. [pi. fresh- 
 men (fresh 'men)], a college student 
 in his first year. 
 
 fret (fret), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fretted, 
 p.vr. fretting], to wear away by fric- 
 tion; injure by _ rubbing; corrode; 
 agitate; vex; irritate; make rough 
 on the surface; ornament with 
 raised or interlaced work; varie- 
 gate: v.i. to be worn away by fric- 
 tion or corrosion; be agitated or 
 irritated; utter peevish complaints: 
 n. the act or process of fretting; an 
 ornament formed by small bands or 
 fillets interlacing each other at right 
 angles; perforated or interlaced or- 
 namental work; an agitation on the 
 surface of a liquid; chafing, or irri- 
 tation; a small piece of ivory or 
 wood on the keyboard of certain 
 stringed instruments. 
 
 fretful (fret 'fool), adj. peevish; irri- 
 tated. 
 
 fretwork (fret'werk), n. carved, raised, 
 or open ornamental work. 
 
 friable (frf'a-bl), adj. readily crum- 
 bled, or reduced to powder. 
 
 friar (fri'er), n. one of a mendicant 
 order of monks in the Roman Cath- 
 olic Church. 
 
 fricassee (frik-a-se'), n. a dish of 
 chicken, rabbit, or other meat cut 
 into small pieces, stewed and fried 
 with gravy or sauce: v.t. to make 
 into, or dress like, a fricassee. 
 [French.] 
 
 friction (frik'shun), n. the act of rub- 
 bing; attrition; resistance to the 
 motion of a body, caused by contact 
 with the surface upon which it 
 moves; the act of rubbing to stimu- 
 late the circulation of the blood 
 vessels; irritation or disagreement 
 caused by divergence of opin- 
 ion. 
 
 Friday (fri'da), n. the sixth day of 
 the week: named from the Scandi- 
 
 navian deity Frigga, the goddess of 
 love. 
 
 fried (frid), p.t. & p.p. of fry. 
 
 friend (frend), n. one attached to 
 another by affection, regard, or es- 
 teem; an intimate acquaintance; a 
 supporter or favorer of a cause, 
 &c; an ally; a term of salutation. 
 
 friendly (frend'li), adj. pertaining to a 
 friend; having the characteristics 
 of a friend; amicable; affable; 
 genial; convenient; favorable: adv. 
 amicably. 
 
 friendship (frend'ship) , n. intimacy; 
 united with affection or esteem; mu- 
 tual attachment; good-will. 
 
 frieze (frez), n. the middle part of 
 the entablature of a column between 
 the architrave _ and cornice: usually 
 ornamented with sculpture, &c; a 
 coarse woolen cloth with a rough 
 shaggy nap on one side. 
 
 frigate (frig'at), n. in the old navies a 
 warship with an upper flush deck, 
 carrying from 24 to 50 guns. 
 
 fright (frit), n. a sudden and vio- 
 lent fear; alarm; a person whose 
 dress or appearance is ridiculous. 
 
 frighten (frit'n), v.t. to terrify. 
 
 frightful (frit 'fool), adj. terrible; 
 dreadful; alarming; shocking; gro- 
 tesque. _ 
 
 frigid (frij'id), adj. without warmth; 
 wintery; cold in temperament; stiff; 
 formal; dull. 
 
 frigidity _(fri-jid'i-ti), n. the state of 
 being frigid; coldness. 
 
 frill (fril), n. a pleated or crimped 
 edging of fine linen to a garment, 
 as a shirt front, &c; ruffle: pi. af- 
 fectation of manner; ornamentation 
 of dress, &c: v.i. to ruffle or shiver 
 the feathers with cold: said of a 
 hawk: v.t. to make into a frill. 
 
 fringe (frinj), n. an ornamental bor- 
 der of hanging cords, &c; any bor- 
 der or edging resembling a fringe: 
 v.t. to border with, or as with, a 
 fringe. 
 
 frippery (frip'er-i), n. old clothes 
 or furniture; the place where old 
 clothes are sold; trade in second- 
 hand clothes: adj. trumpery; con- 
 temptible. [French.] 
 
 frisk (frisk), v.i. to gambol or dance 
 in frolic: n. a gambol, dance, or 
 frolic. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
FRISKY 
 
 203 
 
 FRUIT 
 
 frisky (fris'ki), ad;, lively in action; 
 sprightly; gay; frolicsome. 
 
 frith (frith), n. an inlet of the sea 
 at the mouth of a river; estuary 
 [Scotch]. Also firth; a kind of weir 
 for capturing fish. 
 
 fritter (frit'er), v.t. to waste by de- 
 grees; cut up as meat into small 
 pieces for frying: n. a small piece 
 of meat cut for frying ; a small cake 
 with meat or fruit in it. 
 
 frivolity (fri-vol'i-ti), n. [pi. frivoli- 
 ties (fri-vol'i-tiz)], levity; a trifling 
 act, thought, or action. 
 
 frivolous (friv'o-lus), adj. trifling; 
 trivial; petty; silly; inclined to 
 levity. 
 
 frizz (friz), v.t. to curl or crisp; 
 form into little hard burrs: said of 
 the nap of cloth: n. that which is 
 frizzed, as hair. 
 
 frizzle (friz'l), v.t. to curl on hot coals; 
 curl or frizz: n. a crisped lock of 
 hair. 
 
 fro (fro), adv. away from; backward. 
 
 frock (frok), n. a loose upper gar- 
 ment worn by children and women ; 
 dress; a monk's habit; a coarse 
 over-garment worn by laborers, &c. ; 
 an undress regimental coat. 
 
 frog (frog), n. a small tailless am- 
 phibious animal of the genus Rana; 
 a tender horny substance growing 
 in the middle of the sole of a horse's 
 foot; a spindle-shaped button or 
 toggle used for fastening military 
 cloaks, ladies', mantles, &c; a section 
 of a railway line where the rails 
 diverge. 
 
 frolic (frol'ik), n. a scene of merry- 
 making or gaiety; a sportive out- 
 burst; wild prank: adj. sportive; 
 merry or gay: v.i. to indulge in 
 tricks of mirth and levity ; play wild 
 pranks. 
 
 frolicsome (f rol'ik-sum) , adj. full of 
 frolic. 
 
 from (from), prep, out of, away; 
 since; noting source or beginning, 
 distance, logical or physical se- 
 quences. 
 
 frond (frond), n. the union of a leaf 
 and a branch; the leaf of a fern, 
 palm, or seaweed. 
 
 front (frunt), n. the forehead; the 
 forepart or foremost of anything; 
 van; the most conspicuous part; 
 
 impudence or boldness; a false shirt- 
 bosom or dickey : adj. situated at the 
 front: v.t. to stand, or be situated, 
 opposite to, or over against: v.i. to 
 have the front turned in a particular 
 direction. [French.] 
 
 frontal (frun'tal), adj. pertaining to 
 the front or forehead: n. something 
 worn on the forehead; an ecclesias- 
 tical hanging in front of an altar; 
 a small pediment over a window or 
 door. 
 
 frontier (frun-teV), n. the boundary 
 or limits of a country: adj. pertain- 
 ing to, or situated near, the boun- 
 dary of a country ; contiguous. 
 
 frontispiece (fron'tis-pes) , n. an illus- 
 tration facing the front page of a 
 book. 
 
 frost (frost), n. minute frozen parti- 
 cles of moisture; the temperature of 
 the atmosphere which causes the 
 congelation of water; hoar-frost; 
 an enterprise ending in failure: 
 v.t. to cover with frost or any thing 
 resembling frost. See frosting. 
 
 frosty (frost 'i), adj. [comp. frostier, su- 
 per}, frostiest], producing, or accom- 
 panied with, frost; frozen; hoary; 
 cold or distant in manner. 
 
 froth (froth), n. the mass of bubbles 
 formed on the surface of a liquid by 
 agitation, or fermentation; foam; 
 superficial knowledge; vapid elo- 
 quence. 
 
 frousy. Same as frowzy. 
 
 froward (fro'werd), adj. perverse; 
 wayward. 
 
 frown (froun), n. a contraction of 
 the brows indicative of displeas- 
 ure, &c. : v.i. to contract the brows 
 to indicate displeasure, &c; scowl; 
 lower. 
 
 frowzy (frou'zi), adj. musty; untidy. 
 
 froze (froz), p.t. of freeze. 
 
 frozen (froz'en), p.adj. congealed, 
 benumbed, or killed with cold; icy; 
 wanting in warmth of feeling or 
 sympathy. 
 
 fructify (fruk'ti-fi) , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 fructified, p.pr. fructifying], to make 
 productive; fertilize: v.i. to bear fruit. 
 
 frugal (fru'gal), adj. thrifty; eco- 
 nomical. 
 
 frugality (fru-gal'i-ti) , n. thrift; 
 economy. 
 
 fruit (frut),n. the product of a tree 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
FRUITFUL 
 
 204 
 
 FUND 
 
 or plant containing the seed; prod- 
 uct; result or profit; offspring: v.i. 
 to produce fruit. [French.] 
 
 fruitful (frut'fool), adj. yielding fruit; 
 prolific. 
 
 fruition (fru-ish'un), n. the bearing 
 of fruit; realization; enjoyment de- 
 rived from use or possession. 
 
 frustrate (frus'trat), v.t. to defeat 
 or disappoint; thwart; nullify: adj. 
 vain; useless; void. 
 
 frustrum (frus'trum), n. [pi. frustra 
 (frus'tra)], that part of a solid next 
 the base, as a cone, pyramid, &c, 
 which is left after cutting off the 
 top. [Latin.] 
 
 fry (fri), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fried, p.pr. 
 frying], to cook or roast with fat 
 in a pan over a fire: v.i. to be cooked 
 with fat in a pan; be subjected to 
 intense heat : n. a dish of things fried ; 
 a swarm of young fish. 
 
 fudge (fuj), n. a made-up story; 
 a home-made candy : inter j. nonsense : 
 v.t. to make or do in a bungling, 
 careless manner. 
 
 fuel (fu'el), n. combustible material 
 for supplying a fire; anything that 
 serves to inflame or sustain passion 
 Or excitement. 
 
 fugitive (fu'ji-tiv), adj. unstable; 
 volatile; fleeting; not permanent; 
 fleeing from danger, pursuit, or 
 duty: n. one who flees from danger, 
 pursuit, or duty; a runaway or de- 
 serter; one who takes shelter with 
 another power to escape punish- 
 ment. [Latin.] . 
 
 fugue (fug), n. a musical composi- 
 tion in which the parts follow each 
 other with repetitions at certain 
 intervals. [French.] 
 
 fulcrum (ful'krum), n. [pi. fulcra 
 (ful'kra), fulcrums (ful'krumz)], 
 that part of a lever on which it rests. 
 
 fulfill (fool-fir), v.t. to complete or 
 accomplish; execute; perform or 
 carry out, as that which is prom- 
 ised, foretold, or anticipated. 
 
 fulfillment (fool-fil'ment), n. accom- 
 plishment; completion; execution. 
 
 fulgency (ful'jen-si), n. brightness; 
 splendor. 
 
 full (fool), adj. filled; having no empty 
 space; well supplied; stored; satu- 
 rated; satiated; copious; rounded 
 out; plump; expressing much; clear; 
 
 distinct; sonorous; having the whole 
 disk illuminated; said of the moon: 
 n. the highest state, extent, or 
 measure: v.i. to pucker: v.t. scour 
 and thicken, as cloth, in a mill: adv. 
 without diminution or qualification; 
 directly ; quite. [Full is used in 
 composition to express full extent or 
 degree, its meaning being generally 
 self-evident, as full-armed, full- 
 fledged, &c] 
 
 full-back (fool'bak), n. in football, 
 the player furthest from the goal of 
 the opposing side. 
 
 full-dress (fool'dres), n. dress required 
 for formal or ceremonial occasions. 
 
 full-drive (fool'driv), adv. with full 
 speed or vigor. 
 
 fulminate (ful'mi-nat) , v.t. to cause 
 to explode; send out or utter (a 
 threat or denunciation, as a papal 
 bull): v.i. to thunder; make a loud, 
 sudden noise; detonate: n. a de- 
 tonating compound formed of a salt 
 of fulminic acid. 
 
 fulsome (ful'sum), adj. offensive; 
 gross. 
 
 fumble (fum'bl), v.i. to grope or feel 
 about ; handle or attempt something 
 in an awkward manner: v.t. to man- 
 age awkwardly. 
 
 fume (fiim), n. vapor or exhalation, 
 especially of a narcotic or suffocat- 
 ing nature; mental irritation or agi- 
 tation: v.i. to emit smoke; pass off 
 in gas or vapor; to be in a passion: 
 v.t. fill with gas or vapor; exhale. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 fumigate (fu 'mi-gat), v.t. smoke; per- 
 fume; disinfect by the action of 
 smoke or vapor. 
 
 fun (fun), n. mirth; drollery; sport: 
 v.i. [p.t. & p.p. funned, p.pr. fun- 
 ning], to indulge in fun._ 
 
 funambulist (f u-nam'bu-list) , n. a 
 rope-walker or -dancer. [Latin.] 
 
 function (fungk'shun), n. the dis- 
 charge or performance of any duty, 
 office, or business; faculty ; power ; 
 the office of any organ, animal or 
 vegetable; public or official cere- 
 mony; any mathematical quantity 
 considered as formed from another 
 quantity, the change in the one af- 
 fecting the other correspondingly: 
 v.i. to perform a function; act. 
 
 fund (fund), n. established stock or 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
FUNDAMENTAL 
 
 205 
 
 FUSE 
 
 capital; money set apart for carry- 
 ing out some permanent or tempo- 
 rary object; a permanent debt due 
 by a government on which interest 
 is paid at a certain rate per cent.; 
 a stock in reserve: v.t. to place in, 
 or convert into, a fund: pi. money. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 fundamental (fun-da-ment'al) , adj. 
 pertaining to a foundation or basis; 
 essential; primary: n. a primary or 
 essential principle; basis; the note 
 on which a chord is formed. 
 [Mus.] 
 
 funded (fund'ed), v. adj. converted 
 into a permanent loan; invested in 
 the public funds. 
 
 funeral (fu'ner-al), n. the ceremony 
 of burying a dead human body and 
 the procession of mourners accom- 
 panying it: adj. pertaining to, be- 
 fitting, or used at, a funeral. [Latin.] 
 
 funereal (fti-ne're-al), adj. pertaining 
 to, or suitable for, a funeral; mourn- 
 ful; sad. 
 
 fungus (fung'gus), n. [pi. fungi (fun'ji), 
 funguses (fung'gus-ez)], a cryptog- 
 amous plant not containing chloro- 
 phyll, as a mushroom, toadstool, &c. ; 
 a spongy excrescence. [Latin.] 
 
 funicle (fu'ni-kl), n. a small cord, 
 ligature, or rope. [Latin.] 
 
 funk (fungk), n. cowardice; fright: 
 v.i. to be in a state of cowardly 
 fear [English]; to kick backwards. 
 [Scottish.] 
 
 funnel (fun'el), n. a wide-mouthed, 
 conical vessel terminating in a 
 spout for pouring liquids into close 
 vessels; the chimney of a steam- 
 ship or steam-engine. 
 
 funny (fun'i), adj. [comp. funnier, su- 
 perl. funniest], comical; droll; pro- 
 voking laughter; ludicrous; queer; 
 curious; strange: n. a long narrow 
 clinker-built pleasure boat rowed 
 with sculls. 
 
 fur (fer), n. the soft hair of certain 
 animals, growing thickly upon the 
 skin; morbid matter collected on the 
 tongue; the calcareous coating on 
 the interior of a boiler, &c: pi. the 
 dressed skins of fur-bearing animals, 
 used for apparel or ornament: adj. 
 consisting, lined, or trimmed, with 
 fur: v.t. [p.t. furred, p.pr. furring], 
 to cover, line, or trim with fur; 
 
 cover with a calcareous deposit or 
 morbid matter. 
 
 furbelow (fer'be-lo), n. an ornament 
 of feminine attire. 
 
 furbish (fer'bish), v.t. to make bright 
 by rubbing, polishing, or burnish- 
 ing; renovate. 
 
 furcate (fer'kat), adj. forked. 
 
 furious (fu'ri-us), adj. full of fury; 
 frenzied; mad; tempestuous. 
 
 furl (ferl), v.t. to roll up and secure 
 to something, as a sail, flag, &c. 
 
 furlong (fer'long), n. l-8th of a mile. 
 
 furlough (fer'lo), n. leave of absence: 
 v.t. to grant leave of absence to. 
 
 furnace (fer'nas), n. a chamber or ap- 
 paratus for producing a violent heat 
 to reduce ores, metals, &c. 
 
 furnish (fer'nish), v.t. to supply with 
 what is requisite; fit out; equip: 
 v.i. to improve in flesh and condi- 
 tion: said of a racehorse. 
 
 furniture (fer'ni-tur), n. the necessary 
 equipments of a house, ship, or a 
 trade; outfit; equipage; trappings 
 of a horse. _ 
 
 furore (fu'ror or fu-ro're). n. a great 
 outburst of excitement or en- 
 thusiasm. [Italian.] 
 
 furrow (fer'o), n. a trench made in 
 the ground by a plow; a groove; 
 wrinkle: v.t. to plow; make grooves 
 or wrinkles in. 
 
 further (fer'^/ier), adj. more distant; 
 additional: adv. to a greater dis- 
 tance or degree; moreover; also: 
 v.t. to promote; help forward. 
 
 furtherance (fer^/ier-ans) , n. ad- 
 vancement. 
 
 furthermore (f er'f/ier-mor) , adv. more- 
 over; besides. 
 
 furthermost (fer'i/ier-most) , adj. most 
 remote. 
 
 furthest (fer'i/iest), adj. most distant 
 in time or degree: adv. at, or to, the 
 greatest distance. 
 
 furtive (fer'tiv), adj. sly; secret; 
 stealthy. [Latin.] 
 
 fury (fu'ri), n. [pi. furies (fu'riz)], 
 violent or uncontrollable rage; mad- 
 ness; one of the three avenging dei- 
 ties of Greek mythology, usually 
 called Tisiphone, Alecto, and Me- 
 gaera; a termagant woman. [Latin.] 
 
 furze (ferz), n. a hardy spiny shrub, 
 belonging to the bean family. 
 
 fuse (fuz), v.t. to liquefy by heat; 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
FUSIL 
 
 206 
 
 FYCE 
 
 melt: v.i. to become melted by heat; 
 blend, as if melted: n. a small tube 
 filled with an inflammable material, 
 or a cord impregnated with such 
 material, used for exploding gun- 
 powder, &c. 
 
 fusil (fu'zil), n. the old flint-lock 
 musket. [French.] 
 
 fusileer (fii-si-ler'), n. the names of 
 several British line regiments, as the 
 Royal Irish Fusileers. The name 
 denotes that, when fusils were in 
 use, those regiments served as in- 
 fantry. Also fusilier. 
 
 fusillade (fu-si-lad'), n. a simulta- 
 neous discharge of firearms: v.t. to 
 shoot down or kill by a fusil- 
 lade. 
 
 fusinist (fu'zin-ist), n. an artist who 
 draws with charcoal crayons. 
 [French.] 
 
 fusion (fu'zhun), n. the act or process 
 of melting by heat; the state of be- 
 ing fused or melted; union by, or 
 as by, melting; the union of two 
 political parties, or of sections of 
 two parties, as in Great Britain, the 
 Liberal Union party. 
 
 Fusionist (fu'zhun-ist), n. one who 
 has joined a fusion party in politics. 
 
 fuss (fus), n. unnecessary or irritat- 
 ing activity, especially in small mat- 
 ters; disorderly bustling about; con- 
 fusion; stir: v.i. to worry. 
 
 fustian (fus'chan), n. a kind of coarse 
 twilled cotton cloth, as corduroy, 
 velveteen, &c; an inflated or pre- 
 tentious style in writing or speak- 
 ing; bombast: adj. made of fustian; 
 bombastic. 
 
 fusty (fus'ti), adj. [comv. fustier, su- 
 perl. fustiest], ill^smelling ; moldy; 
 meddlesome; officious. 
 
 futile (fu'til), adj. vain; useless. 
 
 futility (fu-til'i-ti), n. the quality of 
 being futile. 
 
 futtocks (fut'oks), n.pl. the upright 
 curved ribs of a ship springing from 
 the keel. 
 
 future (fu'tur), adj. that will be here- 
 after: n. time yet to come; a tense 
 in grammar; a commodity, &c, sold 
 for future delivery. [Latin.] 
 
 futurity (fu-tur'i : ti), n. [pi. futurities 
 (fti-tur'i-tiz)], time to come; future 
 events. 
 
 fuzz (fuz), n. fine minute particles of 
 down, wool, &c. : v.i. to fly off in fuzz. 
 
 fyce and fice (fls), n. a small cur dog; 
 a whelp. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
Q 
 
 G, the seventh letter in the later salmon, &c; a boom or yard to 
 
 Roman alphabet and in the al- extend the upper edge of a fore-and- 
 
 phabet of most Western coun- aft sail; a low-class theater, &c, 
 
 tries since 300 b. c. Until that admission to which is a penny: v.t. 
 
 time, this character was used for to seize or land with a gaff, 
 
 what we now call c (the hard gut- gaffer (gaf'er), n. an old man, espe- 
 
 tural) and g (the sonant guttural). cially a countryman. 
 
 In the old Italic alphabet, the gag (gag), n. something placed in the 
 
 seventh letter was Z. Out of C mouth to hinder speech: v.t. [p.t. & 
 
 there was, for convenience, devel- p.p. gagged, p.pr. gagging], to stop 
 
 oped a second character G. Both the mouth of, with, or as with, a 
 
 sounds indicated by them were gag; silence by force; introduce 
 
 " hard," — c like c in cat, and g like one's own words, &c, into: said of 
 
 g in get. About the fourth century an actor, &c. 
 
 a. d.,c before e or i took the soft sound gage, gauge (gaj), n. a standard of 
 
 ofs,and<7 the soft sound of g in gin. measure; the number of feet a ves- 
 
 gab (gab), n. idle chatter; loquacity; sel sinks in the water; position of 
 
 a hook on the eccentric rod of a one ship to another and the wind; 
 
 steam-engine; the mouth [Scotch]: a measuring rod; the distance be- 
 
 v.i. [p.t. & p.p. gabbed, p.pr. gab- tween the rails of a railway line: v.t. 
 
 bing], to chatter. to ascertain the capacity or contents 
 
 gabardine (gab-er-den') , n. a coarse of; estimate. 
 
 smock frock formerly prescribed gaiety (ga'e-ti), n. [pi. gaieties (ga'e- 
 
 for Jews. [Spanish.] tiz)J, the state or quality of be- 
 
 gabble (gab'l), v.t. to utter rapidly ing gay; merriment; pleasure, 
 
 without sense: v.t. to chatter inco- [French.] 
 
 herently: n. rapid, incoherent talk, gain (gan), n. advantage; profit; a 
 
 gabion (ga'bi-un), n. a large cylin- mortise: v.t. to obtain, as profit 01 
 
 drical bottomless basket filled with advantage; earn; win; arrive at: 
 
 earth: used for purposes of military v.i. to improve or make progress; 
 
 defense, &c. [French.] increase; advance. [Icelandic] 
 
 gable (ga'bl), n. the triangular end gainsay (gan-sa/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gain- 
 
 of a building. said, p.pr. gainsaying], to contra- 
 
 gaby (ga'bi), n. a stupid, foolish boy. diet; speak against; oppose. 
 
 gad (gad), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. gadded, gait (gat), n. manner of walking; 
 
 p.pr. gadding], to roam about in a way or course. 
 
 purposeless manner: n. the act of gaiter (gat'er), n. a covering of cloth 
 
 roaming about without an object; for the ankle, fitting over the top 
 
 an iron or steel pointed mining of the boot; a shoe with a cloth 
 
 tool; a gadfly. top. 
 
 Gael (gal), n. a Scottish Highlander, gala (ga/la), n. a festive show; pomp. 
 
 Gaelic tgal'ik), adj. pertaining to, or galactic (ga-lak'tik), adj. pertaining 
 
 belonging to, the Celtic inhabitants to the secretion or flow of milk, 
 
 of the Scottish Highlands, or to their Galaxy (gal'aks-i), n. the Milky Way. 
 
 language: n. the language of the galaxy, n. an assemblage of splendid 
 
 Gaels. Also Gadhelic. persons or things. 
 
 gaff (gaf), n. a large hook for landing gale (gal), n. a strong wind, less violent 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 
 hue, hut , think, then. 
 
GALL 
 
 208 
 
 GAMBREL 
 
 than a tempest; a quarrel; noisy- 
 merriment; bog myrtle. 
 
 gall (gawl), n. the bile; anything 
 very bitter; malignant feeling; ran- 
 cor; the gall-bladder; the morbid 
 excrescence of plants caused by in- 
 sects; gall-nut; a wound caused by 
 friction; low-lying marshland with 
 rank vegetation: v.t. to break the 
 skin of by friction; wear away; 
 vex; fret; harass; impregnate with 
 an infusion of gall-nuts: v.i. to fret; 
 be vexed, &c. 
 
 gallant (gal'ant), adj. brave; high- 
 spirited; chivalrous: n. a person of 
 sprightly and gay manners; a 
 beau. 
 
 gallant (gal-ant'), adj. showing cour- 
 tesy and respectful deference to 
 women: n. a man who is attentive 
 to women (used either in a good 
 or bad sense): v.t. to pay court to; 
 accompany or escort. 
 
 galleon (gal'e-on), n. a large Spanish 
 three-decked vessel, formerly used 
 as a warship, or as a merchantman 
 for trading to South America. 
 
 gallery (gal'er-i), n. [pi. galleries 
 (galer-iz)], a long apartment serving 
 as a means of communication to 
 others; corridor; the upper seats of 
 a theater, church, assembly-room, 
 &c; a building, or room, used for 
 the exhibition of works of art, &c; 
 a covered passage in a work for de- 
 fense, or for communication; a bal- 
 cony at the stern of a large ship. 
 
 galley (gal'i), n. [pi. galleys (gal'iz)], 
 a low, flat, one-decked vessel pro- 
 pelled by oars, and sometimes with 
 sails, formerly rowed by slaves or 
 convicts; an open boat used by 
 British men-of-war, river police, and 
 customs officers; the cook-house of 
 a ship ; a flat, oblong frame for hold- 
 ing composed type. 
 
 Gallic (gal'ik), adj. pertaining to an- 
 cient Gaul, or modern France. 
 
 galling (gawl'ing), p. adj. chafing; 
 irritating. 
 
 gallium (gal'i-um), n. a metallic ele- 
 ment. 
 
 gallivant (gal'i-vant) , v.i. to flirt; idle 
 or gad about with women. 
 
 gallon (gal'un), n. a liquid measure 
 = 4 quarts; a dry measure = l-8th 
 of a bushel. 
 
 galloon (gal-oon'), n. a cotton, silk, or 
 worsted fabric used for dress trim- 
 mings; a thin tape made of metal 
 woven in silk, worsted, &c, used for 
 uniforms. 
 
 gallop (gal'up), n. the rapid forward 
 springing movement of a horse ; the 
 act of riding at a gallop: v.i. to run 
 with leaps, like a horse; ride a 
 horse at a gallop; hasten. 
 
 gallows (gal'oz), n. a wooden struc- 
 ture consisting of two uprights with 
 a cross bar on the top ; used for hang- 
 ing criminals; execution by hang- 
 ing. 
 
 gallstone (gawl'ston), n. a concre- 
 tion formed in the gall bladder or 
 biliary duct. 
 
 galoot (ga-loof), n. a term in Ameri- 
 can slang having various shades of 
 meaning, as with the other words, 
 "chap," "fellow," "cur," "cuss," 
 "bloke," "buffer," &c, not neces- 
 sarily denoting dislike but rather a 
 lack of respect. 
 
 galore (ga-lor'), adv. in great plenty. 
 [Erse.] 
 
 galosh (ga-losh'), n. an overshoe of 
 india-rubber. Also golosh. 
 
 galvanic (gal-^van'ik) , adj. pertain- 
 ing to galvanism; voltaic; spasmodic. 
 
 galvanism (gal'van-izm) , n. that 
 branch of electric science which 
 treats of currents arising from the 
 chemical action of certain bodies 
 placed in contact, or an acid on a 
 metal. Named from the Italian 
 scientist, Luigi Galvani( 1737-1798), 
 the discoverer of universal elec- 
 tricity. 
 
 galvanometer (gal-va-nom'e-ter) , n. 
 an instrument for measuring the 
 presence, extent, and direction of 
 an electric current. 
 
 gamble (gam'bl), v.i. to practice gam- 
 ing; play for money; risk money on 
 an event or contingency: v.t. to 
 squander in gaming (with away). 
 
 gambler (gam'bler), n. one who 
 
 . gambles, especially one who gambles 
 as a business. 
 
 gambol (gam'bol), n. a dancing or 
 skipping about for joy or sport; 
 frolic: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. gamboled, 
 p.pr. gamboling], to skip about 
 sportively; frolic. 
 
 gambrel (gam'brel), n. the hock of a 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
GAME 
 
 209 
 
 GARNISH 
 
 horse; a bent stick, resembling a 
 horse's leg, used by butchers. 
 
 game (gam), n. a sport or diversion; 
 fun; frolic; a single match at play; 
 the advantage required in order to 
 win; wild animals pursued and 
 killed by shooting or hunting; any 
 object of pursuit: pi. athletic con- 
 tests: adj. pertaining to game; 
 ready; plucky:vi. to play at any 
 sport or diversion; play for a stake 
 or prize. 
 
 gamin (gam'in), n. a precocious street 
 child; street Arab. 
 
 gammon (gam[un), v.t. to impose upon 
 (a person by inducing him to believe 
 improbable stories), hoax; to de- 
 feat at the game of backgammon; 
 cure by salting and smoking ; attach 
 or fix a bowsprit to a ship : n. a hoax ; 
 imposition; the buttock of a hog 
 salted and smoked: inter j. nonsense! 
 
 gamut (gam'ut), n. the lines and 
 spaces > upon which musical notes 
 are written or printed: hence entire 
 range or extent. 
 
 gander (gan'der), n. a male goose. 
 
 gang (gang), n. persons associated 
 for some purpose; a part of a ship's 
 crew selected for special duty; a 
 lode or course; a discreditable po- 
 litical faction; the matrix in which 
 an ore is imbedded. 
 
 ganglion (gan'gli-qn) , n. [pi. ganglia 
 (gan'gli-a), ganglions (gan'gli-onz)], 
 an enlargement in the course of a 
 nerve; an encysted tumor on a 
 tendon. 
 
 gangrene (gan'gren) , n. the first state 
 of mortification: v.t. to mortify: 
 v.i. to become mortified. 
 
 gangster (gang'ster), n. a desperate 
 character, one of a gang, especially 
 used of the East Side of New York. 
 
 gangway (gang'wa), n. a narrow 
 platform of horizontal planks used 
 as a temporary passageway, or to 
 enter a ship; a passage into or out 
 of any place; a passageway be- 
 tween two rows of seats ; that part 
 of a ship's side, within or without, 
 by which persons enter or depart 
 
 gaol, same as jail. 
 
 gap (gap), ji. an opening; cleft; 
 passage; hiatus; breach: v.t. [p.t. 
 & p.p. gapped, p.pr. gapping], to 
 make a gap in. 
 
 gape (gap), v.i. to open the mouth 
 wide, as from drowsiness, wonder, 
 &c.; yawn; open as a fissure or 
 chasm: n. yawn: the opening be- 
 tween the mandibles of birds: pi. 
 a disease in poultry. 
 
 garage (ga-razh'), n. a stable or sta- 
 tion for automobiles; from the 
 French garer, to shelter or secure. 
 
 garb (garb), n. a dress; external 
 form: v.t. to clothe. 
 
 garbage (garb'aj), n. offal; refuse. 
 
 garble (gar'bl), v.t. to cleanse by 
 sifting; select such parts of as are 
 wanted or may serve some particu- 
 lar purpose. 
 
 garcon (gar-song'), n. a boy; waiter. 
 [French.] 
 
 garden (gar'dn), n. a piece of ground 
 set apart for the cultivation of flow- 
 ers, fruit, vegetables, &c; a place 
 specially delightful or fertile: v.t. 
 to cultivate as a garden: v.i. to lay 
 out and cultivate a garden. 
 
 gargle (gar'gl), n. a medicinal liquid 
 for washing the throat and mouth: 
 v.i. to wash the throat and mouth 
 with a gargle. 
 
 gargoyle (gar'goil), n. in Gothic 
 architecture, a projecting stone 
 waterspout, often in the form of a 
 grotesquely-shaped man or animal. 
 [Old French.] m 
 
 garibaldi (gar-i-bal'di), n. a loose 
 blouse-shaped shirt, usually red, 
 named after the Italian adventurer, 
 Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882). 
 
 garish (gar'ish), adj. gaudy; dazzling. 
 
 garland (gar'land), n. a chaplet or 
 wreath made of flowers, &c, a col- 
 lection of choice extracts of prose 
 or poetry; a netted provision-bag 
 used by sailors; in heraldry, a 
 wreath of laurel, or oak-leaves and 
 acorns: v.t. to deck or adorn with 
 a garland. 
 
 garlic (gar'lik), n. a bulbous-rooted 
 plant of the lily family, with a 
 strong pungent taste and smell that 
 is unpleasant to many. 
 
 garment (gar'ment), n. any article of 
 clothing: pi. clothing collectively. 
 
 garner (gar'ner), n. a granary: v.t. to 
 store for preservation in, or as in, 
 a granary; gather up. 
 
 garnish (gar'nish), v.t. to adorn; em- 
 bellish with something laid round a 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
GARNISHEE 
 
 210 
 
 GAY 
 
 dish: n. an ornament or decoration; 
 something laid round a dish as an 
 embellishment. 
 
 garnishee (gar-nish-e') , n. the person 
 in whose hands the property of an- 
 other is attached pending the satis- 
 faction of the claims of a third party. 
 
 garniture (gar'ni-tur) , n. embellish- 
 ment. 
 
 garret (gar'et), n. the uppermost 
 room of a house. 
 
 garrison (gar'i-sn) , n. a body of troops 
 stationed in a fort or fortified place; 
 a fortified place with troops, guns, 
 &c. : v.t. to furnish (a fortified place) 
 with troops. 
 
 garrote (gar-rot'), n. an instrument 
 for strangling a criminal: used in 
 Spain; strangulation: v.t. to exe- 
 cute with a garrote or by stran- 
 gling; seize by the throat so as to 
 render a person helpless and then 
 to rob him. 
 
 garrulity (gar-roo'li-ti), n. incessant 
 and inconsequent loquacity. 
 
 garter (gar'ter), n. an elastic band, 
 &c, by which a stocking is held up 
 on the leg; the distinctive badge of 
 the Order of the Garter, the highest 
 order of British knighthood (insti- 
 tuted about 1348 by Edward III.) : 
 v.t. to bind or fasten with a garter; 
 invest with the Order of the Garter. 
 
 gas (gas), n. [pi. gases (gas'ez)], mat- 
 ter in its most rarefied state: op- 
 posed to fluid, and solid; carburet- 
 ted hydrogen used for lighting and 
 cooking; empty talk: v.t. [p.t. & 
 p.p. gassed, p.pr. gassing], to im- 
 pose upon by empty talk: v.i. to 
 boast or indulge in empty talk. 
 
 gaseous (gas'e-us), adj. having the na- 
 ture or form of gas. 
 
 gash (gash), n. a deep or gaping 
 wound: v.i. to cut deep. 
 
 gasket (gas'ket), n. a flat plaited cord 
 by which the sails are furled or tied 
 to the yard; hemp, &c, used for 
 packing the piston of a steam-engine, 
 &c; a thin round piece of rubber, 
 metal, &c, placed between two flat 
 surfaces to make a water-tight joint. 
 
 gasoline (gas'o-len), n. a volatile in- 
 flammable colorless product of pe- 
 troleum: used for heating purposes, 
 &c. 
 
 gasometer (gas-om'e-ter) , n. a circular 
 
 hollow reservoir for storing gas, open 
 at the bottom and closed at the top; 
 an apparatus for measuring gases. # 
 
 gasp (gasp), n. a convulsed pain- 
 ful effort to catch the breath: v.i. 
 to catch the breath with difficulty; 
 crave earnestly: v.t. to breathe out 
 in gasps (with away). 
 
 gasping (gasp'ing), n. convulsive or 
 difficult breathing. 
 
 gastric (gas'trik), adj. pertaining to 
 the stomach. [Greek.] 
 
 gastronomy (gas-tron'o-mi), n. the ar 
 of good eating, or the preparation 
 of food. 
 
 gate (gat), n. a frame of wood, iron, 
 &c, closing an entrance or passage, 
 usually moving on hinges; a large 
 entrance to a city, castle, &c; an 
 avenue; entrance; power. 
 
 gather (gaf/i'er), v.t. to assemble; 
 collect; bring into one" place; pick 
 up; glean; pluck; accumulate; puck- 
 er or plait; infer: v.i. to congregate; 
 generate pus; increase; ripen: n. 
 a plait or pucker in cloth, made by 
 drawing thread through the folds. 
 
 gaud (gawd), n. finery; ornament. 
 
 gaudy (gaw'di), adj. [comp. gaudier, 
 superl. gaudiest], showy; vulgarly 
 gay or fine. 
 
 gauge (gaj), same as gage. 
 
 gaunt (gant), adj. pinched and lean. 
 
 gauntlet (gant'let), n. a military 
 or naval punishment, formerly prac- 
 ticed, by which the culprit was 
 compelled to run between two lines 
 of soldiers or sailors, who chastised 
 him with rods, ropes, &c; a series 
 of unpleasant events; "running the 
 gauntlet" was a common torture 
 among the American Indians; a 
 mailed glove, or one with a long 
 wrist-extension. Also gantlet. 
 
 gauze (gawz), n. a very thin light 
 transparent silk or cotton fabric; 
 light open-work material, as wire 
 gauze^ 
 
 gave (gav), p.t. of give. 
 
 gavel (gav'el), n. a small mallet; a 
 small unbound sheaf: toll or cus- 
 tom: v.t. to bind into sheaves 
 
 gawk (gawk), n. a simpleton. 
 
 gawky (gaw'ki), adj. awkward; un- 
 gainly: n. a tall, awkward, stupid 
 person. 
 
 gay (ga), adj. lively; merry; full of 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit: note, north, not; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
GAZE 
 
 211 
 
 GENIALITY 
 
 spirits; cheerful: sportive; given to 
 pleasure; licentious. [French.] 
 
 gaze (gaz), v.i. to look earnestly and 
 fixedly: n. a steady, fixed look. 
 
 gazelle (ga-zel'), n. a small, elegant, 
 swift-footed antelope, with large, 
 soft, black eyes. [Arabic] 
 
 gazette (ga-zet'). n. English govern- 
 ment bi-weekly newspaper contain- 
 ing official announcements; news- 
 paper: v.t. to publish in a gazette. 
 
 gazetteer (gaz-e-ter'), n. a diction- 
 ary of geographical names. 
 
 gear (ger), n. accoutrements; ap- 
 paratus; tackle: harness; dress; the 
 moving parts of machinery: v.t. to 
 put gear on; harness; dress. 
 
 gee (je), v.t. to turn or guide to the 
 right, opposed to haw. 
 
 geese (ges), pi. of goose. 
 
 gelatine (jel'a-tin), n. a transparent 
 nitrogenous animal substance found 
 in bones, hoofs, connective tissue, 
 &c, from which it is extracted by 
 boiling, &c; animal jelly. Also 
 gelatin. 
 
 geld (geld), v.t. to castrate: said of 
 horses; deprive of any essential 
 part. 
 
 gelding (gel'ding). n. castration: a 
 young horse which has been cas- 
 trated. 
 
 gem (jem), n. a precious stone; leaf- 
 bud; any perfect or rare object; 
 jewel: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gemmed, p.pr. 
 gemming], to adorn with, or as with, 
 gems. 
 
 geminate (jem'i-nat), adj. growing or 
 occurring in pairs. 
 
 Gemini (jem'i-ni), n.pl. one of the 
 signs in the zodiac (Castor and 
 Pollux) ; the Twins. 
 
 gemot (ge-mot'), n. an assembly; 
 the court of the hundred, or local 
 court, among the Anglo-Saxons. 
 
 gendarme (zhang-darm'), n. [pi. gen- 
 darmes], in France and Belgium, 
 an armed policeman. 
 
 gender (jen'der), n. the grammatical 
 distinction of sex, expressed by suf- 
 fixes, prefixes, or by a different word : 
 v.t. to produce: and engender. 
 
 genealogy (jen-e-al'q-ji), n. [pi. gene- 
 alogies (jen-e-al'o-jiz)], family pedi- 
 gree; lineage; the science that 
 treats of tracing pedigrees. 
 
 genera, pi. of genus. 
 
 general (jen'er-al), adj. relating to a 
 whole genus, kind, class, order, or 
 race; not special or particular; 
 pertaining to the majority; not re- 
 stricted; usual; ordinary; common; 
 extensive but not universal; indefi- 
 nite: taken as a whole: senior or 
 highest, as Postmaster-General: n. 
 the whole; the chief part; a general 
 principle or statement; the popu- 
 lace: the commander of an army di- 
 vision or brigade; the highest title 
 in the army of the United States; 
 the chief of a religious order: the 
 roll of a drum to summon troops 
 [usually generate]. [Latin.] 
 
 generality (jen-er-al'i-ti), n. [pi. gen- 
 eralities (jen-er-al'i-tiz)], the state 
 of being general: opposed to specific; 
 bulk; majority. 
 
 generalize (jen'er-al-Iz), v.t. to reduce 
 to, or arrange in, a genus or genera; 
 infer inductively, as a general prin- 
 ciple from particular instances. 
 
 generally (jen'er-a-li), adv. commonly; 
 in the main; without exact limi- 
 tation. 
 
 generate (jen'er-at), v.t. to produce; 
 procreate; originate; trace out or 
 form by motion. 
 
 generation (jen-er-a'shun), n. the act 
 or process of generating; a single 
 succession in natural descent ; people 
 of the same period; progeny. 
 
 generative (jen'er-a-tiv) adj. pertain- 
 ing to generation; having the power 
 to generate. 
 
 generic (je-ner'ik), adj. pertaining to a 
 genus, kind, or class: opposed to spe- 
 cific; comprehensive. Also generical. 
 
 generosity (jen-er-os'i-ti), n. [pi. gen- 
 erosities (jen-er-os'i-tiz)], the qual- 
 ity of being generous: liberality; 
 magnanimity; munificence. 
 
 generous (jen'er-us), adj. character- 
 ized by liberality; munificent; boun- 
 tiful ; high-minded ; honorable ; strong ; 
 stimulating. 
 
 genesis Cjen'e-sis), n. the act or process 
 of producing or originating; begin- 
 ning. 
 
 genial (je'ni-al). adj. kindly and sym- 
 pathetic in disposition; cordial; con- 
 tributing to cheerfulness and life; 
 agreeably warm and cheerful. 
 
 geniality (je-ni-al'i-ti), n. the quality 
 of being genial; cheerfulness. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 14 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
GENIE 
 
 212 
 
 GERRYMANDER 
 
 genie (je'ne), same as jinn. [Arabic] 
 
 genii, pi. of genius. 
 
 genital (jen'i-tal), adj. pertaining to 
 generation. 
 
 genitive (jen'i-tiv), n. a grammatical 
 case, indicating origin, possession, or 
 relation. [Latin.] 
 
 genius (jen'ius), n. innate bent of 
 mind or disposition; remarkable 
 aptitude or natural endowment for 
 some special pursuit, &c; character 
 or essential principle; embodiment; 
 a person possessed of high mental 
 powers or faculties [pi. geniuses 
 (jen'ius-ez)],agoodorevil spirit sup- 
 posed to preside oyer the destinies 
 of men [pi. genii (jen'e-e)]. 
 
 genre (zhang'r), n. a style of paint- 
 ing or sculpture representing some 
 scene of common life. 
 
 genteel (jen-teT), adj. graceful or ele- 
 gant in manners or dress; polite; 
 well bred. 
 
 gentian (jen'shian), n. a bitter herb 
 with tonic roots. 
 
 Gentile (jen'til), adj. belonging to a 
 non- Jewish people: n. one who is 
 not a Jew. 
 
 gentility (jen-til'i-ti), n. [pi. gentilities 
 (jen-til'i-tiz)], high or gentle birth; 
 good breeding; social status and re- 
 finement. [Latin-French.] 
 
 gentle (jen'tl), adj. mild and refined in 
 manner and disposition; kindly; 
 moderate in action; peaceful; docile; 
 easy; well born or descended: n. the 
 larva of the flesh-fly; a trained fal- 
 con. 
 
 gentleman (jen'tl-man), n. [pi. gentle- 
 men (jen'tl-men)], one who is en- 
 titled to bear a coat of arms; a well- 
 bred and honorable man; a person 
 of independent income; a term of 
 politeness, used in addressing an as- 
 sembly. 
 
 gentlewoman (jen'tl-woom'an), n. 
 [pi. gentlewomen (jen'tl-wim'en)], a 
 woman of good birth and breeding; 
 a lady. 
 
 gentry (jen'tri), n. the upper class of 
 society. [French.] 
 
 genuflection (jen-Q-flek'shun), n. 
 bending of the knee, especially in 
 worship. Also genuflexion. 
 
 genuine (jen'u-in), adj. real; unadul- 
 terated; belonging to, or derived 
 
 from, the original or true stock; 
 not hypocritical; open. 
 
 genus (je'nus), n. [pi. genera (jen'- 
 er-a)], that which has under it sev- 
 eral species or sub-genera, having 
 certain common characteristics; in 
 logic, a class made up of two or 
 more species or subordinate 
 classes. 
 
 geo, a prejix, meaning earth, forming 
 the first element of many scientific 
 words, as ^eobotanical, pertaining to 
 geographical botany. [Greek.] 
 
 geodesy (je-od'e-si), n. the science of 
 measuring large portions of the 
 earth's surface; the determination 
 of the earth's figure and size. 
 
 geography (je-og'ra-fi), n. [pi. geog- 
 raphies (je-og'ra-fiz)J, the science 
 that describes the surface of the 
 earth, and its division into conti- 
 nents, kingdoms, &c. [Greek.] 
 
 geology (je-ol'o-ji), n. the science that 
 investigates the structure of the 
 earth, the successive physical 
 changes it has undergone, and the 
 causes which have operated in pro- 
 ducing such alterations in the crust 
 of the globe. [Greek.] 
 
 geometry (je-om'e-tri), n. that branch 
 of mathematics that treats of the 
 measurements of lines, angles, sur- 
 faces, and solids. [Greek.] ■ 
 
 georgic (jor'jik), adj. pertaining to 
 husbandry or rural: n. a poem on 
 agriculture. [Greek.] 
 
 geranium (je-ra/ni-um), n. a plant of 
 various species, cultivated for its 
 handsome scarlet or white flowers. 
 
 germ (jerm), n. the rudimentary form 
 of an organism; origin; first prin- 
 ciple. [French.] 
 
 germane (jer-man'), adj. related; 
 akin; relevant; appropriate. 
 
 germicide (jer'mi-sid), n. a _ sub- 
 stance used to destroy disease 
 germs. [Latin.] 
 
 germinate (jer'mi-nat), v.i. to sprout 
 or bud; begin to develop into a 
 higher form. 
 
 germination (jer-mi-na/shun), n. the 
 first act of growth in a seed, bud, or 
 germ. 
 
 gerrymander (ger'i-man-der) , y.t. to 
 divide, as a state, voting district, 
 &c, so as to give an unfair advan- 
 tage to a particular political party; 
 
 ate, 'arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, £/ien. 
 
GERUND 
 
 213 
 
 GIMP 
 
 misrepresent. [American political 
 slang. J 
 
 gerund (jer'und), n. the verbal noun 
 in Latin. 
 
 gerundive (je-run'div), n. the verbal 
 adjective in Latin. 
 
 gestation (jes-ta'shun)_, n. pregnancy. 
 
 gesticulate (jes-tik'u-lat), v.i. to make 
 gestures or motions, as in speaking 
 or attracting_ attention. 
 
 gesture (jes'tur), n. a movement of 
 the face, body, or limbs, to express 
 ideas, emotions, &c. 
 
 get (get), v.t. [p.t. got, p.p. got, got- 
 ten, p.pr. getting], to obtain; pro- 
 cure; win; gain; acquire; deserve; 
 meet with; realize; learn; pro- 
 create; prevail upon; to depart 
 [with obj. as "get thee hence"]: v.i. 
 to arrive at; become; find time, op- 
 portunity, &c; depart quickly. 
 
 gewgaw (gu'gaw), n. a showy trifle. 
 
 geyser (gi'ser), n. an intermittent 
 hot or boiling spring from which 
 water or mud is ejected. Also gey- 
 sir. 
 
 ghastly (gast'li), adj. death-like; pale; 
 haggard ; cadaverous ; horrible. 
 
 gherkin (ger'kin), n. a small cucum- 
 ber used for pickling. [Danish.] 
 
 Ghetto (get'o), n. [pi. ghettos (gef- 
 oz), ghetti (get'i)], the Jews' 
 quarter. [Italian.] 
 
 ghost (gost), n. the spirit of a de- 
 ceased person; apparition; the soul; 
 breath of life; shadow; remotest 
 likelihood; a false image due to 
 some defect in a lens. 
 
 ghoul (gool), n. a supposed demon 
 who robs graves and feeds on the 
 flesh of the dead. [Arabic] 
 
 giant (jl'ant), n. a man of extraor- 
 dinary bulk or stature; one pos- 
 sessed of great physical or intellec- 
 tual power; one of a race of mon- 
 strous size who, according to classic 
 mythology, assailed the gods: adj. 
 like a giant; huge: fern, giantess (ji'- 
 ant-es) . 
 
 gibber (jib'er), v.i. to speak inco- 
 herently. 
 
 gibberish (jib'er-ish), n. rapid inco- 
 herent talk: adj. incoherent. 
 
 gibbet (jib'et), 'n. a gallows: v.t. to 
 hang on a gibbet; expose to public 
 ^ scorn or ridicule. 
 
 gibbous (gib 'us), adj. protuberant; ir- 
 
 regularly rounded; between full and 
 half -full: said of the moon; hump- 
 backed. [Latin.] 
 
 gibe (jib), n. sl scoff; taunt; sneering 
 or sarcastic expression: v.t. to sneer 
 at; taunt: v.i. to use gibes; cast re- 
 proaches; sneer; scoff. 
 
 giblet (jib'let), n. one of the edible 
 internal parts of a fowl, goose, &c. 
 
 giddy (gid'i), adj. [comp. giddier, 
 superl. giddiest], having a confused 
 whirling sensation in the head; friv- 
 olous; fickle. 
 
 gift (gift), n. something given or be- 
 stowed; present; donation; offering; 
 benefaction; natural talent. 
 
 gifted (gift'ed), adj. talented. 
 
 gig (gig), n. a two- wheeled open 
 chaise drawn by one horse ; a rotary 
 machine for raising nap on cloth; 
 a long ship's boat, rowed by alter- 
 nate oars, and usually reserved for 
 the commanding officer ; a racing 
 boat; a whirligig; a fish-gig: v.i. 
 [p.t. & p.p. gigged, p.pr. gigging], 
 to fish with a fish-gig. 
 
 gigantic (jl-gan'tik) , adj. huge; co- 
 lossal. 
 
 giggle (gig'l), v.i. to laugh in a nerv- 
 ous, foolish, tittering manner: n. 
 a nervous, silly laugh. 
 
 gild (gild), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gilded, 
 gilt, p.pr. gilding], to overlay or 
 wash with gold; give a fair external 
 appearance to; illuminate: n. an- 
 other form of guild. _ 
 
 gill (gil), n. the respiratory organ of 
 aquatic animals, especially fishes; 
 the wattle of a fowl; a deep, nar- 
 row glen through which a rivulet 
 flows: pi. the thin spore-bearing 
 lamellae, or plates, under a cap of 
 certain fungi, as a mushroom. 
 
 gill (jil), n. l-4th of a pint; ground- 
 ivy. 
 
 gilt (gilt), adj. covered with, or yel- 
 low like, gold: n. gilding. 
 
 gimcrack (jim'krak), adj. showy, but 
 of no value; trumpery: n. a pretty, 
 useless thing; toy. 
 
 gimlet (gim'let), n. a small boring- 
 tool with a pointed screw at the 
 end: v.t. to make a hole in with a 
 gimlet. ^ 
 
 gimp (gimp), n. kind of interlaced 
 silk twist or trimming interwoven 
 with wire or cord; used for furni- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, Men. 
 
GIN 
 
 :14 
 
 GLAND 
 
 ture, dresses, &c: v.t. to border with 
 gimp. 
 
 gin (Jin), n. an aromatic alcoholic 
 liquid flavored with juniper berries; 
 a trap or snare; a machine for clear- 
 ing cotton fibers from the seeds: a 
 portable hoisting-machine; a pile- 
 driving machine: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 ginned, p.pr. ginning], to catch in a 
 trap; clear cotton. 
 
 ginger (jin'jer), n. the scraped and 
 dried root of a pungent aromatic 
 East & West Indian plant. [French.] 
 
 gingerade (jin-jer-ad'), n. an aerated 
 beverage flavored with ginger. Also 
 ginger-ale. 
 
 gingerbread (jin'jer-bred), n. a dark 
 colored cake made of flour, ginger, 
 molasses, sugar, &c. 
 
 gingerly (jin'jer-li), adv. cautiously; 
 daintily. 
 
 gingham (ging'am), n. a cotton 
 dress-cloth dyed in the yarn before 
 weaving; an umbrella. 
 
 gingival (jin-jlVal), adj. pertaining 
 to the gums. 
 
 ginseng (jin'seng), n. an herb with 
 an aromatic root, much valued in 
 China as a tome. [Chinese.] 
 
 Gipsy (jip'si), n. [pi. Gipsies (jip/siz)], 
 one of a wandering, dark-skinned, 
 and dark-eyed race, of Eastern, prob- 
 ably Hindu, origin: the language of 
 the Gipsies (Romany); a person of 
 dark complexion; a hoydenish girl. 
 Also Gypsy. 
 
 giraffe iji-raf), n. the camelopard. 
 
 gird (gerd), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. girded, 
 girt, p.pr. girding], to surround with 
 a flexible substance; bind; encircle; 
 gibe; taunt. 
 
 girder (gerd'er), n. the main beam in 
 a floor. 
 
 girdle (ger'dl), n.& belt or zone for 
 the waist ; anything that encompass- 
 es like a girdle; a circular band 
 round the shaft of a, column: v.t. to 
 bind with, or as with, a girdle; en- 
 close; to make a cut round the bark 
 of the trunk of a tree and so kill it. 
 
 girl (gerl), n. a female child; young 
 unmarried woman. 
 
 girt (gert), p.t. of gird: v. adj. moored 
 so taut by two cables as not to 
 swing to the wind or tide. 
 
 girth (gerth), n. the band by which 
 the saddle is kept secured on a 
 
 horse; the circumference of a tree, 
 animal, &c; anything that binds or 
 encircles. 
 
 gist (jist), n. the substance of a mat- 
 ter; main point; object. 
 
 give (giv), v.t. [p.t. gave, p.p. given, 
 p.pr. giving], to bestow; confer 
 without price or reward; grant; 
 yield; deliver; supply; enable; emit: 
 v.i. to give gifts; yield to pressure; 
 grow moist: n. elasticity. 
 
 gizzard (giz'ard), n. the muscular 
 part of the intestinal canal in cer- 
 tain birds. 
 
 glabrous (gla'brus), adj. bald; 
 smooth. [Latin.] 
 
 glacial (gla'shi-al), adj. pertaining to, 
 consisting of, or caused by, ice. 
 
 glacier (gla/shi-er), n. avast accumula- 
 tion of ice and snow found in the 
 valleys and ravines of lofty moun- 
 tains which moves slowly down 
 the slopes till it melts or breaks off 
 into icebergs. [French.] 
 
 glad (glad), adj. [comp. gladder, su- 
 per!, gladdest], in a state of hilarity; 
 joyous; gav; pleased; cheerful; satis- 
 fied. 
 
 gladden (glad'n), v.t. to make glad: 
 v.i. to rejoice. 
 
 glade (glad), n. an open space or 
 passage in a wood or forest; an 
 open space surrounded by ice. 
 
 gladiator (glad'i : a-ter), n. in ancient 
 Rome a professional swordsman who 
 fought in the arena with other men 
 or animals: a combatant. [Latin.] 
 
 gladiolus (gla-di'5-lus), n. the sword- 
 lily. 
 
 glair (glar), n. the white of egg, used 
 as size or varnish; any sticky or 
 glairy matter. 
 
 glamour (glam'er), n. a charm_ on 
 the eyes causing them to see things 
 differently from what they are in 
 reality; fascination; witchery: v.t. 
 to fascinate. Also glamor. 
 
 glance (glans), n. a sudden shoot of 
 light: quick passing look of the eye; 
 a quick momentary view; a lustrous 
 ore: v.i. to shoot a sudden ray; view 
 with a quick movement of the eye: 
 v.t. to shoot or dart suddenly or ob- 
 liquely; allude to in passing. 
 
 gland (gland), n. a bodily organ by 
 which secretion is carried on: small 
 secreting organ for sap in plants; 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
GLARE 
 
 215 
 
 GLOOM 
 
 an acorn; a name for various me- 
 chanical contrivances. [Latin.] 
 
 glare (glar), n. a bright dazzling 
 light; overpowering luster; a fierce 
 piercing 1 look: v.i. to shine with a 
 dazzling overpowering light; look 
 with fierce piercing eyes; be exces- 
 sively gaudy in dress or ornamenta- 
 tion: udj. having a smooth slippery 
 surface, as ice. 
 
 glass (glas), n. a hard, brittle, trans- 
 parent substance formed of silica 
 and certain metallic oxides; an in- 
 strument or vessel made of glass; 
 a drinking glass, or the quantity 
 contained in it; a mirror; lens; a 
 telescope, or barometer: adj. per- 
 taining to, or made of, glass; vitre- 
 ous: v.t. to mirror, or reflect in a 
 mirror; glaze. 
 
 glaucous m (glaw'kus), adj. sea-green; 
 green with a bluish-grey tinge; cov- 
 ered with bloom of a bluish-white 
 color. [Greek.] 
 
 glaze (glaz), v.t. to furnish with 
 glass; overlay with a transparent 
 substance resembling glass: v.i. to 
 become glassy or glazed: n. the 
 vitreous or glassy coating on potter's 
 ware. 
 
 glazier (gla'zher), n. one whose busi- 
 ness is to set glass in windows, &c. 
 
 gleam (glem)^ n. a stream or shoot 
 of light; brightness: v.i. to emit 
 brightness; shoot, or dart, as rays 
 of lights 
 
 glean (glen), v.t. to gather, as grain 
 that the reapers have left; collect 
 little by little, or piece by piece; 
 infer: v.i. to gather gleanings: n. a 
 collection made by gleaning; a col- 
 lection, as of herrings. 
 
 glebe (gleb), n. land belonging to a 
 parish church, or ecclesiastical bene- 
 fice; in mining, a plot of land con- 
 taining ore. 
 
 glede (gled), n. the kite. 
 
 glee (gle), n. gaiety; mirth; exhila- 
 ration ; a musical composition for 
 voices in harmony. 
 
 gleet (glet), a thin mucous discharge 
 resulting from gonorrheal disease. 
 
 glen (glen), n. a narrow valley; a 
 secluded hollow between hills. 
 
 glib (glib), adj. voluble; flippant: n. 
 the tongue; smooth talk. 
 
 glide (gild), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. glided, 
 
 p.pr. gliding], flow or move along 
 smoothly and noiselessly; to slur 
 [Music]: n. the act of gliding; a 
 gliding movement; a slur. [ Music] 
 
 glim (glim), n. a light or candle. 
 [Thieves' slang.] 
 
 glimmer (glim'er), v.i. to shine faintly 
 and intermittently: n. a faint inter- 
 mittent light; sheen. 
 
 glimpse (glimps), n. a weak, faint 
 light; transient view; slight trace: 
 v.t. to catch a glimpse of: v.i. to 
 glance; appear for the moment. 
 
 glint (glint) ; n. a flash; a gleam. 
 
 glissade (gh-sad'). n. the act_ of slid- 
 ing down a glacier; a glide in danc- 
 ing^ v.i. to slide, especially down a 
 glacier. 
 
 glisten (glis'n), v.i. to sparkle with 
 light; shine: n. a glitter. 
 
 glitter (glit'er), v.i. to sparkle with 
 light; gleam; be showy, attractive, 
 or specious: n. brilliancy; specious 
 luster. 
 
 gloaming (glom'ing), n. twilight: adj. 
 pertaining to twilight. 
 
 gloat (glot), v.i. to stare or gaze ear- 
 nestly or with admiration, often in a 
 bad sense with feelings of lust and 
 cruelty. 
 
 globate (glo'bat), adj. globe-shaped. 
 
 globe (glob), n. a spherical body; 
 ball; the terraqueous earth [with 
 the]; a sphere 911 which are repre- 
 sented the divisions of the earth, 
 &c. (terrestrial globe), or the heaven- 
 ly bodies (celestial globe). [Latin.] 
 
 globe-trotter (glob-trot'er) , n. an ex- 
 tensive traveler. 
 
 globi, a prejix^ in various scientific 
 words, meaning a ball, or ball- 
 shaped. [Latin.] 
 
 globin (glo'bin), n. a constituent of 
 red blood corpuscles. 
 
 globule (glob'ul), n. a small spherical 
 particle; a minute homoeopathic 
 pill; a blood- or lymph-corpuscle. 
 
 glome (glom), n. a roundish cluster of 
 flowers. 
 
 glomerate (glom'er-at) , adj. gath- 
 ered into_ a roundish head or mass. 
 
 gloom (gloom), n. partial darkness; 
 obscurity ; melancholy ; depression ; 
 sadness; sullenness: v.i. to be, or 
 become, cloudy or partially dark; 
 present a gloomy aspect: v.t. to 
 make gloomy; deject or sadden. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut : think, then. 
 
GLOOMY 216 GNOMIC 
 
 gloomy (gloom'i), adj. [comp. gloomier, threatening or angry countenance; 
 
 superl. gloomiest], overspread with, frown. 
 
 or enveloped in, darkness; dismal; gloze (gloz), v.t._to gloss over, 
 
 melancholy; dispirited; cheerless; glucose (gloo'kos), n. the particular 
 
 morose. form of sugar existing in many animal 
 
 gloria (glo'ri-a), n. an ascription of and vegetable organisms: it is pro- 
 praise, especially the Gloria in Ex- duced for commercial use by the ac- 
 celsis and Gloria Patri; a musical tion of sulphuric acid on starch, 
 setting of these. [Latin.] [Greek. ]_ 
 
 glorify (glo'ri-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. glori- glue (gloo), n. a tenacious viscid ce- 
 
 fied, p.pr. glorifying], to raise in ment made by boiling some animal 
 
 honor and dignity; magnify and substance to a jelly; v.t. to unite or 
 
 honor in worship; adore; beau- cement with glue, 
 
 tify. glum (glum), adj. gloomy; moody; 
 
 glorious (glo'ri-us), adj. full of glory; sullen. 
 
 illustrious; celebrated; magnificent; glut (glut), n. a superabundance: v.t. 
 
 exalted. [p.t. & p.p. glutted, p.pr. glutting], 
 
 glory (glo'ri), n. [pi. glories (glo'riz)], to fill to repletion; oversupply. 
 
 splendor; magnificence ; m brightness ; glutinous (gloo'ti-nus), adj. viscid; 
 
 praise ascribed in adoration; distinc- gluey. 
 
 tion; renown; honor; the Divine glutton (glut'n), n. one who eats to 
 
 perfection or presence; the felicity excess; a carnivorous animal; the 
 
 of heaven; in art, a circle of rays wolverine. [Latin.] 
 
 surrounding the head of a «aint: v.i. gluttony (glut'n-i), n. [pi. gluttonies 
 
 [p.t. & p.p. gloried, p.pr. glorying], (glut'n-iz)], the act or habit of eating 
 
 to rejoice or exult [with in]. [Latin.] to excess. 
 
 gloss (glos) , n._ luster from a polished glycerine _ (glis'er-in) , n. a sweet col- 
 surface; specious show; an explana- orless viscid liquid obtained from 
 tion or comment to elucidate some oils, fat, &c: used extensively in 
 difficulty or obscurity in the text; a various manufactures and medicine, 
 plausible, specious representation: Also glycerin. [Greek.] 
 v.t. to explain by notes or com- glyptic (glip'tik), adj. pertaining to 
 ments; palliate by plausible repre- engraving on gems; figured: n.pl. 
 sentation; varnish; make glossy: v.i. the art of engraving designs on pre- 
 to annotate. cious stones, ivory, &c. 
 
 glossary (glos'a-ri), n. [pi. glossaries gnarl (narl), n. a knot on the trunk 
 
 (glos'a-riz)], a dictionary of obsolete, or branch of a tree, 
 
 obscure, or technical words. gnash (nash), v.t. to strike together, 
 
 glossy (glos'i), adj. [comp. glossier, as the teeth: v.i. to grind the teeth 
 
 superl. glossiest], having a lustrous in anger or agony, 
 
 smooth surface; smooth and plausi- gnat (nat), n. a small stinging winged 
 
 ble. insect of several species, allied to 
 
 glottis (glot'is), n. the small elastic the mosquito. 
 
 oblong opening at the top of the gnaw (naw), v.t. to bite off, or eat 
 
 windpipe. away, by degrees; corrode; bite in 
 
 glove (gluv), n. a hand-covering with agony, rage, or despair; fret: v.i. 
 
 a separate sheath for each finger: to exercise the teeth in biting re- 
 
 pl. boxing-gloves: v.t. to cover with, peatedly; act as if by continual 
 
 or as with, a glove. biting. 
 
 glow (gl5), v.i. to shine with intense gnome (nom), n. a fabulous deformed, 
 
 heat; radiate heat and light; be in- diminutive goblin, supposed to dwell 
 
 candescent; be red or flushed; be in the earth, watching treasure, or 
 
 animated with passion, love, zeal, to be the guardian spirit of min- 
 
 &c: n. intense or shining heat; in- ers. 
 
 candescence*; redness, or brightness gnomic (no'mik), adj. dealing in, or 
 of color; passion; ardor. containing, pithy or sententious say- 
 glower (glou'er), v.i. to stare with a ings; didactic. Also gnomical. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nSrth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
GNU 
 
 217 
 
 GOODNESS 
 
 gnu (noo), n. a ruminant horned ani- 
 mal with a head resembling a buf- 
 falo, of the antelope kind, inhabit- 
 ing South Africa. [Hottentot.] 
 
 go (go), v.i. [p.t. went, p.p. gone, 
 p.pr. going], to depart; proceed; 
 move on; pass from one state or 
 place to another; conduce; contrib- 
 ute; be habitually used or said; 
 pass current; succeed; fall out or 
 terminate; move by mechanism; 
 strike, as a clock; act in harmony 
 with; fit or suit; be expended: n. 
 the fashion; enterprise or push; 
 difficulty or scrape; a drink [Eng- 
 lish], as "a go of gin." 
 
 goad (god), n. a pointed stick to urge 
 on cattle: v.t. to urge on with, or as 
 with, a goad; stimulate: v.i. to act 
 as a goad. 
 
 goal (gol), n. the winning post at a 
 race or at football: hence, the end 
 aimed at. 
 
 goat (got), n. a ruminating horned 
 quadruped with long hair. 
 
 gobble (gob'l), v.t. to swallow hasti- 
 ly or greedily: v.i. to utter a cry like 
 a turkey: n. the noise of a turkey; 
 a quick straight stroke in putting at 
 golf. 
 
 gobelin (go'be-lin, go'blin, go-be- 
 lang'), n. a superior kind of French 
 tapestry. 
 
 goblet (gob'let), n. a drinking-vessel 
 with a stem and without a handle. 
 
 goblin (gob'lin), n. an evil, mis- 
 chievous spirit; gnome; fairy. 
 [French.] 
 
 go-cart (go'kart), n. a contrivance for 
 teaching children to walk; a child's 
 cart; a light village cart. 
 
 God (god), n. the Supreme Deity, 
 and self-existent Creator or Up- 
 holder of the Universe. [Uncertain 
 etymology; not from "good."] 
 
 godhood (god'hood), n. divinity. 
 
 godless (god'les), adj. showing no re- 
 gard to sacred things; impious. 
 
 godly (god'li), adj. devout; pious. 
 
 godsend (god'send), n. unexpected 
 assistance or acquisition. 
 
 goggle (gog'l), v.i. to strain or roll 
 the eyes: adj. staring; prominent: 
 n. a strained or affected rolling of 
 the eyes: pi. a particular kind of 
 spectacles for protecting the eyes 
 from dust, excessive light, &c. 
 
 goitre (goi'ter), n. a swelling of the 
 glands in the front part and side of 
 the neck; prevalent in mountainous 
 districts. [French.] 
 
 gold (gold), n. a metallic element, soft, 
 ductile, and of a bright yellow color 
 when pure; money; wealth; pre- 
 cious or pure quality ; in archery, the 
 bull's-eye. 
 
 golden rod (rod), n. a tall plant of 
 the aster family with yellow flow- 
 ers. 
 
 Golden Rule (rool), n. the rule to 
 treat others as we ourselves wish 
 to be treated (cf. Matthew vii. 12). 
 
 goldsmith (gold'smith) , n. a worker 
 in gold, or dealer in gold-plate. 
 
 golf (golf), n. a game played with a 
 small gutta-percha ball and club- 
 headed sticks, the object being to 
 drive the ball into a series of small 
 holes with the fewest possible 
 strokes: v.i. to play golf. 
 
 golgotha, n. a burial place. 
 
 gondola (gon'do-la), n. a long nar- 
 row Venetian pleasure boat partly 
 covered and propelled by one oar; 
 a flat-bottomed boat or railway 
 car used for carrying coal, &c. 
 [Italian.] 
 
 gone (gawn), p. adj. ruined; lost, char- 
 acterized by faintness or weakness; 
 carried away: said of a spar, &c. 
 
 gong (gong), n. a tambourine-shaped 
 instrument of bronze, which is 
 struck by a padded stick and emits 
 a booming sound. [Malay.] 
 
 good (good), adj. [comp. better, su- 
 perl. best], having excellent quali- 
 ties; proper, fit for, adapted, or con- 
 ducive to, any particular object; 
 pious; moral; kind, well-disposed; 
 favorable ; beneficial ; convenient ; 
 useful; unblemished; adequate; ex- 
 pedient; reliable; well-informed; full; 
 not irritable: n. that which contrib- 
 utes to happiness; moral qualities; 
 prosperity; benefit: pi. household 
 furniture; merchandise: inter j. an 
 expression of assent or pleasure. 
 
 good-bye (good-bi'), n. a parting; 
 words of farewell: adj. concerned 
 with a parting, as a good-bye 
 kiss." Good-bye is contracted from 
 God be with you, like the French 
 adieu. 
 
 goodness (good'nes), n. the state or 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
GOODY 
 
 218 
 
 GOVERNESS 
 
 quality of being good; benevolence; 
 excellence. 
 
 goody (good'i), adj. affectedly or 
 weakly pious; namby-pamby: n. 
 [pi. goodies (good'iz)], a person af- 
 fectedly or weakly pious; a poor old 
 rustic woman; a kind of sweetmeat. 
 
 goose (gods), n. [pi. geese (ges)], a 
 web-footed domesticated bird of the 
 genus Anser; a tailor's smoothing 
 iron (pi. geese) ; a silly person. 
 
 gooseberry (gooz'ber-i), n. [pi. goose- 
 berries (gooz'ber-iz)], the fruit of a 
 shrub of the genus Ribes; the shrub 
 itself: adj. made of gooseberries. 
 
 goose-flesh (goos'flesh), n. a rough- 
 ened condition of the skin like that 
 of a plucked goose, caused by cold, 
 fear, &c._ 
 
 gopher (go'fer), v.i. to mine unsys- 
 tematically: n. a North American 
 burrowing, rat-like rodent; a wood 
 mentioned in the Old Testament 
 (Gen. yi. 14). 
 
 gore (gor), n. congealed or clotted 
 blood; a triangular piece sewn into 
 a dress, sail, &c; a narrow or tri- 
 angular piece of land: v.t. to pierce 
 as with a horn; furnish with gores; 
 said of a garment, &c. 
 
 gorge (gorj), n. the throat; gullet; 
 that which is gorged or swallowed; 
 a meal that fills to repletion; a nar- 
 row passage between mountains or 
 hills: v.t. to swallow with greediness 
 or in large mouthfuls; satiate: v.i. 
 to feed greedily. [French.] 
 
 gorgeous (gor'jus), adj. glittering in 
 various colors; splendid; showy; in- 
 clined to magnificence. [Old French.] 
 
 gorilla (go-ril'a), n. an African an- 
 thropoid ape some 5 ft. in height 
 with powerful limbs; the largest 
 ape known. 
 
 gormand (gor'mand) and gourmand 
 (goor'mand), n. a greedy or ravenous 
 eater; glutton; a connoisseur in 
 table delicacies. [French.] 
 
 gormandize (gor'man-dize) , v.i. to 
 eat greedily or voraciously. 
 
 gorse (gors), n. the common furze; 
 whim. 
 
 gory (gor'i), adj. covered or stained 
 with gore. 
 
 gosling (goz'ling), n. a young goose; 
 a catkin. 
 
 Gospel (gos'pel), n. the announce- 
 
 ment of the salvation of mankind by 
 Jesus Christ; the history of the life 
 and doctrine of Jesus Christ, con- 
 tained in the four canonical books 
 of SS. Matthew, Mark, Luke, and 
 John; a selection from these in the 
 Church service; the general doc- 
 trines of the New Testament ; some- 
 thing received as infallibly true: 
 adj. pertaining to the Gospel. 
 Tne word Gospel is Anglo-Saxon, 
 wrongly said to mean "God-story." 
 Its true significance is "Good-story" 
 or "glad tidings," thus translating 
 the Latin Evangelium (Greek Evan- 
 gelion). 
 
 gossamer (gos'a-mer), n. a very fine 
 spider's web which floats in the air; 
 a very thin soft filmy strong gauze: 
 adj. very thin, like gossamer; flimsy. 
 
 gossip (gos'ip), n. familiar or idle talk; 
 scandal ; a babbler ; formerly a spon- 
 sor, neighbor, or friend: v.i. to tell 
 idle tales about others; tattle; chat. 
 
 gossoon (gos-soon'), n. a lad. [Irish 
 from French garcon.] 
 
 got, p.t. of get. 
 
 gouge (gouj), n. a rounded hollow 
 chisel for cutting grooves or holes; 
 a swindle: v.t. to scoop out with a 
 gouge: v.i. force out the eye with 
 the thumb or finger. [Old French.] 
 
 goulash (goo'lash), n. a highly sea- 
 soned Hungarian stew. [Magyar.] 
 
 gourd (gord), n. a plant and fruit 
 of various species of the genus Cu- 
 curbita, the shell of which is used 
 for holding liquids; a gourd-shaped 
 vessel. [French.] 
 
 gourmet (goor'ma), n. an epicure who 
 regards the quality of his food. 
 [French.] 
 
 gout (gout), n. a painful inflamma- 
 tory disease of the joints or extremi- 
 ties, especially of the great toe; 
 a clot of blood. [French.] 
 
 gouty (gout'i), adj. pertaining to, or 
 affected with, gout. 
 
 govern (guv'ern), v.t. to control by 
 authority; regulate; direct; man- 
 age; steer; restrain; require to be 
 in a particular mood, case, &c.: v.i. 
 to exercise authority; administer 
 the law. [Latin.] 
 
 governance (guv'ern-ans), n. govern- 
 ment; control. 
 
 governess (guv'ern-es), n. a lady who 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
GOVERNMENT 
 
 219 
 
 GRAINING 
 
 trains and instructs children; an 
 instructress; teacher. 
 
 government (guv'ern-ment), n. the 
 act of governing; administration of 
 public affairs; established state of 
 legal authority; executive power; 
 self-control; relation between two 
 words by which one determines the 
 case or mood of another. 
 
 governor (guv'ern-er) , n. one who is 
 invested with high authority; chief 
 ruler; tutor; a mechanical device 
 for regulating the speed of an 
 engine, &c. 
 
 gown (goun), n. a woman's outer 
 garment, or dress ; a long loose robe 
 worn by university or professional 
 men; a long loose outer covering 
 or wrapper, as a dressing-gown, &c. 
 
 grab (grab), v.t. [p.t. & 'p.p. grabbed, 
 p.pr. grabbing], to seize suddenly 
 and forcibly; snatch: n. a sudden 
 and forcible seizure; a large East 
 Indian coaster with two or three 
 masts. 
 
 grace (gras), n. any excellence, char- 
 acteristic attraction, or endowment, 
 natural or acquired; elegance of 
 action or language; beauty; embel- 
 lishment; the unmerited favor and 
 love of God towards man in Christ; 
 divine sanctifying, regenerating, 
 and preserving influence; spiritual 
 excellence; virtue; a brief prayer 
 before or after meals; a respectful 
 title of address applied to an arch- 
 bishop or duke, or a duke's wife; be- 
 havior or demeanor; indulgence or 
 privilege; in music, an act, vote, or 
 decree of the governing body of a 
 university or college: v.t. to adorn 
 or embellish; honor. [Latin.] 
 
 graceful (gras'fool), adj. full of grace 
 or beauty; easy and elegant in man- 
 ner or demeanor. 
 
 gracious (gra'shus), adj. showing or 
 bestowing grace, kindness, or mer- 
 cy; affable; polite. 
 
 gradation (gra-da'shun) , n. a regu- 
 lar advance or progress, step by 
 step; regular arrangement; a grad- 
 ual blending of one tint into an- 
 other; series; order. 
 
 grade (grad), n. a step or degree in 
 rank, dignity, quality, order, &c; 
 the rise or descent of a railroad, &c. : 
 v.t. to level and prepare (ground) 
 
 for laying the rails of a railway; 
 arrange in a regular series: v.i. to 
 take rank. 
 
 gradual (grad'u-al), adj. proceeding 
 by degrees; step by step; regular 
 and slow: n. a response sung after 
 the Epistle; an ancient book of an- 
 thems or scripture sentences; so 
 called because some were chanted on 
 the steps of the pulpit. Also grad- 
 uale, grail. 
 
 graduate (grad'Q-at), n. one on whom 
 an academical degree has been con- 
 ferred : v.t. to mark with degrees or a 
 scale; temper: v.i. to take or re- 
 ceive an academical degree; change 
 by degrees: adj. having been gradu- 
 ated. 
 
 graduation (grad-u-a'shun) , n. the 
 conferring or reception of an academi- 
 cal degree; regular progression; a 
 marking into degrees or parts. 
 
 graft (graft), n. a small shoot of a 
 tree inserted into another tree: 
 hence something incorporated with 
 a foreign stock; an unlawful or ir- 
 regular perquisite; a bribe: v.t. to 
 insert as a shoot in another tree; 
 join so as to receive support from 
 another thing; in surgery, to trans- 
 plant (tissue): v.i. to practice graft- 
 ing; to accept bribe money. [French.] 
 
 grafter (grafter), n. one who in a posi- 
 tion of trust or political office takes 
 "graft," dishonest gain, or unlawful 
 perquisites, by use of his position. 
 
 grail (gral), n. a dish or chalice, es- 
 pecially the Holy Grail (Sangreal), 
 the cup used by Jesus Christ at the 
 Last Supper, said to have been pre- 
 served by Joseph of Arimathea, who 
 collected in it some of the blood 
 which flowed from our Lord on His 
 crucifixion; a gradual. Also graal. 
 
 grain (gran), n. any minute hard 
 mass; a single seed of corn; the 
 smallest particle or amount; a unit 
 of weight = l-20th of a scruple, 
 l-24th of a pennyweight; the ar- 
 rangement of particles in a body; 
 texture; a red dye obtained from 
 cochineal insects: pi. the refuse of 
 malted barley :v.t. form into grains ; to 
 paint in imitation of the grain of wood. 
 
 graining (gran'ing), n. painting in 
 imitation of the grain or texture of 
 wood; a process in dyeing; the peb- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
GRAM 
 
 220 
 
 GRASS 
 
 bling of paper or leather in book- 
 binding. 
 
 gram, gramme (gram), n. the unit of 
 weight in the metric system, 15.43 
 grains troy. 
 
 grammar (gram'er), n. the art of 
 speaking or writing a language cor- 
 rectly; the science that treats of the 
 principles that govern the correct 
 use of language. 
 
 grammarian (gra-ma'ri-an), n. one 
 who is versed in grammar; a phi- 
 lologist. 
 
 grammatical (gra-mat'i-kal) , adj. per- 
 taining to grammar, or its rules. 
 
 gramophone (gram'o-fon), n. an in- 
 strument for recording and repro- 
 ducing speech. 
 
 grampus (gram'pus), n. a large ceta- 
 cean, akin to the porpoise; a corpu- 
 lent person. [Spanish.] 
 
 granary (gran'a-n), n. [pi. granaries 
 (gran'a-riz)], a store-house for grain; 
 a country where grain is the chief 
 product. [Latin.] 
 
 grand (grand), adj. high in dignity 
 or power; illustrious; chief; great; 
 magnificent; splendid; sublime; no- 
 ble; of striking excellence or im- 
 pressive dignity; conceived or ex- 
 pressed _ in dignified language ; com- 
 prehensive; complete; the second 
 degree of parentage or descent: n. 
 a grand piano. [Latin.] 
 
 grandchild (grand'chlld) , n. the child 
 of one's son or daughter. 
 
 grandee (gran-de'), n. a Spanish no- 
 bleman of the highest rank, who 
 alone has the privilege of wearing 
 his hat in the royal presence. 
 Conversely, if the Spanish king asks 
 anyone to be covered in his presence, 
 the person so honored becomes at 
 once a grandee. 
 
 grandeur (gran'jur), n. greatness; 
 vastness; sublimity; splendor of ap- 
 pearance; social distinction and dis- 
 play; elevation of thought, senti- 
 ment, or demeanor. [French.] 
 
 grandiloquent (gran-dil'o-kwent) ,adj, 
 speaking in, or characterized by, 
 a lofty or bombastic style. 
 
 grandiose (gran'di-os) , adj. really or 
 affectedly grand or impressive. 
 
 grandparent (grand'par-ent) , n. the 
 parent of one's parent. 
 
 grange (granj), n. a farm with its 
 
 dwelling-house, appurtenances, &c; 
 a local lodge of the Patrons of Hus- 
 bandry, a powerful agricultural as- 
 sociation in the United States. 
 
 granite (gran'it), n. a massive crys- 
 talline rock composed of quartz, 
 feldspar, and mica. [Italian.] 
 
 grant (grant), v.t. to give or confer, 
 especially in response to a request; 
 admit as true (what has not been 
 proved) ; concede ; transfer the title 
 of, for any good consideration: n. 
 the act of granting; a gift; a be- 
 stowing; an allowance; the thing 
 conveyed; an admission or conces- 
 sion. [Old French.] 
 
 granular (gran'ii-lar) , adj. composed 
 of, or resembling, grains or granules. 
 
 granulate (gran'u-lat) , v.t. to form 
 into grains or small masses; roughen 
 the surface of: v.i. to become granu- 
 lar. 
 
 granule (gran'ul), n. a small grain or 
 particle. [Latin.] 
 
 grape (grap) , n. the fruit of the grape- 
 vine; a vine of the genus Vitis; 
 grape-shot. [French.] 
 
 graphic (graf'ik), adj. pertaining to 
 the art of writing or delineating; 
 vividly described; well delineated; 
 life-like. Also graphical. [Greek.] 
 
 graphite (graf-It), n. a metallic variety 
 of carbon. 
 
 grapnel (grap'nel), n. a kind of small 
 anchor usually with flukes ; heavy 
 tongs used for lifting stone, ice, &c. 
 
 grapple (grap'l), v.t. to lay fast hold 
 of: v.i. struggle or contend in close 
 fight: n. a close fight ; # a seizing; 
 close hold, as in wrestling, &c; a 
 mechanical device for taking hold 
 of anything. 
 
 grasp (grasp), v.t. to seize or catch 
 at; hold by clasping or contracting: 
 v.i. to endeavor to seize; struggle 
 or grapple; lay hold of greedily; 
 encroach: n. a seizure of the hand; 
 reach of the hand; power of seiz- 
 ure; hold; intellectual capacity.. 
 
 grasping (grasp'ing), p. adj. avaricious. 
 
 grass (gras), n. field or hill pasture; 
 herbage having hollow-jointed stalks, 
 a husky calyx, and the seed single; 
 springtime; that which is subject 
 to decay: v.t. to cover with grass 
 or turf; bleach, by exposure on grass; 
 pasture or graze. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nSrth, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
GRASSHOPPER 
 
 221 
 
 GREEK 
 
 grasshopper (gras'hop-er), n. a small 
 nimble insect of the locust kind. 
 
 grate (grat), n. a framework of iron 
 bars to hold fuel; a set of bars: v.t. 
 to rub or wear away by the friction 
 of a rough body; produce a sound 
 by the friction of rough or hard 
 surfaces; grind down; furnish with 
 a grate: v.i. make a harsh noise; 
 produce mental irritation. 
 
 grateful (grat 'fool), adj. thankful; 
 pleasurable. 
 
 gratification (grat-i-fi-ka'shun) , # n. 
 the act of gratifying; satisfaction; 
 pleasure; reward, or recompense. 
 
 gratify (grat'i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. grati- 
 fied, p.pr. gratifying], to afford 
 pleasure to; indulge; delight; hu- 
 mor. [Latin.] 
 
 grating (grat'ing), n. an open frame- 
 work or lattice of bars: p.adj. 
 harsh; irritating. 
 
 gratis (gra'tis), adv. gratuitously. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 gratitude (grat'i-tiid), n. the state 
 of being grateful; appreciation of 
 favors received; thankfulness. 
 
 gratuitous (gra-tu'i-tus) , adj.^ free- 
 ly bestowed; voluntary; without 
 cause or provocation; granted with- 
 out merit or claim. 
 
 gratuity (gra-tu'i-ti) , n. [pi. gratuities 
 (gra-tu'i-tiz)], a donation or present; 
 free gift L 
 
 grave (grav), adj. serious; solemn; 
 thoughtful; sedate; important; in 
 grammar, the grave, or long-sound- 
 ing accent; plain; slow in move- 
 ment; very deep m pitch [Mus.j: 
 n. an excavation in the earth for 
 the # reception of a dead body; place 
 of interment: v.t. to shape or carve 
 by cutting with a chisel; engrave. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 gravel (grav'l), v.t. to cover with 
 gravel; run aground on a beach: 
 said of a vessel; embarrass; lame 
 a horse by gravel under the shoe: 
 n. fragments of rock coarser than 
 sand,, and _ frequently . intermixed 
 with it; a disease occasioned by the 
 presence of calculi or small stones 
 in the bladder and kidneys. 
 
 gravestone (grav'ston), n. a stone 
 erected to mark a grave. 
 
 graveyard (grav'yard), n. a burial 
 place; a cemetery. 
 
 gravitate (grav'i-tat) , v.i. to be acted 
 upon or attracted by the force of 
 gravity; be naturally attracted. 
 
 gravitation (grav-i-ta/shun) , n. the 
 force which attracts material bodies 
 to each other. [Latin.] 
 
 gravity (grav'i-ti), n. that force which 
 tends to draw all bodies towards 
 the center of the earth; weight; im- 
 portance ; seriousness ; solemnity ; 
 weight of guilt; lowness of a tone 
 or note [Mus.]. 
 
 gravy (gra'vi), n. [pi. gravies (gra'viz)], 
 the fatty juice from roasting flesh. 
 
 gray, another form of grey : 
 
 graze (graz), v.t. to furnish pasture 
 for; touch or rub lightly: v.i. to eat 
 grass; move along while grazing: n. 
 a slight rub or touch. 
 
 grazier (gra/zher), n. one who pas- 
 tures cattle or breeds them for the 
 market. 
 
 grease (gres), n. soft animal fat; 
 oily matter; inflammation of the 
 hoof and fetlock in horses, with a 
 fetid discharge: v.t. to smear or 
 rub with grease; cause to move easi- 
 ly; bribe. [French.] 
 
 greaser (grez'er), n. one who, or that 
 which, greases; a Mexican. [Amer- 
 ican slang.] 
 
 greasy (gres'i), adj. [co my. greasier, su- 
 perl. greasiest], resembling, smeared, 
 or spotted with, grease; oily; unctu- 
 ous; fog_gy; muddy. 
 
 great (grat), adj. large; chief; prin- 
 cipal; weighty; marvelous; emi- 
 nent; illustrious; high in rank or 
 position; sublime; noble; able; ac- 
 complished ; long-continued ; mag- 
 nanimous ; high-minded ; wealthy ; 
 sumptuous; proud; swollen; preg- 
 nant; intimate; denoting a step of 
 ascending or descending consanguin- 
 ity: n. the whole, or gross; noble, or 
 influential, people. 
 
 greatness (grat'nes), n. the quality 
 of being great. 
 
 greaves (grevz), n.pl. armor to pro- 
 tect the legs from the ankle to the 
 knee; the sediment of melted tal- 
 low. 
 
 greed (gred),n. avarice; greediness. 
 
 greedy (gred'i), adj. [comp. greedier, 
 superl. greediest], voracious; glut- 
 tonous; eagerly desirous; covetous. 
 
 Greek (grek), adj. pertaining to, or 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, tfften. 
 
GREEN 
 
 222 
 
 GRIN 
 
 resembling, Greece or the Greeks; 
 Hellenic: n. a Grecian; a gambler, 
 blackleg; the language of ancient 
 and modern Greece; something 
 unintelligible. 
 
 green (gren), adj. having the color 
 of growing grass or plants; of a 
 color composed of blue and yellow; 
 fresh ; flourishing ; unripe ; not salted ; 
 immature; inexperienced; raw; pale; 
 sickly; not four months old: said of 
 a goose: n. the color of growing grass 
 or plants; a color composed of blue 
 and yellow; a grass plot or common: 
 v.t. to make green: v.i. to become 
 green. 
 
 greenback (gren'bak) , n. paper money 
 (U. S. legal-tender note) with a green 
 back, first issued in 1862. 
 
 greenhorn (gren'horn), n. a simple- 
 ton; novice; awkward person. 
 
 greenhouse (gren'hous).ri.a conserva- 
 tory. 
 
 greenroom (gren'room), n. the actort-' 
 retiring-room in a theater. 
 
 greensward (gren'sward) , n. a stretch 
 of green turf; a lawn. 
 
 greet (gret), v.t. to salute in kind- 
 ness or respect; congratulate: v.i. 
 to exchange greetings. 
 
 greeting (gret'ing), n. salutation; wel- 
 come. 
 
 gregarious (gre-ga'ri-us), adj. asso- 
 ciating or going together in herds; 
 fond of company. 
 
 grenade (gren-ad'), n. an explosive 
 shell fired by a fuse and thrown by 
 hand. [Spanish.] 
 
 grenadier (gren-a-der') , n. originally 
 a foot soldier who threw grenades: 
 now a soldier of the [English] 
 Grenadier Guards. [French.] 
 
 grenadine (gren-a-den'), n. a dress 
 fabric of thin gauzy silk or wool; a 
 dyestuff. 
 
 grew (groo), p.t. of grow. 
 
 grey (gra), adj. of a white color with 
 a mixture of black; hoary; mature: 
 n. the color of white mixed with 
 black; a grey horse. 
 
 greyhound (gra'hound), n. a slender 
 swift hound used for coursing. 
 
 griddle (grid'l), n. a broad shallow 
 pan, used for cooking cakes ; a large 
 sieve for sifting ore. 
 
 gride (grid), v.t. to jar harshly. 
 
 gridiron (grid'irn), n. a grated iron 
 
 utensil for broiling meat or fish; a 
 contrivance for examining and re- 
 pairing the hulls of ships; the foot- 
 ball field; the name is often given to 
 sandy bars which somewhat re- 
 semble the gridiron. 
 
 grief (gref), n. mental pain on ac- 
 count of present or past trouble; 
 that which causes sorrow or sad- 
 ness; physical pain. [French.] 
 
 grievance" (greVans), n. a sense of 
 wrong or oppression; just or sup- 
 posed ground of complaint; an in- 
 justice; cause of annoyance. 
 
 grieve (grev), v.t. to cause to experi- 
 ence grief; afflict mentally: v.i. to 
 be in sorrow; lament. 
 
 grievous (grev'us), adj. causing grief 
 or sorrow; hard to be borne; painful; 
 oppressive; pitiable; atrocious; vex- 
 atious. 
 
 griffin (grif'in), n. a fabulous animal 
 with the body and legs of a lion, 
 the wings and beak of an eagle, and 
 with listening ears; a watchful 
 chaperon. Also griffon and gryphon. 
 
 grig (grig), n. a grasshopper; cricket; 
 the sand-eel; from its skipping arises 
 the familiar saying: "as merry as a 
 grig." 
 
 grill (gril), v.t. to broil; torment, as if 
 by grilling: v.i. to be broiled: n. a 
 gridiron; grilled meat. [French.] 
 
 grille (gril), n. an open grating or 
 screen of wrought metal; a kind of 
 frame for hatching fish. [French.] 
 
 grim (grim), adj. [comp. grimmer, 
 superl. grimmest], of a forbidding 
 aspect; stern and surly; hideous; 
 frightful; cruel; unyielding. 
 
 grimace (gri-mas'), n.^ a distortion of 
 the countenance; smirk: v.i. to make 
 grimaces. 
 
 grimalkin (gri-mawl'kin), n. an old 
 she-cat; a name sometimes given to 
 an old woman. [Middle -English: 
 literally "gray-moll."] 
 
 grime (grim), n. foul matter; dirt 
 deeply ingrained: v.t. to make dirty 
 or grimy. 
 
 grimy (grim'i), adj. full of grime. 
 
 grin (grin), n. the act of closing the 
 teeth and showing them, or of with- 
 drawing the lips and showing the 
 teeth: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. grinned, p.pr. 
 grinning], to set the teeth together 
 and open the lips, or to open the 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ,' 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
GRIND 
 
 223 
 
 GROUND 
 
 mouth and withdraw the lips from 
 the teeth so as to show them, as in 
 laughter or scorn. 
 
 grind (grind), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ground, 
 p.pr. grinding], to pulverize or re- 
 duce to powder by friction; sharpen 
 or smooth by friction; rate; oppress; 
 harass; prepare for examination; 
 study hard: v.i. to perform the act 
 of grinding; be rubbed together; 
 turn a mill: n. the act of grind- 
 ing; hard study for an examina- 
 tion; laborious and tedious work. 
 In college slang, a practical 
 joke. 
 
 grindstone (grind 'ston), n. a flat, cir- 
 cular stone for sharpening tools, &c. 
 
 grip (grip), n. a grasp with the hand; 
 a holding fast ; that by which any- 
 thing is held firmly; a particular 
 mode of grasping the hand, as 
 among Freemasons; grasping pow- 
 er; a small ditch or trench: v.t. to 
 grasp, or seize: v.i. to take fast hold. 
 See grippe. 
 
 gripe (grip), n. a clasping with the 
 hand or arms; a squeeze; pressure; 
 pinching distress: pi. colic: v.t. to 
 hold with closed fingers; grasp; 
 hold tightly; seize; clutch; oppress; 
 pinch: v.i. to take firm hold. 
 
 grippe (grip, or grep), n. a peculiarly 
 exhausting form of influenza. Also 
 grip. [French.] 
 
 grisly (griz'li), adj. terrible; savage- 
 looking. See grizzly. 
 
 grist (grist), n. grain for grinding; 
 ground corn; provision or supply. 
 
 gristle (gris'l), n. cartilage. 
 
 grit (grit), n. rough, hard particles, 
 as sand, &c; a hard sandstone com- 
 posed of sharp silicious grains; the 
 coarse part of meal; firmness of 
 character; courage: pi. oats hulled 
 and coarsely ground. 
 
 grizzly (griz'li), adj. somewhat grey: 
 n. the grizzly bear, a large, fierce 
 bear whose habitat is the western 
 part of North America. 
 
 groan (gron), n. a low, deep sound 
 uttered in pain or sorrow; a deep, 
 rumbling sound expressive of dis- 
 approbation or ridicule; a low, dis- 
 mal sound, as of the wind: v.i. to 
 utter a groan; lament; be burdened: 
 v.t. to express disapproval of by 
 groans. 
 
 grocery (gro'ser-i), n. [pi. groceries 
 (gro'ser-iz)], tea, coffee, sugar 
 spices, &c. (usually pi.); a grocer's 
 shop; a grog-shop. 
 
 grog (grog), n. a mixture of spirits 
 and water; spirituous liquor: v.t. to 
 make into grog by the addition of 
 water. 
 
 groggery (grog'er-i), n. a low drinking 
 place; a grog-shop. 
 
 groggy (grog'i), adj. tipsy; moving 
 with an unsteady gait: said of 
 horses; staggering as if dazed: said 
 of a pugilist. 
 
 groin (groin), n. the depressed part 
 of the human body between the 
 thigh and the belly; the angular 
 curve made by the intersection of 
 two arches: v.t. to build or form into 
 groins. 
 
 groom (groom), n. a man or boy who 
 has charge of horses; a bridegroom; 
 the title of several officers of the 
 royal household: v.t. to feed and 
 take care of, as a groom does a 
 horse; to curry and brush. 
 
 groomsman (groomz'man), n. one 
 who attends a bridegroom ; a best man. 
 
 groove (groov), n. a channel or fur- 
 row, especially as cut by a tool; set- 
 tled habit or routine: v.t. to form 
 or cut a groove in. 
 
 grope (grop), v.i. to feel one's way 
 with the hands, as in the dark; seek 
 blindly: v.t. to search out, as in 
 the dark, by feeling with the hands. 
 
 gross (gros), adj. bulky; thick; coarse; 
 rude ; indelicate ; flagrant ; dull ; heavy ; 
 corpulent; dense; whole: n. 12 dozen; 
 main body; mass; entire amount. 
 
 grotesque (gro-tesk'), adj. fantas- 
 tically or oddly formed; extrava- 
 gant; whimsical; ridiculous: n. 
 whimsical ornamentation, figures, or 
 scenery; or the uncouth in art. 
 
 grotto (grot'o), n. a natural or arti- 
 ficial cavern in the earth or in rocks. 
 [Italian.] 
 
 grouch (grouch), n. a fit of bag* tem- 
 per; sulkiness. Same as grudge. 
 
 grouchy (grouch 'i), adj. bad tempered. 
 
 ground (ground), n. the earth or 
 soil; surface of a floor or pave- 
 ment; land; territory; country; es- 
 tate; foundation; cause or reason; 
 origin; original principle; a funda- 
 mental or preparatory part in va- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
GROUNDLESS 
 
 224 
 
 GUDGEON 
 
 rious arts; plain song: pi. dregs 
 or sediment: v.t. to place or set on, 
 or in, the ground; settle in first 
 principles; base; run aground: v.i. to 
 take the ground ; place dependence on : 
 adj. fundamental: p.t. & p.p. of grind. 
 
 groundless (ground'les), adj. without 
 foundation; unreasonable. 
 
 group (groop), n. a small crowd or 
 assemblage; a cluster; an assem- 
 blage of figures or objects forming 
 an artistic whole; a division of 
 organisms with certain characteris- 
 tics ; the chief division of a geological 
 system: v.t. to form into a group. 
 
 grouse (grous), n. red and black 
 heath-game; partridge; pheasant; 
 prairie-hen. 
 
 grout (grout), n. mortar or cement 
 mixed with gravel, used for founda- 
 tions and joints of masonry; a fine 
 plaster for ceilings; coarse meal: v.t. 
 to surround or fill in with grout. 
 
 grouty (grout 'i), cross; sulky; dreggy. 
 
 grove (grov), n. a small wood; a 
 row of trees shading an avenue. 
 
 grovel (grov'el), v.i. to lie prone; 
 move with the body prostrate on the 
 ground; be mean or debased. 
 
 groveling (grov'el-ing) , p. adj. lying 
 prostrate; mean; undignified. 
 
 grow (gro), v.t. [p.t. grew, p.p. grown, 
 p.pr. growing], to cultivate: v.i. to 
 increase in stature or size by nat- 
 ural organic development; be pro- 
 duced by vegetation ; increase ; flour- 
 ish; thrive; become; advance; be- 
 come fixed or attached. 
 
 growl (groul), n. a deep angry snarl 
 or murmur: v.i. to snarl or murmur 
 like a dog; grumble. 
 
 grown (gron), p.p. of grow. 
 
 growth (groth), n. the progressive 
 increase of animal or vegetable bod- 
 ies; advancement; increase; prog- 
 ress; result; effect. 
 
 grub (grub), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. grubbed, 
 p.pr. grubbing], to dig up; root 
 out, of the ground; provide with 
 food: v.i. to drudge or toil; per- 
 form dirty work: n. the larva of a 
 beetle, moth or other insect; food. 
 
 grudge (gruj), v.t. to regard with 
 envy or discontent; give or take 
 with reluctance: n. secret malice or 
 ill-will; an old dislike or quarrel. 
 
 gruel (groo'el), n. a light semi-liquid 
 
 food made of oatmeal, &c, for in- 
 valids. . 
 
 gruesome (groo'sum), adj. horrible 
 of aspect; inspiring gloom or hor- 
 ror. 
 
 gruff (gruf), adj. rough or surly in 
 voice or manner; harsh; hoarse. 
 
 grumble (grum'bl), v.i. to murmur 
 discontentedly; find fault. 
 
 grumpy (grump'i), adj. surly; cross; 
 low-spirited. 
 
 grunt (grunt), n. the guttural noise 
 of a hog; an edible marine Ameri- 
 can fish: v.i. to make a noise like a 
 hog. 
 
 guano (gwa'no), n. the dung of sea- 
 birds found in thick layers in West- 
 ern South America (especially Peru) 
 and Africa, yielding a valuable 
 manure. [Peruvian.] There is also 
 made for commerce an artificial 
 guano, from various animal products, 
 as fish-guano, &c. 
 
 guarantee (gar-an-te') , n. an en- 
 gagement made by a third person 
 to secure the fulfillment of an agree- 
 ment; one who becomes surety for 
 the performance of another's acts: 
 v.t. to undertake that another shall 
 perform a certain stipulation; war- 
 rant ; be responsible for. Also guar- 
 anty. 
 
 guaranty (gar'an-ti), n. the legal form 
 of guarantee. 
 
 guard (gard), v.t. to watch over or 
 protect; preserve by caution; shield 
 or defend: v.i. be cautious (with 
 against) : n. security or defense 
 against injury or attack; a state 
 of vigilance or caution; attention; 
 any contrivance or device for se- 
 curity; an official in charge of a 
 train; a man or body of men em- 
 ployed for defense or control. 
 
 guarded (gard'ed), p.adj. defended; 
 careful; cautious; circumspect. 
 
 guardian (gard'i-an), n. one who has 
 the care of the person or property 
 of another; a warden: adj. protect- 
 ing; tutelary. 
 
 guava (gwa'va), n. a tree of tropical 
 America yielding a pear-shaped 
 fruit, from which a jelly is made. 
 
 gubernatorial (gu-ber-na-to'ri-al) ,adj. 
 pertaining to a governor or to his 
 office. [Latin.] 
 
 gudgeon (guj'un), n. a small edible 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
GUERDON 
 
 225 
 
 GUNBOAT 
 
 fresh-water fish; a person who is 
 easily imposed upon; an iron pin 
 or shaft on which a wheel revolves. 
 
 guerdon (ger'dun), n. a reward. 
 
 guerilla (ger-il'ya,), n. one of an ir- 
 regular force engaged in harassing 
 an enemy in small bands ; petty war- 
 fare: adj. belonging to, or consisting 
 of, guerillas; pertaining to irregular 
 warfare. [Spanish.] 
 
 Guernsey (gern'zi), n. a breed of dairy 
 cattle from the island of Guernsey. 
 
 guernsey (gern'zi), n. a close-fitting 
 knitted woolen shirt. 
 
 guess (ges), n. a conjecture; the act 
 of guessing: v.t. to hit upon at ran- 
 dom; believe or think: v.i. to con- 
 jecture. 
 
 guest (gest), n. one who is enter- 
 tained at the house or table of an- 
 other. 
 
 guffaw (guf-faw'), n. a rude boister- 
 ous laugh. 
 
 guidance (gid'ans), n. direction; 
 leading. 
 
 guide (gid), n. one who leads or di- 
 rects; conductor; director ; a soldier 
 or other person who obtains infor- 
 mation for an army; that by which 
 one directs his course ; a guide-book : 
 v.t. to lead or direct ; influence ; regu- 
 late; govern by counsel. [French.] 
 
 guild (gild), n. a fraternity; corpora- 
 tion; association. Also gild. 
 
 guile (gil), n. deceit; cunning; du- 
 plicity. 
 
 guillotine (gil'o-ten), n. an apparatus 
 for beheading a criminal by means 
 of a heavy knife sliding in two up- 
 right grooves: it was named after 
 Dr. J. I. Guillotin, a French phy- 
 sician who invented it: v.t.^ (gil-o- 
 ten'), to behead with the guillotine. 
 
 guilt (gilt), n. the state of one who 
 is liable to a penalty; sin; crim- 
 inality. 
 
 guiltless (gilt'les), adj. free from 
 guilt; innocent. 
 
 guilty (gilt'i), adj. [comp. guiltier, 
 superl. guiltiest], justly chargeable 
 with a crime; wicked; criminal; not 
 innocent. 
 
 guimpe (gamp), n. a chemisette worn 
 with a low-necked gown. [French.] 
 
 guinea (gin'e), n. a gold coin, for- 
 merly current in England, value 
 21s. or about $5. (Named from 
 
 Guinea, in Africa, whence the gold 
 was supposed to have come.) 
 
 guipure (gwe-pur'), n. a kind of lace 
 or gimp. [French.] 
 
 guise (giz), n. external appearance; 
 dress; mien. [French.] 
 
 guitar (gi-tar'), n. a six-stringed in- 
 strument, on the principle of the 
 violin, played with the fingers. 
 
 gular (gu'lar), adj. pertaining to the 
 throat. 
 
 gulch (gulch), n. a rocky or rough 
 narrow valley. 
 
 gules (gulz), n. the tincture red; in- 
 dicated in a blazon without color 
 by perpendicular lines. [French.] 
 
 gulf (gulf), 7i. an arm of the sea ex- 
 tending into the land, intermediate 
 in size between a bay and sea; a deep 
 place in the earth; an abyss; whirl- 
 pool; something insatiable. 
 
 gull (gul), Ti. a web-footed sea-fowl 
 with long wings; one who is easily 
 cheated: v.t. to cheat; deceive; im- 
 pose upon. 
 
 gullet (gul'et), n. the throat; oesopha- 
 gus. 
 
 gullible (gul'i-bl), adj. capable of be- 
 ing easily deceived. 
 
 gully (gul'i), n. [pi. gullies (gul'iz)], a 
 channel or hollow worn by water; 
 narrow ravine; a metal tram-rail or 
 -plate. 
 
 gulp (gulp), v.t. to swallow down 
 eagerly or in large draughts: n. the 
 act of gulping ; swallowing. 
 
 gum (gum), 7i. the soft fleshy part 
 of the jaws by which the teeth are 
 surrounded; a semi-transparent vis- 
 cid vegetable substance that exudes 
 from certain trees and shrubs and 
 hardens on the surface: v.t. [p.t. & 
 p.p. gummed, p.pr. gumming], to 
 smear or unite with gum. [French.] 
 
 gumbo (gum'bo), n. a dish or soup 
 made from the gummy pods of the 
 okra; a Creole patois; prairie mud. 
 
 gumption (gump'shun), n. quickness 
 of perception; common sense; in the 
 fine arts, the art of preparing col- 
 ors. 
 
 gun (gun), n. an instrument for dis- 
 charging shot, by the force of an ex- 
 plosive; the term is also applied to 
 a cannon, and, per contra, to a 
 pistol: v.i. to shoot with a gun. 
 
 gunboat (gun'bot), n. a warship of 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
GUNCOTTON 226 GYROSTAT 
 
 light draught, next in size to a guttural (gut'er-al), adj. pertaining 
 
 cruiser, carrying several guns. m to, or produced in, the throat: n. a 
 
 guncotton (gun'kot-n), n. a highly sound produced in the throat, in or 
 
 explosive substance formed by the near the palate. In English, k, c 
 
 action of nitric and sulphuric acid and g (hard), q, ng, h, and some- 
 
 upon cotton, or some other vegetable times ch, are gutturals. 
 
 fibre. . . guy.(gi). n. a rope, chain, &c, to 
 
 gunman (gun 'man) , n. a criminal char- swing and keep steady a heavy body ; 
 
 acter ready to kill with firearms for an effigy, especially of Guy Fawkes 
 
 hire. [English]; a person oddly or dowdily 
 
 gunner (gun'er), n. one who works a dressed^ v.t. to steady or guide with 
 
 gun; an artilleryman; a warrant- a guy; ridicule; delude, 
 
 officer in the navy who has charge guzzle (guz'l), v.i. to drink greedily 
 
 of the ordnance of a war-vessel and and immoderately: n. intoxicating 
 
 ordnance-stores. liquor; a drunken debauch. 
 
 gunpowder (gun'pou-der) , n. an ex- gymn, a Greek prefix meaning naked, 
 
 plosive substance composed of sul- destitute of, occurring in many com- 
 
 phur, nitre and charcoal (see smoke- pound words. m Also gymno. 
 
 less powder) ; a fine kind of green tea. gymnasium (jim-na'zi-um) , n. [pi. 
 
 gunwale, gunnel (gun'l),n. the upper gymnasia (jim-na'zi-a)], a building 
 edge of the side of a ship next to where gymnastic exercises are prac- 
 the bulwarks. ticed; a school for the higher branch- 
 gurgitation (ger-ji-ta'shun), n. a es of literature and art; in ancient 
 state of boiling, or whirling round. Greece, a place m for athletic exer- 
 
 gurgle (ger'gl), v.i. to flow or run cises, provided with baths, &c, also, 
 
 with a purling bubbling sound: n. in connection with it, apartments in 
 
 a purling, bubbling noise. m which philosophic discussions were 
 
 gush (gush), n. a sudden and violent carried on. 
 
 flow of a liquid from an inclosed gymnast (jim'nast),_ n. one who prac- 
 
 space; outburst; an extravagant tices, or is expert in, gymnastics, 
 
 display of sentiment. gymnastics (jim-nas'tiks), n.pl. ath- 
 
 gusher (gush'er), n. one who, or that letic exercises; the art of develop- 
 
 which, gushes; an oil well that dis- i n g the physical powers by exer- 
 
 charges its contents without the aid cise. 
 
 of machinery. The original -Gusher gynecology (ji-ne-kol'o-ji), n. that 
 
 Well in Pennsylvania yielded oil branch of medical science which 
 
 at the rate of 60,000 barrels a treats of the functions and diseases 
 
 day. ■. ' of women. [Greek.] 
 
 gusset (gus et), n. a small triangular m ( ji p ' sum)) n . su lphate of 
 
 piece of cloth inserted in a garment &,r ii m e; plaster of paris. 
 
 to strengthen or enlarge a part. Gypsy, same as Gipsy. 
 
 gust (gust), n. a sudden squall; a -IILE (W rat^ « V to revolvp round a 
 
 sudden and violent outburst of pas- &£*£ ^int; 'UateT wheeL & 
 
 gustatory (gus'ta-to-ri), adj. pertain- &« ggfc* a fetter for the le ^ : 
 
 ing to the taste. v ' u t0 ^ eue . r - ■ . 
 
 gusto (gus'to), n. zest; reUsh. &*.<b a Gree > prefix in various scien- 
 
 Jut (gut), n. the intestinal canal; an tific words meamng a circle, 
 intestine; catgut; a narrow channel round. _ _ 
 or strait: v.t. [v.t. & p.p. gutted, gyroscope (jiro-skop), n. an mstru- 
 p.pr. gutting], to extract the en- ment for demonstrating the laws of 
 trails of; eviscerate; to plunder, or rotation; used to steady torpedo- 
 empty entirely. boats and other vessels; to give 
 
 gutter (gut'er), n. a channel for carry- steadiness to flying machines, 
 
 ing away water: v.t. to cut into gyrostat (ji'ro-stat), n. an instrument 
 
 small channels; furnish with gut- for demonstrating the dynamics of 
 
 ters: v.i. to run in drops. rotating rigid bodies. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
H 
 
 H, the eighth letter in the English 
 alphabet. Its form is derived direct- 
 ly through the Latin from Greek 
 and Phoenician. It was long a 
 "silent letter," but is becoming less 
 so every day. As a chemical sym- 
 bol it stands for Hydrogen. 
 
 ha iha), interj. an expression of 
 wonder, joy, hesitation, &c, its 
 meaning being dependent on the 
 tone in which it is uttered: v.i. to 
 express wonder, &c; hesitate. 
 
 haberdasher (hab'er-dash-er), n. a 
 dealer in small wares, as ribbons, 
 lace, tapes, needles, &c. 
 
 habiliment (ha-bil'i-ment), n. an 
 article of clothing: pi. dress. 
 
 habit (hab'it), n. ordinary course of 
 conduct; general condition or ten- 
 dency; disposition; established cus- 
 tom; dress; a woman's riding-dress; 
 the distinctive dress worn by mem- 
 bers of a religious order: v.t. to 
 dress; furnish with a habit. 
 
 habitable (hab'it-a-bl), adj. fit to be 
 dwelt in. 
 
 habitant (ab'it-ang), n. a dweller; 
 permanent resident; a farmer of 
 French descent, in Canada and 
 Louisiana. [French.] 
 
 habitat (hab'i-tat), n. the natural lo- 
 cality of animals, plants, &c, in 
 their wild state; geographical range. 
 
 habitation (hab-i-ta'shun) , n. resi- 
 dence or place of abode; natural 
 locality; a Primrose League lodge. 
 
 habitual (ha-bit'u-al), adj. formed 
 or acquired by use; customary; in- 
 veterate. 
 
 habituate (ha-bit'u-at), v.t. to make 
 familiar by use or custom; familiar- 
 ize. 
 
 habitude (hab'i-tud), n. habit; cus- 
 tomary manner or mode ; familiarity. 
 
 hack (hak), v.t. to cut irregularly 
 and into small pieces; injure by 
 cutting; notch; kick (the shins of 
 
 another) at football; let out for 
 hire: n. a notch; hollow irregular 
 cut; a horse let out for hire; a kick 
 on the shins at football; a carriage 
 let out for hire; a hackney-coach; 
 a literary drudge; a drying frame 
 for fish; a place where green bricks 
 are dried; a feeding rack. 
 
 hackberry (hak'ber-ri), n. a large 
 North American forest-tree, with an 
 edible fruit. 
 
 hackle (hak'l), v.t. to dress or comb, 
 as flax or hemp; tear into pieces; 
 mangle in cutting: n. an implement 
 with sharp spikes for cleansing flax 
 or hemp; unspun fiber; a long nar- 
 row feather in the neck of a cock, 
 used for making artificial flies for 
 angling; a feather fly for angling. 
 
 hackney (hak'ni), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 hackneyed, p.pr. hackneying], to 
 wear out by constant use; make 
 commonplace: adj. let out for hire; 
 common or trite: n. a hackney- 
 coach; a horse kept for hire; a nag. 
 See hack. 
 
 hackneyed (hak'nid), p. adj. worn out; 
 commonplace. 
 
 had, p.t. of have. 
 
 haddock (had'ok), n. a sea-fish of the 
 cod family. 
 
 Hades (ha'dez), n. the abode and state 
 of the dead. See Sheol, Purgatory, 
 Hell. [Greek.] 
 
 hadji (had'ji), n. a Mohammedan 
 who has made his pilgrimage to 
 Mecca and is thereafter regarded by 
 his people as a very holy man. (Also 
 hajj, and howadji.) 
 
 haema. a Greek prefix meaning blood, 
 occurring in many scientific words. 
 Also haem, hsemat, haemo, hemo. 
 
 haematic (he-mat'ik), adj. pertaining 
 to the blood: n.pl. that branch of 
 physiology that treats of the blood. 
 
 haemoglobin, hem- (hem-6-glo'bin), 
 n. an albuminoid substance in the 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book 
 15 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
HEMORRHAGE 
 
 228 
 
 HAMMER 
 
 blood forming the chief constituent 
 of the red corpuscles. 
 
 haemorrhage, hem- (hem'o-raj), n. 
 bleeding from the lungs, arteries, 
 veins, &e. 
 
 haemorrhoids, hem- (hem'o-roids) , 
 n.pl. bleeding piles. 
 
 haft (haft), n. a handle of a tool or 
 knife: v.t. to furnish with a haft or 
 handle. 
 
 hag (hag), n. a, witch; an ugly old 
 woman; a cartilaginous fish, para- 
 sitic in the bodies of other fish. 
 
 haggard (hag'ard) , adj. worn and anx- 
 ious in appearance; lean and hollow- 
 eyed. 
 
 haggle (hag'l), v.i. to higgle. 
 
 hail (hal), n. frozen raindrops; a call 
 or salutation: v.i. to pour down hail: 
 v.t. to pour down or out like hail; 
 call to or salute. 
 
 hair (har), n. one of the small horny 
 fibrous tubes with a bulbous root 
 growing out of the skin of a mam- 
 mal ; the mass of such horny fibrous 
 tubes; minute hair-like filaments on 
 the surface of plants. 
 
 hake (hak), n. an edible sea-fish cog- 
 nate with the cod. 
 
 halberd (hal'berd), n. a mediseval 
 weanon consisting of a long staff to 
 which an axe was affixed with a 
 spear-like point. [Old French.] 
 
 halcyon (hal'si-un), adj. pertaining to 
 the kingfisher ; peaceful ; happy ; 
 calm: n. the kingfisher, from the 
 fable that its hatching season was in 
 calm weather. [Greek.] 
 
 hale (hal) , adj. sound bodily ; healthy ; 
 hearty: v.t. to drag or draw by vio- 
 lence. 
 
 half (haf), n. [pi. halves (havz)], one 
 of two equal parts; a school term; 
 in football, a half-back: adv. equally; 
 partly: adj. consisting of a half; ap- 
 proximating. 
 
 halibut (hal'i-but), n. a large edible 
 flatfish. 
 
 hall (hawl), n. a large room for the 
 transaction of public business, en- 
 tertainments, &c; a court of jus- 
 tice; the first large room of a house; 
 a manor-house: a college dining- 
 room; the dinner served there; the 
 public room of a corporation or 
 guild; at Oxford and Cambridge a 
 minor college. 
 
 hallelujah (hal-e-loo'ya), n. (Hebrew, 
 Praise ye Jehovah) an ascription of 
 praise to God ; a musical composition 
 having as its theme such an ascrip- 
 tion of praise: adj. singing, or con- 
 taining, hallelujah. Also alleluiah. 
 
 halloo (hal-loo') and hullo (hul-lo'), 
 interj. an exclamation to call atten- 
 tion to or cheer one; a shout to at- 
 tract attention, or to cheer or urge 
 on: v.t. to shout out; incite or cheer 
 on, as dogs: v.i. to cry out loudly. 
 Also holloa. 
 
 hallow (hal'o), v.t. to consecrate; de- 
 vote to sacred purposes; revere. 
 
 Halloween (hal-o-en'), n. the Eve of 
 All Saints or All Hallows, Oct 31. 
 
 hallucination (hal-loo-si-na/shun), n. 
 belief in something imaginary; de- 
 lusion; error. [Latin.] 
 
 halo (ha'lo), n. a ring or circle of light 
 round the sun or moon, caused by 
 refraction; a ring of light. [Latin.] 
 
 halogen (hal'o-jen), n. an element as 
 chlorine, bromine, iodine, and fluo- 
 rine, which forms saline compounds 
 by combining with other elements. 
 [Greek.] 
 
 halt (hawlt), n. the act of limping; a 
 stop in marching : adj. crippled or 
 lame: v.i. to be lame; limp; be du- 
 bious or hesitate ; to stop in marching. 
 
 halter (hawl'ter), n.one who halts; a 
 rope for hanging criminals ; a rope for 
 leading or holding a horse: v.t. to put 
 on, or secure with, a halter. 
 
 halve (hav), v.t. to divide into two 
 equal parts; fasten together, as tim- 
 bers. 
 
 halves, pi. of half. 
 
 halyard (hal'yard), n. a rope or tackle 
 for hoisting a sail, flag, &c. Also 
 halliard. 
 
 ham (ham), n. the hinder part of the 
 thigh; a thigh of an animal, espe- 
 cially a pig, salted and smoked; a 
 house; village: in place — names of 
 Anglo-Saxon origin, as Tottenham. 
 
 hamlet (ham'let), n. a small vil- 
 lage. 
 
 hammer (ham'er), n. an instrument 
 with a handle and iron head for driv- 
 ing nails, beating metals, &c; any- 
 thing resembling a hammer in its ac- 
 tion or shape: v.t. to beat with, or as 
 with, a hammer; forge; beat; work 
 in the mind: v.i. to work hard. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me. merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
HAMMOCK 
 
 229 
 
 HAP 
 
 hammock (ham'ok), n. a swinging bed 
 usually of network or canvas. 
 
 hamper (ham'per), n. a large wicker- 
 work basket for carrying food, &c; 
 the rigging of a ship: v.t. to put 
 into, or inclose in, a hamper; em- 
 barrass; perplex; impede. 
 
 hamstring (ham'string) , v.t. [p.t. & 
 p.p. hamstrung, p.pr. hamstringing], 
 to lame by cutting the tendons of the 
 ham: n.pl. the strong sinews at the 
 back of the knee. 
 
 hand (hand), n. the divided and ter- 
 minal extremity of the human arm 
 connected with, the wrist, a similar 
 organ terminating the fore-limb of 
 certain animals; something resem- 
 bling a hand in appearance or use; 
 a measure of 4 in.; dexterity in 
 manipulation or performance; pos- 
 session; style of writing; an employe 
 who labors with his hands; cards 
 held; a game; pledge of betrothal; 
 nearness; gain; advantage; agency 
 of ; index of any kind ; turn of a 
 player to serve the ball at tennis, 
 &c; a large piece of plug tobacco: 
 v.t. to give or transmit with, or as 
 with, the hand; assist or lead with 
 the hand: adj. pertaining to, or used 
 by, the hand. 
 
 handcuff (hand'kuf), n. shackles for 
 the hand, locked on the wrist of a 
 prisoner: v.t. to put handcuffs on. 
 
 handicap (han'di-kap), v.t. to impose 
 impediments upon in order to off- 
 set advantages; to place at a dis- 
 advantage: n. any contest so ad- 
 justed; the conditions imposed in 
 such a contest. 
 
 handicraft (hand'i-kraft) , n. the work 
 or skill of an artificer ; manual skill, or 
 labor: adj. pertainingtomanuallabor. 
 
 handiwork (han'di-werk) , n. work 
 done, or produced by, the hands. 
 
 handkerchief (hang'ker-chif ) , n. a 
 piece of linen, silk or cotton cloth 
 for wiping the face or nose; a pocket- 
 handkerchief. 
 
 handle (hand'l), n. that part of a 
 tool, vessel, &c, grasped by the 
 hand ; an instrument or occasion : 
 v.t. to touch or feel with the hand; 
 manage; manipulate; discourse on; 
 act toward or treat; buy, sell, or in- 
 vest in: v.i. to work with the hands. 
 
 handsel (hand'sel) , n. an earnest given 
 
 to make good a contract; the act of 
 using anything for the first time; a 
 gift, especially at the time of the 
 New Year: v.t. to give a handsel to; 
 use or do for the first time. [English.] 
 
 handsome (hand'sum), pleasing to 
 look upon; well-formed; graceful; 
 liberal; generous; ample. 
 
 handy (hand'i), adj. [comp. handier, 
 superl. handiest], dexterous; skilful; 
 convenient; close at hand; manage- 
 able. 
 
 hang (hang), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hung, 
 hanged, p.pr. hanging], to suspend; 
 to fasten to something so as to be 
 movable; suspend by the neck; 
 display; attach or fasten; furnish 
 with ornaments or drapery suspended 
 or fastened to the walls, &c: v.i. 
 to be suspended; bend forward; 
 be dependent upon; dangle; cling; 
 be in a deadlock: n. method. of hang- 
 ing; manner of doing or using; gen- 
 eral tendency; slope. 
 
 hangar (hang'gahr), n. a shed or 
 shelter for housing balloons and 
 aeroplanes. 
 
 hanger (hang'er), n. one who hangs; 
 that by which something is hung or 
 suspended; a kind of cutlass once 
 carried by sailors when in action. 
 
 hanging (hang'ing) ,p.adj. suspended or 
 dangling; suggesting or involving 
 death by hanging: n. the act of put- 
 ting to death by the punishment of 
 the halter: pi. drapery for a room. 
 
 hangnail (hang'nal), n. & small piece 
 of skin hanging from the root of a 
 finger-nail; an agnail. 
 
 hank (hangk), n. two or more skeins 
 of thread, silk, wool, &c, fastened 
 together; one of the wooden rings to 
 which a fore-and-aft sail is bent; a 
 withy or rope for fastening a gate: 
 v.t. to form into hanks. 
 
 hanker (hang'ker), v.i. to desire 
 eagerly (with after). 
 
 hansard (han'sard), n. the officially 
 printed proceedings of the parlia- 
 ment of Great Britain, said to have 
 been first published by Luke Han- 
 sard (1800). 
 
 hansom (han'sum), n. a two-wheeled 
 cab. 
 
 hap (hap), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. happed, 
 p.pr. happing], to happen; befall 
 casually: v.t. cover or wrap [Scotch]: 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
HAPHAZARD 
 
 230 
 
 HARMONIOUS 
 
 n. chance; a casual event; a cloak 
 or wrapper. [Scottish.] 
 
 haphazard (hap'haz-ard), n. chance; 
 accident: adv. by chance. 
 
 hapless (hap'les), adj. unfortunate; 
 unlucky; unhappy. 
 
 happen (hap'n), v.i. to chance; oc- 
 cur. 
 
 happify (hap'i-fl), v.t. to make cheer- 
 ful and happy. 
 
 happiness (hap'i-nes), n. the state of 
 being happy; good fortune; felici- 
 tousness. 
 
 happy (hap'i), adj. [comp. happier, 
 superl. happiest], enjoying pleasure 
 or good; successful; prosperous; 
 lucky; living in concord; satisfied; 
 propitious ; felicitous. 
 
 harakiri (ha'ra-ke'ri), n. formerly, in 
 Japan, a method of suicide by rip- 
 ping open the bowels, permitted to 
 nobles and military officers so as to 
 escape the indignity of a public exe- 
 cution or official disgrace. Called also 
 "happy despatch": nari-kari (wrong- 
 ly). Harakiri means " belly cut." 
 
 harangue (ha-rang'), n. a public ad- 
 dress or oration, especially extem- 
 pore: v.i. to deliver a harangue: v.t. 
 to address by a harangue. 
 
 harass (har'as), v.t. to annoy or vex; 
 fatigue or weary with labor or im- 
 portunity; to tire out and annoy an 
 enemy by incessant petty attacks. 
 
 harbinger (har'bin-jer), n. & pre- 
 cursor; forerunner: v.t. announce; 
 foretell; usher in. 
 
 harbor (har'bcr), n. a port or haven 
 for ships; any place of refuge or 
 safety; formerly an inn or lodging: 
 v.t. to shelter or protect; cherish. 
 
 hard (hard), adj. compact and solid; 
 firm; not easy to be pierced or 
 broken; unyielding; difficult of ac- 
 complishment ; laborious ; oppres- 
 sive; severe; keen; austere; inflex- 
 ible; unfeeling; exacting; not easily 
 granted; rough; unprosperous ; ut- 
 tered gutturally; stiff or formal: 
 adv. forcibly; laboriously; diligently; 
 tempestuously; closely; roughly; to 
 the utmost extent ; so as to become 
 hard; with vexation, trouble, or 
 sorrow: n. a roadway of hard ma- 
 terial by the sea; a pier or landing- 
 place: pi. the refuse of flax or 
 wool; alum and salt mixed together, 
 
 used for giving a white color to 
 bread. 
 
 harden (hard'n), v.t. to make hard or 
 harder; confirm in impudence or 
 wickedness; toughen; inure: v.i. to 
 become hard or harder. 
 
 hardihood (hard'i-hood) , n. effront- 
 ery; boldness; physical endur- 
 ance. 
 
 hardness (hard'nes), n. the quality of 
 being hard. 
 
 hardship (hard 'ship), n. oppression: 
 severe labor or want; injustice. 
 
 hardware (hard'war), n. manufac- 
 tured articles of metal. 
 
 hare (har), n. a rodent, with long ears 
 and a short tail, larger than a rab- 
 bit, characterized by its great 
 timidity ._ 
 
 harem (ha'rem or ha-rem'). n. the 
 apartments of the women and chil- 
 dren in a Mohammedan house; the 
 wives and concubines of a Moham- 
 medan. Alsohareem, haram. 
 
 haricot (har'i-ko), n. a kind of stew of 
 meat and vegetables; the kidney- 
 bean. [French.] 
 
 hark (hark), v.i. to listen. Also harken. 
 
 harlequin (har'le-kwin), n. the per- 
 former in a pantomime who wears 
 parti-colored garments and carries 
 a talismanic wand: adj. fantastic 
 or full of trickery; parti-colored. 
 [Italian.] 
 
 harlot (har'lot), n.a prostitute. 
 
 harm (harm), n. injury; hurt; dam- 
 age; moral evil or wrong-doing: v.t. 
 to inflict hurt, damage, or injury 
 upon. 
 
 harmful (harm'fool), adj. hurtful; in- 
 jurious. 
 
 harmonic (har-mon'ik) , adj. pertain- 
 ing to, or producing, harmony; mu- 
 sical; concordant; harmonious; also 
 harmonical: n.pl. the science of mu- 
 sical sounds. [Latin.] 
 
 harmonica (har-mon'i-ka) , n. a mu- 
 sical instrument the tones of which 
 are produced by friction from a num- 
 ber of musical glasses filled to vari- 
 ous heights with watery a mouth- 
 organ ; an oblong musical instrument 
 consisting of a number of glass slips 
 which are struck by a mallet. Also 
 harmonicon. 
 
 harmonious (har-mo'ni-us),adj. con- 
 cordant; musical; symmetrical. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, mergf*. met : mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
HARMONIUM 
 
 231 
 
 HATEFUL 
 
 harmonium (har-mo'ni-um), n. a 
 
 reed-organ. 
 harmonize (har'mo-nlz), v.t. to render 
 harmonious; cause to agree; recon- 
 cile: v.i. to agree; be in peace and 
 friendship; correspond. 
 
 harmony (har'mo-ni), n. [pi. harmo- 
 nies (har'mo-niz)], the quality of be- 
 ing pleasing to the ear; unison; just 
 adaptation of parts to one another, 
 so as to form a connected whole ; ac- 
 cord in feeling, sentiment, &c. ; a lit- 
 erary work showing the agreement 
 between parallel or similar histories 
 or passages. 
 
 harness (har'nes), n. the working gear 
 of a horse; the accoutrement and 
 armor of a knight; any arrangement, 
 as of straps, &c, for performing some 
 mechanical operation: v.t. to put 
 harness upon; equip, as a knight. 
 
 harp (harp), n. a musical stringed in- 
 strument of triangular shape, played 
 with the fingers: v.i. to play on the 
 harp; dwell tediously or persistently 
 on some particular subject (with on 
 or upon). 
 
 harpoon (har-poon'), n. a long barb- 
 headed spear having a line attached 
 to the staff, for striking and killing 
 whales: v.t. to strike with a harpoon. 
 
 harpsichord (harp'si-kord), n. a 
 stringed instrument with a keyboard, 
 the precursor of the pianoforte. 
 
 harpy (har'pi), n. [pi. harpies (har'- 
 piz)], in classical mythology, a 
 winged monster with a woman's 
 face and the body and sharp claws 
 of a vulture, exceedingly rapacious 
 and filthy: hence, an extortioner. 
 
 harrow (har'o), n. an agricultural in- 
 strument for breaking up clods and 
 casting earth upon sown land: v.t. 
 to break up, tear, or draw over with 
 a harrow ; # lacerate or torment. 
 
 harry (har'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. harried, 
 p.pr. harrying], to plunder, lay 
 waste; annoy or vex; tease; harass: 
 v.i. to make predatory raids. 
 
 harsh (harsh), adj. discordant; jar- 
 ring; rough to the ear, taste, or 
 touch; austere. 
 
 hart (hart), n. the male of the red 
 deer. 
 
 hartshorn (hartz'hqrn), n. the antler 
 of a hart; a volatile preparation of 
 ammonia. 
 
 harum-scarum (har'um-skar'um) v 
 adj. giddy; wild; reckless. 
 
 harvest (har'vest), n. the season of 
 reaping and gathering in the har- 
 vest: v.t. to gather in, as corn; reap. 
 
 hash (hash), n. a dish of meat chopped 
 fine and cooked with potatoes ; a mix- 
 ture: v.t. to chop small and mix; to 
 beat brutally as if into pieces. 
 
 hashish (hash'esh), n. an intoxicant 
 made from Indian hemp; bhang. 
 The medical name is cannabis ln- 
 dica. 
 
 haslet (has'let), n. the edible entrails 
 of an animal, as the sheep or hog. 
 
 hasp (hasp), n. a clasp folded over a 
 staple fttid secured with a padlock: 
 v.t. to shut or secure with a hasp. 
 
 hassock (has'ok), n. a padded mat or 
 cushion for kneeling upon in church, 
 &c; a kneeler. 
 
 hast, 2nd per., sing., pres.t. of have. 
 
 haste (hast), n. quickness of move- 
 ment; celerity; speed, urgency; pre- 
 cipitancy; vehemence: v.t. to has- 
 ten. 
 
 hasten (ha'sn), v.t. to cause to make 
 haste; hurry; urge forward: v.i. to 
 move with speed; be quick. 
 
 hasty (has'ti), adj. [comp. hastier, 
 superl. hastiest], precipitate; quick; 
 speedy; eager; vehement; rash. 
 
 hat (hat), n. a covering for the head, 
 with a crown and brim; when of 
 scarlet and an especial pattern, a 
 cardinal's rank and dignity. 
 
 hatband (hat'band), n. a band worn 
 round the hat; a black cloth band 
 worn as a token of mourning. 
 
 hatch (hach), v.t. to produce (young) 
 from eggs; plot or contrive; shade 
 by narrow lines; close with, or as 
 with, a hatch: n. the number of 
 young produced from eggs at a sit- 
 ting; brood; plot; a narrow line in 
 engraving, or drawing; a door with 
 an opening over it; a half-door: pi. 
 doors or openings by which a de- 
 scent is made from one deck of a 
 ship to another. 
 hatchet (hach'et). n. a small axe. 
 hatchway _ (hach'wa), n. a rectangular 
 opening in the deck of a vessel for 
 passage below. 
 hate (hat), v.t. to dislike intensely; 
 
 abhor; detest: n. hatred. 
 hateful (hat 'fool), adj. causing hate. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
HATRED 
 
 232 
 
 HEADED 
 
 hatred (hat/red), n. bitter aversion; 
 continued hostility of feeling; detes- 
 tation. 
 
 haughty (haw'ti), adj. [comp. haugh- 
 tier, superl. haughtiest], proud and 
 disdainful ; arrogant ; contemptu- 
 ous. 
 
 haul (hawl), v.t. to pull or draw 
 with force; transport by drawing: 
 v.i. to change the course of a ship; 
 shift: said of the wind: n. a strong 
 pull; draught of a net; quantity 
 caught at one time; distance over 
 which anything is drawn. 
 
 haunch (hanch), n. the fleshy part 
 of the hip and buttock; a joint of 
 venison or mutton; shoulder of an 
 arch. 
 
 haunt (hant), n. a place of accus- 
 tomed resort: v.t. to visit frequently 
 or habitually; trouble with frequent 
 visits, as an apparition. 
 
 hautboy (ho'boi), n. a wind instru- 
 ment of the flute class: the oboe. 
 
 hauteur (p-ter'), n. haughty bear- 
 ing or spirit. [French.] 
 
 have (hav), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. had, p.pr. 
 having], to possess; taKe; hold or 
 bear; enjoy; desire; be obliged; 
 bring forth; cheat; obtain the ad- 
 vantage of. 
 
 havelock (hav'e-lok), n. a piece of 
 white washable cloth which covers 
 a military cap and falls over the 
 wearer's neck to protect him from 
 the sun. Named from Sir Henry 
 Havelock (d. 1857), an English 
 general _in the Indian Mutiny. 
 
 haven (ha/vn), n. a sheltered anchor- 
 age for ships; harbor; place of shel- 
 ter and safety. 
 
 haversack (hav'er-sak) , n. a strong 
 coarse linen bag in which soldiers 
 carry their rations when marching. 
 
 havoc (hav'ok), n. wide and general 
 destruction; devastation. 
 
 haw (haw), v.i. to speak with hesita- 
 tion: v.t. and v.i. to guide or turn to 
 the left, as a horse or ox, in driving. 
 
 hawk (hawk), n. a name for various 
 species of raptorial birds allied to 
 the eagles and falcons; a forcible ef- 
 fort to clear the throat of phlegm; a 
 square board, with a short handle, 
 for holding mortar: v.t. to cry, or 
 carry about, for sale: v.i. to make a 
 forcible effort to cough up phlegm; 
 
 to fly trained hawks at birds on the 
 wing. 
 
 hawker (hawk'er), n. one who cries 
 and sells goods in the streets; ped- 
 dler; falconer. 
 
 hawse (hawz), n. that part of a ship's 
 bows where the hawse-holes are sit- 
 uated. 
 
 hawser (hawz'er), n. a thick rope or 
 cable ._ 
 
 hay (ha), n. grass, clover, &c, cut 
 and dried for fodder. 
 
 hazard (haz'ard), n. chance; acci- 
 dent; risk; danger; a dice game 
 (called "chicken hazard") ; a stroke 
 at billiards: v.t. to run the risk of; 
 chance; put in peril. 
 
 hazardous (haz'ard-us), adj. risky; 
 perilous. 
 
 haze (haz), n. a slight fog or mist; 
 dimness of sight or knowledge: v.i. 
 to be foggy or misty: v.t. pursue or 
 harass by overwork or unpleasant 
 tasks; play practical jokes upon, 
 especially of a severe kind. 
 
 hazel (haz'l), n. a shrub or tree of the 
 genus Corylus, bearing an edible nut. 
 
 hazing (haz'ing), adj. practice of an- 
 noying or roughly handling mem- 
 bers of an organization by their 
 fellows. 
 
 hazy (haz'i), adj. misty; obscure. 
 
 he (he), pr. [pi. they (tha)], the 
 masculine pronoun of the third per- 
 son: n. a male. 
 
 head (hed), n. the uppermost part of 
 the body of an animal that contains 
 the face, brain, &c; chief or princi- 
 pal part of anything; an individual; 
 leader or commander ; place of honor 
 or authority; top; fore-part; the 
 understanding or intellect; origin or 
 source; pitch; crisis or height; static 
 or latent force; froth; a feeling of 
 vanity and egotism ; a pain or swell- 
 ing, after^ drinking ardent spirits : 
 adj. principal or chief; acting with 
 the front: v.t. to lead or direct; take 
 the first place in; get in front of; 
 direct the course of; oppose; strain: 
 v.i. to go forward; come to, or 
 form, a head. 
 
 headed (hed'ed), adj. having a head; 
 denoting understanding or intellect 
 (much used in composition, as clear- 
 headed, wrong-beaded, light-headed, 
 &c). 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
HEADER 
 
 233 
 
 HEATH 
 
 header (hed'er), n. a plunge or fall 
 foremost; one who puts heads on, as 
 in pin-making; a machine, &c, for 
 making or removing heads; a brick 
 or stone with its short face in front. 
 
 heading (hed'ing), n. a title; material 
 from which casks' heads are made; 
 the strip on a piece of embroidery, 
 for sewing on to a garment; the 
 entrance to a mine. 
 
 headland (hed'land), n. a promontory. 
 
 headline (hed'lin), n. a line of type dis- 
 played conspicuously at the top of a 
 page, chapter, column of a newspa- 
 per, &c: pi. the ropes at the head of 
 a sail by which it is secured to the 
 yard. 
 
 headlong (hed'long), adv. head fore- 
 most; rashly; precipitously; adj. 
 rash; precipitate; violent; thought- 
 less. 
 
 headstrong (hed'strong), adj. un- 
 governable; self-willed. 
 
 heady (hed'i), adj. precipitate; in- 
 toxicating. 
 
 heal (hel), v.t. to restore to health; 
 cure; make sound; reconcile: v.i. to 
 become well or sound. 
 
 healer (heTer), n. one who heals dis- 
 eases of the mind or body. 
 
 health (helth), n. freedom from bod- 
 ily pain or disease; vigor of mind; 
 moral purity; righteousness; heal- 
 ing power ; a toast or pledge. 
 
 healthful (helth'fool), adj. promoting 
 health; salubrious. 
 
 healthy (helth'i), adj. [comp. healthier, 
 superl. healthiest], noting a sound 
 condition of body; enjoying, or con- 
 tributing to, health. 
 
 heap (hep), n. a pile or collection of 
 things thrown together; a quantity; 
 accumulation; crowd: v.t. to form 
 into a heap; pile up; aggregate; 
 amass. _ 
 
 hear (her), v.t. [pi. & p.p. heard 
 (herd), p.pr. hearing], to perceive 
 by the ear; attend or listen to; give 
 heed to; obey; accede to the wishes 
 of; attend judicially: v.i. to have the 
 sense of hearing; be told of. 
 
 hearing (her'ing), n. _ the sense by 
 which sound is perceived; audience; 
 judicial investigation. 
 
 hearken, same_as harken. 
 
 hearsay (her'sa), n. rumor or report: 
 adj. second hand. 
 
 hearse (hers), n. a vehicle for the con- 
 veyance of dead bodies to the grave. 
 
 heart (hart), n. the organ in animals 
 by the muscular contraction and di- 
 lation of which the blood is circu- 
 lated through the arteries, &c; the 
 vital, inner, or chief part of any- 
 thing; the seat of the affections and 
 passions; emotion; tenderness; af- 
 fection; courage; will; spirit; en- 
 ergy; power; resolution; secret 
 thoughts; conscience; one of a suit 
 of cards marked with one or more 
 red hearts; a variety of cherry: pi. 
 a card game. 
 
 heartache (hart'ak), n. sorrow; pang; 
 grief. 
 
 heartburn (hart'bern), n. sl burning 
 affection of the esophagus, caused by 
 acidity of the stomach, and usually 
 relieved by an alkali such as bi- 
 carbonate of soda (cooking soda). 
 
 hearted (hart'ed), adj. having a heart 
 (used in compounds, denoting gen- 
 erally affections, qualities, &c, as 
 good-hearted, &c). 
 
 hearten (hart'n), v.t. to give courage 
 to; inspirit. 
 
 hearth (harth), n. that part of a room 
 where the fire is made; hence the 
 family circle. 
 
 heartless (hart'les), adj. without feel- 
 ing; cold; unsympathetic. 
 
 heartsease (hartz'ez), n. the pansy. 
 
 heartseed (hart'sed), n. a climbing 
 plant with seeds marked with a 
 heart-shaped scar. 
 
 hearty (hart'i), adj. [comp. heartier, 
 superl. heartiest], cordial; sincere; 
 open; warm; strong; vigorous; good- 
 natured; kind; healthy; having a 
 keen appetite. 
 
 heat (het), n. the sensation produced 
 by a hot body ; caloric ; the state of 
 being hot; effervescence; agitation 
 of sudden or violent passion; ardor; 
 vehemence; redness or flush of the 
 face (see prickly-heat) ; a course at a 
 race; hot weather: v.t. to make hot; 
 warm ; excite with passion or desire ; 
 make feverish; animate: v.i. to be- 
 come hot or warm. 
 
 heater (het'er), n. one who, or that 
 which, heats, as various mechanical 
 contrivances. 
 
 heath (heth), n. a small evergreen 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
HEATHEN 
 
 234 
 
 HELIO 
 
 flowering shrub, with rose-colored 
 flowers, growing on moorlands, &c; 
 heather; moorland, especially with 
 heath growing upon it. 
 
 heathen (he'thn), n. one who is ig- 
 norant of the true God; a pagan; 
 idolater; a rude, irreligious, uncul- 
 tured person. ' 
 
 heather (heth'er), same as heath. 
 
 heave (hev), v.t. to hoist or lift up; 
 force from the breast, as a sigh; 
 cause to swell; throw: v.i. to be 
 lifted up; swell; rise and fall alter- 
 nately ; struggle or toil ; pant ; vomit : 
 n. an effort or exertion upwards; lift; 
 the act of throwing; swell or rising; 
 haul; struggle, effort to vomit. 
 
 heaven (hev'n), n. the abode of God 
 and the blessed; the firmament or 
 sky; a state or condition of bliss. 
 
 heavy (hev'i), adj. [comp. heavier, su- 
 perl. heaviest], ponderous; weighty; 
 oppressive; grievous; laborious; ob- 
 structive; gravid; dull; dense; pow- 
 erful; loud; indigestible; clayey: adv. 
 heavily [Poet.]. 
 
 hebdomadal (heb-dom'a-dal), adj. 
 composed of seven days; occurring 
 every seven days. [Latin.] 
 
 Hebrew (he'broo), adj. pertaining to 
 the Hebrews, a Semitic race; Jew- 
 ish: n. the Hebrew language; a Jew. 
 [French Ebreu, from Latin Hebraeus.] 
 
 hecatomb (hek'a-tom), n. a sacri- 
 fice of a hundred oxen ; any large sac- 
 rifice or slaughter. 
 
 heckle (hek'l), v.t. to actend political 
 meetings in order to disturb the 
 speakers by asking them questions. 
 [English and_Scotch.] 
 
 hectare (hek'tar), n. in the metric sys- 
 tem, a French land measure = 100 
 ares, of 2.47 acres. 
 
 hectic (hek'tik), adj. constitutional ; 
 slow, but of long continuance; per- 
 taining to hectic fever; feverish: n. 
 a remittent fever accompanying con- 
 sumption, characterized by a bright 
 pink spot or flushon the cheeks. 
 
 hectograph (hek'to-graf), n. an appa- 
 ratus for multiplying copies of a let- 
 ter or drawing, &c. 
 
 hector (hek'ter), v.t. to bully or blus- 
 ter: from Hector, the Trojan hero. 
 
 hedge (hej), n. a fence of bushes or 
 shrubs: v.t. to inclose with a hedge; 
 encircle; invest: v.i. to bet on both 
 
 sides, so that the possibility of loss 
 will be diminished; skulk: adj. mean; 
 contemptible; of the lowest 
 class. 
 hedonism (he'do-nizm), n. the doc- 
 trine that pleasure is the chief end 
 of life. [Greek.] 
 heed (hed), v.t. to regard with care; 
 take notice of; mind; attend; re- 
 gard: n. careful attention; regard; 
 caution. 
 heehaw (he'haw), v.i. to bray like an 
 
 ass: n. the bray of an ass. 
 heel (hel), n. the hinder part of the 
 foot; the hinder part of a boot, shoe, 
 or stocking; anything shaped like a 
 heel: v.t. to furnish with a heel: 
 v.i. lean on one side, as a ship. 
 
 heeled (held), adj. well-armed or well- 
 provided with money. 
 
 heeler (hel'er), n. a political hanger- 
 on. 
 
 heft (heft), n. a handle; an effort; 
 weight; the greater part or bulk: 
 v.t. to try the weight of by lifting 
 or holding in the hand. 
 
 Hegira (he-ji'ra), n. the flight of 
 Mohammed from Mecca to Medina 
 (662 A.D.). Also Hejira. From 
 this date Mohammedans begin their 
 system of chronology and reckoning 
 years. 
 
 heifer (hef'er), n. a young cow. 
 
 height (hit), n. altitude; elevation; 
 highest state or degree; an eminence 
 or hill; summit; stature. 
 
 heighten (hit'en), v.t. to make high or 
 higher; elevate; intensify; set off; 
 increase; aggravate; improve. 
 
 heinous (ha'nus), adj. atrocious; ex- 
 tremely wicked; flagrant. 
 
 heir (ar), n. one who succeeds an- 
 other in the possession of property, 
 title, office, mental gifts, &c. 
 
 heiress (ar'es),_n. a female heir. 
 
 heirloom (ar'loom), n. any movable 
 or personal chattel, which by its 
 connection with an estate descends 
 to the heir. 
 
 held (held),. pi. of hold. 
 
 heliac (he'li-ak) , adj. pertaining to 
 the sun; emerging from, or passing 
 into, the light of the sun. Also heli- 
 acal. 
 
 heiio, a Greek prejix meaning sun, 
 caused by, or like, the sun or sunlight, 
 as Aerograph, an instrument for 
 taking a photograph of the sun, or 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
HELIOCENTRIC 
 
 235 
 
 HEMISPHERE 
 
 for signaling by reflecting sunlight 
 from one mirror to another. 
 heliocentric (he-li-o-sen'trik), adj. 
 
 having the sun as the center. 
 heliochromy (he-li-ok'ro-mi), n. the 
 art or process of obtaining photo- 
 graphs in natural colors. 
 heliolatry (he-li-ol'a-tri) , n. worship 
 
 of the sun. 
 heliometer (he-li-om'e-ter), n. a 
 micrometer for measuring small 
 angles in the heavens. 
 helioscope (he'li-o-skop) , n. a form of 
 refracting telescope for observing 
 the sun. 
 heliostat (he'li-o-stat), n. an instru- 
 ment by which signaling is carried 
 on by means of a mirror, moved by 
 clockwork. 
 heliotrope (he'li-o-trop) , n. a plant 
 whose flowers follow the course of 
 the sun; a green-colored variety of 
 chalcedony with small red spots; 
 bloodstone; the color of the flowers 
 of heliotrope, bluish-pink. 
 heliotype (he'li-o-tlp) , n. an impres- 
 sion from a photograph taken on a 
 gelatine plate hardened with alum. 
 helium (he'linim), n. an element first 
 discovered in the spectrum of the 
 sun and supposed to be peculiar to 
 that body. It has recently been 
 discovered on the earth, and a gas 
 arising from radium has been ob- 
 served to change into this element. 
 helix (he'liks), n. [pi. helices (he'li- 
 sez)], a spiral line, as of a line coiled 
 round; a circumvolution; the margin 
 of the external ear; a small volute; 
 a genus of molluscs, containing the 
 shell snails. 
 hell (hel), n. the place of the dead or 
 of departed souls (more correctly 
 Sheol or Hades) ; the place of punish- 
 ment for the wicked after death: 
 hence any place or condition of 
 extreme misery or evil; a gambling- 
 house. 
 Hellas (hel'as), n. the name by which 
 the Greeks spoke of their own coun- 
 try. 
 hellebore (hel'e-bor), n.the Christmas 
 rose. In past centuries a medicine 
 was distilled from it for the attempt- 
 ed cure of madness. 
 Hellenic (he-len'ik), adj. pertaining 
 to, or characteristic of, the ancient 
 
 Hellenes or Greeks, or to Grecian 
 art and literature. [Greek.] 
 hello (hero) and hullo (hul'6), 
 familiar terms of greeting among 
 friends, and especially boys and 
 men. Also largely used in making 
 telephone calls. 
 helm (helm), n. the apparatus for 
 steering a ship; tiller; the place of 
 its direction and government; a hel- 
 met [Poet.]: v.t. to guide or con- 
 duct. 
 helmet (hel'met), n. metal or leather 
 armor for the head; the hooded 
 upper lip of a flower. 
 helot (he'lot), n. a slave in ancient 
 
 Sparta; slave or serf. [Greek.] 
 help (help), v.t. to give assistance to; 
 aid; support; sustain; succor; re- 
 lieve; avoid; prevent; distribute 
 food to at table; remedy; cure: v.i. 
 to lend aid; be available or useful: 
 n. assistance; aid; support; succor; 
 relief; that which forwards or pro- 
 motes; a portion of food served at a 
 meal; a hired servant. 
 helpful (help 'fool), adj. affording help. 
 helpless (help'less), adj. without help; 
 
 unprotected. 
 helter-skelter (hel'ter-skerter) , adv. 
 
 in hurry and confusion. 
 helve (helv), n. the handle of an 
 
 axe, &c. 
 Helvetian (hel-ve'shan) , adj. per- 
 taining to Switzerland: n. a Swiss. 
 Also Helvetic. 
 hem (hem), n. the edge of a garment 
 doubled and sewn; an ejaculatory 
 sound: v.t. m [p.t. & p.p. hemmed, p. 
 pr. hemming], to form a hem on; 
 to shut in; environ: v.i. utter the 
 ejaculation hem. 
 hema, a Greek prefix meaning blood, 
 occurring in many scientific words. 
 Also hem, hemato, hsema, haem, 
 haemato. 
 hematin (hem'a-tin), n. the red col- 
 oring matter in the blood. Also 
 haematin. 
 hemi, a Greek prefix meaning half, 
 as /ierai-sphere, half a sphere or 
 globe. 
 hemiopia (hem-i-o'pi-a), n. a defect in 
 vision in which only the half of an 
 object is seen. 
 hemisphere (hem'i-sfer) , see under 
 hemi. 
 
 lite, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
HEMISTICH 
 
 236 
 
 HERITAGE 
 
 hemistich (hem'i-stik), n. in poetry, 
 an incomplete line, or the half of a 
 line. 
 
 hemlock (hem'lok), n. a wild poison- 
 ous plant of the parsley family : hem- 
 lock spruce, an evergreen tree of the 
 pine family: the lumber made from 
 the hemlock tree. 
 
 hemp (hemp), n. a plant of the net- 
 tle family, the tough fiber of which 
 is used for cordage and various 
 kinds of coarse linen; in the East, 
 a narcotic and intoxicant, hashish, 
 is obtained from Indian hemp. 
 
 hemstitch (hem'stich), n. a particular 
 kind of ornamental stitching. 
 
 hen (hen), n. the female of a bird, 
 especially the domestic fowl. 
 
 henbane (hen 'ban), n. a poisonous 
 coarse hairy wild herb of the night- 
 shade family deadly to fowls. 
 
 hence (hens), # adv. from this place, 
 source, or time; in consequence of 
 this: inter j. away! begone! 
 
 henchman (hench'man), n. [pi. hench- 
 men (hench'men)], formerly, a male 
 attendant or servant; groom; one 
 who serves in a political campaign 
 under another for pecuniary consid- 
 erations. See heeler. 
 
 hept, a Greek prefix meaning seven. 
 Also hepta, as heptachord, a series of 
 seven notes; a seven-stringed musi- 
 cal instrument. 
 
 heptad (hep'tad), n. a chemical atom 
 or element that has the equivalence 
 of seven atoms of hydrogen. 
 
 heptagon (hep'ta-gon), n. a plane fig- 
 ure having seven sides and seven 
 angles. 
 
 heptahedron (hep-ta-he'dron), n. a 
 solid figure with seven sides. 
 
 heptarchy (hep'tar-ki), n. [pi. hep- 
 tarchies (hep'tar-kiz) ], a government 
 by seven rulers, especially the seven 
 Anglo-Saxon kingdoms established 
 in England. 
 
 her (her), pron. the objective and 
 possessive case of the personal pro- 
 noun she. 
 
 herald (her'ald), n. formerly an offi- 
 cial who proclaimed peace and war, 
 bore messages from a sovereign to 
 a commander, superintended coro- 
 nations and other public ceremonial 
 functions, &c; an official whose duty 
 it is to grant, record, and blazon arms, 
 
 trace pedigrees, &c. ; a precursor: v.t. 
 to introduce; proclaim. [Old French.] 
 
 heraldry (her'ald-ri), n. the science 
 that treats of armorial bearings, and 
 of determining pedigrees, &c. 
 
 herb (erb, or herb), n. a plant with a 
 soft and succulent stem that, after 
 flowering, withers away. 
 
 herbaceous (her-ba'shus), adj. per- 
 taining to, or of the nature of, or 
 feeding upon, herbs. 
 
 herbage (her'baj), n. herbs collec- 
 tively ; grass ; pasturage ; the right of 
 pasture on the lands of another. 
 
 herbarium (her-ba/ri-um), n. [pi. her- 
 baria (her-ba/ri-a)], a systematic col- 
 lection of dried plants for purposes 
 of study; a building where such a 
 collection is kept. 
 
 herd (herd), n. a collection of beasts 
 or cattle feeding or driven together; 
 crowd; a keeper of cattle: v.i. to 
 unite or associate, as beasts; crowd 
 together. 
 
 here (her), adv. in, or to, this place; at 
 this point ; in the present life or 
 state ; on this occasion. 
 
 hereby (her-bi'), adv. by virtue of 
 this; near. 
 
 hereditary (he-red'i-ta-ri), adj. pass- 
 ing from an ancestor to a descen- 
 dant; transmitted from parent to 
 offspring. 
 
 heredity (he-red 'i-ti), n. the trans- 
 mission of physical or mental char- 
 acteristics or qualities from parent 
 to offspring; the tendency of an 
 organism to reproduce the charac- 
 teristics of the progenitor. 
 
 herein (her-in'), adv. in this. 
 
 heresy (her'e-si), n. [pi. heresies 
 (her'e-siz)], an opinion or doctrine 
 at variance with fundamental truths 
 commonly received as orthodox, es- 
 pecially if leading to division. 
 
 heretic (her'e-tik), n. one who holds, 
 or maintains, heretical opinions. 
 
 heretical (he-ret'i-kal), adj. pertaining 
 to, or having the character of, 
 heresy; subversive of, or contrary 
 to, orthodox belief. 
 
 heretofore (her-too-f or') , adv. pre- 
 viously; hitherto. 
 
 heritage (her'i-taj), n. an estate that 
 passes from an ancestor to a de- 
 scendant; a birthright or inherit- 
 ance; the people of God. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
HERMENEUTICS 
 
 237 
 
 HICKORY 
 
 hermeneutics (her-men-u'tiks) , n. 
 the gift of expounding difficult sub- 
 jects, and especially the Bible and 
 the classics. 
 
 hermetic (her-met'ik), adj. perfect- 
 ly closed and air-tight. Also her- 
 metical. 
 
 hermit (her'mit), n. one who retires 
 from society and lives in solitude, 
 especially for devotional contempla- 
 tion; an anchorite. 
 
 hermitage (her'mi-taj), n. the abode 
 of a hermit; a variety of red and 
 white French wine. 
 
 hernia (her'ni-a), n. a protrusion of 
 some part of the intestine, or of 
 some other internal organ; rupture. 
 
 hero (he'ro), n. [pi. heroes (he'roz)], 
 a demigod; a man of distinguished 
 courage, moral or physical; the chief 
 character in a play, novel, poem, 
 &c. 
 
 heroic (he-ro'ik), adj. having the 
 qualities of a hero; producing he- 
 roes; larger than life; venturesome; 
 drastic. Also heroical: n.pl. ex- 
 travagant or boastful language. 
 
 heron (her'un), n. a wading bird with 
 a long neck and long legs. [Greek.] 
 
 herring (her'ing), n. an edible sea-fish 
 moving in shoals. # 
 
 herring-bone (her'ing-bon) , n. a kind 
 of cross-stitch: v.t. & v.i. to work 
 in such a stitch. 
 
 herse (hers), n. a portcullis, in the 
 form of a harrow set with spikes. 
 
 hesitancy (hes'i-tan-si) , n. hesita- 
 tion; suspense. 
 
 hesitate (hes'i-tat), v.i. to be in sus- 
 pense or uncertainty; pause; vacil- 
 late; stammer. 
 
 Hesper (hes'per), n. the evening star, 
 especially Venus. Also Hesperus. 
 
 Hessian (hesh'an), adj. pertaining to 
 Hesse in Germany or its inhabit- 
 ants; a venal politician: pi. top- 
 boots with tassels in front (now 
 obsolete) . 
 
 Hessian-fly (hesh'an-fli) , n. a small 
 fly, the larvae of which are very 
 destructive to corn crops. They ap- 
 peared in Pennsylvania soon after 
 the Hessian (British) mercenary 
 troops in the Revolutionary War: 
 hence the name. 
 
 hest (hest), n. a behest; command. 
 
 hetero, a Greek prefix meaning 
 
 another, abnormal, different, unequal. 
 Also heter, as Aeterocercal, having the 
 upper lobe of the tail longer than 
 the lower lobe: said of certain fish. 
 
 heterodox (het*er-o-doks), adj. devi- 
 ating from an accepted doctrine or 
 standard of faith, &c; heretical: 
 opposed to orthodox. 
 
 heterodoxy (het'er-o-dok-si), n. [pi. 
 heterodoxies (het'er-o-dok-siz)], an 
 unorthodox doctrine or opinion; 
 heresy. 
 
 heterogeneous (het-er-o-je'ne-us), adj. 
 opposite or dissimilar in character, 
 quality, structure, &c, not homo- 
 geneous. 
 
 heteronym (het'er-o-nim), n. a word 
 spelled like another, but with a dif- 
 ferent sound and meaning, a lead, to 
 guide; lead, a metal. See homo- 
 graph. 
 
 hew (hii), v.t. [p.t.^ hewed, p.p. hewn, 
 hewed, p.pr. hewing], to cut or shape, 
 as with an axe or other sharp instru- 
 ment; hack; chop; form laboriously. 
 
 hexagon (heks'a-gon), n. a plane 
 figure having six angles and six 
 sides. 
 
 hexahedron (heks-a-he'dron) , n. [pi. 
 hexahedra (heks-a-he'dra)], a solid 
 bounded by six plane faces. 
 
 hexameter (heks-am'e-ter) , n. a line 
 consisting of six feet. In Greek and 
 Latin verse the feet depend on the 
 length of the syllables, i.e. quantity, 
 in English verse, on the accent of 
 the syllables, i.e. rhythm. 
 
 hiatus (hi-a/tus), n. a break; vacan- 
 cy; gap; the concurrence of two 
 vowels in two successive syllables. 
 
 hibernate (hi'ber-nat), v.i. to pass 
 the winter in a state of torpor, as 
 certain animals; to winter. [Latin.] 
 
 Hibernian (hi-ber'ni-an) , adj. per- 
 taining # to, or characteristic of, 
 Hibernia or Ireland. 
 
 Hibernianism (hl-ber'ni-an-izm) , n. 
 an Irish idiom. Also Hibernicism. 
 
 Hibiscus (hl-bis'kus) , n. a genus of 
 plants, shrubs, &c, of the mallow 
 family. 
 
 hiccough (hik'up), n. a short con- 
 vulsive cough : v.i. to utter a short 
 convulsive cough. Also hiccup. 
 
 hickory (hik'o-ri), n. [pi. hickories 
 (hik'o-riz)], an American nut-bear- 
 ing tree of the genus Carya. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
HID 
 
 238 
 
 HINDERMOKT 
 
 hid, -p. adj. concealed; not known; se- 
 cret. Also hidden. 
 
 hide (hid), v.t. [p.t. hid, p.p. hidden, 
 p.pr. hiding], to conceal; secrete; 
 not to confess; disguise; whip: v.i. 
 to lie concealed: n. an animal's skin 
 raw or dressed; formerly a measure 
 of land. 
 
 hideous (hid'e-us), adj. offensive to 
 the sight, ear, or taste; shocking; 
 dreadful; horrible. 
 
 hiding (hid'ing), n. concealment; a 
 beating. 
 
 hie (hi), v.t. [p.t.& p.p. hied, p.pr. 
 hieing], to excite; speed: v.i. to 
 hasten. 
 
 hierarch (hi'er-ark) , n. the chief ruler 
 of an ecclesiastical body ; the leader 
 of an angelic host; in ancient 
 Greece, an officer who had charge 
 of votive offerings. 
 
 hierarchic (hi-er-ark'ik) , adj. pertain- 
 ing to a hierarch, or a hierarchy. 
 Also hierarchical. 
 
 hierarchy (hi'er-ark-i) , n. [pi. hier- 
 archies (hi'er-ark-iz)], the body of 
 the clergy ; priesthood ; rank of holy 
 beings, as angels; in biology, a series 
 of systematic groups. 
 
 hieratic (hi-e-rat'ik) , adj. pertaining 
 to priests ; sacred ; consecrated. Also 
 hieratical. 
 
 hiero, a Greek prefix meaning sacred, 
 as Aierophant, a priest who, in 
 ancient Greece, initiated novices 
 into the sacred mysteries. 
 
 hieroglyphic (hi-er-o-glif'ik), n. a 
 sacred character or symbol: pi. the 
 picture writings of the _ ancient 
 Egyptians^ &c: adj. pertaining to 
 hieroglyphics; emblematic. 
 
 higgle (hig'l), v.i. to carry provi- 
 sions about for sale; chaffer; dis- 
 pute about trifles. 
 
 high (hi), adj. elevated in place; 
 lofty; exalted in degree or quality; 
 chief; head; honorable; noble; strong; 
 powerful ; intense ; tempestuous ; 
 full or complete; near to the wind; 
 tainted; shrill; acute: n. an ele- 
 vated place: adv. aloft; profoundly; 
 eminently; aloud; luxurious. 
 
 high-church (hi-cherch'), adj. attach- 
 ing great importance to the prerog- 
 ative and authority of the Church, 
 its sacraments, its theory of the 
 
 Apostolic Succession, and its priest- 
 hood. 
 
 highest (hi'est), adj. most high. 
 
 high-flown (hi'flon), adj. elevated; 
 proud; extravagant; inflated. 
 
 high-handed (hi-hand'ed) , adj. vio- 
 lent; arbitrary. 
 
 highland (hi'land), n. a mountainous 
 region: pi. the mountainous districts 
 of Scotland. 
 
 highness (hi'nes),n.the state or qual- 
 ity of being high; a title of honor 
 applied to persons of princely rank 
 (with a possessive pronoun). 
 
 high priest (prest), n. & chief priest, 
 especially the principal priest of the 
 Jewish hierarchy. 
 
 highroad (hi'rod), n. a chief road; 
 highway; an easy course or method. 
 
 highstrung (hi'strung) , adj. strung to 
 a high pitch; extremely sensitive. 
 
 hight (hit), v.adj. called. 
 
 high water (hi'waw-ter) , adj. pertaining 
 to high tide, or its height or time. 
 
 highway (hi'wa), n. a public road; a 
 course or path. 
 
 highwayman (hi'wa-man), n. [pi. 
 highwaymen (hi'wa-men)], one wno 
 robs on the public road. 
 
 hike (hik), v.i. to stride over long 
 distances of country on a tramp 
 or march. 
 
 hilarious (hi-la/ri-us), adj. merry; 
 exhilarated. 
 
 hilarity (hi-lar'i-ti) , n. [pi. hilarities 
 (hi-lar'i-tiz)], noisy merriment; ex- 
 hilaration. 
 
 hill (hil), n. an elevation less than a 
 mountain; a small mound or heap: 
 v.t. to draw earth about. 
 
 Hillelism (hirel-izm), n. a doctrine 
 based upon the teaching of Hillel, 
 the Babylonian Jew (112 B.C.), viz., 
 "What is hated to thee, do not unto 
 thy fellow-men." 
 
 hilt (hilt), n. a handle, especially of 
 a sword. 
 
 him (him), pron. the objective case 
 of he. 
 
 hind (hind), n. the female of the 
 stag or red deer; a farm servant; 
 peasant: adj. backward; hinder. 
 
 hinder (hin'der), _ v.t. to obstruct or 
 impede: v.i. to impose obstructions 
 or impediments. 
 
 hindermost (hind'er-most), adj. same 
 as hindmost. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
HINDMOST 
 
 239 
 
 HIVE 
 
 hindmost (hlnd'most), adj. farthest 
 from the front ; in the extreme rear. 
 
 hindrance (Jiin'drans), n. obstruction. 
 
 Hindu (hin'doo), n. a native of Hin- 
 dustan belonging to the Aryan race; 
 Brahman: adj. pertaining to the 
 Hindus or to Hinduism. Also Hin- 
 doo. 
 
 Hindustani (hin-doo-sta'ne), n. the 
 official and common language of 
 India; Urdu. Also Hindustanee. 
 
 hinge (hinj), n. the joint or hook 
 on which a door, &c, turn or swing; 
 the joint of a bivalve shell; that on 
 which anything depends or turns: 
 v.t. to furnish with a hinge: v.i. to 
 stand, turn, or depend, as on a hinge. 
 
 hinny (hin'i), v.i. \p.t. & p.p. hin- 
 nied, P-pr : hinnying], to neigh: n. 
 the offspring of a horse and a she 
 ass. Also whinny. 
 
 hint (hint), v.t. to suggest; mention 
 casually: n. a suggestion; distant 
 allusion. 
 
 hip (hip), re. the upper fleshy part 
 of the thigh; haunch; the coxa of 
 an insect; the rafter at the junction 
 of two sloping roofs; the fruit of 
 the briar or dog-rose; melancholy: 
 inter j. an huzzah^ v.t. [p.t. <k p.p. 
 hipped, p.pr. hipping], to sprain or 
 fracture the hip of; affect with mel- 
 ancholy; build with a hip: throw by 
 o. cross-buttock in wrestling. 
 
 hipp, a Greek prefix meaning horse. 
 Also hippo, as /uppophagy, the prac- 
 tice of eating horse-flesh. 
 
 hippocampus, n. asea-horse ; the name 
 of two eminences on the lateral 
 ^ventricles of the brain. 
 
 hippodrome (hip'o-drom), n. an an- 
 cient Greek race-course for eques- 
 trian games and chariots; a circus; 
 a fraudulent contest or race, the 
 result of which has been previously 
 arranged: v.t. to arrange such a 
 fraudulent contest. _ [Greek.] 
 
 hippopotamus (hip-o-pot'a-mus), n. 
 [pi. hippopotami fhip-o-pot'a-mi), 
 hippopotamuses chip-o-pot'a-mus- 
 ezjj, a large pachydermatous aquatic 
 animal of Africa; the river-horse. 
 
 hircine (her'sin), adj. resembling a 
 goat; smelling like a goat: n. an 
 oily product with a foetid smell 
 found in the fat of goats and sheep. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 hire (hlr), v.t. to engage for temporary 
 service at a certain price; bribe; let 
 or lease: n. recompense or considera- 
 tion paid for the use of anything; 
 wages; bribe. 
 
 hireling (hlr'ling), n. one who serves 
 for hire: adj. mercenary. 
 
 hirsute (her'sut), adj. hairy; shaggy. 
 
 his (hiz), pron. poss. case of he. 
 
 hispid (his'pid), adj. bristly. 
 
 hiss (his), n. a noise, made by forc- 
 ing the breath between the tongue 
 and upper teeth, resembling that of 
 a serpent or goose: v.i. to utter such 
 a sound, especially as expressing dis- 
 approbation or contempt. 
 
 hist (hist), interj. silence! hark! 
 
 histo, a Greek prefix meaning tissue, 
 as /V^ography, a description of or- 
 ganic tissues. 
 
 histology ihis-tol'o-ji), n. the science 
 of animal tissues; microscopic anat- 
 omy. 
 
 historian (his-to'ri-an), n. a writer or 
 deep student of history. 
 
 historic (his-tor'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
 contained in, or celebrated in, his- 
 tory: relating to the past. Also his- 
 torical. 
 
 history (his'to-ri), n. [pi. histories 
 (his'to-riz)], a narration of facts and 
 events arranged chronologically or 
 otherwise with their causes and 
 effects; knowledge of facts. 
 
 histrionic (his-tri-on'ik) . udj. pertain- 
 ing to actors or the stage; theatri- 
 cal; also histrionical: n.pl. the art 
 of theatrical representation. [Greek.] 
 
 hit ihit), v.t. [p.t. <k p.p. hit, p.pr. 
 hitting], to strike; give a blow to; 
 touch (the mark); attain to; suit: 
 v.i. to clash or collide; succeed: n. 
 a. stroke or blow; a lucky event; 
 felicitous remark. 
 
 hitch ihich), n. a catch: that which 
 acts like a catch; impediment; a 
 pulling or jerking upwards: v.i. to 
 become entangled or caught; move 
 by jerks; strike the feet together, 
 as horses: v.t. to fasten or tie; pull 
 up with a jerk. 
 
 hither (hi^/d'er), adv. to this place :adj. 
 on the side nearest to the speaker. 
 
 hive (hiv), n. [pi. hives (hlvz)], an 
 artificial receptacle or house for 
 bees; a swarm of bees inhabiting 
 a hive; a busy assemblage or society: 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, f/ten. 
 
HIVES 
 
 240 
 
 HOLD-UP 
 
 v.t. to gather or put into a hive; 
 harbor: v.i. to live or take shelter 
 together. 
 
 hives (hivz), n.pl. nettle-rash; croup. 
 
 ho (ho), inter j. stop! hold! 
 
 hoar (nor), adj. white; grey with age; 
 ancient. 
 
 hoard (hord), n. a store or treasure 
 laid up secretly; an accumulation 
 of things: v.t. to collect and lay up: 
 v.i. to lay up store. 
 
 hoar-frost (hor'frost), n. white par- 
 ticles of frozen dew or moisture. 
 
 hoarhound (hor'hound), n. a white 
 woolly aromatic herb ; a sweet 
 lozenge made with an infusion of 
 hoarhound, and used as a popular 
 remedy for sore throat. 
 
 hoarse (hors), adj. rough and harsh 
 in sound, as the voice when affected 
 by a «old. 
 
 hoarseness (hors'nes), n. the state of 
 being hoarse. 
 
 hoax (hoks), n. a sportive deceptive 
 trick; practical joke: v.t. to take in, 
 or delude, by a hoax. 
 
 hob (hob), n. the flat part of a grate 
 on which things are placed to be 
 kept warm; a sprite or demon, as 
 "to raise hob." 
 
 hobble (hob'l), v.i. to walk with a limp 
 or awkward step: v.t. embarrass or 
 perplex; shackle: n. limping or awk- 
 ward step. 
 
 hobble-skirt (hob'l-skert), n. a close- 
 fitting skirt shaped to the figure of 
 the wearer ; drawn in by bands be- 
 tween the knees and ankles, render- 
 ing walking difficult and awkward. 
 
 hobbly (hob'li), adj. rough and uneven. 
 
 hobby (hpb'i), n. [pi. hobbies ('iz)j, 
 a favorite pursuit or object; an 
 ambling nag; a kind of falcon. 
 
 hobgoblin ( hob-go b'lin), n. a goblin, 
 sprite, or elf, especially one of fright- 
 ful appearance: hence an alarming 
 apparition. 
 
 hobnob (hob'nob), v.i. to drink famil- 
 iarly with; associate intimately to- 
 gether. _ 
 
 hobo (ho'bo), n. an idle itinerant 
 workman; a tramp. _ 
 
 hock (hok), n. the joint between the 
 knee and the fetlock; the back part 
 of the human knee-joint; any white 
 Rhine wine (from Hochheimer): 
 v.t. to pawn. 
 
 hockey (hok'i), n. an outdoor game 
 played with a ball and clubs curved 
 at one _end. 
 
 hocus (ho'kus), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ho- 
 cused, p.pr. hocusing], to cheat or 
 trick; to stupefy or render insensi- 
 ble by means of drugged liquor in 
 order to cheat or rob : n. a trick or 
 juggle: drugged liquor. 
 
 hod (hod), n. a wooden trough, af- 
 fixed to a long handle, for carrying 
 mortar or bricks; a coal-scuttle; a 
 male ferret. 
 
 hodge-podge (hoj'poj), n. a medley of 
 ingredients, as in a hodge-podge 
 pudding. 
 
 hoe (ho), n. an agricultural tool for 
 cutting weeds, &c: v.t. to cut, or 
 till, with a hoe; clear from 
 weeds. 
 
 hog (hog), n. a swine; a kind of 
 rough broom used for scrubbing a 
 ship's bottom under water; a grasp- 
 ing, gluttonous person: v.t. [p.t. 
 & p.p. hogged, p.pr. hogging], to 
 scrub (a ship's bottom) under water; 
 to cut (the hair) short: v.i. to droop 
 at both ends: said of a ship. 
 
 hogshead (hogz'hed), n. & measure of 
 capacity = 5214 imperial gals, or 63 
 wine gals.; a large barrel or cask. 
 
 hoist (hoist), v.t. to lift or raise with 
 tackle; heave: n. an apparatus for 
 lifting goods from a lower to a 
 higher floor, &c: a lift. 
 
 hold (hold), v.t. [p.t. held, p.p. held, 
 holden, p.pr. holding], to grasp and 
 keep in the hand; clutch; retain; 
 keep; possess; connect; judge or 
 consider; entertain; contain; cele- 
 brate; use: v.i. to cling; adhere; 
 stand good; continue; proceed; re- 
 frain; maintain an opinion: n. the 
 act of holding; a grasp or clutch; 
 an embrace; support; a fortified 
 place; that part of a vessel where 
 the cargo is stored. 
 
 holding (hold'ing), n. anything held; 
 tenure or right of possession; a 
 farm held of a superior. 
 
 hold-up (hold 'up), n. the act of a high- 
 way robber halting wayfarers to 
 rob them; the blocking of a railway 
 train by a band of criminals: v.t. 
 to perform any of the above acts; 
 also to prevent the passage of a bill 
 in a legislative body, usually by 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
HOLE 
 
 241 
 
 HOMILY 
 
 corrupt means; to suppress; check; 
 interfere with. 
 
 hole (hoi), n. a cavity; hollow place; 
 pit; perforation; the burrow of an 
 animal ; mean habitation ; a difficulty 
 or dilemma. 
 
 holiday (hol'i-da), n. a day of gaiety 
 and joy in celebration of some event, 
 &c; a day of freedom from labor: 
 adj. pertaining to a festival; joyous; 
 gay. 
 
 holiness (ho'li-nes), n. the state or 
 quality of being holy; freedom from 
 sin; moral and spiritual purity; 
 sacredness; a title of the Pope. 
 
 holland (hol'and), n. fine unbleached 
 linen, glazed or unglazed: pi. a kind 
 of gin. 
 
 holloa (hol-o')» v.i. to shout to one at 
 a distance: n. a shout. Also hullo. 
 
 hollow (hol'5), adj. having a void 
 space within: opposed to solid; 
 sunken; superficial; unreal: n. a 
 cavity; pit; groove^ space between 
 hills or elevations; insincere; deep; 
 low: v.t. to make hollow: adv. 
 completely; thoroughly. 
 
 holly (hol'li), n. a shrub or tree of the 
 genus Ilex, with _ glossy, prickly 
 leaves and red berries. 
 
 hollyhock (hol'i-hok), n. a tall bien- 
 nial plant of the mallow family with 
 large flowers. 
 
 holm (horn), n. an evergreen oak; 
 low flat land by the side of a river; 
 a small river island. 
 
 nolo, a Greek prefix meaning whole, en- 
 tire, as /ioZocryptic, undecipherable. 
 
 holocaust (hol'o-kawst), n. a sacrifice 
 wholly consumed by fire. 
 
 holograph (horo-graf) , n. a document 
 entirely in the handwriting of the 
 author, as "a holograph will." 
 
 holster (hol'ster), n. a leather pistol- 
 case usually carried at the saddle- 
 bow. 
 
 holt (holt), n. a wooded hill; a burrow 
 or hiding place. 
 
 holy (ho'li), adj. [comp. holier, su- 
 perl. holiest], pure; morally and 
 spiritually perfect; sinless; preemi- 
 nently good; pious; sacred; conse- 
 crated. 
 
 holystone (ho'li-ston), n. a large flat 
 piece of stone used for scouring the 
 ship's decks: v.t. to scrub (a deck) 
 with a holystone. 
 
 homage (om'aj), n. respect paid by 
 external action; deference; rever- 
 ence ; the ceremony by which a 
 tenant or vassal promised fealty and 
 service to his feudal lord. [Archaic] 
 
 home (horn), n. one's abode or resi- 
 dence; dwelling-place of a man and 
 his family; fatherland; habitat; a 
 benevolent or charitable institution: 
 adj. pertaining to one's abode or 
 country; domestic: to the point de- 
 signed; near; effective: adv. to or 
 at home; to the uttermost; close- 
 ly. 
 
 homeliness (hom'li-nes), n. the state 
 of being homely; plainness; rudeness. 
 
 homely (hom'li), adj. plain-featured; 
 uncultured; rude. In England, be- 
 nevolent, kindly, homelike. 
 
 homeopathic (ho-me-o-path'ik), adj. 
 of or pertaining to homeopathy; ex- 
 tremely small in quantity. Also 
 homoeopathic. 
 
 homeopathy (ho-me-op'a-thi), n. the 
 medical system introduced by 
 Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843), 
 which seeks to cure diseases by the 
 administration of medicines in mi- 
 nute quantities to produce in the 
 patient symptoms similar to those 
 the same medicine would produce 
 in a healthy person. Also homoe- 
 opathy. 
 
 home rule (horn iooY),n. local self- 
 government, especially that form of 
 government for Ireland advocated 
 by Mr. Gladstone and the Irish 
 party. 
 
 homesick (hom'sik), adj. ill because 
 of absence from home; nostalgic. 
 
 homespun (hom'spun), n. a heavy, 
 woolen cloth, woven to imitate 
 that which was formerly spun at 
 home. 
 
 homestead (hom'sted), n. a dwelling- 
 house with the adjacent land; orig- 
 inal abode. 
 
 homicidal (hom'i-si-dal), adj. per- 
 taining to, or having a tendency to, 
 homicide. 
 
 homicide (hom'i-sid), n. the killing 
 of a human being; one who kills 
 another. 
 
 homiletics (hom-i-let'iks), n.pl. that 
 branch of theology which treats of 
 sermons and their composition. 
 
 homily (hom'i-li), n. [pi. homilies 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book : 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
HOMING 
 
 242 
 
 HOOKAH 
 
 (hom'i-liz)], a plain religious dis- 
 course or sermon. 
 
 homing (hom'ing), adj. returning 
 home: said of carrier pigeons. 
 
 hominy (hom'i-ni), n. Indian-corn 
 soaked so as to remove the hull, and 
 then coarsely ground. 
 
 homo, a Greek prefix meaning like, 
 same, similar, as /tomocercal, lobed 
 alike, as the tail of a_ mackerel. 
 
 homogeneous (ho-mo-je'ne-us), adj. 
 uniform; composed of similar parts 
 or elements. 
 
 homogenesis (ho-mo-jen'e-sis), n. a 
 mode of reproduction in which the 
 offspring of a higher organism passes 
 through the same cycle of existence 
 as the parent. 
 
 homogenous (ho-moj'e-nus), adj. of 
 the same origin. _Also homogenetic. 
 
 homograph (ho'mo-graf), n. a word 
 spelled the same way as another 
 word, but haying a different mean- 
 ing, and derived from a different 
 root, as grave — a tomb, grave = seri- 
 ous. 
 
 homologous (ho-moro-gus) , adj. iden- 
 tical. 
 
 homonym (ho'mo-nim), n. a word 
 alike in sound, but differing in 
 meaning, as pair, pare, pear. 
 
 hone (hon), n. a kind of fine whet- 
 stone: v.t. to sharpen on a hone. 
 
 honest (on 'est), adj. upright; just; 
 sincere?; honorable; equitable; fair; 
 righteous; chaste: frank or 
 open. 
 
 honesty (on'es-ti), n. the quality of 
 being honest. 
 
 honey (hun'i), n. a sweet, viscid, 
 syrupy substance collected by bees 
 from flowers-; sweetness; darling or 
 sweet one : adj. resembling honey : 
 v.t. to talk to in an endearing or 
 flattering manner. 
 
 honey-bee (hun'i-be), n. the common 
 hive-bee. 
 
 honeycomb (hun'i-kom), n. the waxen 
 hexagonal cells made by bees to con- 
 tain their honey, eggs, &c; any 
 structure resembling a honeycomb: 
 v.t. to fill with holes, &c, so as to 
 leave only thin partitions. 
 
 honeymoon (hun'i-moon), n. the first 
 month after marriage. 
 
 honeysuckle (hun'i-suk'l), n. a climb- 
 ing plant with fragrant flowers. 
 
 honk (honk), inter j. the cry of the Ca- 
 nadian mid-goose in flight. 
 
 honor (on'er), n. respectful regard; 
 esteem; worship; reputation; ex- 
 alted rank; fame; magnanimity; 
 scorn of meanness; self-respect; 
 chastity; an outward mark of high 
 esteem; glory; a title used in ad- 
 dressing certain officials; one of the 
 four highest trump cards in whist: 
 pi. in a university examination, the 
 highest class: v.t. to treat with re- 
 spect, deference, or civility; revere 
 or worship ; bestow marks of honor 
 upon (with with); dignity; ac- 
 knowledge; accept and pay when 
 due. 
 
 honorable (on'er-a-bl), adj. worthy of, 
 or conferring, honor; distinguished 
 in rank ; high-minded ; illustrious ; 
 upright; indicating honor; a title 
 of distinction. 
 
 honorarium (on-o-ra'ri-um), n. a fee 
 paid to a professional man. 
 
 honorary (on'er-a-ri), adj. done, or 
 conferred, as an honor. 
 
 hood (hood), n. a soft wrapper or 
 covering for the head; a monk's, 
 woman's, or falcon's hood; a fold- 
 ing cover for a carriage; an orna- 
 mental fold hanging down the back 
 denoting a university degree; some- 
 thing resembling a hood; a cowl: 
 v.t. to cover or furnish with, or as 
 with, a hood: suffix = state, con- 
 dition, or quality, as man/iood, 
 hardi/iood. 
 
 hoodlum (hood'lum), n. originally a 
 Calif ornian rough or bully; a rowdy. 
 Also hooligan. _ 
 
 hoodoo (hoo'doo), n. a person or 
 thing that causes ill-luck: v.t. to 
 ban. 
 
 hoodwink (hood'wingk), v.t. to de- 
 ceive; blindfold. 
 
 hoof (hoof), n. [pi. hoofs, also hooves 
 (hoovz)], the horny substance cover- 
 ing the feet of certain mammals, as 
 horses, &c; an animal with hoofs. 
 
 hook (hook), n. a curved piece of 
 metal, bone, &c; to hold or catch 
 something; a fish-hook; sickle; a 
 trap; an instrument for lopping or 
 cutting; a cape or headland: v.t. to 
 catch with, or as with, a hook; to 
 gore or attack with the horns. 
 
 hookah (hook'ah), n. a pipe with a 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue. hut : think, then. 
 
HOOLIGAN 
 
 243 
 
 HORRENT 
 
 long flexible tube which draws the 
 smoke through a vase containing 
 perfumed water. Also hooka and 
 huqa. [Arabic] 
 
 hooligan (hoo'li-gan), n. a rowdy; a 
 noisy, coarse young man who 
 haunts the streets at night and begs or 
 steals for a livelihood. The name orig- 
 inated in Australia, but is now used 
 all over the English speaking world. 
 
 hoop (hoop, or hoop), n. a metal or 
 wooden band to hold together the 
 staves of a ca.sk, &c; the band of 
 a finger-ring; a kind of crinoline; 
 a large circular ring of metal or 
 wood used by children for trun- 
 dling; anything curved like a hoop: 
 v.t. to bind or secure with a hoop; 
 encircle. 
 
 hoot (hoot), n. a contemptuous shout: 
 ',-./. to jeer or drive with contemptuous 
 shouts: v.i. to utter a hoot. 
 
 hoove (hoov), n. a disease in cattle, 
 in which the abdomen is distended. 
 
 hop (hop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hopped, 
 p.pr. hopping], to leap over; im- 
 pregnate with hops: v.i. to proceed 
 by short leaps on one leg; skip with 
 both legs; limp; to pick hops: n. a 
 jump on one leg; a dance; a twin- 
 ing plant the ripened cones of 
 which are used in brewing to im- 
 part a bitter taste to malt liquors: 
 adj. pertaining to hops. 
 
 hope (hop), n. the desire of good 
 accompanied by expectation ; antici- 
 pation; confidence; the object of 
 hope: v.t. to expect with confidence 
 or desire: v.i. to cherish a desire 
 for good; trust confidently. 
 
 hopeful (hop'fool), adj. full of hope; 
 promising success. 
 
 hopeless (hop'les), adj. without hope; 
 devoid of cheerfulness: despairing. 
 
 hoplite (hop 'lit), n. an ancient Greek 
 heavy-armed foot -soldier. 
 
 hopper (hop'er), n. one who, or that 
 which, hops; a name for various 
 leaping insects: a wooden trough or 
 funnel through which grain passes 
 into a mill; mechanism in a piano 
 for lifting the hammer; a seed-bas- 
 ket used in sowing grain; a hop- 
 picker; the basin of a water-closet. 
 
 hoppet (hop'et), n. a hand-basket; a 
 dish for measuring ore. 
 
 hopple (hop'l), v.t. to hobble. 
 
 hopscotch (hop'skoch), n. a children's 
 game, in which a flat stone is driven 
 from one numbered compartment 
 to another by the player while he 
 hops. 
 
 horde (hord), n. a nomadic tribe or 
 clan dwelling in tents or wagons; a 
 vast multitude: v.i. to live, or act 
 together, in hordes. [Turkish.] 
 
 hordeine (h6r'de : in), n. a starch-like 
 substance obtained from barley. 
 
 horizon (ho-ri'zun), n. the circular 
 line where the sky and earth, or 
 sea, appear to meet: hence the 
 limit of one's mental vision. 
 
 horizontal (hor-i-zon'tal), adj. paral- 
 lel to, or situated near, the horizon; 
 level: opposed to vertical. 
 
 horn (horn), n. a hard projecting, 
 usually curved, protuberance on the 
 head of certain mammals, especially 
 hoofed animals ; a thickened form of 
 tissue; anything made of horn, or 
 like horn; a wind instrument; one 
 of the extremities of the moon when 
 in crescent form. 
 
 hornblende (horn'blend), n. a dark- 
 green or black-colored mineral with 
 a horn-like cleavage. 
 
 horn-book (horn'book), n. a primer 
 consisting of a printed sheet con- 
 taining the first nine numerals, the 
 alphabet, and the Lord's Prayer. 
 It was framed like a slate and faced 
 over with a thin, transparent sheet 
 of horn, to preserve the printing. 
 The horn-book ceased to be used not 
 long after the time of Queen Eliza- 
 beth, but the name was long ap- 
 plied to any primer. 
 
 hornet (hor'net), n. a small wasp 
 which inflicts a severe sting; hence 
 a waspish, disagreeable person. 
 
 horning (horn'ing), n. the appear- 
 ance of the moon at her first and 
 last quarter. 
 
 hornpipe (horn 'pip), n. a lively 
 dance, especially by sailors; an ob- 
 solete wind instrument. 
 
 hornwrack (horn'rak), n. sea-mat. 
 
 horologe (hor'o-loj), n. a mechanism, 
 as a clock, &c, for marking the 
 hours. 
 
 horoscope (hor'o-skop), n. a repre- 
 sentation of the heavens at any 
 time, especially at one's birth. 
 
 horrent (hor'ent), adj. erect; bristling. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, rnit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 16 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
HORRIBLE 
 
 244 
 
 HOTPRESS 
 
 horrible (hor'i-bl), adj. terrible ; dread- 
 ful. [Latin.] 
 
 horrid (hor'id), adj. dreadful; terrible; 
 hideous; most obnoxious; gloomy. 
 
 horrify (hor'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. horri- 
 fied], to fill or strike with horror. 
 
 horripilation (hor-ip-i-la'shun), n. a 
 shuddering sensation as of the hair 
 standing on end, or goose-flesh. 
 
 horror (hor'er), n. excessive fear ac- 
 companied with shuddering; ex- 
 treme dread; great disgust; pi. ex- 
 treme depression; delirium tremens 
 (with the). 
 
 horse (hors), n. a solid-hoofed ani- 
 mal, used for riding or drawing 
 burdens; a male of the species; cav- 
 alry; a framework or machine for 
 the support of anything; a foot- 
 rope to support the foot of a sailor 
 under a yard or the bowsprit; work 
 charged for before it is executed: 
 v.t. to mount on, or furnish with, 
 a horse; carry on horseback; place 
 astride: y.i. to get on horseback: 
 adj. noting something coarse or 
 large. 
 
 horse-play (hors'pla), n. rough, noisy 
 conduct, usually observed among yo- 
 kels and. ill-bred, half -grown youths. 
 
 horse-power (hors'pou-er), n. the 
 theoretical unit of work of a steam- 
 engine =33,000 lb. raised 1 ft. in 1 
 minute. 
 
 hortative (hor'ta-tiv) , adj. inciting; 
 giving exhortation^ Also hortatory. 
 
 horticulture (hpr-ti-kul'tur) , n. the 
 art of cultivating gardens. 
 
 hosanna (ho-zan'a), n. an exclama- 
 tion of praise and glory to God. 
 The literal meaning is "Save, I 
 pray!" [Hebrew.] 
 
 hose (hoz), n. [pi. hose], coverings for 
 the legs; stockings; flexible tub- 
 ing for conveying water,_ &c. 
 
 hosiery (ho'zher-i), stockings, under- 
 clothing, &c; a manufactory for 
 such goods. 
 
 hospice (hos'pis), n. an Alpine con- 
 vent for the reception and enter- 
 tainment of travelers. [French.] _ 
 
 hospitable (hos'pit-a-bl), adj. receiv- 
 ing and entertaining friends or 
 strangers. 
 
 hospital (hos'pi-tal) , n. an institution 
 for the medical treatment and care 
 of the sick. [French.] 
 
 hospitality (hos-pi-tal'i-ti), n. [pi. 
 hospitalities (hos-pi^tal'i-tiz)], the 
 practice of entertaining friends and 
 strangers with kindness and liber- 
 ality. 
 
 host (host), n. a crowd; multitude; 
 army; one who entertains another 
 in public or private; a landlord of 
 an hotel or inn ; an organism on 
 which another is parasitic; the con- 
 secrated bread or wafer of the 
 Eucharist, in _ the Greek, Roman 
 Catholic, Episcopalian and Lu- 
 theran Church. [Latin.] 
 
 hostage (hos'taj), n. a person who 
 remains in the hands of another as 
 a pledge for the fulfilment of cer- 
 tain conditions; a pledge. 
 
 hostel (hos'tel), n. a hostelry; at Ox- 
 ford and Cambridge, a small un- 
 endowed college. 
 
 hostelry (hos'tl-ri) , n. an inn or lodg- 
 ing-house. 
 
 hostess (host'es), n. a female 
 host. 
 
 hostile (hos'til), adj. showing ani- 
 mosity; inimical; adverse; repug- 
 nant: n. a hostile Indian. 
 
 hostility (hos-til'i-ti), n. [pi. hos- 
 tilities (hqs-til'i-tiz)] the state_ of 
 being hostile; antagonism; enmity; 
 animosity: pi. acts of warfare. 
 
 hostler (hos'ler), n. one who takes 
 charge of horses at an inn. Also 
 ostler. 
 
 hot (hot), adj. [comp. hotter, superl. 
 hottest], having _ much heat; burn- 
 ing; fiery; passionate; lustful; ar- 
 dent; furious; pungent; acrid; unen- 
 durable; near to the object sought 
 for. 
 
 hotbed (hot'bed), n. a bed of earth 
 covered with glass and made warm 
 by the fermentation of manure, for 
 rearing plants. 
 
 hotchpotch (hocb/poch), n. a mix- 
 ture of various ingredients; a thick 
 broth of meat and vegetables 
 [Scotch]; a commixture of property 
 for division; a mess. Also hodge- 
 
 hotel (ho-tel'), n. a superior inn or 
 lodging-house. 
 
 hothouse (hot'hous), n. a glazed 
 building artificially heated for rear- 
 ing tender plants. 
 
 hotpress (hot'pres), v.t. to gloss paper 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
HOTTENTOT 
 
 245 
 
 HUG 
 
 or linen by passing it between heated 
 rollers. 
 
 Hottentot (hot'en-tot), n. one of an 
 aboriginal South African race in 
 Cape Colony; the language spoken 
 by the Hottentots, characterized by 
 a peculiar click so as often to be 
 called ''the click language." See 
 click. 
 
 hough, same as hock. 
 
 hound (hound), n. a particular breed 
 of hunting dog; a despicable, mean 
 fellow: v.t. to chase with, or as 
 with, hounds; incite; set upon. 
 
 hour (our), n. the 1-2-ith part of a 
 Jay; 60 minutes; a particular time: 
 pi. life; in the Roman Catholic 
 Church, prayers repeated at stated 
 times during the day; the book con- 
 taining such devotional exercises. 
 
 hour-glass (our'glas), n. a device 
 for measuring time by running sand 
 through the narrow neck of a glass 
 vessel. 
 
 houri (hoo'ri), n. [pi. houris (hoo'riz)], 
 one of the dark-eyed nymphs of the 
 Mohammedan paradise. [Persian. 1 
 
 house (hous), n. a building for resi- 
 dence; place of abode; household af- 
 fairs; manner of living; family or 
 race, especially of high rank; one of 
 the divisions of a legislative or ec- 
 clesiastical body; a quorum of the 
 members of such a body; a mercan- 
 tile firm; in _ astrology, the station 
 of a planet in the heavens, or the 
 12th part of the heavens; a square 
 on a _ chess-board; (houz) v.t. to 
 place in a house; shelter or lodge: 
 v.i. to take shelter. 
 
 household (hous'hold), n. a family 
 living together: adj. domestic; per- 
 taining to a family or home. 
 
 housing (houz'ing), n. a saddle 
 cloth: pi. ornamental trappings of 
 a horse. 
 
 hovel (hovTh n. a mean habitation; 
 hut or cabin: v.t. to shelter in a 
 hovel. 
 
 hover (huv'er), v.i. to flutter over 
 or about; stand in suspense or ex- 
 pectation; move about in a neigh- 
 borhood. 
 
 how (hou), adv. in what manner; to 
 what degree or extent; for what 
 reason. 
 
 howbeit (hou-be'it), adv. nevertheless. 
 
 however (hou-ev'er), adv. in whatever 
 
 manner or degree; at all events: 
 conj. notwithstanding; yet. 
 
 howitzer (hou'itz-er), n. a short can- 
 non, formerly used for throwing 
 shells. 
 
 howl (houl), n. the prolonged cry of 
 a dog or wolf; the cry of one in pain 
 or distress: v.i. to cry like a dog or 
 wolf; utter a prolonged cry of pain 
 or distress; roar, like the wind ;_ cry 
 down by_ clamor: v.t. to utter in a 
 loud wailing tone. 
 
 howsoever (hou-so-ev'er) , adv. in what 
 manner soever; although. 
 
 hoy (hoi), n. a heavy one-masted 
 coasting-vessel: interj. ho! 
 
 hoyden fhoi'den),n. a tomboy; a romp; 
 a girl given to noisy play and prac- 
 tical jokes. 
 
 hub (hub), n. the nave of a wheel; 
 the peg at which quoits are thrown; 
 a kind of steel punch used in coin- 
 ing, &c; a hilt; a jutting obstruc- 
 tion. 
 
 hubbub (hub 'bub), n. uproar. 
 
 huckaback (huk'a-bak), n. a rough 
 kind of linen or cotton cloth: used 
 for toweling. 
 
 huckle (huk'l), n. the hip; a haunch. 
 
 huckleberry (huk'1-ber-i), n. [pi. 
 huckleberries (huk'1-ber-iz)], the edi- 
 ble berry of any species of Gaylus- 
 sapia; the whortleberry; said fa- 
 miliarly to an acquaintance, as 
 " You're my huckleberry." 
 
 huckster (huk'ster), n. one who re- 
 tails small articles ; a mean, tricky 
 fellow. 
 
 huddle (hud'l), v.t. to crowd together 
 in a disorderly manner ; collect 
 closely; place or perform in haste 
 or disorder: v.i. to come in a crowd 
 or haste (with on, up, over) : n. 
 confusion; crowd. 
 
 hue (hu), n. color tint; a shouting 
 clamor. 
 
 hue and cry (hu and kri'). n. in law, 
 the common process of pursuing a 
 felon, that is, by shouting after him, 
 this being the duty of good citizens. 
 
 huff (huf), v.t. to puff or blow up; 
 treat with insolence; bully; remove 
 (a piece at checkers) when one's 
 opponent fails to take with it: n. fit 
 of petulance; sudden offense taken. 
 
 hug (hug), n. a close embrace; a par- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
HUGE 
 
 246 
 
 HUMOR 
 
 ticular grip in wrestling: v.t. [p.t. 
 & p.p. hugged, p.pr. hugging], to 
 embrace closely; fondle; hold fast; 
 keep close to. 
 
 huge (huj), adj. vast; very large. 
 
 Huguenot (hu'ge-not or -no), n. a 
 name applied to French Protestants 
 of the sixteenth and seventeenth 
 centuries. [Origin doubtful.] 
 
 hulk (hulk), n. the body of a ship, 
 especially if old or dismantled: pi. 
 old dismasted ships formerly used 
 as convict prisons (with the). 
 
 hull (hul), n. outer covering, especially 
 of grain or nuts; the body or frame 
 of a vessel: v.t. to peel off the hull or 
 husk of; strike or pierce (the hull 
 of a vessel) with a shot or shell: v.i. 
 to drift to and fro upon the sea, like 
 a ship without sails. 
 
 hullabaloo (hul'a-ba-loo), n. uproar; 
 noisy contention. [A folk-word, 
 probably Irish, and suggesting 
 "hullo" and "hurly-burly."] 
 
 hum (hum), n. the noise of bees and 
 other insects in flight: v.i. [p.t. & 
 p.p. hummed, p.pr. humming], to 
 make such a noise: v.t. to sing in a 
 low undertone; set or keep going in 
 an energetic manner: inter j. a sound 
 with a pause implying hesitation or 
 consideration. 
 
 human (hu'man), adj. pertaining to, 
 or characteristic of, man or man- 
 kind: having the qualities of a man; 
 not divine. 
 
 humane (hu-man')i adj. having the 
 feelings proper to man; benevolent; 
 kind; compassionate; elevating. 
 
 humanism (hu'man-izm),_ n* culture 
 derived from classical training, liter- 
 ature and art; human nature. 
 
 humanist (hu'man-ist), n. a student 
 of the humanities; one versed in the 
 knowledge of human nature. 
 
 humanitarian (hu-man-i-ta'ri-an), n. 
 a philanthropist; an anti Trinita- 
 rian who rejects the doctrine of 
 Christ's divinity; one who believes 
 that the duty of man consists of 
 acting rightly to others; a perfection- 
 ist: adj. philanthropic. 
 
 humanity (hu-man'i-ti) , n. [pi. hu- 
 manities (hu-man'i-tiz)], _ mankind; 
 the state or quality of being human 
 or humane; philanthropy; kindness; 
 benevolence: pi. classical learning 
 
 and literature, and the insight into 
 human thought and feeling through- 
 out the centuries since Greece and 
 Rome evolved the greatest monu- 
 ments of intellectual and spiritual 
 greatness. It is therefore impossi- 
 ble for one acquainted only with the 
 literature and art of recent centuries 
 to be a humanist. 
 
 humanize (hti'man-Iz), v.t. to render 
 human: soften. 
 
 humble (hum'bl), adj. having a low 
 estimate of one's self; modest; 
 meek; submissive; lowly; mean; ob- 
 scure: v.t. to make submissive; sub- 
 due; bring low; mortify; humiliate. 
 
 humbles (hum'blz), n.pl. entrails, es- 
 pecially of a deer. 
 
 humbug (hum 'bug), n. a fraud or 
 imposition under fair pretenses; 
 sham; a plausible deceiver; a spirit 
 of trickery or deception: v.t. [p.t. 
 & p.p. humbugged, p.pr. humbug- 
 ging], to cheat or impose upon; 
 hoax. 
 
 humdrum (hum'drurrO, adj. dull; 
 monotonous; commonplace. 
 
 humeral (hu'mer-al), adj. pertaining 
 to the shoulder. 
 
 humero, a Latin prejix meaning 
 shoulder. 
 
 humerus (hu'mer-us), n. [pi. humeri 
 (hu'mer-n)], the arm from the 
 shoulder to the fore-arm; the cylin- 
 drical bone of that part. 
 
 humid (hu'mid). adj. damp; moist. 
 
 humidity (hu-mid'i-ti), n. dampness; 
 moisture. 
 
 humidor (hii'mid-or), n. a receptacle 
 for keeping tobacco moist. 
 
 humiliation (hu-mil-i-a'shun), n. the 
 act of humiliating; the state of be- 
 ing humiliated; mortification; abase- 
 ment. 
 
 humility (hu-mil'i-ti), n. [pi. humili- 
 ties (hu-mil'i-tiz)], the state or 
 quality of being humble; modesty; 
 self-abasement. 
 
 humite (hu'mit), n. a variety of 
 chrondrodite. 
 
 hummock (hum'ok), n. a large mass 
 of floating ice: a hillock or mound. 
 
 humor (hu'mer), n. wit; merri- 
 ment; the tendency to look at things 
 from the mirthful or incongruous 
 side; caprice; proud conceit; tem- 
 per; petulance; peevishness; mois- 
 
 ate, arm. at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hfie. hut ; think, then. 
 
HUMORIST 
 
 247 
 
 HURTLE 
 
 ture of the body and eye; disease: 
 v.t. to indulge; yield to a particular 
 desire of. 
 
 humorist (hu'mer-ist) , n. one who 
 gratifies his own humor; a droll per- 
 son; one whose writing or conversa- 
 tion is characterized by humor. 
 
 humorous (hu'mer-us), adj. full of, 
 or characterized by, humor; comical; 
 diverting. 
 
 hump (hump), n. a protuberance on 
 the back: v.t. to vex or annoy; ex- 
 ert (one's self) . 
 
 humulin (hu'mu-lin), n. the bitter 
 narcotic principle in hops. 
 
 humus (hu'mus), n. vegetable mold. 
 
 Hun (hun), n. one of an ancient Tar- 
 tar race, which in the ninth century, 
 A.D., overran and devastated Eu- 
 rope. Their representatives to-day 
 are found in Russia, Hungary, Fin- 
 land, and Poland, being commonly 
 styled Turanians. 
 
 hunch (hunch), n. a hump; lump; a 
 thrust with the fist or elbow: v.t. to 
 push with the fist or elbow; push 
 with a sudden jerk; a popular 
 superstition makes a hunch the 
 source of luck 
 
 hunchback (hunch'bak), n. a person 
 with deformed neck and shoulders. 
 As indicated above, popular super- 
 stition makes him a source of luck. 
 
 hundred (hun'dred), adj. 10 times 
 10: n. the number of 10 times 10; 
 the symbol (C, or 100) denoting it; 
 a division of an English county. 
 
 hundredth (hun'dredth) , adj. the 
 ordinal of 100: n. one of 100 equal 
 parts. 
 
 hundredweight (hun'dred-wat) , n. 
 the l-20th part of a ton. 
 
 hung, p.t. of hang. 
 
 Hungarian (hung-ga/ri-an) , adj. per- 
 taining to Hungary, its inhabitants, 
 or language. _The Hungarian name 
 is Magyar (ma'yar). 
 
 hunger (hung'ger), n. keenness of 
 appetite; pain or uneasiness caused 
 by want of food; strong desire: v.i. 
 to feel the pain of hunger; to have 
 a longing or earnest desire. 
 
 hunger-strike (hung'ger-strik) , n. the 
 effort to enforce release from impris- 
 onment by refusing to take food, es- 
 pecially of suffragettes. 
 
 hungry (hung'gri), adj. [comp. hun- 
 
 grier, superl. hungriest], having a 
 keen appetite; feeling pain or un- 
 easiness for want of food : emaciated ; 
 eagerly desirous; unfertile: said of 
 land. 
 
 hunk (hungk), n. a lump or large 
 piece. 
 
 hunt (hunt), v.t. to pursue, or chase, 
 as game or wild animals;, follow 
 closely; search after \ v.i. to follow 
 the chase: n. pursuit of game or 
 wild animals; pack of hounds; an 
 association of huntsmen; district 
 hunted over by hounds; a search. 
 
 Hunter (hunt'er), n. a huntsman; a 
 horse or hound trained for hunting; 
 a hunting-watch. 
 
 hurdle (her'dl), n. a movable fence 
 of osiers or branches; a fence to be 
 leaped over in steep lechasing; a 
 rude frame on which criminals were 
 formerly dragged to execution: v.t. 
 to cover or inclose with hurdles. 
 
 hurdy-gurdy (her'di-ger'di) , n. a 
 stringed instrument somewhat re- 
 sembling a violin, played by a wheel ; 
 a barrel organ; a miner's camp. 
 
 hurl (herl), v.t. to throw with vio- 
 lence; drive forcibly; utter with ve- 
 hemence: n. the act of throwing. 
 
 hurly-burly (her'li-ber'li) , n. tumult; 
 great commotion. 
 
 hurrah (hoo-ra'), inter j. a shout of 
 joy, triumph, applause, &c: v.i. to 
 uttersuch a shout in applause, &c. 
 [Originally Russian.] 
 
 hurricane (hur'i-kan), n. a gale of 
 extreme violence characterized by 
 fitful changes of the wind. 
 
 hurricane- deck (hur'i-kan-dek), n. 
 the bridge-deck of a steamship; the 
 upper deck of a river steamer. 
 
 hurried (hur'id), p.adj. exhibiting, or 
 characterized by, haste; hasty. 
 
 hurry (hur'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hurried, 
 p.pr. hurrying], to impel to greater 
 speed; hasten on; accelerate: v.i. to 
 act or move with haste: n. haste; 
 urgency; precipitation; confusion. 
 
 hurt (hert),_ v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hurt, 
 p.pr. hurting], to cause^ or inflict 
 pain in; wound; grieve; injure; im- 
 pair or damage: n. a wound; in- 
 jury; damage or loss. 
 
 hurtful (hert'fool), adj. injurious; 
 harmful. 
 
 hurtle (hert'l), v.t. to move violent- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
HUSBAND 
 
 248 
 
 HYDROCEPHALUS 
 
 ly; impel forcibly: v.i. to clash; dash 
 in collision. 
 
 husband (huz'band), n. a married 
 man: v.t. to manage or use with 
 economy. 
 
 husbandman (huz'band-man), n. [pi. 
 husbandmen (huz'band-men)], a til- 
 ler of the soil; farmer. 
 
 husbandry (huz'band-ri), n. agricul- 
 ture; frugality. 
 
 hush (hush), inter j. be still! silence! 
 adj. quiet; silent: n. quietness; si- 
 lence: v.t. to make silent; soothe. 
 
 husk (husk), n. the dry outer cover- 
 ing of certain fruits or seeds: v.t. 
 to remove husks from. 
 
 huskiness (hus'ki-nes), n. the state 
 of being husky. 
 
 husky (hus'ki), adj. [comp. huskier, 
 superl. huskiest], consisting of, or 
 like, husks; worthless; rough or 
 hoarse: said of the voice; physically 
 strong: n. an American Indian 
 sledge-dog. 
 
 hussar (huz-ar'), n. a light-armed 
 cavalry soldier. 
 
 hussy (huz'i), n. [pi. hussies (huz'iz)], 
 a fast girl; worthless woman. 
 
 hustings (hustings) , n.pl. in England 
 a court held in the Guildhall before 
 the Lord Mayor, Recorder and 
 sheriffs of London; formerly the 
 stand from which Parliamentary 
 candidates, when nominated, ad- 
 dressed the electors. 
 
 hustle (hus'l), v.t. to push roughly; 
 jostle; mob; shake together in con- 
 fusion: v.i. exhibit energy and alac- 
 rity. 
 
 hustler (hus'ler), n. one who works 
 hard, but with more noise and fuss 
 than are necessary. 
 
 hut (hut), n. a small house or cabin; 
 a temporary erection for lodging 
 troops. 
 
 hutch (huch), n. a bin, box, or chest; 
 a coop or pen; a mining trough for 
 washing ore: v.t. to store; to wash 
 (ore) in a hutch. 
 
 huzzah (huz-ah'), same as hurrah. 
 
 hyacinth (hi'a-sinth), n. a handsome 
 bulbous flowering plant of the genus 
 Hyacinthus bearing spiky flowers, 
 white, pink, or red, and either single 
 or double; a variety of zircon, used 
 as a jewel. [Greek.] 
 
 hyal, a Greek prefix meaning glass, 
 
 as hyaline, like glass: also hyalo: 
 hyalogr&nhy, the art of writing or 
 engraving upon glass. 
 
 hyaline (hra-lin), adj. glassy; trans- 
 parent. 
 
 hyalography (hl-a-log'ra-fi), n. the 
 art of engraving on glass. 
 
 hybrid (hi'brid), n. a mongrel; an 
 animal or plant produced by inter- 
 breeding different species or varie- 
 ties; a compound word the elements 
 of which are derived from different 
 languages. [Greek.] 
 
 hydr, a Greek prefix meaning water, 
 also the presence^ of hydrogen. Also 
 hydro, as hydr&cid, an acid contain- 
 ing hydrogen but no oxygen; hydrop- 
 athy, the cure of disease by water 
 treatment, externally or inter- 
 nally. 
 
 Hydra (hi'dra), n. in classical my- 
 thology, the water serpent with nine 
 heads slain by Hercules; each of 
 these on being cut off became two: 
 hence, any evil which, when grappled 
 with, appears to intensify; a genus 
 of fresh-water polyps which multi- 
 ply on division. 
 
 Hydrangea (hi-dran'je-a), n. a genus 
 of shrubs of the saxifrage family 
 with showy flowers. 
 
 hydrant (hi'drant), n. a plug with a 
 valve connected with a water main 
 for extinguishing fires. 
 
 hydrate (hi'drat), n. a chemical com- 
 pound containing a definite quantity 
 of water: v.t. to combine with water 
 to form a hydrate. 
 
 hydraulic (hi-draw'lik), adj. pertain- 
 ing to fluids in motion: n.pl. the 
 science of liquids in motion and the 
 application of the forces 
 
 hydride (hi'drid), n. a chemical com- 
 bination of hydrogen with another 
 element. 
 
 hydro. See hydr. 
 
 hydro-aeroplane (hi'dro-a r er-o-plan) , 
 n. a flying machine for use both on 
 water and in air. 
 
 hydrocarbons (hi-dro-kar'bonz) , n.pl. 
 a general name for bitumens, mineral 
 resins, and fats which are composed 
 of hydrogen and carbon. 
 
 hydrocele (hl'dro-sel) , n. dropsy of 
 the scrotum. 
 
 hydrocephalus (hl-dro-sef'a-lus), n. 
 dropsy of the brain. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
HYDROCHLORATE 
 
 249 
 
 HYPOBLAST 
 
 hydrochlorate (hi-dro-klo'rat), n. a 
 salt of hydrochloric acid. 
 
 hydrocyanic (Jn-dro-si-an'ik), adj. 
 composed of hydrogen and cyanogen. 
 
 hydro-dynamic (hi-dro-di-nam'ik) , 
 adj. pertaining to, or derived from, 
 the pressure of water: n.pl. the 
 science that treats of water pressure. 
 
 hydrogen (hi'dro-jen), n. a colorless 
 
 , gaseous, inflammable substance, 
 which liquefies under great pressure, 
 and is the lightest element yet 
 known, being 14>£ times lighter than 
 air: when combined with oxygen 
 it produces water. Hydrogen is the 
 standard unit for the estimation of 
 atomic weights atid volumes. 
 
 hydrography (hi-drog'ra-fi) , n. the 
 art of measuring and mapping the 
 water surface of the earth, as oceans, 
 lakes, coast-lines, &c, with relative 
 data as to their depth, tides, beds, 
 &c. 
 
 hydrometer (hl-drom'e-ter), ft. an in- 
 strument for determining the specific 
 gravity, strength, &c, of fluids. 
 
 hydropathic (hi-dro-path'ik), adj. 
 pertaining to hydropathy: n. an es- 
 tablishment where patients reside 
 while under hydropathic treatment. 
 
 hydrophobia (hl-dro-fo'bi-a), n. a 
 disease caused by the virus from the 
 saliva of a mad dog, resulting in 
 convulsions, an unnatural dread of 
 water, and final death. 
 
 hydroplane (hi'dro-plan), n. an at- 
 tachment for a boat to lessen fric- 
 tion when the boat is speeded. 
 
 hydrostat (hi'dro-statj, n. an ap- 
 paratus for the prevention of boiler 
 explosions; an electrical contrivance 
 for indicating the leakage or over- 
 flow of water. 
 
 hydrotherapy (hi-dro-ther'a-pi) , n. 
 treatment of disease by water; 
 water-cure. 
 
 hyena (hl-e'na), n. a bristly-maned 
 wolf -like carnivorous quadruped. 
 Also hyama. 
 
 hyetal (hl'et-al), adj. pertaining to 
 rain, or rainfall. 
 
 hyetology (hl-et-ol'o-ji), n. that branch 
 of meteorology treating of rainfall, 
 its distribution, representation on 
 charts, &c. 
 
 hygeian, adj. pertaining to health, or 
 hygiene. 
 
 hygiene (hi-jen'), ft. the science of 
 health, its preservation, and the 
 laws of sanitation. 
 
 hygienic (hi-ji-en'ik), adj. pertaining 
 to hygiene. 
 
 hymen (hl'men), ft. marriage, from 
 Hymen, the Grecian god of mar- 
 riage; the virginal membrane. 
 
 hymeneal (hi-men-e'al), p.adj. per- 
 taining to marriage; nuptial. 
 
 hymn (him), ft. a sacred ode expres- 
 sive of praise or adoration: y.t. to 
 sing hymns to: adore or praise by 
 hymns. [Greek.] 
 
 hymnal (him'nal), n. a collection of 
 hymns for public worship. 
 
 hymnology (him-nol'o-ji), _ n. the 
 study of hymns, their origin, use, 
 lore, &c. 
 
 hyoid (hl'oid), adj. shaped like the 
 Greek letter T, v ; n. a U-shaped 
 bone supporting the tongue. 
 
 hyper, a Greek prefix meaning over, be- 
 yond, excess, and in chemistry highest. 
 
 hyperbola (hy-per-bo'la), n. a curve 
 formed by the section of a cone 
 when the cutting plane makes a 
 greater angle with the base than the 
 side of the cone makes. 
 
 hyperbole (hl-per'bo-le) , n. a figure 
 of speech which expresses more or 
 less than the truth. 
 
 hyperborean (hl-per-bo're-an), adj. 
 arctic. 
 
 hyphen (hi'fen), ft. a mark (-) joining 
 two words or syllables: v.t. to join 
 by such a mark. 
 
 hypnal (hip'nal), n. a coal-tar product 
 in the form of a white_ insoluble 
 powder, used as a hypnotic. 
 
 hypno, a Greek prefix meaning sleep, as 
 hypnosis, a hypnotic state or trance. 
 
 hypnosis (hip-no'sis), n. pertaining 
 to, or producing, hypnotism. 
 
 hypnotic ( hip-not 'ik), adj. producing 
 sleep: n. any drug or medical 
 treatment that produces sleep. 
 
 hypnotism (hip'no-tizm), n. a meth- 
 od of inducing a trance-like sleep: 
 a method of medical treatmesrt, by 
 hypnotism. _ 
 
 hypnotize (hip'no-tiz),_ri. to produce, 
 or subject to, hypnotism. 
 
 hypo, hyp, a Greek prefix meaning 
 under, beneath. 
 
 hypoblast (hl'po-blast), ft. the under 
 layer of the blastoderm. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, ffien. 
 
HYPOCHONDRIA 
 
 250 
 
 HYSTEROTOMY 
 
 hypochondria (hip-o-kon'dri-a) , n. 
 a disease attended with extreme 
 melancholy, and anxiety respecting 
 one's state of health. Also hypo- 
 chondriasis. 
 
 hypocrisy (hi-pok'ri-si) , n. a feigning 
 to be what one is not; dissimulation; 
 false profession. 
 
 hypocrite (hip'o-krit) , n. one who 
 practices hypocrisy; a dissimulator. 
 
 hypodermic (hl-po-der'mik), adj. in- 
 serted under the skin: n. a medicine 
 thus injected. 
 
 hypogastric (hl-po-gas'trik) , adj. per- 
 taining to the hypogastrium. 
 
 hypogastrium (hl-pd-gas'tri-um), n. 
 [pi. hypogastria (hl-po-gas'tri-a) ], 
 the middle part of the lower region 
 of the abdomen. 
 
 hypostrophe (hip-os'tro-f e) , n. a turn- 
 ing about ; a return. 
 
 hypotaxis (hip-o-taks'is) , n. in syntax, 
 the subordination of one sentence to 
 another, the first then becoming a 
 clause. Opposed to parataxis. 
 
 hypotenuse (hi-pot'e-nus) , n. the side 
 of a right-angled triangle opposite 
 the right angle. Also hypothe- 
 nuse. 
 
 hypothesis (hl-poth'e-sis) , n. [pi. hy- 
 potheses (hl-poth'e-sez)], something 
 
 assumed for the purpose of argument ; 
 a theory to explain some fact which 
 may or may not prove to be true; 
 supposition; conjecture. 
 
 hypothetic (hi-po-thet'ik), adj. based 
 on hypothesis; conjectural. Also 
 hypothetical. 
 
 hypsi, a Greek prefix meaning high, 
 exceptionally high, as hypsibr&chy- 
 cephalic : adj. having a high broad 
 skull, as certain races. Also hypso. 
 
 hypsosis (hip-so 'sis), n. the elevation 
 of the Host or of the Cross. 
 
 hyson (hi 'son), n. a Chinese green 
 tea. 
 
 hyssop (his'up), n. an aromatic plant 
 with blue flowers; an unidentified 
 plant mentioned in the Bible. 
 
 hysteria (his-te'ri-a), n. a nervous af- 
 fection, mainly of women, character- 
 ized by choking sensations, parox- 
 ysms of laughter or weeping, and 
 frequently simulating other dis- 
 eases. 
 
 hysterical (his-ter'i-kal) , adj. pertain- 
 ing to, or affected by, hysterics ; vio- 
 lently emotional. 
 
 hysterics (his-ter'iks) , n.pl. hysteria. 
 
 hysterotomy (his-ter-ot'o-mi), n. the 
 operation of cutting out, or into, the 
 womb. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
I 
 
 I. The ninth letter in the alphabet of 
 Western Europe. In the early 
 Greek it was in form a very narrow 
 upright Z. Later it was straightened 
 into its present form. The dot was 
 not placed over the minuscule or 
 small i before the fourteenth cen- 
 tury. 
 I (I), pron. [pi. we (we)], nom. case, 
 sing, of the pronoun of the first per- 
 son; the word by which the speaker 
 or writer denotes himself: n. in meta- 
 physics, the object of consciousness; 
 the ego. 
 Iambic (i-am'bik), adj. consisting of, 
 or employing, iambics: n. an iam- 
 bus, a satirical poem in iambic verse. 
 Iambus (i-am'bus), n. a metrical foot 
 consisting of two syllables, of which 
 the first is short and the second is 
 long («-), or, in accentual versi- 
 fication, a foot of two syllables, in 
 which the stress accent falls on the 
 second syllable ( « ' ) . Unrhymed 
 iambic lines of five feet each are 
 called blank verse; if rhymed, heroic 
 verse. 
 Ibex (I'beks), n. a genus of wild goats, 
 having very large recurved horns, 
 the best known species of which is 
 the Alpine steinbok or bouquetin. 
 ibis (I'bis), n. a genus of large wad- 
 ing birds, having a long, curved 
 beak, of which the most notable spe- 
 cies is the sacred Ibis of the ancient 
 Egyptians. 
 ice (Is), n. frozen water or other fluid; 
 a frozen confection, as ice-cream: 
 v.t. to convert into ice; freeze; pre- 
 serve in ice, cover with concreted 
 sugar; frost. 
 iceberg (is'berg), n. a large mass of 
 ice detached from a glacier, and 
 floating in the sea. 
 ichneumon (ik-nu'mun), n. an ani- 
 mal of the weasel kind, found in 
 Egypt, where it was anciently wor- 
 
 shipped; it tracks out and devours 
 the eggs of the crocodile. 
 ichnology (ik-nol'o-ji), n. that branch 
 of science which treats of fossil foot- 
 prints. 
 ichor (i'kor), n. in classical mythol- 
 ogy, the ethereal fluid which ran, in- 
 stead of blood, in the veins of the 
 gods; modern; a thin, watery, acrid 
 serum from an ulcer or wound. 
 ichthyo, a Greek prefix meaning a 
 fish, as ichthyolite, a fossil fish; the 
 impression of a fossil fish. Also 
 ichthy. 
 
 ichthyology (ik-thi-ol'6-ji), n. that 
 branch of zoology which treats of 
 fishes, their structure, classification, 
 &c. 
 
 Ichthyosaurus (ik'thi-o-saw'rus), n. 
 an extinct genus of huge fossil fish- 
 lizards. 
 
 ichthyosis (ik-thi-o'sis), n. a disease in 
 which the skin presents the form of 
 hard dry scales and plates as in a 
 fish. 
 
 icicle (I'si-kl), n. a pendent cone of 
 ice formed by the freezing of drip- 
 ping water. 
 
 icon (I'kon), n. [pi. icons (I'konz), 
 icones (I'kon-ez)], in the Greek 
 Church, a sacred image or picture. 
 Also eikon, ikon. 
 
 icono, a Greek prefix meaning image, 
 as iconoclasm, image breaking. 
 
 ictus (ik'tus), n. a blow or stroke; in 
 prosody and music, rhythmical or 
 metrical accent or stress. [Latin.] 
 
 icy ^ (I'si), adj. [comp. icier, superl. 
 iciest], pertaining to, or resembling, 
 or abounding in, ice; cold; chilling; 
 indifferent. 
 
 idea (I-de'a), n. a mental image or 
 picture; a conception of what ought 
 to be; an abstract principle; opin- 
 ion; belief; plan. 
 
 ideal (I-de'al), adj. existing in imagi- 
 nation only; visionary; conforming 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
IDEALIZE 
 
 252 
 
 IF 
 
 to a standard of perfection; per- 
 fect: n. a mental conception, or an 
 individual regarded as the standard 
 of perfection. 
 
 idealize (I-de'al-iz), v.t. to make ideal; 
 embody in an ideal form; represent 
 (natural objects) so as to show 
 their most important characteristics 
 only: v.i. to form ideals. 
 
 idealism (I-de'al-izm), n. in art, the 
 effort to realize, by elimination and 
 combination, the highest type of any 
 natural object; the doctrine that all 
 our knowledge of objects is a knowl- 
 edge of ideas. 
 
 ideality (l-de-al'i-ti), n. the quality of 
 being ideal; the faculty to form 
 ideals. 
 
 identical (i-den'ti-kal), adj. express- 
 ing sameness; differing in no essen- 
 tial point. 
 
 identify (I-den'ti-fl) , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 identified, p.pr. identifying], to make, 
 prove to be, or consider as, the 
 same. 
 
 identity (i-den'ti-ti), n. essential or 
 practical samene;*s. 
 
 ideograph (J'de-o-graf ) . n. a symbol, 
 figure, or hieroglyph, not naming 
 but suggesting the idea of an object. 
 Also ideogram. 
 
 ideography (i-de-og'ra-fi) , n. the di- 
 rect representation of ideas by sym- 
 bols. 
 
 ideology (I-de-ol'o-ji), n. the science of 
 ideas; the system of philosophy origi- 
 nated by Condillac, which derives 
 ideas exclusively from sensation. 
 
 ideomotion (I-de-o-mo'skun), n. un- 
 conscious muscular motion arising 
 from a dominant idea. 
 
 Ides (ldz), n.pl. in the ancient Roman 
 calendar, the 15th of March, May, 
 July, October, and the 13th of the 
 other months. 
 
 idio, a Greek prefix meaning one's own, 
 peculiar, as Olograph, a private or 
 trade mark. 
 
 Idiocy (id'i-o-si), n. the state of be- 
 ing an idiot; mental imbecility. 
 Also idiot cy. 
 
 idiom (id'i-um), n. a turn of expres- 
 sion peculiar to a language; the dis- 
 tinctive characteristics of a lan- 
 guage. 
 
 idiomatic (id'i-o-mat'ik), adj. pecu- 
 liar to a language; given to, or 
 
 marked by, the use of idioms. Also 
 idiomatical. 
 
 idiosyncrasy (id-i-o-sin'kra-si) , n. [pi. 
 idiosyncrasies (id-i-o-sin'kra-siz)], pe- 
 culiarity of constitution or tempera- 
 ment ; a characteristic peculiar to an 
 individual. 
 
 idiot (id'i-ot), n. one of weak intellect; 
 a foolish person. 
 
 idiotic (id-i-ot'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
 or like, an idiot; foolish, fatuous. 
 
 idle (i'dl), adj. empty; unoccupied; 
 unemployed; unused; useless; vain; 
 of no importance; irrelevant; averse 
 to labor; futile; lazy: v.i. to be in- 
 active or without employment: v.t. 
 to spend m idleness; waste (time): 
 usually with away. 
 
 idler (I'dler), n. one who idles; a lazy 
 person; one who has constant day 
 duty on board ship, and does not 
 keep_ night watch. 
 
 Ido (e'do), n. a universal language 
 claimed to have the virtues of Vola- 
 piik and Esperanto without their 
 faults. 
 
 idol ij'dol), n. an image of a divinity, 
 employed as an object of worship; a 
 person or thing loved to excess. 
 
 idolater (J-dol'a-ter) , n. an idol-wor- 
 shipper ; one who pays divine honors 
 to images, &c; one who loves a per- 
 son or thing to excess. 
 
 idolatrous (J-dol'a-trus) , adj. per- 
 taining to, or practicing, idolatry; 
 marked by undue reverence or 
 affection. 
 
 idolatry u-dol'a-tri), n. [pi. idolatries 
 (I-dol'a-triz)], the paying of Divine 
 honors to idols, images, or any creat- 
 ed object; the ascription of Divine 
 power to natural agencies; excessive 
 admiration, veneration, or love for 
 any person or thing. [Greek.] 
 
 idolize (J'dol-iz), v.t. to make an idol 
 of; love or admire to excess. 
 
 idyl (i'dil), n. a short, highly-wrought 
 pastoral poem; applied also to de- 
 scriptive and narrative _ poems _ of 
 greater length; a description of sim- 
 ple, rural, pastoral scenes. Also 
 idyll. [Greek.] 
 
 idyllic (i-dil'ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
 of the nature of, an idyl; pas- 
 toral. 
 
 if (if), conj. on the condition; sup- 
 posing that; whether; although. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
IGNEOUS 
 
 253 
 
 ILLUSTRATE 
 
 igneous (ig'ne-us), adj. pertaining to, 
 consisting of, or resembling fire, or 
 produced by fire. 
 
 ignis fatuus (ig'nis fat'u-us), n. a me- 
 teoric light seen to flit above the 
 ground in marshy places, &c; a mis- 
 leading influence. Popularly known 
 as Will-o'-the-wisp, Jack-o'-Lantern, 
 Corpse-candle. 
 
 ignite (ig-nit'), v.t. to set on fire; to 
 make incandescent with heat; sub- 
 ject to the action of intense heat: 
 v.i. to take fire; glow with heat. 
 
 ignition (ig-nish'un), n. the act of ig- 
 niting; the state of being ignited. 
 
 ignoble (ig-no'bl), adj. of low birth or 
 station; of mean character or qual- 
 ity ; of little value. _ 
 
 ignominious (ig-no-min'i-us) , m adj. 
 marked with ignominy or public dis- 
 grace ; shameful ; deserving disgrace ; 
 despicable. 
 
 ignominy (ig'no-min-i) , n. [pi. igno- 
 minies (ig'no-min-iz)], loss of one's 
 good name; public disgrace or dis- 
 honor; cause or source of dis- 
 grace. 
 
 ignoramus (ig-no-ra'mus) , n. an ig- 
 norant person, especially an igno- 
 rant pretender to knowledge. [Latin, 
 "We do not know."] 
 
 ignorance (ig'no-rans), n. the state of 
 being ignorant; want of knowledge. 
 
 ignorant (ig'no-rant), adj. destitute of 
 knowledge; uninstructed ; illiterate. 
 
 ignore (ig-nor'), v.t. to be ignorant 
 of; treat as unknown; disregard; 
 throw out as false or unsupported 
 by sufficient evidence: said of a 
 grand jury rejecting a bill. [Latin.] 
 
 il, a Latin prefix, another form of in 
 when followed by I, meaning not, as 
 271iterate, illegible. 
 
 ileum (ire-um), n. the lower part of 
 the small intestine. 
 
 Ilex (I'leks), n. a genus of evergreen 
 trees and shrubs represented by the 
 holly.. 
 
 ilium (il'i-um), n. the dorsal or up- 
 per part of the hip-bone. 
 
 ill (il), adj. [comp. worse, superl. 
 worst], bad or evil; contrary to 
 good ; causing or attended by evil or 
 suffering in a bad or disordered state 
 physically or morally; sick; dis- 
 eased; unfriendly; not proper; un- 
 skilful; vicious: n. evil; misfortune; 
 
 disease; harm; mischief: adv. not 
 well; not easily. 
 
 illapse (il-laps'). n. a gliding in or 
 into, especially a divine influx; in- 
 spiration. [Latin.] 
 
 illation (il-la'shun), n. an inference, 
 deduction, or conclusion. 
 
 illegal (il-le'gal), adj. not according 
 to law; unlawful. 
 
 illegality (il-le-gal'i-ti), n. the state 
 of being illegal; unlawfulness. 
 
 illegible (il-lej'i-bl), adj. difficult to 
 read or decipher. 
 
 illegitimate (il-le-jit'i-mat), v.t. to 
 render, prove or declare illegiti- 
 mate; to bastardize: adj. born out 
 of wedlock. 
 
 illiberal (il-lib'er-al), adj. not gener- 
 ous; niggardly; narrow minded. 
 
 illicit (il-lis'it), adj. not authorized or 
 allowed; unlicensed; unlawful. 
 
 illimitable (il-lim'it-a-bl), adj. im- 
 measurable; vast; infinite. 
 
 illision (il-lizh'un), n. the act of strik- 
 ing into or against. 
 
 illiteracy (il-lit'er-a-si), n. ignorance 
 of letters. 
 
 illness (il'nes), n. the condition of be- 
 ing ill; disease; sickness. 
 
 illogical (il-loj'i-kal), adj. contrary to 
 the rules of logic. 
 
 illude (il-lud'). v.t. to mock; deceive; 
 delude. 
 
 illuminate (il-lu'mi-nat) , v.t. to give 
 light to ; decorate with lights, in token 
 of rejoicing; enlighten; throw light 
 upon; make plain; elucidate; adorn, 
 as a manuscript, with miniature 
 pictures in colors and gold: v.i. to 
 display lights in token of rejoicing. 
 
 illumination (il-lu-mi-na'shun), n. 
 supply of light; the act of illuminat- 
 ing, or state of being illuminated, 
 especially the festive decoration of 
 houses or cities with lights; the art 
 of illumining books or manuscripts; 
 a design in an illuminated work; 
 intellectual light; inspiration. 
 
 illusion (il-lii'zhun), n. deceptive ap- 
 pearance; false show; hallucina- 
 tion. 
 
 illusive (il-lu'siv), adj. deceiving by il- 
 lusion; deceptive; illusory. 
 
 illusory (il-lu'so-ri), adj. causing illu- 
 sion; fallacious; deceptive. 
 
 illustrate (il-lus'trat and ilTus-trat) , 
 v.t. to make clear or intelligible,; ex- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ILLUSTRATION 
 
 254 
 
 IMMATURE 
 
 plain by examples; elucidate by- 
 means of pictures, &c. [Latin.] 
 
 illustration (il-lus-tra'shun), n. the 
 act of illustrating; the state of being 
 illustrated; that which illustrates; 
 a comparison or example which ex- 
 plains or corroborates; a picture 
 designed to elucidate the text. 
 
 illustrative (il-lus'tra-tiv), adj. tend- 
 ing to illustrate, elucidate, or exem- 
 plify. 
 
 illustrious (il-lus'tri-us) , adj. distin- 
 guished by greatness; eminent; re- 
 nowned; glorious; famous; honored. 
 
 !m, a Latin prejix representing in when 
 followed by o, w, or p. 
 
 image (im'aj), n. an imitation of any 
 person or thing; a statue, effigy, or 
 bust; an idol; a counterpart; like- 
 ness; a mental picture, conception, 
 or idea; an extended metaphor; the 
 figure of an object formed by rays 
 of light: v.t. to form, or reflect, an 
 image of; represent to the mental 
 vision; imagine. 
 
 imagery (im'aj-ri), n. [pi. imageries 
 (im'aj-riz)], representation by im- 
 ages; images collectively; figures in 
 discourse; forms of the fancy. 
 
 imaginable (im-aj'i-na-bl), adj. that 
 may be imagined or conceived. 
 
 imaginary (im-aj'i-na-ri), adj. exist- 
 ing only in imagination; unreal; Uto- 
 pian. 
 
 Imagination (im-aj-i-na'shun), n. the 
 image-forming power of the mind, or 
 the power of the mind which modi- 
 fies the conceptions, especially the 
 higher forms of this power exercised 
 in art and poetry, usually termed 
 the plastic or creative power; a con- 
 ception or idea; fancy; inven- 
 tion. 
 
 imaginative (im-aj'i-na-tiv), adj. pro- 
 ceeding from, exhibiting, or en- 
 dowed with, imagination; inventive; 
 fanciful. 
 
 imagine (im-aj'in), v.t. to form a men- 
 tal picture of; produce by the imagi- 
 nation ; conceive ; conjecture ; think ; 
 suppose: v.i. to form a mental image, 
 fancy; to surmise. 
 
 imbecile (im'be-sil), adj. without 
 strength, especially of mind; feeble- 
 minded; idiotic: n. one of feeble 
 mind. 
 
 imbecility (im-be-siri-ti) , n. [pi. imbe- 
 
 cilities (im-be-sil'i-tiz)], mental or 
 physical weakness. 
 
 imbibe (im-blb'), v.t. to drink in; ab- 
 sorb, as if by drinking; receive or 
 absorb into the mind: v.i. to drink; 
 absorb moisture. 
 
 imbricate (im'bri-kat) , v.t. to lay in 
 order, one lapping over another, like 
 tiles or shingles: v.i. to overlap seri- 
 ally: adj. bent and hollowed like a 
 gutter tile or pantile; overlapping 
 like tiles, as the scales of fishes, or 
 the leaf -buds of plants; decorated 
 with a pattern resembling lapping 
 tiles or scales. 
 
 imbroglio (im-bro'lyo) , n. a confused 
 mass of things; intricate and per- 
 plexing state of affairs; misunder- 
 standing; entanglement; strife; per- 
 plexity^ complicated plot. [Italian.] 
 
 imbrue (im-broo'), v.t. to wet or moist- 
 en; soak; drench, especially in 
 blood. 
 
 imbue (im-bu'), v.t. to cause to absorb; 
 tinge deeply; dye; to tincture deeply, 
 as the mind with certain principles. 
 
 imitate (im'i-tat), v.t. to produce a 
 semblance of, in form, color, quali- 
 ties, conduct, and the like; use as a 
 model or" pattern; to take example 
 by; to counterfeit; copy. 
 
 imitation (im-i-ta'shun) , n. the act of 
 imitating^ that which is produced 
 by imitating; the repetition of the 
 same melodic theme or phrase, either 
 in m a different key, or in another 
 voice or part: adj. made in imita- 
 tion; not genuine. 
 
 imitative (im'i-ta-tiv), adj. inclined to, 
 or aiming at, imitation; formed after 
 a model. 
 
 immaculate (im - mak'u - lat) , adj. 
 without blemish; unspotted; unde- 
 fined; pure. 
 
 immanent (im'ma-nent), adj. remain- 
 ing within; inherent. 
 
 Immanuel (im-man'u-el) , n. a name 
 given in prophecy of the coming 
 Messiah and applied to Christ as 
 the fulfilment of this prophecy. 
 [Hebrew, "God is with us."] 
 
 immaterial (im-ma-te'ri-al) , adj. not 
 consisting of matter; spiritual; dis- 
 embodied; unimportant. 
 
 immaterialism (im-ma-te'ri-al-izm) , 
 n. idealism; spiritualism. 
 
 immature (im-ma-tur') , adj. not ripe; 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, 
 
 merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
 north, not ; boon, book 
 
IMMATURITY 
 
 255 
 
 IMPACT 
 
 not fully grown or developed; not 
 finished or perfected ; crude. 
 
 immaturity (im-ma-tur'i-ti), n. un- 
 ripeness: incompleteness. 
 
 immeasurable (im-mezh'ur-a-bl), adj. 
 not to be measured; immense; limit- 
 less; vast. 
 
 immediate (im-me'di-at), adj. di- 
 rectly related without an interven- 
 ing medium; next; direct; approxi- 
 mate; instant. 
 
 immediately (im-me'di-at-li), adv. di- 
 rectly; proximately; instantly. 
 
 immemorial (im-me-mo'ri-al), adj. 
 extending beyond the reach of mem- 
 ory, record, or tradition: as imme- 
 morial usage or custom. 
 
 immense (im-mens'), adj. immeasur- 
 able; boundless; vast; very great or 
 large; very good or fine: n. infinite 
 space; immensity. 
 
 immensity (im-men'si-ti) , n. [pi. im- 
 mensities (im-men'si-tiz)],the char- 
 acter of being immense; immeasur- 
 ableness; infinite space; vastness in 
 extent or bulk. 
 
 immerge (im-merj'). v.t. to plunge 
 into or under anything, especially 
 a fluid; immerse: v.i. to disappear 
 by entering into any medium, as 
 the moon into the shadow of the 
 earth. 
 
 immerse (im-mers'),i>.£. to plunge into 
 or under anything, especially a 
 fluid; sink; dip; plunge into, as an 
 occupation; baptize by immersion. 
 
 immersion (im-mer'shun), n. the act 
 of immersing; the state^ of being 
 immersed; baptism by dipping the 
 whole person into water. 
 
 immigrant (im'i-grant), adj. pass- 
 ing or coming into, as a new habitat 
 or place of residence: n. one who, or 
 that which, immigrates. 
 
 immigrate (im'i-grat), v.i. to come 
 into a new place of residence, es- 
 pecially to a country to settle 
 there. 
 
 imminence (im'i-nens), n. the condi- 
 tion of being imminent; nearness; 
 impending evil or danger. 
 
 imminent (im'i-nent), adj. threaten- 
 ing or about to fall or occur imme- 
 diately: said especially of misfor- 
 tune or peril. 
 
 immobility (im-m5-biri-ti) , n. fixed- 
 ness in place or state. 
 
 immoderate (im-mod'er-at), adj. not 
 moderate, not confined to custom- 
 ary or just or reasonable limits; 
 extravagant; intemperate. 
 
 immodest (im-mod'est), adj. forward; 
 arrogant; wanting in the restraint 
 required by decency; indelicate; un- 
 chaste. 
 
 immodesty (im-mod'es-ti), n. want of 
 modesty, delicacy, or proper re- 
 serve ; arrogance^ unchastity. 
 
 immolate (im'q-lat), v.t. to kill as a 
 sacrificial victim; offer in sacrifice; 
 make a sacrifice of. 
 
 immoral (im-mor'al), adj. contrary 
 to the moral law, or to the public 
 good; vicious; dissolute; dishonest; 
 unprincipled^ 
 
 immorality (im-mq-ral'i-ti), n. the 
 quality of being immoral; an im- 
 moral act or practice. 
 
 immortal (im-mor'tal), adj. not mor- 
 tal or subject to death; imperishable; 
 ever-living: n. one who is immor- 
 tal: pi. the gods of classical my- 
 thology. 
 
 immortality (im-mor-tal'i-ti) , n. ex- 
 emption from death or oblivion; un- 
 ending existence. 
 
 immortalize (im-mor'tal-iz), v.t. to 
 render immortal; bestow lasting 
 fame upon. 
 
 immovable (im-moov'a-bl), adj. in- 
 capable of being moved; fixed; stead- 
 fast; unchanging; unfeeling: n.pl. 
 land, or things fixed to, or running 
 with, land, as trees, buildings. 
 
 immune (im-mun'), adj. exempt, as 
 from a disease: n. one who is ex- 
 empt from any particular disease 
 by reason of having had it. 
 
 immunity (im-mun'i-ti) , n. [pi. im- 
 munities (im-mun'i-tiz)], exemption 
 from any duty, office, or tax; free- 
 dom from natural or usual liability; 
 special privilege (usually in pi.). 
 
 immure (im-mur'), v.t. to enclose 
 within walls ; shut up in prison ; con- 
 fine. 
 
 immutable (im-mut'a-bl), adj. un- 
 changeable ; invariable ; unaltera- 
 ble; permanent. 
 
 imp (imp), n. an offshoot or graft from 
 a tree; a young, little, or inferior 
 devil; a hobgoblin; sprite; a pert or 
 mischievous child. 
 
 impact (im'pakt), n. collision. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
IMPAIR 
 
 256 
 
 IMPERFECTION 
 
 impair (im-par'), v.t. to make worse; 
 lessen in quantity, value, excellence, 
 or strength: v.i. to become worse; 
 deteriorate. 
 
 impale (im-pal '),*>•£. to fix on a stake; 
 put to death by transfixing on a 
 sharp upright stake; surround with, 
 or as with, a paling or palisade; in 
 heraldry, to join (two coats of 
 arms) on one shield, palewise. 
 
 impalpable (im-pal'pa-bl), adj. not 
 to be perceived by the touch; not 
 material; incorporeal; not (readily) 
 apprehensible by the mind; intangi- 
 ble; unreal. 
 
 impanel (im-pan'el), v.t. to enter the 
 names of (jurors) on a piece of 
 parchment called a panel; summon 
 to serve on a jury; draw from the 
 panel and swear in. [Latin.] 
 
 imparity (im-par'i-ti), n. inequality; 
 disproportion; difference of degree, 
 rank, excellence, number, quantity, 
 &c; want of correspondence. 
 
 impart (im-parf), v.t. to bestow a 
 share or portion of; give; to com- 
 municate knowledge of; make 
 known: v.i. to give a share. 
 
 impartial (im-par'shal) , adj. free from 
 partiality; equitable; fair; just; 
 unprejudiced. 
 
 impartiality (im-par-shi-al'i-ti) , n. 
 freedom from bias; fairness. 
 
 impartible (im-par'ti-bl) , adj. cap- 
 able of being imparted or communi- 
 cated; indivisible. 
 
 impassable (im-pas'a-bl) : adj. not to 
 be passed; not admitting passage; 
 impervious. 
 
 impassioned (im-pash'und), p.adj. 
 moved to strong feeling; animated; 
 excited. 
 
 impassive (im-pas'iv), adj. apathetic; 
 unmoved. 
 
 impatience (im-pa'shens) , n. the state 
 of being impatient. 
 
 impatient (im-pa/shent) , adj. in- 
 tolerant of pain, delay, opposition, 
 control, or circumstances; exhibit- 
 ing or expressing impatience (with 
 at); eager (with for). 
 
 impawn (im-pawn'), v.t. to put in 
 pawn; deposit as security; 
 pledge. 
 
 impeach (im-pech'), v.t. to call in 
 question; accuse before a tribunal 
 of official misconduct; challenge the 
 
 credibility or validity of: as a wit- 
 ness or a document. 
 
 impeachment (im-pech'ment) , n. the 
 arraignment of a public officer for 
 malfeasance in office; a discrediting 
 or calling in question. 
 
 impeccable (im-pek'a-bl) , adj. not 
 liable to sin; faultless. 
 
 impecunious (im-pe-ku'ni-us) , adj. 
 without money; poor. 
 
 impede (im-ped'), v.t. to obstruct; hin- 
 der. 
 
 impediment (im-ped'i-ment) , n. that 
 which impedes progress or activity; 
 obstruction; obstacle; hindrance. 
 
 impedimenta (im-ped-i-men'ta) , n.pl. 
 encumbrances; traveling equipage; 
 baggage, especially military bag- 
 gage; military supplies. 
 
 impel (im-pel')., v.t. [p.t. & p.p. im- 
 pelled, p.pr. impelling], to drive or 
 urge forward or on; constrain to 
 any kind of motion or action. 
 
 impend (im-pend'), v.i. to hang over; 
 be ready to fall; be at hand. 
 
 impending (im-pend'ing) , p.adj. over- 
 hanging; suspended so as to menace; 
 close at hand. 
 
 impenetrable (im-pen'e-tra-bl) , adj. 
 not penetrable; not admitting en- 
 trance; having the property of being 
 impenetrable ; impervious. 
 
 impenitence (im-pen'i-tens) , n. the 
 state of being impenitent; hardness 
 of heart ; stubborn wickedness. Also 
 impenitency. 
 
 impenitent (im-pen'i-tent) , adj. not 
 contrite; finally negligent of the 
 duty of repentance; obdurate: n. 
 one who finally neglects the duty of 
 repentance; a hardened sinner. 
 
 imperative (im-per'a-tiv) , adj. ex- 
 pressing command; peremptory; ob- 
 ligatory: n. that mood of a verb that 
 expresses command, entreaty, or 
 exhortation. 
 
 imperceptible (im-per-sep'ti-bl), adj. 
 that cannot be immediately per- 
 ceived by the senses, or easily ap- 
 prehended by the mind. 
 
 imperfect (im-per'f ekt) , adj. wanting 
 in completeness, correctness, or ex- 
 cellence; wanting in some organ es- 
 sential to normal activity; incom- 
 plete; defective; faulty. 
 
 imperfection (im-per-f ek'shun) , n. 
 incompleteness; faultiness; a defect 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book : 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
IMPERIAL 
 
 257 
 
 IMPLORE 
 
 or blemish, physical, mental, or 
 moral; failing. 
 
 imperial (im-pe'ri-al) , adj. pertaining 
 to an empire or emperor; fit or suit- 
 able for one who wields supreme au- 
 thority; of superior size or excel- 
 lence; royal; sovereign: n. a size of 
 paper, 30 in. x 22 in.; a tuft of 
 hair left unshaven on the lower lip 
 and chin (so called from Napoleon 
 III., who set this fashion). See 
 goatee. 
 
 imperialism (im-pe'ri-al-izm), n. the 
 system of imperial government; the 
 policy of imperial federation ; policy 
 of territorial expansion. 
 
 imperil (im-per'il), v.t. to put in peril; 
 endanger; jeopardize. 
 
 imperious (im-pe'ri-us), adj. domi- 
 neering, dictatorial, overbearing; ur- 
 gent; imperative. 
 
 imperishable (im-per'ish-a-bl) , adj. 
 indestructible; not subject to decay; 
 permanently enduring. 
 
 impermeable (im-per'me-a-bl) , adj. 
 not permitting passage, as of a fluid, 
 through its substance; impervious; 
 impenetrable. 
 
 impersonal (im-per'sun-al) , adj. want- 
 ing personality or conscious indi- 
 viduality; not referring to a par- 
 ticular person: n. an impersonal 
 verb. 
 
 impersonality (im-per-sun-al'i-ti) , n. 
 absence of personality. 
 
 impersonal verb (verb), n. a verb 
 used without a personal subject, or 
 (in English) with only the imper- 
 sonal it. 
 
 impersonate (im-per'sun-at) , v.t. to 
 invest with personality ; embody as a 
 person; represent as a personality; 
 to represent the person or character 
 of, especially on the stage. 
 
 impertinence (im-per'tin-ens) , n. that 
 which is impertinent or irrelevant, 
 as in speech or manners; a thing of 
 no value ; # a trifle; forwardness; 
 rudeness; in law, matter which is 
 immaterial in substance. 
 
 impertinent (im-per'tin-ent) , adj. 
 not pertinent; of no relation to the 
 matter in hand ; rude; saucy. 
 
 imperturbable (im-per-ter'ba-bl), adj. 
 not easily disturbed, agitated, or 
 disconcerted; self-contained, cool, 
 calm. 
 
 impervious (im-per'vi-us), adj. not to 
 be passed through or penetrated ; im- 
 penetrable; not permitting passage, 
 as of a fluid, through its substance. 
 
 impetuosity (im-pet-Q-os'i-ti) , n. ve- 
 hemence; violence; force. [Latin.] 
 
 impetuous (im-pet'u-us), adj. rush- 
 ing with force and violence; vehe- 
 ment in feeling; acting with sudden 
 energy; precipitate. 
 
 impetus (im'pe-tus), n. the force with 
 which any body is driven or im- 
 pelled; impulse; impulsion; mo- 
 mentum. [Latin.] 
 
 impiety _ (im-pi'i-ti), n. [pi. impieties 
 (im-pi'i-tiz) ], want of piety; disre- 
 gard of the Supreme Being; ungodli- 
 ness; an act of irreverence or wicked- 
 ness; violation of natural duty tow- 
 ards others, as disobedience to 
 parents. m [Latin.] 
 
 impinge (im-pinj'), v.i. strike or dash; 
 clash; come in collision (with on, 
 upon, or against). 
 
 impious (im 'pi-us), adj. irreligious; 
 wicked; profane. 
 
 impish (imp'ish), adj. having the mis- 
 chievous character of an imp. 
 
 implacable (im-pla/ka-bl) , adj. not to 
 be pacified or appeased; constant 
 in anger or enmity; relentless. 
 
 implant (im-planf), v.t. to infix for 
 growth; cause to take root; in- 
 graft. 
 
 implead (im-pled'), v.t. to sue or pros- 
 ecute; accuse; impeach. 
 
 implement (im'ple-ment), n. that 
 which supplies a want, or is a requi- 
 site to an end, especially an instru- 
 ment, tool, or utensil. [Latin.] 
 
 implemental (im-ple-men'tal), adj. 
 pertaining to, or characterized by, 
 the use of implements. 
 
 implicate (im'pli-kat), v.t. to infold; 
 involve, entangle; bring into con- 
 nection with. [Latin.] 
 
 implication (im-pli-ka shun) , # n. en- 
 tanglement; that which is implied; 
 an inference not # expressed but un- 
 derstood; deduction. 
 
 implicit (im-plis'it) : adj. implied; rest- 
 ing on implication or inference; 
 trusting in the word or authority of 
 another; submissive; blind; tacit; 
 unreserved. 
 
 implore (im-plor'), v.t to entreat (a. 
 person or for a thing) earnestly, 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
IMPLY 
 
 258 
 
 IMPOVERISH 
 
 humbly and importunately: v.i. to 
 beg; cry; supplicate. 
 
 imply (im-pli') v.t. [p.t. & p.p. im- 
 plied, p.pr. implying], to contain by 
 implication; mean or signify by fair 
 inference; express indirectly; in- 
 sinuate; tactless. 
 
 impolite (im-po-llf) , , adj . wanting in 
 good manners; boorish; coarse. 
 
 impoliteness (im-po-llt'nes) , n. inci- 
 vility; rudeness. 
 
 impolitic (im-pol'i-tik) , adj. contrary 
 to good policy; unwise; injudicious; 
 indiscreet. 
 
 imponderable (im-pon'der-a-bl) , adj. 
 not capable of being weighed; hav- 
 ing no (sensible) weight: n. a term 
 applied to the hypothetical universal 
 medium, ether. [Latin.] 
 
 imporous (im-po'rus), adj. without 
 pores; solid. 
 
 import (im-porf), v.t. to bring into a 
 country from abroad: opposed to ex- 
 port; bring in from without, as ir- 
 relevant matter into a discussion; 
 bear in meaning; imply; signify; 
 betoken; be of interest or conse- 
 quence to; concern: v.i. to be of 
 moment: n. (im'pSrt) merchandise 
 brought into a country from abroad 
 (usually in pi.); meaning; purport; 
 significance ; importance. 
 
 importance (im-por'tans), n. the 
 quality of being important; high 
 place in public estimation; high self- 
 esteem. 
 
 important (im-por'tant) , adj. of much 
 import or significance; momentous; 
 bearing weight or consequence; of 
 high standing; pompous. 
 
 importation (im-por-ta'shun), n. the 
 act or practice of bringing mer- 
 chandise into a country from abroad ; 
 that which is imported; one who, 
 or that which, is recently intro- 
 duced. 
 
 importunate (im-por'tu-nat), adj. 
 persistent; unreasonable or trouble- 
 some in solicitation; not to be re- 
 pulsed; urgent. 
 
 importune (im-por-tun')., v.t. to ha- 
 rass with perpetual petitions or de- 
 mands: v.i. to beg persistently or 
 urgently. 
 
 importunity (im-p6r-tu'ni-ti) , n. [pi. 
 importunities (im-por-tu'ni-tiz)], per- 
 
 sistent solicitation or demand; inces- 
 sant insistence; urgency. 
 
 impose (im-poz'), v.t. to place upon: 
 as, to impose the hands in confirma- 
 tion or ordination; lay upon, as a 
 burden, punishment, or charge; to 
 palm off; lay (pages of type) on 
 an imposing-stone or the bed of a 
 press, and secure them in a chase: 
 v.i. to place a burden or tax; prac- 
 tice deception (with upon). 
 
 imposing (im-poz'ing), p.adj. adapted 
 to impress; commanding; stately; 
 grand; impressive: n. in printing, 
 the arrangement of pages or columns 
 into forms. 
 
 imposition (im-po-zish'un) , n. a lay- 
 ing upon, especially of hands in or- 
 dination or confirmation; the fixing 
 of a meaning upon the terms of a 
 proposition; that which is imposed, 
 levied, or enjoined; a trick, fraud, or 
 deception; a duty formerly imposed 
 at the pleasure of the British 
 king on imports and exports with- 
 out consent of Parliament. See im- 
 post. 
 
 impossible (im-pos'i-bl) , _ adj. that 
 cannot be done; inconceivable. 
 
 impost (im'post), n. that which is im- 
 posed or levied; a tax, tribute, or 
 duty, especially a customs-duty lev- 
 ied by government on imports; the 
 top member of a pillar on which the 
 arch rests. 
 
 impostor (im-pos'ter), n. one who im- 
 poses upon others by an assumed 
 character or false pretensions. 
 
 imposture (im-pos'tur), n. deception, 
 especially that which is practiced 
 under an assumed character or by 
 false pretensions. 
 
 impotence (im'po-tens) , n. the state 
 of being impotent in body or mind; 
 feebleness; want of capacity; de- 
 ficiency of means to achieve an end. 
 
 impotent (im'po-tent) , adj. wanting 
 in physical, intellectual, or moral 
 power; weak; deficient in capacity; 
 unable to beget; lacking self-re- 
 straint. 
 
 impound (im-pound'), v.t. to shut up 
 in a pound or pen, as stray cattle; 
 confine; hold in the custody of a 
 court. 
 
 impoverish (im-pov'er-ish), v.t. to 
 make poor; reduce to poverty; 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
 i 
 
IMPRACTICABLE 
 
 259 
 
 IMPROVISE 
 
 cause to deteriorate in quality or 
 productiveness. 
 
 impracticable (im-prak'ti-ka-bl), adj. 
 not to be effected by the means cm- 
 ployed, or at command; not easily 
 dealt with; unmanageable; impossi- 
 ble; intractable. 
 
 imprecate (im'pre-kat) , v.t. to invoke, 
 especially an evil or curse, upon; 
 curse; wish evil to. [Latin.] 
 
 impregnable (im-preg'na-bl), adj. not 
 to be captured, as a fortress; not to 
 be overcome, as virtue. 
 
 impregnate (im-preg'nat), v.t. _ to 
 make pregnant; fecundate; fertilize; 
 infuse an active principle, or the par- 
 ticles of another substance, into; 
 imbue; saturate. 
 
 impresario (im-pra-sa're-o) , n. the 
 manager of an opera or concert 
 company; one who engages singers 
 and brings them before the public. 
 
 impress (im-pres'), v.t. to mark, 
 stamp, or print by pressure; to af- 
 fect forcibly, or stamp deeply on, 
 the mind; to imprint; inculcate; 
 compel to enter the public service as 
 soldiers or sailors, especially to 
 carry off forcibly to serve in the navy ; 
 seize for the public service, as money 
 or provisions: n. (im'pres) a mark 
 made by pressure ; an image or fig- 
 ure; a mark of distinction; char- 
 acteristic; stamp; an impression or 
 image fixed in the mind. [Latin.] 
 
 impression (im-presh'un), n. the mark 
 made by a stamp or mold: style or 
 character formed by external force 
 or influence; an image in the mind 
 caused by something external to it; 
 the immediate effect produced upon 
 the mind by a sensation, passion, 
 or emotion; an indistinct or vague 
 notion, remembrance, or belief; a 
 copy taken by pressure from type; 
 number of copies printed at once; 
 an edition. 
 
 impressive (im-pres'iv), adj. capable 
 of making impression. 
 
 imprimatur (im-pri-ma/ter) , n. li- 
 cense to print; hence, license or ap- 
 proval in general; sanction. [Latin.] 
 
 imprimis (im-pri'mis), adv. in the 
 first place: a word introducing the 
 first of a series of particulars in 
 an enumeration. [Latin.] 
 
 imprint (im-print'), v.t. to mark by 
 
 pressure; to stamp, as letters and 
 words on paper, by means of inked 
 types; print; impress deeply, as on 
 the mind or memory: n. (im'print) 
 an impression, impress, or mark left 
 by something; the publisher's or 
 printer's name, usually with time 
 and place of issue, on the title-page 
 or at the end of a book or other pub- 
 lication. [Old French.] 
 
 imprison (im-priz'n), v.t. to put into 
 a prison; detain in custody; re- 
 strain or confine in any way; in- 
 carcerate. 
 
 imprisonment (im-priz'n-ment), n. 
 state of being shut in, or as in, prison ; 
 confinement. 
 
 improbability (im-prob-a-bil'i-ti), n. 
 [pi. improbabilities (im-prob-a-bil'i- 
 tiz)], unlikelihood; an improbable 
 event. 
 
 improbable (im-prob'a-bl), adj. un- 
 likely ; not to be expected. 
 
 improbity (im-pro'bi-ti), n. want of 
 probity or rectitude; dishonesty. 
 
 impromptu (im-promp'tu), adv. with- 
 out preparation; offhand; extem- 
 pore: adj. extemporaneous; thrown 
 off on the spur of the moment: n. 
 an extemporaneous speech. [Latin.] 
 
 improper (im-prop'er), adj. not well 
 adapted or suited to the purpose; 
 not according to nature, usage, &c; 
 erroneous; unseemly. 
 
 impropriety (im-pro-prl'e-ti), n. [pi. 
 improprieties (im-pro-pri'e-tiz)], the 
 quality of being improper ; unsuitable- 
 ness; that which is improper in act, 
 expression, &c._ 
 
 improve (im-proov'), v.t. to make bet- 
 ter; turn to accpunt; intensify: v.i. 
 to grow better. 
 
 improvement (im-proov'ment), n. 
 advancement of anything from good 
 to better; profitable use or applica- 
 tion of anything; that by which 
 the value of anything, especially 
 property, is advanced: -pi. better- 
 ments. 
 
 improvidence (im - prov ' i - dens), n. 
 want of foresight or thrift. 
 
 improvident (im-prov'i-dent), adj. 
 lacking foresight or thrift; wanting 
 care to provide for the future; care- 
 less. 
 
 improvise (im-pro-viz'), v.t. to com- 
 pose extemporaneously, especially 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 17 hue. hut ; think, then. 
 
IMPRUDENCE 
 
 260 
 
 INASMUCH 
 
 verse or music; bring about on a 
 sudden, or without previous prepa- 
 ration; devise on the spur of the 
 moment, or for a special occasion: 
 v.i. to compose extemporaneously; 
 do a thing in an offhand way. 
 
 imprudence (im-proo'dens) , n. want 
 of prudence; carelessness of conse- 
 quences; inattention to one's in- 
 terest. [Latin.] 
 
 imprudent (im-proo'dent), adj. want- 
 ing prudence; not attentive to con- 
 sequences or interest; indiscreet; in- 
 judicious. 
 
 impudence (im'pu-dens) , n. want of 
 modesty; shamelessness ; rudeness; 
 forwardness. [Latin.] 
 
 impudent (im'pti-dent), adj. shame- 
 less; immodest; offensively forward; 
 intentionally disrespectful. 
 
 impugn (im-pun'), v.t. to attack by 
 arguments; contradict; gainsay. 
 
 impulse (im'puls), n. force communi- 
 cated suddenly; the result of an im- 
 pelling force; a mental force directly 
 urging to action^ a sudden deter- 
 mination not arising from reflec- 
 tion. 
 
 impulsion (im-pul'shun) , n. the act of 
 impelling; the state of being im- 
 pelled; instigation. 
 
 impulsive (im-pul'siv) , adj. having the 
 power of impelling; actuated by : or 
 resulting from, impulse; passion- 
 ate; acting by momentary impulse, 
 not continuously. 
 
 impunity (im-ptin'i-ti), n. freedom 
 from punishment, injury, or loss. 
 
 impure (im-pur'), adj. mixed with ex- 
 traneous matter; unchaste; unclean; 
 dirty; not accurate or idiomatic: 
 said of a language or style. 
 
 impurity (im-pur'i-ti), n. [pi. impuri- 
 ties _(im-pur'i-tiz)], uncleanness; a 
 physical or moral blemish. 
 
 imputation (im-pu-ta'shun) , n. the 
 act of imputing or charging; any- 
 thing imputed or charged, especially 
 in the way of discredit; censure; re- 
 proach; insinuation; the doctrine 
 that the sin of Adam is attributed to 
 his posterity, and the righteousness 
 of Christ to the believer. 
 
 impute (im-put'), v.t. to charge, at- 
 tribute, or ascribe, especially a fault ; 
 attribute (sin or righteousness) as 
 derived from another. 
 
 ■ in, a Latin prejix meaning in, within, 
 inside, not. 
 
 in (in), prep, or adv. in, within; after 
 verbs of motion, into. 
 
 inability (in-a-bil'i-ti), n. want of 
 power; incapacity. 
 
 inaccessible (in-ak-ses'i-bl), adj. not 
 to be obtained or approached. 
 
 inaccurate (in-ak'u-rat),, adj. sloven- 
 ly-minded; unsure; failing in pre- 
 cision. 
 
 inaction (in-ak'shun) , n. sluggishness; 
 failure to perform an act; slowness. 
 
 inadequate (in-ad'e-kwat), adj. un- 
 fit; incapable; insufficient. 
 
 inadmissible (in-ad-mis'si-bl), adj. 
 not to be allowed; not permis- 
 sible. 
 
 inadvertent (in-ad-ver'tent) , adj. in- 
 attentive; heedless; careless; uncon- 
 scious. 
 
 inalienable (in-al'yen-a-bl), adj. that 
 cannot, or should not, be alienated, 
 surrendered, or transferred to an- 
 other. 
 
 inamorata (in-a-mo-ra'ta) , n. a wom- 
 an with whom one is in love; sweet- 
 heart; mistress. [Italian.] 
 
 inane (in-an'), adj. empty; void; 
 senseless; silly; pointless; frivolous: 
 n. infinite void; space. [Latin.] 
 
 inanimate (in-an'i-mat) , adj. not ani- 
 mate, or animated; dead; spiritless; 
 lifeless. 
 
 inanity (in-an'i-ti), n. [pi. inanities 
 (in-an'i-tiz)], emptiness; mental vac- 
 uity; frivolity: pi. vanities. 
 
 inappreciable (in-a-pre'shi-a-bl) , adj. 
 not to be appreciated or estimated; 
 of no consequence. 
 
 inappropriate (in-a-pro'pri-at), adj. 
 unfit; not suitable. 
 
 inarch (in-arch'), v.t. to graft by 
 uniting (a scion) to a stock without 
 separating the scion from its parent 
 tree. 
 
 inarticulate (in-ar-tik'u-lat), adj. not 
 uttered with intelligible distinct- 
 ness; incapable of speech; not ar- 
 ticulated; not jointed, segmented, 
 or valved. 
 
 inartistic (in-ar-tis'tik), adj. contrary 
 to the laws or principles of art; un- 
 able to appreciate works of art. 
 
 inasmuch (m-az-much') , adv. in a like 
 degree; seeing that (with as) ; be- 
 cause. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
INATTENTIVE 
 
 261 
 
 INCIDENT 
 
 Inattentive (in-at-ten'tiv), adj. not 
 giving due heed; careless. 
 
 inaugurate (in-aw'gu-rat), v.t. to in- 
 duct into office with appropriate 
 ceremonies; invest with office in a 
 formal manner; consecrate; make a 
 formal beginning of; initiate, as a new 
 policy ; celebrate the first public use 
 of by an opening ceremony. [Latin.] 
 
 inauspicious (in-aw-spish'us), adj. ill- 
 omened; unlucky; unfavorable; un- 
 fortunate. 
 
 inbeing (in'be-ing), n. inherent exist- 
 ence; inherence; inseparableness.^ 
 
 inboard (in'bdrd), adv. and adj. with- 
 in the ship; not projecting over the 
 bulwarks. 
 
 inbond (in'bond), adj. a term applied 
 to a brick or stone laid lengthwise 
 across a wall. 
 
 inbreed (in-bred'), v.t. to breed or de- 
 velop within; breed from animals 
 closely related. 
 
 incalculable (in-kal'ku-la-bl) , adj. be- 
 yond calculation. 
 
 incalescent (in-kal-es'ent) , adj. in- 
 creasing in heat. [Latin.] 
 
 incandescent (in-kan-des'ent) , adj. 
 glowing; white with heat. [Latin.] 
 
 incantation (in-kan-ta/shun), n. a 
 magical charm said or sung; en- 
 chantment. 
 
 incapacitate (in-ka-pas'i-tat), v.t. to 
 deprive of capacity or natural pow- 
 er; render incapable or unfit; dis- 
 qualify; disable. [Latin.] 
 
 incapacity (in-ka-pas'i-ti), n. lack of 
 power, physical or mental; legal dis- 
 qualification. 
 
 incarcerate (in-kar'ser-at) , v.t. to im- 
 prison; confine. [Latin.] 
 
 incarceration (in-kar-ser-a/shun) , n. 
 imprisonment ; confinement ; con- 
 striction, as of a hernia. 
 
 incarnate (in-kar'nat) , v.t. to clothe 
 with flesh; embody in flesh: v. adj. 
 embodied in flesh; flesh-colored. 
 
 incarnation (in-kar-na'shun) , n. the 
 act of clothing with, or of assuming, 
 flesh; embodiment in human form; 
 a striking exemplification or personi- 
 fication; the assumption of human 
 nature by the Son of God; the pro- 
 cess by which a wound heals by 
 being filled with new flesh. [Latin.] 
 
 incase (in-kas'). v.t. to enclose in a 
 case. Also encase. 
 
 incast (in'kast), n. something thrown 
 in for "good measure" after a pur- 
 chase or bargain [Scotch]. In 
 Louisiana, an incast is called lag- 
 niappe (la-ni-yap'). 
 
 incautious (in-kaw'shus), adj. want- 
 ing in caution; unwary. 
 
 incendiary (in-sen'di-a-ri) , adj. m per- 
 taining to arson or the malicious 
 burning of property; tending to 
 excite passion or violence; inflam- 
 matory; seditious: n. one guilty of 
 arson; one who excites passion or 
 violence; a seditious agitator. 
 
 incense (in-sens'), v.t. to fire; in- 
 flame with anger; provoke; irritate; 
 (in'sens), perfume with incense: n. 
 any aromatic material which ex- 
 hales perfume when burned, especial- 
 ly olibanum, the frankincense of the 
 Jews, and also of the ancient Greeks 
 and Romans; any gratifying odor, 
 as of flowers; homage; odor of 
 spices and gums burned in religious 
 rites. [Latin.] 
 
 incentive (in-sen'tiv) , adj. inciting; 
 encouraging: n. incitement; en- 
 couragement; motive; spur; stimu- 
 lus. 
 
 inception (in-sep'shun), n. reception; 
 beginning; the formal qualification 
 of a master of arts, previous to tak- 
 ing his degree. [Latin.] 
 
 inceptive (in-sep'tiv), adj. beginning; 
 noting beginning: n. an inceptive 
 word or phrase. 
 
 incessant (in-ses'ant), adj. unceasing; 
 ceaseless; continuous. 
 
 incest (in'sest), n. sexual commerce 
 between persons related within the 
 prohibited "degrees of marriage. 
 
 inch (inch), n. l-12th of a foot; a 
 small quantity or degree; a critical 
 moment: v.t. to drive by small de- 
 grees; deal out sparingly: v.i. move 
 slowly. 
 
 inchoate (in'ko-at), adj. just begun; 
 incipient; elementary; incomplete. 
 
 inchoative (in-ko'a-tiv), adj. incip- 
 ient; rudimentary: n. an incep- 
 tive. 
 
 incidence (in'si-dens) , n. the direc- 
 tion in which a ray of light or heat 
 falls upon a surface. 
 
 incident (in'si : dent), adj, falling upon, 
 as a ray of light on a reflecting sur- 
 face; apt to occur; appertaining; 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
INCIDENTAL 
 
 262 
 
 INCOMPARABLE 
 
 occurring accidentally; casual; sub- 
 ordinate: n. occurrence; that which 
 happens beside the main design; 
 casualty; episode; event; accident. 
 
 Incidental (in-si-den'tal), adj. casual; 
 subordinate: n. something casual or 
 subordinate: pi. minor expenses. 
 
 incinerate (in-sin'er-at) , v.t. to burn 
 to ashes. 
 
 incipient (in-sip'i-ent), adj. beginning 
 to be or to appear; initial. 
 
 incise (in-slz'), v.t. to cut into; to cut 
 or gash; to engrave. 
 
 incision (in-sizh'un), n. a cut made 
 with a sharp instrument; notch. 
 
 incisive (in-sl'siv), adj. having the 
 quality of cutting into; sharp; 
 trenchant; pertaining to the incisor 
 teeth; incisorial: n. the incisive 
 edge or tooth of the mandible of a 
 beetle. [Latin.] 
 
 incitation (in-si-ta'shun) , n. the act 
 of impelling to action ; an attempt to 
 urge, encourage, or move. 
 
 incite (in-sit'). v.t. to move to action; 
 stir up; spur on; encourage; im- 
 pel. [Latin.] 
 
 incitement (in-sit'ment), n. an in- 
 citing cause; incentive; impulse; 
 encouragement. 
 
 incivility (in-si-viri-ti) , n. [pi. inci- 
 vilities (in-si-vil'i-tiz)], lack of civil- 
 ity or courtesy; impoliteness. 
 
 inclement (in-klem'ent), adj. not 
 clement ; unmerciful ; tempestuous. 
 
 inclination (in-cli-na/shun), n. a lean- 
 ing; deviation from usual direc- 
 tion or position; tendency of the 
 mind; disposition; a slope or de- 
 clivity; slant; propensity. 
 
 incline (in-klin'), v.i. to deviate from 
 the normal direction or position; 
 lean; bow; have a mental bent or 
 tendency; be disposed: v.t. to cause 
 to lean; direct; bow (as in rever- 
 ence or civility); give a tendency 
 to; turn; dispose: n. a slope; an in- 
 clined plane; gradient. 
 
 inclined (in-klind'), p. adj. having a 
 tendency; sloping; disposed; bent 
 into a convex curve. 
 
 inclose (in-kloz'), v.t. to shut in; en- 
 compass; surround; put into an 
 envelope; put into the same envel- 
 ope (with another letter); sepa- 
 rate from common lands by a fence. 
 
 Inclosure (in-klo'zhur) , n. the act of 
 
 inclosing, or state of being inclosed, 
 especially the act of separating 
 land from a common by a fence ; that 
 which is inclosed; that which in- 
 closes, as a fence ; something in- 
 closed with a letter in an envelope, 
 as a bill, check, &c. [Latin.] 
 
 include (in-klood'), v.t. to inclose; 
 hold as in an inclosure; confine 
 within something; comprise or com- 
 prehend, as a genus the species. 
 
 included (in-kloo'ded), p. adj. in- 
 closed; contained; not projecting 
 beyond the mouth of the corolla of 
 a flower. 
 
 inclusion (in-kloo'zhun), n. the act 
 of including; the state of being in- 
 cluded; that which is included. 
 
 inclusive (in-kloo'siv) , adj. inclosing; 
 including; comprehending the ex- 
 tremes in the sum, as from Monday 
 to Saturday inclusive, i.e., taking in 
 both Monday and Saturday. 
 
 incognito (in-kog'ni-to) , adj. un- 
 known or disguised: adv. in dis- 
 guise; under an assumed name. 
 
 incoherent (in-ko-he'rent), adj. with- 
 out cohesion; incongruous; incon- 
 secutive. 
 
 incohesion (in-ko-he'zhun) , n. want 
 of cohesion. 
 
 incombustible (in-kom-bus'ti-bl) , adj. 
 that cannot be consumed by fire: n. 
 an incombustible substance. 
 
 income (in'kum), n. the gain which 
 proceeds from labor, business, prop- 
 erty, or capital; annual receipts of 
 a person or corporation. 
 
 incommensurable (in-kom-men'su- 
 ra-bl), adj. having no common meas- 
 ure; having no common divisor 
 except unity: n. one of two (or more) 
 quantities that have no common 
 measure. 
 
 incommensurate (in - kom - men'sii- 
 rat) , adj. not admitting of a common 
 measure; incommensurable; not suf- 
 ficient in measure; inadequate. 
 
 incommode (in-kom-od'), v.t. to give 
 inconvenience or trouble to; dis- 
 turb. 
 
 incommunicable (in-kom-mu'ni-ka- 
 bl), adj. that cannot be communi- 
 cated or told. 
 
 incomparable (in-kom'pa-ra-bl) , adj. 
 not admitting of comparison; un- 
 equaled; transcendent; peerless. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book , 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
INCOMPATIBLE 
 
 263 
 
 INCORRECT 
 
 Incompatible (in-kom-pat'i-bl), adj. 
 incapable of harmonious subsistence 
 or combination; inconsistent; incon- 
 gruous; n.pl. persons or things ir- 
 reconcilably disagreeing with each 
 other. 
 
 incompetent (in-kom'pe-tent), adj. 
 wanting ability; inadequate; want- 
 ing qualification or fitness; incapaci- 
 tated; inadmissible. 
 
 incomplete (in-kom-plet'), adj. not 
 fully finished or developed; not hav- 
 ing all its parts; imperfect; defec- 
 tive. 
 
 incomprehensible (in-kom-pre-hen'- 
 si-bl), adj. illimitable; not to be un- 
 derstood or grasped by the mind ; in- 
 conceivable. 
 
 incompressible (in-kom-pres'i-bl) , 
 adj. incapable of being reduced in 
 volume by pressure; resisting pres- 
 sure. 
 
 inconceivable (in-kon-sev'a-bl) , adj. 
 incapable of being conceived or im- 
 agined; incredible. 
 
 inconcinnity (in-kon-sin'i-ti) , n. lack 
 of harmony; failure to agree. 
 
 inconclusive (in-kon-kloo/siv)^ adj. 
 leading to no conclusion in evidence 
 or argument; unconvincing; reach- 
 ing no definite result in action; inef- 
 fective; inefficient. 
 
 incondensible (in-kon-den'si-bl) , adj. 
 incapable of being made more dense 
 or compact, or of being reduced to 
 liquid form. 
 
 incongruity (in-kon-groo'i-ti), n. [pi. 
 incongruities (in-kon-groo'i-tiz)], 
 want of mutual fitness; unsuitable- 
 ness of one thing to another. 
 
 incongruous (in-kong'groo-us) , adj. 
 reciprocally disagreeing; unsuited to 
 one another; inharmonious; inap- 
 propriate. 
 
 inconsequent (in-kon'se-kwent) , adj. 
 not following from the premises; 
 illogical; out of proper relation; irrel- 
 evant. 
 
 Inconsiderable (in-kon-sid'er-a-bl) , 
 adj. not deserving consideration; 
 unimportant. 
 
 inconsiderate (in-kon-sid'er-at) , adj. 
 without consideration; thoughtless. 
 
 inconsistency (in-kon-sis'ten-si), n. 
 [pi. inconsistencies (in-kon-sis'ten- 
 siz)], the quality of being inconsist- 
 ent; incongruity. 
 
 inconsistent (in-kon-sis'tent), adj. 
 lacking coherence or agreement; dis- 
 crepant; lacking uniformity; self- 
 contradicting; incongruous. 
 
 inconsolable (in-kon-so'la-bl), adj. 
 not to be consoled or comforted. 
 
 inconspicuous (in-kon-spik'u-us) , 
 adj. not easily perceived; so small 
 as to escape notice; hardly dis- 
 cernible. 
 
 inconstancy (in-kon'stan-si), n. 
 changeableness. 
 
 inconstant (in-kon'stant), adj. sub- 
 ject to change; unstable; variable; 
 fickle; capricious. 
 
 incontestable (in-kon-test'a-bl), adj. 
 not admitting of question or dispute; 
 incontrovertible. 
 
 incontinent (in-kon'ti-nent), adj. un- 
 restrained; unchaste; n. an unchaste 
 person. 
 
 incontrovertible (in-kon-tro-ver'ti- 
 bl), adj. not admitting of contro- 
 versy; indisputable. 
 
 inconvenience (in-kon-ve'niens), n. 
 want of convenience; unfitness; 
 troublesomeness ; that which incom- 
 modes; disadvantage. Also incon- 
 veniency: v.t. to put to inconveni- 
 ence; incommode; annoy; molest. 
 
 inconvenient (in-kon-ve'nient), adj. 
 disadvantageous; inopportune; un- 
 fit; inexpedient. 
 
 inconvertible (in-kon-ver'ti-bl), adj. 
 incapable of being converted into, 
 or exchanged for, something 
 else. 
 
 Incorporate (in-kor'po-rat) , v.t. to 
 combine into one body; give a body 
 to; embody; unite; associate; unite 
 intimately; assimilate; blend; form 
 into a corporation recognized by 
 law: v.i. to unite with another body 
 so as to form a part of it; be mixed 
 or blended with: p. adj. incorpo- 
 rated ; united in one body. 
 
 incorporation (in-kor-po-ra'shun), n. 
 combination; assimilation; mixture; 
 formation of a body corporate; a 
 corporation. 
 
 incorporeal (in-kor-po're-al), adj. not 
 corporeal ; immaterial ; intangible, 
 and existing only in contemplation of 
 the law. 
 
 incorrect (in-kor-ekf) , adj. not ac- 
 cording to model or rule; faulty; 
 not according to fact; inaccurate; 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
INCORRIGIBLE 
 
 264 
 
 INDEFATIGABLE 
 
 not in accordance with morality or 
 good manners; improper. [Latin.] 
 
 Incorrigible (in-kor'ri-ji-bl), adj. bad; 
 beyond correction or amendment; 
 irreclaimable. 
 
 incorrupt (in-kor-upf) , adj. free from 
 physical or moral taint; unim- 
 paired, upright ; especially above the 
 influence of corruption or bribery; 
 honest. [Latin.] 
 
 incorruptible (in-kor-upt'ti-bl), adj. 
 incapable of physical corruption, de- 
 cay, or dissolution; not liable to 
 moral perversion or contamination; 
 especially incapable of being bribed. 
 
 incorruption (in-kor-up'shun), n. ex- 
 emption from corruption. 
 
 incrassation (in-kras-sa'shun), n. a 
 swelling or increase of bulk caused 
 by fat. [Latin.] 
 
 increase (in-kres'), v.i. to become 
 greater in any respect; augment; 
 multiply; grow; wax, as the moon: 
 v.t. to make greater in any respect; 
 enhance; aggravate; enlarge: n. 
 (in'kres), a growing larger; that 
 which is added to the original stock; 
 increment; produce; profit; issue; 
 offspring; a waxing, as of the moon. 
 
 incredible (in-kred'i-bl) , adj. surpass- 
 ing belief; hard to believe; unimagin- 
 able; inconceivable. 
 
 incredulity (in-kre-dii'li-ti) , n. the 
 quality of being incredulous; scep- 
 ticism; disbelief. 
 
 incredulous (in-kred'u-lus), adj. hard 
 of belief; sceptical; unbelieving. 
 
 increment (in'kre-ment), n. increase; 
 augmentation; produce. 
 
 incriminate (in-krim'i-nat), v.t. to 
 charge with a crime; criminate; ac- 
 cuse. 
 
 incrust (in-krust'), v.t. to cover with, 
 or as with, a crust; coat; overlay; 
 to inlay, as mosaic, so as to form 
 a decorative covering. Also encrust. 
 
 incubate (in'ku-bat), v.t. to sit upon 
 (eggs) to hatch them; hatch out: 
 v.i. to brood; in medicine, to go 
 through the stage of incubation. 
 
 incubator (in'ku-ba-ter), n. one who, 
 or that which, incubates; especially 
 an apparatus for hatching eggs arti- 
 ficially. 
 
 incubus (in'ku-bus), n. [pi. incubuses 
 (in'ku-bus-ez), incubi (in'ku-bi)], the 
 nightmare ; in the superstition of the 
 
 . Middle Ages, a demon believed to 
 cause nightmare, and the birth of de- 
 formed children; a heavy weight or 
 burden. See succubus. [Latin.] 
 
 inculcate (in-kul'kat), v.t. to impress 
 upon the mind by frequent admoni- 
 tions. 
 
 inculpate (in-kul'pat), v.t. to charge 
 with wrong-doing; to censure. 
 
 incumbency (in-kum'ben-si), n. [pi. 
 incumbencies (in-kum'ben-siz)], the 
 act or state of being incumbent ; full 
 possession and exercise of any office ; 
 state of holding a benefice. 
 
 incumbent (in-kum'bent), adj. lying 
 upon; imposed as a duty: n. the 
 holder of an office; a clergyman in 
 possession of a benefice. 
 
 incur (in-ker'),. v.t. [p.t. & p.p. in- 
 curred, p.pr. incurring], to become 
 liable to, by one's own action; con- 
 tract, as a debt. 
 
 incurable (in-kur'a-bl) , adj. incapable 
 of being cured; beyond the power of 
 skill or medicine; irremediable; in- 
 corrigible: n. a person diseased be- 
 yond cure. m [Latin.] 
 
 incursion (in-ker 'shun), n. an in- 
 road; raid; invasion. 
 
 incurvate (in-ker'vat), p. adj. bent in- 
 ward; curved. 
 
 indebted (in-det'ed), p.adj. being in 
 debt; lying under an obligation. 
 
 indecent (in-de'sent) , adj. violating 
 propriety in language, behavior, &c; 
 indelicate; obscene. [Latin.] 
 
 indecision (in-de-sizh'un), n. want of 
 decision^ a wavering of the mind; 
 irresolution. 
 
 indecisive (in-de-sl'siv) , adj. not bring- 
 ing to a decision or final issue; in- 
 conclusive. 
 
 indeclinable (in-de-kli'na-bl), adj. 
 that cannot be declined, or varied by 
 declension: n. a word that cannot 
 be declined. 
 
 indecorous (in-dek'o-rus), adj. vio- 
 lating decorum, or any accepted rule 
 of conduct. [Latin.] 
 
 indecorum (in-de-ko'rum), n. vio- 
 lation of decorum or propriety; 
 breach of etiquette or civility. 
 
 indeed (in-ded') , adv. in fact, in truth. 
 
 indefatigable (in-de-fat'i-ga-bl), adj. 
 not to be wearied out; not yielding 
 to fatigue; unremitting in labor or 
 effort. [Latin.] 
 
 ate, arm, 
 
 t, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
INDEFEASIBLE 
 
 265 
 
 INDIFFERENCE 
 
 Indefeasible (in-de-fe'zi-bl), adj. not 
 to be defeated or made void, as a 
 title. [Latin.] 
 
 indefensible (in-de-fen'si-bl), adj. that 
 cannot be defended, maintained, or 
 justified. 
 
 indefinable (in-de-fi'na-bl) , adj. that 
 cannot be defined. [Latin.] 
 
 indefinite (in-def'i-nit), adj. not de- 
 fined; not precise; vague; having 
 no particular limit; large beyond the 
 comprehension of man, though not 
 absolutely infinite ; too numerous or 
 variable to be easily counted. 
 
 indelible (in-del'i-bl), adj. not to be 
 blotted out, effaced, or obliterated. 
 
 indelicacy (in-del'i-ka-si) , n. [pi. in- 
 delicacies (in-del'i-ka-siz)], want of 
 delicacy; that which is offensive 
 to refined taste. [Latin.] 
 
 indelicate (in-del'i-kat), adj. offensive 
 to modesty or propriety; coarse; in- 
 decent. 
 
 indemnification (in-dem-ni-fi-ka'- 
 shun), n. the act of securing against 
 loss; reimbursement of loss. 
 
 indemnify (in-dem'ni-f I), y.t. [p.t. & 
 p.p. indemnified, p.pr. indemnify- 
 ing], to secure or insure against loss 
 or damage; reimburse. [Latin.] 
 
 indemnity (in-dem'ni-ti), n. [pi. in- 
 demnities (in-dem'ni-tiz)], security 
 against loss, damage, or punish- 
 ment; compensation for loss. 
 
 indent (in-dent'), v.t. to make a dent 
 or depression in; dent; cut into 
 points like teeth; notch; bind out 
 by indenture, as an apprentice: n. 
 a notch in the margin; a covenant. 
 
 indentation (in-den-ta'shun) , n. a 
 small hollow or depression, as from 
 a blow; a dent or dint; a notch or 
 recess in a margin. 
 
 indenture (in-den'tur) , n. a covenant 
 or deed, formerly in duplicate, with 
 the edges notched so as to corre- 
 spond: v.t. to bind by indenture, as 
 an apprentice. 
 
 independence (in-de-pend'ens) , n. 
 freedom from support or governance 
 by others; a competency; self-re- 
 liance. [Latin.] 
 
 independent (in-de-pen'dent), adj. 
 not dependent, supported by, or 
 governed by, another; having a 
 competency; not subject to bias or 
 influence; free; irrespective: n. one 
 
 who supports measures or men in- 
 dependently of any organized party. 
 
 indescribable (in-de-skrib'a-bl), adj. 
 that cannot be described. 
 
 indestructible (in-de-struk'ti-bl) , adj. 
 not to be destroyed. 
 
 indeterminate (in-de-ter'min-at), adj. 
 not determinate, settled, or fixed; 
 indefinite; not precise; having an 
 indefinite number of values or solu- 
 tions. 
 
 index (in'deks), n. [pi. indexes (in'- 
 deks-ez), indices (in'di-sez)]. that 
 which points out or indicates; an al- 
 phabetical table of the contents of a 
 book; the figure or letter which 
 shows the power or root of a quan- 
 tity; the exponent: v.t. provide with 
 an index. 
 
 Indian (in'di-an), adj. pertaining to 
 the Indies, East or West, or to the 
 aborigines of America. 
 
 Indian corn (korn), n. a native Amer- 
 ican plant, known as maize. 
 
 Indian-file (in'di-an-fil), n. single file. 
 
 Indian Summer (sum'er), n. sum- 
 mer-like weather, with calm and ab- 
 sence of rain, occurring in autumn. 
 
 india-rubber (in'di-a-rub'er), n. a 
 gummy substance imported from 
 Brazil and the Congo State and 
 hardened by chemical processes; the 
 product of the rubber tree; caout- 
 chouc. 
 
 indicant (in'di-kant) , adj. indicating: 
 n. that which points out a remedy 
 for a disease. 
 
 indicate (in'di-kat), v.t. to point out; 
 show; suggest; hint; point out, as 
 a remedy. 
 
 indication (in-di-ka'shun), n. the act 
 of indicating; that which indicates; 
 information; token; evidence; sign; 
 symptom. 
 
 indicative (in-dik'a-tiv) , adj. pointing 
 out; bringing to notice; noting that 
 mood of the verb which indicates, 
 predicates, or affirms: n. the indica- 
 tive mood. 
 
 indict (in-dit'), v.t. to charge with a 
 crime, by the presentment of a grand 
 jury. 
 
 indictment (m-dit ment), n. a writ- 
 ten accusation against a prisoner 
 presented by a grand jury to a court. 
 
 indifference (in-dif 'er-ens) , n. the 
 state of being indifferent; impartial- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
INDIFFERENT 
 
 266 
 
 INDO-EUROPEAN 
 
 ity; absence of preference or in- 
 terest ; unconcernedness ; unimpor- 
 tance; condition of being indifferent 
 in character or quality; medioc- 
 rity. 
 
 indifferent (in-dif'er-ent), adj. uncon- 
 cerned; unimportant; mediocre; re- 
 gardless. 
 
 indigence (in'di-jens), n. the state of 
 being indigent ; poverty ; want. Also 
 indigency. 
 
 indigenous (in-dij'e-nus), adj. born or 
 produced in a country; not exotic; 
 not imported; innate; inherent; 
 native. 
 
 indigent (in'di-jent), adj. destitute; 
 needy. 
 
 indigestible (in-di-jest'i-bl), adj. not 
 digestible, physically or mentally. 
 
 indigestion (in-di-jes'chun), n. diffi- 
 culty in digesting food ; dyspepsia. 
 
 indignant (in-dig'nant) , adj. affected 
 with indignation; inflamed with 
 mingled anger and disdain. 
 
 indignation (in-dig-na/shun), n. anger 
 at what is unworthy, unjust, dishon- 
 orable, or base; anger mingled with 
 contempt or disgust. 
 
 indignity (in-dig'ni-ti) , n. [pi. indig- 
 nities (in-dig'ni-tiz) ], an action in- 
 tended to lower the dignity of an- 
 other; insult. [Latin.] 
 
 indigo (in'di-go), n. a blue dye-stuff 
 obtained from the indigo plant by 
 decomposition of the glucoside in- 
 dican. In 1880, the German chemist, 
 Adolf Baeyer, produced it by syn- 
 thesis from coal tar. [Spanish, but 
 ultimately Greek.] 
 
 indirect (in-di-rekf), adj. not straight 
 or rectilinear; not directly result- 
 ing from a cause ; not reaching the 
 end aimed at by the most direct 
 method; not straightforward or 
 fair. 
 
 indiscreet (in-dis-kret'), adj. wanting 
 in discretion; imprudent. 
 
 indiscretion (in-dis-kresh'un), n. want 
 of discretion; imprudence; an im- 
 prudent act. 
 
 indiscriminate (in-dis-krim'i-nat) , 
 adj. undistinguishing; promiscuous. 
 
 indispensable (in-dis-pen'sa-bl) , adj. 
 that cannot be dispensed with; ab- 
 solutely necessary. [Latin.] 
 
 indispose (in-dis-poz'), v.t. to disin- 
 cline; unfit. [Latin.] 
 
 indisposed (in-dis-pozd') , adj. slight- 
 ly ill in health ; disinclined. 
 
 indisposition (in-dis-po-zish'un) , n. 
 slight illness; disinclination. 
 
 indisputable (in-dis-pu'ta-bl) , adj. 
 too evident to admit of dispute; un- 
 questionable. [Latin.] 
 
 indissoluble (in-dis'o-lii-bl) , adj. not 
 dissoluble or dissolvable. [Latin.] 
 
 indistinct (in-dis-tingkf), adj. not 
 distinct to the senses or the mind; 
 undefined; indefinite; confused. 
 
 indistinguishable (in-dis-ting'gwish- 
 a-bl), adj. incapable of being distin- 
 guished, discriminated, or perceived. 
 
 indite (in-dif), v.t. to compose; write. 
 
 indium (in'di-um), n. a rare metallic 
 element found in zinc-blende. 
 
 individual (in-di-vij'u-al), adj. exist- 
 ing as a single indivisible entity ; 
 pertaining to, or characteristic of, a 
 single person, or thing: n. a single 
 person, animal, or thing. [Latin.] 
 
 individualism (in-di-vij'u-al-izm), n. 
 the quality of being individual; a 
 social system in which each indi- 
 vidual works for himself alone; the 
 theory of government which dis- 
 countenances the interference of the 
 State in the affairs of the individual. 
 
 individuality (in-di-vij-u-al'i-ti) , n. 
 the condition of being individual; 
 separate or distinct existence; dis- 
 tinctive character. 
 
 individualize (in-di-vij'u-al-iz), v.t. to 
 invest with individuality ; distinguish. 
 
 individually (in-di-vij'ti-a-li), adv. sep- 
 arately; personally. 
 
 individuate (in-di-vij'u-at), v.t. to 
 mark as distinct. 
 
 indivisible (in-di-viz'i-bl), not separ- 
 able into parts: n. that which ia 
 indivisible; an element, infinitely 
 small, assumed to admit of no 
 further division. 
 
 Indo, a prefix meaning connected 
 with India, as Indo-Chinese, per- 
 taining to Indo-China. 
 
 indocile (in-dos'il), adj. unteach- 
 able; intractable. 
 
 indoctrinate (in-dok'tri-nat) , v.t. to 
 imbue with learning, principles, or 
 doctrines. 
 
 Indo-European (in-do-u-ro-pe'an), 
 adj. pertaining to the family of Aryan 
 (or Caucasian) languages extend- 
 ing from India over Europe but 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
INDOLENCE 
 
 267 
 
 INEQUALITY 
 
 excepting the Turkish, Hungarian, 
 Bohemian, Finnish, Polish, and Rus- 
 sian, which were called " Turanian " 
 or Ural-Altaic and also by other 
 names. 
 
 indolence (in'do-lens) , n. love of 
 ease; indisposition to labor; lazi- 
 ness; supineness. 
 
 indolent (in'dq-lent), adj. indulging 
 in ease; avoiding labor; lazy. 
 
 indomitable (in-dom'i-ta-bl) , adj. un- 
 tamable; irrepressible; invincible. 
 
 indoor (in'dor), adj. performed within 
 doors. 
 
 indorse (in-dors'). v.t. to write on the 
 back of, as a check, &c; sanction; 
 approve. Also endorse. [Latin.] 
 
 indorsement (in-dors'ment) , n. the 
 act of writing on the back of a check, 
 &c; that which is so written; ap- 
 proval; sanction. 
 
 indubitable (in-dti'bi-ta-bl) , adj. too 
 evident to be doubted; unquestion- 
 able. 
 
 induce (in-dus'), v.t. to lead on; in- 
 fluence; prevail upon; bring on; ef- 
 fect; cause; to infer by induction; 
 produce by magnetic or electric in- 
 duction. [Latin.] 
 
 inducement (in-dus'ment), n. that 
 which induces; motive; in pleading, 
 an introductory statement. 
 
 induct (in-dukt/), v.t. to introduce; 
 install into an office; put into pos- 
 session of a benefice. 
 
 induction (in-duk'shun) , n. the act of 
 inducting; the introduction of a 
 person into an office; the introduc- 
 tion of a clergyman into a benefice; 
 the process of discovering and prov- 
 ing general propositions from par- 
 ticular cases; a conclusion drawn 
 from a process of induction; elec- 
 trical or magnetic influence without 
 direct contact. [Latin.] 
 
 inductive (in-duk'tiv), adj. proceed- 
 ing by induction; producing induc- 
 tion; operating by induction; sus- 
 ceptible of being acted on by 
 induction. 
 
 indue (in-du'), v.t. to clothe or invest; 
 furnish; supply; endow. [Latin.] 
 
 indulge (in-dulj'), v.t. to be kind or 
 complaisant to; humor; give free 
 course to: v.i. to gratify one's self. 
 
 indulgence (in-dul'jens), n. forbear- 
 ance from restraint or control; per- 
 
 mission; license; excess; forbearance 
 of present payment ; toleration. 
 
 indulgent (in-dul'jent), adj. disposed 
 to indulge ; complaint ; showing favor ; 
 kind. 
 
 indurate (in'du-rat), v.i. to grow 
 hard: v.t. to make hard; render un- 
 feeling or obdurate. 
 
 industrial (in-dus' tri-al), adj. per- 
 taining to productive industry. 
 
 industrious (in-dus'tri-us), adj. char- 
 acterized by diligence or industry; 
 hard working. 
 
 industry (in'dus-tri), n. [pi. indus- 
 tries (in'dus-triz)], steady applica- 
 tion to business or labor; productive 
 labor; an industrial art; a particular 
 branch of work or trade. 
 
 inebriate (in-e'bri-at), v.t. to make 
 drunk; intoxicate; intoxicate men- 
 tally or emotionally: n. an habitual 
 drunkard. [Latin.] 
 
 inebriety (in-e-bri'e-ti), n. intoxica- 
 tion, especially habitual drunken- 
 ness. 
 
 ineffable (in-ef 'a-bl) , adj. unspeak- 
 ble; inexpressible; too sacred for 
 utterance. [Latin.] 
 
 ineffaceable (in-ef-fas'a-bl), adj. that 
 cannot be rubbed out. 
 
 ineffective (in-ef-ekt'iv), adj. not 
 producing the desired effect; in- 
 effectual. [Latin.] 
 
 ineffectual (in-e-f ek'tu-al) , adj. not 
 producing the desired effect; un- 
 availing. 
 
 inefficaey (in-ef 'i-ka-si), n. lack of 
 efficacy. 
 
 inefficiency (in-e-fish'en-si) , n. in- 
 competency. 
 
 inefficient (in-e-fish'ent) , adj. not 
 producing, or not capable of produc- 
 ing, the desired effect; incapable. 
 
 inelastic (in-e-las'tik), adj. lacking or 
 deficient in elasticity. 
 
 inelegance (in-el'e-gans) , n. [pi. inele- 
 gances (in-el'e-gan-sez)], want of any 
 quality required by good taste. 
 
 inelegant (in-el'e-gant), adj. offensive 
 to good taste. _ 
 
 ineligible (in-el'i-ji-bl), <tdj. unworthy 
 of choice; unsuitable; legally dis- 
 qualified for choice or election. 
 
 inept (in-ept'), adj. unsuitable; fool- 
 ish; inexpert 
 
 inequality 
 ine 
 
 uality (in-e-kwal'i-ti), n. [pi. 
 equalities (in-e-kwal'i-tiz)], differ- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
INEQUITABLE 
 
 268 
 
 INFECTION 
 
 ence, especially of rank or station; 
 unevenness; changeableness ; inade- 
 quacy; deviation of a planet or 
 satellite from its uniform mean 
 motion. [Latin.] 
 
 inequitable (in-ek'wi-ta-bl) , adj. not 
 according to equity; unjust. 
 
 inequity # (in-ek'wi-ti) , n. lack of 
 equity; injustice. 
 
 inert (in-ert'), adj. having no power 
 of motion or action; lifeless; slug- 
 gish. [Latin.] m 
 
 inertia (in-er'shi-a), n. lack of activ- 
 ity; inertness; sluggishness; that 
 property of matter by _ virtue of 
 which it tends to remain at rest, 
 if resting, or to move uniformly 
 in a straight line, if moving (vis 
 inertice) . 
 
 inestimable (in-es'ti-ma-bl), adj. not 
 to be estimated; beyond measure or 
 price; incalculable; invaluable. 
 
 inevitable (in-ev'i-ta-bl), adj. not to 
 be evaded; unavoidable. 
 
 inexact (in-egz-akt'), adj. not precise, 
 correct, accurate, or punctual. 
 
 inexcusable (in : eks-ku'za-bl) , adj. 
 incapable of being excused; unpar- 
 donable. 
 
 inexhaustible (in-egs-awst'i-bl), adj. 
 not to be exhausted or spent; un- 
 failing; unwearied. [Latin.] 
 
 inexorable (in-eks'o-ra-bl) , adj. not 
 to be moved by prayers; unyielding; 
 unrelenting. [Latin.] 
 
 inexpediency (in-eks-pe'di-en-si), n. 
 unsuitableness ; inadvisability. Also 
 inexpedient. 
 
 inexpedient (in-eks-pe'di-ent) , adj. 
 unsuitable to circumstances; in- 
 advisable. [Latin.] 
 
 inexpensive (in-eks-pen'siv) , adj. 
 cheap. 
 
 inexperience (in-eks-pe'ri-ens), n. 
 want of experience, or of the knowl- 
 edge that comes by experience. 
 
 inexperienced (in-eks-pe'ri-enst) , adj. 
 lacking experience; unpracticed; un- 
 skilled; unversed. 
 
 inexpert (in-eks-perf), adj. unskilled; 
 lacking the knowledge or dexterity 
 derived from practice. 
 
 inexpiable (in-eks'pi-a-bl), adj. that 
 cannot be expiated, atoned for, or 
 satisfied. 
 
 inexplicable (in-eks'pli-ka-bl), adj. 
 not to be explained, made plain, or 
 
 intelligible; not to be interpreted or 
 accounted for. 
 
 inexplosive (in-eks-plo'siv) , adj. not 
 liable to explode. 
 
 inexpressible (in-eks-pres'i-bl), adj. 
 incapable of being expressed, uttered 
 or described. 
 
 inexpressive (in-eks-pres'iv) , adj. 
 lacking expression or distinct sig- 
 nificance. 
 
 inextensible (in-eks-ten'si-bl), adj. 
 that cannot be extended or stretched. 
 
 inextinguishable (in-eks-ting'gwish- 
 a-bl), adj. unquenchable. 
 
 inextricable (m-eks'tri-ka-bl), adj. 
 not extricable; not permitting ex- 
 trication ; not to be freed from intri- 
 cacy or perplexity. 
 
 infallible (in-f al'i-bl) , adj. incapable 
 of erring; unerring; certain; un- 
 failing. [Latin.] 
 
 infamous (in'fa-mus), adj. having a 
 notoriously bad reputation; odious; 
 scandalous. 
 
 infamy (in'fa 7 mi), n. infamous char- 
 acter; public disgrace; ignominy. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 infancy (in'fan-si), n. the state of be- 
 ing an infant; early childhood; the 
 first age of anything; in law, the 
 period of life from birth to the age 
 of twenty-one. [Latin.] 
 
 infant (in'f ant) ,_ n. a young child; 
 popularly a child under two years; 
 in law, a person who has not attained 
 his legal majority, or _ the age of 
 twenty-one; adj. pertaining to in- 
 fancy, or to the legal period of in- 
 fancy; infantile; incipient. 
 
 infanticide (in-f an'ti-sld) , n. the 
 murder of an infant born alive ; one 
 who kills an infant. [Latin.] 
 
 infantile (in'f an-til) , adj. pertaining 
 to infants or infancy; child-like; 
 childish. 
 
 infantry (in'f an-tri) , n. foot soldiers, 
 except engineers and men of the 
 army service corps. [French.] 
 
 infatuate (in-f at'u-at) , v.t. to make 
 extravagantly foolish; to inspire 
 with fatuous passion. [Latin.] ^ 
 
 infect (in-fekt'), v.t. to communicate 
 some (especially bad) quality to; 
 taint, especially with disease, physi- 
 cal or moral. [Latin.] 
 
 infection (in-fek'shun), n. the act of 
 infecting; that which infects; con- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
INFECTIOUS 
 
 269 
 
 INFLATE 
 
 taminating; taint; communication 
 of disease from the sick to the 
 healthy; an infectious disease. 
 
 infectious (in-fek'shus), adj. com- 
 municable by infection; sympathetic; 
 communicating infection; demoral- 
 izing. 
 
 infelicitous (in-fe-lis'i-tus), ad!;, un- 
 fortunate; unhappy; inappropriate; 
 ill-timed. [Latin.] 
 
 infer (in-fer'), v.t. [p.t. &.p.p. inferred, 
 p.pr. inferring], to derive by induc- 
 tion or deduction; accept as a fact 
 or consequence; imply: v.i. to con- 
 clude. [Latin.] 
 
 inference (in'f er-ens) , _ n. the act of 
 inferring; the conclusion; deduction; 
 induction. 
 
 inferior (in-fe'ri-er) , adj. lower in 
 place, rank, or quality; secondary; 
 subordinate; between the earth and 
 the sun; below the horizon; growing 
 below another organ: n. one who 
 ranks below another; a subordi- 
 nate. 
 
 inferiority (in-f e-ri-or'i-ti) , n. lower 
 state or quality. 
 
 infernal (in-fer'nal), adj. pertaining 
 to the Tartarus of the ancients, the 
 lower regions, or regions of the 
 dead; pertaining to or resembling 
 hell; hellish; diabolical; fiendish. 
 
 infest (in-f est'), v.t. to attack; haunt; 
 overrun. [Latin.] 
 
 infidel (in'fi-del), adj. rejecting all re- 
 ligion; rejecting a religion which 
 claims to be divinely revealed, espe- 
 cially the Christian religion; mani- 
 festing unbelief : n. one who rejects 
 Christianity as a divine revelation; 
 formerly applied to a Mohammedan, 
 Jew, or heathen. [Latin.] 
 
 infidelity (in-fi-del'i-ti) , n. [pi. in- 
 fidelities (in-fi-deri-tiz) ], disbelief 
 in all religion, especially disbelief 
 in Christianity; breach of trust; 
 violation of the marriage contract 
 by adultery. 
 
 infield (in'feld), n. in baseball, the 
 space within the base line, 30 yds. 
 x 30 yds. 
 
 infiltration (in-fil-tra'shun), n. the 
 act of infiltrating; that which infil- 
 trates; morbid condition of an organ 
 due to accumulation of substances 
 introduced from without. [French.] 
 
 infinite (in'fi-nit), adj. indefinitely 
 
 extensive; immeasurable: n. the 
 Infinite Being; the Absolute; the 
 Unconditioned; a quantity greater 
 or less than any assignable quan- 
 tity of the same kind; an inde- 
 terminate. [Latin.] 
 
 infinitely (in'fi-nit-li), adv. beyond 
 any conceivable degree; vastly. 
 
 infinitesimal (in-fin-i-tes'i-mal), adj. 
 infinitely small: n. a quantity less 
 than any assignable quantity. 
 
 infinitive (in-fin'i-tiv), adj. the term 
 applied to that verb-form which sim- 
 ply expresses the general sense of 
 the verb without limitation to person 
 or number: n. the infinitive mood; 
 a verb in the infinitive mood. 
 
 infinity (in-fin'i-ti), n. [pi. infinities 
 (in-fm'i-tiz) ], the state of being 
 infinite; unlimited extent of time, 
 space, or quantity; absolute per- 
 fection; an infinite quantity^ 
 
 infirm (in-ferm'), adj.^ feeble in body 
 or health; weak-minded; vacillat- 
 ing; insecure; debilitated; irreso- 
 lute; precarious. [Latin.] 
 
 infirmary (in-fer'ma-ri), n. [pi. in- 
 firmaries (in-fer'ma-riz)], a hospital 
 for the sick and injured. 
 
 infirmity (in-fer'mi-ti), n. [pi. in- 
 firmities ( in-fer 'mi-tiz) ], the state 
 of being infirm; debility; imbecility; 
 weakness of body or of mind; mal- 
 ady; failing; foible. 
 
 infix (in-fiks/), v.t. to fix or fasten in; 
 implant; insert: (in'fiks) n. some- 
 thing infixed; an element equivalent 
 to a prefix or suffix inserted in the 
 body of a word. [Latin.] 
 
 inflame _ (in-flam'), v.t. to set on fire; 
 fire with passion; excite; provoke; 
 irritate; fit into a state of inflam- 
 mation: v.i. to become inflamed ._ 
 
 inflammable (in-flam'a-bl), adj. easily 
 set on flame; combustible; easily 
 excited; excitable. 
 
 inflammation (in-fla-ma'shun) , n. a 
 morbid process, characterized, when 
 external, by pain, redness, heat, and 
 swelling. [Latin.] 
 
 inflammatory (in-flam'a-to-ri) , adj. 
 tending to excite passion, tumult, 
 or sedition; tending to produce, 
 accompanied by, or indicative of, 
 inflammation. 
 
 inflate (in-flat'), v.t. to swell, or dis- 
 tend, with air or gas; puff up; elate; 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, boofc 
 hue, hut : think, then. 
 
INFLATUS 
 
 270 
 
 INGRATIATE 
 
 expand or raise artificially, as prices. 
 
 inflatus (in-fla'tus), n. inspiration; 
 afflatus. 
 
 inflect (in-flekf), v.t. bend; turn from 
 a direct line; modulate; vary the 
 terminations of; decline; conjugate: 
 v.i. to undergo grammatical change 
 of termination. 
 
 inflection (in-flek'shun), n. a bend or 
 bending; modulation of the voice; 
 variation of nouns, verbs, &c., by 
 declension and conjugations; diffrac- 
 tion of light or heat. Also inflexion. 
 
 inflexible (in-fleks'i-bl), adj. not to be 
 bent; rigid; stiff; not to be moved by 
 prayers; inexorable; not to be varied 
 or changed; unalterable; stub- 
 born. 
 
 inflict (in-flikf), v.t. to cause by, or as 
 if by, striking; cause to be suffered; 
 impose as a punishment. [Latin.l 
 
 inflorescence (in-flo-res'ens), n. the 
 mode or principle of floral arrange- 
 ment exhibited by any species of 
 plant; a group of flowers rising 
 upon a common main axis. [Latin.] 
 
 influence (in'flu-ens), n. energy or 
 potency tending to produce effects 
 insensibly and invisibly; power aris- 
 ing from character or station; elec- 
 trical induction: v.t. to exercise in- 
 fluence on, physically or morally. 
 
 influential (in-flu-en'shal) , adj. hav- 
 ing or exerting influence. 
 
 influenza (inflii-en'za), n. an epidemic 
 catarrh accompanied by fever, pains, 
 and nervous prostration. [Italian.] 
 
 influx (in'fluks), n. an inflow; infusion; 
 continuous importation; the point 
 at which a stream flows into another 
 or into the sea. [Latin.] 
 
 inform (in-form'), v.t. to animate; 
 mold; instruct; apprise: v.i. to give 
 information. 
 
 informal (in-for'mal), adj. not accord- 
 ing to form, custom, or rule; irreg- 
 ular; unceremonious; deficient in 
 legal form. See form. 
 
 informality (in-f or-mal'i-ti) , n. [pi. 
 informalities (in-for-mal'i-tiz)], want 
 of regular, customary, or legal form. 
 
 informant (in-for'mant) , n. one who 
 gives information. 
 
 information (in-f 6r-ma/shun) , n. com- 
 muaicated knowledge or intelligence ; 
 a suit instituted on behalf of the 
 government; a declaration made be- 
 
 fore a magistrate to induce him to 
 issue a summons or warrant. 
 
 informer (in-form'er), n. one who in- 
 forms a magistrate of a violation of 
 the law, or sues for a penalty under 
 some statute. 
 
 infra, a Latin prefix, meaning below, fur- 
 ther on, as m/ra-axillary, situated 
 below the axil. 
 
 infraction (in-frak'shun), n. a viola- 
 tion, or breach, especially of law; 
 infringement. [Latin.] 
 
 infrangible (in-fran'ji-bl), adj. that 
 cannot be broken, separated, or vio- 
 lated; inviolable. 
 
 infrequence (in-f re'kwens) , n. the 
 state of being infrequent; rareness. 
 Also infrequency. 
 
 infrequent (in-f re'kwent) , adj. seldom 
 occurring. 
 
 infringe (in-frinj'), v.t. to violate or 
 break, as a law: v.i. to encroach: 
 followed by on or upon. [Latin.] 
 
 infuriate (in-f ii'ri-at) , v.t. to enrage; 
 madden. 
 
 infuse (in-f uz')., v.t. to introduce, as by 
 pouring ; instil ; make an infusion of. 
 
 infusion (in-f ii'zhun) , n. pouring in, 
 or something poured in or mingled; 
 instillation, as of good principles; a 
 liquid extract obtained by steeping 
 a vegetable substance in hot or cold 
 water without boiling. [Latin.] 
 
 Infusoria (in-fu-so'ri-a), n.pl. the name 
 of several classes of active Protozoa. 
 
 ingate (in'gat), n. the aperture in a 
 mold through which the melted met- 
 al enters. 
 
 ingenious (in-je'nius), adj. having in- 
 genuity or inventive skill; clever. 
 
 ingenuity (in-je-nii'i-ti), n. clever- 
 ness in contriving or inventing ; skill. 
 
 ingenuous (in-jen'ii-us), adj. frank; 
 open; sincere; artless; candid. 
 
 inglorious (in-glo'ri-us), adj. without 
 glory ; disgraceful ; shameful. 
 
 ingot (in'got), n. a cast mass of 
 metal. 
 
 ingraft (in-graft'), v.t. to graft into 
 another; to fix deeply. 
 
 ingrain (in-gran'), v.t. to dye with 
 grain or kermes; dye with any deep, 
 lasting color; impregnate deeply: 
 adj. (in'gran), dyed prior to being 
 manufactured. 
 
 ingratiate (in-gra'shi-at) , v.t. to in- 
 sinuate (one's self) into the favor of 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
INGRATITUDE 
 
 271 
 
 INLAND 
 
 another; secure favorable reception 
 for (with into). 
 
 Ingratitude (in-grat'i-tud) , n. ab- 
 sence of gratitude; insensibility to 
 kindness. 
 
 ingredient (in-gre'di-ent) , n. a com- 
 ponent part of a compound body; 
 part. [Latin.] 
 
 ingress (in'gres), n. entrance. 
 
 ingulf, same as engulf. 
 
 inhabit (in-hab'it), v.t. to dwell in; 
 occupy as a place of residence: v.i. 
 to reside; remain. [Latin.] 
 
 inhabitant (in-hab'i-tant), n. one 
 who, or that which, inhabits; a 
 permanent resident. 
 
 inhalant (in-ha'lant) , n. an apparatus 
 for inhaling; that which is in- 
 haled. 
 
 inhalation (in-ha-la'shun), n. the act 
 of inhaling; inspiration. 
 
 inhale (in-hal'), v.t. to draw into the 
 lungs. [Latin.] 
 
 inharmonious (in-har-mo'ni-us), adj. 
 inmusical; discordant. 
 
 inhere (in-her'), v.i. to be fixed or exist 
 in something else; be an essential 
 part of. 
 
 inherent (in-her'ent), adj. existing 
 inseparably in something else; in- 
 nate. 
 
 inherit (in-her'it), v.t. to possess from 
 an ancestor by right of succession; 
 receive by nature from one's ances- 
 tors; become divinely endowed with: 
 v.i. to come into possession of prop- 
 erty as the heir. [Latin.] 
 
 inheritance (in-her'i-tans) , n. the 
 act of inheriting ; that which is 
 inherited; a possession. 
 
 inhibit (in-hib'it), v.t. to restrain; pro- 
 hibit; interdict; prohibit (a priest) 
 from exercising his spiritual func- 
 tions. [Latin.] 
 
 inhibitive (in-hib'i-tiv), adj. restrain- 
 ing; preventing the commission of 
 an act. 
 
 inhospitable (in-hos'pi-ta-bl), adj. not 
 hospitable; affording no shelter; 
 barren; cheerless. 
 
 inhuman (in-hu'man) , adj. cruel ; un- 
 feeling. [Latin.] 
 
 inhume (in-hum'), v.t. to bury; inter. 
 
 inimical (in-im'i-kal), adj. hostile; ad- 
 verse. [Latin.] 
 
 inimitable (in-im'i-ta-bl) , adj. match- 
 less. [Latin.] 
 
 iniquitous (in-ik'kwi-tus), adj. wick- 
 ed; unjust. [Latin.] 
 
 iniquity (in-ik'kwi-ti), n. [pi. iniqui- 
 ties (in-ik'kwi-tiz)], wickedness; in- 
 justice; crime; evil. 
 
 initial (in-ish'al), adj. placed at the 
 beginning; incipient: n. a letter 
 placed at the beginning of a word, 
 &c: pi. the first letters of a per- 
 son's name placed separately: v.t. to 
 mark with an initial. [Latin.] 
 
 initiate (in-ish'i-at), v.t. to instruct in 
 the first principles of anything; set 
 on foot; bring in; acquaint with mys- 
 teries or secrets. _ 
 
 initiation (in-ish-i-a'shun) , n. the act 
 of initiating ; formal admission. 
 
 initiative (in-ish'i-a-tiv), adj. intro- 
 ductory: n. an introductory or first 
 step; power of commencing, espe- 
 cially legislative projects. 
 
 inject (in-jekt'), v.t. to throw or cast 
 in; introduce, as a liquid, by me- 
 chanical means. [Latin.] 
 
 injection (in-jek'shun), n. the act of 
 injecting; that which is injected; an 
 enema. 
 
 injudicious (in-ju-dish'us), adj. not 
 judicious; indiscreet; unwise. 
 
 injunction (in-jungk'shun) , n. the 
 act of enjoining; that which is en- 
 joined; command, order, or precept; 
 a writ of equity or prohibition 
 to restrain certain proceedings. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 injure (in'jur), # v.t. to hurt; harm; 
 damage, physjcally or morally. 
 
 injurious (in-joo'ri-us), adj. hurtful, 
 physically or morally; unjust; detri- 
 mental m 
 
 injury (in-joo-ri), ft. [pi. injuries 
 (m'joo-riz)], that which occasions 
 harm morally or physically; detri- 
 ment; loss; damage. [Latin.] 
 
 injustice (in-jus'tis), n. the quality of 
 being unjust; violation of another's 
 rights; injury; wrong. 
 
 ink (ingk), n. a fluid or viscous ma- 
 terial used for writing, printing, &c: 
 v.t. to spread ink upon; color or 
 blacken with ink. [Old French ] 
 
 inkling (ingk'ling), n. an intimation; 
 hint. 
 
 inky (ing'ki), adj. consisting of, or like, 
 ink; discolored with ink; black. 
 
 inland (in'land), adj. pertaining to, 
 or situated in, the interior of a 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 aue, hut ; think, then. 
 
INLAY 
 
 272 
 
 INSCRIBE 
 
 country; remote from the sea; not 
 foreign: adj. towards the interior. 
 
 inlay (in-la'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. inlaid, 
 p.pr. inlaying], to ornament (a sur- 
 face) by laying in pieces of ivory, 
 wood, metal, &c: n. materials for 
 inlaying. 
 
 inlet (in-let/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. inlet, 
 p.pr. inlet ting], to inlay; insert: n. 
 (in'let), an entrance; a small bay 
 or creek. 
 
 inly (in'li), adv. inwardly; secretly. 
 
 inmate (in'mat), n. one who lodges 
 in the same house with another, ap- 
 plied to hospitals, prisons, &c. 
 
 inmost (in'most), adj. deepest within. 
 Also innermost. 
 
 inn (in), n. a house for the reception 
 and entertainment of travelers; tav- 
 ern; in England, a college of com- 
 mon law professors and students. 
 
 innate (in-nat')> adj. inborn; native. 
 
 inner (in'er), adj. internal; interior; 
 esoteric: n. that part of a target 
 which is between the outer and the 
 bull's-eye. 
 
 innervate (in'er-vat), v.t. to supply 
 with force or nervous energy. 
 
 innings (in'ings), n.pl. in base-ball, the 
 turn of a side or player to bat ; lands 
 reclaimed from the sea. 
 
 innocence (in'o-sens), _n. freedom 
 from guilt; purity; simplicity of 
 heart; harmlessness ; mental imbe- 
 cility. Also_innocency. [Latin.] 
 
 innocent (in'o-sent) , _ adj. free from 
 guilt or wrong-doing; blameless; 
 pure in heart and life; weak in in- 
 tellect. 
 
 innocuous (in-nok'u-us) , adj. harm- 
 less. 
 
 innovate (in'o-vat), v.i. to make alter- 
 ations or changes in something al- 
 ready established; introduce new 
 things. 
 
 innoxious (in-nok'shus), n. harmless. 
 
 innuendo (in-u-en'do) , n. [pi. innuen- 
 dos, -does (in-u-en'doz)], an oblique 
 hint or insinuation. [Latin.] 
 
 innumerable (in-nu'mer-a-bl), adj. 
 that cannot be counted; very nu- 
 merous. [Latin.] 
 
 innutritious (in-nu-trish'us^ad!/. not 
 affording nutrition or nourishment. 
 
 inoculate (in-ok'u-lat) , v.t. tocommu- 
 nicate a disease to by the insertion 
 of infectious matter into the system: 
 
 v.i. to practice inoculation; graft by 
 the insertion of buds. [Latin.] 
 
 inodorous (in-o'do-rus), adj. lacking 
 odor; having no smell. 
 
 inoffensive (in-of-f en'siv) , adj. not 
 objectionable; not unpleasant; giv- 
 ing no offense. 
 
 inogen (in'o-jen), n. a nitrogenous 
 compound supposed by some physi- 
 ologists to decompose _ between the 
 muscles when they are in action, and 
 to be renewed as soon as action 
 ceases. 
 
 inoil (in-oil'), v.t. an old English 
 expression for unction; to anoint. 
 
 inoperative (in-op'er-a-tiv), adj. not 
 in action; having no effect. 
 
 inopportune (in-op-por-tun'), adj. 
 unseasonable; inappropriate. 
 
 inordinate (in-or'di-nat) , adj. im- 
 moderate; excessive. # 
 
 inorganic (in-or-gan'ik) , adj. desti- 
 tute of organs; not produced by 
 living organisms. [Grseco-Latin.] 
 
 inquest (in'kwest), n. a coroner's in- 
 quiry with a jury into the cause of 
 a sudden death from any cause; a 
 judicial inquiry. [Latin.] 
 
 inquietude (in-kwl'e-tud), n. dis- 
 turbance of body or mind; unrest. 
 
 inquire (in-kwir'), v.i. to seek for or 
 after by questions; make inquiry 
 (with for, into, after, about). [Latin.] 
 
 inquiry (in-kwir'i), n. [pi. _ inquiries 
 (in-kwlr'iz)], the act of inquiring; 
 search by question; investigation; 
 question; research. 
 
 inquisition (in-kwi-zish'un) , n. in- 
 quiry ; examination ; a judicial in- 
 quiry in criminal matters. 
 
 inquisitive (in-kwiz'i-tiv), adj. given 
 to asking questions; prying; curious. 
 
 inroad (in'rod), n. a hostile incursion. 
 
 insalubrious (in-sa-lu'bri-us), adj. not 
 healthful; unwholesome. 
 
 insane (in-san'). adj. mentally de- 
 ranged; mad; irrational; very fool- 
 ish. [Latin.] 
 
 insanity (in-san'i-ti), n. derangement 
 of mind or intellect; lunacy; mad- 
 ness. 
 
 insatiable (in-sa'shi-a-bl), adj. that 
 cannot be satisfied or appeased. 
 
 inscribe (in-skrib'). v.t. to write or 
 engrave upon; address in a formal 
 dedication; draw (one figure within 
 another). [Latin.] 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
INSCRIPTION 
 
 273 
 
 INSPIRATORY 
 
 Inscription (in-skrip'shun), n. the 
 act of inscribing on wood, stone, 
 silver, gold; that which is inscribed; 
 a dedicatory address; entry in a roll 
 or register. 
 
 inscrutable (in-skroo'ta-bl), adj. not 
 to be penetrated by inquiry or 
 reason; incomprehensible. [Latin.] 
 
 Insect (in'sekt), n. one of a numerous 
 class of articulate animals, the In- 
 sect a ^anything very minute or con- 
 temptible. [Latin.] 
 
 Insecta (in-sek'ta), n.pl. a class of ar- 
 ticulate animals having three pairs of 
 legs, two pairs of wings, and the body 
 divided into three segments — head, 
 thorax, and abdomen. 
 
 insecure (in-se-kur'), adj. apprehen- 
 sive of, or exposed to, danger or loss. 
 
 insensate (in-sen'sat) , adj. destitute 
 of sense or mental perception; soul- 
 less; mad; brutish. 
 
 insensible (in-sen'si-bl), adj. that 
 cannot be felt or perceived mentally 
 or physically ; heedless ; callous ; sense- 
 less. 
 
 insert (in-serf), v.t. to place in or 
 among; introduce into. 
 
 insertion (in-ser'shun) , n. the act of 
 inserting ; that which is inserted, as 
 lace or embroidery in a garment, 
 words in writing, &c. 
 
 inset (in'set), n. a leaf or leaves in- 
 serted in a newspaper, magazine, 
 &c: v.t. (in-set') to set in; implant. 
 
 inshore (in'shor) , adv. near or towards 
 the shore. 
 
 inside (in'sld), adj. interior; being 
 within: adv. & prep, within; in less 
 time or space: n. that which is with- 
 in; inner part; contents; entrails; 
 an inside passenger; the place of 
 influence because of intimacy. 
 
 insidious (in-sid'i-us) , adj. treacher- 
 ous; deceitful; operating secretly. 
 
 insight (in'sit), n. penetration; intui- 
 tion. 
 
 insignia (in-sig'ni-a), n.pl. badges of 
 honor or office. [Latin.] 
 
 insignificant (in-sig-nif'i-kant), adj. 
 without importance, force, influence, 
 or meaning; trivial; contemptible. 
 
 insincere (in-sin-ser'), adj. deceitful; 
 dissembling; not to be trusted; un- 
 sound. 
 
 insinuate (inTsm'u-at), v.t. to in- 
 gratiate, as into the confidence or 
 
 affections of; suggest or hint in- 
 directly; introduce as by a winding 
 motion; worm in: v.i. work one's 
 self into the confidence or affection 
 of another. [ Latin. ]_ 
 
 insinuation (in-sin-u-a'shun), n. the 
 act of insinuating; an indirect or sly 
 hint. 
 
 insipid (in-sip'id), adj. without flavor; 
 tasteless. [Latin.] 
 
 insist (in-sisf), v.i. to urge or press, 
 as a wish or command; be persistent 
 or peremptory. 
 
 insistent (in-sist'ent), adj. urgent; 
 conspicuous; entirely on the ground, 
 as the hind toe of a bird; supported 
 by something else. 
 
 insobriety (in-so-bri'i-ti), n. intem- 
 perance. 
 
 insolence (in'so-lens), n. contemptu- 
 ous or overbearing language or 
 manner; offensive impertinence; in- 
 sulting behavior. 
 
 insolent (in'so-lent), adj. overbearing 
 or contemptuously offensive to oth- 
 ers; insulting; grossly rude. [Latin.] 
 
 insoluble (in-sol'u-bl), adj. that can- 
 not be dissolved; not soluble; in- 
 explicable. 
 
 insolvency (in-sol'ven-si) , n. [pi. in- 
 solvencies (in-sol'ven-siz)], the state 
 of being insolvent. 
 
 insolvent (in-sol'vent), adj. unable to 
 pay all debts; bankrupt: n. one who 
 cannot pay all his debts; a bankrupt. 
 
 insomnia (in-som'ni-a) , n. sleepless- 
 ness. [Latin.] 
 
 inspect (in-spekf), v.t. to examine 
 critically; test officially; superin- 
 tend. [Latin.] 
 
 inspection (in-spek'shun), n. the act 
 of inspecting; careful or critical 
 scrutiny. 
 
 inspector (in-spek'ter), n. one who 
 inspects or oversees; an official who 
 superintends some matter of public 
 interest; a police officer ranking next 
 below a superintendent. 
 
 inspiration (in-spi-ra/shun) , n. the 
 act of drawing air into the lungs; 
 creative influence of genius ; elevat- 
 ing influence derived from associa- 
 tion with great minds, scenery, &c; 
 the supernatural influence of the 
 Holy Spirit on sacred teachers. 
 
 inspiratory (in-spir'a-to-ri), adj. per- 
 taining to inspiration. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
INSPIRE 
 
 274 
 
 INSULAR 
 
 inspire (in-spir'), v.t. to draw (air) 
 into the lungs; breathe into; imbue 
 with ideas; exhilarate or enliven; 
 communicate officially: v.i. to inhale 
 air or any other influence. [Latin.] 
 
 instability (in-sta-bil'i-ti), n. want of 
 stability or firmness; inconstancy; 
 fickleness. 
 
 install (in-stawl'), v.t. to place or in- 
 state in an office or rank. 
 
 installation (in-stawl-a'shun), n. the 
 act of installing; induction of a 
 knight (as of the Garter, the Bath, 
 &c.) into his place; induction of a 
 minister of a non-episcopal church 
 to a charge ; introduction of machin- 
 ery for use. [Latin.] 
 
 installment (in-stawl'ment) , n. the 
 act of installing; payment of part of a 
 sum of money due; one of a number 
 of parts of anything produced. 
 
 instance (in'stans), v.t. to refer to, 
 or offer as an example: n. something 
 offered as an illustration or exam- 
 ple; earnest solicitation. 
 
 instant (in'stant), adj. urgent; imme- 
 diate; passing; current: n. a par- 
 ticular moment of time; point of 
 duration. [Latin.] 
 
 instantaneous (in-stan-ta'ne-us) , adj. 
 acting or occurring in a moment; 
 position at a particular moment. 
 
 instantly (in'stant-li) , adv. at once. 
 
 instate (in-staf), v.t. to put in office 
 or rank. 
 
 instead (in-sted'), adv. in room or 
 place : followed by of. 
 
 instep (in'step), n. the arched fore- 
 part of the upper side of the human 
 foot; that part of a horse's hind-leg 
 which reaches from the ham to the 
 pastern-joint. 
 
 instigate (in'sti-gat) , v.t. to provoke 
 or urge on (in a bad sense); incite. 
 
 instigator (in'sti-ga-ter) , n. one who 
 instigates. 
 
 instil (in-stil'),. v.t. [p.t. & p.p. in- 
 stilled, p.pr. instilling], to insinuate 
 gradually, as if by drops; pour in 
 by drops. 
 
 instinct (in'stingkt) , adj. animated; 
 stimulated from within: n. natural 
 impulse in animals. [Latin.] 
 
 instinctive (in-stingk'tiv), adj. acting 
 or prompted by instinct ; spontaneous. 
 
 institute (in'sti-tut), v.t. to establish; 
 set up; fix; originate; set in opera- 
 
 tion; ordain; invest with the spir- 
 itual part of a benefice: n. estab- 
 lished law; a maxim or principle: 
 pi. a book of laws or principles, 
 especially Roman laws such as the 
 so-called Institutes of Justinian; a 
 society for the promotion of some 
 special interest, either artistic or 
 scientific. 
 
 institution (in-sti-tu'shun), n. the 
 act of instituting; that which is 
 instituted or established; a corporate 
 body or society for promoting a 
 particular object; the building where 
 such a society meets. [Latin.] 
 
 instruct (in-strukf), v.t. to teach; 
 educate; furnish with orders or di- 
 rections. [Latin.] 
 
 instruction (in-struk'shun) , n. the act 
 of instructing; education; an order, 
 &c. 
 
 instructive (in-struk'tiv), adj. tending 
 to instruct; conveying instruction. 
 
 instructor (in-struk'ter), n. one who 
 instructs. 
 
 instrument (in'stroo-ment), n. that 
 by which anything is effected ; a tool 
 or implement; a mechanical con- 
 trivance for producing musical 
 sounds; agent; a writing containing 
 the terms of a contract, as a deed. 
 
 instrumental (in-stroo-men'tal) , adj. 
 pertaining to, or done by, an instru- 
 ment ; conducive to some end ; helpful. 
 
 instrumentality (in-stroo-men-tal'j- 
 ti), n. [pi. instrumentalities (in-stroo- 
 men-tal'i-tiz)], a subordinate or 
 auxiliary agency; means. 
 
 instrumentation (in-stroo-men-ta'- 
 shun), n. the arrangement of music 
 for a combination of instruments; 
 music thus arranged; use or method 
 of using an instrument. 
 
 insubordinate (in-sub-or'di-nat), adj. 
 not submitting to authority ; mutin- 
 ous. 
 
 insufferable (in-suf 'er-a-bl) , adj. in- 
 tolerable. 
 
 insufflation (in-suf-fla'shun), n. in 
 past years, tne blowing upon or into 
 the face of a layman, either to drive 
 out a supposed demon, or to breathe 
 in the Holy_ Spirit. [Latin.] 
 
 insular (in'su-lar), adj. pertaining to 
 an island, or to the inhabitants of 
 an island, their customs, &c; iso- 
 lated; narrow. [Latin.] 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
INSULATE 
 
 275 
 
 INTER 
 
 Insulate (in'su-lat), y.t. to place alone, 
 or in a detached situation; separate 
 by a non-conductor from other con- 
 ducting bodies. 
 
 insulator (in'su-la-ter), n. one who, 
 or that which, insulates; a non- 
 conductor of electricity, heat, or 
 sound. 
 
 Insult (in'sult), n. an affront or in- 
 dignity; gross abuse in word or ac- 
 tion: v.t. (in-sult') to treat with 
 gross indignity, contempt, or abuse, 
 by word or act. 
 
 insuperable (in-su'per-a-bl) , adj. not 
 to be overcome; invincible. [Latin.l 
 
 insupportable (in-sup-port'a-bl), adj. 
 not to be endured; unbearable. 
 
 insurance (in-shur'ans), n. the act or 
 system of insuring against loss or 
 damage; a contract entered into to 
 secure against loss by fire, &c, by 
 the payment of a specified sum; 
 premium paid. [Old French.] 
 
 insure (in-shur'), v.t. to contract on 
 certain conditions to secure against 
 loss or damage by fire, &c; make 
 sure or secure. 
 
 insurgent (in-ser'jent), adj. rising 
 against constituted authority: n. 
 a rebel. [Latin.] 
 
 insurrection (in-ser^rek'shun), n. ac- 
 tive or open hostility to constituted 
 authority; rebellion. 
 
 intact (in-takf), adj. entire; unin- 
 jured. [Latin.] 
 
 intaglio (en-ta'lyo), n. [pi. intaglii, 
 -glios (en-ta'lye, en-ta'lyoz)], a gem 
 or stone haying a design cut in the 
 surface; incised carving. [Italian.] 
 
 intake (in'tak), n. that which is taken 
 in as profit on a farm (opposed to 
 outgo); said of a channel which 
 takes in water at a certain point 
 (opposed to outlet); the drawing in 
 of the breath of man or beast. 
 
 integer (in'te-jer), n. the whole; a 
 whole number: opposed to frac- 
 tion. 
 
 integral (in'te-gral), adj. constitut- 
 ing a whole; complete; pertaining 
 to an integer: n. the whole made 
 up of parts. 
 
 integrate (in'te-grat), v.t. to bring 
 together the parts of; give the sum 
 total of: v.i. to pass from a complex 
 and unstable state to one relatively 
 simple and stable. 
 
 integrity (in-teg'ri-ti), n. uprightness; 
 virtue; honesty; soundness; unim- 
 paired or unbroken state of any- 
 thing. 
 
 integument (in-teg'u-ment), n. an 
 external covering or skin. 
 
 intellect (in'teLekt), n. the mind 
 or understanding; superior intelli- 
 gence; acquired knowledge. 
 
 intellectual (in-tel-ek'tu-al), adj. per- 
 taining to, or apprehended by, the 
 intellect; mental; ideal. 
 
 intelligence (in-tel'i-jens), n. in- 
 tellectual capacity ; understanding ; 
 mind; acquired knowledge; notifi- 
 cation; news. 
 
 intelligent (in-tel'i^jent), adj. en- 
 dowed with intelligence or under- 
 standing; exhibiting knowledge; 
 clever; acute; discerning. 
 
 intelligible (in-tel'i-ji-bl), adj. ca- 
 pable of being understood; clear. 
 
 intemperance (in-tem'per-ans), _ n. 
 want of moderation or self restraint ; 
 excess, especially in the use of al- 
 coholic liquors. [Latin.] 
 
 intemperate (in-tem'per-at) , adj. 
 characterized by want of modera- 
 tion or self restraint; excessive; 
 addicted to alcoholic liquors . [ L atin .] 
 
 intend (in-tend'), v.t. to purpose; 
 mean. 
 
 intendant (in-tend'ant) , n. a superin- 
 tendent^ an administrator. [French.] 
 
 intense (in-tens'), adj. increased to 
 excess; strained; forced; ardent; 
 vehement. # [Latin.] 
 
 intensify (in-ten'si-f I) , v.t. [p.t. & 
 p.p. intensified, p.pr. intensifying], 
 to render more intense; heighten. 
 
 intensity (in-ten'sj-ti), n. [pi. inten- 
 sities (in-ten'si-tiz)J, the state < or 
 quality of being intense; density, 
 as of a negative plate; the force or 
 energy of any physical agent. # 
 
 intensive (in-ten'siv), adj. serving to 
 intensify; giving force or emphasis 
 to. 
 
 intent (in-tenf), adj. having the 
 mind strained or closely fixed on a 
 subject; anxiously diligent; con- 
 stantly or assiduously directed (with 
 on) : n. purpose; aim. 
 
 intention (in-ten'shun) , n. purpose; 
 fixed design; end or aim; project. 
 
 inter (in-teV), y.t. [p.t. & p.p. in- 
 terred, p.pr. interring], to bury. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 18 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
INTER 
 
 276 
 
 INTERNECINE 
 
 Inter, a Latin prefix meaning between, 
 among, and very frequent in English. 
 
 intercalate (in-ter'ka-lat) , v.t. to in- 
 sert between or among. 
 
 intercede (in-ter-sed'), v.i. to mediate 
 as a friend between persons at vari- 
 ance; plead for another; interpose. 
 
 intercept (in-ter-sept'), v.t. to stop 
 and seize in the way; cut off; ob- 
 struct; include between two points 
 of a line. 
 
 intercession (in-ter-sesh'un), n. the 
 act of interceding; mediation; a 
 prayer for persons of different 
 conditions. 
 
 interchange (in-ter-chanj'), v.t. to 
 exchange; v.i. to succeed alternately: 
 n. exchange. 
 
 intercourse (in'ter-kors), n. connec- 
 tion, correspondence, or communica- 
 tion between individuals, nations, 
 &c; mutual exchange; fellowship. 
 
 interdict (in-ter-dikf), v.t. to restrain 
 or forbid; cut off from the spiritual 
 services of the Church. 
 
 interest (in'ter-est), v.t. to engage the 
 attention; awaken concern in; cause 
 to take a share in: n. advantage; 
 influence; personal concern; benefit; 
 profit; premium paid for the use of 
 money. 
 
 interfere (in-ter-fer'), v.i. to interpose 
 or meddle in the affairs of others; 
 oppose; come into collision; act 
 reciprocally so as to modify # the 
 result; injure the fetlock by striking 
 it with the opposite hoof. 
 
 interference (in-ter-f er'ens) , n. the 
 act of interfering. 
 
 interim (in'ter-im), n. intervening 
 time or period: adv. in the mean- 
 while. [Latin.] 
 
 interior (in-te'ri-er), adj. inner; inter- 
 nal; remote from the coast or fron- 
 tier: n. the inside; the inland; home 
 department of a government. 
 
 interjection (in-ter-jek'shun), n. an 
 exclamation; a word thrown in to 
 express sudden emotion, feeling, &c. 
 
 interlard (in-ter-lard') , v.t. to mix 
 fat and lean meat together for 
 variety; hence, to introduce jokes 
 or saws in talk. 
 
 interleave (in-ter-leV) , v.t. to insert 
 a leaf in: as to interleave a book with 
 blank leaves or illustrations. 
 
 interline (in-ter-lin'), v.t. to draw a 
 
 line under; in writing, to underscore 
 words, usually for emphasis; to 
 write between the lines of a manu- 
 script or book. 
 
 interlocutory (in-ter-lok'u-to-ri), adj. 
 conversational; intermediate; not 
 final. 
 
 interloper (in'ter-lo-per), n. an in- 
 truder. 
 
 interlucent (in-ter-lu'sent), adj. shin- 
 ing between or among various ob- 
 jects. 
 
 interlude (in'ter-lud) , n. a short en- 
 tertainment given between acts of 
 a play, &c; a short instrumental 
 passage played between the stan- 
 zas of a hymn, acts of an opera, 
 &c. 
 
 intermediary (in-ter-me'di-a-ri), adj. 
 intervening: n. an agent; go-between; 
 medium. 
 
 intermediate (in-ter-me'di-at)^ adj. 
 existing or lying in the middle; inter- 
 vening. 
 
 intermembral (in-ter-mem'bral) , adj. 
 lying or existing between the mem- 
 bers of the body. 
 
 interment (in-ter'ment), n. burial. 
 
 intermezzo (in-ter-met'z5), n. an 
 interlude of a musical character, 
 performed between the acts of an 
 opera. [Italian.] 
 
 interminable (in-ter'min-a-bl) , adj. 
 without end or limit; boundless. 
 
 intermission (in-ter-mish'un), n. in- 
 terruption; pause; temporary ces- 
 sation between paroxysms of a 
 disease. 
 
 intermit (in-ter-mit') , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 intermitted, p.pr. intermitting], to 
 cause to cease for a time; interrupt; 
 suspend. 
 
 intermix (in-ter-miks') ; v.t. to mix 
 together. Same as intermingle. _ 
 
 intern (in-tern'), v.t. to confine within 
 a town or fortress, or in the inte- 
 rior of a country; place under ar- 
 rest: n. a junior physician resident 
 in a hospital. [French.] 
 
 internal (in-ter'nal), f adj. m pertaining 
 to the center; interior; inward; not 
 foreign; domestic. 
 
 international (in-ter-nash'un-al) , adj. 
 pertaining to two or more nations 
 in common. 
 
 internecine (in-ter-ne'sin) , adj. mu- 
 tually destructive; deadly. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
INTERPELLATE 
 
 •27; 
 
 INTONE 
 
 interpellate (in-ter-pel'at), v.t. to 
 question. 
 
 interpleader (in-ter-pled'er), n. the 
 discussion of a point incidentally 
 occurring in law. 
 
 interpolate (in-ter'po-lat) , v.t. to in- 
 sert in a book or writing new or 
 spurious matter; corrupt by inser- 
 tions. 
 
 interpose (in-ter-poz'),. v.t. to place 
 between; thrust in; interrupt: v.i. 
 to intercede; come between. 
 
 interpret (in-ter'pret), v.t. to explain 
 the meaning of; expound; con- 
 strue. 
 
 interpretation (in-ter-pre-t a/shun), n. 
 the act of interpreting; explanation. 
 
 interregnum (in-ter-reg'num) , n. the 
 period between two reigns, govern- 
 ments, or ministries; time of abey- 
 ance. 
 
 interrogate (in-ter'o-gat), v.t. to ques- 
 tion: v.i. to ask questions. 
 
 interrogation (in-ter-o-ga'shun), n. 
 the act of interrogating; a question; 
 inquiry; a mark (?) denoting a ques- 
 tion. 
 
 interrogative (in-ter-rog'a-tiv), adj. 
 denoting or containing a question or 
 inquiry: n. a word used in asking a 
 question. 
 
 interrogatory (in-ter-rog'a-to-ri) , adj. 
 pertaining to, or expressing, a ques- 
 tion: n. a question in writing put 
 to a party to a suit. 
 
 interrupt (in-ter-rupt'), v.t. to stop or 
 hinder by breaking in upon; break 
 the continuity of; cause to be de- 
 layed; end suddenly. 
 
 interruption (in-ter-rup'shun), n. the 
 act of interrupting; hindrance; ob- 
 struction; intervention; sudden ces- 
 sation. 
 
 intersect (in-ter-sekt'), v.t. to cut or 
 divide mutually: v.i. to cross each 
 other. 
 
 intersection (in-ter-sek'shun) , n. the 
 act or state of intersecting; place of 
 crossing; the point or line in which 
 two lines or two planes cut each 
 other. 
 
 intersperse (in-ter-spers') , v.t. to set 
 or scatter here and there. 
 
 interstellar (in-ter-stel'ar) , adj. per- 
 taining to, or situated in, space be- 
 tween the stars. 
 
 interstice (in-ter'stis), n. a narrow 
 
 space between things closely set; 
 crevice. 
 
 interstitial (in-ter-stish'al), adj. per- 
 taining to, containing, or existing in 
 interstices. 
 
 intertidal (in-ter-ti'dal), adj. living 
 between high- and low-water mark. 
 
 interurban (in-ter-er'ban) , adj. unit- 
 ing or belonging to two cities: n. 
 something, such as a car-line, tube, 
 or ferry-boat, that unites two closely 
 related cities. 
 
 interval (in'ter-val), n. time or space 
 between; distance between two 
 given musical sounds. 
 
 intervene (in-ter-ven'), v.i. to come, 
 or be situated, between; interpose; 
 interfere. 
 
 intervention (in-ter-ven'shun), n. the 
 act of intervening; interposition; 
 mediation. 
 
 interview (in'ter-vu), v.t. to visit, as 
 a notable personage, to obtain par- 
 ticulars respecting himself or his 
 opinions: n. a personal conference 
 or meeting. [French.] 
 
 intestate (in-tes'tat), adj. dying with- 
 out having made a valid will : n. one 
 who dies without having made a 
 will. 
 
 intestine (in-tes'tin), adj. internal; 
 not foreign: n.pl. the bowels; en- 
 trails. 
 
 intimacy (in'ti-ma-si) , n. [pi. intima- 
 cies (in'ti-ma-siz)], close or con- 
 fidential friendship. 
 
 intimate (in'ti-mat), adj. close in 
 friendship; well acquainted; famil- 
 iar; confidential; complete: v.t. (in'- 
 ti-mat) to indicate; make known. 
 
 intimation (in-ti-ma'shun) , n. an 
 indirect suggestion or hint ; announce- 
 ment. 
 
 intimidate (in-tim'i-dat) , v.t. to make 
 afraid. 
 
 into (in'too), prep, noting passage in- 
 wards; inclusion or comprehension. 
 
 intolerable (in-tol'er-a-bl) , adj. un- 
 bearable. 
 
 intolerant (in-tol'er-ant) , adj. bigoted; 
 unable to bear or endure (with of). 
 
 intonation (in-to-na'shun), n. the act 
 or manner of sounding musical 
 notes; modulation of the voice; act 
 of intoning. 
 
 intone (in-ton'), v.t. to recite in mono- 
 tone. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
IN TOTO 
 
 278 
 
 INVENT 
 
 In toto (in to'to), adv. wholly; on the 
 whole. [Latin.] 
 
 intoxicant (in-toks'i-kant), n. that 
 which intoxicates. [Graeco-Latin.] 
 
 intoxicate (in-toks'i-kat), v.t. to make 
 drunk by spirituous liquors; excite 
 unduly. 
 
 intoxication (in-toks-i-ka/shun) , n. 
 the act of intoxicating; extreme ex- 
 citement. 
 
 intra, a Latin prefix meaning within, as 
 intramural, within the walls of a 
 city or the precincts of a univer- 
 sity. 
 
 intractable (in-trak'ta-bl) , adj. un- 
 manageable. 
 
 intractile (in-trak'til), adj. incapable 
 of being drawn out; not extensible. 
 
 intransitive (in-tran'si-tiv) , adj. not 
 passing over to or requiring an 
 object: said of certain verbs. 
 
 intrench (in-trench'), v.t. to fortify 
 with a wall and ditch. 
 
 intrepid (in-trep'id), adj. bold; fear- 
 less. 
 
 intricacy (in'tri-ka-si) , n. [pi. intrica- 
 cies (in'tri-ka-siz)], the quality of 
 being intricate; perplexity. 
 
 intricate (in'tri-kat) , adj. entangled 
 or involved. 
 
 intrigue (in-treg'), v.i.to carry on 
 a secret plot ; engage in clandestine 
 love affairs : n. a secret plot ; clandes- 
 tine love affair. 
 
 intrinsic (in-trin'sik) , adj. pertaining 
 to that which is inherent; real; 
 genuine. 
 
 intro, a Latin prefix meaning within, 
 into K as mfrocession, a depression or 
 sinking of parts inwards. 
 
 introduce (in-tro-dus'), v.t. to con- 
 duct or bring in; bring into use or 
 notice; bring into acquaintance; in- 
 sert. 
 
 introduction (in-tro-duk'shun),n. the 
 act of introducing; presentation; a 
 preface. 
 
 introductory (in-tr5-duk'to-ri), adj. 
 serving to introduce. 
 
 introflexed (in-tro-flekst'), adj. bent 
 inwards. 
 
 intromit (in-tro-mit'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 intromited, p.pr. intromitting], to 
 admit; insert. 
 
 introspection (in-tro-spek'shun) , n. 
 looking into one's self; self-examina- 
 tion, as to one's thoughts and acts 
 
 and motions. The keen vision of 
 one's own personality. 
 
 introspective (in-tro-spek'tiv), adj. 
 prone to introspection. 
 
 intrude (in-trud'), v.i.to thrust one's 
 self in without invitation or wel- 
 come: v.t. force in. 
 
 intrusion (in-tru'zhun), n. the act of 
 intruding; encroachment; unlawful 
 entry into vacant lands or tene- 
 ments. 
 
 intrust (in-trust'), v.t. to deliver in 
 trust; confide to the care of. 
 
 intuition (in-tu-ish'un), n. instinctive 
 knowledge or feeling; immediate 
 perception. 
 
 intuitive (in-tu'i-tiv) , adj. perceived 
 immediately by the mind. 
 
 inundate (in-un'dat), v.t. to fill with 
 an overflowing abundance; flood. 
 
 inundation (in-un-da'shun), n. over- 
 flow; flood. 
 
 inure (in-ur'), v.t. to habituate, or ac- 
 custom, toughen. 
 
 in vacuo (in vak'u-o), in a vacuum. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 invade (in-vad'), v.t. to enter (a coun- 
 try) with a hostile army; infringe 
 upon; violate. 
 
 invalid (in-varid), adj. of no force or 
 authority; null and void: n. (in'va- 
 lid), one who is weak or infirm in 
 health; a disabled soldier or sailor: 
 v.t. to register as an invalid; affect 
 with disease. 
 
 invalidate (in-val'i-dat), v.t. to weak- 
 en or destroy the force or validity 
 of. 
 
 invalidity (in-va-lid'i-ti) , n. want of 
 legal force or argument. 
 
 invaluable (in-val'u-a-bl), adj. price- 
 less. 
 
 invariable (in-var'i-a-bl) , adj. con- 
 stant. 
 
 invasion (in-va'zhun) . n. the act of in- 
 vading; hostile incursion; encroach- 
 ment. 
 
 invective (in-vek'tiv) , n. a violent ut- 
 terance of censure, sarcasm, or 
 abuse: adj. abusive. 
 
 inveigh (in-va/), v.i. to rail against 
 persons or things with vehe- 
 mence; utter censure or reproach; 
 declaim. # 
 
 inveigle (in-ve'gl), v.t. to entice; se- 
 duce. 
 
 invent (in-venf), v.t. to find out by 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
INVENTION 
 
 279 
 
 IODINE 
 
 original study or contrivance; devise 
 or contrive; originate. [Latin.] 
 
 invention (in-ven'shun), n. the act of 
 inventing; the thing invented; dis- 
 covery; creative faculty; concoc- 
 tion; fabrication. 
 
 inventive (in-ven'tiv), adj. able to 
 invent; quick at contriving; ready 
 in expedients. 
 
 inventory (in'ven-to-ri) , n. [pi. in- 
 ventories (in'ven-td-riz)], # a cata- 
 logue or list of goods, furniture, &c. ; 
 account: v.t. to draw up an inventory 
 or catalogue of. 
 
 inverse (in- vers'), adj. contrary in 
 tendency, direction, or effect; recip- 
 rocal; inverted. 
 
 inversion (in-ver'shun) , n. the act of 
 inverting; the state of being in- 
 verted; contrary change of order or 
 position. 
 
 inversive (in-ver'siv), adj. pertaining 
 to, or causing, inversion. 
 
 invert (in-verf), v.t. to turn upside 
 down. [Latin.] 
 
 invertebrate (in-ver'te-brat), adj. hav- 
 ing no backbone; having no force 
 of character; weak; irresolute. 
 
 invest (in-vesf), v.t. to place or lay 
 out, as money; clothe, as with office, 
 authority, or dignity; surround: v.i. 
 to make an investment. 
 
 investigate (in-ves'ti-gat), v.t. to 
 ascertain by careful inquiry; search; 
 examine. [Latin.] 
 
 investigation (in-ves-ti : ga'shun), # n. 
 the act of investigating; inquiry; 
 search. 
 
 investiture (in : ves'ti-tur), n. the act 
 or right of giving legal possession; 
 the ceremony of inducting a bishop, 
 into his office. 
 
 investment m (in-vest'ment), n. the 
 act of laying out money produc- 
 tively; money so invested; the act 
 of besieging or blockading. 
 
 inveterate (in-vet'er-at), adj. deep- 
 rooted; habitual. 
 
 invidious (in-vid'i-us), adj. likely to 
 provoke ill-will or envy; unpleas- 
 ant. [Latin.] 
 
 invigorate (in-vig'o-rat) , v.t. to give 
 vigor to; strengthen; animate. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 invincible (in-vin'si-bl) , adj. uncon- 
 querable. [Latin.] 
 
 inviolable (in-vi'o-la-bl), adj. that 
 
 cannot be profaned or injured; un- 
 broken. Inviolate. [Latin.] 
 
 invisible (in-viz'i-bl), adj. that can- 
 not be seen. [Latin.] 
 
 invitation (in-vi-ta'shun), n. the act 
 of inviting; polite solicitation; the 
 words or document by which one 
 is invited. [Latin.] 
 
 invite (in-vlf), v.t. to ask, solicit, or 
 summon; request the presence of; 
 persuade; allure. 
 
 inviting (in-vit'ing), p. adj. tempting; 
 seductive. 
 
 invocation (in-vo-ka'shun), n. the 
 act or form of invoking. 
 
 invoice (in'vois), n. a document an- 
 nouncing the despatch of goods with 
 their prices, &c. : v.t. to state or in- 
 sert in an invoice. [French.] 
 
 invoke (in-vok'), v.t. to address in 
 prayer or supplication; solicit (aid 
 or protection). [Latin.] 
 
 involuntary (in-vol'un-ta-ri) , adj. 
 without will or choice; not spon- 
 taneous. 
 
 involution (in-vo-lu'shun) , n. the act 
 of involving or infolding; complica- 
 tion ; return of an organ or tissue to 
 its normal size after distention; the 
 process of raising an arithmetical or 
 algebraical quantity to a given 
 power, as 3 4 =81. 
 
 involve (in-volv'), v.t. to complicate; 
 entangle; surround; embroil; re- 
 sult as a logical consequence; mul- 
 tiply a quantity into itself any given 
 number of times. [Latin.] 
 
 invulnerable (in-vul'ner-a-bl), adj. 
 that cannot be wounded or injured; 
 without any weak point. [Latin.] 
 
 in wall (in-wawl'), v.t. to enclose 
 within walls. Same as immure. 
 
 inward (in'ward), adj. situated with- 
 in; in the mind: adv. interior; to- 
 wards the center. Also inwards. 
 
 inwardly (in'ward-li) , adv. in an in- 
 ward manner; secretly. 
 
 inwrought (in-rawt'), p. adj. worked 
 in; adorned with figures or pat- 
 terns. 
 
 lod, a Greek prefix, indicating the pres- 
 ence of iodine. Also iodo. 
 
 iodic (I-od'ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
 containing, iodine. 
 
 iodide (I'6-dId), n. a compound of 
 iodine. 
 
 iodine (I'o-din), n. a non-metallic 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
IODOFORM 
 
 280 
 
 IRRITATION 
 
 element, which, when heated, gives 
 off a rich violet vapor. 
 
 iodoform (I-o'do-form) , n. a crystal- 
 line compound formed by the action 
 of iodine on alcohol and potash. A 
 valuable antiseptic. 
 
 iodol (I'o-dol), n. an antiseptic spe- 
 cific used for wounds and cutaneous 
 diseases. 
 
 Ion (I 'on), n. the name given by 
 Faraday to a substance resulting 
 from the decomposition of a body by 
 electrolysis. 
 
 iota (I-o'ta), n. the Greek letter (0, 
 which from its being used under the 
 vowels a, t), o) (iota subscription), 
 denotes anything small or insignifi- 
 cant ; the same as jot. 
 
 ipecacuanha (ip-e-kak-u-an'a) , n. the 
 root of a South American plant: 
 used in medicine. [Portuguese.] 
 
 irascible (I-ras'i-bl) , n. easily excited 
 to anger. [Latin.] 
 
 irate (I-raf), adj. angry; enraged. 
 
 ire (Ir), n. anger; wrath. [Latin.] 
 
 iridescent (ir-i-des'ent) , adj. exhibit- 
 ing iridescence. 
 
 iridium (I-rid'i-um) , n. a metallic 
 element of the platinum group, hard, 
 silvery, and formed with other 
 elements like it. 
 
 iris (I'ris), n. [pi. irises, irides (I'ris-ez, 
 I'ri-dez)], the pupil of the eye; the 
 rainbow. [Greek.] 
 
 iriscope (I'ri-skop), n. an apparatus 
 for showing the prismatic colors. 
 
 irk (erk), v.t. to weary: v.i. to be- 
 come tired. 
 
 irksome (erk 'sum), ad!;', tedious; weari- 
 some. 
 
 iron (I'ern), n. the most common and 
 useful of the metals; an instrument 
 made of iron; anything especially 
 hard or durable: pi. fetters: adj. 
 pertaining to, resembling, or made 
 of iron: v.t. to smooth with an iron; 
 implement; furnish with iron; fetter. 
 
 ironclad (I'ern-klad) , n. a warship pro- 
 tected wholly or partially with iron 
 or steel plates: adj. covered or pro- 
 tected with iron armor. 
 
 ironical (I-ron'i-kal) , adj. express- 
 ing one thing and meaning another. 
 
 ironwood (I'ern-wood) , n. a name for 
 the timber of trees of exceptional 
 hardness and durability. 
 
 irony (I'ron-i), n. subtle sarcasm; a 
 
 mode of speech conveying the op- 
 posite of what is meant. [Greek.] 
 
 irradiance (ir-ra'di-ans) , n. the act 
 of sending forth luminous rays; 
 luster. Irradiancy. [Latin.] 
 
 irradiate (ir-ra'di-at), v.t. to shed 
 light upon; illuminate; brighten: 
 v.i. emit rays of light. 
 
 irradicate (ir-rad'i-kat) , v.t. to root 
 deeply. 
 
 irrational (ir-rash'un-al), adj. desti- 
 tute of reason; absurd. 
 
 irreclaimable (ir-re-klam'a-bl) , adj. 
 that cannot be reclaimed; practi- 
 cally lost. 
 
 irredeemable (ir-re-dem'a-bl) , adj. 
 not to be replaced by an equiva- 
 lent. 
 
 irregular (ir-reg'u-lar), adj.^ not ac- 
 cording to rule; variable; vicious. 
 
 irrelevant (ir-rel'e-vant), adj. not con- 
 nected with the subject in hand. 
 
 irreligious (ir-re-lij'us), adj. destitute 
 of religion. 
 
 irreparable (ir-rep'a-ra-bl), adj. not 
 to be rectified or repaired. 
 
 irrepressible (ir-re-pres'i-bl), adj. not 
 to be restrained. 
 
 irreproachable (ir-re-proch'a-bl), adj. 
 free from blame; innocent. 
 
 irresistible (ir-re-sist'i-bl), adj. not 
 to be opposed successfully. 
 
 irresolute (ir-res'o-hlt), adj. infirm of 
 purpose. 
 
 irrespective (ir-re-spek'tiv), adj. re- 
 gardless (with of). 
 
 irresponsible (ir-re-spon'si-bl), adj. 
 not answerable or amenable. 
 
 irreverent (ir-rev'er-ent), adj. lacking 
 in reverence or respect. 
 
 irrevocable (ir-rev'o-ka-bl) , adj. that 
 cannot be recalled; not alterable. 
 
 irrigable (ir'ri-ga-bl), adj. capable of 
 being irrigated. 
 
 irrigate (ir'i-gat), v.t. to moisten 
 (land) by causing water to flow over 
 by artificial means. [Latin.] 
 
 irritable (ir'i-ta-bl) , adj. easily pro- 
 voked to anger; easily stimulated 
 to perform some physical function. 
 
 irritant (ir'i-tant), n. anything which 
 causes irritation. [Latin.] 
 
 irritate (ir'i-tat), v.t. to make angry;, 
 excite heat and redness in. 
 
 irritation (ir-i-ta'shun) , n. the act of 
 irritating; the state of being irri- 
 tated; exasperation; vexation. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book : 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
IRRUPTION 
 
 281 
 
 ITCH 
 
 irruption (ir-rup'shun), n. a bursting 
 or rushing in; sudden invasion. 
 
 is (iz), 3rd p., sing., pres., indie, of 
 be. 
 
 is, Greek prefix meaning equal. Also 
 iso: as isanthous, having equal 
 flowers ; isothermal, having the same 
 mean summer temperature. 
 
 isagon (I'sa-gon), n. a figure with 
 equal angles. [Greek.] 
 
 Ishmaelite (ish'ma-el-it), n. a de- 
 scendant of Ishmael: hence a social 
 outcast. 
 
 isinglass (I'zin-glas) , n. a white 
 semi-transparent substance prepared 
 from the sounds or air-bladders of 
 the sturgeon, cod, &c. The name is 
 often given to mica from its simi- 
 larity of appearance; but it means 
 "sturgeon-bladder." [Middle Dutch.] 
 
 Islam (is 'lam), n. the Mohammedan 
 religion; the whole body of Moham- 
 medans and the countries where the 
 religion of Mohammed is professed. 
 [The word Islam means "submis- 
 sion," i. e. submission to God and 
 the practice of Mohammedanism.] 
 
 island (I 'land), n. a tract of land 
 surrounded by water; anything re- 
 sembling an island. 
 
 isle (II), n. an island [Poet.]. 
 
 ism (izm), n. system or theory. 
 
 iso, Greek prefix. See is. 
 
 isobar (I'so-bar), n. a line which con- 
 nects places on the earth's surface 
 having the same atmospheric pres- 
 sure at the sea level. 
 
 isobaric (I-so-bar'ik), adj. of equal 
 barometric pressure; pertaining to, 
 or showing, isobars. 
 
 isochromatic (I-so-kro-mat'ik), adj. 
 having the same color. 
 
 isochronous (I-sok'ro-nus) , adj. oc- 
 curring in equal times. 
 
 isoclinal (I-so-kli'nal) , adj. having 
 the same dip or inclination. 
 
 isodynamic (I-so-dl-nam'ik) , adj. hav- 
 ing equal force. 
 
 isogeo thermal (I-so-je-o-ther'mal) , 
 adj. _ noting imaginary lines con- 
 necting places on the earth's sur- 
 face which have the same mean 
 annual temperature. 
 
 Isolate (is'o-lat), v.t. to place alone; 
 place in a detached situation: in- 
 sulate; obtain in an uncombined 
 form. 
 
 isolation (is-o-la'shun), n. the state of 
 being isolated. 
 
 isomeric (I-s5-mer'ik) , adj. having the 
 same elements in the same propor- 
 tions, but with different physical 
 characteristics. 
 
 isometric (I-so-met'rik) , adj. having 
 equality of measure. 
 
 isomorphism (I-so-mor'fizm), n. the 
 quality of having the same crystal- 
 line form, but formed of different 
 elements. 
 
 isosceles (I-sos'e-lez) , adj. having equal 
 sides. 
 
 isotherm (I'so-therm), n. an imag- 
 inary line connecting those places 
 on the earth's surface which have 
 the same mean temperature. 
 
 Israel (iz'ra-el), n. the patriarch Jacob ; 
 the twelve tribes of Israel ; # at present 
 the whole body of the Jewish people. 
 [Hebrew, literally "Fighter for God."] 
 
 issue (ish'u), n. the act of passing 
 or flowing out; egress; that which 
 flows or passes out;_ discharge; flux; 
 publication; offspring; lineal de- 
 scendants; produce of the earth; 
 profits of land, &c; essential points 
 in pleading or debate; result: v.t. 
 to send out; publish; put into cir- 
 culation: v.i. to come or pass out; 
 arise, as from a source; flow; pro- 
 ceed; be descended; end. 
 
 isthmus (ist'mus), n. & neck of land 
 connecting two larger portions. 
 
 Italian (i-tal'yan) , adj. pertaining 
 to Italy, its inhabitants, or lan- 
 guage. 
 
 Italic (i-tal'ik), adj. pertaining _ to 
 Italy; noting a slender, sloping kind 
 of type (italic) : used for emphasis, 
 &c: n.pl. italic type, first made in 
 Italy about the year 1500. 
 
 italicize (i-tal'i-siz), v.t. to write or 
 print in italics. 
 
 Italiote (i-tal'i-ot), n. a Greek inhabi- 
 tant of Italy or an Italian inhabi- 
 tant of Greece. Also Graeco-Italian. 
 
 ita-palm (I'ta-pam), n. a tall South 
 American palm, supplying the na- 
 tives along the Orinoco and Amazon 
 with food, drink and rope and ham- 
 mock materials. 
 
 itch (ich), n. & parasitic cutaneous 
 disease causing great irritation; a 
 constant and teasing desire for some- 
 thing: v.i. to feel a particular un- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ITEM 
 
 282 
 
 IZZARD 
 
 easiness in the skin, causing a de- 
 sire to scratch the part affected; 
 have a constant and teasing desire 
 for. 
 
 item (I'tem), n. a separate article or 
 particular; a newspaper paragraph: 
 adv. also. [Latin.] 
 
 itemize (I'tem-ize) , v.t. to give the 
 items or details of an account. 
 
 iterate (it'er-at) L vi. to repeat. [Latin.] 
 
 iteration (it-er-a'shun) , repetition. 
 
 iterative (it'er-a-tiv) , adj. repeating. 
 
 itinerancy (I-tin'er-an-si) , n. a passing 
 from place to place, especially in 
 the discharge of some official func- 
 tion, as by a judge on circuit, a 
 preacher, &c. 
 
 itinerant (I-tin'er-ant) , adj. passing 
 from place to place: n. one who 
 itinerates. 
 
 itinerary (i-tin'er-a-ri) , adj. pertaining 
 to, or done on, a journey; traveling 
 from place to place: n. a traveler's 
 guide or route-book; a diary of a 
 journey; plan of a projected ex- 
 cursion. 
 
 itinerate (I-tin'er-at), v.i. to travel 
 from place to place. 
 
 ivoride (I'vo-rid), n. a variety of arti- 
 ficial ivory. 
 
 ivory (I'vo-ri), n. the hard, bony, 
 white dentine which forms the tusks 
 of the elephant, walrus, &c: adj. 
 made of, or like, ivory. [Old French.] 
 
 ivory palm (pam), n. the palm 
 from which the ivory nuts used in 
 turning as an imitation for ivory 
 are obtained. 
 
 ivorytype (i'vo-ri-tip), n. a particular 
 kind of photographic picture with 
 an ivory-like surface. 
 
 ivy (I'vi), n. a clinging evergreen 
 plant of the genus Hedera. 
 
 Izar (iz'ar) , n. the yellow star Bootes; a 
 Mohammedan woman's outer veil- 
 like garment. [Arabic] 
 
 izard (iz'ard), n. another name for 
 the ibex. 
 
 izzard (iz'ard), n. a very ancient 
 name for the letter z. Hence "From 
 a to izzard" means from beginning to 
 end. [Greek zeta, Old French ezed.] 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
J 
 
 J, the tenth letter of the English al- 
 phabet and the latest to be added to 
 it. Before the tenth century, J was 
 merely an ornamental form of I. 
 Later it was used as a semi-vowel, 
 but until the seventeenth century 
 this distinction was not strictly en- 
 forced by English teachers. 
 
 jabber (jab'er), v.i. to talk rapidly and 
 indistinctly; chatter. 
 
 jacinth (ja'sinth), n. hyacinth; a red 
 variety of zircon. 
 
 jack (jak), n. sl pike; in bowls, a small 
 ball serving as a mark to be aimed 
 at; the male of some animals; tim- 
 ber cut short of its usual length; 
 a flag used for signaling; the knave 
 in cards; a leathern coat of mail; a 
 name applied to various kinds of 
 levers or mechanical labor-saving 
 appliances, as a jack-screw, roasting- 
 jack, &c: v.t. to lift with a jack. 
 
 jackal (jak'al), n. a dog-like carniv- 
 orous animal which hunts in packs; 
 one who does base work for an- 
 other. [Arabic] 
 
 jackanapes (jak'a-naps), n. a con- 
 ceited or upstart fellow. 
 
 jackass (jak'as), n. the male ass; don- 
 key. 
 
 jackboots (jak'bootz), n.pl. large 
 boots reaching above the knee. 
 
 jackdaw (jack'daw), n. a glossy 
 species of crow. 
 
 jacket (jak'et), n. a short tailless coat: 
 a covering to prevent radiation of 
 heat: v.t. to clothe with a jacket; 
 beat. 
 
 jackstays (jak'staz), n.pl. ropes 
 stretched along the yard of a ship 
 to fasten the sails to. 
 
 Jacobite (jak'o-bit), n. an adherent of 
 James II. of England and his de- 
 scendants. 
 
 jaconet (jak'o-net), n. a fine soft white 
 cotton material somewhat resem- 
 
 bling cambric ; nainsook. Alsojacco- 
 net. 
 
 jacqueminot (zhak'mi-no) , n. a deep 
 red perpetual rose named after the 
 French general, J. F. Jacqueminot 
 (1787-1852). 
 
 jade (jad), n. a tired or worn-out 
 horse; a vicious woman; a young 
 woman (contemptuously or humor- 
 ously) ; a silicate of magnesia and 
 lime of green color: much used for 
 ornaments, &c: v.t. to tire by long- 
 continued labor; harass. 
 
 jag (jag), n. a notch; projecting point; 
 denticulation; a small load; a condi- 
 tion of partial intoxication: v.t. 
 [p.t. & p.p. jagged, p.pr. jagging], 
 to cut into notches or teeth. 
 
 jaguar (jag'gwar).n. a fierce animal of 
 South America, resembling the leop- 
 ard ;_the American tiger. [Spanish.] 
 
 jail (jal), n. a prison; a lock-up. 
 
 jalap (jal'ap), n. the root of Ipomcea 
 purga: used medicinally as a purga- 
 tive. 
 
 jam (jam), n. a conserve of fruit 
 boiled with sugar; a squeeze; block; 
 crush: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jammed, p.pr; 
 jamming], to squeeze or crush; 
 press in tightly; block up by crowd- 
 ing. 
 
 jamb (jam), n. one of the upright 
 sides of a doorway, window-opening, 
 or fireplace. 
 
 jangle (jang'gl), v.i. to quarrel or 
 wrangle; sound discordantly: n. a 
 discordant sound; wrangle; alterca- 
 tion; chatter. 
 
 janissary (jan'i-sa-ri), n. [pi. janis- 
 saries (jan'i-sa-riz)], formerly the 
 foot-guard of the Turkish sultans. 
 [French from Turkish .] 
 
 janitor (jan'i-ter), n.& door-keeper. 
 
 Jansenism (jan'sen-izm), n. the doc- 
 trine set forth by Bishop Cornelius 
 Jansen of Louvain in opposition to 
 the Jesuits. This teaching was ac- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, £&en. 
 
JANUARY 
 
 284 
 
 JERKIN 
 
 cepted by many Catholics, but was 
 interdicted in 1642. It was pro- 
 fessedly based on the writings of St. 
 Augustine and taught natural de- 
 pravity, to be removable by good 
 works. 
 
 January (jan'u-a-ri), n. the first month 
 of the year; named from the Latin 
 god, Janus. 
 
 japan (ja-pan'), n. work varnished 
 and lacquered after the Japanese 
 style of ornamentation; a kind of 
 varnish: v.t. _ [p.t. & p.p. japanned, 
 p.pr. japanning], to cover, varnish, 
 or lacquer, with japan; make black 
 and glossy. 
 
 Japanese (jap-a-nez'), adj. pertain- 
 ing to Japan, its inhabitants, or lan- 
 guage. 
 
 japonica (ja-pon'i-ka), n. the name of 
 various species of Japanese plants. 
 
 jar (jar), n. an earthenware pot or 
 vessel; a shake produced by a sud- 
 den shock; jolt; harsh sound; con- 
 flict of opinion or interest: v.t. [p.t. 
 & p.p. jarred, p.pr. jarring], to cause 
 to shake by a sudden shock; jolt: 
 v.i. to interfere or clash; emit a 
 harsh sound. 
 
 jardiniere (zhar-din-yar'),n. an orna- 
 mental flower-stand of porcelain or 
 terra-cotta or silver. 
 
 jargon (jar'gon), n. confused, unin- 
 telligible talk; a mixture of two or 
 more languages; the peculiar phrase- 
 ology of a party, sect, &c. 
 
 jasmine (jas'min), n. a plant of the 
 genus Jasminum with fragrant flow- 
 ers. 
 
 jasper (jas'per), n. an opaque, many- 
 shaded variety of quartz: when pol- 
 ished it is made into a variety of 
 ornamental articles. 
 
 jaundice (jan'dis), n. a disease char- 
 acterized by yellowness of the eye- 
 balls, skin, &c, caused by biliary 
 derangement : hence a mental condi- 
 tion likely to be gloomy or depressed. 
 It is seldom dangerous and is more 
 a symptom than a disease. 
 
 jaunt (jant), n. a short excursion or 
 ramble: v.i. to roam or ramble; take 
 a short excursion. 
 
 jaunty (jant'i), adj. airy; gay; showy. 
 
 javelin (jav'e-lin), n. a light spear. 
 
 jaw (jaw), n. the 'bones of the mouth 
 in which the teeth are placed; 
 
 mouth ; a mechanical contrivance for 
 holding the inner end of a vessel's 
 boom. 
 
 jay (ja), n. a crow-like, chattering 
 bird with handsome plumage; a 
 greenhorn; a block-head; a poor 
 actor. [American slang.] 
 
 jealous (jel'us), adj. full of, or char- 
 acterized by, jealousy; anxiously 
 suspicious or watchful. 
 
 jealousy (jel'us-i), n. suspicious fear or 
 watchfulness, especially the fear of 
 being supplanted by a rival. 
 
 jean (jen), n. twilled undressed cot- 
 ton cloth. [Old French.] 
 
 jeer (jer), v.t. to scoff at; ridicule: 
 v.i. to speak in a derisive or sarcas- 
 
 tic manner: n. a scoff; derision: pi. 
 tackle by which the lower yards of a 
 vessel are hoisted or lowered. 
 
 Jehovah (je-ho'va), n. Lord; God of 
 the Hebrews; now often written and 
 pronounced Yahweh. 
 
 jehu (je'hu), n. one fond of driving, 
 especially fast driving (2 Kings, ix. 
 20) ; a coachman. 
 
 jelly (jel'i), n. [pi. jellies (jel'iz)], the 
 stiffened gelatinous _ juice of fruit, 
 meat, &c, after boiling; any semi- 
 transparent soft gluey substance: 
 v.i. [p.t. & p.p. jellied, p.pr. jelly- 
 ing], to turn to, or become, jelly. 
 
 jemmy (jem'i), n. [pi. jemmies (jem'- 
 iz)], a short crowbar used by burg- 
 lars. Also, in this country, jimmy. 
 
 jenny (jen'i), n. a machine for spin- 
 ning; used in composition for female, 
 as jenny-wren, jenny-ass, &c. 
 
 jeopard (jep'ard), v.t. to expose to 
 loss or injury; hazard. Also jeop- 
 ardize. 
 
 jeopardy (jep'ar-di), n. hazard; peril. 
 
 jerboa (jer-bq'a), n. the leaping mouse 
 of Africa, with long hind legs. 
 
 jeremiad (jer-e-mi'ad), n. lamenta- 
 tion, especially over modern degener- 
 acy: from the Book of Lamentations 
 of Jeremiah. 
 
 jerk (jerk), v.t. to give a sudden pull, 
 twist, or push to; throw with a 
 sudden quick movement; cut into 
 long strips and dry in the sun, as 
 beef: n. a sudden quick pull, twist 
 or push; spasmodic movement; 
 jerked beef; charqui. [Chilean.] 
 
 jerkin (jer'kin), n. a short coat or jack- 
 et; close waistcoat; young salmon. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite,mit: note, north, not; boon, book; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
JERRY 
 
 285 
 
 JOB 
 
 jerry (jer'i), adj. constructed hastily, 
 and of bad materials, as a jerry- 
 built house. 
 
 jest (jest), n. a joke; humorous pleas- 
 antry; fun; a laughing-stock: v.i. to 
 joke ; make merriment ; make game of. 
 
 Jesuit (jez'u-it), n. a member of the 
 Catholic Society of Jesus, founded 
 by Ignatius Loyola, 1534. 
 
 jet (jet), n. & stream of water sud- 
 denly emitted; a deep black vari- 
 ety of lignite, black amber; a gas 
 branch; tube for running molten 
 metal into a mold: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 jetted, p.pr. jetting], to spout out: 
 v.i. to shoot or jut out. [French.] 
 
 jetsam (jet'sam), n. that part of a 
 ship's cargo which is thrown into 
 the sea to lighten the vessel in case 
 of peril: opposed to flotsam. Also 
 jetsom, jetson. 
 
 jettison (jet'i-sun), n. the act of throw- 
 ing goods overboard to lighten a ves- 
 sel in case of peril: v.t. to throw 
 overboard to lighten a vessel. 
 
 jetty (jet'i), n. [pi. jetties (jet'iz)], a 
 structure extending into the water, 
 used as a pier, mole, or wall, to re- 
 strain or direct currents; projection 
 of a building: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. jettied, 
 p.pr. jetting], to jut out or project. 
 
 Jew (joo) , n. an Israelite ; Hebrew. Fern. 
 Jewess. [Hebr. Yehuddh, Judah.] 
 
 jewel (joo'el) , n. a valuable ornament ; 
 gem; precious stone; anything of 
 great value or dear to one: v.t. to 
 adorn with, or as with, jewels; fur- 
 nish with jewels. 
 
 jeweler (joo'el-er), n. one who makes 
 or deals in jewels. 
 
 jewelry (joo'el -ri), n. jewels collective- 
 ly; the art or trade of a jeweler. 
 
 Jewish (joo'ish), adj. pertaining to the 
 Jews, their language, customs, &c. m 
 
 Jewry (jpo'ri),_ n. Judaea; a district in 
 a city inhabited by Jews; ghetto. 
 
 jib (jib), n. a large triangular sail 
 projecting beyond the bowsprit; the 
 projecting arm or beam of a crane; 
 a jibbing horse: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
 jibbed, p.pr. jibbing], to move rest- 
 lessly backwards or sideways: said 
 of a horse. # [01_d_ French.] 
 
 jib-boom (jib 'boom), n. a spar be- 
 yond the bowsprit, on which the jib 
 is set. 
 
 jiffy (jif'i), n. an instant. 
 
 jig (jig), n. a quick lively dance, or 
 music for such a dance; a particular 
 kind of fish-hook: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
 jigged, p.pr. jigging], to dance a jig: 
 v.t. jerk up and down. 
 
 jigger (jig'er), n. one who jigs; a name 
 for various mechanical contrivances 
 and appliances; another form of 
 chigoe, an African insect which 
 lays poisonous eggs under the 
 toenails of the white traveller. 
 
 jilt (jilt), n. a coquette or flirt: v.t. 
 to encourage (a lover) and then dis- 
 card him: v.i. to play the jilt; prac- 
 tice deception in love. 
 
 jingle (jing'gl), n. a sharp tinkling 
 metallic sound; a little bell or rat- 
 tle; meaningless rhyme; a covered 
 two-wheeled Irish car: v.i. to sound 
 with a jingle. 
 
 jingo (jing'go), n. [pi. jingoes (jing'- 
 goz)], one of a party of Englishmen, 
 mainly Conservatives, who, at the 
 time of the Russo-Turkish War of 
 1S77-78, wished Great Britain to go 
 to war with Russia: named from a 
 popular song of the day which con- 
 tained the mild oath "by jingo!" 
 [Etymology doubtful; perhaps from 
 the Basque word, meaning " King."] 
 
 jinrikishaw (jin-rik'i-shaw), n. a small 
 Japanese two-wheeled carriage, 
 drawn by one or more men. Also 
 jinriksha and 'rickshaw. [Japanese, 
 meaning "strongman carriage."] 
 
 jitney (jit'ne), n. colloquial for five- 
 cent piece. [Western U. S.] 
 
 jitney-bus (jit'ne-bus) , n. a vehicle, 
 usually a second-hand automobile, 
 charging a five-cent fare, in competi- 
 tion with regular transportation 
 companies. 
 
 jiu-jitsu Qu-jit'soo), n. an ancient 
 Japanese system of _ wrestling. It 
 means "muscle-breaking." 
 
 jo (jo), n. a sweetheart. [Scotch.] 
 
 job (job), n. a piece of work, espe- 
 cially of a temporary or chance na- 
 ture: any scheme for making money 
 or securing private advantage at the 
 public expense ; any event or circum- 
 stance ; a _ sudden stroke or thrust 
 with a pointed instrument: v.t. [p.t. 
 & p.p. jobbed, p.pr. jobbing], to let 
 out for hire; buy up (goods) _ and 
 retail them; punch suddenly with a 
 sharp instrument: v.i. buy and sell, 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
JOCKEY 286 JUBILATION 
 
 as a stock-broker; perform job make jokes: v.t. to cast jokes at; 
 
 work; let out or hire horses; work rally. [Latin.] 
 
 for one's own advantage under the jolly (jori), adj. [comparative jollier, su- 
 
 guise of public zeal. < perlative jolliest], full of life and 
 
 jockey (jok'i), n. [pi. jockeys (jok'iz)], mirth; gay; inspiring mirth; excel- 
 one who rides a horse in a race; lent; most remarkable; companion- 
 groom; a dealer in horses; cheat: able: adv. exceedingly: v.t. [p.t. & 
 v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jockeyed, p.pr. jock- p.p. jollied, p.pr. jollying], to joke 
 eying], to cheat or deceive; jostle or rally; to treat well for the pur- 
 against by riding unfairly. pose of obtaining some advantage. 
 
 jocose (jo-kos'), adj. sportive; hu- jolt (jolt), v.t. to shake by sudden 
 
 morous. _ jerks: v.i. to have a jerky motion: 
 
 jocular (jok'u-16r), adj. making jokes. n. a sudden jerk, an unpleasant sur- 
 
 jocund (jok'und), adv. jovial; sport- prise. 
 
 ive; gay. jonquil (jon'kwil), n. a bulbous plant 
 
 jog (jog), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jogged, p.pr. with fragrant flowers. Also jon- 
 
 jogging], to push or shake slightly, quille. 
 
 usually with the elbow or hand, by jorum (jo'rum), n. a large drinking 
 
 way of reminder; stimulate: v.i. to bowl. 
 
 travel along with a slow trotting joss (jos), n. a Chinese god or idol, 
 motion: n. a slight push or shake; jostle (jos'l), v.t. to push against; el- 
 slow trot; stimulant. bow. 
 
 join (join), v.t. to unite; connect; jot (jot), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jotted, p.pr. 
 
 associate; add or annex; to unite in jotting], to make a memorandum of 
 
 marriage: v.i. to adhere; be in con- (with doum): n. a tittle. See iota, 
 
 tact; be associated or in unity with: journal (jer'nal), n. a record of news 
 
 n. a joint or union. or events; diary; a book in which 
 
 joinder (join'der), n. in law, the particular transactions are entered 
 coupling of two or more causes of from the day-book; a ship's log- 
 action into the same declaration. book; the bearing part of the shaft 
 
 joiner (join'er), n. one who, or that of a machine. [French.] 
 
 which, joins, especially an artisan journalism (jer'nal-izm), n. a news- 
 
 who finishes the woodwork for paper or periodical literature; the in- 
 
 houses, &c. fluence exercised by such literature; 
 
 joinery (join'er-i), n. joiner's work. the profession of a journalist. 
 
 joint (joint), n. the place where two journey (jer'ni), n. passage from one 
 or more things join; articulation of place to another; a day's work or 
 limbs; node or internode; hinge; a travel: v.i. to travel from one place 
 fissure dividing rock masses into to another. [French.] 
 blocks; one of the larger pieces into journeyman (jer'ni-man), n. [pi. jour- 
 which a carcass is cut up; a place of neymen (jer'ni-men)], a mechanic 
 low resort; as, an opium joint: adj. who has served his apprentice- 
 produced by the action of two or ship. 
 
 more; united in or sharing: v.t. jovial (j5v'i-al), adj. convivial: merry, 
 
 cut or divide into joints, as meat. jowl (joul), n. the jaw or cheek; head 
 
 jointure 'joint'tir), n. landed estate or of a fish. 
 
 tenements settled on a woman in joy (joi), n. exhilaration of spirits; 
 
 consideration of her marriage, to be gaiety; gladness: v.i. to rejoice or 
 
 enjoyed by her after the death of be glad. # [French.] 
 
 her husband: v.t. to settle a jointure joyful (joi'fool), adj. full of joy. 
 
 upon. m joyless (joi'les), adj. without joy; 
 
 joist (joist), n. a horizontal timber to destitute of_gladness. 
 
 which the boards of a floor or laths jubilant (jqo'bi-lant) , adj. express- 
 of a ceiling are fastened: v.t. to fur- ing exultation; triumphant, 
 nish with joists. jubilation (joo-bi-la'shun), n. a shout- 
 joke (jok), n. something said or done ing for joy; declaration of tri- 
 to excite mirth; jest; sport: v.i. to umph. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
JUBILEE 
 
 287 
 
 JUNCTURE 
 
 jubilee (joo'bi-le), to. a Jewish festival 
 celebrated every 50th year, to com- 
 memorate the deliverance of the Is- 
 raelites from Egyptian bondage; the 
 50th anniversary of any event; a 
 year of special indulgence granted 
 by the Pope every 25th year. [French 
 from HebrewJ 
 
 Judaean (joo-de'an), adj. pertaining to 
 Judaea. 
 
 Judaism (joo'da-izm), to. the religious 
 rites and doctrines of the Jews ; con- 
 formity to Jewish rites and doc- 
 trines. 
 
 judge (juj), n. the presiding official 
 in a court of law, having authority 
 to hear and determine civil and 
 criminal causes; arbitrator; connois- 
 seur; one of the chief rulers of the 
 Israelites from the death of Joshua 
 to the kingship of Saul: v.t. to ex- 
 examine and pass sentence upon; dis- 
 tinguish; consider: v.t. to come to a 
 conclusion by comparison and con- 
 sideration; hear and determine a 
 case, and pass sentence. [French 
 from Latin.] 
 
 judgment (juj'ment), to. the act of 
 judging; a judicial decision; mental 
 faculty of deciding correctly by the 
 comparison of facts and ideas; pen- 
 etration; intelligence; criticism; opin- 
 ion; punishment inflicted by God; 
 the final trial of mankind by God 
 (with the) ; judgment-day. 
 
 judicature (joo'di-ka-tur), to. a court 
 of justice; power of dispensing jus- 
 tice^by legal trial and judgment. 
 
 judicial (joo-dish'al), adj. pertaining 
 to courts of justice or to the admin- 
 istration of justice; proceeding from, 
 or inflicted by, a court of justice; im- 
 partial. 
 
 judiciary (joo-dish'i-a-ri), adj. per- 
 taining to courts of justice; passing 
 judgment: to. judges collectively, 
 that branch of a government con- 
 cerned with the administration of 
 civil and criminal law. 
 
 judicious (joo-dish'us), adj. prudent; 
 discreet. 
 
 jug, v.t. to put into a jug; to cook in 
 a jug; to imprison: v.i. to imitate 
 the cry of a nightingale; to nestle 
 together as birds: to. an earthenware 
 vessel with a handle, used to carry 
 liquids; a jail or prison. 
 
 juggle (jug'l), v.t. to cheat by arti- 
 fice: v.i. to conjure: to. a trick by 
 sleight of hand; imposture. 
 
 jugglery (jug'ler-i), to. [pi. juggleries 
 (jug'ler-iz) J, legerdemain; impost- 
 ure. 
 
 jugular (jug'u-lar), adj. pertaining to 
 the neck or throat or jugular vein: 
 to. a jugular vein. 
 
 juice (joos), to. sap; the fluid parts 
 of animal bodies. 
 
 julep (joo'lep), to. a drink composed of 
 brandy or whisky sweetened and 
 flavored with mint; a mixture of 
 sugar and water as a vehicle for ad- 
 ministering medicine. [French.] 
 
 Julian (joo'lian), adj. pertaining to 
 Julius Caesar, or to the Julian cal- 
 endar as adjusted by Julius Caesar 
 46 B.C. : replaced by the Gregorian 
 year (New Style) in England, 
 1752. 
 
 julienne (zhoo-li-en'), to. a clear meat 
 soup with chopped carrots, &c. 
 
 July (joo-ll'), to. the seventh month of 
 the year, named from Julius Caesar, 
 who was born in it. 
 
 jumble (jum'bl), to. a confused mass; 
 a kind of thin cake: v.t. to mix in a 
 confused mass; throw together with- 
 out order: v.i. to mix or unite con- 
 fusedly. 
 
 jumbo (jum'bo), to. a colossus: adj. 
 larger than usual, as " a jumbo 
 squab." 
 
 jump (jump), to. a spring or bound; 
 the space jumped: in mining, a 
 fault: v.t. to cause to spring or 
 bound; leap over; to abscond with- 
 out payment of bail; to seize without 
 title, as a mining claim: v.i. to spring 
 upward or forward. 
 
 jumper (jump'er), to. one who, or that 
 which, jumps; a name applied to 
 certain religious sects who practice 
 dancing under religious excitement; 
 a hooded Arctic fur jacket; a long, 
 loose workman's jacket; a one-piece 
 frock, with low neck and short 
 sleeves, worn over a chemisette. 
 
 junction ( jungk'shun) , to. the act of 
 being joined; union; a point or place 
 of union. 
 
 juncture (jungk'tur), to. the point or 
 line at which two bodies are joined; 
 joint; articulation; particular or 
 critical occasion. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit: note, north, not; boon, book; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
JUNE 
 
 288 
 
 JUXTAPOSITION 
 
 June (joon), n. the sixth month, 
 named from Juno, the wife of Jove. 
 
 jungle (jung'gl), n. a dense tropical 
 thicket of forest trees, brushwood, 
 tall grasses, reeds, and creepers. 
 
 junior (joon'yer), adj. younger; of 
 lower standing; pertaining to youth: 
 n. the younger of two; one of lower 
 standing. The abbreviation Jr. is 
 written after the name of a mem- 
 ber of a family who has an older 
 relative of the same name still living. 
 Thus John Brown, Jr., may be the 
 son, the grandson, or the nephew of 
 John Brown, Sr. (senior). 
 
 juniper (joo'ni-per), n. a shrub, the 
 berries of which are used in flavor- 
 ing gin. 
 
 junk (jungk), n. short pieces of old 
 cable, rope, &c, used for making 
 mats, oakum, &c; hard salt ship 
 beef; a Chinese flat-bottomed vessel 
 with a square bow and high stern, 
 having the mast in one piece. [Span- 
 ish.] 
 
 junket (jung'ket), n. a preparation 
 of curds and cream; a variety of 
 sweetmeat ; excursion ; picnic : v.i. to 
 participate in an excursion or pic- 
 nic. 
 
 jurisdiction (joo-ris-dik'shun), n. le- 
 gal authority; extent of power; dis- 
 trict over which any authority ex- 
 tends. 
 
 jurisprudence (joo-ris-pro5'dens), n. 
 legal science; system of laws of a 
 country. 
 
 jurist (joo'rist), n. one skilled in legal 
 science. 
 
 juror (jSS'rer), n. a juryman. 
 
 jury (joo'ri), n. a body of men, usually 
 twelve, selected according to law and 
 sworn to inquire into or decide on 
 the evidence before them ; a commit- 
 tee of experts selected to award 
 
 prizes, &c, at a public exhibition, 
 &c. 
 
 jury mast (joo'ri-mast), n. a tem- 
 porary mast raised instead of one 
 lost. 
 
 jus (jus), n. a right that may be le- 
 gally enforced. [Latin.] 
 
 just (just), adj. comformable to di- 
 vine or human laws; upright; im- 
 partial; faithful ; # exact; regular; 
 fair: adv. exactly; barely; nearly; 
 almost; perfectly. [Latin.] 
 
 justice (jus'tis), n. the quality of be- 
 ing just; rectitude in dealing with 
 others; impartiality; a judge or 
 magistrate. 
 
 justiciary (jus-tish'i-a-ri), n. [pi. jus- 
 ticiaries (jus-tish'i-a-riz)], a judge. 
 
 justifiable (jus-ti-fi'a-bl) , adj. defensi- 
 ble. 
 
 justification (jus-ti-fi-ka'shun), n. the 
 act of justifying; vindication or de- 
 fense; the act of acceptance of a man 
 by God as justified by the merits of 
 Jesus Christ. [Latin.] 
 
 justify (jus'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. justi- 
 fied, p.pr. justifying], to snow or 
 prove to be just or right; vindicate; 
 pardon, accept and treat as just on 
 the ground of faith and repentance: 
 v.i. to conform to each other by 
 proper spacing, as lines of type. 
 
 jut (jut), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. jutted, p.pr. 
 jutting], project beyond the main 
 body.__ 
 
 jute (joot), n. the fiber of an East 
 Indian plant used for ropes, bag- 
 ging, mats,_&c. [Bengali.] 
 
 juvenile (joq've-nil), adj. youthful; 
 characteristic of, or suitable to, 
 youth: n. a young person. 
 
 juxta, a prefix meaning near. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 juxtaposition (juks-ta-po-zish'un), n. 
 nearness, closeness. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, tJien. 
 
K 
 
 K, the eleventh letter of the English 
 alphabet. As a capital letter, it 
 appears to have been formed out of 
 the Egyptian hierarchic pictograph 
 representing a bowl. In both early 
 Greek and Latin the character 
 represented a "hard" sound, as it 
 does in our language to-day, op- 
 posed to S. But K was in Greek 
 at one time a letter called Koppa 
 9, apparently Q. Q was finally lost 
 except as a numeral in Greek, and 
 as part of a diphthongal combina- 
 tion, qu, in Latin. 
 
 Kaiser (ki'zer), n. the title of the em- 
 perors of Germany, Austria and 
 Bulgaria. The Russian title, Czar, 
 is in reality the same, since all three 
 come from the Ccesar of Roman im- 
 perialism (properly pronounced ki'- 
 sar). 
 
 kale (kal), n. a cabbage with open 
 curled leaves; sea-kale. Also kail. 
 
 kaleidoscope (ka-li'do-skop) , n. an 
 optical instrument which by an ar- 
 rangement of mirrors causes objects 
 viewed through it to appear in a 
 variety of symmetrical and beautiful 
 patterns. 
 
 kalmuck, n. a rough hairy kind of 
 cloth. 
 
 kami (ka'mi), n. a Japanese title 
 equivalent to English Lord. 
 
 kamis (ka-mes'). n. a long shirt worn 
 by Mohammedans. [Arabic] The 
 word has been Europeanized so as to 
 give us chemise. 
 
 kangaroo (kang-ga-roo'). n. a her- 
 bivorous marsupial mammal pecu- 
 liar to Australia, having, short fore- 
 legs and long powerful hind legs, 
 with which it leaps. 
 
 kaolin (ka'o-lin), n. china or porce- 
 lain clay. [Chinese.] 
 
 karat, same as carat. 
 
 keckle (kek'l), v.t. to preserve (a 
 
 rope, &c.) from chafing by a cover- 
 ing of canvas, &c. 
 
 kedge (kej), n. a light anchor used in 
 warping: v.t. to warp. 
 
 keel (kel), n. the chief and lowest 
 timber of a vessel extending from 
 stem to stern and supporting the 
 whole frame: hence a ship; a low, 
 flat-bottomed coal-barge; the lowest 
 petals of the corolla of a papiliona- 
 ceous flower; carina: v.t. to furnish 
 with a keel: v.i. turn up the keel; 
 give up. 
 
 keelhaul (kel'hawl) , v.t. to drag under 
 water beneath the bottom of a ship 
 from one side to the other; formerly 
 a naval punishment; reprimand 
 sternly. 
 
 keelson (kel'sun), n. a beam or timber 
 laid on the middle of the floor tim- 
 bers over the keel of a vessel to 
 strengthen it. Also kelson. 
 
 keen (ken), adj. sharp; eager; pierc- 
 ing; bitter; acute [Anglo-Saxon]: n. 
 a shrill bitter wail of lamentation 
 for the dead. [Erse.] 
 
 keep (kep), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. kept, p. 
 pr. keeping], to have the care of; 
 guard; preserve; maintain; do; ob- 
 serve; fulfil; supply with the neces- 
 saries of life; detain; confine: v.i. 
 to remain in any state or condition: 
 n. subsistence; the stronghold or 
 donjon of a mediaeval castle. 
 
 keeping (kep'ing), n. care; custody; 
 charge; subsistence; harmony; con- 
 gruity. 
 
 keepsake (kep'sak), n. something kept 
 as a souvenir of the giver. 
 
 keeve (kev), n. a large vat or tub. 
 
 keg (keg), n. a small barrel. 
 
 kelp (kelp), n. the calcined ashes of 
 sea-weeds, from which iodine is ob- 
 tained; a large coarse seaweed or 
 wrack. 
 
 kemp (kemp), n. coarse rough hair 
 or wool; refuse of fur. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
KEN 
 
 290 
 
 KINDNESS 
 
 ken (ken), n. view; knowledge: v.t. 
 [p.t. & p.p. kenned, p.pr. kenning], 
 to know; descry. [Scotch.] 
 
 kendal (ken'dal), n. a coarse green 
 cloth, first made near Kendal Green, 
 in Westmoreland, England. 
 
 kennel (ken'el), n. a house for a dog or 
 pack of hounds; lair of a fox; street 
 gutter; vile lodging: v.L to confine 
 in a kennel: v.i. to live in a kennel. 
 [Old French.] 
 
 keno (ke'no), n. a game of chance 
 played with numbered balls, cards, 
 and buttons. [French.] 
 
 keratin (ker'a-tin), n. the principal 
 constituent of hair, nails, and 
 horn. 
 
 kermess (ker'mes), n. an open-air 
 festival. [Dutch.] 
 
 kernel (ker'nel), n. a grain or seed; the 
 edible substance of a nut or fruit 
 stone; essence. 
 
 kerosene (ker'o-sen), n. refined petro- 
 leum. [Greek.] 
 
 ketch (kech), n. a stoutly-built, two- 
 masted, fore-and-aft rigged vessel. 
 
 ketchup (kech'up), n. a sauce pre- 
 pared from tomatoes, mushrooms, 
 &c. Also catsup and catchup. 
 
 kettle (ket'l), n. a metallic vessel for 
 boiling liquids. 
 
 kettledrum (ket'1-drum), n. a hemi- 
 spherical copper drum; afternoon 
 tea party. 
 
 key (ke), n. a portable metal instru- 
 ment for operating a lock; an in- 
 strument by which something is 
 turned, secured, or operated upon; 
 clef; solution; literal translation: 
 v.t. fasten or connect with a key. 
 
 Key (ke), n. one of the twenty-four 
 members of the Manx Parliament 
 which is elected and is called the 
 House of Keys. 
 
 key (ka), n. a low narrow island usually 
 containing coral. [Spanish.] 
 
 khaki (ka'ki), n. a light drab-colored 
 cloth much used for undress uni- 
 form since the Boer War of 1899. 
 [Anglo-Indian.] 
 
 khan (kan), n. an Asiatic prince, chief, 
 or governor ; in India, a title given to 
 a caravanserai. [Persian.] 
 
 khanate (kan'at), n. the jurisdiction of 
 a khan. 
 
 khedive (ke-dev'), n. the official title 
 of the Viceroy of Egypt, first be- 
 
 stowed upon him by the Sultan of 
 Turkey in 1868. [Turkish.] 
 
 kick (kik), n. a blow with the foot; 
 a recoil: v.t. to strike with the foot: 
 v.i. recoil; resist. 
 
 kid (kid), n. the young of the goat, or 
 its soft skin used for gloves, &c. ; a 
 child; a small wooden tub: adj. 
 made of kid: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. kidded, 
 p.pr. kidding], to bring forth a kid: 
 v.t. to furnish or cover with kid; 
 humbug. 
 
 kiddle (kid'l), n. a wicker fish-weir. 
 
 kidnap (kid'nap), v.t. to get forcible 
 and illegal possession of (human be- 
 ings, especially children). 
 
 kidney (kid'ni), n. [pi. kidneys (kid'- 
 niz)J, one of two oblong flattened 
 organs which separate the urine from 
 the blood; anything resembling a 
 kidney ; sort or kind. 
 
 kil erg (kil'erg), n. a unit of energy 
 = 1,000 ergs. 
 
 kill (kil), v.t. to deprive of life; de- 
 stroy ; slay. 
 
 kiln (kil), n. a furnace, oven, or pile 
 for burning, drying, or harden- 
 ing. 
 
 kilogramme (kil'o-gram), n. 1,000 
 grammes = 2.2046 lbs. 
 
 kiloliter (kil'o-le-tr), n. 1,000 liters = 
 220 imperial gals, (about). 
 
 kilometer (kil'o-me-tr) , n. 1,000 me- 
 ters = 3,280.8 feet. 
 
 kilt (kilt), n. a short petticoat or 
 philibeg of the Scottish Highland- 
 ers: v.t. to form into broad, flat 
 plaits; tuck up. [Gaelic] 
 
 kimono (kim'o-no), n. the loose outer 
 robe of the Japanese. [Japanese.] 
 
 kin (kin), n. consanguinity; relation- 
 ship ; kindred ; a Chinese lute. 
 
 kind (kind), adj. benevolent; indul- 
 gent; affectionate; sympathetic: n. 
 genus or species; quality; variety; 
 sort. 
 
 kindergarten (kin'der-gar-ten) , n. a 
 school for young children in which 
 they are taught by diverting object 
 lessons, &c. [German.] 
 
 kindle (kind'l), v.t. to set fire to; in- 
 flame. 
 
 kindly (klnd'li), adj. [comp, kindlier, 
 superl. kindliest], benevolent; sym- 
 pathetic; beneficial; natural: adv. 
 in a kindly manner. 
 
 kindness (kind'nes), n. the state 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, Men. 
 
KINDRED 
 
 291 
 
 KNIT 
 
 or quality of being kind; a kind 
 act. 
 
 kindred (kin'dred), adj. of like na- 
 ture or character; cognate; n. rela- 
 tionship by birth or marriage; con- 
 sanguinity. 
 
 kinemacolor (kin-e-ma-kurer), n. a 
 colored moving picture, approximat- 
 ing the natural colors of objects. 
 
 kinematics (kin-e-mat'iks), n. the 
 science of pure motion. 
 
 kinetic (kin-et'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
 or imparting, motion; active. 
 
 kinetograph (kin-et'to-graf ) , n. an ap- 
 paratus for taking photographs of 
 moving objects and afterwards re- 
 producing them on a screen, as if 
 in actual motion. 
 
 king (king)^ n. a m&le sovereign or 
 ruler; a piece or card representing 
 a king in a game; one who is spe- 
 cially distinguished in the same 
 class or kind. 
 
 kingdom (king'dum), n. the territory 
 ruled by a king or queen; royal au- 
 thority; any sphere of independent 
 influence. 
 
 kink (kingk), n. a twist in a rope or 
 thread whea doubled; whim: v.t. & 
 v.i. to form kinks. 
 
 kinsfolk (kins'fok), n. relatives. 
 
 kip (kip), n. the untanned skin of a 
 calf or small cattle. 
 
 kipper (kip'er), n. a salmon after 
 spawning; a salmon, herring, &c., 
 cut open, salted, and smoke-dried; 
 a salmon that has remained too long 
 in fresh water: v.t. to cure, as a 
 salmon. [Gaelic] 
 
 kirk (kerk), n. a church; the Church 
 of Scotland (with the). [Gaelic] 
 
 kirtle (ker'tl), n. an upper garment; 
 petticoat: v.t. to array in a kirtle. 
 
 kismet (kis'met), n. fate, [x^rabic] 
 
 kiss (kis), n. a salute or caress with 
 the lips; a slight touch: v.t. to sa- 
 lute with the lips; touch slightly: 
 v.i. to caress mutually with the lips. 
 
 kist (kist) , n. a chest or box. 
 
 kit (kit), n. a small wooden tub; a 
 small violin; traveling necessaries, 
 outfit, &c; set; a large bottle; a 
 family or brood. 
 
 kitchen (kich'en), n. a room set 
 apart for cooking; ship's galley: adj. 
 pertaining to the kitchen, 
 
 kitchenette (kich-en-ef), n. a very 
 
 small kitchen, especially in a studio- 
 apartment. 
 
 kite (kit), n. a rapacious bird of 
 prey; a light frame of wood cov- 
 ered with paper or linen for flying 
 in the air; a light lofty sail; an ac- 
 commodation bill. 
 
 kith (kith), n. acquaintance. 
 
 kitten (kit'n), n. a youngcat. 
 
 kleptomania (klep-to-ma'ni-a) , n. a 
 form of insanity manifesting itself 
 in an irresistible propensity to steal. 
 
 knack (nak), n. adroitness; dex- 
 terity. 
 
 knapsack (nap'sak), n. a leather or 
 cloth traveling-case carried on the 
 back. 
 
 knaye (nav), n. a dishonest or de- 
 ceitful person; a court-card with the 
 figure of a soldier or servant. 
 
 knead (ned), v.t. to work into a mass, 
 as dough; operate upon in massage; 
 mold. 
 
 knee (ne), n. the articulation of the 
 leg and thigh bones; anything re- 
 sembling a knee: v.t. to connect or 
 strengthen with knees. 
 
 kneel (nel), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. knelt, 
 p.pr. kneeling], to bend, or fall 
 upon, the knees. 
 
 knell (nel), n. the sound of a bell 
 when struck, especially a funeral 
 bell; an ill omen: v.t. & v.i. to sound 
 or toll, as a funeral bell. 
 
 knickerbockers (nik'er-bok-erz) , n. 
 pi. wide breeches gathered in below 
 the knee. 
 
 knick-knack (nik'nak) , n. a little orna- 
 mental trifle; kickshaw. 
 
 knife (nlf), e n. [pi. knives (nivz)], 
 a cutting instrument with a sharp- 
 edged blade set in a handle: v.t. to 
 stab with a knife. 
 
 knight (nit), n. one who holds non- 
 hereditary rank, next below a baro- 
 net, but entitling him to the prefix 
 Sir; in mediaeval times, one of gentle 
 birth, who, after serving as an es- 
 quire, was admitted by certain cere- 
 monies to military rank; a cham- 
 pion; lover; one of the pieces in 
 chess: v.t. to confer the honor of 
 knighthood upon. 
 
 knit (nit) , v.t. [p.t. _ & p.p. knitted, 
 p.pr. knitting], to tie, unite, or draw 
 together; weave together by nee- 
 dles; contract. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 19 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
KNOB 292 KUTCH 
 
 knob (nob), n. the rounded handle of kobold (ko'bold), n. a dwarf goblin 
 
 a door, &c; round protuberance; or sprite frequenting houses, mines, 
 
 knoll. and caves, where he guards great 
 
 knock (nok), n. a blow or stroke treasures of gold and silver. This 
 with something hard or heavy; rap; myth is found nearly all over the 
 severe criticism; mockery; v.t. to world. [German.] 
 give a blow to; drive or strike kodak (ko'dak), n. a portable camera 
 against: v.i. to strike a blow with for taking instantaneous photo- 
 something hard or heavy; to criti- graphs: v.t. to take an instanta- 
 cise severely; to mock. neous picture of. [Coined word.] 
 
 knock-out (nok'out), n. a mechanical kopje (kop'ye), n. a hillock. _ [Dutch.] 
 
 device for throwing out finished Koran (ko-ran', Arabic koo-ran'), n. 
 
 work; a knock-down blow ending a "the Book"; the sacred writings of 
 
 fight. all the Mohammedan peoples. It 
 
 knoll (nol), n. a rounded hillock; is divided into 114 surahs or chap- 
 hilltop, ters. 
 
 knop (nop), n. an architectural or- kosher (ko'sher), adj. pure, clean, ac- 
 
 nament of clustered leaves and flow- cording to Jewish ordinances: said 
 
 ers; button. • of meat. 
 
 knot (not), n. an interweaving or koumiss (koo'mis), n. a spirituous 
 
 tying of thread or cord, &c; any- beverage made by the Tartars from 
 
 thing resembling a knot; entangle- fermented mare's milk. A like drink 
 
 ment; difficulty; a hard part in a is made in Western countries from 
 
 piece of wood; part of a tree where cow's milk, sugar and yeast. Also 
 
 the branches shoot out; a division kumiss. [Russian.] 
 
 of a log-line (each 47.42 ft.); a kowtow (ko-tou'), n. a Chinese form 
 
 nautical mile = 2,025 yds.; bond of salutation from an inferior to a 
 
 of union; group; the red-breasted superior by touching the ground 
 
 sand-piper: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. knotted, with the forehead: v.i. salute by the 
 
 p.pr. knotting], to tie in a knot; kowtow. Also kotow, 
 
 unite firmly or closely '.v.i. form knots kraal (krawl), n. an African village 
 
 or joints ; make knots for fringe. consisting of a group of huts sur- 
 
 knout (nout), n. a leathern whip rounded by a palisade; a single 
 
 consisting of leather thongs mingled hut; a cattle-pen. [Dutch.] 
 
 with wires; formerly used as a Kremlin (krem'lin), n. a Russian 
 
 punishment in Russia: v.t. to punish citadel, especially that of Mos- 
 
 with the knout. [Russian.] cow. 
 
 know (no), v .t. [p.t. knew, p.p. known, kreutzer (kroit'ser), n. an Austrian 
 
 p.pr. knowing], to perceive with the copper coin = ^2 of a cent; former- 
 
 mmd; understand clearly; have ly a German coin = 2-3 of a 
 
 knowledge of; distinguish: v.i. to cent, 
 
 be informed. Kriss Kringle (kris'kring-gl), n. the 
 
 knowledge (nol'ej), n. clear percep- saint of Christmastime, St. Nicholas; 
 
 tion of a truth or fact; erudition; the Christ-child. [German.] 
 
 skill from practice; acquaintance; Ku-Klux-Klan (kti-kluks-klan') , n. 
 
 information. a secret organization in several 
 
 knuckle (nuk'l), n. the projecting Southern states after the Civil War. 
 
 joint of the fingers; the knee-joint kutch (kuch), n. the packet of vel- 
 
 of a calf or pig: v.i. to bend the lum leaves in which gold is placed 
 
 fingers; yield or submit. to be beaten. [French.] 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
L 
 
 L, the letter L in English is a sound 
 (el) and not a name. In this re- 
 spect it differs from the Egyptian 
 hieratic character, which was the 
 picture of a lioness. The Phoeni- 
 cians called it lamed, " an ox-goose " ; 
 the Greeks lanida, " a head." But 
 the Latin here broke away from pic- 
 ture-writing and used a simple char- 
 acter, differing in this even from the 
 Anglo-Saxons, who called the letter, 
 lagu, " a lake." L is one of the 
 most melodious sounds that any 
 language knows, being, like R, a pure 
 liquid. R, in fact, often changes to 
 I, not only in English, but in many 
 languages by the phonetic process 
 called lallation. As an abbreviation, 
 L. (pronounced el) is used in some 
 American cities to denote "eZevated 
 railway." In the country, people 
 speak of the wing of a house as an 
 lT(el). 
 
 la (la), n. the sixth note of the scale 
 [Mus.]. 
 
 laager (la'ger), n. an extemporized 
 camp for defense, formed with wag- 
 ons, &c: v.t. to protect by a laager. 
 [South African Dutch. 1 
 
 labefaction (lab-e-fak'shun), n. weak- 
 ening; decay. 
 
 label (la'bel), n. a small slip of paper, 
 &c, attached to anything to indi- 
 cate its destination, ownership, &c; 
 codicil; a projecting molding: v.t. to 
 mark with, or affix, a label; classify. 
 
 labial (la'bi-al), adj. formed by the 
 lips : n. a letter representing a sound 
 so formed. 
 
 labor (la'ber), n. toil or exertion, phys- 
 ical or mental; effort; difficulty; 
 pain; parturition: v.t. to cause to 
 toil; fabricate: v.i. to exert muscu- 
 lar strength; use mental efforts; be 
 hard pressed; take pains; move 
 slowly; pitch and roll heavily; suf- 
 fer the pains of childbirth. [Latin.] 
 
 laboratory (lab'or-a-to-ri), n. [pi. lab- 
 oratories (lab'or-a-to^riz)], a place 
 where scientific experiments and op- 
 erations are carried on. 
 
 laborious (la-bo'ri-us), adj. difficult; 
 toilsome. 
 
 labyrinth (lab'i-rinth), n. a series of 
 intricate winding passages: from the 
 structure said to have been made in 
 Crete by Daedalus; a maze; inex- 
 plicable difficulty; the winding cavi- 
 ties of the internal ear; a series of 
 troughs through which ore slime is 
 passed and the metallic particles de- 
 posited. [Greek.] 
 
 lac (lak), n. a resinous substance 
 formed on certain trees by an in- 
 sect (Carteria lacca). 
 
 lac (lak), n. the sum of 100,000 rupees 
 = about $50,000. Also lakh. 
 
 lace (las), n. an ornamental fabric 
 of fine linen, cotton thread, gold or 
 silver, &c, curiously woven; a cord 
 used for binding or fastening: v.t. 
 to fasten with a lace; adorn with 
 lace; beat. 
 
 lacerate (las'er-at), v.t. to rend; 
 wound. 
 
 laceration (las-er-a'shun), n. the act 
 of rending; a harrowing of the feel- 
 ings; a rent. 
 
 lachrymal (lak'ri-mal) , adj. pertain- 
 ing to tears. 
 
 lachrymose (lak'ri-mos) , adj. tearful; 
 sad. 
 
 lack (lak), v.t. to be destitute of: v.i. 
 to be in need; to be deficient; come 
 short: n. want; failure. 
 
 lackey (lak'i), n. a menial attendant; 
 footman: v.t. to wait upon, as a 
 lackey: v.i. act servilely. 
 
 laconic < (la-kon'ik), adj. expressing 
 much in few words. Also laconical. 
 
 lacquer (lak'er), n. a varnish consist- 
 ing of shellac dissolved in alcohol 
 and variously colored: v.t. to var- 
 nish with lacquer. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, £/ien. 
 
LACROSSE 
 
 294 
 
 LANCER 
 
 lacrosse (la-kros'), n. a Canadian 
 game resembling football, but played 
 with a netted bat (crosse). 
 
 lact, a Latin prefix meaning milk, as 
 lactic, adj. pertaining to milk. Also 
 lacti, lacto. 
 
 lactation (lak-ta/shun) , n. secretion 
 of milk ; the act or period of suckling. 
 
 lacteal (lak'te-al), adj. pertaining to, 
 or like, milk; conveying chyle: n.pl. 
 the lymphatic vessels which convey 
 chyle from the intestines to the tho- 
 racic-duct. 
 
 lactometer (lak-tom'e-ter) , n. an in- 
 strument for ascertaining the spe- 
 cific gravity of milk. 
 
 lacuna (la-ku'na), n. [pi. lacunae 
 (la-ku'ne)], a blank space; hiatus; 
 small pit or hollow. [Latin.] 
 
 lad (lad), n. a boy or youth; com- 
 rade. 
 
 ladder (lad'er), n. a framework con- 
 sisting of two parallel side pieces 
 connected by bars, &c, forming 
 steps at suitable distances; any- 
 thing by which one climbs or as- 
 cends. 
 
 lade (lad), v.t. [p.t. laded, p.p. laded, 
 laden, p.pr. lading], to load; bur- 
 den; heave or throw out. 
 
 lading (lad'ing), n. the act of loading; 
 freight. 
 
 ladle (lad'l), n. a deep spoon for serv- 
 ing out liquids: v.t. to dip up with a 
 a ladle. 
 
 lady (la'di), n. [pi. ladies (la'diz)], a 
 well-bred woman; the title of the 
 wife of a knight or a superior in 
 rank to him; the daughter of a 
 duke, marquis, or earl; the mistress 
 of a house. 
 
 lag (lag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. lagged, p.pr. 
 lagging], to move slowly; loiter; 
 stay behind: v.t. cause to be ar- 
 rested or punished: adj. long de- 
 layed; last: n. retardation of me- 
 chanical movement. 
 
 lager beer (la'ger ber), n. a German 
 beer suitable for storing. 
 
 laggard (lag'erd), n. a slow person; 
 loiterer: adj._ backward; slow. 
 
 lagoon (la-g55n'), n. a shallow lake 
 formed at the mouth of a river or 
 near the sea; marsh or fen. 
 
 Lagthing (lag'ting), n. the Norwe- 
 gian Upper House of Parliament. 
 
 laid (lad), p.t. & p.p. of lay; marked 
 
 with fine parallel ribbed lines: said 
 of paper. 
 
 lain (Ian), p.p. of lie. 
 
 lair (lar), n. the covert of a wild beast. 
 
 laity (la'i-ti), n. the people, as dis- 
 tinguished from the clergy. 
 
 lake (lak), n. a large body of water 
 surrounded by land; a pigment. 
 
 lallation (lal-la/shun), n. an uncon- 
 scious preference for I in place of r. 
 The Chinese language affords the 
 most striking instances of this as 
 an actual working principle in lan- 
 guage. 
 
 lama (la'ma), n. a Buddhist priest. 
 
 Iamb (lam), n. the young of a sheep; 
 one who is gentle or innocent; an 
 inexperienced speculator: v.i. to 
 bring forth lambs. 
 
 lambent (lam'bent), adj. playing 
 about; flickering; touching lightly. 
 
 lambkin (lam'kin), n. a little lamb. 
 
 lambrequin (lam'bre-kin), n. a fes- 
 tooned drapery, hanging from the 
 upper part of a window, doorway, 
 &c. [French.] 
 
 lame (lam), adj. crippled or disabled 
 in the limbs; not sound or efficient: 
 v.t. to cripple or disable. 
 
 lamella (la-mel'a), n. [pi. lamella? 
 (la-mere)], a thin scale or plate. 
 
 lameness (lam'nes), n. state of being 
 lame. 
 
 lament (la-menf), v.t. to mourn for: 
 v.i. to express sorrow: n. an expres- 
 sion of sorrow ; lamentation. 
 
 lamentable (lam'en-ta-bl) , adj. to be 
 lamented; mournful; pitiable. 
 
 lamentation (lam-en-ta'shun) , n. 
 grief audibly expressed; outcry. 
 
 lamina (lam'i-na), n. [pi. lamina? 
 (lam'i-ne)], a thin plate or scale; a 
 coat or layer lying over another; 
 blade of a leaf or petal. [Latin.] # 
 
 lamp (lamp), n. a vessel for burning 
 oi£ &c, with a wick; any device for 
 producing artificial light. 
 
 lampoon (lam-poon'), n. personal 
 written satire designed to bring the 
 subject of it into contempt: v.t. to 
 satirize by a lampoon. 
 
 lamprey (lam'pre), n. an eel-like fish. 
 
 lance (lans), n. a long shaft of wood 
 with a spear head; a thrust with a 
 lancet: v.t. to pierce with a lance; 
 cut open with a lancet. 
 
 lancer (lan'ser), n. sl cavalry soldier 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
LANCET 
 
 295 
 
 LARYNGOTOMY 
 
 armed with a lance: pi. a kind of 
 quadrille. 
 
 lancet (lan'set), n. a surgeon's knife; a 
 lancet-shaped or pointed window. 
 
 land (land), n. the solid portion of 
 the surface of the globe; the earth; 
 a country or district; real estate: 
 v.t. to set on shore; capture and 
 bring on shore; win: v.i. to come or 
 go on shore; disembark. 
 
 landau (lan'do), n. a kind of carriage. 
 
 landgrave (land'grav), n. a count or 
 graf who had privileges superior 
 to other counts and grafs, es- 
 pecially as to land, rents, &c. 
 Fern, landgravine. [German.] 
 
 landlord (land'lord), n. one who has 
 tenants holding under him; the 
 keeper of a hotel or inn. 
 
 landscape (land'skap), n. the general 
 aspect of a country, or a picture 
 representing it. 
 
 lane (Ian), n. a narrow path, as be- 
 tween hedges, walls, &c; narrow 
 street. 
 
 language (lang'gwej), n. human 
 speech; the speech of one nation or 
 race as distinguished from that of 
 another; style or expression peculiar 
 to an individual. [French.] 
 
 languid (lan'gwid), adj. wanting ener- 
 gy; weak. 
 
 languish (lan'gwish), v.i. to become 
 weak or spiritless; pine away; look 
 with tenderness or wistfulness. 
 
 languor (lang'gwer), n. the state of 
 being languid; dulness; listlessness. 
 
 lank (langk), adj. lean; slender. 
 
 lanolin (lan'o-lin), n. an unctuous 
 substance obtained from the wool 
 of sheep, &c. 
 
 lantern (lan'tern), n. a transparent 
 case for holding or carrying a light; 
 the light-room of a lighthouse; a 
 small tower on the roof of a building 
 to admit light and air. 
 
 lanthanum (lan'tha-num), n. a rare 
 metallic element. Also lanthanium. 
 
 lanyard (lan'yard) , n. a piece of rope, 
 cord, &c, for seizing or fastening 
 the tackle of a ship. Also laniard. 
 
 lap (lap), n. the loose part of a gar- 
 ment which may be doubled at pleas- 
 ure; part of the body or clothes from 
 the waist to the knees of a person 
 seated; a name for various pieces 
 of mechanism; one length of a 
 
 course which has to be passed over 
 more than once in a race; the act of 
 lapping: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lapped, 
 p.pr. lapping], to bend and spread 
 over; lick up: v.i. to lie partially on 
 something else. 
 
 lapdog (lap 'dog), n. a small pet dog. 
 
 lapel (la-pel'), n. part of a coat which 
 laps over. 
 
 lapid, a Latin prefix meaning stone. n 
 
 lapidary (lap'i-da-ri), n. [pi. lapi- 
 daries (lap'i-da-riz)], an artificer who 
 cuts and sets precious stones; a 
 connoisseur or dealer in gems. 
 
 lappet (lap'et), n. a little loose flap. 
 
 lapsable (laps'a-bl), adj. capable of 
 lapsing. 
 
 lapse (laps), v.i. to glide or slip 
 slowly away; fall by degrees; com- 
 mit a slight fault or fail in duty; 
 pass to another proprietor by negli- 
 gence or death; slide or fall anew 
 into sin: n. a gliding or passing 
 away slowly; slight fault or mis- 
 take; omission to present to a bene- 
 fice within a certain time. 
 
 larboard (lar'bord), n. the term used 
 formerly for the port or left-hand 
 side of a ship. 
 
 larceny (lar'se-ni), n. theft. 
 
 larch (larch), n. a coniferous tree. 
 
 lard (lard), n. the fat of swine melted 
 down: v.t. to cover with lard; insert 
 strips of bacon in before roasting: 
 hence to mix. 
 
 larder (lar'der), n. & pantry; house- 
 hold provisions. 
 
 large (larj), adj. great in size; bulky; 
 wide; extensive; comprehensive. 
 
 largess (lar'jes), n. & gift or bounty. 
 
 lariat (lar'i-at), n. a rope or lasso, 
 especially of horsehair used by cattle- 
 herders and plainsmen, in North and 
 South America. [Spanish.] 
 
 lark (lark), n. a noted song-bird of 
 the genus Alauda; a frolic. 
 
 larrup (lar'up), v.t. to beat or 
 flog. 
 
 larva (lar'va), n. [pi. larvae (lar've)], 
 an insect in the first stage of its 
 metamorphosis after leaving the 
 egg. 
 
 laryngo, a Greek prefix meaning 
 larynx, as_ laryngoscope, an instru- 
 ment furnished with mirrors for in- 
 specting the larynx. 
 
 laryngotomy (lar-in-got'o-mi), n. the 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, /Tien. 
 
LARYNX 
 
 296 
 
 LAUREATE 
 
 surgical operation of cutting into the 
 windpipe. 
 
 larynx (lar'ingks), n. the upper part 
 of the trachea or windpipe. [Greek.] 
 
 lascar (las-kar'), n. an East Indian 
 sailor employed on a European ves- 
 sel. [Hindu.] 
 
 lascivious (las-siv i-us), adj. lustful; 
 wanton; exciting lust. [Latin.] 
 
 lash (lash), v.t. to strike with a sound- 
 ing blow; whip; scourge with satire; 
 fasten or bind with a cord or rope; 
 v.i. to apply the whip; flog: n. the 
 thong of a whip; a scourge; stroke 
 with anything pliant; sarcasm or 
 satire. [Latin.] 
 
 lass (las), n. a young woman; girl. 
 
 lassitude (las'i-ttid), n. weariness; lan- 
 guor. 
 
 lasso (las'o), n. a rope, usually of hide, 
 with a noose, used for catching wild 
 horses and cattle: v.t. to catch with 
 a lasso. 
 
 last (last), adj. coming after all oth- 
 ers in time, place, or order; lowest; 
 utmost; least likely: adv. on the last 
 time or occasion; finally: v.i. to re- 
 main in existence or operation; en- 
 dure: n. a wooden implement for 
 shaping boots and shoes. 
 
 lasting (last'ing), adj. durable; perma- 
 nent: n. a twilled fabric used for 
 making women's shoes. 
 
 latch (lach), n. a door catch: v.t. to 
 secure or fasten with a latch. 
 
 latchet (lach'et), n. a shoe string. 
 
 late (lat), adj. [comp. later, superl. 
 latest], coming after the usual time; 
 tardy; long delayed; far in the day 
 or night; recent; recently deceased: 
 adv. after delay; recently. 
 
 lateen (la-ten'), n. a triangular sail 
 used on boats on the Mediterranean 
 Sea, and the Swiss lakes. 
 
 lately (lat'li), adv. not long ago. 
 
 latent (la/tent), n. concealed; invisible. 
 
 lateral (lat'er-al), adj. pertaining to, 
 proceeding from, or acting upon, 
 the side. 
 
 lath (lath), n. a strip of wood. 
 
 lathe (Wh), n. a machine for turn- 
 ing and polishing articles of wood, 
 metal, &c. 
 
 lather (l&th'er), n. froth made by 
 moistened soap; profuse sweating: 
 v.t. to cover with lather. 
 
 Latin (lat 'in), adj. pertaining to, writ- 
 
 ten, or expressed in, Latin; pertain- 
 ing to Latium, ancient Rome, its in- 
 habitants or language, or the races 
 and languages derived from Rome; 
 Roman; Roman Catholic: n. an an- 
 cient Roman; the language of an- 
 cient Rome and its literature. 
 
 latitude (lat'i-tud) , n. distance on the 
 earth's surface as measured by de- 
 grees north or south from the equa- 
 tor; breadth; extent; freedom from 
 rules; laxity; range or scope. 
 
 latter (lat'er), adj. the second of two 
 things previously mentioned; re- 
 cent; modern. 
 
 lattice (lat'is), n. crossed open work 
 of metal or wood: v.t. to furnish or 
 cross with a lattice. 
 
 laud (lawd), v.t. to praise highly; 
 extol: n. praise; worship or hymn of 
 praise. 
 
 laudable (lawd'a-bl), adj. commend- 
 able. 
 
 laudanum (lawd'a-num) , n. a prepa- 
 ration of opium, weaker than mor- 
 phine. 
 
 laudatory (lawd'a-to-ri), adj. expres- 
 sing praise. 
 
 laugh (laf), n. a convulsive sound 
 caused by merriment: v.i. to ex- 
 press merriment, &c„ by a laugh; 
 appear gay, pleasant, &c; jeer 
 (with at) : v.t. to express or utter 
 with laughter. 
 
 laughter (laf'ter), n. convulsive mer- 
 riment. 
 
 launch (lanch), v.t. to move or cause 
 to slide into the water, as a vessel; 
 hurl; dart; send forth: v.i. to put 
 to sea; expatiate in language; 
 plunge; enter on a new career: n. 
 the act of launching a vessel; 
 plunge; the largest boat of a man- 
 of-war; a large open pleasure-boat 
 usually propelled by steam, gas, or 
 electricity. 
 
 laundry (lawn'dri), n. [pi. laundries 
 (lawn'driz)], a place where clothes 
 are washed and ironed. 
 
 laureate (law're-at). adj. decked or 
 invested with laurel: n. one crowned 
 with laurel ; poet-laureate. In Eng- 
 land, originally expected to write for 
 the diversion or laudation of the 
 court, but now doing so at his pleas- 
 ure only, or on the occasion of 
 some great national event, as a 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
LAUREL 
 
 297 
 
 LEAP 
 
 battle (Tennyson's "Balaklava") 
 or the death of a monarch (Austin's 
 Elegy on Queen Victoria). 
 
 laurel (law'rel), n. an evergreen shrub; 
 crown or wreath of laurel: hence 
 honor; distinction. 
 
 lava (la'va), n. molten volcanic mat- 
 ter. [Italian.] 
 
 lavatory (lav'a-to-ri), n. [pi. lavatories 
 (lay'a-to-riz)], a place for washing; 
 retiring-room. [Latin.] 
 
 lave (lav), v.t. & v.i. to bathe or wash. 
 
 lavender (lav'en-der), an aromatic 
 plant grown for its oil and for the 
 delicate perfume which is in its oil. 
 
 lavish (lav'ish), adj. profuse; extrav- 
 agant: v.t. expend or bestow with, 
 profusion; squander; waste. 
 
 law (law), n. a rule of action estab- 
 lished by authority; edict, statute, 
 or custom; act or enactment of a 
 legislative body; jurisprudence; ju- 
 dicial process; rule or axiom of 
 science or art; the Mosaic code. 
 
 lawful (law'fool), adj. agreeable or 
 conformable to law;' just; legal. 
 
 lawless (law'les) , adj. not obedient to 
 or controlled by law; not according 
 to law; ungoverned; unruly. 
 
 lawn (lawn), n. a plot of grass kept 
 closely mown; fine cambric used for 
 the sleeves of a bishop's gown: hence 
 the office of a bishop. 
 
 lawsuit (law'sut), n. an action at law. 
 
 lawyer (law'yer), n. one skilled in 
 legal knowledge; one, especially a 
 solicitor, who practices in the law- 
 courts; a skilled exponent of the 
 Mosaic law. 
 
 lax (laks), adj. loose; vague; weak. 
 
 laxity (laks'i-ti), n. the state or qual- 
 ity of being lax. Also laxness. 
 
 lay (la), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. laid, p.pr. lay- 
 ing], to put or place; spread over; 
 cause to lie down ; settle ; calm ; bring 
 forward; wager; deposit; exercise; 
 set or place secretly; impose; im- 
 pute: v.i. to produce eggs: n. rela- 
 tive arrangement; particular busi- 
 ness; share of profits; a simple song: 
 adj. pertaining to the people, as dis- 
 tinguished from the clergy; non- 
 professional. 
 
 layer (la'er), n. a stratum, row, or 
 bed; runner of a plant fastened 
 down and covered with earth for 
 propagation. 
 
 laziness (la'zi-nes), n. indolence; slug- 
 gishness. 
 
 lazy (la'zi), adj. [comp. lazier, superl. 
 laziest], idle; indolent; slothful. 
 
 lea (le), n. a meadow. 
 
 leach (lech), v.t. to pass water through 
 (ashes) to form lye. 
 
 lead (led), n. a soft heavy ductile 
 bluish r grey metal; a plummet for 
 sounding depths at sea ; a thin strip 
 of type-metal for separating lines; 
 a stick of graphite; a sheet of lead: 
 adj. consisting, wholly or partially, 
 of lead: v.i. to furnish with lead. 
 
 lead (led), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. led, p.pr. 
 leading], to conduct with the hand; 
 guide or conduct; precede; allure; 
 induce; spend or use: v.i. to take 
 precedence ; act as a leader ; play the 
 first card or domino: n. guidance; 
 precedence; the right to play first. 
 
 leaded (led'ed), p. adj. separated by 
 leads; set in, or covered with, lead. 
 
 leaden (led'en) , adj. made of, or colored 
 like, lead; heavy; sluggish. 
 
 leader (led/er), n. one who leads; the 
 chief editorial article of a news- 
 paper; tendon; the foremost horse 
 in a string. 
 
 leaf (lef), n. [pi. leaves (levz)], one 
 of the thin flat parts of a plant; 
 anything thinly beaten; something 
 resembling a leaf; part of a book 
 containing two pages; a valved part 
 of a table, shutter, &c. 
 
 leaflet (lef let), n. a small leaf; a tract 
 or folding circular. 
 
 league (leg), n. an alliance for mu- 
 tual interests as in the Land League 
 in Ireland ; the Golden Circle be- 
 fore our Civil War, &c. ; confederacy; 
 three geographical miles: v.t. to com- 
 bine for mutual interests: v.i. to con- 
 federate. 
 
 leak (lek), n. a hole which lets in 
 water: v.i. to let water in or out 
 through a hole, &c. 
 
 leakage (lek'aj), n. the state of a ves- 
 sel that leaks; allowance for loss 
 by leakage. 
 
 leal (lei), adj. true-hearted. [Scotch.] 
 
 lean (len), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. leaned, 
 leant, p.pr. leaning], to incline or 
 deviate from an upright position: 
 v.t. to cause to lean; rest: adj. thin; 
 sterile. 
 
 leap (lep), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. leaped, 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
LEARN 
 
 298 
 
 LEGHORN 
 
 leapt, p.pr. leaping], to pass over by 
 leaping; jump or spring over: v.i. to 
 jump; vault: n. the act of leaping; 
 jump; spring; the space passed in 
 leaping. 
 
 learn (lern), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. learned, 
 learnt, p.pr. learning], to acquire 
 knowledge of; fix in the mind: v.i. 
 to gain or receive knowledge or 
 skill. 
 
 lease (les), n. a written contract for 
 the letting of land or tenements for 
 a specified number of years; period: 
 v.t. to let by a written contract; 
 take a lease of. 
 
 leash (lesh), n. a thong by which a 
 hawk or hound is held; a brace and 
 a half; three; a band by which 
 anything is held: v.t. to tie or bind 
 by a leash. 
 
 least (lest), adj. smallest in degree, 
 size, value, importance, &c: adv. in 
 the lowest or smallest degree. 
 
 leather (leth'er), n. the tanned and 
 curried skin of an animal; anything 
 made of, or resembling, leather. 
 
 leave (lev), n. permission granted; 
 departure; farewell: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 left, p.pr. leaving], to depart from; 
 forsake, abandon; bequeath; desist 
 from; refer for decision: v.i. to de- 
 part; go away. 
 
 leaven (lev'n), v.t. to produce fer- 
 mentation in; taint; imbue: n. fer- 
 ment mixed with a body to render it 
 light; any influence working silently 
 and strongly that causes changes in 
 things or opinions. 
 
 lecherous (lech'er-us) , adj. lustful. 
 
 lectern (lek'tern), n. the reading 
 desk of a church. 
 
 lection (lek'shun), n. reading; a por- 
 tion of the Scriptures to be read in 
 the church service. 
 
 lecture (lek'tur), n. a formal discourse 
 on any subject; reprimand: v.i. to 
 deliver a lecture: v.t. to reprimand. 
 
 ledge (lej), n. a shelf; ridge; layer; 
 edge. 
 
 ledger (lej'er), n. the principal account 
 book of a mercantile house. 
 
 lee (le), n. the side or quarter to- 
 wards which the wind blows; calm 
 or sheltered side. 
 
 leech (lech), n. an aquatic worm fur- 
 nished with a sucker, used in medi- 
 cine for bleeding : formerly the name 
 
 for a physician: v.t. to bleed with 
 leeches. 
 
 leek (lek), n. a biennial plant of the 
 onion family with a bulbous root. 
 
 leer (ler), n. a sly, sidelong look 
 indicative of malice, triumph, or 
 lasciviousness : v.i. to look with a leer. 
 
 lees (lez), n.pl. dregs of liquor. 
 
 leeward (le'werd and loo ard), n. in 
 the direction towards which the wind 
 blows: n. lee side. 
 
 leeway (le'wa), n. the lateral drift of 
 a vessel to leeward of her course; 
 arrears. 
 
 left (left), adj. opposite to right: n. 
 the side opposite to right: p.t. & p.p. 
 of leave. 
 
 leg (leg), n. one of the limbs by 
 which men and animals walk, espe- 
 cially in man between the knee and 
 the ankle; anything resembling a 
 leg, especially if used as a support; 
 a covering for the leg; one of the 
 fielders in cricket. 
 
 legacy (leg'a-si), n. [pi. legacies (leg'a- 
 siz)J, a gift by will of money or 
 property; bequest. 
 
 legal (le'gal), adj. pertaining to law; 
 permitted or authorized by law; 
 legitimate. 
 
 legality (le-gal'i-ti) , n. conformity to 
 Taw. 
 
 legalize (le'gal-iz), v.t. to make lawful; 
 sanction. 
 
 legal-tender (le-gal : ten'der) , n. money 
 issued by legislative act and whose 
 acceptance in payment of debts is 
 obligatory- 
 legate (leg'at), n. sl papal ambassa- 
 dor; envoy. 
 
 legation (le-ga'shun) , n. an embassy; 
 ambassador; the official residence 
 of an ambassador. 
 
 legend (lej 'end), n. a romantic or 
 non-historical story; myth; fable; 
 inscription, as on a coin, coat of 
 arms, &c. [Latin.] 
 
 legendary (lej 'end-a-ri) , adj. fabulous; 
 mythical. 
 
 legerdemain (le j 'er-de-man') , n. sleight 
 of hand; nimbleness of touch and 
 movement as in juggling. [French.] 
 
 leggings (leg'ingz), n.pl. long gai- 
 ters. 
 
 Leghorn (leg'horn), n. a bonnet or 
 hat made of finely plaited Leghorn 
 straw; a variety of domestic fowl. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
LEGIBLE 
 
 299 
 
 LET 
 
 legible (leg'i-bl), adj. capable of being 
 read; clear; distinct; apparent. 
 
 legion (le'jun), n. a division of the 
 ancient Roman army, numbering 
 under the Republic about 4000 
 men, and later 6000 men. The 
 name is also given to other military 
 or semi-military bodies, either under 
 the control of the State as the 
 Legion of Honor in France, or other- 
 wise, as the Loyal Legion in this 
 country; a great number; host. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 legislate (lej'is-lat), v.i. to make or 
 enact a law: v.t. to effect by legis- 
 lation. [Latin.] 
 
 legislation (lej-is-la'shun), n. the act 
 of making a law or laws. 
 
 legislative (lej'is-la-tiv), adj. pertain- 
 ing to, or enacted by, legislation; 
 having the power to legislate: n. 
 the legislature. 
 
 Legislature (lej'is-la-tur), n. that 
 body in a state which is invested with 
 the power of enacting and repealing 
 laws; the legislative body of a state 
 or territory. [Latin.] 
 
 legitimate "(le-jit'i-mat), adj. lawful; 
 born in wedlock; real; logically cor- 
 rect: v.t. to make, or sanction as, 
 lawful; render legitimate. Also le- 
 gitimize. 
 
 legume (le-gum'), n. a two-valved 
 seed-vessel having its seeds attached 
 to one side only, as a pea-pod. 
 [French.] 
 
 leisure (le'zhur), n. spare time: adj. 
 free from business; unoccupied^ 
 
 lemon (lem'un), n. the acid fruit of 
 Citrus Limonum; the color of a 
 lemon: adj. pertaining to, or of the 
 color of, a lemon. 
 
 lemonade (lem-un-ad') , n. a beverage 
 of sweetened or aerated water fla- 
 vored with lemon. 
 
 lend (lend), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lent, p.pr. 
 lending], to grant to another for 
 temporary use; accommodate: v.i. 
 to make a loan. 
 
 length (length), n. the measure of 
 anything from end to end; extent; 
 duration; reach; forty-two lines of 
 an actor's part. 
 
 lengthen (length'en), v.t. to make long 
 or longer: v.i. to grow longer. 
 
 lengthwise (length'wiz) , adv. in the 
 direction of the length. 
 
 lengthy (length'i), adj. long and 
 tiresome L 
 
 lenient (le'ni-ent), adj. mild; merci- 
 ful. 
 
 lenity (len'i-ti), n. mildness; human- 
 ity. 
 
 lens (lenz), n. a convex, or concave, 
 glass adapted for changing the di- 
 rection of rays of > light and thus 
 magnifying or diminishing the ap- 
 parent size of objects; the crystal- 
 line humor of the eye. 
 
 Lent (lent), n. a fast of 40 days (ex- 
 cluding Sundays), Ash Wednesday 
 to Easter eve. 
 
 lentil (len'til), n. a leguminous plant: 
 pi. its orbicular seeds, used for food. 
 
 leonine (le'o-n'n), adj. like a lion; 
 powerful; kingly. 
 
 leopard (lep'ard),. n. a large cat-like 
 beast of prey, with a beautiful spot- 
 ted skin. 
 
 leper (lep'er), n. one affected with lep- 
 rosy. 
 
 leprosy (lep'ro-si), r?. # [p/. # leprosies 
 (lep'ro-siz)], a chronic skin disease 
 characterized by ulcers and white 
 scaly scabs. 
 
 lese-majeste (las-ma-zhes-ta'), n. a 
 crime against royalty or the sover- 
 eign power; treason. [French.] 
 
 lesion (le'zhun), n. injury; morbid 
 change in a function or organism. 
 
 less (les). adj. (used as comparative 
 of little), not so much; smaller: 
 adv. in a smaller or lower degree: n. 
 sl smaller quantity: suffix meaning 
 absence of a quality, without, as 
 soulZess, worthZess, &c. 
 
 lessee (les-e'), n. a person to whom a 
 lease is granted 
 
 lessen (les'en), v.t. to make less; re- 
 duce. 
 
 lesser (les'er), adj. a double compara- 
 tive of less. 
 
 lesson (les'n), n. that which a pupil 
 learns, or repeats, or does for a tutor; 
 instruction or lecture given at one 
 time; exercise; precept; a portion of 
 Scripture read at divine service; ad- 
 monition. [French.] 
 
 lest (lest), conj. that not; for fear 
 that. 
 
 let (let), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. let, p.pr. let- 
 ting], to permit; grant to a tenant; 
 lease; give out on contract: v.i. to 
 be hired or leased; suffer something. 
 
 ate, arm, at, aw 
 
 me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
LETHAL 
 
 300 
 
 LIBRATION 
 
 to be done (let in the imperative 
 mood is used to denote entreaty, per- 
 mission or command) : n. an obsta- 
 cle. 
 
 lethal (le'thal), adj. deadly; fatal. 
 
 lethargy (leth'ar-ji), n. morbid drowsi- 
 ness; unnatural prolonged slumber; 
 apathy. 
 
 Lethe (le'the), n. in classic mythol- 
 ogy, the stream of forgetfulness of 
 the under world, whose waters, when 
 drunk, produced loss of memory: 
 hence oblivion, forgetfulness. [Greek.] 
 
 letter (let'er), n. a mark or character 
 used to represent a_ sound ; written 
 or printed communication; a print- 
 ing type; literal meaning; a docu- 
 ment certifying certain privileges, 
 authority, &c: pi. literature; eru- 
 dition: v.t. to impress or inscribe 
 letters upon. 
 
 Levant (le-vant'), n. the eastern 
 coasts of the Mediterranean. 
 
 levant (le-vant'), v.i. to decamp. 
 
 levee (lev-e'), n. a morning reception 
 held by a sovereign or personage of 
 high rank; properly, one attended 
 by gentlemen only; a river embank- 
 ment: v.t. to embank. [French.] 
 
 level (lev'el), n. a horizontal plane or 
 line; surface without inequalities; 
 state of equality; standard; line of 
 direction; an instrument for indi- 
 cating a horizontal line or plane; 
 section of a canal from one lock to 
 another: adj. even; horizontal; 
 smooth; equal to something else in 
 importance: v.t. to make even; free 
 from inequalities ; bring to the same 
 level; point in taking aim. 
 
 lever (lev'er or le'yer), n. a bar of 
 metal, &c, turning on a^ support 
 (fulcrum) for raising a weight. 
 
 leviathan (le-vi'a-than), n. a large 
 unidentified aquatic animal (Job 
 xli. 1); anything huge as a whale. 
 [Hebrew, "aquatic monster."] 
 
 levity (lev'i-ti), n. lightness of dis- 
 position, conduct, &c; inconsisten- 
 cy ; trifling gaiety ; lightness of weight. 
 
 levy (lev'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. levied, p.pr. 
 levying], to raise or collect, as an 
 army or tax; seize in execution: v.i. 
 to make a levy: n. the act of raising 
 money or men; amount or number 
 raised. 
 
 levy (lev'i), n. a small coin, originally 
 
 a Spanish rial and worth 12 H cents 
 in money of the United States. 
 
 lewd (lud), adj. licentious; libidinous. 
 
 lexicon (leks'i-kon), n. a word-book; 
 a dictionary. [Greek.] 
 
 liability (li-a-bil'i-ti) , n. [pi. liabili- 
 ties (li-a-bil'i-tiz)], the state of being 
 liable: pi. debts. 
 
 liable (li'a-bl), adj. exposed to dam- 
 age, danger, expense, &c; contin- 
 gently subject. 
 
 liaison (le-a-zong'), n. illicit or se- 
 cret intimacy between a man and a 
 woman. [French.] 
 
 liar (ll'ar), n. one addicted to lying. 
 
 libation (ll-ba'shun) , n. the act of 
 pouring wine or oil on the ground, 
 as a sacrifice to some deity; the 
 liquid so poured out. [Latin.] 
 
 libel (li'bel), n. defamation of charac- 
 ter or reputation; any writing, 
 print, publication, or picture calcu- 
 lated to injure the reputation or 
 character of anyone and bring him 
 into public contempt: v.t. to publish 
 a libel against; defame the character 
 of; exhibit a charge against in a 
 court of law. 
 
 libelous (li'bel-us), adj. containing, or 
 of the nature of, a libel. 
 
 liberal (lib'er-al), adj. generous; mu- 
 nificent ; plentiful ; free from narrow- 
 ness in ideas or doctrines: n. an 
 opponent of conservatism; one who 
 advocates extension of freedom in 
 political institutions. [Latin.] 
 
 liberality (lib-er-al'i-ti) , n. [pi. liber- 
 alities (lib-er-al'i-tiz)], the quality 
 of being liberal; generosity; magna- 
 nimity; mental breadth; catholic- 
 ity. 
 
 liberate (lib'er-at), v.t. to set free. 
 
 libertine (lib'er-tin), n. a debauchee: 
 adj. unrestrained, morally or social- 
 ly; licentious. 
 
 liberty (lib'er-ti), n. [pi. liberties 
 (lib'er-tiz)], freedom ; special privilege 
 or exemption; immunity; permission; 
 ungranted or undue freedom; priv- 
 ileged district ._ 
 
 librarian (li-bra'ri-an), n. the custo- 
 dian of a library. [Latin.] 
 
 library (li'bra-ri), n. [pi. libraries 
 (li'bra-riz)], an arranged collection 
 of books; the building where such a 
 collection is kept. 
 
 libration (ll-bra'shun) , n. the act of 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, £7ien. 
 
LIBRETTO 
 
 301 
 
 LILAC 
 
 balancing; equipoise; an apparent 
 irregularity in the moon's motion. 
 libretto (li-bret'o), n. a book contain- 
 ing the words of an opera, oratorio, 
 &c: the text itself. [Italian.] 
 
 lice (lis), pi. of louse. 
 
 license (li'sens), n. permission; leave; 
 unrestrained liberty; legal permit to 
 do something otherwise unlawful 
 v.t. to authorize by a legal permit. 
 
 licentiate (li-sen'shi-at), n. one li- 
 censed to preach or practice a pro- 
 fession. 
 
 licentious (ll-sen'shus) , adj. unre- 
 strained morally or legally; las- 
 civious; dissolute. 
 
 lichen (li'ken or lich'en), n. one of 
 an order of cellular flowerless (cryp- 
 togamic) plants of fungoid nature 
 growing parasitic on stones, algae, 
 &c; a kind of skin eruption. 
 
 licit (lis'it), adj. lawful. 
 
 lick (lik), v.t. to pass the tongue over; 
 caress with the tongue; lap up; 
 vanquish; chastise (the last two are 
 vulgar): v.i. to make a licking move- 
 ment: n. the act of licking; quick or 
 careless stroke; superficial saline 
 deposit. 
 
 licorice (lik'o-ris), n. the root or in- 
 spissated juice of the licorice-plant 
 (Glycyrrhiza glabra). 
 
 lid (lid), n. a movable cover closing 
 an aperture; top; eyelid. 
 
 lie (li), v.i. [p.Llay, p.p. lain, p.pr. 
 lying], to rest in a recumbent posi- 
 tion ; lean or press ; rest or remain ; 
 be situated or placed; be maintain- 
 able at law. 
 
 lie (li), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. lied, p.pr. ly- 
 ing], to utter a falsehood; represent 
 falsely: n. a falsehood; wilful mis- 
 statement. 
 
 lief (lef), adv. willingly; rather. 
 
 liege (lej), adj. bound by feudal serv- 
 ice or tenure: n. a vassal; liege lord, 
 or sovereign. 
 
 lien (le'en or len), n. a legal claim upon 
 property; security for payment. 
 
 lieu (hi), n. place; stead. 
 
 lieutenant (lef-ten'ant) , n. an officer 
 ranking next below a captain in the 
 army and a commander in the navy ; 
 a deputy. [French.] 
 
 life (lif), n. animate existence; vi- 
 tality; union of soul and body; 
 period between birth and death. 
 
 lift (lift), v.t. to raise from the ground; 
 elevate ; support in the air ; steal : 
 v.i. to exert strength in raising; 
 dissipate in the air: n. the act of 
 lifting; elevation; promotion; a ma- 
 chine for raising or lifting. 
 ligament (lig'a-ment), n. a strong 
 elastic tissue connecting th^ extrem- 
 ities of movable bones; bond or 
 tie. 
 ligature (lig'a-tur), n. a narrow 
 bandage or tie; two or more letters 
 cast on one shank (fi, ce); a slur, or 
 notes joined by a slur. 
 light (lit), n. the imponderable agent 
 by which objects are rendered visible 
 by its action on the retina; day; an 
 illuminating or enlightening agent; 
 aspect; a window; that which emits 
 light: adj. clear; bright; not heavy 
 or burdensome ; unencumbered ; gay ; 
 trifling; unimportant; nimble; short 
 in weight; well leavened and raised; 
 graceful; undignified; dizzy; un- 
 chaste: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lighted, lit, 
 p.pr. lighting], to set fire to; in- 
 flame; illuminate; furnish with, or 
 guide by, a light: v.i. to receive or 
 reflect; rest or settle; fall upon by 
 chance; happen. 
 
 lighten (lit'en), v.t. to make light; il- 
 luminate; flash out; render less 
 heavy: v.i. to brighten; shine out. 
 
 lighter (lit'er), n. a large open bark 
 for loading and unloading vessels. 
 
 lighthouse (lit'hous), n. a # structure 
 furnished with a brilliant light to in- 
 dicate points of danger to mariners 
 at night. 
 
 lightning (lit'ning), n. a sudden flash 
 of electricity, usually accompanied 
 by thunder. 
 
 ligneous (lig'ne-us), adj. woody. 
 
 like (lik), adj. similar; resembling; 
 equal or nearly equal; disposed: 
 adv. in the same manner as; prob- 
 ably: v.t. have a taste for; enjoy: 
 n. a counterpart. 
 
 likely (lik'li), adj. [comp. likelier, su- 
 perl. likeliest], probable; suitable: 
 adv. probably. 
 
 liken (lik'n), v.t. to compare. 
 
 likeness (lik'nes), n. similarity; por- 
 trait. 
 
 liking (lik'ing), n. preference; fond- 
 ness. 
 
 lilac (li'lak), n. a shrub of the genus 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl: me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
LILT 
 
 302 
 
 LIP 
 
 Syringa, with pale pinkish purple 
 flowers; a color. 
 
 lilt (lilt), to. a cadenced movement 
 in a song that is blithe and full of 
 animation. 
 
 lily (lil'i), n. a plant of the genus 
 Lilium, with bulbous roots and hand- 
 some flowers: adj. unsullied; lily- 
 white. 
 
 limb (lim), n. a jointed or articulated 
 part of an animal body; branch of a 
 tree; edge or border; roguish child; 
 leg: v.t. to dismember. 
 
 limber (lim'ber), n. the detachable 
 forepart of a gun-carriage: adj. 
 pliant: v.t. to attach a _ limber to (a 
 gun-carriage); make pliant. 
 
 lime (lim), n. a calcareous earth ob- 
 tained by the action of heat upon 
 limestone; bird-lime; a tree of the 
 orange kind yielding an edible juicy 
 fruit; the linden tree: v.t. to apply 
 lime to. 
 
 limit (lim 'it), ft. a border or bound- 
 ary; utmost extent: v.t. to confine 
 within bounds; restrict. [Latin.] 
 
 limousine (lim-oo-zene'), ft. the body 
 of a closed automobile. [French.] 
 
 limp (limp), adj. flexible; flaccid: n. 
 a halt in walking: v.i. to walk with 
 a halt. 
 
 linchpin (linch'pin), n. the pin which 
 goes through the end of the axle of a 
 wheel, and keeps it in its place. 
 
 linden (lin'den), n. a tree with heart- 
 shaped leaves, and small clusters of 
 cream-colored flowers. There are 
 several species, European and Amer- 
 ican. 
 
 line (fin), n. length without breadth; 
 a slender string or cord; fishing- 
 line; extended row; l-12th of an 
 inch; short letter; occupation; mark 
 in the hand or face; outline; verse; 
 extent; direction; regular infantry; 
 equator; particular class_ of goods; 
 descent: v.t. to draw lines upon; 
 place along side by side; cover on 
 the inside; strengthen by inner 
 works. [Latin-French.] 
 
 lineage (lin'e-aj), n. ancestral line of 
 descent from a common progenitor; 
 family. 
 
 lineal (lin'e-al), _ adj. composed of 
 lines ; in direct line from an ancestor. 
 
 lineament (lin'e-a-ment), n. feature; 
 outline. 
 
 linear (lin'e-ar), adj. pertaining to, or 
 composed of, lines ; having a straight 
 direction. 
 
 linen (lin'en), ft. a cloth made of flax; 
 articles made of linen; undercloth- 
 ing: adj. made of, or resembling, 
 linen. 
 
 liner (li'ner), n. a line-of -battle ship; 
 a steamship belonging to a trans- 
 atlantic company; a person who 
 makes linings. 
 
 linger (ling'ger), v.i. to delay; loiter; 
 remain long in any state. 
 
 lingerie (lang-zhe-re'), n. undercloth- 
 ing. 
 
 lingo (ling'go), n. language ; dialect. 
 
 lingual (ling'gwal), ad/, pertaining to, 
 or formed by, the tongue: n. a letter 
 or sound, so articulated, as s, th, 
 &c. 
 
 linguistics (ling-gwis'tiks), n.pl. com- 
 parative philology. 
 
 liniment (lin'i-ment) , ft. a medicated 
 liquid for rubbing into the skin. 
 
 lining (lln'ing), n. an inside covering; 
 contents. 
 
 link (lingk), ft. a single ring or di- 
 vision of a chain; anything doubled 
 like a link; single part of a con- 
 nected series; a land measure 7.92 
 inches; connection; torch made of 
 pitch and tow: pi. flat sandy soil; 
 golfing grounds: v.t. to connect by, 
 or as by, a link: v.i. to be connected. 
 
 linnet (lin'et), n. a British finch. 
 
 linoleum (li-no'le-um), n. a floor 
 cloth composed of ground cork, lin- 
 seed oil, and chloride of sulphur. 
 
 linotype (lin'o-tip), ft. a machine for 
 composing and casting stereotyped 
 words or lines for printing. 
 
 linseed (lin'sed), ft. the seed of flax, 
 from which linseed oil is express- 
 ed. 
 
 lint (lint), n. scraped linen used for 
 dressing wounds. 
 
 lintel (lin'tel), n. the _ horizontal top 
 piece of a door or window. 
 
 lion (li'un), n. a large powerful car- 
 nivorous mammal of the genus 
 Felis, found in Africa and Southern 
 Asia: pi. noted persons or places: 
 adj. (in composition) noble; majestic; 
 courageous. Feminine, lioness. 
 
 lip (lip), ft. one of the two borders of 
 the mouth ; edge of anything ; mouth ; 
 lip-like organ; speech: v.t. [p.t. & 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book i 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
LIQUATION 
 
 303 
 
 LIVELY 
 
 p.p. lipped, p.pr. lipping], 
 with the lips; Kiss; utter. 
 
 to touch 
 
 liquation (li-kwa'shun) , n. the act 
 or process of melting. 
 
 liquefy (lik'we-fi), v.t. to melt or 
 make liquid: v.i. to become liquid. 
 
 liquid (lik'wid), adj. clear; tearful; 
 not solid; readily flowing: n. liquid 
 substance; one of the consonants I, 
 m, n, r. 
 
 liquidate (lik'wi-dat), v.t. to pay off, 
 as a debt; arrange, as the affairs of 
 a bankrupt. 
 
 liquor (lik'er), n. an alcoholic bever- 
 age; a liquid: v.t. to treat with a 
 solution: v.i. to take intoxicating 
 drinks [Slang]. 
 
 lisle (lil), n. a fine thread or lace. 
 
 lisp (lisp), v.i. to pronounce s and z 
 nearly like th; speak: v.t. to utter 
 imperfectly or affectedly: n. the im- 
 perfect utterance of s and z. 
 
 lissom (lis'um), n. supple; lithesome. 
 
 list (list), n. a catalogue, roll, or reg- 
 ister; the edge or selvage of cloth; 
 strip of cloth; inclination to one 
 side; small square molding: pi. an 
 enclosing for a tournament: v.t. to 
 catalogue, register, or enrol; cover 
 with strips of cloth;- sew together; 
 cause to tilt over to one side; listen 
 to: v.i. to enlist; choose; careen; 
 hearken. 
 
 listen (lis'n), v.i. to attend to closely, 
 so as to hear; hearken; obey. 
 
 Listerism (list'er-izm) , n. the anti- 
 septic method of operating and 
 dressing, introduced by Lord Lister. 
 
 listless (list'les), adj. indifferent; lan- 
 guid. 
 
 lit, p.t. & p.p. of light. 
 
 litany (lira-ni), n. a solemn respon- 
 ^ sive form of supplication. 
 
 liter (le'ter), n. in the metric system, a 
 
 measure of capacity, = 61.026 cubic 
 
 . inches, or a little more than 1 quart. 
 
 literacy (lit'er-a-si), n. the state of 
 m being able to read and write. 
 
 literal (lit'er-al), adj. consisting of, or 
 expressed by, letters; following the 
 m exact words; exact; plain. 
 
 literary (lit'er-a-ri) , adj. pertaining to, 
 or appropriate to, literature or men 
 of letters; versed in, or engaged in, 
 literature. 
 
 literature (lit'er-a-tur) , n. the writ- 
 ten or printed literary productions 
 
 of a country or period ; literary work ; 
 learning. 
 
 litharge (lith'arj), n. oxide of lead. 
 
 lithe (\ith), adj. supple; pliant. 
 
 lithia (lith'i-a), n. oxide of lithium. 
 
 lithium (lith'i-um), n. a metallic ele- 
 ment. 
 
 lithograph (lith'o-graf), n. a print 
 reproduced from a drawing on stone: 
 v.t. to draw, or engrave on stone, 
 and transfer to paper. 
 
 litigant (lit'i-gant), n. one who con- 
 tends in law: adj. engaged in, or in- 
 clined to, litigation. 
 
 litigate (lit'i-gat), v.t. to contest in a 
 court of law: v.i. to engage in a law- 
 suit. 
 
 litigation (lit-i-ga/shun) , n. the act or 
 process of carrying on a lawsuit; 
 judicial contest. 
 
 litmus (lit'mus), n. a purple dye, ob- 
 tained from certain lichens. 
 
 litter (lit'er), n. straw, hay, &c, used 
 for horses' bedding: a frame-work 
 with a bed, for carrying a person in 
 a recumbent position; state of con- 
 fusion or untidiness; number of 
 young produced at one birth, as pigs, 
 &c.: v.t. supply with litter; cover 
 with straw; scatter about carelessly: 
 v.i. bring forth a litter of young. 
 
 litterateur (lit-er-a-ter'), n. a literary 
 man. [French.] 
 
 little (lit'l), adj. [comparative less, 
 superlative least], small in size, 
 quantity, duration, or importance; 
 insignificant; young; mean: adv. in 
 a small degree; not much: n. small 
 shore of a sea, lake, &c. 
 
 littoral (lit'o-ral), adj. pertaining to, 
 near, or living on the shore: situa- 
 ted between high- and low-water 
 mark: n. country lying near the 
 shore of a sea, lake, &c. [Latin.] 
 
 liturgy (lit'er-ji), n. [pi. liturgies 
 (lirer-jiz)], the prescribed forms or 
 ritual for public worship. 
 
 live (liv), v.i. to exist or have life; 
 pass or enjoy life; reside; endure; 
 subsist: adj. (liv) having life; quick; 
 effective; ignited; kept for use; 
 energetic. 
 
 livelihood (llv'li-hood), n. means of 
 living. 
 
 liveliness (liv'li-nes), n. briskness. 
 
 lively (liv'li), adj. active; brisk; ani- 
 mated; sprightly; vivid; forcible. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
LIVER 
 
 304 
 
 LOCUST 
 
 liver (liv'er), n. one who lives; a 
 glandular organ secreting bile. 
 
 livery (liv'er-i), n. [pi. liveries (liv'er- 
 iz)J, a particular costume worn by 
 servants ; the state of being kept and 
 fed at a stipulated rate, as horses. 
 
 livid (liv'id), adj. black and blue; dis- 
 colored as by a blow; ashy pale. 
 
 living (liv'ing), p. adj. having life; 
 flowing; vigorous; active; quicken- 
 ing: n. livelihood; a church benefice; 
 mode of life. 
 
 lizard (liz'ard), n. a lacertilian reptile 
 having a scaly body, and four well- 
 developed limbs, each with five toes. 
 
 llama (la/ma), n. a South American 
 quadruped, somewhat resembling a 
 camel. [Spanish.] 
 
 llanos (lya'noz or la'noz), n.pl. the 
 extensive level grassy plains, or 
 steppes of South America. 
 
 lo (lo), inter j. behold! see! 
 
 load (lod), v.t. to put on as much as 
 can be carried; burden; weigh down; 
 embarrass; freight; charge, as a gun: 
 n. a burden; weight; freight; en- 
 cumbrance; pressure; a weight of 
 hay, straw, or ore. 
 
 loadline (lod'lln), n. the fine to which 
 a vessel sinks when loaded with her 
 full cargo. 
 
 loaf (lof), v.i. to idle away time: n. 
 [pi. loaves (lovz)], a large cake of 
 bread. _ 
 
 loam (lorn), n. rich vegetable mold, 
 with clay and sand: v.t. to cover 
 with loam. 
 
 loan (Ion), n. a sum of money lent 
 for a period, repayable with inter- 
 est; something granted for tempo- 
 rary use: v.i. to lend money. 
 
 loath (loth), adj. unwilling; reluc- 
 tant. 
 
 loathe (loth), v.t. to regard with ab- 
 horrence or disgust; detest: v.i. to 
 feel nausea. 
 
 loathsome Qjoth'sum) , adj. exciting 
 loathing. 
 
 lob (lob), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lobbed, p.pr. 
 lobbing], to toss gently: v.i. to bowl 
 lobs: n. a large worm, used for fish- 
 ing, the lugworm ; a slow ball bowled 
 underhand. 
 
 lobby (lob'i), n. [pi. lobbies (lob'iz)], 
 a small hall or waiting room; pas- 
 sage opening before an apartment; 
 that part of the hall of a legislative 
 
 chamber to which the public have 
 access: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. lobbied, p.pr. 
 lobbying], to solicit the votes of 
 members of a legislature to carry a 
 particular measure. 
 
 lobe (lob), n. any rounded and pro- 
 jecting part; a subdivision of an 
 organ. 
 
 lobster (lob'ster), n. an edible marine 
 decapod crustacean. 
 
 local (lo'kal), adj. pertaining to 
 place; restricted to a particular 
 place: n. a newspaper paragraph of 
 local interest ; a suburban train. _ 
 
 locality (lq-kal'i-ti), n. [pi. localities 
 (lo-kal'i-tiz)], existence in or limita- 
 tion to a place; position. 
 
 localize (15'kal-iz), v.t. to limit to a 
 particular place. 
 
 locate (lo'kat), v.t. to place ; estab- 
 lish; mark out and determine the 
 position of: v.i. to settle. 
 
 location (lo-ka'shun) , n. place; plot 
 of ground marked out by boundaries. 
 
 loch (lokh), n. a lake. [Scotch.] 
 
 lock (lok), n. a mechanical device 
 furnished with a spring and bolt for 
 fastening a door, &c, by means of a 
 key; anything that fastens; enclos- 
 ure between lock-gates for raising 
 and lowering the water within 
 them; mechanism for firing a gun; 
 hug in wrestling; a tuft of hair or 
 wool; ringlet; tress: v.t. to fasten 
 or secure with a lock; shut up; con- 
 fine: v.i. to become fast by a lock; 
 entwine. 
 
 locker (lok'er), n. a receptacle se- 
 cured by a lock. 
 
 locket (lok'et) , n. a small gold or silver 
 case attached to a necklace or chain. 
 
 lockjaw (lok' jaw), n. a spasmodic dis- 
 ease by which the lower jaw is 
 drawn up and becomes fixed ; teta- 
 nus. 
 
 lockout (lok'out), n. the exclusion of 
 workmen from a factory by an em- 
 ployer to compel them to accept his 
 terms: v.t. to close a factory against. 
 
 locomotion (lo-ko-mo'shun), n. the 
 act or power of moving from place 
 to place. 
 
 locomotive (lo-ko-mo'tiv), adj. per- 
 taining to locomotion; not sta- 
 tionary: n. a steam engine for draw- 
 ing railway cars. 
 
 locust (lo'kust), n. a migratory and 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
LOCUTION 
 
 305 
 
 LOOPHOLE 
 
 destructive winged insect resem- 
 bling the grasshopper; a tree of the 
 bean family. 
 
 locution (lo-ku'shun), n. speech; 
 phrase. 
 
 lode (lod), n. a vein containing metal- 
 lic ore. 
 
 lodge (loj), v.t. to furnish with a 
 temporary dwelling: v.i. to reside 
 for a time; be deposited or fixed: n. 
 a small house in a park; gate-keep- 
 er's cottage; wild beast's den; hut of 
 an American Indian; place where 
 members of an association meet, es- 
 pecially Freemasons; the members 
 themselves. 
 
 lodger (loj'er), n. one who resides in 
 lodgings. 
 
 lodging (loj'ing), n. a place of tem- 
 porary residence: pi. a room or 
 rooms hired in the house of another. 
 
 loft (16ft), n. a room directly beneath 
 a roof. 
 
 lofty (loft'i), adj. [camp, loftier, su- 
 perl. loftiest], very high; proud; 
 stately; sublime. 
 
 log (log), n. an undressed piece of 
 timber; a log-book; a heavy dull 
 fellow; an instrument for ascertain- 
 ing the rate of progress of a ship: 
 v.t. [p.t. & p.p. _ logged, p.pr. log- 
 ging], to enter in a log-book: v.i. 
 to hew down and get out trees. 
 
 logarithm (log'a-rithm), n. the expo- 
 nent of the power to which a fixed 
 number (the base) must be raised 
 in order to produce a given number. 
 [Greek.] 
 
 loggia (lozh'i-a), n. a partly covered 
 gallery or portico; an open balcony 
 in a theater. [Italian.] 
 
 logic (loj'ik), n. the science of correct 
 reasoning, especially of inference. 
 
 logical (loj'i-kal), adj. pertaining to, 
 or used in, logic; according to the 
 rules of logic. 
 
 logrolling (log'rol-ing), n. the act of 
 rolling logs ; united action in carrying 
 legislative schemes for mutual bene- 
 fit; mutual praise by authors of 
 each other's books. 
 
 logwood (log'wood), n. a wood of a 
 deep-red color, used in dyeing. 
 
 loin (loin), n. the lower part of the 
 back of a quadruped or man: pi. 
 the reins. 
 
 loiter (loi'ter), v.t. to idle (with 
 
 away): v.i. to spend time idly; de- 
 lay; linger. 
 
 loll (lol), v.i. to lounge at ease; hang 
 out the tongue. 
 
 lone (Ion), adj. solitary; retired: by 
 one's self; unmarried or in widow- 
 hood. 
 
 lonely (lon'li), adj. [comp. lonelier, su- 
 per*, loneliest], deserted; solitary; 
 unfrequented. 
 
 long (long), adj. not short; extended 
 in time, or length; drawn out; 
 slow; tedious; tall; fingering: far- 
 seeing: adv. to a great length or 
 period: far distant: for a length of 
 time: n. anything that is long: v.i. 
 to desire eagerly (with for or after) . 
 
 longevity (lon-jev'i-ti), n. extended 
 age. 
 
 longhand flong'hand), n. ordinary 
 handwriting, as distinguished from 
 shorthand. 
 
 longi, a Latin prefix meaning long, slb 
 longicom: adj. long-horned. 
 
 longitude (lonj'i-tud), n. distance 
 east and west on the earth's surface 
 measured from a meridian or place, 
 estimated in degrees; on the ecliptic, 
 distance in degrees from the vernal 
 equinox. 
 
 longshoreman <16ng'shor-man), n. 
 a wharf laborer. A stevedore, who 
 loads and unloads vessels. 
 
 long-sighted ilong'slt-ed), n. able to 
 see distant objects better than those 
 near: presbyopia. 
 
 loo (loo), n. a game at cards. 
 
 loof (loof), n. the fullest part of a 
 ship's bow. 
 
 look (look), v.i. to direct the eye to 
 anything, in order to view it; direct 
 the mind or attention to; examine; 
 front or face; expect; watch; ap- 
 pear: v.t. to search or seek for; 
 turn the eyes upon: n. the act of 
 looking: mien; aspect: interj. see! 
 
 loom (loom), n. a frame or machine 
 for weaving cloth; an oar handle: 
 v.i. to rise, gradually and appear 
 larger than in reality. 
 
 loon (loon), n. a stupid fellow; a fool. 
 
 loop (loop), n. a folding or doubling 
 of string, rope, &c; noose through 
 which a cord may be run: anything 
 resembling a loop: v.t. to form into, 
 furnish with, or secure with, loops. 
 
 loophole (loop'hol), n. a narrow aper- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
LOOSE 306 LOW 
 
 ture for observation or defense; vation; failure; defeat; that which 
 
 meansof evasion. is lost. 
 
 loose (loos), adj. not fast; unbound; lost (lost), p. adj. missing; forfeited; 
 
 not fixed; not tight; not crowded destroyed; perplexed, 
 
 together; vague; unconnected; lax lot (lot), n. fortune; destiny; por- 
 
 in principles or morals: n. the state tion or parcel; anything used to 
 
 of being loose: v.t. to set free; un- determine chances; great quantity: 
 
 bind; disengage; relax. v.t. to separate into lots; assign; 
 
 loot (loot), v.t. to pillage or plunder, catalogue. 
 
 especially a captured city: n. booty lotion (lo'shun), n. a medicated fluid 
 thus taken. for outward application. 
 lop (lop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lopped, p. lottery (lot'er-i), _ n. [pi. lotteries 
 pr. lopping], to cut off (a part of (lot'er-iz)], a distribution of prizes by 
 anything), especially branches of a chance ;_ drawing of lots, 
 tree; cut off partially; trim; let Lotus (lo'tus), n. a genus of the 
 fall: v.i. to hang down: n. a hanging water-lily family, especially the sa- 
 down; that which is lopped, as cred lotus of the ancient Nile; a 
 branches. name for various trees or shrubs, 
 lopsided (lop'si-ded) , n. heavier on the fruit of , which was fabled .to 
 one side cause forgetfulness of care and m- 
 loquacious (lo-kwa'shus), adj. talk- , duce a state of dreamy indolence. 
 ati ve loud (loud), adj. high- or full-sound- 
 lord (lord), n. a ruler or governor; in ^ nois y< ostentatious in dress or 
 master; one possessed of supreme ^ a ™£; f^^SF 8 an unpleas " 
 power; the owner of a manor; a , ant od / ° 1 r ' °™' loud ly- . , , 
 baron in the British peerage; the lounge (lounj), v.i to saunter a^bout 
 son of a duke or marquis ; eldest ™ * az ^ W™^ ^ U m ^w^ 
 son of an earl; title of honor given entl £ : "-, the act of bunging; a 
 to certain officials: v.t. to invest with , low-backed couch 
 authority; preside over: v.i. to dom- lou ? e Q ou ^i n ' ( W- . hce < lls ^ a P ara " 
 ineer to nommand Sltic insect of various species, espe- 
 iJSk«« SS' „ . i; ++ i* „ cially those of the genus Pediculus, 
 lordhng (lordhng), n. a little or parasitic on man. 
 
 .„» e &np) „. the state, |^« 5^ T^o^Wet 
 
 given to noblemen and judges, and love B ' (luv) , „. a strong feeling of af _ 
 
 in England to such bishops as are fect ) n, especially to one of the op- 
 
 peers. . . posite sex; courtship; devoted af- 
 
 lore (lor) n. learning; instruction; fection for or attachment to; pa- 
 space between the eye and bill of a renta i care; a sweetheart: v.t. to 
 bird, regard with strong affection; feel 
 
 lorgnette (lor-nyet'), n. a long-han- devotion towards; delight in: v.i. to 
 
 died opera glass; a pair, of eye- be in love; have strong affection, 
 
 glasses fixed to a long handle into loveliness (luv'li-nes), n. the quality 
 
 which they shut. of being lovely. 
 
 lorn (lorn), adj. forsaken; forlorn. lovely (luv'li), adj. [comp. lovelier, su- 
 
 lory (lo'ri), n. [pi. lories (lo'riz)], a perl, loveliest], exciting love or ad- 
 species of parrot with brilliant miration; amiable; beautiful; pret- 
 plumage. ty; inviting; delightful: adv. so as 
 
 lose (looz), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lost, p.pr. to inspire love or admiration. 
 
 losing], to be deprived of; cease to low (15), adj. not high; depressed; 
 have in possession; mislay; forfeit; shallow; not noisy; subdued; near 
 waste; squander: v.i. to fail of sue- the horizon; cheap; moderate; fee- 
 cess; yield; be defeated. ble or weak; of less than the normal 
 
 loss (16s), n. detriment; injury; pri- height; vulgar; abject: n. the bellow 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
LOWER 
 
 307 
 
 LURCH 
 
 of cattle: adv. not on high; deeply; 
 softly; quietly; meaningly; at a low 
 price; in humble rank: v.i. to bel- 
 low like cattle. 
 
 lower (lo'er), v.t. to lessen or bring 
 down; reduce in price or value; 
 weaken; humble; change to a lower 
 pitch: v.i. to become lower; sink; 
 fall; (lou'er) to appear dark, gloomy, 
 or threatening. 
 
 lowly (lo'li), adj. [comp. lowlier, su- 
 perl. lowliest! , low in rank or size; 
 numble; modest: adv. modestly. 
 
 loyal (loi'al), adj. faithful in allegi- 
 ance to one's sovereign or country; 
 true to plighted faith or duty. 
 
 loyalist (loi'al-ist), n. one who ad- 
 heres to and supports the authority 
 of his sovereign or country. _ 
 
 lozenge (loz'enj), n. an oblique-an- 
 gled parallelogram; a rhomb; dia- 
 mond-shaped figure used in herald- 
 ry ; a sweetmeat. 
 
 lubber (lub'er), n. an awkward, 
 clumsy fellow; a raw sailor. 
 
 lubricate (lu'bri-kat) , v.t. to make 
 smooth or slippery. 
 
 lubricity (loo-bris'i-ti) , n. immorality; 
 sensuality. 
 
 lucid (lu'sid), adj. clear; readily un- 
 derstood; shining; transparent. 
 
 lucidity (lu-sid'i-ti), n. the state of 
 being lucid. 
 
 Lucifer (lu'si-fer), n. Venus, as the 
 morning star: Satan, as the brilliant, 
 ambitious angel. 
 
 lucifer, n. a match ignited by fric- 
 tion. 
 
 luck (luk), n. casual event or acci- 
 dent; fortune, either good or bad; 
 success. 
 
 lucky (luk'i), adj. [comp. luckier, su- 
 perl. luckiest], having good luck or 
 fortune; successful; auspicious. 
 
 lucrative (lu'kra-tiv), adj. profita- 
 ble. 
 
 luculi (hi'ku-li), n.pl. bright spots on 
 the sun's surface. [Latin, luculus.j 
 
 ludicrous (lu'di-krus), adj. exciting 
 mirth; comical; droll. [Latin.] 
 
 luff (luf), n. the weather-gauge, or 
 that part of a ship towards the 
 wind; the act of sailing close to 
 the wind; luff-tackle: v.i. to steer 
 nearer to the wind. Also loof. 
 
 lug (lug), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lugged, 
 p.pr. lugging], to pull or draw 
 
 along: v.i. to drag; move heavily; 
 pull laboriously: n. the act or effort 
 of lugging; something difficult to 
 move; a projecting part; the ear; 
 a lug-sail; handle of a vessel: pi. 
 conceited airs. 
 
 luggage (lug'aj), n. effects of a trav- 
 eler; baggage. 
 
 lugubrious (lu-gu'bri-us), adj. mourn- 
 ful. 
 
 lukewarm (luk'warm) , adj. moderate- 
 ly warm. 
 
 lull (lul), v.t. to soothe to sleep; 
 quiet: v.i. to become calm: n. abate- 
 ment; temporary calm. 
 
 lullaby (lul'a-bi), n. [pi. lullabies 
 (mTa-biz)], a cradle-song. 
 
 lumbago (lum-ba'go), n. rheumatism 
 of the muscles of the loins. 
 
 lumbar (lum'bar), adj. pertaining to 
 the loins. 
 
 lumber (lum'ber), n. rubbish; forest 
 timber sawed for market: v.t. to fill 
 with lumber or rubbish; heap to- 
 gether in disorder: v.i. to cut down 
 timber and_prepare it for market. 
 
 luminary (lumi-na-ri), n. [pi. lumi- 
 naries (m'mi-na-riz)], a body emit- 
 ting light, especially a heavenly 
 body; one who enlightens or in- 
 structs. [Latin.] 
 
 luminous (lu'mi-nus), adj. emitting or 
 radiating light; bright; clear; per- 
 spicuous. 
 
 lump (lump), n. a small shapeless 
 mass; aggregate; gross; a swelling: 
 v.t. to throw or unite in the gross; 
 heap indiscriminately; put up with. 
 
 lunacy (lu'na-si), n. mental unsound- 
 ness: adj. pertaining to lunacy, or 
 to lunatics. 
 
 lunar (hl'nar), adj. pertaining to, 
 measured by, or influenced by, the 
 moon: n. lunar distance. [Latin.] 
 
 lunatic (lii'na-tik), adj. affected with, 
 or characteristic of, lunacy: n. one 
 who is insane. 
 
 lunch (lunch), n. a light meal be- 
 tween breakfast and dinner. Also 
 luncheon: v.i. to take lunch. 
 
 lung (lung), n. one of two organs of 
 respiration in air-breathing verte- 
 brates. 
 
 lunge (lunj), n. a sudden thrust or 
 pass with the sword; sudden lurch: 
 v.i. to make a lunge. 
 
 lurch (lerch), n. a sudden roll to one 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 20 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
LURE 
 
 308 
 
 LYRIC 
 
 side, as of a ship; tendency; a dif- 
 ficult or forlorn position; a losing 
 position in cribbage: v.i. to roll 
 suddenly to one side. 
 
 lure (lur), v.t. to allure: n. any- 
 thing used as an enticement; bait; 
 a long carved trumpet used in 
 Scandinavia. 
 
 lurid (lur'id) , adj. greyish-orange ; wan ; 
 ghastly; pale; gloomy. 
 
 lurk (lerk), v.i. to he in wait; be 
 concealed. 
 
 luscious (lush'us), adj. sweet to ex- 
 cess; delightful to the taste or 
 sense; fulsome. 
 
 lush (lush), adj. rich and juicy: n. 
 intoxicating drink. 
 
 lust (lust), n. strong desire to pos- 
 sess or enjoy; concupiscence: v.i. 
 to desire strongly; have inordinate 
 desires (with after). 
 
 luster (lus'ter), n. brightness; splen- 
 dor; brilliancy of reflected light; re- 
 nown; a lustrous dress-cloth; the 
 quality and intensity of light re- 
 flected from the surface of minerals. 
 
 lustful (lust 'fool), adj. sensual; robust. 
 
 lustration (lus-tra'shun), n. purifica- 
 tion. [Latin.] 
 
 lustrous (lus'trus), adj. having a lus- 
 ter. 
 
 lusty (lust'i), adj. [comp. lustier, 
 superl. lustiest], robust; vigorous; 
 healthy. 
 
 lute (lut), n. a stringed musical in- 
 strument of the guitar family; a 
 composition of clay, &c, used for 
 making the joints of vessels air- 
 
 tight, or protecting them from the 
 action of fire. 
 
 luxuriance (luk-shu'ri-ans), n. exu- 
 berant in growth. Also luxuriancy. 
 
 luxurious (luk-shu'ri-us), adj. pertain- 
 ing to luxury; indulging in, or ad- 
 ministering to, luxury. 
 
 luxury (luk'shu-ri), n. [pi. luxuries 
 (luk'shu-riz)], extravagant indulgence 
 in the pleasures of the senses, dress, 
 &c; a dainty; anything productive 
 of enjoyment. 
 
 lyceum, n. a literary seminary; an 
 academy; a literary association; an 
 intermediate classical school. 
 
 lye (li), n. an alkaline solution. 
 
 lying (li'ing), p. adj. addicted to false- 
 hood; the state or act of being re- 
 cumbent: n. untruthfulness. 
 
 lymph (limf), n. sl colorless alkaline 
 nutritive fluid in animal bodies. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 lymphatic (lim-fat'ik), adj. pertain- 
 ing to, conveying, or containing 
 lymph; sluggish: pi. the minute 
 ducts which convey lymph. 
 
 lynch (finch), v.t. to judge and pun- 
 ish without the usual forms of law. 
 
 lynx (links), n. a fierce cat-like ani- 
 mal, proverbial for its keenness of 
 sight. 
 
 lyre (lir), n. a musical instrument of 
 the harp kind: used by the ancients 
 to accompany the voice. [Latin.] 
 
 lyric (lir'ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
 adapted to singing to, a lyre: n. a 
 lyric composition. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
M 
 
 M, the thirteenth letter of the English 
 alphabet, and probably derived di- 
 rectly from the Phoenician, Hebrew, 
 Greek and Latin, for the character and 
 name show but little change. Thus 
 Phoenician mu gives the Greeks their 
 mu; and the Hebrews their mem; the 
 Latins had em, and thus the letter 
 and sound have been transmitted. 
 In the Runic "furstark," the char- 
 acter is called mann and stands 
 in the twentieth place. The sig- 
 nificance of the Phoenician mu was 
 " water," and likewise of the Greek 
 mu so long as people used it with a 
 common understanding. 
 
 ma (ma), n. contraction of mamma. 
 
 macadamize (mak-ad'am-iz), v.t. to 
 cover (a road) with small broken 
 stone, so as to form a smooth hard 
 rounded surface. Named from John 
 L. Macadam, a Scottish engineer (d. 
 1836). 
 
 macaroni (mak-a-ro'ni), n. a paste 
 composed chiefly of fine flour and 
 made into long thin tubes [Italian]; 
 a dandy of the eighteenth and early 
 nineteenth centurie^ 
 
 macaroon (mak-a-roon') , n. a small 
 cake made of flour, eggs, almonds, 
 and sugar. [French.] 
 
 macaw (ma-kaw'), n. a large and 
 handsome species of parrot with 
 strong hooked bill. 
 
 mace (mas), n. a massive staff usual- 
 ly surmounted with a crown; a 
 heavy billiard cue; the second cov- 
 ering of the nutmeg. [French.] 
 
 macerate (mas'er-at), v.t. to soften 
 or separate the parts of by steeping 
 in a fluid; mortify or harass. 
 
 machete (ma-cha'ta), n. a large 
 heavy knife used by the inhabitants 
 of South America for cutting through 
 forests, &c. [Spanish- American.] 
 
 machination (mak-i-na'shun), n. a 
 plot; artifice. [Latin.] 
 
 machine (ma-shen'), n. any contriv- 
 ance to increase and regulate motive 
 power; an engine; a light carriage 
 or vehicle; one who acts mechani- 
 cally or at the bidding of another. 
 
 machinery (ma-shen'er-i) , n. ma- 
 chines collectively; parts of a ma- 
 chine; any combination by which 
 something is kept in action or the 
 result desired is obtained. 
 
 mackerel (mak'er-el), n. an edible 
 marine fish, mottled with green and 
 blue. [Old French.] 
 
 mackintosh (mak'in-tosh), n. an 
 india-rubber water-proof overcoat. 
 
 mackle (mak'l), v.t. to blot or blur, so 
 as to produce the impression of 
 double printing. 
 
 macro, a Greek -prefix meaning large, 
 long, as macrocephalous, adj. long- 
 headed. 
 
 macrocosm (mak'ro-kozm), n. the 
 universe. 
 
 macron (mak'ron), n. a mark (-) 
 over a vowel to indicate that it is 
 long, as came. 
 
 mad (mad), adj. [comp. madder, su- 
 perl. maddest], mentally disordered 
 or distracted; insane; infatuated; 
 furious with rage or terror; in- 
 flamed with anger. 
 
 madam (mad'am), n. [pi. mesdames 
 (ma-dam')], a complimentary title, 
 or form of courteous address to a 
 married lady. 
 
 madcap (mad'kap), n. a wild, thought- 
 less, eccentric person. 
 
 madden (mad'n), v.t. to make mad or 
 furious: v.i. to become mad or furi- 
 ous. 
 
 madder (mad'er), n. a plant of the ge- 
 nus Rubia, from the root of which 
 a red dye and pigment is extracted. 
 
 made (mad), adj. artificially pro- 
 duced or formed: p.t.& p.p. of make. 
 
 Madeira (ma-de'ra), n. a rich wine 
 once made in the island of Madeira. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
MADEMOISELLE 
 
 310 
 
 MAIDEN 
 
 mademoiselle (mad-mwa-zel')., n. in 
 France, a title of courtesy given to 
 a young lady. 
 
 madonna (ma-don'na), n. [pi. ma- 
 donnas (ma-don'naz)], a picture of 
 the Virgin Mary, usually with the 
 infant Christ. [Italian.] 
 
 madras (ma-dras'), n. a printed, cot- 
 ton fabric used for shirting. 
 
 madrigal (mad'ri-gal) , n. a light amor- 
 ous song; a part song unaccompanied 
 by music. [French.] 
 
 maelstrom (mal 'strum), n. a cele- 
 brated whirlpool on the Norwegian 
 coast. 
 
 magazine (mag-a-zen') , n. a ware- 
 house; receptacle for military stores, 
 is ammunition, &c; chamber in a 
 gun; a periodical literary or scien- 
 tific publication. [French.] 
 
 magenta (ma-jen'ta), n. a red ani- 
 line dye named after Marshal Mac- 
 Mahon who won the battle of Ma- 
 genta for the French in 1859. 
 
 maggot (mag'ot), n. the footless lar- 
 va of a fly; grub; whim. [Welsh.] 
 
 Magi (ma'jl), n.pL among the Akka- 
 dians and ancient Persians, the 
 sacerdotal and learned class; the 
 wise men of the East. [Persian.] 
 
 magic (maj'ik), n. the pretended art 
 of working by the power or assist- 
 ance of supernatural beings; sor- 
 cery; witchcraft; enchantment: adj. 
 pertaining to, produced by, or ex- 
 ercising, magic; enchanted; necro- 
 mantic. When practiced for kindly 
 purposes, it is called White Magic. 
 Also magical. [Latin.] 
 
 magician (ma-jish'an), n. one skilled 
 in magic. 
 
 magisterial (maj-is-te'ri-al), adj. per- 
 taining to, or suitable to, a mas- 
 ter or magistrate; authorita- 
 tive. 
 
 magistracy; (maj'is-tra-si)^ n. [pi. 
 magistracies (maj'is-tra-siz)], the 
 office or dignity of a magistrate; 
 magistrates collectively. 
 
 magistrate (maj'is-trat), n. a civil 
 officer invested with certain judicial 
 and executive powers. 
 
 magnanimity (mag-na-nim'i-ti), n. 
 greatness of mind; elevation of 
 soul; nobility. [Latin.] 
 
 magnanimous (mag-nan 'i-mus), adj. 
 great of mind; elevated in soul or 
 
 sentiment; generous; courageous; 
 heroic. 
 
 magnate (mag'nat), n. a person of 
 rank or distinction; nobleman. 
 
 magnesia (mag-ne'shi-a) , n. a white 
 tasteless earthy powder, the oxide 
 of magnesium. [Greek.] 
 
 magnesium (mag-ne'shi-um), n. a 
 metallic element, the base of mag- 
 nesia. 
 
 magnet (mag'net), n. the loadstone; a 
 magnetized steel bar. [Greek.] 
 
 magnetic (mag-net'ik), adj. pertain- 
 ing to, exhibiting, or produced by, 
 the magnet or magnetism. 
 
 magnetism (mag'ne-tizm), n. that 
 property possessed by various bodies, 
 as iron or steel, of attracting or re- 
 pelling each other according to cer- 
 tain physical laws; the science that 
 treats of such magnetic phenomena 
 and laws. 
 
 magnificence (mag-nif 'i-sens) , n. 
 grandeur of appearance; splendor; 
 pomp; also used as a title at the 
 German universities — "Your Mag- 
 nificence." [Latin.] 
 
 magnify (mag'ni-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 magnified, p.pr. magnifying], to 
 make great or greater; increase the 
 apparent dimensions of; glorify or 
 extol. [Latin.] 
 
 magnitude (mag'ni-tiid) , n. compara- 
 tive size or bulk; extent of dimen- 
 sions (length, breadth, and thick- 
 ness); importance. [Latin.] 
 
 magnolia (mag-no'li-a), n. a hand- 
 some sweet-scented flowering 
 shrub. 
 
 maM-stick (mawl'stik), n. a stick 
 used by painters as a rest for the 
 hand while painting. Also maul- 
 stick. [German.] 
 
 mahogany (ma-hog'a-ni) , n. a tree 
 of tropical America, yielding a dark 
 reddish-brown wood, used for fur- 
 niture; a dining-table. [S. American.] 
 
 maid (mad), n. a young unmarried 
 woman; girl; virgin; a female serv- 
 ant. 
 
 maiden (mad 'en), # n. an unmarried 
 woman; virgin; girl; a washing ma- 
 chine; a kind of guillotine formerly 
 used in Scotland; in cricket, an over 
 in which no runs are scored: adj. 
 pertaining to, or like, a maiden; 
 pure; innocent; unsullied; unused. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
MAIDENHOOD 
 
 311 
 
 MALFORMATION 
 
 maidenhood (mad 'en-hood), n. the 
 state of being a maiden. 
 
 maidenly (mad'en-li), adj. like, or 
 suitable to, a maiden; modest; 
 gentle: adv. in a maidenlike manner. 
 
 mail (mal), n. defensive body-armor 
 of steel, net, or plate-work; govern- 
 ment system for conveying letters, 
 &c; a receptacle for the conveyance 
 of letters, &c; letters, &c, carried 
 by post; tribute formerly levied by 
 freebooters: v.t. to clothe with, or 
 as with, mail; post, or send by post. 
 
 maim (mam), v.t. to deprive of the 
 use of a limb; cripple or mutilate: 
 n. an injury to the body by crippling 
 or mutilation. 
 
 main (man), adj. chief; principal; 
 leading; direct: n. the ocean. 
 
 maintain (man-tan'), v.t. to support; 
 sustain; defend; vindicate; affirm; 
 continue. 
 
 maintenance (man'te-nans) , n. sus- 
 tenance; support; vindication; cham- 
 perty. 
 
 maize (maz), n. Indian corn. [Span- 
 ish.] 
 
 majestic (ma-jes'tik), adj. having 
 dignity of person or mien; stately; 
 noble; sublime. 
 
 majesty (maj'es-ti), n. [pi. majesties 
 (maj'es-tiz)T, sovereignty; grandeur; 
 nobility; sublimity. [French.] 
 
 majolica (ma-jol'i-ka), n. a fine soft 
 enameled kind of pottery. It was 
 first imported from Majorca, one 
 of the Balearic Isles, into Italy. 
 This ancient majolica was covered 
 with a white opaque enamel on 
 which decorative figures in color 
 were displayed. Modern majolica 
 is enamelled in color. It is also 
 called faience. [Named from Ma- 
 jorca.] 
 
 major (ma'jer), adj. greater in num- 
 ber, extent, or quality; greater by 
 a semitone [Mus.]: n. a military 
 officer next in rank above a cap- 
 tain; the first proposition of a reg- 
 ular syllogism in which the major 
 term is contained. [French.] 
 
 majority (ma-jor'i-ti), n. [pi. ma- 
 jorities (ma-jor'i-tiz)], the state of 
 being greater; greater number; more 
 than half; full legal age (21); rank, 
 &c, of a major. 
 
 make (mak), v.t. to create; fashion; 
 
 fabricate; compose; produce or ef- 
 fect; prepare for use; acquire; in- 
 cur; force; raise to rank or dig- 
 nity; score; keep or hold; arrive 
 near or in sight of: v.i. to tend or 
 move; have effect; contribute; be 
 active; rise or flow: n. shape; con- 
 struction. 
 
 makeshift (makeshift), n. a tempo- 
 rary expedient. 
 
 make-up (mak'up), n. the general 
 composition of anything; artificial 
 preparation. 
 
 malachite (mal'a-kit), n. native car- 
 bonate of copper, of a blue or green 
 color. 
 
 maladroit (mal-a-droif) , adj. not 
 dexterous; unskilful; clumsy. 
 
 malady (mal'a-di), n. [pi. maladies 
 (mal a-diz)], a disease, especially a 
 deep-seated or lingering disorder, 
 mental or physical. [French.] 
 
 Malaga (mal'a-ga), n. a variety of 
 sweet Spanish wine containing rai- 
 sins. 
 
 malapert (mal'a-pert), adj. pert; 
 saucy. 
 
 malapropos (mal-ap-ro-po') , adv. un- 
 seasonably. [French.] 
 
 malar (ma'lar), adj. pertaining to 
 the cheek or cheek-bone. [Latin.] 
 
 malaria (ma-la/ri-a), n. noxious ex- 
 halations from marshy land, pro- 
 ducing fevers, &c.; disease produced 
 by such exhalations or by the bite 
 of malaria-infected mosquitoes; chills 
 and fever; ague. 
 
 malcontent (mal'kon-tent) , adj. dis- 
 contented, especially with estab- 
 lished authority. 
 
 male (mal), adj. pertaining to the sex 
 that begets young ; not female ; bear- 
 ing stamens; suitable to the male sex: 
 n. one of the male sex. 
 
 malediction (mal-e-dik'shun), n. de- 
 nunciation of evil; execration; 
 curse. 
 
 malefactor (mal 'e-fak-ter), n. an evil 
 doer; criminal. 
 
 malevolence (ma-lev'o-lens), n. spite- 
 fulness; ill-will. 
 
 malfeasance (mal-fe'zans), n. an il- 
 legal act or deed. 
 
 malformation (mal-f or-ma'shun) , n. 
 faulty or abnormal structure of an 
 organism. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
MALIC 
 
 312 
 
 MANE 
 
 malic (ma'lik), adj. derived from fruit, 
 especially from the apple. [Latin.] 
 
 malice (maris), n. evil intention to 
 injure others; deliberate mischief; 
 spite. 
 
 malicious (ma-lish'us) , adj. bearing 
 ill-will or spite ; prompted by hatred. 
 
 malign (ma-lin'), v.t. to speak evil of; 
 slander: adj. hurtful; pestilential. 
 
 malignancy; (ma-lig'nan-si) , n. the 
 state of being malignant ; virulence. 
 
 malignant (ma-lig'nant) , adj. mali- 
 cious; pernicious; intending or ef- 
 fecting evil; virulent. 
 
 malinger (ma-ling'ger) , v.i. to feign 
 illness in order to evade duty. 
 
 malison (mal'i-zn), n. a curse; execra- 
 tion. 
 
 mall (mawl), n. a large heavy wooden 
 mallet or beetle; a public walk 
 shaded by trees, originally a place 
 where the game of pall-mall was 
 played. [Old French; Latin.] 
 
 mallard (marard), n. a wild duck. 
 
 malleable (mal'e-a-bl), adj. capable of 
 being extended by hammering or 
 rolling. In ancient times, glass was 
 made so as to be malleable, but this 
 is now one of the lost arts. 
 
 mallet (mal'et),n. a wooden hammer. 
 
 malleus (mal'e-us), n. one of the three 
 small auditory bones of the ear. 
 
 mallow (mal'o), n. a plant of the genus 
 Malva. Also mallows. 
 
 malmsey (mam-zi), n. a rich variety 
 of grape; a strong, full-flavored 
 sweet wine. 
 
 malpractice (mal-prak'tis), n. evil 
 practice; illegal or immoral profes- 
 sional conduct especially in medi- 
 cine. 
 
 malt (mawlt), n. barley or other grain 
 steeped in water, fermented, and 
 kiln dried for brewing: adj. made 
 with malt: v.t. to make into malt: 
 v.i. to be converted into malt. 
 
 maltose (mawlt'os), n. sugar obtained 
 from starch by the action of diastase 
 or malt. 
 
 maltreat (mal-tref), v.t. to treat ill 
 or roughly. 
 
 malversation (mal-ver-sa'shun), n. 
 fraudulent practices, especially those 
 committed in an office of trust. 
 
 mamma (ma-ma' or ma'ma), n. a fa- 
 miliar name for mother, found in 
 nearly all the languages of Europe 
 
 and going back to the Greek, Latin, 
 and Hebrew. 
 
 mammal (mam'al), n. one of the 
 Mammalia. 
 
 Mammalia (mam-a'li-a) , n.pl. the 
 highest class of the Vertebrata, con- 
 taining those animals which suckle 
 their young. 
 
 mammary (mam'a-ri), adj. pertaining 
 to the breasts. 
 
 mammon (mam'un),n.wealth; worldly 
 gain: from Mammon, the Syrian god 
 of riches. 
 
 mammoth (mam'oth), n. an ex- 
 tinct species of huge fossil elephants : 
 adj. gigantic. 
 
 man (man), n. [pi. men (men)], a hu- 
 man being; an adult male of the hu- 
 man species ; mankind ; male servant ; 
 vassal ; one possessed of manly attri- 
 butes; a husband; one of the pieces 
 in chess or draughts '.v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 manned, p.pr. manning], to furnish 
 with men; guard. 
 
 manacle (man'a-kl), n. a handcuff: 
 v.t. to place handcuffs upon; shackle. 
 
 manage (man'aj), v.t. to conduct or 
 carry on; govern; render docile or 
 tractable; use cautiously; wield: v.i. 
 to conduct affairs. 
 
 manageable (man'aj-a-bl), adj. easy 
 to be managed; docile. 
 
 management (man'aj-ment) , n. the 
 act or art of managing ; control ; skill 
 in direction; administration. 
 
 manakin (man'a-kin). See manikin. 
 
 manbote (man'bot), n. among the 
 Anglo-Saxons, the fine paid for kill- 
 ing a man. 
 
 mandatory (man'da-to-ri) , adj. con- 
 taining a mandate; directory. 
 
 mandible (man'di-bl), n. the Jaw; in 
 vertebrates, the under jaw; in birds, 
 both jaws: in insects and crusta- 
 ceans, the anterior pair. 
 
 mandolin (man'do-lin), n. a musical 
 instrument of the guitar kind. 
 
 mandrake (man'drak), n. a plant of 
 the nightshade family, with narcotic 
 properties. 
 
 mandrel (man'drel), n. the shank of a 
 lathe on which the work to be turned 
 is placed; the revolving arbor of a 
 circular saw. Also mandril. 
 
 mane (man), n. the long hair on the 
 neck of certain quadrupeds, as the 
 horse. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
MANEUVER 
 
 313 
 
 MANUAL 
 
 maneuver, manoeuvre (ma-no5'ver), 
 n. adroit management or operation 
 in military or naval affairs; skilful or 
 dexterous management; stratagem: 
 v.i. to perform maneuvers with 
 troops or war vessels; manage with 
 adroitness or address. 
 
 manful (man'fool), adj. courageous; 
 resolute. 
 
 manganese (mang'ga-nez), n. a grey- 
 colored, hard and brittle metallic 
 element. 
 
 mange (manj), n. a cutaneous dis- 
 ease of dogs, cattle, &c. 
 
 manger (man'jer), n. a feeding trough 
 for horses or cattle. 
 
 mangle (mang'gl), v.t. to lacerate; mu- 
 tilate; hack; o smooth with a mangle: 
 n. a machine for smoothing linen. 
 
 mango (mang'go), n. [pi. mangoes 
 (mang'goz)], the fruit of the mango 
 tree of East India. 
 
 mania (ma'ni-a), n. violent insanity; 
 intense excitement; excessive or un- 
 reasonable desire. 
 
 maniac (ma'ni-ak), adj. affected with 
 mania: n. a madman. 
 
 manicure (man'i-kur), n. the care of 
 the hands, nails, &c; also one who 
 engages in manicuring. 
 
 manifest (man'i-fest), adj. clear; plain; 
 apparent: v.t. to make manifest; 
 place beyond doubt: n. the invoice 
 of a cargo to be exhibited to the cus- 
 tom-house officials. 
 
 manifesto (man-i-fes'to) , n. [pi. mani- 
 festoes (man-i-fes'toz)j, a public dec- 
 laration concerning political meas- 
 ures or intentions. 
 
 manifold (man'i-fold) , adj. various in 
 kind or quality; numerous; multi- 
 plied; complicated: adv. many times: 
 v.t. to reduplicate by means of a 
 manifold- writ er . 
 
 manikin (man'i-kin), n. a dwarf; a 
 model of the human body for ana- 
 tomical study. Also mannikin. 
 
 manila, manilla (ma-nil'a), n. a kind 
 of cheroot manufactured at Manila 
 in the Philippine Islands; a hemp 
 used for ropes, matting, &c, made 
 from the fibers of Musa textilis, allied 
 to the banana. 
 
 maniple (man'i-pl), n. a kind of scarf 
 worn on the left arm by a priest at 
 mass; a company in an ancient Ro- 
 man legion. 
 
 manipulate ( ma-nip 'u-lat), v.t. to op- 
 erate or work by means of the hands ; 
 treat ; control the action of, by man- 
 agement; falsify: w.i. to use the 
 hands, especially in scientific opera- 
 tions, or mechanical processes. 
 
 manly (man'li), adj. having the char- 
 acteristics of a man; courageous; 
 noble; dignified; resolute: adv. like 
 a man. 
 
 manna (man'a), n. a name given by 
 the Israelites to the food miracu- 
 lously supplied in the wilderness (Ex. 
 xvi. 15) ; the sweet laxative juice 
 exuded from certain species of ash of 
 Southern Europe. 
 
 manner (man'er), n. method; mode of 
 action; habit; custom; sort; mien; 
 aspect; style; fashion: pi. deport- 
 ment; morals; behavior. 
 
 mannerism (man'er-izm), n. a pecu- 
 liarity of style, action, or bearing, 
 especially if constrained or affected. 
 
 mannish (man'ish) , adj. masculine. 
 
 manor (man'er), n. the district over 
 which a feudal lord held authority, 
 and subject to the jurisdiction of his 
 ccurt-baron; the land belonging to a 
 lord, or so much as he formerly re- 
 served for his own use; a tract of 
 land occupied by tenants who pay a 
 fee-farm rent to the owner .^ 
 
 manse (mans), n. the residence of 
 a Presbyterian parochial minister. 
 [Scotch.] 
 
 mansion (man'shun), n. a large 
 and handsome dwelling house. 
 
 manslaughter (man'slaw-ter) , n. the 
 unlawful killing of a human being, 
 but without malice or premed'tation. 
 
 mantel (man'tel), n. a narrow orna- 
 mental slab above a fireplace. Also 
 mantelpiece. 
 
 mantilla (man-til'a), n. a lady's light 
 cloak or hood. [Spanish.] 
 
 mantle (man'tl), n. a loose cloak or 
 cape; the external fold of the skin 
 of the body of mollusks; a conical 
 net-work that becomes incandescent 
 when heated: used over a gas jet, 
 &c, to increase the brilliancy of the 
 light: v.t. to cover with, or as with, 
 a mantle; conceal: v.i. expand or 
 spread out. 
 
 manual (man'ii-al), adj. pertaining to, 
 or performed by, the hands: n. a 
 handy compendium ; the service book 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
MANUFACTORY 
 
 314 
 
 MARK 
 
 of the Roman Catholic Church; the 
 keyboard of an organ or harmo- 
 nium. 
 
 manufactory (man-u-fak'to-ri), n.jpl. 
 manufactories (man - u - f ak'to - riz) ], 
 the place where goods are manu- 
 factured. 
 
 manufacture (man-u-fak'tur), v.t. to 
 make or fabricate from raw mate- 
 rials; produce artificially: v.i. to be 
 occupied in manufactures: n. the 
 conversion of raw materials into 
 articles for use; the thing manu- 
 factured. 
 
 manumission (man-u-mish'un) , n. 
 the act of liberating from slavery; 
 emancipation._ 
 
 manure (ma-nur'), n. any. fertilizing 
 substance used for enriching the 
 soil: v.t. to enrich with fertilizing 
 substances. 
 
 manuscript (man'u-skript), adj. writ- 
 ten: n. a book or paper written by 
 hand. 
 
 many (men'i), adj. [comp. more, 
 superl. most], numerous; consisting 
 of a great number: n. a great num- 
 ber; multitude; people. 
 
 map (map), n. a representation of 
 tne earth or some portion of it on 
 a plane surface; a representation of 
 the heavens: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. mapped, 
 p.pr. mapping], to delineate or lay 
 down in a map; describe clearly; 
 sketch or plan. [Latin.] 
 
 maple (ma pi), n. a tree of several 
 species of the genus Acer, from one 
 of which the rock-maple sugar is 
 extracted. 
 
 mar (mar), p.t. [p.t. & p.p. marred, 
 p.pr. marring], to disfigure; injure; 
 damage: n. a blemish or disfigure- 
 ment; injury. 
 
 marabou (mar'a-boo), n. a large Af- 
 rican stork, with handsome feathers. 
 
 marabout (mar'a-boot), n. a Mo- 
 hammedan saint, who professes to 
 cure diseases by supernatural pow- 
 er. 
 
 marasmus (ma-raz'mus), n. atrophy. 
 
 maraud (ma-rawd'), v.i. to rove in 
 search of plunder. 
 
 marble (mar'bl), n. a hard lime- 
 stone of various colors capable of 
 taking a fine polish; anything re- 
 sembling marble; a small ball of 
 marble or stone: adj. made of, or 
 
 like, marble; cold; hard; unfeeling: 
 v.t. to stain or vein like marble. 
 
 March (march), n. the third month 
 of the year, named from Mars, the 
 Roman god of war. 
 
 march (march), n. a regular, meas- 
 ured walk, especially of soldiers; 
 steady onward movement ; a musical 
 composition for the accompaniment 
 of troops; frontier; borderland: v.t. 
 to cause to move in a regular meas- 
 ured walk, as troops: v.i. to move 
 with regular steps, or in military 
 form. 
 
 marchioness (mar'shun-es) , n. the 
 wife or widow of a marquis. 
 
 marconigram (mar-ko'ni-gram), n. 
 a message sent by Marconi's system 
 of wireless telegraphy. 
 
 mare (mar), n. the female of the 
 horse. 
 
 margarine (mar'ga-rin), n. artificial 
 butter. Also oleomargarine. 
 
 margin (mai'jin), n. border; the part 
 of a page at the edge not printed 
 upon; reserved _ amount ; latitude: 
 v.t. to furnish with a margin; enter 
 on the margin of a page. 
 
 marginal (mar'gi-nal), adj. pertain- 
 ing to, or placed on, a margin. 
 
 margrave (mar'grav), n. a German 
 title of nobility. Fern, margravine. 
 
 marigold (mar'i-gold) , n. a plant 
 with showy yellow flowers of various 
 genera. 
 
 marine (ma-ren'), adj. pertaining to, 
 living in, or formed by, the sea; 
 naval; near to the sea; used at sea: 
 n. a soldier who serves on a war- 
 ship; the navy of a nation; naval 
 affairs; collective shipping of a 
 country. [Latin.] 
 
 mariner (mar'i-ner), n. a sailor. 
 
 marionette (mar-iKJ-nef), n. a pup- 
 pet moved by strings. 
 
 marital (mar'i-tal), adj. pertaining to 
 marriage. 
 
 maritime (mar'i-tim), adj. pertaining 
 to, connected with, or bordering 
 upon, the sea; naval. 
 
 marjoram (mar'jo-ram), n. a genus 
 of aromatic plants, containing the 
 sweet marjoram. 
 
 mark (mark), n. a, visible sign by 
 which anything is known; impres- 
 sion; evidence; target; a character 
 made as a substitute for writing; 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
MARKET 
 
 315 
 
 MASK 
 
 an old Scotch coin = 27^ cents; a 
 current German coin and monetary- 
 unit = 24 l /i cents; a former Euro- 
 pean unit of weight = about 8 
 ounces: v.t. to make a mark upon; 
 notify by, or as by, a sign; distin- 
 guish; take notice of; single out: 
 v.i. to observe critically; take note. 
 
 market (mar'ket), n. a public place 
 for the sale or purchase of commodi- 
 ties; market place; rate or price: 
 v.i. to deal in a market; buy or sell. 
 
 marl (marl), n. calcareous earth min- 
 gled with clay and carbonate of lime : 
 used as a manure: v.t. to manure 
 with marl; to wind with marlines. 
 
 marmalade (mar'ma-lad), n. a con- 
 fection made of oranges or other 
 fruit, 
 
 marmoset (mar'md-zet), n. a species 
 of small American monkey. 
 
 marmot (mar'mot), n. the Alpine 
 rat; prairie dog. 
 
 maroon (ma-roon'), n. formerly a fu- 
 gitive slave in the West Indies; one 
 who is marooned: v.t. to place and 
 abandon on a desert island: adj. of a 
 brownish-crimson color. 
 
 marplot (mar'plot), n. one who frus- 
 trates some plan by his officious in- 
 terference. 
 
 marque (mark), n. a license granted 
 by a state to a private vessel to 
 make reprisals at sea on the ships of 
 another nation. Hence this license 
 is called "a letter of marque and 
 reprisal." 
 
 marquetry (mar'ket-ri) , n. inlaid 
 work. 
 
 marquis (mar'kwis), n. a nobleman 
 ranking next below a duke. [French.] 
 Fern, marchioness. [Latin and Old 
 High German.] 
 
 marriage (mar'aj), n. the act of le- 
 gally uniting a man and woman in 
 wedlock; marriage ceremony. 
 
 marrow (mar'o), n. the medulla or 
 oily tissue which fills the cavities of 
 bones; the essence of anything; a 
 vegetable marrow. 
 
 marry (mar'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. married, 
 p.pr. marrying], to unite as husband 
 and wife; wed: v.i. to enter into the 
 state of wedlock: inter j. By Mary! 
 forsooth! 
 
 marseilles (mar-salz'), n. a double 
 cloth fabric, quilted in the loom. 
 
 marsh (marsh), n. a swampy tract of 
 land. 
 
 marshal (mar'shal), n. an official of 
 high rank who superintends and 
 regulates state ceremonials; a pur- 
 suivant; in the French army, the 
 highest military officer; a sheriff: 
 v.t. to arrange or dispose in order. 
 
 marshy (mar'ahi), adj. swampy; grow- 
 ing in marshes. 
 
 mart (mart), n. a market; purchase 
 and sale. 
 
 marten (mar'ten), n. a small carniv- 
 orous animal of the weasel kind. 
 
 martial (mar'shal), adj. pertaining to, 
 or adapted for, war; military. 
 
 martin (mar'tin), n. one of several spe- 
 cies of birds allied to the swallow. 
 
 martinet (mar-ti-nef), n. a strict dis- 
 ciplinarian: pi. small lines fastened 
 to the leech of a sail. _ 
 
 martingale (mar'tin-gal), n. a broad 
 strap passing from the nose-band to 
 the girth of a horse, between its fore 
 legs, to keep its head down; a lower 
 stay for the jib-boom or flying jib- 
 boom. 
 
 martyr (mar'ter), n. one who testifies 
 by nis death to his faith or principles ; 
 one who suffers acutely: v.t. to put 
 to death for adherence to some be- 
 lief, especially Christianity; perse- 
 cute; torture; destroy. 
 
 martyrdom (mar'ter-dum) , n. the 
 death or sufferings of a martyr. 
 
 marvel (mar'vel), n. something extra- 
 ordinary and astonishing ; a prodigy : 
 v.i. to be struck with astonishment; 
 wonder. 
 
 marvelous (mar'vel-us), adj. exciting 
 wonder; incredible. 
 
 mascot (mas'kot), n. a person or thing 
 that brings good fortune. Feminine 
 mascotte. [French.] 
 
 masculine (mas'ku-lin), adj. pertain- 
 ing to, having the qualities of, or 
 suitable for, a man; manly; power- 
 ful; robust; coarse; noting the male 
 gender in grammar. 
 
 mash (mash), n. a soft or pulpy mass; 
 a mixture of bran and water for 
 horses; bruised malt, &c, steeped 
 in hot water for making wort: v.t. 
 to mix with hot water (as malt) in 
 brewing; convert into a mash or 
 soft pulpy state; to inspire love in. 
 
 mask (mask), n. a cover or partial 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
MASON 
 
 316 
 
 MATHEMATICAL 
 
 cover to conceal the face; pretext or 
 subterfuge; a masquerade: v.t. to 
 conceal with, or as with, a mask; 
 cover or hold in check: v.i. to 
 take part in a masquerade; be dis- 
 guised. 
 
 mason (ma'sn), n. a builder in stone; 
 a Freemason. 
 
 masquerade (mas-ker-ad'), n. a ball 
 or festive gathering where masks are 
 worn; a disguise: v.t. to cover with 
 a mask or disguise: v.i. to take part 
 in a masquerade. 
 
 mass (mas), n. a large quantity; 
 lump; body of things collectively; 
 the celebration of the Eucharist in 
 the Roman Catholic Church ; a mu- 
 sical setting for certain parts of such 
 a ce'ebration: pi. common people 
 (with the) : v.t. & v.i. to collect into a 
 mass or body. 
 
 massacre (mas'a-ker), n. indiscrimi- 
 nate slaughter with unnecessary cruel- 
 ty: v.t. to slaughter indiscriminately 
 with unnecessary cruelty. 
 
 massage (ma-sazh'), n. a method of 
 medical treatment by rubbing or 
 kneading the body. 
 
 masse (ma-sa/), n. in billiards, a sharp 
 stroke made with the cue perpen- 
 dicular or nearly so. 
 
 masseur (ma-ser'), n. one who per- 
 forms the operation of massage. 
 Feminine masseuse (ma-sez'). 
 [French.] 
 
 massive (mas'iv) , adj. weighty ; heavy ; 
 bulky; imperfectly and irregularly 
 crystallized. 
 
 mast (mast), n. a long round piece of 
 timber or iron tube, either entire, or 
 formed of parts, raised vertically on 
 the keel of a vessel to support the 
 sails; acorns and beech-nuts. 
 
 master (mas'ter), n. one who rules or 
 commands others; director; em- 
 ployer; owner; head of a household, 
 college, school, &c; an expert; com- 
 mander of a merchant-vessel; a uni- 
 versity degree; appellation given to 
 boys; a legal title: adj. pertaining 
 to a master; chief: v.t. to subdue or 
 overcome: v.i. excel. 
 
 mastery (mas'ter-i), n. dominion; pre- 
 eminence; eminent skill. 
 
 mastic (mas'tik), n. a resin obtained 
 from the mastic tree; used as a var- 
 nish. 
 
 masticate (mas'ti-kat), v.t. to grind 
 with the teeth; chew. 
 
 mastiff (mas'tif), n. a variety of large 
 dog. 
 
 mastodon (mas'to-don), n. an extinct 
 genus of mammals, allied to the ele- 
 phant. 
 
 mastoid (mas'toid) , adj. breast-like. 
 
 mat (mat), n. a texture of various 
 fibrous materials, used for cleansing 
 the feet, &c; a web of rope-yard; 
 an ornamental article on which to 
 place things at table: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 matted, p.pr. matting], to cover 
 with mats; entangle or interweave. 
 
 matador (ma-ta-dor') , n. the man 
 who kills the bull in a bull-fight; one 
 of the three principal cards at omber 
 and quadrille. [Spanish.] 
 
 match (mach), n. anything that read- 
 ily ignites; a lucifer; anything which 
 agrees with or suits another thing; 
 an equal; game or contest; mar- 
 riage; one to be gained in marriage: 
 v.t. to be equal to; set against or 
 oppose as an equal: v.t. to harmonize 
 with ; to equal. 
 
 mate (mat), n. a companion or asso- 
 ciate ; an equal ; the male and female 
 of animals associated for propaga- 
 tion; an officer in the merchant ser- 
 vice ranking below the captain; 
 checkmate: v.t. to match; be equal 
 to; marry. 
 
 mate (ma'ta), n. a tea made of the 
 dried leaves of Brazilian holly; used 
 largely in South America. 
 
 matelote (mat'e-lot), n. a dish com- 
 posed of various kinds of fish. 
 
 material (ma-te'ri-al) , adj. consisting 
 of matter; not spiritual; corporeal; 
 essential: n. the substance of which 
 anything is made. 
 
 materialism (ma-te'ri-al-izm), n. the 
 doctrine that all spiritual phenomena 
 are the result of organized matter. 
 
 materialize (ma-te'ri-al-iz) , v.t. to 
 invest with material characteristics. 
 
 maternal (ma-ter'nal), adj. motherly. 
 
 maternity (ma-ter'ni-ti) , n. the char- 
 acter or relationship of a mother. 
 
 math (math), n. a mowing; mathe- 
 matics. 
 
 mathematical (math-e-mat'ik-al) , 
 adj. pertaining to, or performed by, 
 mathematics; theoretically precise. 
 Also mathematics. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
MATHEMATICIAN 
 
 317 
 
 MAYONNAISE 
 
 mathematician (math-e-ma-tish'an) , 
 n. one who is skilled in mathematics. 
 
 mathematics (math-e-mat'iks), n. 
 the science of number and space. 
 
 matin (mat/in), adj. pertaining to the 
 morning or to matins: n.pl. morning 
 prayer; in the Roman Catholic 
 Church the first canonical hour. 
 
 matinee (mat-i-na/), n. a reception 
 or musical or dramatic perform- 
 ance held in the daytime. [French.] 
 
 matriarch (ma/tri-ark), n. a mother 
 who in one period of ancient his- 
 tory ruled the family, and also the 
 tribe. At this time, men were not 
 husbands, but were merely chosen 
 by any woman according to her 
 fancy. See polyandry. 
 
 matricide (mat'ri-sid), n. the murder 
 of a mother by a son or daughter; 
 one who murders one's mother. 
 
 matriculate (ma-trik'u-lat) , v.t. to 
 admit to the membership of a college 
 or university by entering one's name 
 in a register: v.i. to be admitted as 
 a member or student of a college, &c. 
 
 matrimonial (mat-ri-mo'ni-al) , adj. 
 pertaining to marriage; nuptial; 
 connubial. 
 
 matrimony (mat'ri-mo-ni), n. mar- 
 riage. [Latin.] 
 
 matrix (ma'triks), n. [pi. matrices 
 (mat'ri-sez)], the womb; the 'cavity 
 in which anything is formed or cast; 
 a mold ; the rock in which a fossil or 
 mineral is embedded; the five col- 
 ors (black, white, blue, red, yellow) 
 from which all others are formed in 
 dyeing. [Latin.] 
 
 matron (ma'tron), n. a married 
 woman, especially one who has 
 borne children; the lady superin- 
 tendent of a hospital or institu- 
 tion. 
 
 matte (mat), n. metal imperfectly 
 reduced. [French.] 
 
 matted (mat'ed), adj. covered with a 
 mat; closely tangled together. 
 
 matter (mat'er), n. that which oc- 
 cupies space, and is perceptible by 
 the senses ; body ; substance ; thing of 
 importance; business; event; indefi- 
 nite amount; pus; set-up type: v.i. 
 to signify; be of importance. 
 
 matting (mat'ing), n. mats collective- 
 ly; material for mats; ornamental 
 matwork. 
 
 mattock (mat 'ok), n. a pickaxe hav- 
 ing one of its ends flat. 
 
 mattress (mat'res), n. a quilted hair- 
 or straw-stuffed bed; a spring mat- 
 tress; a mat made of trees or shrubs. 
 
 mature (ma-tur')> adj. [comparative 
 maturer, superlative maturest], ripe; 
 full-grown; ready for application or 
 use: v.t. to bring or hasten to ma- 
 turity: v.i. to become ripe. 
 
 maturity (ma-tur'i-ti), n. the state or 
 quality of being mature; ripeness; 
 full development. 
 
 maudlin (mawd'lin) , adj. easily moved 
 to tears; weakly and foolishly senti- 
 mental. 
 
 maul (mawl), n. a large wooden ham- 
 mer: v.t. to wound or bruise in a 
 rough manner. Seemell. 
 
 mausoleum (maw-so-le'um) , n. & 
 stately tomb or monument, espe- 
 cially that of Mausolus, King of Ca- 
 ria, erected by his widow Artemisia. 
 
 mauve (mov), n. a soft lilac or pur- 
 ple color, the first of aniline dye- 
 stuffs discovered by Sir W. H. Per- 
 kin. 
 
 maw (maw), n. the stomach of ani- 
 mals; the craw of a bird. 
 
 mawkish (mawk'ish), adj. loathsome; 
 affectedly sentimental. 
 
 maxillary (maks'il-a-ri) , adj. pertain- 
 ing to the jaw or jawbone. 
 
 maxim (maks'im), n. an established 
 principle or truth; proverb; aphor- 
 ism. [Latin.] 
 
 maximite (maks'im-it), n. a power- 
 ful explosive invented by Sir Hiram 
 Maxim. 
 
 maximum (maks'i-mum), n. and adj. 
 the greatest possible out of any 
 class of things. See minimum. 
 
 May (ma), n. the fifth month of the 
 year. Its name is from the Latin 
 Maia, the mother of Mercury, who 
 was the goddess of growth. 
 
 may, v. aux. [v.t. might (mlt)], to 
 be able; be allowed. 
 
 mayhem (ma/hem), n. the crime 
 of attacking another so as to pre- 
 vent his defense, and especially by 
 mutilating him; as, for example, 
 biting or tearing off an ear or a nose. 
 The word is the same as maim. 
 
 mayonnaise (mi-on-az'), n. a s: uce 
 composed of the yolk of eggs, olive-oil 
 and vinegar (or lemon-juice)seasoned. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
MAYOR 
 
 318 
 
 MEDIATION 
 
 mayor (ma'er), n. the chief magis- 
 trate of a city or borough. Feminine 
 mayoress. 
 
 maze (maz), n. bewilderment; a laby- 
 rinth: v.t. to bewilder. 
 
 mazurka (ma-zer'ka), n. a lively 
 Polish dance; music set to such a 
 dance. Also mazourka. [Polish.] 
 
 mead (med), n. a fermented liquor of 
 honey, water, and spices; a meadow 
 [Poet.]. 
 
 meadow (med'o), n. a tract of rich 
 pasture land; land yielding hay; low 
 grass land by the banks of rivers. 
 
 meager (me'ger), adj. thin; scanty; 
 poor; barren; lean; weak. [French.] 
 
 meal (mel), n. edible ground grain; a 
 repast. 
 
 mealy (me'li), adj. consisting of, sprin- 
 kled with, or having the qualities of, 
 meal. 
 
 mean (men), adj. [comparative mean- 
 er, superlative meanest], wanting in 
 dignity or honor; vulgar; inferior; 
 insignificant; humble; sordid; 
 stingy; middle; not excessive: n. the 
 middle point, quantity, value, or de- 
 gree; average: pi. resources; prop- 
 erty: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. meant, p.pr. 
 meaning], to have in the mind or 
 intention; signify: v.i. to have an 
 intention. 
 
 meander (me-an'der), v.t. to wind or 
 flow round: v.i. to have a winding 
 course ; be intricate. The name of a 
 river in Asia_Minor. 
 
 meaning (men'ing), n. intention; 
 sense. 
 
 meant (ment), p.t. & p.p. of mean. 
 
 meantime (men'tim), adv. in the in- 
 tervening time. Also meanwhile. 
 
 measles (me'zlz), n. an infectious 
 disease characterized by fever and 
 small red spots on the skin ; a dis- 
 ease of swine and of trees. [Danish.] 
 
 measurable (mezh'er-a-bl), adj. ca- 
 pable of being measured. 
 
 measure (mezh'er), n. the standard by 
 which the volume or extent of any- 
 thing is compared; extent or dimen- 
 sions of a thing; proportion; a 
 divisor leaving no remainder; an 
 instrument for measuring; musical 
 time; meter; law or statute: pi. 
 strata or beds: v.t. to ascertain the 
 extent, size, or volume of ; mark out ; 
 estimate; allot; determine by rule 
 
 or standard: v.i. to take measure- 
 ments; be equal or uniform. 
 
 measurement (mezh'er-ment), n. the 
 act of measuring; quantity ascer- 
 tained by measuring; size; area; ca- 
 pacity. 
 
 meat (met), n. animal flesh. 
 
 mechanic (me-kan'ik), n. a skilled* 
 workman: pi. the science of the laws 
 of matter and motion, especially the 
 science of machinery. [Greek.] 
 
 mechanical (me-kan'i-kal) , adj. per- 
 taining to the principles of mechan- 
 ics; pertaining to, or produced by, 
 machines or machinery; done auto- 
 matically, as from force of habit. 
 
 mechanism (mek'a-nizfh) , n. parts 
 of a machine ; mechanical construc- 
 tion. > 
 
 medal (med'al), n. a coin-shaped piece 
 of metal impressed with a device or 
 inscription to commemorate some 
 event, distinguished person, or ideal- 
 ized group. The medal reached its 
 perfection in the fifteenth century 
 with Pisano. The side bearing the 
 head is called the obverse and the 
 other side, the reverse. [French.] 
 
 medallion (me-dal'yun) , n. a large 
 antique medal; a round or oval tab- 
 let with figures in bas-relief. 
 
 meddle (med'l), v.i. to interpose or 
 interfere officiously. 
 
 meddlesome (med'1-sum), adj. offi- 
 ciously intrusive. _ 
 
 mediaeval (med-i-e'val), adj. char- 
 acterizing the period of history be- 
 tween the sixth and fifteenth cen- 
 turies A.D., usually known as the 
 Middle Ages. 
 
 median (me'di-an) , adj. pertaining to, 
 or connected with, the middle of 
 anything; a median line is an imag- 
 inary line drawn between the two 
 symmetrical halves of the body 
 down the back. In geometry also 
 a median line is one drawn from any 
 angle of a triangle to the middle 
 point of the opposite side.^ When 
 these median lines intersect its place 
 of intersection is called the median 
 point. [Latin.] 
 
 mediate (me'di-at), v.i. to interpose 
 as a mutual friend between parties to 
 effect a reconciliation. [Latin.] 
 
 mediation _ (me-di-a'shun) , n. the act 
 of mediating; reconciliation. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
MEDIATOR 
 
 319 
 
 MEMBER 
 
 mediator (me'di-a-ter), n. one who me- 
 diates; an intercessor. 
 
 medical (med'i-kal), adj. pertaining 
 to, or connected with, medicine. 
 
 medicament (med'i-ka-ment), n. a 
 medicine or healing application. 
 
 medicate (med'i-kat), v.t. to impreg- 
 nate or tincture with anything me- 
 dicinal. 
 
 medicinal (me-dis'i-nal), adj. having 
 the properties of, or used in, medi- 
 cine. 
 
 medicine (med'i-sin), n. the science 
 which relates to the treatment and 
 alleviation of disease; a specific for 
 the cure of disease. [Latin.] 
 
 mediocre (me'di-o'ker), adj. of me- 
 dium excellence; ordinary. 
 
 mediocrity (me-di-ok'ri-ti), n. of 
 moderate degree ; a person of or- 
 dinary abilities. _ [Latin.] 
 
 meditate (med'i-tat), v.i. to muse or 
 ponder; think abstractedly: v.t. to 
 think upon; design. _ [Latin.] 
 
 meditation (med-i-ta'shun) , n. the 
 act of meditating; deep thought. 
 
 medium (me'di-um), n. [pi. media, 
 mediums (me'di-a, me'dfi-umz)], a 
 mean ; anything intervening ; agency ; 
 space or substance in which bodies 
 exist or move ; a size of paper 24 x 19 
 inches ; middle term of a syllogism ; a 
 person through whom communica- 
 tions from the spirit world are con- 
 veyed ; the liquid vehicle with which 
 dry pigments are ground. [Latin.] 
 
 medley (med'li), n. mixture or con- 
 fused mass of different ingredients. 
 [Old French.] 
 
 medulla (me-dul'a), n. the marrow of 
 bones; pith of plants. [Latin.] 
 
 meed (med), n. recompense; re- 
 ward. 
 
 meek (mek), adj. [comparative meek- 
 er, superlative meekest], gentle; sub- 
 missive; yielding; mild of temper. 
 
 meer (mer), n. sl boundary or divi- 
 sion. Also mere. .[Scottish.] 
 
 meerschaum (mer'shum), n. a clay- 
 like silicate of magnesia from which 
 pipe-bowls are made; a pipe of this 
 material. [German, "sea-foam."] 
 
 meet (met), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. met, p.pr. 
 meeting], to come up to from a dif- 
 ferent direction; confront; encoun- 
 ter; receive: v.i. to assemble; be 
 united: n. a meeting of huntsmen; 
 
 the place of meeting: adj. fit; suit- 
 able ; appropriate. 
 
 meeting (met'ing), n. an assembly; 
 junction; a congregation. 
 
 meg, a Greek prefix meaning great, 
 powerful. Also mega, megalo, as 
 me^acephalous : adj. having a large 
 head. 
 
 megafog (meg'a-fog), n. a fog-sig- 
 nalling device. 
 
 megaphone (meg'a-fon), n. anew form 
 of speaking-trumpet for increasing 
 the volume of the voice. [Greek.] 
 
 megrim (me'grim), n. a sick or neu- 
 ralgic headache, usually on one side 
 of the head : pi. vertigo in a horse. 
 
 melancholy (mel'an-kol-i), n. great 
 depression of spirits; melancholia: 
 adj. depressed in spirits; hypochon- 
 driac. 
 
 melange (ma-langzh'). n. a confused 
 mixture; medley. [French.] 
 
 melee (ma-la'), n. a hand-to-hand 
 conflict; scuffle; affray. 
 
 melinite (mel'm-it), n. a powerful 
 explosive. 
 
 meliorate (mel'yo-rat), v.t. to im- 
 prove or make better. 
 
 mellifluent (mel-if'flu-ent), adj. 
 smooth; sweetly flowing. Also mel- 
 lifluous. 
 
 mellow (mel'o), adj. fully ripe; not 
 hard, harsh, or rigid; half tipsy. 
 
 melodeon (me-lo'de-on), n. a small 
 reed organ. 
 
 melodious (me-lo'di-us), adj. full of, 
 or produced by, melody; musical. 
 
 melodrama (mel-o-dra'ma) , n. a play 
 characterized by sensational or ro- 
 mantic incidents. [Greek.] 
 
 melody (mel'S-di), n. [pi. melodies 
 (mel o-diz) ], the arrangement of dif- 
 ferent musical sounds for a single 
 voice or instrument; tune. 
 
 melon (mel'un), n. a plant of the cu- 
 cumber family with edible fruit. 
 [French.] 
 
 melt (melt), v.t. & v.i. to change from 
 a solid to a liquid state; dissolve; 
 soften to love and tenderness. 
 
 melton (mel'tun), n. a kind of thick 
 broadcloth with an unfinished sur- 
 face. Named 'from the manufac- 
 turer. 
 
 member (mem'ber), n. a limb or or- 
 gan, essential part of anything; one 
 of an association or community. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
MEMBRANE 
 
 320 
 
 MERCY 
 
 membrane (mem 'bran), n. a thin 
 fold or layer of tissue forming the 
 covering of some part or organ. 
 
 membranous (mem'bra-nus), adj. 
 pertaining to, consisting of, or like, 
 membranes. 
 
 memento (me-men'to), n. [pi. me- 
 mentos (me-men'toz)], a souvenir; 
 memorial. [Latin.] 
 
 memoir (mem'war), n. a history 
 written from personal experience 
 and knowledge; a biography; pi. a 
 record of investigations on a sub- 
 ject; transactions or journal of a 
 learned or scientific society. 
 
 memorable (mem'or-a-bl) , adj. wor- 
 thy of remembrance; remarkable; 
 notable. 
 
 memorandum (mem-o-ran'dum) , n. 
 [pi. memoranda (mem-o-ran'da)], a 
 note to assist the memory; brief 
 record of something to be remem- 
 bered; summary or outline. 
 
 memorial (me-mo'ri-al), adj. com- 
 memorative; preservative of, or con- 
 tained in, the memory: n. an in- 
 formal diplomatic paper; a written 
 representation of facts addressed 
 to the government, a public body, 
 &c. 
 
 memory (mem'o-ri), n. [pi. memories 
 (mem'o-riz)], that faculty _ of the 
 mind by which it retains the 
 knowledge of previous occurrences, 
 facts, thoughts, &c, and recalls 
 them. 
 
 menace (men'as), n. a threat: v.t. to 
 threaten. 
 
 menage (ma'nazh), n. management; 
 one's establishment or household. 
 [French.] 
 
 menagerie (men-azh'er-i or men-aj'- 
 e-ri), n. a place where wild animals 
 are kept ; a collection of wild animals 
 for exhibition. 
 
 mend (mend), v.i. to repair (that 
 which is broken or worn); make 
 good or better; reform; increase: 
 v.i. to grow better; improve. 
 
 mendacious (men-da'shus) , adj. given 
 to falsehood; lying; false. 
 
 mendacity (men-das'i-ti), n. [pi. men- 
 dacities (men-das'i-tiz)], falsehood; 
 habitual lying. 
 
 mendicant (men'di-kant) , adj. prac- 
 ticing begging; reduced to beggary: 
 n. a beggar; a begging friar. 
 
 menial (me'ni-al), adj. pertaining to 
 a retinue of servants; pertaining to, 
 or suitable for, servants; mean; 
 servile: n. a domestic servant; one 
 who performs servile work. [Old 
 French.] 
 
 meninges (men-in'jez), n.pl. the 
 three membranes that envelop the 
 brain and the spinal cord. [Greek.] 
 
 meningitis (men-in-ji'tis) , n. inflam- 
 mation of the meninges. [Greek.] 
 
 mensurable (men'su-ra-bl) , adj. 
 measurable. 
 
 mensuration (men-su-ra'shun), n. the 
 act or process of taking the measure 
 or dimensions of anything; measure- 
 ment. 
 
 mental (men'tal), adj. pertaining to 
 the mind; intellectual. [Latin.] 
 
 menthol (men'thol), n. a crystalline 
 substance resembling camphor: used 
 as a counter-irritant. [Latin.] 
 
 mention (men'shun), n. a brief no- 
 tice; casual remark; hint: v.t. to 
 speak briefly of; notice casually; 
 name. [Latin.] 
 
 menu (men-u'), n. a bill of fare. 
 [French.] 
 
 mercantile (mer'kan-til) , adj. com- 
 mercial. [Latin.] 
 
 mercenary (meVse-na-ri) , n. [pi. mer- 
 cenaries (mer'se-na-riz)], a soldier 
 hired into foreign service; one who 
 serves for pay: adj. serving for pay 
 or reward; venial; sordid. [Latin.] 
 
 mercer (mer'ser), n. a dealer in textile 
 fabrics. 
 
 mercerize (mer'ser-iz) , to treat cot- 
 ton cloth in such a manner as to 
 give it a luster like that of silk. 
 
 merchandise (mer'chan-dis), n. goods, 
 wares, or commodities, bought and 
 sold. 
 
 merchant (mer'chant), n. one who 
 traffics or trades on a large scale, 
 especially with foreign countries; a 
 shopkeeper^ adj. pertaining to, or 
 employed in, trade; mercantile. 
 [French.] 
 
 mercurial (mer-ku'ri-al) , adj. active; 
 volatile; fickle; pertaining to, made 
 of, or caused by, mercury; mer- 
 curial ointment is an ointment con- 
 taining crude mercury in particles. 
 
 mercury, n. one of the elements, 
 popularly known as quicksilver. 
 
 mercy (mer'si), n. [pi. mercies (mer'- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
MERE 
 
 321 
 
 METAL 
 
 siz)], the disposition to forgive, spare, 
 or pity; clemency; forbearance; com- 
 passion; beneficence. 
 
 mere, same as meer. 
 
 mere (mer), adj. [superlative merest], 
 such and no more; simple; entire; 
 absolute. 
 
 merely (mer-li), adv. simply; purely; 
 only. 
 
 meretricious (mer-e-trish'us), adj. 
 pertaining to prostitutes; lustful; 
 tawdry. [Latin.] 
 
 merge (merj), v.t. to absorb or swal- 
 low up: v.i. to be swallowed up or 
 lost. 
 
 merger (merj'er), n. the legal consol- 
 idation of two estates, conforming 
 them into one estate; the placing of 
 the operations of two or more com- 
 peting interests under the control of 
 a single body. [Latin.] 
 
 meridian (me-rid'i-an) , adj. pertain- 
 ing to mid-day: n. mid^day; noon; 
 highest point or culmination; an 
 imaginary great circle of the sphere 
 passing through the poles of the 
 heavens and the zenith and nadir of 
 any given place, and cutting the 
 equator at right angles. [Latin.] 
 
 meringue (ma-rang'), n. a light con- 
 fection of eggs, sugar, cream, or 
 jam. 
 
 merino (me-re'no), n. [pi. merinos 
 (me-re'noz)], a breed of sneep with a 
 fine wool; the wool of such sheep: 
 adj. pertaining to, or made of, the 
 wool of the merino sheep. 
 
 merit (mer'it), n. excellence; worth; 
 deserved reward: pi. essential < cir- 
 cumstances: v.t. to earn; be entitled 
 to; be deserving of._ 
 
 meritorious (mer-i-to'ri-us), adj. hav- 
 ing merit ; deserving of reward or 
 praise. 
 
 merk (merk), n. an ancient Scottish 
 coin, the same as the mark of Con- 
 tinental countries. ($0.28.) 
 
 merlin (mer'lin), n. a small falcon. 
 
 merling (merl'ing), n. the whiting. 
 
 mermaid (mer'mad), n. a fabled ma- 
 rine creature having the upper part 
 like a woman and the lower part like 
 a fish. 
 
 merman (mer'man), n. the male of the 
 mermaid. 
 
 merriment (mer'i-ment), n. mirth; 
 fun; frolic; gaiety. Also merriness. 
 
 merry (mer'i), adj. [comparative merri- 
 er, superlative merriest], full of mirth 
 and good humor; gay; sportive; jo- 
 vial; pleasant. 
 
 mesa (ma/sa), n. elevated table-land. 
 [Spanish.] 
 
 mesh (mesh), n. an opening or inter- 
 stice of a net; brewers' grains. 
 
 mesmerism (mez'mer-izm), n. the art 
 of inducing an abnormal state of the 
 nervous system in which the 
 thoughts and actions of the patient 
 are controlled by the will of the op- 
 erator; animal magnetism. 
 
 mesne (men), adj. middle; interven- 
 ing. 
 
 mess (mes), n. a number of persons 
 who sit down to table together, es- 
 pecially soldiers or sailors; a state 
 of dirt or confusion: v.i. to eat to- 
 gether: v.t. to furnish with food; 
 dirty. 
 
 message (mes'aj), n. a communica- 
 tion, written or verbal, sent from one 
 person to another; an official com- 
 munication. 
 
 messenger (mes'en-jer), n. one who 
 conveys a message ; an office servant 
 who carries messages; a herald or 
 harbinger; an official of the bank- 
 ruptcy court. 
 
 Messiah (mes-I'a), n. Christ the 
 Anointed One. Also Messias. 
 
 messieurs (mes'yers), n.pl. sirs; 
 Messrs. used in addressing business 
 communications. 
 
 messmate (mes'mat), n. one who has 
 sat at table with the same men for a 
 time long enough to establish a real 
 intimacy. It is usually on ship- 
 board that men become messmates. 
 See mess ; bunkie. 
 
 met, p.t. & p.p. of meet. 
 
 meta, a Greek prefix meaning between, 
 over, after, duplicate, resembling, change 
 from one state to another. 
 
 metabolism (me-tab'o-lizm), n. the 
 continuous process by which living 
 cells or tissues undergo chemical 
 change accompanied by swift altera- 
 tions in temper or character. 
 
 metacarpus (met-a-kar'pus) , n. that 
 part of the hand which is between 
 the wrist and the fingers. 
 
 metal (met'al), n. an elementary sub- 
 stance having certain physical char- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
METALLIC 
 
 322 
 
 MICRO 
 
 acteristics, as luster, ductility, mal- 
 leability, insolubility, is fusible by 
 heat, and a conductor of electricity; 
 molten glass; small stone cubes; ef- 
 fective power or caliber of the guns 
 of a warship: pi. the rails of a rail- 
 road: v.t. to cover with metal. [Latin.] 
 
 metallic (me-tal'ik), adj. pertaining 
 to, consisting of, or like, metal. 
 
 metallurgy (met'al-er-ji), n. the art 
 or process of working metals and of 
 separating them from their ores. 
 
 metamorphism (met-a-mor'fizm), n. 
 the process by which stratified rocks 
 ^nder pressure, heat, chemical ac- 
 tion, &c, have changed from their 
 original structure, as limestone to 
 marble. 
 
 metamorphosis (met-a-mor-fo'sis), n. 
 change of form, shape, or structure; 
 transformation, as of a chrysalis into 
 a butterfly. 
 
 metaphor (met'a-for), n. a figure of 
 speech by which one word is em- 
 ployed for another of which it is the 
 image; a compressed simile. 
 
 metaphoric (met-a-f or'ik) , adj. per- 
 taining to, or comprising, a meta- 
 phor; not literal: figurative. Also 
 metaphorical. 
 
 metaphysics (met-a-fiz'iks), n. the 
 science which investigates the first 
 principles of nature and thought; 
 ontology or the science of being. 
 
 metathesis (me-tath'e-sis), n. trans- 
 position of the letters of a word or 
 syllable, as third for the early thrid 
 (Anglo-Saxon), thridda. 
 
 metempsychosis (me-tem-si-ko'sis) , 
 n. transmigration of the soul after 
 death into the body of another man 
 or lower animal. 
 
 meteor (me'te-or), n. a transient lu- 
 minous body in the sky; falling or 
 shooting star; anything that daz- 
 zles or excites wonder for the mo- 
 ment. 
 
 meter (me'ter), n. an instrument for 
 registering automatically the amount 
 measured by it. Also metre. 
 
 meter, metre (me'ter), n. a rhyth- 
 mic arrangement of syllables in 
 verse; unit of length in the decimal 
 system = 39.37 inches. [Greek.] 
 
 methinks (me-thingks'), v.i. [p.t. 
 methought] . In this really compound 
 expression, me is the object of thinks, 
 
 a transitive verb meaning "it seems." 
 [Anglo-Saxon.] Hence, methinks is 
 equivalent to "it seems to me." 
 
 method (meth'od), n. regular ar- 
 rangement of things; system; or- 
 der; classification. 
 
 methodical (me-thod'i-kal), adj. char- 
 acterized by, or arranged with re- 
 gard to, method; systematic. Also 
 methodic. 
 
 methyl (meth'il), n. the hydro-car- 
 bon radical of methyl alcohol, or 
 wood spirit. 
 
 metonymy (me-ton'i-mi) , n. a figure 
 of speech in which one word is used 
 for another related to it, as "the 
 steel" for the sword. 
 
 metric (met'rik), adj. pertaining to 
 the decimal system of weights and 
 measures. 
 
 metrical (met'ri-kal), adj. pertaining 
 to meter, measurement, or rhythm. 
 
 metrology (met-rol'o-ji), n. the science 
 of weights and measures. 
 
 metronome (met'ro-nom) , n. an in- 
 strument which beats musical time 
 by means of a short pendulum. 
 
 metropolis (me-trop'o-lis), n. the cap- 
 ital or chief city of a kingdom or coun- 
 try ; the seat or see of a metropolitan. 
 
 metropolitan (met-ro-pol'i-tan) , adj. 
 pertaining to the capital city of a 
 kingdom or country, or to an arch- 
 bishopric: n. the presiding bishop of 
 a country or province; an arch- 
 bishop. [Greek.] 
 
 mettle (met'l), n. constitutional ar- 
 dor or spirit; fortitude. [Latin.] 
 
 mettlesome (met'1-sum), n. high spir- 
 ited. 
 
 mew (mu), n. the cry of a cat; a sea- 
 gull: pi. stables for carriage horses: 
 v.t. to shed or molt (the feathers): 
 v.i. to cry like a cat. 
 
 mezzanine (met'za-nen), n. a low 
 intermediate story between two 
 higher ones; a window in such a 
 story. [Italian.] 
 
 mezzotint (mez'o-tint), n. a variety 
 of copper engraving. Also mezzo- 
 tinto. [Italian.] 
 
 mica (mi'ka), n. a mineral divisible 
 into thin transparent plates. 
 
 mice, pi. of mouse. 
 
 micro, a Greek prejix meaning small, as 
 microcosm, a small universe or com- 
 munity. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
MICROBE 
 
 323 
 
 MILITIA 
 
 microbe (ml'krob), n. a minute mi- 
 croscopical organism found in the 
 blood of animals, especially those 
 suffering from disease; bacterium. 
 
 microcrith (ml'kro-krith), n. the 
 weight of an atom of hydrogen. 
 
 microcyte (mi'kro-sit), n. a minute 
 elementary granule in the blood, es- 
 pecially present in disease. 
 
 microphone (ml'kro-fon), n. an in- 
 strument for intensifying very 
 minute sounds. 
 
 microscope (mi'kro-skop) , n. an opti- 
 cal instrument for magnifying mi- 
 nute objects so as to render them 
 visible for purposes of investiga- 
 tion. 
 
 microscopic (ml-kro-skop'ik), adj. 
 pertaining to, or determined by the 
 aid of, a microscope. Also micro- 
 scopical. 
 
 microtome (ml'kro-tom) , n. an in- 
 strument for making very thin sec- 
 tions in botanical laboratories. 
 [Greek.] 
 
 mid (mid), adj. middle: prefix, as 
 midday: n. a midshipman. 
 
 midden (mid'n), also kitchen-mid- 
 den (kich'en-mid'n) , n. a mound 
 littered with sea-shells, and the re- 
 mains of animal bones, together with 
 rude stone implements. Such are 
 found all over the world and mark 
 the eating-places of pre-historic 
 people. The word midden means 
 dung-hill, or muck-pile. [Danish.] 
 
 middle (mid'l), adj. equally distant 
 from the extremes; mean; medial: n. 
 the point equally distant from the 
 extremes; central part; the waist. 
 
 middleman (mid'1-man), n. in trade 
 and commerce the one who stands 
 between the producer and the con- 
 sumer, taking a profit from each. 
 
 middling (mid'ling), adj. of middle 
 rank, size, or quality; moderate: 
 n.pl. the coarser part of flour. 
 
 midge (mij), n. a gnat. 
 
 midget (mij'et), n. a very tiny gnat; 
 also applied to a baby. 
 
 midriff (mid'rif), n. the diaphragm 
 separating the cavity of the chest 
 from the stomach. 
 
 midshipman (mid 'ship-man), n. [pi. 
 midshipmen], in the British navy, a 
 junior officer ranking next above a 
 cadet. In the American navy the 
 
 midshipman was the lowest of offi- 
 cers, but is now called a " naval 
 cadet," and upon promotion be- 
 comes an " ensign." 
 
 midst (midst), n. the middle. 
 
 midwife (mid'wif), n. [pi. midwives 
 (mid'wivz)], a woman who assists at 
 childbirth. 
 
 mien (men), n. external appearance; 
 air; look; carriage. 
 
 might (mit), n. power; strength; 
 force: p.t. of may. 
 
 mighty (mlt'i), adj. [comp. mightier, 
 superl. mightiest], powerful; strong; 
 influential; momentous; wonderful; 
 huge: adv. very; exceedingly. 
 
 mignon (min-yong'), adj. pretty; 
 delicate. [French.] 
 
 mignonette (min-yun-et'),n. a fra- 
 grant annual with greenish flower 
 and orange-colored stamens. 
 
 migratory (mi'gra-to-ri), adj. remov- 
 ing or passing from one place of 
 abode or resort to another; roving; 
 nomad. 
 
 milch (milch), adj. yielding milk. 
 
 mild (mild), adj. [comp. milder, su- 
 perl. mildest], gentle in temper and 
 disposition; gentle; soft; placid; 
 moderate; not sharp, sour, or bit- 
 ter; lenitive. 
 
 mildew (mil'du), n. a disease of 
 plants produced by small fungi: 
 spots of mold on cloth, &c, caused 
 by damp: v.t. to taint with mildew: 
 v.i. be affected with mildew. 
 
 mile (rail), n. a measure of_ length 
 varying in different countries; the 
 English statute mile, in use in this 
 country, contains 1,760 yds., the 
 geographical or nautical mile l-60th 
 of a degree of latitude or 2,025 yds. 
 (nearly). 
 
 mileage (mll'aj), n. an allowance for 
 expenses per mile; length in miles. 
 
 militant (imTi-tant), adj. warlike; 
 fighting; serving as a soldier. 
 
 military (mil'i-ta-ri) , adj. pertaining 
 to soldiers or to arms ; warlike ; mar- 
 tial: n. soldiers collectively; army; 
 troops. 
 
 militate (mil'i-tat), v.i. to be, or stand, 
 opposed; operate against (with 
 against) . 
 
 militia (mi-lish'a), n. citizens en- 
 rolled and trained for the internal 
 defense of a State. 
 
 ate. arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 21 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
MILK 
 
 324 
 
 MINION 
 
 milk (milk), n. a white fluid secreted 
 by the mammary glands of female 
 mammals for the nourishment of 
 their young, especially the milk of 
 the cow; the white juice of certain 
 plants: v.t. to draw milk from; sup- 
 ply with milk. 
 
 milksop (milk'sop), n. an effeminate, 
 weak person. See mollycoddle. 
 
 mill (mil), n. a machine for grinding 
 and reducing a substance to small 
 particles; a manufactory; a prize 
 fight. (See mell and maul) ; a money 
 of account = 1-1, 000th of a dollar: 
 v.t. to reduce to fine particles in a 
 mill; press or stamp, as the edges of 
 coins; full (cloth); roll into bars, as 
 metal; thrash. 
 
 millennium (mil-len'i-um) , n. the 
 space of 1,000 years, especially that 
 period during which Satan will be 
 bound and Christ will reign on earth 
 (Rev xx. 1-4). [Latin.] 
 
 miller (mil'er), n. one who keeps or 
 works a flour mill. 
 
 millet (mil'et), n. a grain-bearing 
 plant. [French.] 
 
 milliner (mil'in-er) , n. one who makes 
 women's bonnets, hats, headdresses, 
 &c. [From Milan in Italy.] 
 
 millinery (mil'li-ner-i), n.the articles 
 made and sold by a milliner. 
 
 milling (miring), n. the act of grind- 
 ing in, or passing through, a dress- 
 ing mill; the process of making a 
 serrated edge on a coin, &c. 
 
 million (mil'yun), n. the number of 
 ten hundred thousand; an indefi- 
 nitely large number. [French.] 
 
 millionaire (mil-yun-ar'), n. a person 
 who is worth a million; one very rich. 
 
 mime (mim), n. a comic Greek and 
 Roman play representing real per- 
 sons and events; an actor in a mime. 
 
 mimeograph (mim'e-o-graf ) , n. a 
 machine for multiplying copies of a 
 letter, drawing, etc. 
 
 mimic (mim'ik), adj. inclined to imi- 
 tate; imitative: n. one who mimics 
 or imitates: v.t. to imitate, or ridi- 
 cule by imitation. [Greek.] 
 
 mimicry (mim'ik-ri), n. ludicrous imi- 
 tation for sport or ridicule; close ex- 
 ternal likeness. 
 
 minaret (min'a-ret), n. a tall slen- 
 der turret attached to a mosque 
 surrounded with several balconies 
 
 from which the muezzin calls the 
 people to prayers. [Spanish and 
 Turkish.] 
 
 minatory (min'a-to-ri) , adj. threaten- 
 ing. 
 
 mince (mins), v.t. to cut or chop into 
 minute pieces ; extenuate or suppress : 
 v.i. to talk with affected elegance; 
 walk with short steps or in a prim 
 manner. 
 
 mind (mind) , n. the intellectual or ra- 
 tional faculty in man; the under- 
 standing or intellect; soul; mem- 
 ory; intention; opinion: v.t. to at- 
 tend to; heed; obey. 
 
 mindful (mind/fool), adj. bearing in 
 mind; observant; attentive. 
 
 mine (mln), pron. belonging to me: 
 n. an excavation in the earth from 
 which minerals, precious stones, &c, 
 are extracted ; a tunnel under an en- 
 emy's works to blow them up ; a rich 
 source of wealth: v.i. to carry on min- 
 ing operations ; practice secret meth- 
 ods: v.t. to undermine or sap. 
 
 mineral (min'er-al), n. any inor- 
 ganic body found on the surface or 
 in the earth: adj. pertaining to, con- 
 sisting of, or impregnated with, a 
 mineral. 
 
 mineralogy (min-er-al'o-ji), n. the 
 science of minerals. 
 
 mingle (ming'gl), v.t. to intermix; join 
 or combine; blend; compound: v.i. 
 to be mixed or united with. 
 
 miniature (min'i-a-tur) , n. a very 
 small painting, especially a portrait 
 on ivory, &c: adj. done on a very 
 small scale; diminutive; minute. 
 
 minim (min'im), n. the smallest liquid 
 measure; a single drop; a musical 
 note = 2 crotchets; one of an order 
 of mendicant friars founded by St. 
 Francis of Paola, fifteenth century; 
 a small fish. 
 
 minimize (min'i-miz), v.t. to reduce to 
 a minimum. 
 
 minimum (min'i-mum), n. [pi. mini- 
 ma (min'i-ma)]^ the least quantity; 
 trifle. See maximum. 
 
 mining (mln'ing), p.adj. pertaining 
 to mines; burrowing in the earth: 
 n. the act of making mines or work- 
 ing them. 
 
 minion (min'yun), n. a size of type 
 intermediate between nonpareil and 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
MINISTER 
 
 325 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 brevier (see type); a servile flat- 
 terer or dependent. [French.] 
 
 minister (min'is-ter), n. a servant; one 
 subordinate to another; agent; one 
 intrusted with the direction of af- 
 fairs of state; a clergyman or pastor 
 of a church authorized to preach and 
 administer the sacraments: v.t. to 
 supply; administer: v.i. to serve in 
 some office, clerical or lay; supply 
 necessaries. 
 
 ministerial (min-is-te'ri-al) , adj. per- 
 taining to ministry or service, official 
 or clerical; pertaining to a minis- 
 ter of the state or of religion. 
 
 ministration (min-is-tra/shun), n. 
 the act of ministering; administra- 
 tion; service. 
 
 ministry (min'is-tri) , n. [pi. ministries 
 (min'is-triz)], the agency or service 
 of a minister of religion; the office, 
 duties, or functions of a minister of 
 state; ministers of state collective- 
 ly; term of ministerial office. 
 
 minium (min'i-um), n. red oxide of 
 lead. 
 
 miniver (min'i-ver), n. the Siberian 
 squirrel or its fur. Also minever. 
 
 mink (mingk), n. a carnivorous mam- 
 mal allied to the weasel, yielding a 
 valuable fur. 
 
 minnow (min'o), n. a fresh-water 
 fish of small size. 
 
 minor (mi'ner), adj. smaller; less; 
 inconsiderable; less by a semitone 
 [Music]: n. one of either sex who 
 is under the age of twenty-one; in 
 logic, the term or premise contain- 
 ing the subject of the conclusion. 
 
 minority (mi-nor'i-ti), n. [pi. mi- 
 norities (mi-nor'i-tiz)j, the smallest 
 number: opposed to majority; the 
 state of being a minor. 
 
 minster (min'ster), n. the church of a 
 monastery^ a cathedral church. 
 
 minstrel (min'strel), n. in medieval 
 times, one of an order of men who 
 traveled from place to place singing 
 their musical compositions to the 
 accompaniment of a harp; a poet or 
 musician. 
 
 mint (mint), # n. the place where 
 money is coined by government au- 
 thority; source of unlimited supply; 
 place of invention or fabrication: an 
 odoriferous plant yielding a pungent 
 
 essential oil: v.t. to coin or stamp 
 (money) ; invent. [Latin.] 
 
 minuend (rmn'u-end), n. that num- 
 ber from winch another number is 
 to be subtracted. [Latin.] 
 
 minuet (min : u-et'), n. a slow graceful 
 dance; music for such a dance. 
 
 minus (mi'nus), n. the sign (-) of 
 subtraction. 
 
 minute (mi-nut'), adj. very small; pre- 
 cise: n. (min'it), l-60th part of an 
 hour or of a degree; an official note; 
 memorandum. 
 
 minutely (mi-niit'li), adv. in a mi- 
 nute manner; exactly. 
 
 minuteness (mi-nut'nes), n. the 
 quality of being minute; exactness. 
 
 minx (mingks), n. a pert, wanton 
 girl. 
 
 miracle (mir'a-kl), n. a supernatural 
 occurrence or act ; wonder or marvel. 
 
 miraculous (mi-rak'Q-lus), adj. per- 
 formed supernaturally ; wonderful. 
 
 mirage (mi-razh'), n. an optical at- 
 mospheric illusion by which the im- 
 age of a distant object is seen as if 
 inverted. [French.] 
 
 mire (mir), n. deep mud; wet clayey 
 earth: v.t. to soil with mire; plunge 
 and fix in mud: v.i. to sink in mud. 
 
 mirror (mir'er), n. a looking-glass; 
 speculum; pattern: v.t. to reflect as 
 in a mirror. 
 
 mirth (merth), n. noisy gaiety; so- 
 cial merriment; hilarity; jollity. 
 
 mirthful (merth'fool) , adj. merry ; fes- 
 tive. 
 
 mirthless (merth'les), adj. destitute 
 of mirth; morose; sad. 
 
 mirza (mer'za), n. a Persian title 
 equivalent to prince. 
 
 mis, a Latin prejix meaning wrong, 
 wrongly, ill, error, divergence. 
 
 misadventure (mis-ad-yen'tur), n. 
 an unlucky accident ; misfortune. 
 
 misanthrope (mis'an-throp), n. a 
 hater of mankind. 
 
 misapprehend (mis-ap-re-hend'), v.t. 
 to misunderstand; misconceive. 
 
 misappropriate (mis-a-pro'pri-at), v.t. 
 to apply to a wrong use or purpose, 
 as trust-money, &c. 
 
 miscarry (mis-kar'i), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
 miscarried, p.pr. miscarrying], to go 
 wrong; be unsuccessful; bring forth 
 young prematurely. 
 
 miscellaneous (mis-e-la'ne-us), adj. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, m^t: rmt<\ mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
MISCELLANY 
 
 326 
 
 MISUNDERSTAND 
 
 consisting of several kinds mixed to- 
 gether; promiscuous. 
 
 miscellany (mis'e-la-ni), n. [pi. mis- 
 cellanies (mis'e-la-niz)], a mixture of 
 various kinds, a book containing a 
 variety of literary compositions. 
 
 mischance (mis-chans'), n. misfor- 
 tune; mishap. 
 
 mischief (mis'chif), n. harm; injury; 
 hurt; damage; misfortune. 
 
 mischievous (mis'chi-vus), adj. pro- 
 ducing injury or damage; hurtful; 
 inclined to mischief. 
 
 misconceive (mis-kon-sev'), v.t. to 
 conceive wrongly; misjudge; mis- 
 apprehend. 
 
 misconstrue (mis-kon-stroo'), v.t. to 
 construe or interpret wrongly. 
 
 miscreant (mis'kre-ant), n. an un- 
 scrupulous villain; vile wretch: adj. 
 unscrupulous. 
 
 misdeed (mis-ded'), n. a bad deed. 
 
 misdemean (mis-de-men'), v.t. to be- 
 have (one's self) ill. 
 
 misdemeanor (mis-de-me'ner) , n. evil 
 conduct; a crime less than a felony. 
 
 miser (mi'zer)^ n. a covetous man 
 who denies himself the comforts of 
 life to hoard up money. [Latin.] 
 
 miserable (miz'er-a-bl), adj. wretch- 
 ed; very unhappy; worthless; des- 
 picable; very mean or poor. 
 
 misery (miz'er-i), n. extreme pain, 
 distress, or misfortune; great un- 
 happiness. 
 
 misfit (mis'fit), n. non-fitting cloth- 
 ing; a person unfitted for the posi- 
 tion he occupies. 
 
 mishap (mis-hap'), n. ill-chance, ac- 
 cident, misfortune. 
 
 mislead (mis-led), v.t. to guide into 
 error. 
 
 misnomer (mis-no'mer), n. a misnam- 
 ing; a wrong name. 
 
 misogynist (mi-soj'i-nist), n. a wom- 
 an-hater. [Greek.] 
 
 misplace (mis-plas'), v.t. to put in a 
 wrong place; place on an improper 
 or undeserving object. 
 
 misprision (mis-prizh'un) , n. in law, 
 a high offense under the degree of a 
 capital one, but bordering upon it. 
 
 misrepresent (mis-rep-re-zenf), v.t. 
 to represent falsely or incorrectly, 
 wilfully, or through carelessness. 
 
 ceive, or obtain: v.t. to fail to 
 
 per- 
 hit, 
 
 &c; omit or pass by; do without; 
 feel the want of: v.i. to fail to hit; 
 fly wide of the mark. 
 
 missal (mis'al), n. the book containing 
 the order of service for the Roman 
 Catholic Mass. 
 
 missile (mis'il), n. a weapon or thing 
 thrown, or designed to be thrown, 
 to injure another. 
 
 missingXmis'ing), p. adj. lost; wanting. 
 
 mission (mish'un), n. the act of 
 sending, or state of being sent with 
 certain powers, especially to propa- 
 gate religion; embassy; delegation; 
 commission; a series of special re- 
 ligious services. 
 
 missionary (mish'un-a-ri), n. [pi. 
 missionaries (mish'un-a-riz)], a per- 
 son who is sent to propagate religion, 
 especially in foreign parts: adj. per- 
 taining to missions or missionaries. 
 
 missive (mis'iv), n. a letter or mes- 
 sage: adj. sent specially. 
 
 mist (mist), n. visible watery vapor 
 in the atmosphere, at or near the 
 earth's surface; fog; anything that 
 dims or obscures the vision: v.t. to 
 coyer with, or as with, mist: v.i. to 
 rain in minute drops. 
 
 mistake (mis-tak'), v.t. [p.t. mistook, 
 p.p. mistaken, p.pr. mistaking], to 
 misunderstand ; misconceive ; mis- 
 judge: v.i. to err in judgment or 
 opinion: n. an error in judgment; 
 misconception; fault. 
 
 mistletoe (miz'l-to), n. an evergreen 
 plant parasitic on apple trees, and 
 less commonly on the oak. 
 
 mistral (mis-tral'), n. a cold, dry, 
 northwest wind that blows over the 
 Gulf of Lyons and the adjacent 
 Mediterranean countries. It chills 
 and has a depressing effect on all 
 who feel it. 
 
 mistress (mis'tres), n. a woman who 
 exercises authority or governs; the 
 female head of a family, school, &c. ; 
 a woman well skilled in anything; 
 a woman courted and beloved; 
 sweetheart ; a kept woman. 
 
 mistrust (mis-trust'), n. want of con- 
 fidence: v.t. to doubt. 
 
 misty (mis'ti), adj. [comp. mistier, 
 superl. mistiest], characterized by, 
 or obscured with, mist; dim; ob- 
 scure; clouded. 
 
 misunderstand (mis-un-der-stand') , 
 
 fit*i, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
MITE 
 
 327 
 
 MODULATE 
 
 v.t. to take in a wrong sense ; miscon- 
 ceive. 
 
 mite (mit), n. a minute insect of the 
 division Acarida often found in 
 cheese ; a small coin formerly current ; 
 a very small object or quantity. 
 
 miter, mitre (mi'ter), n. the head- 
 dress of the high priest of the Jews; 
 a kind of crown cleft in the middle, 
 worn by archbishops, bishops, and 
 sometimes by abbots on special oc- 
 casions; the dignity of a bishop; the 
 junction of moldings at an angle of 
 45°: v.t. to adorn with a miter; 
 join at 45°. [Graeco-Latin.] 
 
 mitigate (mit'i-gat), v.t. to render 
 less severe or rigorous or painful; 
 soften; alleviate. 
 
 mitten (mit'n), n. a fingerless winter 
 glove; a fingerless cover for the 
 hand or wrist. 
 
 mittimus (mit'i-mus) (Latin "We 
 send"), n. a warrant of commitment 
 to prison ; a writ transferring a rec- 
 ord out of one court to another. 
 
 mix (miks), v.t. to unite or blend 
 into one mass or compound; join: 
 v.i. to become united in a com- 
 pound ; associate ; mingle. 
 
 mixture (miks'tur), n. the state of 
 being mixed; a compound or masa 
 formed by mixing, especially one 
 in which the particles of each in- 
 gredient retain their property. 
 
 mizzen (miz'n), n. the hindmost of 
 the fore- and aft-sails of a ves- 
 sel. 
 
 mizzle (miz'l), v.i. to rain in very mi- 
 nute drops; to take one's self off: n. 
 fine rain. 
 
 mnemonics (ne-mon'iks) , n.pl. the 
 art or science of assisting the mem- 
 ory. 
 
 moan (mon), v.i. to utter a low 
 sound from, or as from, pain or 
 sorrow: n. a low prolonged expres- 
 sion of sorrow or pain. 
 
 moat (mot), n. a ditch round a for- 
 tress, &c: v.t. to surround with a 
 moat. 
 
 mob (mob), n. the populace; a rude 
 disorderly crowd; riotous assembly; 
 rabble: v.t. to attack in a disorderly 
 crowd; crowd about and annoy. 
 
 mobile (mo'bil), adj. easily moved. 
 
 mobility (mo-bil'i-ti) , n. suscepti- 
 bility of motion. 
 
 mobilize (mo'bil-Iz), v.t. to call into 
 active military service; place troops 
 on a war footing. 
 
 moccasin (mok'a-sin), n. a deerskin 
 sandal or shoe worn by the North 
 American Indians; a poisonous 
 American snake. 
 
 mock (mok), v.t. to ridicule; mimic 
 in sport, contempt, or derision; de- 
 ride; disappoint the hopes of; tan- 
 talize: n. derision; ridicule: adj. 
 false; counterfeit. 
 
 mockery (mok'er-i), n. derision; ridi- 
 cule; delusion; imitation. 
 
 modal (mo'dal), adj. pertaining to 
 mode or form; indicating some 
 mode of expression. 
 
 mode (mod), n. form; custom ; fashion ; 
 manner; variety of a syllogism. 
 
 model (mod'el), n. a pattern of some- 
 thing to be made, or reproduced ; ex- 
 ample for imitation; standard copy; 
 a person who poses as a subject for 
 a painter or sculptor: adj. serving 
 as a pattern or model: v.t. to form 
 after a model, especially in some 
 plastic material: v.i. to practice 
 modeling. [French.] 
 
 moderate (mod'er-at), v.t. to keep 
 within bounds; lessen; qualify: v.i. 
 to become less violent or intense; 
 preside as a moderator : adj. (mod'er- 
 at), kept within bounds; not extreme 
 or excessive ; restrained ; frugal ; calm . 
 
 moderation (mod-er-a'shun), n. the 
 act of moderating; the state of 
 being moderate; freedom from ex- 
 cess: equanimity. 
 
 modern (mod'ern), adj. pertaining 
 to the present time; recent: n.pl. 
 people of modern times. [French.] 
 
 modest (mod'est), adj. m restrained by 
 a due sense of propriety; diffident; 
 decent; chaste. [Latin.] 
 
 modesty (mod'es-ti) , n. the quality or 
 state of being modest; propriety of 
 behavior or manner; chastity; dif- 
 fidence; moderation. 
 
 modicum (mod'i-kum), n. a little. 
 
 modify (mod'i-fl), v.t. m [p.t. & p.p. 
 modified, p.pr. modifying], to change 
 slightly in form; vary; qualify; re- 
 duce. 
 
 modulate (mod'u-lat), v.t. to vary 
 the sound of; change the key or 
 mode of: v.i. to pass from one musi- 
 cal key to another. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
MOHAIR 
 
 328 
 
 MONARCHY 
 
 mohair (mo'har), n. a fabric made 
 from the hair of the Angora goat ; an 
 imitation of such a fabric. 
 
 moiety (moi'e-ti), n. one of two equal 
 parts or shares; half. [French.] 
 
 moil (moil), v.i. to toil; drudge. 
 
 moist (moist), adj. containing water 
 or other liquid; humid; damp. 
 
 moisture (moist'ur), n. a moderate 
 degree of dampness; slight wetness. 
 
 molar (mo'ler), n. a double tooth or 
 grinder: adj. used for, and capable 
 of, grinding. 
 
 molasses (mo-las'ez), n. a coarse syrup 
 drained from sugar-cane; a finer 
 syrup is called treacle, a name 
 oftener used in England than the 
 United States. [Spanish.] 
 
 mold, mould (mold), n. a fine soft 
 soil, rich in decayed matter; sub- 
 stance of which anything is com- 
 posed; a minute fungoid growth of 
 decaying animal or vegetable mat- 
 ter; the matrix in which anything 
 is cast or shaped; character: v.t. 
 cover with mold; cause to become 
 moldy; fashion in, or as in, a mold: 
 v.i. to become moldy. 
 
 molder, moulder (mol'der), vj. to 
 turn into dust by natural decay: 
 v.i. to crumble to mold; waste away 
 by degrees: n. one who molds. 
 
 moldiness, mouldiness (mol'di-nes), 
 n. the state of being moldy. 
 
 mole (mol), n. a dark-colored mark 
 or small protuberance on the skin; 
 a small soft-furred burrowing ani- 
 mal with small eyes of the genus 
 Talpa; a pier or breakwater. 
 
 molecular (mo-lek'u-ler), adj. per- 
 taining to, consisting of, produced 
 by, or existing between, mole- 
 cules. 
 
 molecule (mol'e-kul), n. the smallest 
 quantity of an element or compound 
 which can exist separately. 
 
 molest (mo-lesf), v.t. to annoy, or 
 interfere with; trouble; vex. [Latin.] 
 
 molestation (mol-es-ta'shun) , n. the 
 act of molesting; interference; an- 
 noyance. 
 
 mollify (mol'i-fI), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 mollified, p.pr. mollifying], to calm; 
 soften; assuage. [Latin.] 
 
 Mollusca (mo-lus'ka), n.pl. & divi- 
 sion of the Invertebrata comprising 
 animals with a soft fleshy body, and 
 
 covered more or less with a calca- 
 reous shell, as the snail, &c. 
 
 molluscan (mo-lus'kan), adj. pertain- 
 ing to the Mollusca. Also mollus- 
 cous. 
 
 mollycoddle (mol'i-cod-1), n. an ef- 
 feminate, weak, simpleton; a girl-boy. 
 See milksop. 
 
 Moloch (mo'lok), n. the fire-god of 
 the ancient Phoenicians and Ammo- 
 nites to whom human sacrifices were 
 offered. Also Molech. [Hebrew, 
 "the God."] 
 
 molt, moult (molt), v.i. to cast the 
 feathers, hair, skin, &c. 
 
 molten (mol'ten), adj. melted; made 
 of melted metal. 
 
 molybdenum (mol-ib-de'num) , n. a 
 rare metallic element. 
 
 moment (mo'ment), n. the smallest 
 possible portion of time; an instant; 
 importance; value; the product of 
 a force and the perpendicular of its 
 line of action from the point on 
 which it acts. [LatinJ 
 
 momentary (mo'men-ta-ri) , adj. last- 
 ing only for, or done in, a moment. 
 
 momentous (mo-men'tus) , adj. very 
 important. 
 
 momentum (mo-men'tum) , n. im- 
 petus; the product of the mass by 
 the velocity of a moving body. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 monachism (mon'a-kizm) , n. mo- 
 nastic life or system. Also monas- 
 ticism. [Greek.] 
 
 monad (mo'nad), n. an ultimate atom; 
 a simple primary constituent of mat- 
 ter; one of the smallest flagellate 
 Infusoria; an elementary organism 
 or cell; a univalent atom or radical. 
 
 monandrous (mo-nan'drus) , adj. 
 opposed to polyandrous. Having 
 one husband instead of several. 
 [Greek.] 
 
 monarch (mon'ark), n. a supreme 
 ruler; sovereign; the chief of its class 
 or kind: adj. supreme. [Greek.] _ 
 
 monarchic (mon-ar'kik), adj. pertain- 
 ing to a monarch or to monarchy; 
 vested in a monarch. Also monar- 
 chical. 
 
 monarchy (mon'ar-ki), n. [pi. mon- 
 archies (mon'ar-kiz)], government 
 in which the supreme power, either 
 absolute or limited, is vested in a 
 monarch, kingdom, or empire. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
MONASTERS 
 
 329 
 
 MONSOON 
 
 monastery (mon'as-ter-i), n. [pi. mon- 
 asteries (mon'as-ter-iz)], a home for 
 religious retirement for men. 
 
 monastic (mo-nas'tik), adj. pertain- 
 ing to monasteries, monks, their 
 rules, &c. Also monastical. 
 
 Monday (mun'da), n. the second day 
 of the week. Named after the moon 
 — " Moon-day." 
 
 monetary (mun'e-ta-ri) , adj. per- 
 taining to money. 
 
 monetize (mun'e-tiz), v.t. to convert 
 into money; give a standard or cur- 
 rent value to. 
 
 money (mun'i), n. [pi. moneys (mun'- 
 iz)], coin; specie; gold, silver, or 
 other metal stamped by legal 
 authority and used as currency; any 
 currency used as money; wealth. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 monger (mung'ger), n. a dealer. 
 
 mongoose (mon'goos), n. a small 
 ichneumon that preys on snakes. 
 [Mahrati.] 
 
 mongrel (mung'grel), adj. of a mixed 
 breed or kind: n. anything of mixed 
 breed or kind, as a dog, &c. 
 
 monism (mo'nizm), n. the doctrine 
 of the unity of substance; the 
 identity of matter and mind. 
 
 monition (mo-nish'un), n. admoni- 
 tion; warning; notice. 
 
 monitor (mon'i-ter), n. one who warns 
 or admonishes; a senior pupil se- 
 lected to instruct or discipline the 
 younger scholars ; heavily-armed tur- 
 reted iron-clad; a genus of large 
 lizards. [Latin.] 
 
 monitory (mon'i-to-ri), adj. giving 
 monition. 
 
 monk (mungk), n. a man who de- 
 votes himself exclusively to a reli- 
 gious life and lives in community 
 with others similarly bound by vows 
 to chastity, obedience, and poverty. 
 [Greek.] 
 
 monkey (mung'ki), n. [pi. monkeys 
 (mung'kiz)], a quadrumanous mam- 
 mal, of the species Simiidae; a name 
 for various mechanical contrivances 
 (such as monkey-boat, monkey-wrench, 
 etc.) ; a name of contempt, especially 
 for one of mischievous propensities. 
 [French, then Italian, a diminutive, 
 meaning "little ape."] 
 
 mono, a Greek prefix meaning one, sin- 
 gle, alone. Also mon, as monobasic: 
 
 adj. having only a single atom or 
 equivalent of base, monocle, an eye- 
 glass ior one eye. 
 
 monody (mon'o-di), n. a plaintive 
 poem or song for one voice. 
 
 monogamy (mo-nog'a-mi), n. mar- 
 riage of one wife only; marrying 
 only once. 
 
 monogram (mon'o-gram) , n. a cipher 
 or character formed by the inter- 
 weaving of two or more letters. 
 
 monograph (mon'o-graf ) , n. a paper 
 or treatise written on one par- 
 ticular subject or some branch of it. 
 
 monolith (mon'o-lith) , n. a pillar or 
 column formed of a single stone: 
 adj. monolithic. 
 
 monologue (mon'o-Iog), n. a dramatic 
 scene in which one person only 
 speaks; soliloquy. 
 
 monomania (mon-o-ma'ni-a), n. men- 
 tal derangement in regard to one 
 subject only. 
 
 monometallism (mon-o-met'al-izm), 
 n. the legalized use of one metal 
 only as the basis of legal tender. 
 
 monoplane (mon'o-plan), n. an aero- 
 plane or flying machine, composed 
 of a single plane, as contrasted with 
 the biplane, q.v._ 
 
 monopolist (mo-nop'o-list), n. one 
 who has a monopoly or monopolizes. 
 
 monopolize (mo-nop'o-llz), v.t. to 
 acquire the possession of , so as to be 
 the only seller. 
 
 monopoly (mo-nop'o-li), n. in com- 
 merce, the control of some article 
 that is widely sold and limited in 
 amount. 
 
 monorail (mon'o-ral), n. a railway 
 in which only one rail is used. 
 
 monotone (mon'o-ton), n. a recita- 
 tion on a single note or key ; a picture 
 produced in a single tint or tone: \ 
 v.t. to recite (as prayers) on a single 
 note. 
 
 monotonous (mo-not'o-nus), adj. con- 
 tinued in the same unvarying tone. 
 
 monotony (mo-not'o-ni), n. dull 
 uniformity of tone; unvarying or 
 irksome sameness. 
 
 monotype (mon'o-tip), n. a type- 
 setting machine that casts single 
 letters, instead of whole lines. 
 
 monsoon (mon-soon'), n. a periodical 
 wind in the Indian Ocean blowing 
 from the southwest from April to 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
MONSTER 
 
 330 
 
 MORALITY 
 
 October, and from the northeast 
 during the other part of the year. 
 
 monster (mon'ster), n. anything out 
 of the usual course of nature; 
 prodigy; something greatly de- 
 formed ; a person remarkable for 
 extreme wickedness, cruelty, &c: 
 adj. of unusual size. [Latin.] 
 
 monstrosity (mon-stros'i-ti), n. [pi. 
 monstrosities (mon-stros'i-tiz) ], the 
 state or quality of being monstrous; 
 an unnatural production. 
 
 monstrous (mon'strus), adj. out of 
 the common course of nature; 
 wonderful; huge; horrible; enor- 
 mous. 
 
 month (munth), n. one of the twelve 
 divisions of the year, either calen- 
 dar or lunar. 
 
 monthly (munth'li), adj. continued, 
 performed, or happening, in a month : 
 adv. once each month: n. a maga- 
 zine or periodical published each 
 month. 
 
 monument (mon'u-ment) , n. any- 
 thing that perpetuates the memory 
 of a person or event. [Latin.] 
 
 monumental (mon-u-men'tal) , adj. 
 pertaining to, or serving as, a monu- 
 ment; _lasting. 
 
 moo (moo), v.i. to make the noise of 
 a cow; low: n. the lowing of a cow. 
 
 mood (mood), n. style; manner; 
 temper of mind; variation in the 
 form of a verb to express the man- 
 ner of action or being; in logic, the 
 form of a syllogism with regard to 
 the quantity and quality of the 
 three propositions by which it is 
 formed; in music, the same as mode. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 moody (mood-i), adj. [comp. moodier, 
 superl. moodiest], abstracted and 
 pensive; out of temper; sad; gloomy. 
 
 moon (moon), n. the satellite _ that 
 revolves round the earth; satellite of 
 a planet; a month [Indian]; a 
 crescent-shaped outwork: v.i. to 
 wander and look about in an ab- 
 stracted and listless manner. 
 
 moonshiner (modn'shi-ner) , n. a 
 distiller of illicit whisky ; a smuggler 
 of whisky. [Americanism.] 
 
 moonstone (moon'ston), n. a trans- 
 lucent stone of yellowish or yellow- 
 white color exhibiting beautiful 
 pearly reflections. 
 
 Moor (moor), n. one of a dark race 
 dwelling in Barbary in Northern 
 Africa. [Literally "black."] 
 
 moor (moor), n. an extensive tract 
 of waste land covered with heather, 
 &c, sometimes marshy or peaty: v.t. 
 to secure (a ship) by a cable and 
 anchor: v.i. to be secured by a cable 
 and anchor. _ 
 
 mooring (moor'ing), n. the act of 
 securing a vessel to a particular 
 place; the cables, anchors, &c, laid 
 at the bottom of a harbor, &c, to 
 which a vessel is moored: pi. the 
 place where a vessel is moored. 
 
 moose (moos), n. a large North 
 American deer resembling the Euro- 
 pean elk._ 
 
 moot (moot), v.t. to propose for dis- 
 cussion: v.i. to argue or plead on 
 a supposed case: n. & discussion on 
 a supposed case: adj. subject or 
 open for discussion or debate. 
 
 mop (mop), n. an instrument for 
 washing floors, decks, &c, consist- 
 ing of a bundle of cloth, rags, &c, 
 fastened to the end of a long handle ; 
 a fair at which servants are hired: 
 v.t. [p.t. & p.p. mopped, p.pr. mop- 
 ping], to rub or dry with a mop. 
 
 mope (mop) , v.i. to be silent, dull 
 or dispirited. 
 
 moppet (mop'et), n. a pet. 
 
 moquette (mo-ket'), n. a carpet, 
 woven with a short velvety pile. 
 [French.] 
 
 moraine (mo-ran'), n. a line of rocks 
 and gravel at the edges and base 
 of glaciers. 
 
 moral (mor'al), adj. pertaining to 
 morality or morals; conformed to 
 right; subject to, or influenced by, 
 the moral law; virtuous; practical- 
 ly sufficient; serving to teach a 
 moral: n. inner meaning: pi. moral 
 philosophy or ethics; conduct of 
 life; behavior. [Latin.] 
 
 morale (mo-ral'), n. moral condition; 
 that mental state which renders a 
 man capable of endurance and of 
 exhibiting courage in the pres- 
 ence of danger. [French.] 
 
 morality (mo-ral'i-ti) , n. [pi. moral- 
 ities (mo-ral'i-tiz)], the doctrine or 
 practice of the duties of life; ethics; 
 virtue ; formerly a kind of allegorical 
 play. 
 
 fite, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
MORALIZE 
 
 331 
 
 MORTUARY 
 
 moralize (mor'al-iz), v.t. to apply or 
 explain in a moral sense ; render 
 moral: v.i. to make reflections on 
 good or evil. 
 
 moratorium (mor'a-to-ri-um)^ n. an 
 emergency extension of period al- 
 lowed for payment of debt, as de- 
 clared by several governments on 
 the outbreak of the European War. 
 
 morass (mo-ras'), n. a swamp; fen. 
 
 Moravian (mo-ra'vi-an) , adj. pertain- 
 ing to Moravia, in Austria, or to a 
 Protestant sect, the Moravians or 
 United Brethren. 
 
 morbid (mor'bid), adj. pertaining to 
 disease; sickly; unhealthy. [Latin.] 
 
 more (mor), adj. [comp. of many and 
 much, superl. most], greater in num- 
 ber, quality, extent, &c; additional; 
 longer: adv. to a greater degree, &c; 
 again; besides: n. a greater quantity, 
 number, &c; something further or 
 additional. 
 
 moreover (mor-o'ver), adv. besides; 
 further. 
 
 Moresque (m5-resk'), adj. Moorish 
 or Arabesque: n. such decoration or 
 architecture. [French.] _ 
 
 morganatic (mor-ga-nat'ik), adj. de- 
 noting the marriage of a man of 
 royal rank with a woman of inferior 
 degree, whose children are legitimate 
 but cannot inherit their father's 
 rank or possessions, except such 
 property as he leaves them by will. 
 [German. ] 
 
 morgue (morg), n. a place where the 
 bodies of persons found dead are ex- 
 posed for identification. [French.] 
 
 moribund (mor'i-bund) , adj. dying. 
 
 Mormon (mor'mun), adj. pertaining 
 to a sect founded in 1830 by Joseph 
 Smith, who professed to have found 
 the Book of Mormon. The sect, 
 called also Latter Day Saints, for- 
 merly practiced polygamy, and has 
 its headquarters in Utah. 
 
 morning (morn'ing), n. the early part 
 of the day: -poet, morn: adj. per- 
 taining to, occurring, or performed, 
 in the morning. 
 
 morocco (mo-rok'o), n. a fine kind 
 of grained leather of goatskin or 
 sheepskin; first prepared in Moroc- 
 co, Africa. 
 
 morose (mo-ros'), adj. sullen; aus- 
 tere; gloomy. 
 
 morphia (mor'fi-a), n. the narcotic 
 principle of opium. Also morphine. 
 
 morphology ^mor-fql'o-jij, n. the 
 science of the forms in the organisms 
 of animals and plants. 
 
 morrow (mor'o), n. the next day. 
 
 morsel (mor'sel), n. a small piece. 
 
 mortal (mor'tal), adj. subject to 
 death; causing death; fatal; pun- 
 ishable with death; violent; ex- 
 treme; tedious; pertaining to human 
 beings: n. a human being; man, as 
 subject to death. _ [Latin.] 
 
 mortality (mor-tal'i-ti), n. the condi- 
 tion of being mortal; mankind; fre- 
 quency or number of deaths in ratio 
 to population. 
 
 mortar (mor'ter), n. a vessel in which 
 substances are pounded with a pes- 
 tle; a short piece of ordnance used 
 for throwing shells at high angles 
 of elevation; a building cement of 
 lime, sand, and water: v.t. to plaster 
 or secure with mortar. 
 
 mortgage (mor'gaj), n. a deed con- 
 veying property to a creditor as 
 security for the payment of a debt; 
 the deed by which such conveyance 
 is made: v.t. to convey or make over 
 to a creditor as security ; pledge. 
 
 mortgagee (mor-ga-je'), n. the person 
 to whom a mortgage is made or 
 given. 
 
 mortgager (mor'ga-jer), n. the per- 
 son who grants a mortgage. Also 
 mortgagor. 
 
 mortification (mor-ti-fi-ka/shun), n. 
 the act _ of mortifying; gangrene; 
 subjugation of the passions and ap- 
 petites by abstinence; humiliation; 
 vexation; chagrin. 
 
 mortify (mor'ti-fi), v.t [p.t. & p.p. 
 mortified, p.pr. mortifying], to de- 
 stroy the vital functions of; produce 
 gangrene in; subdue by penance or 
 austerities ; humble ; depress ; chagrin : 
 v.i. to be subdued; practice austeri- 
 ties; become gangrenous. 
 
 mortise (mor'tis), n. a hole made in 
 wood to receive a tenon: v.t. to cut 
 or make a mortise in. 
 
 mortmain (mort'man), n. alienation 
 of lands or tenements to any cor- 
 porate body. [French.] 
 
 mortuary (mor'tu-a-ri) , n. [pi. mor- 
 tuaries (mor'tu-a-riz), a building for 
 the dead pending burial: adj. per- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
MOSAIC 
 
 332 
 
 MOUNTAINOUS 
 
 taining to the burial of the 
 dead. 
 
 Mosaic (mo-za'ik), adj. pertaining to 
 Moses, to the Law, institutions, &c, 
 given through him, or in his writ- 
 ings. 
 
 mosaic (m5-za'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
 or consisting of, mosaic work: n. a 
 design, or form of artistic work, 
 formed by the union of very minute 
 pieces of glass, stone, &c, of various 
 colors, inlaid in a ground of stucco 
 or metal. [Greek.] 
 
 Moslem (mos'lem), adj. pertaining to 
 Mohammedans: n. a Mohammedan 
 or Mussulman. Literally, "those who 
 have submitted." 
 
 mosque (mosk), n. a Mohammedan 
 temple. [Turkish.! 
 
 mosquito (mus-ke'to), n. an insect 
 of the genus Culex, the females of 
 which puncture the skin of men and 
 animals, causing great cutaneous ir- 
 ritation and pain. [Spanish.] 
 
 moss (mos), n. soft peaty moorland; 
 a natural order of cryptogamous 
 bog plants, the musci, with simple 
 narrow leaves and of cellular struc- 
 ture; a lichen. 
 
 most (most), adj. [superl. of more], 
 greatest in number, quantity, or de- 
 gree: n. the greatest number, part, 
 quantity, or value. 
 
 mot (mo), n. a witty saying. [French.] 
 
 mote (mot), n. a popular assembly 
 for the discussion and management 
 of affairs; a very small particle. 
 
 moth (moth), n. a lepidopterous in- 
 sect or its larvae, which feed upon 
 cloth, fur, &c; anything that grad- 
 ually gnaws away. 
 
 mother (mu^'er), n. female parent, 
 especially one of the human race; 
 one who has given birth to a child; 
 origin or source; the female superior 
 of a religious house; a thick slimy 
 substance or film concreted in liq- 
 uids: adj. native; producing others: 
 v.t. to adopt as a son or daughter. 
 
 mother-in-law (mu^'er-in-law), n. 
 the mother of one's husband or 
 wife. 
 
 motherless (mu^/i'er-les) , adj. deprived 
 of one's mother. 
 
 motion (mo 'shun), n. the act, pro- 
 cess, or state of moving; passage of 
 a body from one place to another; 
 
 animal life and action; impulse, de- 
 sire, or passion; internal activity; a 
 proposition made in a deliberative as- 
 sembly; evacuation of the bowels: 
 v.i. to make a significant movement 
 or gesture. [Latin.] 
 
 motive (mo'tiv), adj. causing motion; 
 able or tending to move: n. that 
 which moves or excites to action; 
 inducement; reason; stimulus; in 
 art, leading idea, or conception. 
 
 motley (mot'li), adj. covered with 
 parts of various colors; heteroge- 
 neous. 
 
 motor (mo'ter), n. a machine trans- 
 mitting power; a device for trans- 
 forming heat, etc., into mechanical 
 motion: adj. imparting motion. 
 
 motordrome (mo'ter-drom), n. a track 
 where automobile and motorcycle 
 races are held. 
 
 motto (mot'o), n. [pi. mottoes 
 (mot'oz) ], a concise sentence added 
 to a device, or prefixed to anything, 
 suggesting some guiding principle. 
 [Italian.] 
 
 moujik (m5o-zhek'), n. a Russian 
 peasant. 
 
 mould. See mold. 
 
 moult. See molt. 
 
 mound (mound), n. an artificial bank 
 of earth or stone, originally for de- 
 fensive purposes; hillock; a small 
 globe surmounted by a cross, sym- 
 bolical of empire: v.t. to furnish, or 
 fortify, with a mound. 
 
 mount (mount), n. a hill or moun- 
 tain; a rocky mass or elevation ris- 
 ing above the level of the surround- 
 ing land; a mound for defense or at- 
 tack; rampart; cardboard on which 
 a drawing is fixed: v.t. to raise on 
 high; climb; ascend; bestride; fur- 
 nish with horses; prepare for use by 
 fixing on, or in, something else: v.i. 
 to rise up; project; tower; get on 
 horseback. 
 
 mountain (moun'tn), n. a large mass 
 of rock or earth rising above the 
 level of the adjacent country; usu- 
 ally over 2,000 feet; anything very 
 large. 
 
 mountaineer (moun-tn-er') , n. one 
 who dwells among, or climbs, moun- 
 tains: v.i. to climb mountains. 
 
 mountainous (moun'tn-us) , adj. full 
 of, or resembling, mountains. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
MOUNTEBANK 
 
 333 
 
 MUFFLE 
 
 mountebank (moun'te-bank) , n. a 
 quack-doctor; boastful pretender. 
 
 mounted (moun'ted), p.adj. seated 
 or serving on horseback; placed on a 
 suitable support. 
 
 mounting (moun'tingX n. the act 
 of mounting, embellishing, or equip- 
 ping. 
 
 mourn (morn), v.i. to grieve; la- 
 ment; be sorrowful; wear mourn- 
 ing: v.t. to grieve for; bewail. 
 
 mournful (morn'fool), adj. causing, 
 or expressing, sorrow; doleful; sad. 
 
 mourning (morn'ing), n. expression of 
 grief; lamenting; the dress of a 
 mourner. 
 
 mouse (mous), n. [pi. mice (mis) ], 
 a small rodent of the genus Mus, 
 that infests houses, granaries, &c: 
 v.i. (mouz) to watch for, or catch, 
 mice; watch for something in a sly 
 manner; pry curiously: v.t. to tear, 
 as a cat tears a mouse. 
 
 moustache (moos-tash') , n. the better 
 spelling for the hair which grows 
 over the upper lip. [French.] See 
 mustache. 
 
 mouth (mouth), n. the opening in 
 the head of an animal by which it 
 receives food and utters sounds; en- 
 trance or opening; exit; instrument 
 of speaking; grimace: v.t. (mouth) 
 to utter with an affected swelling or 
 pompous voice: v.i. make grimaces. 
 
 mouthful (mouth'fool) , n. [pi. mouth- 
 fuls (mouth'foolz) ], as much as can 
 be put into the mouth at one time; 
 small quantity. 
 
 mouthpiece (mouth'pes) , n. that part 
 of an instrument which is held in 
 or applied to the mouth; a spokes- 
 man. 
 
 movable (moov'a-bl), adj. capable of 
 being moved or conveyed; changing 
 from one time to another: n.pl. 
 goods, wares, or furniture. 
 
 move (mo5v), v.t. to cause to change 
 place or position; impel; set in mo- 
 tion; rouse to action; influence; 
 propose formally: v.i. to change 
 place or position; go from place to 
 place; stir; take action; change res- 
 idence: n. the act of moving; right 
 to move; movement; artifice or 
 scheme. 
 
 movement (moov'ment), n. the act or 
 manner of moving; change of place 
 
 or position; motion; excitement 
 
 movie (moov'e), n. a photoplay, or 
 moving picture show (colloq.). 
 
 moving (moov'ing), p.adj. causing 
 motion, or change of position; 
 stirring the passions or affections; 
 pathetic: n. the act of changing 
 one's residence. 
 
 moving picture (moov'ing pik-tur), 
 ft. a succession of photographs of 
 moving objects upon a continuous 
 film for projection upon a screen. 
 
 mow (mo), v.t. [p.t. mowed, p.p. 
 mowed, mown, p.pr. mowing], to 
 cut down with, or as with, a scythe: 
 v.i. to cut grass with a scythe. 
 
 mown (mon), p.p. of mow. 
 
 much (much), adj. [comparative more, 
 superlative most], great in quantity 
 or amount; long in duration; many 
 in number: adv. to a great degree 
 
 mucilage (mu'si-laj), n. a gummy or 
 gelatinous substance; gum of plants. 
 
 muck (muk), n. moist dung; any- 
 thing filthy or vile: v.t. to manure 
 with dung. 
 
 mucous (mu'kus), adj. pertaining to, 
 resembling, or secreting, mucus; vis- 
 cous or slimy. 
 
 mucus (mii'kus), n. the viscid fluid 
 secreted by the mucous membrane; 
 a gummy or slimy substance found 
 in certain plants. 
 
 mud (mud), n. soft wet earth; mire. 
 
 muddle (mud'l), v.t. to make a mess of 
 or confuse; cloud or stupefy; make 
 partially drunk; squander: n. a con- 
 fused state; intellectual dulness or 
 bewilderment. 
 
 muezzin (moo-ez'zn), n. a Moham- 
 medan priest who from a minaret 
 of some mosque calls the faithful to 
 prayer, especially at sunrise or sun- 
 set. [Arabic] 
 
 muff (muf), ft. a warm soft cylindrical 
 cover of fur, &c, to keep the hands 
 warm in cold weather; a stupid, 
 spiritless fellow; failure to hold a 
 ball when catching it: v.t. to handle 
 awkwardly; fail to hold (a ball) 
 when almost catching it. 
 
 muffin (muf 'in), n. a soft light spongy 
 round cake. 
 
 muffle (muf'l), v.t. to wrap up closely 
 and warmly; cover or conceal the 
 face of; cover up so as to deaden 
 sound: v.i. to speak indistinctly: ft. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
MUFFLER 
 
 334 
 
 MUMMY 
 
 a semi-cylindrical earthenware oven 
 used in assaying metals. 
 
 muffler (muf'ler), n. a wrapper. 
 
 mufti (mufti), n. [pi. muftis (muf'tiz)], 
 a doctor or official expounder of 
 Mohammedan law; civilian dress 
 worn by a naval or military officer 
 when off duty. [Turkish.] 
 
 mug (mug), n. an earthenware or 
 metallic drinking vessel; the face. 
 
 mugwump (mug'wump), n. an in- 
 dependent member of any political 
 party with which he acts only so long 
 as its principles are his own. [Origi- 
 nally a New England rustic word.] 
 
 mulatto (mu-lat'6), n. [pi. mulattoes 
 (mu-lat'oz)], the offspring of negro 
 and white parents. [Spanish.] Fem- 
 inine, mulatress. [French.] 
 
 mulberry (mul'ber-i), n. [pi. mulber- 
 ries (mul'ber-iz)], the tree or fruit of 
 the genus Morus ; dark purple. # 
 
 mulct (mulkt), v.t. to punish with a 
 fine: n. a fine, especially for some 
 misdemeanor. [Latin.] 
 
 mule (mul), n. the offspring of a 
 male ass and a mare; a stubborn, 
 obstinate person; a machine for 
 spinning cotton, &c. [Latin.] 
 
 mulish (mul'ish), adj. like a mule; 
 stubborn. 
 
 mull (mul), n. a headland or cape; a 
 snuff-box made of the end of a horn; 
 a very thin soft kind of muslin; an 
 inferior kind of madder ; dust m or 
 rubbish; failure: v.t. to warm, spice, 
 and sweeten (wine, ale, &c.) : v.i. to 
 brood, to be introspective, to dwell 
 long and deeply on some theme, 
 often in a morbid way. 
 
 mullet (mul'et), n. an edible marine 
 fish, much esteemed for the table. 
 
 mullion (mul'yun), n. an # upright bar 
 or division between the lights of win- 
 dows, screens, &c, in a Gothic arch: 
 v.t. to furnish with, or divide by. 
 mullions. 
 
 mulse (muls), n. wine boiled and 
 mixed with honey. [Latin.] 
 
 mult, multi, Latin prefixes meaning 
 many ; as, rawZ/angular, having many 
 angles, multiflorous, having many 
 flowers. 
 
 multigraph (mul'ti-graf ) , n. a machine 
 for manifolding letters, office forms, 
 &c, in typewriter type. 
 
 multifarious (mul-ti-fa/ri-us), adj. 
 
 having great diversity; made up of 
 many parts. 
 
 multiple (mul'ti-pl), adj. consisting 
 of many parts ; repeated many times : 
 n. a number or quantity which con- 
 tains another an exact number of 
 times without a remainder. 
 
 multiplex (mul'ti-pleks), adj. mani- 
 fold. [Latin.] 
 
 multiplicand (mul-ti-pli-kand'), n. 
 the number or quantity to be 
 multiplied. 
 
 multiplication (mul-ti-pli-ka/shun) , 
 n. the act or process of multiplying; 
 rule or operation by < which any 
 given number or quantity is multi- 
 plied. 
 
 multiplicity (mul-ti-plis'i-ti), n. the 
 state of being manifold; a great 
 number. 
 
 multiplier (mul'ti-pll-er) , n. one who, 
 or that which, multiplies or increases; 
 the number or quantity by which an- 
 other is multiplied. 
 
 multiply (mul'ti-pli), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 multiplied, p.pr. ^ multiplying], to 
 cause to increase in number; make 
 more by natural generation, produc- 
 tion, or addition; repeat (any given 
 number or quantity) as often as 
 there are units in another number 
 or quantity: v.i. to increase in num- 
 ber or extent. 
 
 multitude (mul'ti-tud) , n. a great 
 number; crowd; assembly; populace 
 (with the). 
 
 multitudinous (mul-ti-tu'di-nus) , 
 adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, 
 a multitude; numerous. 
 
 mum (mum), adj. silent: n. silence; 
 a kind of strong ale: inter j. be si- 
 lent! 
 
 mumble (mum'bl), v.t. & v.i. to mut- 
 ter or speak indistinctly; chew 
 gently with closed lips. [Danish.] 
 
 mumm (mum), v.i. to mask or dis- 
 guise one's self for sport. 
 
 mummer (mum'er), n. one who 
 makes sport in disguise; a masker; 
 actor. [Old French.] 
 
 mummery (mum'er-i), n. masquer- 
 ading; buffoonery; hypocritical par- 
 ade or disguise. 
 
 mummy (mum'i), n. [pi. mummies 
 (mum'iz)], a dead body embalmed 
 after the manner of the ancient 
 Egyptians; a kind of wax used in 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut-; think, then. 
 
MUMP 
 
 335 
 
 MUSLIN 
 
 grafting trees; a rich brown color 
 from bitumen. 
 
 mump (mump), v.i. & v.t. to move the 
 lips with the mouth nearly closed; 
 nibble; cheat; whine or sulk; play 
 the beggar; to mutter; impose 
 upon. 
 
 mumps (mumps), n. contagious 
 febrile disease characterized by a 
 swelling of the parotoid glands. 
 
 munch (munch), v.t. & v.i. to chew 
 with an audible crunching noise. 
 
 mundane (mun'dan), adj. pertaining 
 to the world. [Latin.] 
 
 municipal (mu-nis'i-pal), adj. per- 
 taining to a city, corporation, state, 
 or local self-government. [Latin.] 
 
 municipality (mu-nis-i-pal'i-ti), n. 
 [pi. municipalities (mu-nis-i-pari- 
 tiz)], a corporate town or city; a 
 division of the country. [France.] 
 
 munificence (mu-nif'i-sens), n. the 
 quality or state of being munificent ; 
 liberality. 
 
 munificent (mu-nif 'i-sent) , adj. char- 
 acterized by great liberality in giving ; 
 bountiful. 
 
 muniment (mu'ni-ment), n. a strong- 
 hold or fortification; a legal record 
 defending a title; title-deed or char- 
 acter. [Latin.] 
 
 munitions (mu-nish'unz) , n.pl. mili- 
 tary stores or material. 
 
 mural (mu'ral), adj. pertaining to, 
 growing on, or resembling, a 
 wall. 
 
 murder (mer'der), n. homicide with 
 malice aforethought: v.t. to kill with 
 premeditated malice; mangle; mar 
 or ruin. 
 
 murderer (mer'der-er) , n. one who is 
 guilty of murder. Feminine, murder- 
 ess. 
 
 murderous (mer'der-us) , adj. per- 
 taining to, guilty of, or attended 
 with, murder. 
 
 muriatic (mu-ri-at'ik), adj. derived 
 from sea salt. 
 
 murk (merk), n. darkness. 
 
 murky (merk'i), adj. dark; gloomy; 
 obscure. 
 
 murmur (mer'mer), n. a low indis- 
 tinct sound, as of a running stream; 
 a complaint in a low muttering 
 tone: v.i. to make a low continued 
 noise like the hum of bees; mutter 
 in discontent; grumble. 
 
 murrain (mur'an), n. an infectious 
 and fatal disease among cattle. 
 
 murrey (mur'i), n. dark red. 
 
 muscatel (mus-ka-tel'), n. a variety of 
 rich musky wine; the grapes which 
 produce it; a sweet fragrant pear. 
 Muscadel, muscadine. [French.] 
 
 muscle (mus'l), n. a highly contractile 
 organ of fibrous tissue by which 
 movement in an animal body is ef- 
 fected; muscular strength. 
 
 Muscovite (mus'ko-vit), n. a Russian. 
 
 muscular (mus'ku-lar), adj. per- 
 taining to, consisting of, or per- 
 formed by, muscles; strong; vig- 
 orous; brawny. 
 
 Muse (muz), n. any one of the nine 
 classical goddesses who presided 
 each over one of the nine liberal arts. 
 
 muse (muz), v.i. 'to study in silence; 
 meditate; be absent-minded: v.t. to 
 meditate on. 
 
 museum (mu-ze'um), n. a collection 
 of natural, scientific, or literary curi- 
 osities, or of works of art; the 
 building containing such a collection. 
 Theii greatest museum in ancient 
 times was at Alexandria; in modern 
 times, the British Museum in London. 
 
 mush (mush), n. boiled Indian corn 
 meal. 
 
 mushroom (mush 'room), n. an edible 
 fungus Agaricusca?npestris, or simi- 
 lar edible fungi; an upstart: adj. 
 made from, or resembling, mush- 
 rooms; upstart; ephemeral. 
 
 music (mu'zik), n. the art or science 
 of harmonic sounds ; harmony or 
 melody; musical score or composi- 
 tion. [Greek.] 
 
 musical (mu'zi-kal) , adj. pertaining 
 to, producing, or consisting of, 
 music; harmonious; melodious. 
 
 musician (mu-zish'an), n. one skilled 
 in the science of music ; one who sings, 
 or plays on a musical instrument. 
 
 musing (muz'ing), n. meditation: 
 adj. meditative. 
 
 musk (musk), n. a strong-scented sub- 
 stance obtained from the male musk- 
 deer [Sanskrit-French]; a small 
 plant with a musk-scented perfume. 
 
 musket (mus'ket), n. the firearm for- 
 merly used by infantry. 
 
 musketeer (mus-ket-er') , n. a soldier 
 armed with a musket. 
 
 muslin (muz'lin), n. a fine thin cot- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
MUSS 
 
 336 
 
 MYSTERY 
 
 ton cloth or fabric: adj. made of 
 muslin. The name is derived from 
 Moslem. See Mussulman. 
 
 muss (mus), n, a confused struggle; 
 disorder: v .t. to disorder, as clothing. 
 
 mussel (mus'el), n. a marine edible 
 bivalve. [Latin.] 
 
 Mussulman (mus'ul-man), n. [pi. 
 Mussulmans (mus'ul-manz)], a Mo- 
 hammedan, or Moslem. The word 
 is derived from Moslem. See Mu- 
 hammedan. 
 
 mussy (mus'i), adj. disordered. [Col- 
 loquial.] 
 
 must (must), n. unfermented ex- 
 pressed grape juice: v.t. to make 
 moldy and sour: v.i., pr.t. only; to be 
 obliged morally or physically. 
 
 mustache (mus-taslr ) , n. hair worn on 
 a man's upper lip. Also moustache. 
 
 mustang (mus'tang), n. the small, 
 hardy, semi-wild horse of the prai- 
 ries. [Spanish.] 
 
 mustard (mus'terd), n. a plant and 
 its seed of the genus Sinapis; a con- 
 diment made from the ground seed. 
 
 muster (mus'ter), n. an assembly of 
 troops for review or active service; 
 register of troops mustered; assem- 
 blage; collection: v.t. to assemble, as 
 troops for review or active service: 
 v.i. to meet in one place. [O. French.] 
 
 musty (mus'ti), adj. [comp. mustier, 
 superl. mustiest], spoiled with damp, 
 mold, or age; spiritless; antiquated. 
 
 mutable (mu'ta-bl) , adj. susceptible 
 of change. [Latin.] 
 
 mutation (mu-ta/shun) , n. altera- 
 tion; change. 
 
 mute (mut), adj. silent; dumb; not 
 pronounced or sounded: n. one who 
 is dumb or remains silent; an under- 
 taker's assistant who stands before 
 the door of a house at a funeral; a 
 consonant which is not pronounced, 
 or intercepts the sound; a contriv- 
 ance to deaden or soften the sound 
 of a musical instrument. [Latin.] 
 
 mutilate (mu'ti-lat), v.t. to cut off a 
 limb or essential part of; render im- 
 perfect; maim. [Latin.] 
 
 mutinous (mu'ti-nus), adj. disposed 
 to, or guilty of, mutiny ; seditious. 
 
 mutiny (mu'ti-ni), n. insurrection 
 against, or forcible resistance to, 
 constituted authority, especially of 
 soldiers or sailors against their offi- 
 
 cers: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. mutinied, p.pr. 
 mutinying], to rise against consti- 
 tuted authority. [French.] 
 
 mutoscope (mQ'to-skop), n. a form 
 of kinetoscope, worked by hand. 
 
 mutter (mut'er), v.i. to utter worda 
 in a low voice with compressed lips ; 
 murmur: v.t. to utter indistinctly: 
 n. indistinct utterance; murmur. 
 [Danish.] 
 
 mutton (mut'n), n. the flesh of sheep. 
 [French.] 
 
 mutual (mu'tu-al), adj. reciprocal. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 muzzle (muz'l), n. the projecting 
 mouth, lips, and nose of an animal; 
 snout; the mouth of a gun, &c; a 
 fastening or cover for the mouth 
 of a dog, &c, to prevent biting: v.t. 
 to secure the mouth of with a muzzle. 
 
 my (mi), poss. pron. belonging to me. 
 
 mycology (mi-kol'o-ji), n. the branch 
 of botany that treats of fungi or 
 mushrooms. 
 
 myology (mi-ol'o-ji), n. a description 
 of the muscles. 
 
 myopia (mi-o'pi-a), n. short-sighted- 
 ness. See presbyopia. 
 
 myriad (mir'i-ad), n. the number of 
 10,000; a very large number: adj. 
 innumerable. [Greek.] 
 
 myrmidon, n. a brutal or unprinci- 
 pled follower or subordinate. 
 
 myrrh (mer), n. the aromatic gummy 
 resin of Balsamodendron myrrha, 
 growing in Arabia and Abyssinia. 
 [Greek.] 
 
 myrtle (mer'tl), n. a fragrant ever- 
 green shrub of the genus Myrtus. 
 
 myself (mi-self), pron. [pi. ourselves 
 (our-selvz')], I or me in person: 
 used emphatically or reflexively. 
 
 mystagogue (mis'ta-gog), n. an ini- 
 tiator into, or interpreter of, the 
 Greek mysteries ; in the Roman 
 Catholic Church, one who keeps 
 and exhibits relics. < [Greek.] 
 
 mysterious (mis-te'ri-us) , adj. not 
 clear to the understanding; obscure; 
 incomprehensible. 
 
 mystery (mis'ter-i), n. [pi. mysteries 
 (mis'ter-iz)], something secret, ob- 
 scure, or unexplained; that which is 
 beyond human comprehension; for- 
 merly a trade or handicraft: pi. 
 among the ancients, sacred rites and 
 ceremonies to which the initiated 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hiie, hut ; think, £/ien. 
 
MYSTIC 337 MYTHOLOGY 
 
 only were admitted, as at Eleusis, in mystery; obscure; bewilder; 
 
 where the well educated were taught puzzle. 
 
 that their mythology was only myth (mith), n. a legend; poetic fic- 
 allegory, and where the doctrine of tion; a fabulous narrative founded 
 the immortality of the soul was on some event, especially in the 
 preached ; religious dramas or miracle early existence of a people, and em- 
 plays in the Middle Ages. [Greek.] bodying their ideas as to their own 
 
 mystic (mis'tik), adj. pertaining to, or origin, their gods, natural phenom- 
 
 containing, mystery or mysticism; ena, &c. [Greek.] 
 allegorical; emblematical; obscure ;* my thic (mith'ik), adj. pertaining to 
 
 occult. Also mystical. myths. Also mythical. 
 
 mysticism (mis'ti-sizm), n. the doc- mythological (mith-o-loj'i-kal), adj. 
 trines of the Mystics, who professed pertaining to mythology; mythical, 
 a pure, sublime, and disinterested mythology (mith-ol'o-ji), n. [pi. myth- 
 devotion, and who aspired, through ologies (mith-ol' 6-jiz)], the col- 
 the inward perception of the mind, lected body or system of the 
 a more direct intercourse with God traditions or legends of a people 
 than is afforded by revelation; ob- in which are embodied their beliefs 
 scurity of .thought or teaching. concerning their origin, gods, heroes, 
 
 mystify (mis'ti-fl), v.t.jp.t. & p.p. mys- &c; the science of myths; a treatise 
 
 tified, p.pr. mystifying], to involve on myths. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
N 
 
 N, the fourteenth letter in the English 
 language. It is a liquid nasal among 
 the consonants and affiliates equally 
 with m, r, and /. Cf. com-mingle ; 
 cor-relate; and col-loquy. The char- 
 acter is possibly derived from the 
 Phoenician Nun (Greek nu), mean- 
 ing a fish. 
 
 nab (nab), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. nabbed. 
 p.pr. nabbing], to catch or seize 
 unexpectedly. 
 
 nabob (na/bob), n. in India, a deputy 
 or administrator under the extinct 
 Mogul Empire ; one who has amassed 
 wealth in India; a very wealthy man. 
 [Hindustani.] 
 
 nacelle (na-sel'), n. the bar protecting 
 the sides of a dirigible. 
 
 nacre (na'ker), n. mother-of-pearl. 
 
 nacreous (na/kre-us) r adj.^ having an 
 iridescent luster ; resembling mother- 
 of-pearl. 
 
 nadab (na'dab), n. the high-priest of 
 the Persians. 
 
 nadir (na'der), n. that part of the 
 heavens directly under our feet, or 
 directly opposite to the zenith. 
 
 naevus (ne'vus), n. a birth-mark. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 nag (nag), n. a small saddle-horse: 
 v.t. [p.t. & p.p. nagged, p.pr. nag- 
 ging], to scold or find fault with con- 
 tinually: v.i. to find fault constantly. 
 
 Naiad (na/yad), n. a water-nymph. 
 
 naif (na-eP), adj. noting an uncut 
 jewel with a natural luster, as a 
 naif gem. Also_ anything simple 
 and rather winning because of its 
 lack of art. Feminine, naive. 
 
 nail (nal), n. the horny substance at 
 the ends of the human fingers and 
 toes; the claws of a bird or other 
 animal; 2M inches: a pointed piece 
 of metal usually furnished with a 
 head for fastening woodwork, &c: 
 v.t. to fasten with nails; to secure 
 or make certain; to hold down tight- 
 
 ly, as to an argument; to expose, 
 as to nail a lie. 
 
 nainsook (nan'sook), n. a thick kind 
 of muslin. [Hindu.] 
 
 naked (na'ked), adj. unclothed; bare; 
 unarmed; defenseless; exposed to 
 view; plain; without addition or 
 ornament; without glasses. 
 
 name (nam), n. that by which a per- 
 son or thing is called; designation; 
 character; reputation; fame; au- 
 thority: v.t. to give an appellation or 
 designation to; nominate; specify; 
 mention by name. 
 
 nameless (nam'les), adj. without a 
 name; unknown; not fit to be men- 
 tioned. 
 
 namesake (nam'sak), n. one having 
 the same name. 
 
 nankeen (nan-ken 7 ), n. a buff-colored 
 cotton cloth, originally from the 
 district of Nankeen in China. 
 
 nanny-goat (nan'i-got), n. a she- 
 goat. See billy-goat. 
 
 nap (nap), n. a short slumber; doze; 
 a game at cards (Napoleon); the 
 woolly substance on the surface of 
 cloth; pile; downy covering of 
 plants; top of a hill: v.i : [p.t. & 
 p.p. napped, p.pr. napping], to 
 doze. 
 
 nape (nap), n. the back of the 
 neck. 
 
 napery (nap'er-i), n. table-linen; linen 
 underclothing. 
 
 naphtha (nap'tha), n. a clear, volatile, 
 inflammable, bituminous, liquid hy- 
 drocarbon exuding from the earth, 
 or distilled from coal-tar, &c; rock- 
 oil. 
 
 napkin (nap'kin), n. a small cloth, 
 specifically one used at table for 
 wiping the hands, &c. 
 
 narcotic (nar-kot'ik), adj. producing 
 coma or torpor: n. a medicine to 
 alleviate pain and produce sleep, 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
NARD 
 
 339 
 
 NAUTILUS 
 
 and in excessive doses causing 
 death. 
 
 nard (nard), n. spikenard; an aro- 
 matic unguent prepared from it. 
 
 narrate (nar-raf), v.t. to tell; recite; 
 give an account of; write, as a story. 
 
 narrative (nar'ra-tiv) , adj. pertaining 
 to narration: n. recital of a story or 
 event; tale. 
 
 narrow (nar'o), adj. of little breadth 
 or extent; limited; straitened; con- 
 tracted in mind; bigoted; ungener- 
 ous; within a little distance: v.t. to 
 lessen the breadth or extent of; 
 confine or contract; restrict: v.i. to 
 become narrow; not to take ground 
 enough: said of a horse: n.pl. a 
 strait or narrow passage between 
 two seas. 
 
 nasal (naz'al), adj. pertaining to, af- 
 fected by, or pronounced through 
 the nose: n. a letter pronounced 
 through the nose. [Latin.] 
 
 nascent (nas'ent), adj. beginning to 
 grow or exist. [Latin.] 
 
 nasty (nas'ti), adj. [comp. nastier, su- 
 perl. nastiest], dirty, nauseous; fil- 
 thy; obscene; foul; serious. < 
 
 natal (na'tal), adj. pertaining _ to 
 one's birth or birthday; indige- 
 nous. 
 
 natant (nat'ant), adj. swimming; in 
 heraldry, floating on the surface: 
 said of fish. 
 
 natatorium (nat-a-to'ri-um), n. a 
 swimming pool. 
 
 nation (na/shun), n. the inhabitants 
 of one country or united under the 
 same government; people ethnologi- 
 cally or linguistically allied. [Latin.] 
 
 national (nash'un-al), adj. pertain- 
 ing to a nation; public; general; 
 attached to one's country. 
 
 nationality (nash-un-al'i-ti) , n. na- 
 tional character; patriotism; nation. 
 
 native (na'tiv), adj. pertaining to 
 the time and place of birth; pro- 
 duced by nature; not acquired; in- 
 nate: n. one who is born in a cer- 
 tain country or place; an oyster cul- 
 tivated artificially. 
 
 nativity (na-tiv'i-ti), n. time, place, 
 and manner of birth; astrological 
 representation of the position of the 
 heavenly bodies at the time of one's 
 birth. 
 
 Nativity, n. the birth of Christ (with the) . 
 
 natron (na'tron), n. native carbonate 
 of soda. [Arabic] 
 
 natty (nat'i), adj. tidy; neat; smart. 
 
 natural (nat'ii-ral), adj. pertaining 
 to, produced by, or in the course of, 
 nature; inborn; not artificial; oc- 
 curring in the ordinary course of 
 things; treating of mind and mat- 
 ter; not revealed, as religion; true 
 to life; unassumed; affectionate by 
 nature; illegitimate; unconverted; 
 according to the usual diatonic 
 scale of C [Music]: n. a sign (\n) used 
 to correct the previous power of a 
 sharp or flat [Music]; an idiot. 
 
 naturalism (nat'u-ral-izm), n. mere 
 state of nature; natural religion; 
 the denial of supernatural inter- 
 ference with natural laws 
 
 naturalize (nat'u-ral-iz), v.t. to make 
 natural; acclimatize; invest (a for- 
 eigner) with the privileges of a natu- 
 ral-born citizen or subject. 
 
 nature (na'cher or nat'ur), n. the 
 universe; essential qualities; spe- 
 cies; natural order of things; con- 
 stitution; personal character or 
 natural disposition; natural affec- 
 tion; nudity. [Latin.] 
 
 nature-faker (iiat'ur-fak'er), n. one 
 who puts forward misleading state- 
 ments about natural phenomena, 
 habits of animals, &c. 
 
 naught (nawt), < n. nothing: adj. 
 worthless: adv. in no degree. 
 
 naughty (nawt'i), adj. bad; perverse 
 or mischievous. 
 
 nausea (naw'shi-a), n. a strong sensa- 
 tion of sickness; sea-sickness; loath- 
 ing or disgust. [Latin.] 
 
 nauseate (naw'shi-at), v.t. to affect 
 with nausea; loathe: v.i. to feel dis- 
 gust; be inclined to vomit. 
 
 nauseous (naw'shus), adj. loathsome; 
 abhorrent. 
 
 nautch (nawch), n. in India, a dance 
 performed by girls; dancing exhibi- 
 tion. [Hindustani.] 
 
 nautical (naw'ti-kal), adj. pertain- 
 ing to ships, sailors, or navigation; 
 maritime. Also nautic. 
 
 nautilus (naw'ti-lus), n. [pi. nautili 
 (naw'ti-ll)], any member of a genus 
 of cephalopods, including those 
 furnished with a chambered spinal 
 univalve shell; a kind of diving- 
 bell. [Latin.] 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 23 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
NAVAL 
 
 340 
 
 NE'ER 
 
 naval (na/val), adj. pertaining to 
 ships or a navy; consisting of ships; 
 maritime. 
 
 nave (nav), n. the middle or body of 
 a church, extending from the chan- 
 cel to the principal entrance; the 
 center of a wheel in which the 
 spokes are inserted. [Latin. ] 
 
 navel (nav'el), n. the depression in the 
 center of the lower part of the ab- 
 domen. 
 
 navigable (nay'i-ga-bl) , adj. capable 
 of being navigated. 
 
 navigate (nav'i-gat) ; v.i. to pass on 
 the water by a ship or vessel; sail: 
 v.t. to pass over in a ship or boat; 
 steer or manage in sailing. 
 
 navigation (nay-i-ga'shun) , n. the 
 act of navigating ; the science of 
 navigating ships. 
 
 navy (na'vi), n. the ships of war 
 belonging to a nation, or their offi- 
 cers and men. [Latin.] 
 
 nay (na), adv. no; not only so, but: 
 n. a refusal or denial. 
 
 Nazarene (naz-a-ren'), n. a native of 
 Nazareth: applied to Jesus Christ, 
 His followers, and the early Chris- 
 tians as a term of contempt; in the 
 Early Church, one of a sect of Ju- 
 daizing Jews. 
 
 neap (nep), adj. low: applied to the 
 tides which occur in the beginning 
 of the second and fourth quarters of 
 the moon. 
 
 near (ner), adj. [comp. nearer, su- 
 perl. nearest], not iar distant in 
 time, place, or degree; close; inti- 
 mate; dear; familiar; literal; nar- 
 row; parsimonious; on the left 
 side: adv. at a little distance; al- 
 most: prep, close to: v.t. to ap- 
 proach; come near to. 
 
 near-sight (ner'sit), short-sightedness; 
 myopia. 
 
 neat (net), n. cattle of the bovine 
 genus : adj. pertaining to bovine ani- 
 mals; tidy; trim and clean; simple 
 and elegant; chaste; unadulterated. 
 
 neb (neb), n. a bird's beak, mouth; 
 nose or snout. 
 
 nebula (neb'u-la),n. [pi. nebulae (neb'u- 
 le)], a faint misty patch of light in the 
 heavens produced by groups of stars 
 too remote to be seen singly, or by 
 masses of diffused gaseous matter; a 
 slight white spot on the cornea. 
 
 nebulous (neb'ii-lus), adj. pertaining 
 to, or resembling, a nebula; cloudy; 
 hazy; perplexed. 
 
 necessary (nes'e-sa-ri), adj. that can- 
 not be otherwise; essential; indis- 
 pensable: n. [pi. necessaries (nes'e- 
 sa-riz)], things requisite. 
 
 necessitate (ne-ses'i-tat), v.t. to make 
 necessary; compel; render unavoid- 
 able; constrain. 
 
 necessity (ne-ses'i-ti), n. the state of 
 being necessary; that which is un- 
 avoidable; compulsion; extreme 
 poverty : pi. things necessary for hu- 
 man life. [Latin.] 
 
 neck (nek), n. that part of the body 
 between the head and trunk; a long 
 narrow part, as of land or a ves- 
 sel. 
 
 necklace (nek'las), n. & string of 
 beads or ornaments, as pearls, dia- 
 monds, and lapis lazuli, worn round 
 the neck. 
 
 necrology (nek-rol'o-ji), n. a register, 
 or account, of the_dead. 
 
 necromancy (nek'ro-man-si) , n. the 
 pretended art of predicting future 
 events by communication with the 
 dead. 
 
 necropolis (nek-rop'o-lis), n. "city of 
 the dead;" a cemetery. [Greek.] 
 
 necrosis (nek-ro'sis), n. mortification 
 and death of a bone; a disease in 
 plants, characterized by small black 
 spots. 
 
 nectar (nek'tar), n. in classic my- 
 thology, the wine of the gods: the 
 honey of plants; any delicious bev- 
 erage. 
 
 nee (na), adj. by birth: often placed 
 before the maiden name of a mar- 
 ried woman. [French.] 
 
 need (ned), n. necessity; urgent 
 want; exigency; poverty: v.t. to 
 want: v.i. to be necessary or wanted. 
 
 needful (ned'fool), adj. necessary; 
 needy. 
 
 needle (ned'l), n. a small sharp-point- 
 ed steel instrument furnished with 
 an eye to hold thread; anything re- 
 sembling a needle ; the polarized steel 
 of a mariner's compass. 
 
 needs (nedz), adv. necessarily; indis- 
 pensably. 
 
 needy (ned'i), adj. very poor; neces- 
 sitous. 
 
 ne'er (nar), adv. contraction of never. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
NEFARIOUS 
 
 341 
 
 NEURALGIA 
 
 nefarious (ne-far'i-us), adj. ex- 
 tremely wicked; vile; infamous. 
 
 negation (ne-ga/shun), n. denial; ab- 
 sence of certain qualities. [Latin.] 
 
 negative (neg'a : tiv), adj. implying 
 negation; denying; refusing; having 
 the power of veto ; noting a quantity 
 to be subtracted: n. a proposition 
 by which something is denied; a 
 word expressing denial; a photo- 
 graph in which the lights and shades 
 of the object are the opposite of 
 those in nature; v.t. to dismiss or 
 reject by vote. 
 
 neglect (neg-lekf), n. omission; habit- 
 ual negligence ; disregard ; careless- 
 ness: v.t. to omit by carelessness or 
 design; slight; disregard. 
 
 neglectful (neg-lekt'fool), adj. in- 
 dicating, or accustomed to, neglect; 
 careless. 
 
 negligence (neg'li-jens), n. careless- 
 ness. 
 
 negligent (neg'li-jent), adj. careless. 
 
 negotiable (ne-go'shi-a-bl), adj. cap- 
 able of being negotiated, trans- 
 ferred, or exchanged. 
 
 negotiate (ne-go'shi-at) , v.i. to treat 
 with others in business or private 
 affairs; hold intercourse respecting 
 a treaty, &c: v.t. to conclude by 
 treaty, bargain, or agreement ; selL 
 
 negro (ne'gro), n. [pi. negroes (ne'- 
 groz)], an African black. Fern, ne- 
 gress: adj. pertaining to, or charac- 
 teristic of, negroes. [Spanish.] 
 
 negus (ne'gus), n. a beverage of hot 
 water and wine, sweetened and 
 spiced. Named from the inventor, 
 one Col. Negus. 
 
 neigh (na), v.i. to utter the cry, or 
 whinny, of a horse: n. the cry of 
 a horse. 
 
 neighbor (na'ber), n. one who dwells 
 near to another; an intimate: adj. 
 near to another; adjacent: v.t. to 
 adjoin: v.i. to be neighborly or 
 friendly. 
 
 neighborhood (na'ber-hood) , n. adja- 
 cent district; vicinity; the state of 
 being neighbors. 
 
 neighborly (na'ber-li), adj. like, or be- 
 coming, a neighbor; social; civil; 
 friendly: adv. in the manner of a 
 neighbor. 
 
 neither (ne' or m'ther), pron. & conj. 
 not either. 
 
 Nemesis (nem'e-sis), n. retributive 
 vengeance: from Nemesis, the aveng- 
 ing deity of the Greeks. 
 
 neo, a Greek prefix meaning new, 
 young, recent, as neoplastic, recently 
 formed. 
 
 neologism (ne-ol'o-jizm), n. sl new 
 word or phrase introduced into a 
 language; new religious doctrines. 
 
 neon (ne'on), n. a recently discovered 
 element existing in atmospheric air. 
 
 neophyte (ne'o : fit), n. a novice; one 
 recently baptized; a convert: adj. 
 recently entered. [Greek.] 
 
 nephew (nef'u), n. the son of a brother 
 or sister. 
 
 nepotism (nep'o-tizm), n. a prefer- 
 ence shown in bestowing patronage 
 to one's relatives in the public ser- 
 vice. [Latin.] 
 
 nerve (nerv), n. one of the grey fibers 
 which convey sensation from all 
 parts of the body to the brain and 
 originate motion; tendon; sinew; 
 strength; manliness; the strong vein 
 of a leaf: v.t. to invigorate or 
 strengthen. [Franco-Latin.] 
 
 nervous (ner'vus), adj. pertaining to, 
 or composed of, nerves; having 
 weak nerves; easily agitated; vigor- 
 ous in style. 
 
 nest (nest), n. the bed or dwelling 
 chosen by a bird for incubation, and 
 the rearing of its young; the place 
 where eggs are laid and hatched; 
 a cozy residence; a number of boxes, 
 one fitting inside another: v.i. to 
 build and occupy a nest. 
 
 nestle (nes'l), v.i. to lie close and 
 snug; take shelter: v.t. to cherish. 
 
 net (net), n. an instrument of twine 
 knotted into meshes for catching 
 birds, fish, &c; anything resembling 
 or made like a net; a snare: adj. 
 clear of all charges or deductions: 
 opposed to gross: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 netted, p.pr. netting], to make into 
 a net or network; take with a net; 
 snare; produce as clear profit: v.i. 
 to form network. 
 
 nether (neth'er), adj. lying beneath; 
 lower ; belonging to the regions below. 
 
 nettle (net'l), n. a stinging plant of 
 the genus Urtica: v.t. to provoke or 
 irritate. 
 
 neuralgia (nu-ral'ji-a), n. acute pain 
 in a nerve. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
NEURASTHENIA 
 
 342 
 
 NIHILISM 
 
 neurasthenia (nu-ras-the'ni-a) , n. 
 brain and nerve exhaustion, as from 
 influenza, &c. 
 
 neuro, a Greek prefix meaning nerve, as 
 neurography, a treatise on the nerves. 
 
 neurology (nu-rol'o-ji), n. a scientific 
 descriptionof the nerves. 
 
 neurotic (nu-rot'ik), adj. pertaining 
 to, seated in, or affecting, the nerves; 
 characterized by a morbid hysteri- 
 cal style: n. a nerve tonic. _ 
 
 neuter (nu'ter), adj. of neither sex; 
 intransitive: n. a flower having nei- 
 ther pistil nor stamens; a sterile 
 sexless insect, especially the work- 
 ing bee. [Latin.] 
 
 neutral (nu'tral), adj. unbiased; in- 
 different; taking no part on either 
 side in a contest; neither very good 
 nor very bad ; neither acid not al- 
 kaline; said of chemical salts. 
 
 neutrality (nu-tral'i-ti) , n. the state 
 of being neutral. 
 
 neutralize (nu'tral-iz), v.t. to make 
 neutral; render inactive. 
 
 never (nev'er), adv. not at any time; 
 in no degree. 
 
 nevertheless (nev-er-fAe-les'), adv. 
 notwithstanding; in spite of that. 
 
 new (nu), adj. recent in origin; mod- 
 ern; novel; lately made, produced, 
 invented, or discovered; recently 
 entered upon or commenced; not 
 previously used; fresh. 
 
 newel (nii'el), n. in a winding stair- 
 case, the central upright pillar 
 around which the steps turn. 
 
 new-fangled (nu-fang'gld), adj. new- 
 fashioned. 
 
 news (nuz), n. recent intelligence; 
 tidings. 
 
 newspaper (nuz'pa-per), n. a paper 
 published periodically, usually daily 
 or weekly, containing the most re- 
 cent intelligence. 
 
 New Thought (nu thawt), n. an op- 
 timistic belief that circumstances 
 may be controlled by the mind, by a 
 new thought, acting in harmony with 
 universal love. 
 
 next (nekst), adj. [superl. of nigh and 
 near], nearest in time, place, degree, 
 or rank: adv. immediately succeed- 
 ing. 
 
 nib (nib), n. a bird's beak; the point 
 of anything, especially a pen. 
 
 nice (nls), adj. fastidious; precise; 
 
 squeamish ; minutely discriminative ; 
 delicate; refined; socially agreeable; 
 pleasing to the palate; scrupulously 
 exact. [French.] 
 
 nicety (nis'e-ti), n. delicate manage- 
 ment; fastidious delicacy; preci- 
 sion; minute accuracy: pi. table 
 delicacies. 
 
 niche (nich), n. a recess in a wall 
 for a statue. [French.] 
 
 nick (nik), n. exact or critical point 
 of time; winning throw at dice: v.t. 
 to cut in nicks or notches; touch at 
 ^the lucky moment; cheat; steal. 
 
 nickel (nik'el), n. a greyish-white duc- 
 tile metal; a five-cent coin, made of 
 nickel and copper alloy. [Swedish.] 
 
 nickelodeon (nik-el-5d'e-on), n. an 
 amusement place for moving pic- 
 tures, admission to which is five 
 cents. 
 
 nickname (nik'nam), n. a name given 
 in derision or familiarity: v.t. to 
 give a nickname to; call by an op- 
 probrious name. 
 
 nicotine (nik'o-tin), n. an acrid, poi- 
 sonous alkaloid extracted from to- 
 bacco. Also nicotin. Named from 
 the French diplomat, Nicot, who 
 first introduced this kind of tobacco 
 into France (1562). 
 
 niece (nes), n. the daughter of a 
 brother or sister. [French.] 
 
 niggard (nig'ard), adj. meanly cov- 
 etous; parsimonious; miserly. Also 
 niggardly: n. one who is meanly 
 covetous; a miser. . 
 
 nigh (ni), adj. near in time or place; 
 adjacent; closely allied by blood or 
 friendship: adv. near; almost: prep. 
 near to. 
 
 night (nit), n. the time from sunset 
 to sunrise; period of darkness; 
 death; intellectual or moral dark- 
 ness. 
 
 night-hawk (nit'hawk), n. a, person 
 who prowls at night; in cities a cab- 
 man to take drunkards into his cab 
 to rob them. 
 
 nightingale (nit'in-gal) , n. a small 
 bird which sings with a sweet note 
 at night; philomel. 
 
 nightmare (nit'mar), n. _ a dreadful 
 dream accompanied with oppres- 
 sion on the chest and a feeling of 
 helplessness; an incubus. 
 
 nihilism (ni'hil-izm), n. scepticism 
 
 ^te, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
NIL 
 
 343 
 
 NOISOME 
 
 which denies that anything, even ex- 
 istence, can be known; an extreme 
 socialist movement in Russia to 
 destroy existing institutions and 
 found a new order of things with 
 communistic rights of land and 
 property. [Latin, "nothing."] 
 
 nil (nil), n. nothing. [Latin.] 
 
 nimble (nim'bl), adj. quick and ac- 
 tive; alert; lively; brisk. 
 
 nimbus (nim'bus), n. in art, the 
 halo or cloud of light surrounding 
 the heads of divinities, saints, and 
 sovereigns; a rain-cloud. 
 
 nine (nin), adj. containing one more 
 than eight: n. the sum of 1 and 8. 
 
 ninefold (nin'fold), adj. nine times re- 
 peated. 
 
 nineteen (nin'ten), adj. consisting of 
 nine and ten : n. the sum of nine and 
 ten. 
 
 nineteenth (nm'tenth), adj. being 
 one of 19 equal parts: n. a nine- 
 teenth part. 
 
 ninetieth (nln'ti-eth), adj. next after 
 89th: n. a ninetieth part. 
 
 ninety (nln'ti), adj. containing 9 ten 
 times: n. the number containing 9 
 times 10; the symbol (xc. 90) ex- 
 pressing such a number. 
 
 ninny (nin'i), n. a simpleton. 
 
 ninth (ninth), adj. the ordinal of nine: 
 n. one of nine equal parts. 
 
 nip (nip), n. a pinch, as with the 
 nails or teeth; a blast as by cold; 
 a small drink of spirits: v.t. [p.t. & 
 p.p. nipped, p.pr. nipping], to pinch; 
 cut off the end of; check the growth 
 or vigor of, especially by frost; blast 
 or destroy. 
 
 nipper (nip'er), n. one who, or that 
 which, nips; one of the four fore- 
 teeth of a horse ; a small boy [English 
 slang]: pi. small pincers. 
 
 nipple (nip'l), n. that part of the 
 
 L breast of a woman from which milk 
 is drawn by a child ; a teat. 
 
 nit (nit), n. the egg of any small in- 
 sect. 
 
 niter, nitre (ni'ter), n. nitrate of 
 potash or saltpeter. [Latin.] 
 
 nitric (ni'trik), adj. contained in 
 ^nitrogen. 
 
 nitro, a Grseco-Latin prefix used in 
 chemistry meaning containing nitro- 
 gen, as mfro-hydrochloric acid or 
 aqua regia. 
 
 nitrogen (ni'tro-jen), n. a gas which, 
 with argon, constitutes 4-5ths by 
 volume of the atmosphere, and con- 
 stitutes the basis of nitric acid. 
 
 nitro- glycerine (nl-tro-glis'er-in), n. 
 a highly explosive, oily liquid, pre- 
 pared by the action of nitric and 
 sulphuric acids upon glycerine. Also 
 ^nitro-glycerin, nitroleum. 
 
 nix (niks), n. in Teutonic mythology, 
 a water-sprite [German]; a kelpie 
 [Scotch]. 
 
 no (no), adv. a word of denial or 
 refusal: opposed to yes: adj. none. 
 
 nob (nob), n. a knob; the head; a 
 fop. In the last sense, nob (from 
 noble) is an antonym of mob (from 
 mobile) . The word snob suggests the 
 worst qualities of each. 
 
 nobby (nob'i), adj. capital; spruce; 
 stylish. 
 
 Nobel Prize (no'bel priz), n. one of the 
 annual money prizes awarded in ac- 
 cordance with the will of Alfred 
 Bernhard Nobel, a Swedish chemist 
 and engineer, inventor of dynamite, 
 to the person rendering to humanity 
 the greatest services during the year 
 in various sciences, in literature, or 
 in promoting international peace. 
 
 nobility (no-bil'i-ti) , n. the state or 
 quality of being noble; noble birth; 
 grandeur; dignity; nobles collec- 
 tively. _ 
 
 noble (noT)l), adj. high in excellence 
 or worth; illustrious; magnanimous; 
 generous ; exalted in rank ; of ancient 
 lineage: n. peer or nobleman. 
 
 nobody (no'bod-i), n. no pne; a per- 
 son of no importance or influence. 
 
 nocent (no'sent) , adj . harmful. [Latin.] 
 
 nocturnal (nok-ter'nal) , adj. pertain- 
 ing to, done, or happening at, night. 
 
 nod (nod), n. a quick inclination of 
 the head; a command: v.t. [p.t. & 
 p.p. nodded, v.pr. nodding], to sig- 
 nify by a nod; incline or bend: v.i. 
 to give a quick forward motion of 
 the head; bend the head in token of 
 assent, or as a salute; be drowsy. 
 
 noddle (nod'l), n. the head. 
 
 noise (noiz), n. sound; clamor; out- 
 cry; frequent or public conversation: 
 v.t. to spread abroad by rumor: v.i. 
 to sound loud. 
 
 noisome (noi'sum), adj. injurious to 
 health; noxious; disgusting. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
NOISY 
 
 344 
 
 NOTABLE 
 
 noisy (noiz'i), adj. full of noise; tur- 
 bulent. 
 
 nomad (nom'ad), n. one of a tribe 
 that wanders about in search of 
 food and pasture: adj. nomadic. 
 
 nomadic (no-mad'ik), adj. wander- 
 ing; pastoral. [Greek.] 
 
 nomenclature (no'men-kla-tur), n. 
 the words, terms, or language used 
 in any art or science. [Latin.] 
 
 nomial (no'mi-al), n. in algebra, a sin- 
 gle term. 
 
 nominal (nom'i-nal), adj. pertaining 
 to, or containing, names; existing 
 only in name. 
 
 nominate (nom'i-nat), v.t. to propose 
 for an office; appoint. 
 
 nomination (nom-i-na'shun) , n. the 
 act of nominating; the state of being 
 nominated. 
 
 nominative (nom'i-na-tiv) , adj. not- 
 ing in grammar the .case of the sub- 
 ject: n. the case of the subject. 
 
 nominator (nom'i-na-ter) , n. one who 
 nominates. 
 
 nominee (nom-i-ne'), n. one who is 
 proposed for an office. 
 
 nonage (non'aj), n. minority. [Latin.] 
 
 nonagenarian (non-a-jen-a'ri-an), n. 
 a person 90 years old. [Latin.] 
 
 nonagon (non'a-gon), n. a plane figure 
 with nine sides and nine angles. 
 
 nonchalant (nong-sha-lang'), adj. 
 cool; indifferent. 
 
 nondescript (non'de-skript), n. a per- 
 son or thing that cannot be easily 
 described or classed: adj. abnormal; 
 novel; odd. [Latin.] 
 
 none (nun), adj. not any; not one: 
 n. & pron. no one; nothing. 
 
 nonentity (non-en'ti : ti) , n. [pi. non- 
 entities (non-en'ti-tiz)], a thing not 
 existing; a person of no importance 
 or influence. 
 
 nonpareil (non-pa-rel'), adj. without 
 an equal: n. unequaled excellence; a 
 kind of printing-type (see type); a 
 variety of apple. [French.] 
 
 nonplus (non'plus), v.t. [p.t.& p.p. 
 nonplussed, p.pr. nonplussing], to 
 throw into complete perplexity ; puz- 
 zle: n. an insuperable difficulty; 
 puzzle. [Latin.] 
 
 nonsense (non'sens), n. language 
 without meaning; anything absurd : 
 inter j. absurd! 
 
 nonsensical (non-sen'si-kal), adj. ab- 
 surd; unmeaning. 
 
 non sequitur (non sek'wi-ter), n. in 
 logic, a conclusion or inference 
 which does not follow from the 
 premises. [Latin.] 
 
 nonsuit (non'sut), n. the withdrawal 
 of a suit during trial either volun- 
 tarily or by judgment of the court 
 on the discovery of error or defect 
 in the pleadings: v.t. to subject to a 
 nonsuit. [Law Latin.] 
 
 noodle (nood'l), n. a simpleton; a 
 strip of dried dough, served in soup 
 or as a baked dish. 
 
 nook (nook), n. a small recess or se- 
 cluded retreat ; a corner. 
 
 noon (noon), n. the middle of the day, 
 12 o'clock; height: adj. pertaining to 
 noon. 
 
 noonday (noon'da), adj. pertaining to 
 noon, or midday : n. noon. Also 
 noontide. 
 
 noose (noos), n. a running knot 
 which binds the closer the more 
 tightly it is drawn: v.t. to catch or 
 tie in a noose; ensnare. 
 
 nor (nor), conj. a negative particle 
 correlative to neither or not. 
 
 normal (nor'mal), adj. according to 
 rule; regular; perpendicular. [Latin.] 
 
 north (north), n. one of the four car- 
 dinal points; the point opposite to 
 the south: adj. pertaining to, situ- 
 ated in, or coming from, the north: 
 adv. to the north. 
 
 norther (nor'ther), n. a strong gale 
 which prevails in the Gulf of Mexico 
 from September to March. 
 
 northern (nor^/iern), adj. in, from, or 
 towards, the north. Also northerly. 
 
 nose (noz), n. the organ of smell; 
 scent; a snout; nozzle; anything re- 
 sembling a nose: v.t. to smell or 
 scent. 
 
 nosegay (noz'ga), n. a bouquet. 
 
 nostalgia (nos-tal'ji-a), n. homesick- 
 ness. [Greek.] 
 
 nostril (nos'tril), n. one of the two 
 openings in the nose. 
 
 nostrum (nos'trum), n. a quack medi- 
 cine. [Latin, meaning " ours," i. e. 
 "our special remedy," &c] 
 
 not (not), adv. a word expressive of 
 denial or refusal. 
 
 notable (no'ta-bl), adj. worthy of 
 notice; memorable; notorious; re- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
NOTARY 
 
 345 
 
 NULLIFY 
 
 markable; industrious; thrifty: n. a 
 person or thing of distinction. 
 
 notary (no'ta-ri), n. [pi. notaries 
 (no'ta-riz)], an official authorized to 
 attest deeds, protest bills of exchange, 
 &c. [Latin.] 
 
 notation (no-ta'shun), n. the act or 
 practice of recording by marks or 
 symbols; a system of signs or sym- 
 bols. [Latin.] 
 
 notch (noch), n. a small hollow cut; 
 indentation: v.t. to cut into small 
 hollows. 
 
 note (not), n. a memorandum; repu- 
 tation; brief explanation; short let- 
 ter; a diplomatic communication; a 
 mark or sign representing a sound; 
 the sound itself [music]; a paper 
 acknowledging a debt and promis- 
 ing payment: pi. a summary of a 
 speech: v.t. to make a note of; 
 mark; show respect or attention 
 to. 
 
 nothing (nuth'ing), n. not any- 
 thing; a thing of no value, use, or 
 importance; a cipher: adv. in no de- 
 gree. 
 
 notice (no'tis), n. mental or visual 
 observation; attention; remark; ad- 
 vice; information; warning; pub- 
 lic intimation; press criticism: v.t. 
 to see or observe; regard; attend to; 
 make remarks upon. [Latin.] 
 
 notification (no-ti-fi-ka'shun), n. the 
 act of giving notice; notice given; 
 document by which information is 
 communicated. [Latin.] 
 
 notify (no'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. noti- 
 fied, p.pr. notifying], to give notice 
 to; make known. 
 
 notion (nS'shun), n. an idea or concep- 
 tion; opinion; belief; inclination; 
 a clever contrivance. 
 
 notoriety (no-to-ri'i-ti), n. the state 
 of being notorious. Also notorious- 
 ness. 
 
 notorious (no-to'ri-us), adj. publicly 
 known; usually in a bad sense. 
 
 notwithstanding (not - with - stand'- 
 ing), prep, in spite of: conj. although: 
 adv. however; yet. 
 
 nougat (noo-ga'), n. a confection of 
 almonds, pistachio nuts, sugar, and 
 paste. [French.] 
 
 nought, same as naught. 
 
 noumenon (no-55'me-non) , n. [pi. 
 noumena (no-6o'me-na)], essence; 
 
 the substance or reality existing 
 under the phenomenal. [Greek.] 
 
 noun (noun), n. the name of any- 
 thing; a substantive. 
 
 nourish (nur'ish), v.t. to feed or 
 bring up; support; maintain; edu- 
 cate: v.i. to promote growth. 
 
 nourishment (nur'ish-ment), n. that 
 which nourishes. 
 
 novel (nov'el), adj. of recent origin 
 or introduction; new; strange or 
 unusual: n. a fictitious tale or ro- 
 mance. 
 
 novelist (nov'el-ist), n. a writer of 
 novels. 
 
 novelty (nov'el-ti), n. newness; some- 
 thing new. 
 
 novice (nov'is), n. a beginner; in the 
 Roman Catholic Church, one who 
 has entered a religious house but 
 has not yet taken the vow. 
 
 now (nou), adv. at the present time; 
 quite recently. 
 
 nowise (no'wiz), adv. not in any 
 manner or degree. 
 
 noxious (nok'shus), adj. harmful; 
 pernicious; deadly. [Latin.] 
 
 nozzle (noz'l), n. a projecting mouth- 
 piece. 
 
 nubbin (nub 'in), n. a small or im- 
 perfect ear of maize. 
 
 nucleus (nti'kle-us), n. the central 
 mass around which matter accretes 
 or grows; the head of a comet. 
 
 nude (mid), adj. bare; naked; in 
 law, made without consideration; 
 void; in art, the undraped body 
 (with the). [Latin.] 
 
 nudge (nuj), v.t. to touch gently, as 
 with the elbow: n. a gentle touch, as 
 with the elbow. 
 
 nudity (nu'di-ti), n. nakedness: pi. 
 naked parts. 
 
 nugatory (nu'ga-to-ri) , adj. trifling; 
 useless. [Latin.] 
 
 nugget (nug'et), n. a lump or mass 
 of metal, especially of gold in aurif- 
 erous soil. 
 
 nuisance (nu'sans), n. anything of- 
 fensive, injurious, vexatious, or an- 
 noying. 
 
 null (nul), adj. of no legal force; 
 void. [Latin.] 
 
 nullification (nul-i-fi-ka'shun), n. 
 the act of nullifying. 
 
 nullify (nuri-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. nulli- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
NULLITY 
 
 346 
 
 NYMPH 
 
 fied, p.pr. nullifying], to annul or 
 render void. 
 
 nullity (nul'i-ti), n. want of existence, 
 force, or validity. 
 
 numb (num), adj. deprived of sensa- 
 tion or motion; torpid: v.t. to be- 
 numb. 
 
 number (num'ber), n. a unit; one, or 
 more than one; multitude; one of a 
 series; a collection of things; sounds 
 distributed into harmonies; poetry; 
 meter, or verse (usually pi.): v.t. 
 to count; mark with a number. 
 
 numeral (nu'mer-al), adj. pertain- 
 ing to, consisting of, or denoting, 
 number: n. a symbol or word ex- 
 pressing a number. [Latin.] 
 
 numerate (nu'mer : at), v.t. to reckon 
 or enumerate; point or read, as fig- 
 ures. [Latin.] 
 
 numerator (nu'mer-a-ter) , n. one who 
 numbers; the figure or figures above 
 the line in fractions which indicate 
 how many parts of a unit are taken. 
 
 numerous (nu'mer-us), adj. consist- 
 ing of a great number. 
 
 numismatic (nu-mis-mat'ik) , adj. 
 pertaining to coins or medals: n.pl. 
 the science and study of coins and 
 medals. [Greek.] 
 
 numskull (num'skul), n. a blockhead. 
 
 nun (nun), n. a female devoted to a 
 religious life and seclusion under a 
 vow of chastity; a variety of pig- 
 eon; the blue titmouse. 
 
 nuptial (nup'shal), adj. pertaining 
 to, or constituting, marriage: n.pl. 
 marriage ceremony. [Latin.] 
 
 nurse (ners), n. a woman who has 
 the care of infants, or of the child 
 
 of another person; one who tends 
 the sick or infirm; one who, or that 
 which, protects or fosters: v.t. to 
 tend or suckle, as an infant; bring 
 up; tend in sickness; promote; 
 economize. [French.] 
 
 nursery (ners'er-i), n. [pi. nurseries 
 (ners'er-iz)], an apartment for young 
 children; a place or garden for rear- 
 ing young plants; a race for two- 
 year-old horses. 
 
 nursling (ners'ling), n. an infant. 
 
 nurture (ner'tur), n. that which 
 nourishes; diet; food; education: 
 v.t. to bring up; educate; nourish. 
 
 nut (nut), n. the fruit of certain trees, 
 containing a kernel inclosed in a 
 hard shell; a piece of metal grooved 
 for screwing on to the end of a bolt: 
 v.i. [p.t. & p.p. nutted, p.pr. nutting], 
 to gather nuts. [Old French.] 
 
 nutmeg (nut'meg), n. the aromatic 
 kernel of the fruit of an East In- 
 dian tree. 
 
 nutriment (nu'tri-ment) , n. nourish- 
 ment. [Latin.] 
 
 nutrition (nu-trish'un) , n. that which 
 nourishes; food; the action of pro- 
 moting growth or repairing waste in 
 organic bodies. 
 
 nutritious _ (ntr-trish'us) , adj. afford- 
 ing nutrition. 
 
 nutritive (nu'tri-tiv), adj. pertaining 
 to, or having the quality of, nutri- 
 tion. 
 
 nymph (nimf), n. in classic mythol- 
 ogy, a goddess of nature inhabiting 
 the mountains, woods, streams, &c; 
 a light, handsome, graceful young 
 woman. [Greek.] 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, but ; think, then. 
 
o 
 
 O, the fifteenth letter and the fourth 
 vowel in English. It is doubtless a 
 pictograph representing the human 
 eye, as in the Phoenician ayin. The 
 Greeks after a time divided the o's 
 into two — o mikron, "little eye," 
 and o mega, "big eye.'' The letter 
 has not changed since classical 
 times. 
 
 O (5), inter j. an exclamation of won- 
 der, pain, &c: n. [pi. o's (oz)], a 
 ring, cipher, or naught. 
 
 oaf (of), n. a changeling; but oftener a 
 big, hulking, idle fellow; a lout. 
 
 oak (ok), n. a tree of many species, 
 especially the common oak (Quercus 
 robur), valued for its timber. 
 
 oakum (ok'um), n. old ropes un- 
 twisted and pulled into loose hemp. 
 
 oar (or), n. a light pole with a broad 
 blade, for rowing a boat: v.t. & v.i. 
 to row. 
 
 oasis (o-a'sis)^ n. [pi. oases (o-a'sez)], a 
 fertile spot in a barren sandy desert. 
 
 oat (ot), n. a grassy plant of the genus 
 Avena, the grain of which is used as 
 food [usually in pi.]. 
 
 oath (oth), n. a solemn declaration of 
 truth-telling with an appeal to God 
 as witness. 
 
 ob, a Latin prefix meaning before, 
 against, towards, in front of, reversed. 
 
 obdurate (ob'du-rat), adj. hardened 
 in heart or feelings, especially against 
 moral influence. 
 
 obedience (o-be'di-ens), n. submis- 
 sion to authority; dutif ulness. 
 
 obedient (o-be'di-ent), adj. submis- 
 sive to authority ; dutiful. 
 
 obelisk (ob'e-lisk), n. a lofty, four- 
 sided stone pillar gradually # tapering 
 as it rises, and terminating in a 
 pyramidal top like the so-called Cleo- 
 patra's Needle in Central Park, New 
 York City; a reference mark (f). 
 
 obese (5-beV ) , adj. corpulent. 
 
 obesity (o-bes'i-ti), n. excessive corpu- 
 
 lence, especially of an unhealthy 
 kind. Also obeseness. 
 
 obey (o-ba/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. obeyed, 
 p.pr. obeyingl, to submit to the rule 
 or authority of; comply with the 
 orders or instructions of: v.i. to 
 yield; do as bidden. [French.] 
 
 obfuscate (ob-fus'kat), v.t. to be- 
 wilder. [Latin.] 
 
 obi (o'bi), n. among the West Indian 
 natives and negroes of Africa a sys- 
 tem of secret sorcery or magical 
 rites; a charm; a kind of sash worn 
 by Japanese women. 
 
 obituary (o-bit'u-a-ri), n. [pi. obit- 
 uaries (o-bit'u-a-riz)], a register of 
 deaths; an account of a deceased 
 person: adj. pertaining to, or record- 
 ing, deaths. [Latin.] 
 
 object (ob-jekt'), v.t. to urge against; 
 oppose: v.i. to make objections: n. 
 (ob'jekt) anything placed before 
 the mind or senses; motive; end; 
 aim. [Latin.] 
 
 objection (ob-jek'shun), n. the act of 
 objecting; adverse reason; difficulty 
 raised. 
 
 objective (ob-jek'tiv), adj. pertaining 
 to an object; external to the mind; 
 in grammar, noting the case which 
 follows a transitive verb or a prepo- 
 sition and is governed by it: n. 
 the accusative case; an objective 
 point. 
 
 objectivity (ob-jek-tiv'i-ti), n. the 
 state or quality of being objective; 
 that one regards whatever his senses 
 teach him as being true. 
 
 objurgate (ob'jer-gat), v.t. to chide or 
 reprove. 
 
 oblate (ob-laf), adj. depressed or flat- 
 tened at the poles; orange-shaped: 
 in the Roman Catholic Church, not- 
 ing a secular priest who has devoted 
 himself and his property to the mon- 
 astery he has entered. [Latin.] 
 
 oblation (ob-la'shun), n. an offering 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
OBLIGATION 
 
 348 
 
 OBTAIN 
 
 or sacrifice ; anything presented in 
 religious worship. 
 
 obligation (ob-li-ga/shun) , n. the bind- 
 ing power of a vow, promise, or 
 contract ; the state of being indebted 
 for a favor; in law, a bond to 
 which a penalty is annexed on fail- 
 ure of due performance. [Latin.] 
 
 obligatory (ob'li-ga-to-ri), adj. mor- 
 ally or legally binding. 
 
 oblige (o-blij'), v.t. to constrain by 
 force, morally, legally, or physically ; 
 bind by some favor or kindness 
 rendered; render a favor to; gratify. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 obliging (o-bllj'ing), p.adj. complai- 
 sant; civil or courteous. 
 
 oblique (ob-lek'), adj. deviating from 
 a right line; not parallel; not di- 
 rect or straightforward. [Latin.] 
 
 obliqueness (ob-lek'nes), n. the state 
 or quality of being oblique; slanting 
 direction; moral error. Also, and 
 better, obliquity. 
 
 obliterate (ob-lit'er-at), v.t. to efface 
 or wear out; destroy by the effects 
 of time or other means. [Latin.] 
 
 oblivion (ob-liv'i-un), n. the state of 
 being blotted out from memory ; for- 
 getfulness. [Latin.] 
 
 oblivious (ob-liv'i-us), adj. forgetful. 
 
 oblong (ob'long), adj. longer than 
 broad: n. a geometrical figure of 
 such shape. 
 
 obloquy (ob'lo-kwi), n. reproachful 
 language; calumny; slander; re- 
 proach. 
 
 obnoxious (ob-nok'shus) , adj. deserv- 
 ing of censure or disapproval; hate- 
 ful; offensive; unpopular. 
 
 oboe (o'bo-e), n. a musical wind in- 
 strument of the reed class ; hautboy ; 
 an organ stop. 
 
 obscene (ob-sen'), adj. offensive to 
 chastity; impure in language or ac- 
 tion; indecent; filthy. [Latin.] 
 
 obscenity (ob-sen'i-ti) , n. impurity in 
 language or action; indecency. Also 
 obsceneness. 
 
 obscure (ob-skur'), adj. without light 
 or distinctness; dark; not easily un- 
 derstood; illegible; secluded; hum- 
 ble: v.t. to darken or dim; dis- 
 guise; render less visible or intel- 
 ligible; tarnish; make mean. [Latin.] 
 
 obscureness (ob-skur'nes), n. the 
 
 state or quality of being obscure. 
 Also obscurity. 
 
 obsecration (ob-se-kra'shun) , n. en- 
 treaty. 
 
 obsequies (ob'se-kwiz), n.pl. funeral 
 rites. [Latin.] 
 
 obsequious (ob-se'kwi-us) , adj. ser- 
 vile; compliant to excess. [Latin.] 
 
 observable (ob-zer'va-bl) , adj. cap- 
 able of being observed; worthy of 
 observation; remarkable. 
 
 observance (ob-zer'vans) , n. the act 
 of observing; performance of rites; 
 rule of practice. 
 
 observant (ob-zer'vant), adj. taking 
 notice; attentive; mindful. 
 
 observation (ob r zer-va'shun), n. the 
 act of observing; attention; that 
 which is observed; remark; note. 
 
 observatory (ob-zer'va-to-ri), n. [pi. 
 observatories (ob-zer'va-to-riz)], a 
 building fitted up for astronomical 
 research. 
 
 observe (ob-zerv'), v.t. to keep in view; 
 take notice of; celebrate; practice 
 ceremonially; mention: v.i. to make 
 observations. [Latin.] 
 
 observing (ob-zerv'ing) , p.adj. giving 
 particular attention to. Also ob- 
 servant. 
 
 obsolescent (ob-so-les'ent), adj. be- 
 coming obsolete. 
 
 obsolete (ob'so-let), adj. gone out of 
 date; disused; imperfectly devel- 
 oped, 
 
 obsoleteness m (ob-so-let'nes), n. _ the 
 state of being obsolete; indistinct- 
 ness. 
 
 obstacle (ob'sta-kl), n. that which 
 hinders or opposes. [Latin.] 
 
 obstetric (ob-stet'rik), adj. pertain- 
 ing to midwifery. [Latin.] 
 
 obstinacy (ob'sti-na-si), n. the state 
 or quality of being obstinate; stub- 
 bornness. Also obstinateness. 
 
 obstinate (ob'sti-nat), adj. pertina- 
 ciously adhering to one's opinion 
 or purpose; stubborn. [Latin.] 
 
 obstreperous (ob-strep'er-us), adj. 
 clamorously noisy; turbulent. 
 
 obstruct (ob-strukt') , v.t. to block up 
 or impede; hinder from passing; in- 
 terrupt. [Latin.] 
 
 obstruction (ob-struk'shun) , n. an 
 impediment. 
 
 obtain (ob-tan'), v.t. to get possession 
 of; gain; acquire; win; procure: 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
OBTRUDE 
 
 349 
 
 ODDITY 
 
 v.i. to be established in practice or 
 use. [Latin.] 
 
 obtrude (ob-trood'), v.t. to thrust in 
 or upon; urge or offer with unreason- 
 able importunity: v.i. to enter un- 
 invited. [Latin.] 
 
 obtrusion (ob-troo'zhun), n. the act 
 of obtruding. 
 
 obtrusive (ob-troo'siv), adj. inclined 
 or apt to intrude. 
 
 obtuse (ob-tiis'), adj. not pointed or 
 acute; greater than a right angle; 
 dull. 
 
 obtuseness (ob-tus'nes), n. the state 
 or quality of being obtuse; blunt- 
 ness; mental dulness. 
 
 obverse (ob-vers'), adj. bearing the 
 head: said of a coin or medal; nar- 
 rower at the base than the top: 
 said of a leaf or radicle: n. (ob'vers) 
 the side of a coin or medal having 
 the face or head upon it; opposed to 
 reverse. [Latin.] 
 
 obvert (ob-vert'), v.t. to turn towards; 
 face. [Latin.] 
 
 obviate (ob'vi-at), v.t. to remove, as 
 difficulties or objections. [Latin.] 
 
 obvious (ob'vi-us), adj. evident. 
 
 occasion (ok-ka/zhun) , n. occurrence; 
 state or position of affairs; opportu- 
 nity; incidental cause or need; exi- 
 gence: v.t. to cause or influence di- 
 rectly or indirectly ; give rise to. 
 
 occasional (ok-ka/zhun-al), adj. inci- 
 dental or casual. 
 
 Occident (ok'si-dent) , n. the West; 
 the countries west of Asia and the 
 Turkish dominions. [Latin.] 
 
 occipital (ok-sip'i-tal), adj. pertain- 
 ing to the occiput. [Latin.] 
 
 occiput (ok'si-put), n. the hinder part 
 of the skull or head. 
 
 occult (ok-kulf). adj. hidden; secret; 
 invisible. [Latin.] # 
 
 occultism (ok-kult'izm), n. Eastern 
 theosophy; mysticism in general. 
 
 occupant (ok'ii-pant), n. one who has 
 possession. 
 
 occupation (ok-u-pa'shun), n. the act 
 or state of occupying; business, em- 
 ployment, or calling. 
 
 occupy (ok'u-pl), v.L [p.t. & p.p. occu- 
 pied, p.pr. occupying], to take pos- 
 session of; hold or keep in possession, 
 as for use; fill or cover; employ: v.i. 
 to traffic. [Latin.] 
 
 occur (ok-ker'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. oc- 
 
 curred, p.pr. occurring], to happen 
 or take place; come to the mind; 
 be found or met with. [Latin.] 
 
 occurrence (ok-ker'ens), n. an acci- 
 dent, event, or incident. 
 
 ocean (o'shun), n. the vast expanse 
 of salt water covering more than 
 3-5ths of the globe; any one of its 
 chief divisions ; an immense expanse : 
 adj. pertaining to the great expanse 
 of salt water. [Latin.] 
 
 ochre (o'ker) , n. a fine yellow or brown- 
 colored clay: used as a pigment. 
 
 octa, a Latin prefix meaning eight . Also 
 octo, as octachord, an instrument of 
 8 strings; a system of 8 sounds; 
 octodecimo, a book with 18 leaves to 
 the sheet (18mo). 
 
 octagon (ok'ta-gon), n. a plane figure 
 of 8 sides and 8 angles. 
 
 octahedron (ok-ta-he'drun), n. a solid 
 figure contained by 8 equal equilat- 
 eral triangles. 
 
 octave (ok'tav), n. an eighth, or an in- 
 terval of 12 semitones; the 8th day 
 after a church festival, the festival 
 itself being included; a small cask 
 of wine = l-8th of a pipe: adj. con- 
 sisting of 8. 
 
 octavo (ok-ta'vo), n. a sheet of print- 
 ing paper folded in 8 leaves or 16 
 pages (8vo) : adj. having 8 leaves or 
 16 pages to the sheet. 
 
 octogenarian (ok-to-je-na'ri-an), n. 
 one who is eighty years old: adj. 
 eighty years old. [Latin.] 
 
 octopus (ok'to-pus), n. [pi. octopuses 
 (ok'to-pus-ez)], a genus of Cephalo- 
 pods having 8 arms, containing the 
 cuttle-fish. 
 
 octoroon (ok-to-roon'), n. the off- 
 spring of a white person and a 
 quadroon, and therefore seven- 
 eighths white. 
 
 octuple (ok'tu-pl), adj. eight-fold. 
 
 ocular (ok'u-lar), adj. pertaining to, 
 depending on, or formed by, the eye; 
 known from actual sight. [Latin.] 
 
 oculist (ok'u-list), n. one who is skilled 
 in the treatment of eye diseases. 
 
 odd (od), adj. not paired or matched 
 with another; not even; not exactly 
 divisible by two; unusual; peculiar; 
 eccentric. 
 
 oddity (od'i-ti), n. a person or thing 
 that is peculiar; eccentricity; 
 strangeness. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ODDS 
 
 350 
 
 OLFACTORY 
 
 odds (odz), n.pl. inequality; advan- 
 tage; superiority; excess of either 
 compared with the other; probabil- 
 ity; more than an even, wager. 
 
 ode (od), n. a short song; lyric poem. 
 
 odious (o'di-us), adj. offensive; un- 
 popular. 
 
 odium (o'di-um), n. hatred; dislike. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 odor (o'der), n. a scent; estimation. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 odorous (o'der-us), adj. emitting an 
 odor or scent; fragrant. 
 
 o'er (or), same as over. 
 
 of (ov), prep, from; out of; belong- 
 ing to; according to; proceeding 
 from. 
 
 off (of), adj. most distant; noting the 
 right-hand side in driving, or the 
 left-hand side of the bowler at crick- 
 et: adv. away from: prep, not on; 
 distant from: inter j. begone! 
 
 offal (of'al), n. refuse; waste meat. 
 
 off-cast (of'kast), n. whatever is cast 
 away, rejected, or scorned. 
 
 offend (of -fend'), v.t. to displease or 
 make angry; molest or annoy; pain 
 or shock: v.i. to transgress; do any- 
 thing displeasing. [Latin.] 
 
 offense (of -fens') , n. any cause of anger 
 or displeasure; insult; injury; as- 
 sault. 
 
 offensive (of-fen'siy) , adj. causing dis- 
 pleasure'; annoying; disagreeable; 
 disgusting; used in attack: n. the 
 act of attacking (with the). 
 
 offer (of'er), v.t. to present for accept- 
 ance or refusal; proffer; present in 
 worship or sacrifice; bid as a price 
 or reward: v.i. to be ready; express 
 a willingness; attempt or make an 
 attempt: n. a proposal made; price 
 offered; first advance. [Latin. ]_ 
 
 offering (of'er-ing), n. that which is of- 
 fered; a sacrifice; oblation. 
 
 office (of 'is), n. public or private busi- 
 ness; employment; function; act of 
 worship; formulary of devotion; act 
 of kindness ;; service; apartment for 
 the transaction of business : pi. the 
 outlying buildings of a mansion. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 officer (of'is-er), n. a person commis- 
 sioned to perform a certain public 
 duty: v.t. to furnish with officers. 
 
 official (of-fish'al), adj. pertaining to 
 an office or public duty; from the 
 
 proper authority: n. one who holds 
 a civil office. 
 
 officiate (of-fish'i-at) , v.i. to perform 
 the duties of an office. 
 
 officious' (of-fish'us), adj. too forward 
 in offering services; meddling. 
 
 offing (of'ing), n. that part of the sea 
 with deep water off the shore. 
 
 off scouring (of'skour-ing), n. refuse. 
 
 offset (of 'set), n. a young shoot or 
 bud; a sum or account placed as an 
 equivalent for another; in survey- 
 ing, a perpendicular let fall from the 
 main line to an outlying point. 
 
 offside (of'sid), n. the side to the right 
 hand of the driver. 
 
 offspring (of 'spring), n. children; de- 
 scendants. 
 
 often (of 'en), adv. many times; fre- 
 quently. 
 
 ogle (o'gl), v.t. to look fondly at with 
 a side glance: n. a side glance. 
 
 ogre (o'ger), n. an imaginary man- 
 eating monster or giant. Feminine 
 ogress. [French.] 
 
 oh (o), inter j. an exclamation of won- 
 der, pain, or anxiety. 
 
 ohm (om), n. the unit of electrical 
 resistance, named after Dr. G. S. 
 Ohm, the German electrician. 
 
 oil (oil), n. a highly inflammable 
 fatty liquid obtained from various 
 animal and vegetable substances: 
 v.t. to lubricate with oil. [German.] 
 
 oilcloth (oil'kloth), n. painted canvas 
 for floor covering. 
 
 ointment (oint'ment), n. an unctu- 
 ous substance applied to a wound or 
 injured part. 
 
 old (old), adj. [comp. older , superl. 
 oldest], aged; decayed by time; an- 
 cient; out of date; long practiced. 
 
 oleaginous (o-le-aj'i-nus), adj. oily; 
 unctuous. _ 
 
 oleander (o-le-an'der) , n. an ever- 
 green shrub with handsome fragrant 
 flowers. 
 
 oleaster (o-le-as'ter) , n. the wild 
 olive. 
 
 oleine (o'le-in), n. the pure liquid part 
 of oil or fat. Also olein. 
 
 oleo, a Latin prefix meaning oily, per- 
 taining to oil, or oily. 
 
 oleomargarine (o-le-6-mar'gar-in) , 
 n. imitation butter made from milk 
 and animal fat. Also margarine. 
 
 olfactory (ol-f ak'to-ri) , adj. pertain- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, s met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book: 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
OLIGARCHY 
 
 351 
 
 OPERATE 
 
 ing to, or used in, smelling: n. organ 
 of smell (usually pi). 
 
 oligarchy (ol'i-gar-ki), n. [pi. oligar- 
 chies (ol'i-gar-kiz)], government in 
 which the supreme power is in the 
 hands of a few ; a state so governed. 
 
 olive (ol'iv), n. a plant of the genus 
 Olea, or its oily fruit; a tawny yel- 
 low color: adj. pertaining to, or re- 
 sembling, the olive. [Latin.] 
 
 olla (ol'ya). n. a wide-mouthed cook- 
 ing vessel of earthenware found in 
 all Spanish and Spanish- American 
 countries. [Spanish.] 
 
 omega (o-me'ga), n. the last letter of 
 the Greek alphabet: hence the last; 
 end. 
 
 omelet (om'e-let), n. a kind of pan- 
 cake of eggs, &c. [French.] 
 
 omen (o'men), n. a sign of some fu- 
 ture event: v.t. to portend or prog- 
 nosticate. [Latin.] 
 
 ominous (om'i-nus), adj. foreboding 
 evil; inauspicious. 
 
 omission (o-mish'un), n. neglect or 
 failure to do something required; 
 something omitted. [Latin.] 
 
 omit (o-mif), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. omitted, 
 v.pr. omitting], to leave out; neg- 
 lect ; fail to mention. 
 
 omni, a Latin prefix meaning all, en- 
 tirely, as omnipresent . 
 
 omnibus (om'ni-bus), n. a public 
 four-wheeled carriage for passenger 
 traffic. 
 
 omnipotence (om-nip'o-tens), n. un- 
 limited power. 
 
 omnipotent (om-nip'o-tent) , adj. hav- 
 ing unlimited power. 
 
 Omnipotent, n. God (with the). 
 
 omnipresence (om-ni-prez'ens), n. 
 universal presence. 
 
 omniscient (om-nish'ent), adj. know- 
 ing all things; infinitely wise. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 omnivorous (om-niv'er-us), adj. feed- 
 ing upon animal and vegetable food ; 
 all-devouring. 
 
 on (on), prep, upon; in contact with 
 the upper part; at; near: adv. for- 
 ward; onward: adj. noting the side 
 to the right of the batsman in crick- 
 et: inter j. go on! 
 
 once (wuns), adv. at one time; for- 
 merly; one time. 
 
 one (wun), adj. single in number; 
 some way; individual: n. [pi. ones 
 
 (wunz)], the number one or its 
 symbol; an individual. 
 
 onerous (on'er-us), adj. burdensome; 
 weighty; oppressive. 
 
 onion (un'yim), n . a bulbous-rooted 
 plant of the genus Allium: used in 
 cookery. [Latin.] 
 
 only (on'li), adj. single; one and no 
 more: adv. singly ; merely. 
 
 onomatopoeia (on-o-mat-o-pe'ya), n. 
 the formation of words to resemble 
 the sounds made by the thing sig- 
 nified, as buzz, a bee; tick-tick, a 
 watch, &c; the use of words so 
 formed, or the word itself. [Greek.] 
 
 onset (on'set), n. an assault; attack. 
 
 onslaught (on'slawt), n. a furious at- 
 tack. 
 
 ontology (on-tol'o-ji), n. the logic of 
 pure being; metaphysics. 
 
 onus (o'nus), n. a burden; duty; ob- 
 ligation. 
 
 onward (on'werd), adj. advancing; 
 progressing: adv. in advance. Also 
 onwards: inter j. forward! 
 
 onyx (on'iks), n. a variety of agate. 
 
 oolong (oo'long), n. a Chinese black 
 tea, the flavor of which resembles 
 green tea. Also oulong. [Chinese.] 
 
 ooze (ooz), n. soft mud or slime; gen- 
 tle flow; liquor of a tan vat: v.i. to 
 flow gently; percolate. 
 
 opacity (o-pas'i-ti) , n. opaqueness; the 
 character of not being transparent. 
 
 opal (o'pal), 7U 2u precious stone of 
 milky hue, exhibiting a play of vari- 
 ous colors. [French.] 
 
 opalescent (o-pal-es'ent), adj. re- 
 sembling opal in its reflection of 
 light. 
 
 opaque (o-pak'), adj. not transparent. 
 
 open (op'n), adj. not shut; unfastened; 
 clear of trees ; unsealed ; clear ; un- 
 reserved; public; generous; frank; 
 sincere; enunciated, without closing 
 the mouth: v.t. to make open; be- 
 gin; expand; break the seal of: v.i. 
 to unclose itself; commence; begin 
 to appear; bark in view or the scent 
 of game: said of a dog. 
 
 opening (op'n-ing), n. an aperture; op- 
 portunity: adj. first in order. 
 
 opera (op'er-a), n. a musical drama. 
 See music-drama. [Italian.] 
 
 operate (op'er-at), v.i. to work; pro- 
 duce a certain effect; perform a sur- 
 gical operation: v.t. to cause to per- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut : think, then- 
 
OPERATIC 
 
 352 
 
 ORACLE 
 
 form certain work: as, to operate a 
 machine. [Latin.] 
 
 operatic (op-er-at'ik), adj. pertaining 
 to the opera. 
 
 operation (op-er-a'shun) , n. the act of 
 operating; agency; effect; manipu- 
 lation; surgical performance with 
 instruments; a series of movements 
 by an army or fleet. 
 
 operative (op'er-a-tiv), adj. having the 
 power of acting; efficacious; vigor- 
 ous: n. an artisan or skilled workman. 
 
 operetta (op-er-et'a), n. a light mu- 
 sical drama. [Italian.] 
 
 ophidian (o'fidi-an), adj. pertaining 
 to the Ophidia; snake-like: n. one of 
 the Ophidia; a reptile. 
 
 ophthalmia (of-thaTmi-a) , n. in- 
 flammation of the eye or eyeball. 
 Also ophthalmitis. [Greek.] 
 
 opiate (o'pi-at), n. a medicine com- 
 pounded with opium to induce sleep 
 or rest; narcotic; anything that 
 soothes: adj. narcotic; soothing; in- 
 ducing sleep or quiet. [Latin.] 
 
 opinion (o-pm'yun), n. belief or judg- 
 ment; estimation; persuasion. 
 
 opinionated (6-pin'yun-a-ted), adj. 
 firm or obstinate in one's opinions. 
 
 opium (o'pi-um), n. the dried juice 
 of the capsules of the white poppy, 
 used as a narcotic, and also as an 
 anodyne. Opium is a single sub- 
 stance from a blending of codeine, 
 morphine, and narcotine, which 
 constitute a mass of alkaloids. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 opossum (o-pos'um), n. an American 
 and Australian marsupial carnivor- 
 ous mammal. 
 
 opponent (op-po'nent), adj. opposite; 
 adverse; antagonistic: n. one who 
 opposes, especially in argument or 
 debate; adversary. 
 
 opportune (op-per-tun'), adj. well- 
 timed; seasonable. [Latin.] 
 
 opportunism (qp-per-tun'izm), n. 
 sacrifice of principle to circum- 
 stances, especially in politics. 
 
 opportunity (op-per-tu'ni-ti), n. con- 
 venient time or occasion. 
 
 oppose (op-poz'), v.t. to act against; 
 contend with; resist; place as an 
 obstacle; check. _ [Latin.] 
 
 opposite (pp'po-zit), adj. placed or 
 standing in front; contrary; adverse; 
 antagonistic. 
 
 opposition (op-po-zish'un) , n. the act 
 or state of opposing; hostile resist- 
 ance; contrariety; obstacle; the situ- 
 ation of two heavenly bodies when 
 their longitudes differ by 180°; the 
 collective body of opponents to the 
 existing administration or govern- 
 ment. 
 
 oppress (op-pres'). v.t. to burden; 
 crush by hardship or severity; lie 
 heavily upon. 
 
 oppression (op-presh'un), n. the act 
 of oppressing; state of being op- 
 pressed; hardship; calamity; in- 
 justice; lassitude; dulness. 
 
 oppressive (op-pres'iv), adj. unrea- 
 sonably burdensome; unjustly se- 
 vere; tyrannical; overpowering; 
 heavy. 
 
 opprobrious (op-pro 'bri-us), adj. ex- 
 pressive of opprobrium; reproachful 
 and contemptuous; disgraceful. 
 
 opprobrium (op-pro'bri-um) , n. re- 
 proach with disdain or contempt; 
 ignominy. 
 
 optative (op'ta-tiv), adj. expressing de- 
 sire or wish; a mood in Greek gram- 
 mar denoting expression of desire. 
 
 optic (op'tik), adj. pertaining to 
 vision. Also optical: n. pi. the sci- 
 ence of the properties of light and 
 vision. 
 
 optician (op-tish'un) , n. one skilled 
 in optics; one who makes or sells 
 optical instruments. 
 
 optimism (op'ti-mizm), n. the doc- 
 trine that everything in the present 
 state of existence is for the best. 
 See pessimism. [Latin.] 
 
 option (op'shun), n. power or right of 
 choice; wish; selection; on the 
 Stock Exchange, the liberty to sell 
 or buy stock in a time bargain at a 
 stated price. [Latin.] 
 
 optional (op'shun-al), adj. left to one's 
 wish or choice. 
 
 opulence (op'u-lens), n. wealth. Also 
 opulency. [Latin.] 
 
 opulent (op'u-lent), adj. wealthy; 
 rich. 
 
 opus (o'pus), n. [pi. opera (op'er-a)], 
 a work; musical composition. [Lfltin.] 
 
 or (or), conj. the correlative of either. 
 
 oracle (or'a-kl), n. among _ the an- 
 cients, the response of a deity or in- 
 spired priest to some inquiry; the 
 deity who gave the answer ; the place 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ORAL 
 
 353 
 
 ORGAN 
 
 where a deity might be consulted; 
 the Jewish temple; a prophetic dec- 
 laration; a prophet or person of 
 reputed wisdom. [Latin.] 
 
 oral (o'ral), adj. verbal. 
 
 orange (or'enj), n. a tree {Citrus 
 Aurantium) with a deep golden-col- 
 ored and juicy fruit; the color of 
 such fruit: adj. pertaining to an 
 orange; orange-colored. [French.] 
 
 orang-outang (o'rang'oo-tang), n. 
 the great anthropoid ape of the East- 
 ern Archipelago. Also ourang-ou- 
 tang. [Malay, "forest man."] 
 
 oration (o-ra'shun), n. a formal pub- 
 lic speech delivered on an occasion 
 of special importance; harangue. 
 
 orator (or'a-ter), n. one who makes 
 an eloquent oration. [Latin.] 
 
 oratorical (or-a-tor'i-kal) , adj. per- 
 taining to an orator or to oratory; 
 rhetorical. 
 
 oratorio (or-a-to'ri-5), n. a musical 
 composition having a sacred theme 
 as its subject. [Italian.] 
 
 oratory (or'a-to-ri) , n. the art of an 
 orator; eloquence: n.vl. oratories, a 
 small chapel, especially one for pri- 
 vate devotion. 
 
 orb (orb), n. a circular body; sphere; 
 the eye: circuit. [Latin.] 
 
 orbit (orbit), n. the bony cavity of 
 the eye; the path described^ by a 
 heavenly body during its periodical 
 revolution. 
 
 orchard (or'cherd), n. an inclosure of 
 fruit trees. 
 
 orchestra (6r-kes'tra), n. in the an- 
 cient Greek theater the place where 
 the chorus danced; (or'kes-tra), in a 
 modern theater, &c, the place oc- 
 cupied by the musicians ; the parquet ; 
 the body of musicians. [Greek.] 
 
 orchestration (6r-kes-tra'shun), n. 
 musical arrangement or instrumen- 
 tation for an orchestra. 
 
 orchid (or'kid), n. a handsome flower, 
 often of fantastic shape, of the genus 
 Orchis. [Greek.] 
 
 ordain (6r-dan'), v.t. to appoint; in- 
 stitute; invest with ministerial or 
 priestly functions. [Latin.] 
 
 ordeal (6r-de'al), n. an ancient method 
 of trial by fire, water, combat, &c, 
 to determine the guilt or innocence 
 of an accused person : hence a severe 
 trial or test. 
 
 order (or'der), n. method or regular ar- 
 rangement; settled mode of proce- 
 dure; rule; regulation; command; 
 class; rank; degree; a religious fra- 
 ternity; an association of persons 
 possessing a common honorary dis- 
 tinction; a division intermediate be- 
 tween a class or sub-class and a 
 family; in architecture, a system of 
 constructing and ornamenting col- 
 umns, comprising the Tuscan, Doric, 
 Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite: 
 pi. the three orders (bishop, priest, 
 deacon) of the Christian ministry in 
 an Episcopal Church (Holy Or- 
 ders) : v.t. to regulate or manage ; 
 command; conduct; direct: v.i. to 
 give a command or order. [Latin.] 
 
 ordering (or'der-ing) , n. arrangement; 
 distribution. 
 
 orderly (or'der-li), adj. well regulated; 
 methodical; performed in good or- 
 der; peaceable; on military duty: n. 
 a soldier who attends upon an offi- 
 cer to carry his orders: adv. method- 
 ically. 
 
 ordinal (6r'din-al), adj. noting order: 
 n. a number noting order; a book 
 containing the form of service for 
 ordination. 
 
 ordinance (or'di-nans) , n. an estab- 
 lished rule, rite, or law. 
 
 ordinary (or'di-na-ri) , adj. according 
 to established order; usual; cus- 
 tomary; commonplace; mediocre; 
 plain; a meal for all comers at fixed 
 charges (English usage); an eccle- 
 siastical judge; a prison chaplain; in 
 heraldry, that part of the escutcheon 
 contained between straight and other 
 lines. 
 
 ordinate (or'di-nat), n. a straight line 
 in a curve terminated on both sides 
 by the curve and bisected by the 
 diameter. 
 
 ordination (6r-di-na'shun), n. the act 
 of conferring holy orders; the state 
 of being ordained' or appointed. 
 
 ordnance (ord'nans), n. artillery. 
 
 ore (or), n. metal as extracted from 
 the earth in its natural state or 
 combined with some other sub- 
 stance. 
 
 organ (or'gan), n. an instrument; 
 means of communication or convey- 
 ance; that part of a living structure 
 by means of which some function is 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ORGANDIE 
 
 354 
 
 OSCILLATION 
 
 discharged or work performed; a 
 wind instrument. [Greek.] 
 
 organdie (or'gan-di), n. a fine, thin 
 muslin. [French.] 
 
 organic (6r-gan'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
 composed of, containing, or pro- 
 duced by, organs; instrumental. Also 
 organic al. 
 
 organism (or'gan-ism), n. organical 
 structure. 
 
 organization (6r-gan-i-za'shun), _ n. 
 organic structure; act of organizing; 
 a political group controlling elections, 
 etc. 
 
 organize (6r'gan-iz) , v.t. to form or 
 furnish with organs; to arrange a 
 task in suitable parts so that it may 
 be performed efficiently. 
 
 organon (or'ga-non), n. a body of 
 rules for regulating scientific or 
 philosophical .investigation. Fran- 
 cis Bacon's great philosophical work 
 was called Novum Organum,, or new 
 body of doctrine. [Greek.] 
 
 orgy (or'ji), n. a drunken revel, espe- 
 cially at night: pi. secret rites in the 
 worship of Dionysus (Bacchus), dis- 
 tinguished by wild revelry. [French, 
 from_Greek.] 
 
 oriel (o'ri-el), n. a large bay window. 
 [French.] 
 
 Orient (o'ri-ent), adj. Oriental: n. the 
 East. _ [Latin.] 
 
 orient (o'ri-ent), v.t. to define the po- 
 sition of with reference to the East. 
 
 Oriental (o-ri-en'tal), adj. pertaining 
 to, or situated in, the East ; pro- 
 ceeding from Asia or the East: n. an 
 inhabitant of Asia or the East. 
 
 oriental (o-ri-en'tal), adj. precious; 
 pure; valuable: said of gems. 
 
 orientate (o'ri-en-tat), v.t. & v.i. to 
 turn towards the East. 
 
 orifice (or'i-fis), n. a mouth or aper- 
 ture. [Latin.] 
 
 origin (or'i-jin), n. beginning; first 
 existence; source; cause; deriva- 
 tion. 
 
 original (5-rij'i-nal), adj. first in or- 
 der; having power to originate; not 
 copied: n. that from which anything 
 is copied, &c. ; the language in which 
 a work is written; archetype; an 
 eccentric person. [Latin.] 
 
 originality (o-rij-i-nal'i-ti) , n. origi- 
 nal state or quality. 
 
 originate (o-rij'i-nat), v.t. to bring 
 
 into existence: v.i. to rise; com- 
 mence. 
 
 oriole (o'ri-ol), n. the golden-thrush. 
 [French J 
 
 ormolu (or'mo-loo), n. bronze or cop- 
 per gilt in imitation of gold. 
 
 ornament (or'na-ment) , n. anything 
 that adorns or beautifies; embellish- 
 ment: v.t. to adorn, beautify, or 
 decorate. 
 
 ornate (or-naf), adj. ornamented. 
 
 ornith, a Greek prefix meaning bird. 
 Also ornitho, as ornitholite, the re- 
 mains of a bird in a fossil state. 
 
 ornithology (6r-ni-thoro-ji), n. the 
 scientific study of the structure, 
 habits, &c, of birds. 
 
 ornithopter (6r-nith-op'ter) , n. a 
 flying machine with flapping wings, 
 in imitation of a bird. No such 
 machine has proved successful. 
 
 orotund (o'ro-tund), adj. character- 
 ized by fullness, clearness, strength 
 and smoothness: said of the voice or 
 manner of utterance: n. a quality of 
 voice thus characterized. [Latin.] 
 
 orphan (or 'fan), n. a child bereft of 
 one or both parents: adj. bereft of 
 parents. [French, from Greek.] 
 
 orrery (or'e-ri), n. an apparatus to 
 illustrate by balls mounted on rods 
 the motions, magnitudes, and posi- 
 tions of the planets of the solar sys- 
 tem. Named from Lord Orrery 
 (1715). 
 
 orris (or'is), n. gold or silver lace; the 
 iris. [Old French.] 
 
 ortho, a Greek prefix meaning straight, 
 right, true. 
 
 orthodox (or'tho-doks) , adj. holding, 
 or in accordance with, the received 
 or established belief or doctrine, es- 
 pecially as taught in the formularies 
 of a particular church. 
 
 orthoepy (6r-tho'e-pi), n. correct pro- 
 nunciation. 
 
 orthography (or-thog'ra-fi) , n. the 
 art' of spelling and writing words 
 correctly. 
 
 orthopaedia (6r-tho-pe'di-a) , n._ the 
 prevention and cure of deformities, 
 especially in _children. 
 
 oscillate (os'i-lat). v.i. & v.t. to swing 
 backwards and forwards; vibrate. 
 
 oscillation (os-i-la'shun) , n. a swing- 
 ing backwards and forwards; vi- 
 bration. [Latin.] 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
OSCULATE 
 
 35* 
 
 OUTDO 
 
 osculate (os'ku-lat), v.t. & v.i. to kiss; 
 touch. [Latin.] 
 
 osier (o'zher), n. a willow, the twigs 
 of which are used in basket-making; 
 matter in muscular fiber containing 
 those constituents to which its taste 
 when cooked is due. 
 
 Oslerize (os'ler-iz), v.t. to remove by 
 compulsory death persons who have 
 reached the age when their useful- 
 ness is on the decline. 
 
 osmium (os'mi-um), n. a metallic 
 element in platinum ore. It is of 
 a clear blue color and has a meteoric 
 origin. [Greek.] 
 
 osprey (os'pra), n. the fish-hawk. 
 Also ossifrage. 
 
 osseous (os'e-us), adj. pertaining to, 
 consisting of, or like, bone. [Latin.] 
 
 ossification (os-i-fi-ka/shun) , n. con- 
 version of soft animal tissue into 
 bone. 
 
 ossify (os'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ossified, 
 p.pr. ossifying], to convert into 
 bone or into a bone-like substance; 
 harden: v.i. to become bone. 
 
 ostensible (os-ten'si-bl), adj. appar- 
 ent; held forth to view; plausible. 
 
 ostentation (os-ten-ta/shun) , n._ out- 
 ward show or appearance ; ambitious 
 or vain display. 
 
 ostentatious (os-ten-ta'shus), adj. 
 fond of show; intended for vain dis- 
 play; gaudy. _ 
 
 osteology (os-te-ol'o-ji), n. that part 
 of anatomy treating of bones, their 
 "structure, &c. 
 
 osteopathy (os-te-op'a-thi), n. a sys- 
 tem of therapeutics in which the 
 treatment is by manipulation of the 
 bones, muscles and nerve centers, 
 with regard to the chemical and 
 physical properties of the osseous 
 tissues. [Grseco-Latin.] 
 
 ostler (os'ler), n. a man who attends 
 to horses at an inn. Also hostler. 
 [Old French.] 
 
 ostracism (os'tra-sizm) , n. banish- 
 ment by ostracizing. 
 
 ostracize (os'tra-slz), v.t. to banish by 
 popular vote: from the ancient cus- 
 tom in Athens of banishing a citizen 
 by throwing a shell, inscribed with 
 the name of the person to be ban- 
 ished, into an urn; exclude from 
 public or private favor. [Greek.] 
 
 ostrich (os'trich), n. a swift running 
 African bird, valued for its feathers. 
 
 other (uth'cv), adj. noting something 
 besides; different; contrary. 
 
 otherwise (uth'er-wlz), adv. in another 
 manner; in other respects: conj. 
 else. 
 
 otherworldly (uf/i-er-werld'li), adj. 
 unearthly; strange in appearance; 
 acting in things remote from the rest 
 of mankind. 
 
 otter (ot'er), n. an amphibious mam- 
 mal of the weasel family, which 
 feeds on fish. 
 
 ottoman (ot'o-man), n. a cushioned 
 seat; a movable cushioned foot- 
 rest. 
 
 oubliette (oo-bli-et'), n. a small, dark 
 cell in an old French castle, where 
 the intense blackness and stillness 
 were used to destroy the reason of 
 prisoners immured there. [French.] 
 
 ought (awt), v.i. to be under obliga- 
 tion; be fit, necessary, or proper: n. 
 anything. 
 
 ounce (ouns), n. a weight l-16th of 
 a pound avoirdupois; l-12th of a 
 pound troy; a carnivorous animal 
 resembling the leopard. 
 
 our (our), pron. pertaining to, or be- 
 longing to, us. 
 
 ourang-outang. See orang-outang. 
 
 ourselves (our-selvz'), pron.pl. we 
 or us, not others. 
 
 oust (oust), v.t. to eject. 
 
 out (out), adv. without; not within 
 or at home; abroad; gone forth; 
 not in office or employment; in a 
 state of extinction ; to the end ; at a 
 loss; without restraint; not actively 
 engaged in a game; in an error; 
 loudly: inter j. begone!: n. one who 
 is not in office. 
 
 out-and-out, adj. thorough: adv. com- 
 pletely; thoroughly. 
 
 outbreak (out'brak), n. a breaking 
 out; an eruption. 
 
 outcast (out'kast), adj. cast out; re- 
 jected: n. one who is an exile. 
 
 outcome (out'kum), n. issue; conse- 
 quence; result. 
 
 outcrop (out'krop), n. the exposure of 
 strata at the earth's surface: v.i. to 
 crop out at the surface. 
 
 outcry (out'kri), n. clamor; tumult. 
 
 outdo (out-doo'), v.t. to excel: to sur- 
 pass. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 23 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
OUTER 
 
 356 
 
 OVERCHARGE 
 
 outer (out'er), adj. further out; more; 
 external. 
 
 outfall (out'fawl), n. the lower end of 
 a water-course; point of discharge. 
 
 outgo (out'go), n. one's expenses or 
 what one gives out in a definite 
 time. Opposed, therefore, to income. 
 
 outfit (out/fit), n. equipment. 
 
 outlander (out'lan-der) , n. a foreigner; 
 one who comes from a land without. 
 This word is German, Dutch, and 
 English, but more used in the late 
 Boer States of South Africa. (Aus- 
 lander, Uitlander, Outlander.) 
 
 outlandish (out-land'ish) , adj. for- 
 eign; extraordinary; vulgar. 
 
 outlaw (out 'law), n. one who is de- 
 prived of legal benefits and protec- 
 tion: v.t. to deprive of legal benefits 
 and protection. 
 
 outlay (out 'la), n. expenditure. 
 
 outline (out'lin), n. a line bounding or 
 defining a figure; first sketch: v.t. 
 to sketch out. 
 
 outlook (out 'look), n. vigilant watch; 
 prospect. 
 
 outport (out'port), n. sl port or harbor 
 at some distance from the chief port. 
 
 output _ (out 'put), n. the amount of 
 material sold in any field of labor or 
 commerce. Thus "the literary out- 
 put," "the output of corn," "the iron 
 output." [Vulgar.] 
 
 outrage (out 'raj), n. open and exces- 
 sive violence; wanton abuse or mis- 
 chief: v.t. to commit an outrage 
 upon; insult indecently: v.i. to act 
 in an outrageous manner. [French.] 
 
 outrageous (out-raj 'us), adj. violent; 
 excessive; exceeding all bounds. 
 
 outrider (out'ri-der), # n. a servant 
 on horseback who rides in advance 
 of a carriage. 
 
 outrigger (out'rig-er) , n. a projecting 
 spar or beam for extending sails or 
 ropes; a boat with projecting row- 
 locks. 
 
 outright (out'rit), adv. completely; 
 at once. 
 
 outset (out 'set), n. a setting out ; be- 
 ginning. 
 
 outside (out'sid), n. the external part 
 of anything; superficies; utmost; a 
 passenger on the top of a bus, &c: 
 pi. the exterior sheets of a ream of 
 paper: adj. pertaining to, or situ- 
 ated upon, the outside; exterior. 
 
 outspan (out-span'), v.i. to loose sad- 
 dle; dismount, and then unyoke the 
 cattle; spreading out the camp in a 
 fan-like way for protection and easy 
 recall. [Dutch.] 
 
 outspoken (out'spo-kn), adj. candid. 
 
 outstanding (qut-stand'ing), adj. pro- 
 jecting; unpaid. 
 
 outward (out'werd), adj. external; to 
 or from the exterior; visible; ex- 
 trinsic. 
 
 outwards (out'werdz), adv. towards 
 the outside; to foreign parts. Also 
 outward. 
 
 outwit (out-wit'), v.t. to overreach, or 
 defeat, by superior skill or cun- 
 ning. 
 
 outwork (out'werk), n. a defense con- 
 structed beyond the main body of a 
 fort, &c. 
 
 oval (5'val), adj. shaped like an egg; 
 elliptical: n. anything egg-shaped. 
 
 ovary (o'va-ri), n. [pi. ovaries (o'va- 
 riz)], the organ in a female animal in 
 which the ova or first germs of fu- 
 ture life are formed; the hollow 
 seed-case_of a plant. 
 
 ovate, (o'vat), adj. egg-shaped. 
 
 ovation (o-va'shun), n._ among the 
 ancient Romans, a minor triumph 
 of a general for an inferior victory 
 at which sheep (oves) were sacrificed; 
 an enthusiastic demonstration of 
 public esteem. [Latin.] 
 
 oven (uv'n), n. a place or apparatus 
 for baking or heating. Dutch oven 
 means a sort of baking-pot which 
 when surrounded by hot coals is 
 used for baking. 
 
 over (o'ver), prep, superior in posi- 
 tion, authority, dignity, excellence, 
 or value; above; upon; across; cov- 
 ering; more than: adv. from begin- 
 ning to end; from one to another; 
 from side to side; in excess; on the 
 surface; throughout: adj. beyond; 
 superior: n ; in cricket, the number 
 of balls delivered by one bowler. 
 
 overbearing (o'ver-bar'ing), adj. dom- 
 ineering ;_haughty. 
 
 overcast (o-ver-kasf), v.t. to cloud, to 
 cover with gloom ; to sew over the 
 edges (of a fabric): v.i. to grow dull. 
 
 overcharge (o-ver-charj'), v.t. to load 
 with too great a charge ; to ask too 
 great a price: n. (o'ver-charj), an ex- 
 cessive load or charge. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hup, hut : think, then. 
 
OVERCOAT 
 
 357 
 
 OZONE 
 
 overcoat (o'ver-kot), n. an outdoor 
 coat worn over all the other dress. 
 
 overflow (o-ver-flo'), v.t. to flood; to 
 overwhelm: n. (o'ver-flo), a flowing 
 over. 
 
 overhang (o-ver-hang'), v.t. to hang 
 over; to project over; to impend. 
 
 overhaul (o-ver-hawl'), v.t. to exam- 
 ine thoroughly; overtake; gain upon: 
 said of a ship. 
 
 overhear (6-ver-her'), v.t. to hear what 
 was not intended to be heard. 
 
 overjoy (o-ver-joi'), v.t. to fill with 
 delight. 
 
 overlander (o-ver-lan'der), ft. a trav- 
 eler; one who makes his way as an 
 emigrant by land in wagons, as did 
 the pioneers who after the Revolu- 
 tion moved westward to Ohio, 
 Kentucky, Illinois, Kansas, Michi- 
 gan and finally to the Pacific slope. 
 
 overload (o-ver-lod), v.t. to load or fill 
 too much. 
 
 overlook (o-ver-look'),ri._to look over; 
 to see from a higher position; to view 
 carefully; to slight. 
 
 overplus (o'ver-plus), n. excess. 
 
 overpower (o-ver-pou'er), v.t. to bear 
 down or crush by superior force; 
 vanquish. 
 
 overseer (o-ver-ser'), ft. the superin- 
 tendent of some department of a busi- 
 ness: one who superintends the poor. 
 
 overshoe (o'ver-shoo), ft. a waterproof 
 shoe worn over another shoe. 
 
 overt Co- vert'), adj. open; public. 
 
 overtake (o-ver-tak') , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 overtook, p.pr. overtaking], to catch 
 by pursuit; come upon as a punish- 
 ment; take by surprise. 
 
 overthrow (o-ver-thro'). v.t. to turn 
 upside down; demolish; vanquish; 
 destroy: n. (o'ver-thro), ruin; defeat; 
 in cricket, a ball missed by the 
 wicket-keeper when returned to him. 
 
 overtones (o'ver-tonz), n.pl. har- 
 monics. 
 
 overture (5'ver-tur), n. an offer or 
 proposal; opening: an introductory 
 symphony before the commencement 
 of an opera. [French.] 
 
 overweening (o-ver-wen'ing), adj. 
 conceited. 
 
 overwhelm (o-ver-hwelm'), v.t. to 
 crush or destroy utterly. 
 
 overwork (o-ver-werk'), v.t. to tire: 
 v.i. to work beyond one's strength. 
 
 oviparous (o-vip'a-rus), adj. produc- 
 ing young by eggs. 
 
 ovum (o'vum), n. [pi. ova (o'va)], the 
 germ or body in the ovary which, 
 when impregnated, develops in the 
 foetus; an egg-shaped ornament. 
 
 owe (o), v.t. to be indebted, or under 
 obligation to; be obliged to pay: v.i. 
 to be in debt. 
 
 owl (oul), n. a, raptorial nocturnal 
 bird characterized by its hoot. 
 
 owlet (oul'et), ft. a young owl. 
 
 own Con), adj. belonging to; peculiar 
 or proper to: v.t. to possess or hold 
 by right; concede or acknowl- 
 edge. 
 
 owner (on'er) i ft. lawful proprietor. 
 
 ownership (on'er-ship), n. rightful 
 possession. 
 
 ox (oks), n. [pi. oxen (oks'n)], an ani- 
 mal of the oovine genus, especially 
 a castrated bull. 
 
 oxidation (oks-i-da'shun), n. the 
 operation of converting into an 
 oxide. 
 
 oxide (oks'Id), ft. a compound of 
 oxygen and a base. See ozone. 
 
 oxidize (oks'i-diz), v.t. to convert into 
 an oxide: v.i. to be converted into 
 an oxide. Also oxidate. 
 
 oxy, a Greek prefix occurring in various 
 scientific worcls, meaning the pres- 
 ence of oxygen. 
 
 oxygen* (oks'i-jen), n. a colorless in- 
 odorous gas, which with nitrogen 
 and argon constitutes 1-oth by vol- 
 ume of the atmosphere, and in com- 
 bination with hydrogen forms^ water. 
 
 oxytone (oks'i-ton), adj. having an 
 acute sound; having the last sylla- 
 ble accented: n. an acute sound. 
 
 oyer (o'yer), n. a hearing or trial of 
 legal _causes. [Old French.] 
 
 oyez (o'yes), inter j. the introductory 
 cry of an official or public crier de- 
 manding silence. It literally means 
 "hear ye." 
 
 oyster (bis'ter), n. a bivalve mollusk 
 of the genus Ostrea, much esteemed 
 as a delicacy. 
 
 ozone (o'zon), n. an allotropic form 
 of oxygen present in the atmosphere, 
 especially after electrical disturb- 
 ance, with a characteristic odor. 
 It is a remarkably strong oxidizing 
 agent, and is also used in bleaching 
 and disinfecting. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
p 
 
 P, the sixteenth letter of the English 
 alphabet, traced through the Greek 
 and Latin alphabets to the Hebrew 
 pe, meaning a mouth, of which it 
 was probably a picture. Our present 
 form of the letter is essentially that of 
 the Roman. As a "surd labial stop" 
 it corresponds to the vocalic b; with 
 which it often interchanges. Thus 
 Greek, episcopos; Eng. bishop; Span- 
 ish, obispo; Sanskrit, pad, Eng., 
 foot, again English keeps the p as in 
 sap while Sanskrit has sabar (nectar), 
 and Latin, lubricus. In chemistry, 
 P is the symbol for phosphorus. 
 
 pa (pa), n. abbreviation of papa. 
 
 pabulum (pab'u-lum), n. food; nour- 
 ishment. [Latin.] 
 
 pace (pas), n. a step; manner of 
 walking; length of one's movement 
 of the foot in walking; a linear 
 measure, varying from 30 in. to 60 
 in.; rate of progress; an amble: v.t. to 
 measure by steps or paces: v.i. to 
 walk deliberately; amble. [Latin.] 
 
 paced (past), p.adj. having a par- 
 ticular manner of walking. 
 
 pachydermatous (pak-i-der'ma-tus) , 
 adj. thick-skinned. 
 
 pacific (pa-sif'ik), adj. peace-mak- 
 ing; mild; peaceful; tranquil: n. the 
 Pacific Ocean. [Latin.] 
 
 pacification (pa-sif-i-ka'shun) , n. the 
 act of peace-making; conciliation. 
 
 pacify (pas'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. paci- 
 fied, p.pr. pacifying], to calm or ap- 
 pease; reconcile. 
 
 pack (pak), n. a large bundle tied 
 up for carriage; dogs in Alaska; set 
 of playing-cards; great number or 
 quantity; gang; weight of wool = 
 240 lbs.; number of dogs kept for 
 hunting: v.t. to bind and press to- 
 gether, as goods for carriage ; load ; 
 dismiss summarily or unceremoni- 
 ously; select and put together for 
 an unjust object: v.t. to become 
 
 firmly pressed; depart or remove in 
 haste. [Danish.] 
 
 package (pak'aj), n. a bundle or bale of 
 goods. [French.] 
 
 packet (pak'et), n. a small pack, or 
 parcel; a vessel sailing between two 
 or more ports for the conveyance 
 of passengers, mails, and merchan- 
 dise at regular intervals. 
 
 pact (pakt), n. an agreement. [Latin.] 
 
 pad (pad), n. a soft cushion; a thick 
 mass of sheets of blotting paper for* 
 writing upon; a slow-paced horse: 
 v.i. [p.t. & p.p. padded, p.pr. pad- 
 ding], to travel slowly: v.t. stuff 
 with padding. 
 
 padding (pad'ing), n. material used 
 for stuffing; the act of impregnating 
 cloth with a mordant; inserted mat- 
 ter for filling out a newspaper or 
 magazine article, &c. 
 
 paddle (pad'l), v.i. to row slowly; play 
 in the water: v.t. to propel by pad- 
 dle or oar; to spank: n. a short 
 broad car; an oar blade; one of the 
 floats for propelling -a steam- 
 ship. 
 
 paddock (pad'uk), n. a small field or 
 enclosure adjacent to a stable for 
 horses. 
 
 padlock (pad'lok), n. a lock with a 
 link to pass through a staple or eye: 
 v.t. to fasten with a padlock. 
 
 paean (pe'an), n. a triumphal song. 
 [Greek.] 
 
 psedobaptism (pe-do-bap'tizm), n. 
 infant baptism. Also pedobaptism. 
 [Greek.] 
 
 pagan (pa'gan), n. a heathen; idola- 
 ter : adj. heathen ; idolatrous. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 paganism (pa'gan-izm), n. heathen- 
 ism; idolatry. 
 
 page (paj), n. a boy attending on a 
 person of distinction; a boy in liv- 
 ery; a male attendant on a legisla- 
 tive body; one side of the leaf of a 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut : think, then. 
 
PAGEANT 
 
 359 
 
 PALL 
 
 book; episode: v.t. to mark or num- 
 ber in pages. [Latin.] 
 
 pageant (paj'ent), n. a theatrical 
 show or spectacle; anything merely 
 showy, [Old French.] 
 
 pageantry (paj'ent-ri), n. ostenta- 
 tious display. 
 
 paid (pad), p.t. & p.p. of pay. 
 
 pail (pal), n. an open vessel of wood 
 or metal furnished with a handle 
 for carrying water, &c. 
 
 pain (pan), n. physical or mental 
 suffering; penalty: pi. diligent ef- 
 fort; throes of parturition: v.£. to 
 cause physical or mental suffering; 
 render uneasy. [French.] 
 
 painful (pan'fool), adj. full of, or 
 causing, pain. 
 
 painless (pan'les), adj. without pain. 
 
 paint (pant), v.t. to represent by 
 delineation and colors; depict; be- 
 smear or cover with color; dye: v.i. 
 to practice painting; rouge: n. a 
 coloring substance or pigment; 
 rouge. [Old French.] 
 
 painter (pant'er), n. one whose oc- 
 cupation is to paint; an artist who 
 is skilled in depicting subjects in 
 colors; a rope for fastening a boat. 
 
 painting (pant'ing), n. the act, art, or 
 occupation of laying on colors; the 
 representation of objects by delinea- 
 tion and colors; a picture; vivid 
 verbal description. 
 
 pair (par), n. two things of a kind, 
 similar in form, suited to each other, 
 and used together; couple; married 
 couple: v.t. to join in couples: v.i. 
 to be joined in couples; to suit or to be 
 adapted to each other; in a legisla- 
 tive body, to offset votes, or agree to 
 a pair-off. [French.] 
 
 pajamas (pa-ja'maz), n.pl. loose 
 trousers of silk' also a kind of sleep- 
 ing costume. [Hindu.] 
 
 pal (pal), n. an intimate friend; ac- 
 complice. [Slang.] 
 
 palace (pal'as), n. the residence of 
 a sovereign or bishop; a magnifi- 
 cent house or building. [Latin.] 
 
 paladin (pal'a-din), n. a knight-errant, 
 especially one of the twelve knights 
 of Charlem agne or Arthur . [French . ] 
 
 palseo, a Greek prefix meaning ancient, 
 as pateolithic : adj. noting the earli- 
 est division of the Stone Age. 
 
 palaeography (pal-e-og'ra-fi), n. the 
 
 science which leads one to study 
 parchments, and ancient writings 
 of all kinds, and to detect imposture 
 in such writings. 
 
 palaeontology (pal-e-on-tol'o-ji), n. 
 the study of remote antiquity in all 
 its forms, especially in its arts, its 
 language, and its customs. [Greek.] 
 
 palanquin (pal-an-ken') , n. in India 
 and China, a covered conveyance for 
 one passenger borne on the shoulders 
 of men. [French, from Sanskrit.] 
 
 palatable (pal'a-ta-bl) , adj. agreeable 
 to the taste; savory. [Latin.] 
 
 palate (pal'at), n. the roof of the 
 mouth; taste or relish. [Latin.] 
 
 palatial (pa-la/shal) , adj. pertaining 
 to, or suitable to, a palace; royal. 
 
 palatine (pal'a-tin), adj. invested 
 with royal privileges and rights, as 
 certain counties: n. one who is thus 
 invested. [French.] 
 
 palaver (pa-la'ver), n. a public con- 
 ference; superfluous or idle talk; 
 chatter: v.t. to talk over; deceive 
 by words: v.i. to confer; chatter. 
 [Spanish, palabra, "word."] 
 
 pale (pal), adj. not of a fresh or 
 ruddy complexion; wan; wanting in 
 color; of a faint luster [French]: n. a 
 narrow board used in fencing; a 
 pointed stake; space inclosed by- 
 rails; limit* district or territory: v.i. 
 to turn pale: v.t. to inclose with, or 
 as with, pales. [Latin.] 
 
 palette (pal'et), n. a thin oval wood 
 or porcelain plate for mixing and 
 holding colors. [French.] 
 
 palfrey (pawl'fri), n. a small saddle- 
 horse for a lady's use. 
 
 palimpsest (pal'imp-sest or pa-limp'- 
 sest), n. a parchment manuscript 
 which, after the writing upon it has 
 been partially erased, is used again, 
 the former writing being more or 
 less discernible. [Greek.] 
 
 paling (pal'ing), n. a fence constructed 
 of pales; materials for a fence of 
 pales. See pale J 
 
 palisade (pal-i-sad'), n. a fence or 
 fortification formed of stakes driven 
 into the ground and pointed at the 
 top: v.t. to inclose or fortify with 
 stakes. [French.] 
 
 pall (pawl), n. a cloak or mantle; a 
 kind of scarf of lamb's wool sent by 
 the Pope to an archbishop on his 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
PALLADIUM 
 
 360 
 
 PANOPLY 
 
 consecration (also pallium) ; a cof- 
 fin covering: v.i. to become insipid; 
 lose strength. 
 
 palladium (pal-a'di-um) , n. any safe- 
 guard of a liberty, or privilege: 
 from the statue of Pallas at Troy, 
 said to have fallen from heaven, and 
 on the preservation of which de- 
 pended the safety of the city [Latin]; 
 a rare grayish metal found with plat- 
 inum. 
 
 pallet (pal'et), n. a pallette; a name 
 for various tools used in gilding, 
 pottery, horology, &c; a small piece 
 of the mechanism of a watch; a 
 small rough bed. [French.] 
 
 palliate (pal'i-at) , v.t. to excuse or cover 
 over; extenuate; lessen or abate. 
 
 palliation (pal-i-a'shun), n. the act of 
 palliating ; extenuation ; mitiga- 
 tion. 
 
 palliative (pal'i-a-tiv), adj. tending to 
 lessen or mitigate. 
 
 pallid (pal'id), adj. pale; wan. 
 
 pallor (pal'er), n. paleness. [Latin.] 
 
 palm (pam), n. the inner part of the 
 hand; a linear measure of varying 
 length (from 3 to 4 in.); a tree of 
 various species of the order Palmse; 
 a palm branch symbolical of victory 
 or rejoicing: v.t. to conceal in the 
 palm of the hand; impose upon by 
 fraud (with off). [Latin.] 
 
 palmer (pam'er), n. a pilgrim to the 
 Holy Land who carried a palm 
 branch as a token of his pilgrimage. 
 
 palmetto (pal-met'o), n. a species of 
 palm-tree, the cabbage-tree palm. 
 
 palmistry (pa'mis-tri), n. the pre- 
 tended art of foretelling the future 
 by examination of the lines and 
 marks of a person's hand. 
 
 palmy (pam'i), adj. abounding in 
 palms; flourishing; prosperous. 
 
 palpable (pal'pa-bl), adj. easily per- 
 ceived; obvious. [Low Latin.] 
 
 palpitate (pal'pi-tat), v.i. to beat or 
 throb. [Latin.] 
 
 palpitation (pal-pi-ta'shun) , n. ab- 
 normal beating or throbbing of the 
 heart. 
 
 palsy (pawl'zi),n. paralysis: v.t. [p.t. & 
 p.p. palsied, p.pr. palsying], to par- 
 alyze. [Contracted from paralysis, 
 Greek.] 
 
 palter (pawl'ter), v.i. to trifle; act 
 insincerely. 
 
 paltry (pawl'tri), adj. worthless; con- 
 temptible. 
 
 pamper (pam'per), v.t. to feed luxuri- 
 ously; satiate. [French.] 
 
 pamphlet (pam'flet), n. a small un- 
 bound book, usually on some current 
 topic, of one or more sheets stitched 
 together. [Old French.] 
 
 pan, a Greek prejix meaning all, univer- 
 sal, as pan- Anglican, Pan-Slavic, 
 Pan- American : n. a broad shallow 
 vessel; that part of an old flint- 
 lock which held the priming. 
 
 panacea (pan-a-se'a) , n. a universal 
 remedy or medicine. [Greek.] 
 
 pancake (pan'kak), n. a thin fried 
 butter cake. 
 
 pancreas (pan'kre-as) , r?. a large 
 fleshy gland (the sweetbread) situ- 
 ated under and behind the stomach 
 secreting a fluid that assists in the 
 process of digestion. [Greek.] 
 
 pancreatic (pan-kre-at'ik), adj. per- 
 taining to, or secreted by, the pan- 
 creas. 
 
 pandemonium (pan-de-mo'ni-um) , n. 
 a place or abode of general disorder. 
 [Greek.] 
 
 pander (pan'der), v.i. to be an agent 
 for the gratification of another's 
 passions. [Latin.] 
 
 pane (pan), n. .a square of glass; a 
 piece in variegated work. [French.] 
 
 panegyric (pan-e-jir'ik), n. an ovation 
 or eulogy in praise of some person 
 or event; encomium. [Greek.] 
 
 panel (pan'el), n. a piece of board, the 
 edges of which are inserted in a 
 frame; a thin board on which a pic- 
 ture is painted; a schedule contain- 
 ing the names of persons summoned 
 to serve as jurors; the jury; in 
 Scots law, the prisoner at the bar: 
 v.t. to form with panels. [Low 
 Latin.] 
 
 pang (pang), n. a violent sudden 
 pain; agony, mental or physical. 
 
 panic (pan'ik), n. a sudden fright; a 
 kind of millet: adj. suddenly and 
 violently alarming: said of fear. 
 From the Greek god, Pan. 
 
 pannier (pan'ni-er), n. one of two bas- 
 kets suspended across the back of a 
 horse, for carrying market pro- 
 duce. 
 
 panoply (pan'o-pli), n. a complete 
 suit of armor. [Graeco-French.] 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book: 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
PANORAMA 
 
 361 
 
 PARAFFIN 
 
 panorama (pan-o-ra'ma) , n. a picture, 
 viewed from a central standpoint, of 
 several scenes unrolled and made to 
 pass before the spectator. [Greek.] 
 
 pansy (pan'zi), n. the heart's-ease; 
 also called Johnny-jump-up; a spe- 
 cies of violet developed by care into 
 a splendid blossom of purple and 
 golcf. [French.] 
 
 pant (pant), v.i. to breathe rapidly: 
 desire ardently (with for or after): 
 n. rapid breathing: pi. abbreviation 
 for trousers. 
 
 pantaloon (pan-ta-lo5n'),n. a buffoon 
 in a pantomime: pi. trousers. 
 
 pantheism (pan'the-izm), n. the doc- 
 trine that the universe in its totality 
 is God. 
 
 panther (pan'ther), n. a fierce feline 
 carnivorous animal. Fern, pan- 
 theress. [Latin.] 
 
 pantomime (pan'to-mim), n. a repre- 
 sentation in dumb show; a popular 
 Christmastide theatrical entertain- 
 ment with music, dancing, &c. 
 
 pantry (pan'tri), n. a provision closet. 
 
 pap (pap), n. soft food for infants; 
 a nipple, teat, or breast; pulp of 
 fruit. [Swedish.] 
 
 papa (pa-pa', or pa'pa), n. a word of 
 endearment for father. In Latin it 
 means the Pope. [Found in many 
 languages, as a reduplicated form of 
 pa.] 
 
 papacy (pa'pa-si), n. the office, dig- 
 nity, or authority, of the Pope; 
 popes collectively; Roman Catholic 
 religion. 
 
 papal (pa/pal), adj. pertaining to the 
 Pope, or the Church of Rome. 
 
 paper (pa/per), n. a thin flexible 
 substance made of various materials, 
 as linen, straw, &c, used for writing 
 or printing upon; a newspaper; an 
 essay or literary contribution; writ- 
 ten instrument; bank-notes or bills 
 of exchange: adj. made of paper; 
 thin: v.t. to cover with paper. 
 [French.] See papyrus. 
 
 papeterie (pap'e-tre), n. a case con- 
 taining paper and writing materials. 
 
 papier-mache (pap-ya'ma-sha/), n. 
 paper pulp molded and made into 
 trays, &c, and japanned. [French.] 
 
 papoose (pa-poos'), n. a young child. 
 [North American Indian.] 
 
 paprika (pa-pre'ka), n. a condiment 
 
 resembling cayenne pepper though 
 less hot; much liked by the Hunga- 
 rians, who use it almost excessively. 
 See goulash. 
 
 papyrus (pa-pi'rus), n. [pi. papyri 
 (pa-pi'ri)], a species of Egyptian 
 reed, from the rind of which the 
 ancients made paper; a manuscript 
 on papyrus. [Greek.] 
 
 par (par), n. state of equality; nomi- 
 nal and market value. [Latin.] 
 
 para, a Greek prefix meaning beyond? 
 beside, divergence as paracentric. 
 
 parable (par'a-bl), n. an allegorical 
 method of conveying instruction by 
 means of a fable or short fictitious 
 narrative; a comparison or simili- 
 tude. [Latin.] 
 
 parabola (par-ab'o-la), n. one of the 
 conic sections formed by the inter- 
 section of the cone by a plane par- 
 allel to one of its sides. [Greek.] 
 
 parabolic (par-a-bol'ik) , adj. pertain- 
 ing to, or formed like, a parabola; 
 allegorical. Also parabolical. 
 
 parachute (par'a-shoot), n. an um- 
 brella-shaped apparatus for descend- 
 ing from a balloon. [Franco-Latin.] 
 
 parade (pa-rad') : n. ostentatious dis- 
 play; show; military display; place 
 of assembly for exercising troops: 
 v.t. to marshal in military order; 
 make a display of: v.i. to exhibit, 
 or walk about ostentatiously. 
 [French.] 
 
 paradigm (par'a-dim), n. an exam- 
 ple or model; example of the gram- 
 matical inflection of a word. [Greek.] 
 
 paradise (par'a-dis), n. the garden of 
 Eden; a park; any place of happiness; 
 heaven ; the top gallery in the theater 
 where those who occupy the cheap 
 seats are in slang called "the gods. 
 [French, from Old Persian.] 
 
 paradox (par'a-doks), n. something 
 apparently absurd or incredible, yet 
 true; a tenet contrary to received 
 opinions. [Greek.] 
 
 paradoxical (par-a-doks'i-kal), adj. 
 of the nature of a paradox. 
 
 paraffin (par'a-fin), n. a white crys- 
 talline substance obtained by dis- 
 tillation from wood and shale, is of 
 a waxy nature so that it is used for 
 waterproofing, and for preserving, 
 objects from the action of the atmos- 
 
 Ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
PARAGOGE 
 
 362 
 
 PAREGORIC 
 
 phere. The obelisk in Central Park 
 is coated with paraffin. 
 
 paragoge (par-a-go'je), n. the addi- 
 tion of a letter or syllable to the end 
 of aword, as "got," 'gotten." [Greek.] 
 
 paragon (par'a-gon), n. something of 
 extraordinary excellence; model or 
 pattern of perfection: v.t. to equal 
 or compare. 
 
 paragraph (par'a-graf), n. a small sub- 
 division of a connected discourse; a 
 short passage; a reference mark 
 (If); an item of newspaper intelli- 
 gence. 
 
 parallax (par'al-laks), n. the apparent 
 angular shifting of an object caused 
 by change in the position of the ob- 
 server, especially the difference in 
 the apparent position of a heavenly 
 body and its true place. 
 
 parallel (par'al-lel), adj. lying side by 
 side; extended in the same direction 
 and equidistant at all points; hav- 
 ing the same direction or tendency; 
 corresponding: n. a line equidistant 
 to all points from another line; re- 
 semblance or likeness: pi. trenches 
 in front of a fortified place parallel 
 to the defenses: v.t. to place so as 
 to be parallel; correspond to. 
 
 parallelism (par'al-lel-izm), n. the 
 state or quality of being parallel; 
 correspondence. 
 
 parallelogram (par-al-lel'o-gram), n. 
 a plane 4-sided figure whose opposite 
 sides are parallel and equal. 
 
 parallelopipedon (par-al-lel-o-pip'e- 
 don) , n. a regular solid figure bounded 
 by six parallelograms, of which the 
 opposite pairs are equal and parallel. 
 
 paralysis (pa-ral'i-sis) , n. loss of the 
 power of sensation of one or more 
 parts of the body; palsy. [Greek.]^ 
 
 paralytic (par-a-lit ik), adj. pertain- 
 ing to, affected by, or inclined to, 
 paralysis: n. one who is affected 
 with paralysis. 
 
 paralyze (par'a-llz), v.t. [p.J. & p.p. 
 paralyzed, p.pr. paralyzing], to af- 
 fect with paralysis; unnerve; ren- 
 der useless or ineffective. 
 
 paramount (par'a-mount) , adj. su- 
 perior to all others; eminent or 
 chief: n. the highest in rank or 
 authority. [Old French.] 
 
 paranoia (par-a-noi'a), n. a form of 
 monomania. [Greek.] 
 
 parapet (par'a-pet), n. a wall breast- 
 high; a rampart to protect troops 
 from the fire of an enemy. [French.] 
 
 paraphernalia (par-a-fer-na'li-a), n.pl. 
 the apparel, jewels, &c, of a wife 
 which she possesses over and above 
 her dowry ; ornaments of dress gen- 
 erally; equipment. [Greek.] 
 
 paraphrase (par'a-fraz), n. a free 
 translation or explanation; a hymn 
 based on some Scriptural passage: 
 v.t. make a free translation of; ex- 
 plain in many words: v.i. to make 
 a paraphrase. 
 
 parasite (par'a-sit), n. one who fre- 
 quents the table of a rich man and 
 gains his favor by flattery; a hang- 
 er-on; an animal or plant nour- 
 ished by another to which it at- 
 taches itself. [Greek.] 
 
 parasol (par'a-sol), n. a lady's sun- 
 shade. [French.] 
 
 parboil (par'boil), v.t. to boil par- 
 tially. 
 
 parbuckle (par'buk-1), n. a rope 
 formed into a double sling for 
 hoisting casks, &c: v.t. to hoist by 
 means of a parbuckle. 
 
 parcel (par'sel), n. a small bundle or 
 package; little part: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 parceled, p.pr. parceling], to divide 
 into parts. [French.] 
 
 parcel post (par'sel post), n. that 
 branch of the postal service which 
 forwards parcels, the charges in the 
 United States being regulated < ac- 
 cording to distance as well as weight 
 by means of a zone system. Also 
 parcels post. 
 
 parch (parch), v.t. to scorch; burn 
 slightly; dry to excess. 
 
 parchment (parch'ment) , n. the skin 
 of a sheep, goat, &c, dressed and 
 prepared for writing upon; a deed: 
 adj. made of, or like, parch- 
 ment. • 
 
 pard (pard), n. a leopard; any spotted 
 beast. 
 
 pardon (par'don), v.t. to forgive; ab- 
 solve: n. forgiveness; absolution; 
 official remission of a penalty. 
 
 pardoner (par'dn-er), n. one who 
 pardons; formerly, a cleric who was 
 licensed to sell papal indulgences. 
 
 pare (par), v.t. to cut < away little 
 by little; reduce or diminish. 
 
 paregoric (par-e-gor'ik), n. a tine- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
PARENT 
 
 363 
 
 PARSNIP 
 
 ture of opium to assuage pain: adj. 
 mitigating pain. [Greek.] 
 
 parent (pa'rent), n. a father or 
 mother; origin. [French.] 
 
 parentage (pa'rent-aj), n. extraction; 
 birth. 
 
 parental (pa-ren'tal), adj. pertaining 
 to, or becoming, parents; fond. 
 
 parenthesis (pa-ren'the-sis), n. [pi. 
 parentheses (pa-ren'the-sez)], an 
 explanatory word or clause inserted 
 in a sentence, which is grammati- 
 cally complete without it: indicated 
 by the marks ( ). [Greek.] 
 
 parenthetical (par-en-thet'i-kal) , adj. 
 expressed in a parenthesis; using 
 parentheses. 
 
 paresis (par'e-sis), n. insanity with 
 general motor paralysis; softening 
 of the brain. [Greek.] 
 
 pari, a Greek prefix meaning equal; 
 the corresponding Latin prefix is 
 par. 
 
 pariah (pa'ri-a), n. one of the low- 
 est class of Hindus, having, in fact, 
 no caste at all, and therefore living 
 apart from others and serving for- 
 eigners. [Tamil.] 
 
 parietal (pa-ri'e-tal), adj. pertaining 
 to a wall or side; forming the wall 
 or side; said of the large lateral 
 bones of the head; growing from 
 the side of another organ. [Latin.] 
 
 parish (par'ish), n. an ecclesiastical 
 district under the particular charge 
 of priest, clergyman, or minister; a 
 district having its own officers for 
 the care of the poor of such a dis- 
 trict; a congregation: adj. pertain- 
 ing to, or maintained by, a parish. 
 
 parishioner (par-ish'on-er) , n. one 
 who belongs to a parish. 
 
 parity (par'i-ti), n. equality; likeness. 
 
 park (park), n. a large enclosed piece 
 of ground surrounding a mansion, 
 or used as a public place for recre- 
 ation; the train of artillery be- 
 longing to an army division; an 
 artillery encampment: v.t. to in- 
 close, or collect, in a park. [French.] 
 
 parlance (par'lans), n. conversation; 
 idiom of conversation. 
 
 parley (par'li), n. a conference, es- 
 pecially with an enemy: v.i. [p.t. & 
 p.p. parleyed, p.pr. parleying], to 
 hold a conference, especially with 
 an enemy. [Old French.] 
 
 Parliament (par'li-ment), n. the 
 supreme legislative assembly of 
 Great Britain and Ireland, consist- 
 ing of the Sovereign, the House of 
 Lords, and the House of Com- 
 mons. 
 
 parliamentary (par-li-men'ta-ri), adj. 
 pertaining to, enacted by, or in ac- 
 cordance with the usages of, Par- 
 liament. 
 
 parlor (par'ler), n. reception room; 
 drawing room. 
 
 parochial (pa-r5'ki-al), adj. pertain- 
 ing to a parish; narrow-minded. 
 
 parody (par'o-di),n. [pi. _ parodies (par'- 
 o-diz)], a burlesque imitation of a 
 serious poem: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. par- 
 odied, p.pr. parodying], to convert 
 into a parody. [Greek.] 
 
 parole (pa-rol'), n. a word of honor, 
 especially one given by a prisoner 
 of war that in return for conditional 
 freedom he will return to custody 
 on a specified day; the daily pass- 
 word in a camp or garrison. [French.] 
 
 paroxysm (par'oks-izm), n. a sudden 
 spasm, or fit of acute pain; sudden 
 action or convulsion. [Greek.] 
 
 parquet, parquette (par-ket), n. 
 the floor space of a theater between 
 the orchestra-rail and dress-circle. 
 
 parquetry (par'ket-ri), n. mosaic 
 wood- work for floors. [French.] 
 
 parrakeet (par'a-ket), n. a small 
 long-tailed parrot. Also paraquet, 
 paroquet. [French.] 
 
 parricide (par'i-sid), n. the murderer 
 of a father or mother. [Latin.] 
 
 parrot (par'ot), n. a tropical bird with 
 a hooked bill, characterized by its 
 brilliant plumage and its power of 
 imitating the human voice. [French.] 
 
 parry (par'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. parried, 
 p.pr. parrying], to ward off, as a 
 blow. 
 
 parse (pars), v.t. to resolve by gram- 
 matical rules a sentence into its 
 component parts, and show the re- 
 lation of the various parts of speech. 
 
 parsimonious (par-si-mo'ni-us), adj. 
 frugal to excess; miserly; penurious. 
 
 parsimony (par'si-mo-ni), n. closeness 
 in expenditure; niggardliness. [Latin.] 
 
 parsley (pars'li), n. a culinary herb. 
 [French.] 
 
 parsnip (pars'nip), n. an edible plant 
 with a carrot-like root. [French.] 
 
 ate. arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
PARSON 
 
 364 
 
 PASS 
 
 parson (par'sn), n. the incumbent of 
 a parish; a clergyman. [Latin.] 
 
 parsonage (par^n-aj), n. an eccle- 
 siastical benefice ; the residence of an 
 incumbent. 
 
 part (part), n. something less than 
 the whole; piece; portion; propor- 
 tional quantity; ingredient; share; 
 member or organ; side or party; 
 concern; business; portion of a work 
 issued in numbers at stated inter- 
 vals; any one of the characters of a 
 play; one of the melodies in a har- 
 mony: pi. faculties, qualities, or ac- 
 complishments ; _ regions ; quarters : 
 v.t. to divide into two or more 
 pieces: v.i. to be separated; take 
 leave. [French.] 
 
 partake (par-tak'), v.i. [p.t. par- 
 took, p.p. partaken, p.pr. partak- 
 ing], to take a part or share in 
 common with others. 
 
 parterre (par-tar 7 ), n. a series of 
 flower beds arranged ornamentally, 
 with intervening spaces of gravel or 
 turf. [French.] 
 
 partial (par'shal), adj. inclined to 
 favor one side or party; biased. 
 [French.] 
 
 partiality (par-shi-al'i-ti), n. the state 
 or quality of being partial. 
 
 participant (par-tis'i-pant), adj. shar- 
 ing: n. one who shares or par- 
 takes. 
 
 participate (par-tis'i-pat), v.i. to par- 
 take: v.t. to have part of; share. 
 
 participation (par-tis-i-pa'shun) , n. 
 the act of sharing something with 
 others; division into shares; com- 
 panionship. 
 
 participial (par-ti-sip'i-al), adj. having 
 the nature of a participle. 
 
 participle (par'ti-si-pl) , n. a word 
 which partakes of the nature of a 
 verb and of an adjective. 
 
 particle (par'ti-kl), n. an atom; the 
 smallest part into which a body can 
 be divided; a word non-inflected, or 
 not used alone; a crumb of conse- 
 crated bread. 
 
 particular (par-tik'u-lar)^ adj. dis- 
 tinct from others; individual; pe- 
 culiar or special ; characteristic; ex- 
 clusive; exact; minute. 
 
 particularity (par-tik-u-lar'i-ti) , n. 
 circumstantiality. 
 
 particularize (par-tik'u-lar-iz), v.t. 
 
 to give the particulars of: v.i. be 
 attentive to single things or details. 
 
 parting (part'ing), p. adj. separating; 
 given when separating: n. division; 
 separating; a taking leave; a divi- 
 sion in strata. _ 
 
 partisan (par'ti-zan), n. an adher- 
 ent of a party or faction; a kind of 
 halberd: adj. pertaining to, or 
 biased in favor of, a party, &c. 
 
 partisanship (par'ti-zan-ship), n. the 
 state of being a partisan. 
 
 partition (par-tish'un) , n. the act or 
 state of being divided; separation; 
 distribution; a dividing wall; part 
 where separation is made: v.t. di- 
 vide into shares; divide by walls. 
 
 partitive (par'ti-tiv), adj. noting a 
 part: n. a word that denotes a part 
 or expresses partition. 
 
 partly (part'li), adv. in part. 
 
 partner (part'ner), n. one who is as- 
 sociated with another, especially in 
 a business, &c; an associate; one 
 who dances with another; a hus- 
 band or wife. 
 
 partnership (part'ner-ship), n. the 
 state of being a partner; union of 
 two or more persons in the same 
 business or profession. 
 
 partook (par-took'), P-t. of partake. 
 
 partridge (par'trij), n. a well-known 
 gallinaceous bird of the genus 
 Perdix, preserved as game. 
 
 parturition (par-tu-rish'un), n. the 
 act of bringing forth young. [Latin.] 
 
 party (par'ti), n. [pi. parties (par'tiz)], 
 a number of persons united together 
 for a particular purpose; faction; 
 one concerned in an affair; cause or 
 side; a select company; single indi- 
 vidual spoken of. 
 
 parvenu (par've-nu), n. an upstart; 
 one newly come to wealth or power. 
 
 pasha (pa-shaw'), n. a Turkish title 
 given to high officials. Also pacha. 
 
 pasquinade (pas-kwin-ad'), n. a lam- 
 poon or rude satire: v.t. to lampoon 
 or satirize. [French, from Italian.] 
 
 pass (pas), v.i. to move from one 
 place or state to another; be pro- 
 gressive; change by degrees; be 
 enacted; be current: v.t. to go be- 
 yond, or through, or by; cause to 
 move onward; omit; give authority 
 to ; transfer ; void ; utter or pronounce : 
 n. a narrow passage, or entrance; 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut : think, then. 
 
PASSABLE 
 
 365 
 
 PATENT 
 
 defile; license, state of extremity; a 
 thrust. 
 
 passable (pas'a-bl), adj. that may be 
 passed, traveled, or navigated; ca- 
 pable of bearing inspection; toler- 
 able. 
 
 passage (pas'aj), n. the act of passing; 
 course or journey; entrance or exit; 
 right of passing; legal enactment; 
 single clause or portion of a book; 
 migratory habits. 
 
 pass-book (pas'book), n. a book which 
 passes between a merchant and his 
 customer and contains the entries 
 of goods sold on credit ; a bank-book 
 held by the depositor. 
 
 passe (pas-a'), adj. past; worn out or 
 faded. [French.] 
 
 passementerie (pas-men'te-re) , n. 
 dress-trimmings usually of beaded 
 lace. [French.] 
 
 passenger (pas'en-jer), n. one who 
 travels in or on a conveyance; one 
 who passes. 
 
 passing (pas'ing), p.adj. departing: 
 adv. exceedingly: n. the act of going 
 by; transit. 
 
 passion (pash'un), n. violent agita- 
 tion of mind in anger; strong deep 
 feeling or excitement; love; ardor; 
 intense desire. [Latin.] 
 
 Passion, n. the sufferings of Christ 
 in his last agonies. 
 
 passionate (pash'un-at), adj. moved 
 by passion; angry; excitable. 
 
 passionless (pash'un-les), adj. void of 
 passion; calm. 
 
 passive (pas'iv), adj. suffering with- 
 out resisting ; not acting ; submissive ; 
 quiescent. 
 
 passport (pas'port), n. a license to 
 travel in a foreign country. [French.] 
 
 password (pas'werd), n. a word by 
 means of which friends are distin- 
 guished from strangers or enemies. 
 
 past (past), p.adj. having formerly 
 been; gone by; completed: n. the 
 time gone by; adv. along: prep, be- 
 yond. 
 
 paste (past), n. a mixture of flour, 
 &c, with water, used as a cement; 
 dough prepared for pies, &c; a com- 
 position for making artificial gems: 
 v.t. to fasten with paste. 
 
 pastel (pas-tel'), n. a colored crayon. 
 
 paster (pas'ter), n. strip of gummed 
 paper with printed matter on it, 
 
 for covering over other printed mat- 
 ter, &c. 
 
 pastern (pas'tern), n. that part of a 
 horse's hoof which lies between the 
 fetlock and the coffin point, occupying 
 the length between the two pastern 
 bones. 
 
 pasteurize (pas'tur-Iz) , v.t. to inocu- 
 late with the bacilli which produce 
 a specific disease so as to prevent or 
 cure it. Named from the French 
 chemist, Louis Pasteur. 
 
 pastil (pas'til), n. a small cone of aro- 
 matic paste used for fumigating a 
 room: a medicated lozenge. Also 
 pastille (pas-tel). 
 
 pastime (pas'tim), n. diversion. 
 
 pastor (pas'ter), n. a clergyman or 
 minister having spiritual charge 
 of a church and congregation. 
 
 pastoral (pas'ter-al), adj. pertaining 
 to shepherds, or to the care of a 
 church; rural; addressed to the 
 clergy of a diocese by its bishop: n. 
 a kind of dramatic poem, delineating 
 incidents in rural life; a bishop's 
 pastoral letter. 
 
 pastry (pas'tri), n. articles of food, as 
 pies, &c, made of light puffy dough. 
 
 pasturage (pas'tur-aj), n. the business 
 of grazing cattle; pasture. 
 
 pasture (pas'tur), n. land under grass 
 for grazing cattle; grass for graz- 
 ing: v.t. to supply with grass or 
 pasture: v.i. to graze. 
 
 pasty (past'i), adj. like paste; a 
 small pie of crust raised without a 
 dish. 
 
 pat (pat), n. a light quick blow with 
 the hand; a small lump of butter 
 made up: adj. apt; exact: adv. fit- 
 ly: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. patted, p.pr. pat- 
 ting], to strike gently and quickly 
 with the fingers or hand. 
 
 pat (pat), adv. neatly; at the moment. 
 
 patch (pach), n. a piece applied to 
 cover a hole or rent; a piece in- 
 serted in variegated work; a plot of 
 ground: v.t. to put a patch on; 
 mend clumsily. 
 
 pate (pat), n. the head; crown of the 
 head. 
 
 patent (pat'ent), adj. apparent; open 
 to the perusal of all; secured by let- 
 ters patent; spreading widely: n. 
 a privilege granted by letters patent, 
 as a title of nobility, or the sole 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hiie, hut ; think, then. 
 
PATERNAL 
 
 366 
 
 PAWN 
 
 right in an invention: v.t. to grant 
 or secure by letters patent. 
 
 paternal (pa-ter'nal), adj. pertaining 
 to, or exhibiting the characteristics 
 of, a father; hereditary. 
 
 paternity (pa-ter'ni-ti) , n. paternal 
 relation; authorship. 
 
 paternoster (pa-ter-nos'ter) , n. the 
 Lord's Prayer; a rosary; every elev- 
 enth bead in a rosary. 
 
 path (path), n. a road; footway; 
 track; course of conduct or action. 
 
 pathetic (pa-thet'ik), adj. affecting 
 the emotions or passions; touching. 
 
 pathogeny (pa-thoj 'e-ni), n. the science 
 of the origin of diseases. 
 
 pathology (pa-thol'o-ji), n. the science 
 of diseases. 
 
 pathos (pa'thos), n. expression of 
 deep feeling ; intense half-melancholy 
 emotion. 
 
 patience (pa'shens), n. the quality of 
 being patient or calmly enduring. 
 
 patient (pa'shent), adj. suffering pain, 
 hardship, affliction, insult, &c, with 
 calmness and equanimity; continu- 
 ance of labor; persevering; waiting 
 with calmness: n. a person under 
 medical treatment. 
 
 patois (pat'wa), n. provincial dialect, 
 as Yorkshire Wessexand Lancashire 
 in England. [Latin.] 
 
 patriarch (pa/tri-ark) , n. the foun- 
 der or head of a family; an aged 
 man; in the Greek Church, a metro- 
 politan dignitary of the highest rank. 
 
 patrician (pa-trish'an), n. one of 
 the senators of ancient Rome; a 
 lobleman: adj. senatorial; noble. 
 
 patricide (pat'ri-sid), n. the murder or 
 murderer of one's father. 
 
 patrimonial (pat-ri-mo'ni-al), adj. 
 inherited from ancestors. 
 
 patrimony (pat'ri-mo-ni), n. an estate 
 or right inherited from a father or 
 one's ancestors; an ecclesiastical 
 endowment or estate. 
 
 patriot (pat'ri- or pa'tri-ot), n. one 
 who loves, and is devoted to, his na- 
 tive country and its welfare. 
 
 patriotic (pa-tri-ot'ik), adj. character- 
 ized by patriotism. 
 
 patriotism (pa/tri-ot-izm), n. love of 
 one's country. 
 
 patrol (pa-trol'), n. a corporal's guard 
 that marches round at night to 
 preserve order; a mounted police- 
 
 man: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. patrolled, p.pr. 
 patrolling], to go round as a patrol. 
 
 patron (pa'tron), n. a guardian or 
 protector; one who has the gift of a 
 benefice. Fern, patroness: adj. giv- 
 ing aid or exercising guardianship; 
 tutelary. [French.] 
 
 patronage (pa/tron-aj), n. special 
 support; guardianship or protection; 
 right of conferring a benefice. 
 
 patronize (pa'tro-niz), v .t. to act as a 
 patron towards; support or protect; 
 frequent as a customer. 
 
 patronymic (pat-ro-nim'ik), adj. de- 
 rived from the name of an ancestor: 
 n. a name derived from an ancestor. 
 
 patter (pat'er), v.i. to strike with a 
 quick succession of light sounds, as 
 hail: n. the dialect of a class. 
 
 pattern (pat'ern), n. a model, sample, 
 or specimen; anything cut out or 
 formed into shape to be copied. 
 
 paucity (paw'si-ti), n. smallness of 
 number or quantity. 
 
 paunch (panch or pawnch), n. the 
 belly; the first and largest stomach 
 of a ruminant. 
 
 pauper (paw'per), n. a poor person; 
 one who is supported by the poor 
 rates. 
 
 pauperize (paw'per-iz), v.t. to reduce 
 to pauperism. 
 
 pause (pawz), n. cessation; tempo- 
 rary stop; a break in writing indi- 
 cated by the mark [ — ]; a mark of 
 cessation in speaking; a mark [^] 
 in music, indicating the continuance 
 of a note or rest: v.i. to make a 
 short stop; wait; hesitate. 
 
 pave (pav), v.t. to cover or lay with 
 stones, bricks, &c: as, to pave a 
 street. 
 
 pavement (pav'ment), n. a paved 
 roadway or floor. 
 
 pavilion (pa-vil'yun), n. an orna- 
 mental domed-shaped building; a 
 large tent; a temporary movable 
 habitation ; summer-house. 
 
 paving (pa'ving), n. pavement. 
 
 paw (paw), n. the foot of an animal 
 with claws: v.t. to scrape with the 
 forefoot; handle, as with paws; 
 caress, as a dog. 
 
 pawn (pawn), n. something given as 
 security for the redemption of a 
 pledge; a common piece at chess: 
 v.t. to give in pledge. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, //ten. 
 
PAY 
 
 367 
 
 PEDESTRIAN 
 
 pay (pa), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. paid, p.pr. 
 paying], to discharge a debt to; 
 give an equivalent for; compensate; 
 reward; fulfil; smear with tar, 
 pitch, &c: n. money given for serv- 
 ice rendered. [French.] 
 
 pea (pe), n. [pi. peas or pease (pez)], 
 a leguminous plant of the genus 
 Pisum and its edible seed. 
 
 peace (pes), n. a state of rest or 
 tranquillity; calm; freedom from 
 war or disturbance. 
 
 peaceable (pes'a-bl), adj. disposed to 
 peace; calm; quiet. 
 
 peaceful (pes fool), adj. full of peace; 
 pacific; quiet. [French.] 
 
 peach (pecn), n. a tree with its downy 
 edible fruit; v.i. to betray one's ac- 
 complices. 
 
 peacock (pe'kok), n. a gallinaceous 
 bird with handsome plumage; adj. 
 iridescent like the feathers of the 
 peacock. 
 
 peak (pek), n. the sharp-pointed sum- 
 mit or jutting part of a mountain 
 or hill; pointed end; the leather pro- 
 jection in front of a cap; the upper 
 outer corner of an extended sail: v.i. 
 to look pale and wan: v.t. to raise 
 (a sail) obliquely to the mast. 
 
 peal (pel), n. a loud sound, as of 
 thunder, bells, &c; a set of musical 
 bells, or the changes rung by them: 
 v.i. to give forth loud or solemn 
 sounds. 
 
 peanut (pe'nut), n. the ground-nut; 
 in some parts of the country called 
 goober. 
 
 pear (par), n. the juicy edible fruit 
 of the pear-tree (Pyrus communis). 
 
 pearl (perl), n. a hard, smooth, grey- 
 ish-white iridescent gem found in 
 the mother-of-pearl oyster ; anything 
 resembling a pearl or very precious; 
 a white speck in the eye; a small 
 size of type (see type) : adj. pertain- 
 ing to, or formed of, pearls: v.t. 
 to set or adorn with pearls. 
 
 peasant (pez'ant), n. a countryman; 
 rustic laborer: adj. rural; rustic. 
 
 peasantry (pez'ant-ri), n. peasants 
 collectively. 
 
 pease (pez), n.pl. peas collectively. 
 
 peat (pet), n. decayed vegetable 
 matter resembling turf cut out of 
 bogs: used as fuel. 
 
 pebble (peb'l), n. a roundish stone; 
 
 transparent rock crystal used for 
 spectacles, &c. 
 
 pecan (pe'can), n. a species of North 
 American hickory and its fruit. 
 
 peccable (pek'a-bl), adj. liable to 
 sin. 
 
 peccadillo (pek-a-dil'o), n. a trifling 
 fault. 
 
 peck (pek), n. one-fourth of a bushel; 
 quick sharp stroke with the beak: 
 v.t. to strike with the beak; pick up 
 with the beak; eat. 
 
 pecker (pek'er), n. one who pecks; a 
 woodpecker. 
 
 pectoral (pek'to-ral) , adj. pertaining 
 to, good for, or worn on, the chest: 
 n. the breastplate of the Jewish 
 high-priest; a medicine for chest 
 complaints; a pectoral fin. [Latin.] 
 
 peculate (pek'ii-lat), v.i. to appro- 
 priate public money to one's own use; 
 embezzle. [Latin.] 
 
 peculiar (pe-ku'lyar) , adj. one's own; 
 appropriate; individual; strange: n. 
 a church or parish exempted from 
 the jurisdiction of the diocese to 
 which it belongs. [Latin.] 
 
 peculiarity (pe-ku-li-ar'i-ti), n. [pi. 
 peculiarities (pe-ku-li-ar'i-tiz)], some- 
 thing peculiar or characteristic. 
 
 pecuniary (pe-kii'ni-ar-i) , adj. per- 
 taining to, or consisting of, money; 
 monetary. 
 
 pedagogy (ped'a-go-ji), n. the science 
 of teaching. 
 
 pedal (ped'al), adj. pertaining to a 
 foot: n. a key or lever attached to a 
 musical instrument and moved by 
 the foot, to modify the swell or tone: 
 v.t. to work the pedal of a bicycle. 
 
 pedant (ped'ant), n. one who makes 
 an ostentatious display of his learn- 
 ing. 
 
 pedantic (pe-dan'tik), adj. pertain- 
 ing to, or characterised by, ped- 
 antry. 
 
 pedantry (ped'an-tri) , n. ostentatious 
 display of learning. 
 
 peddle (ped'l), v.i. to travel about sell- 
 ing small wares; be busy about 
 trifles: v.t. to retail in small quan- 
 tities. 
 
 peddler, pedler, pedlar (ped'ler), n. 
 one who peddles. 
 
 pedestal (ped'es-tal), n. the base of a 
 column, statue, &c. 
 
 pedestrian (pe-des'tri-an) , adj. go- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
PEDIGREE 
 
 368 
 
 PENDING 
 
 ing on foot; walking: n. one who 
 journeys on foot; professional walk- 
 er. 
 
 pedigree (ped'i-gre), n. lineage; gene- 
 alogy. 
 
 pediment (ped'i-ment), n. the trian- 
 gular or circular ornament over the 
 entablature, &c, of a building. 
 
 pedobaptism, same as paedobaptism. 
 
 pedometer (pe-dom'e-ter), n. a watch- 
 shaped instrument for recording 
 paces and distances in walking. 
 
 peduncle (ped-ung'kl), n. a flower- 
 stalk. 
 
 peel (pel), v.t. to strip the skin, bark, 
 or rind from: v.i. to undress: n. 
 skin or rind; a baker's long flat 
 wooden shovel; a contrivance for 
 hanging up printed sheets to dry. 
 
 peep (pep), v.i. to chirp or cry, as young 
 birds; to look through a crevice or 
 hiding place; look slyly; begin to 
 appear: n. the cry of a chicken; a 
 sly look; a beginning to appear. 
 
 peer (per), n. one of the same rank; 
 an equal; associate; a nobleman who 
 is a member of the House of Lords: 
 v.i. to appear; look narrowly. 
 
 peerage (per'aj), n. the rank or dig- 
 nity of a peer ; peers collectively ; a 
 book giving information respecting 
 the nobility. 
 
 peeress (per'es), n. a peer's wife; a 
 lady of noble rank. 
 
 peerless (per'les), adj. without an 
 equal. 
 
 peevish (pev'ish), adj. fretful; diffi- 
 cult to please. 
 
 peg (peg), n. a small pointed wooden 
 pin; a piece of wood serving as a 
 nail: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. pegged, p.pr. 
 pegging], to fasten or mark out 
 with # pegs, especially soldiers who 
 are insubordinate and are ordered 
 to be " pegged out " (Kipling). 
 
 pelerine (pel'er-in), n. & lady's long 
 cape with tapering ends. 
 
 pelf (pelf), n. money; wealth: used 
 in a bad sense. 
 
 pelican (pel'i-kan), n. a large aquat- 
 ic bird with a huge axe-shaped bill; 
 a dentist's instrument. 
 
 pelisse (pe-les'), n. a lady's silk habit; 
 a hussar's jacket. [French.] 
 
 pell (pel), n. a skin or hide; a roll 
 of parchment. [Latin.] 
 
 pellet (pel'et), n. a little ball. 
 
 pell-mell (pel'mel), adv. with confused 
 violence. [French.] 
 
 pellucid (pel-ii'sid), adj. perfectly 
 clear; transparent. [Latin.] 
 
 pelt (pelt), n. a raw hide; a blow from 
 something thrown: v.t. to strike by 
 throwing something: v.i. to fall 
 heavily, as rain. 
 
 peltry (pel'tri), n. skins of furred 
 animals collectively. 
 
 pelvic (pel'vik), adj. pertaining to the 
 pelvis. [Latin.] 
 
 pelvis (pel'vis), n. the bony cavity in 
 the lower part of the abdomen. 
 
 pen (pen), n. a small inclosure; coop; 
 an instrument for writing: v.t. [p.t. & 
 p.p. penned, p.pr. penning], to shut up 
 or confine in a small inclosure; write. 
 
 penal (pe'nal), adj. enacting, inflict- 
 ing, or incurring punishment for 
 crime; punitive. 
 
 penalize (pe'nal-iz), v.t. to subject to 
 penalty; to punish. 
 
 penalty (pen'al-ti), n. legal punish- 
 ment either on the person or by a 
 fine; fine or forfeit; an extra weight 
 carried by a racehorse. 
 
 penance (pen'ans), n. self -imposed 
 suffering, as an expression of con- 
 trition for sin; repentance; in the 
 Roman Catholic Church one of the 
 sacraments by which sins are par- 
 doned after confession and satisfac- 
 tion. 
 
 Penates (pe-na'tez), n.pl. the house- 
 hold gods of the ancient Romans. 
 
 pence (pens), pi. of penny. [Latin.] 
 
 penchant (pang-shang') , n. a strong 
 inclination or taste. [French.] 
 
 pencil (pen'sil), n. a small fine brush 
 used by artists; a pointed instru- 
 ment of black lead, colored chalk, 
 &c; a collection of rays of light 
 converging to a point: v.t. to write, 
 sketch, paint, or mark with a pencil. 
 
 penciled (pen'sild), p. adj. written, 
 drawn, or painted, with a pencil; 
 radiating. 
 
 pendant (pen'dant), n. anything 
 hanging for ornamentation; an ear- 
 ring or locket ; a pennant. 
 
 pendency (pen'den-si), n. suspense; 
 indecision. Also pendence. 
 
 pendent (pen'dent), adj. hanging; pro- 
 jecting; swinging. 
 
 pending (pen'ding), adj. undecided; 
 hanging in suspense. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, mergre, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
PENDULUM 
 
 369 
 
 PEONY 
 
 pendulum (pen'du-lum), n. a heavy 
 body suspended so that it may vi- 
 brate backwards and forwards about 
 a fixed point by the force of gravity, 
 as in a clock. 
 
 penetrable (pen'e-tra-bl), adj. that 
 may be penetrated; susceptive of 
 impression. 
 
 penetralia (pen-e-tra'li-a), n.pl. the 
 inner part of a temple, house, &c; 
 mysteries. 
 
 penetrate (pen'e-trat), v.t. to pierce 
 into; enter; bore or perforate; reach 
 the mind; affect deeply; reach the 
 interior. 
 
 penetrating (pen'e-tra-ting), p.adj. 
 piercing; sharp; discerning. Also 
 penetrative. 
 
 penetration (pen-e-tra/shun), n. the 
 act of penetrating; mental acute- 
 ness. 
 
 penguin (pen'gwin), n. a large sea- 
 fowl with rudimentary wings. 
 
 peninsula (pe-nin'su-la), n. a por- 
 tion of jutting land nearly sur- 
 rounded by water, and connected 
 with the mainland by an isthmus. 
 When the English speak of the 
 Peninsula, they always mean the 
 Spanish Peninsula (Spain and Portu- 
 gal) where the great Peninsular War 
 was fought by them against Napo- 
 leon. . 
 
 penis (pe'nis), n. the male organ of 
 generation. [Latin.] 
 
 penitence (pen'i-tens), n. sorrow for 
 sin; state of being penitent. 
 
 penitent (pen'i-tent), adj. repentant: 
 n. one who is penitent ; one under ec- 
 clesiastical censure, but admitted to 
 penance; one who is under the di- 
 rection of a confessor. 
 
 penitentiary (pen-i-ten'sha-ri) , adj. 
 pertaining to penance: n. a penitent; 
 a house of correction; a state pris- 
 on; a home for fallen women; an 
 office at the papal court, that grants 
 dispensations, absolutions, &c; the 
 official w T ho presides over such a 
 court. 
 
 penman (pen'man), n. an author; one 
 who writes a good hand. 
 
 penmanship (pen'man-ship), n. the 
 art, or style, of writing. 
 
 pennant (pen'ant), n. a long narrow 
 strip of bunting at the mast-heads 
 of men-of-war. 
 
 penniless (pen'i-les), adj. without 
 money; destitute. 
 
 pennon (pen'on), n. a small swallow- 
 tailed flag or streamer. 
 
 penny (pen'i), n. [pi. pennies (pen'iz) 
 (denoting number), pence (pens), 
 (denoting amount or value)], a bronze 
 coin = 1-12 of a shilling, or 2 cents. 
 [English.] 
 
 pennyweight (pen'i-wat), n. a weight 
 = 24 grains troy. 
 
 penology (pe-nol'o-ji), n. the scientific 
 study of punishments, prison man- 
 agement, &c. 
 
 pensile (pen'sil), adj. hanging. 
 
 pension (pen'shun), n. a stated allow- 
 ance paid for past services, as to the 
 state, &c; money paid instead of 
 tithes; a continental boarding house 
 or school (pang-si-ang') : v.t. to 
 grant a pension to. 
 
 pensive (pen'siv), adj. thoughtful; 
 sad. 
 
 pent, p.t. & p.p. of pen (to shut up). 
 
 penta, a Greek prefix meaning five, as 
 pentachord, an instrument with five 
 strings; musical scale of five sounds. 
 Also pente. 
 
 pentad (pen'tad), n. an element which 
 combines with or replaces a monad. 
 
 pentagon (pen'ta-gon), n. a figure 
 of five sides and five angles. 
 
 pentameter (pen-tam'e-ter), n. a 
 verse consisting of five feet. 
 
 Pentateuch (pen'ta-tuk), n. the first 
 five books of the Old Testament. _ 
 
 Pentecost (pen'te-kost), n. a Jewish 
 festival kept the fiftieth day after the 
 second day of the Passover; Whit- 
 suntide, commemorative of the de- 
 scent of the Holy Ghost. 
 
 penult (pe'nult), n. the last syllable 
 of a word but one. Also penultima. 
 
 penumbra (pe-num'bra) , n. a partial 
 shadow on the exterior of the perfect 
 shadow of an eclipse; the boundary 
 of light and shade in a picture. 
 
 penurious (pe-nu'ri-us) , adj. miserly; 
 sordid. 
 
 penury (pen'ii-ri), n. want of the ne- 
 cessities of life; poverty. [Latin.] 
 
 peon (pe'on), n. a Mexican laborer; 
 an Indian native scldier or consta- 
 ble; a pawn at chess. [Spanish.] 
 
 peony (pe'o-ni), n. a perennial plant 
 with handsome flowers of the genus 
 Paeonia. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book : 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
PEOPLE 
 
 370 
 
 PERI 
 
 people (pe'pl), n. [pi. people, peoples 
 (pe'plz)], persons generally; commu- 
 nity; inhabitants; race, kindred, or 
 family; the commonalty: v.t. to 
 stock with people or inhabitants. 
 
 pepper (pep'er), n. a hot pungent 
 spice made of the ground seeds of 
 Piper nigrum; the name is also given 
 to ground capsicum, but distin- 
 guished from black pepper by the 
 prefixed adjective "red/' 
 
 peppermint (pep'er-mint), n. an 
 aromatic herb; the cordial prepared 
 from it. 
 
 peppery (pep'er-i), adj. like pepper; 
 fiery; pungent; choleric. _ 
 
 per, a Latin prefix meaning through, 
 over the whole extent, by, very, as per- 
 ambulate, to walk over; per diem, 
 by the day, &c. 
 
 peradventure (per-ad-ven'tur) , adv. 
 by chance. 
 
 perambulation (per-am-bu-la/shun) , 
 n. the act of passing through; a 
 survey made by traveling; the annual 
 survey of a parish boundary. 
 
 perceive (per-sev'), v-t. to obtain 
 knowledge of by the senses; under- 
 stand; discern. 
 
 percentage (per-sent'aj), n. propor- 
 tional allowance per cent. 
 
 percept (per'sept), n. the knowledge 
 (mental image) acquired through 
 the medium of the senses, concerning 
 various objects. See^ concept. 
 
 perceptible (per-sep'ti-bl), adj. that 
 may be perceived. 
 
 perception (per-sep'shun), n. the act, 
 state, or faculty of receiving knowl- 
 edge of external things by the me- 
 dium of the senses; idea, notion, or 
 conception. 
 
 perch (perch), n. a fresh- water fish 
 [French]; a measure of length = 53^ 
 yards, l-40th of a rood; anything on 
 which birds sit or roost: v.i. to sit or 
 roost: v.t. to place on a perch. 
 
 perchance (per-chans'), adv. per- 
 haps. 
 
 percipient (per-sip'i-ent), adj. per- 
 ceiving: n. one who perceives. 
 
 percolate (per'ko-lat), v.i. to pass 
 through small spaces. 
 
 percolator (per'ko-la-ter), n. a fil- 
 tering machine or vessel; a coffee- 
 pot fitted with a filter. 
 
 percussion (per-kush'un) , n. violent 
 
 collision; shock produced by the 
 collision of bodies; impression of 
 sound on the ear; the medical ex- 
 amination of a part of the body by 
 tapping it gently so as to determine 
 its condition by the sound pro- 
 duced. 
 
 perdition (per-dish'un), n. total de- 
 struction; ruin; utter loss of the 
 soul or of happiness in a future 
 state. 
 
 peregrination (per-e-gri-na'shun), n. 
 the act of traveling about. 
 
 peremptory (per-emp'tor-i), adj. posi- 
 tive; final; decisive; precluding dis- 
 cussion or hesitation. [Latin.] 
 
 perennial (per-en'i-al) , adj. lasting 
 through the year; perpetual; noting 
 plants that continue more than two 
 years. [Latin.] 
 
 perfect (per'f ekt) , adj. complete ; with- 
 out defect or blemish; blameless; 
 pure; fully skilled or accomplished; 
 in grammar, the tense that expresses 
 completed action: v.t. to make per- 
 fect; complete or finish. [Latin.] 
 
 perfection (per-fek'shun), n. the state 
 of being perfect; supreme excellence. 
 
 perfidious (per-fid'i-us), adj. false to 
 trust; treacherous; faithless. 
 
 perfidy (per'fi-di), n. violation of a 
 trust reposed. _ [Latin.] 
 
 perforate (per'f o-rat), v.t. to pierce or 
 bore through; make a hole through. 
 
 perforation (per-fo-ra'shun), n. the 
 act of piercing or boring through; a 
 hole bored through. [Latin.] 
 
 perforce (per-fors'), adv. by force; 
 violently. 
 
 perform (per-form'), v.t. to do or 
 carry out; execute; achieve; fulfil: 
 v.i. to act a part. 
 
 performance (per-form'ans), n. the 
 act of performing; execution; com- 
 pletion; deed or feat; an enter- 
 tainment. 
 
 perfume (per-fum'), v.t. to impreg- 
 nate with a pleasant odor ; scent : n . 
 (per'f um), a sweet-smelling scent. 
 
 perfumery (per-fum'er-i), n. perfumes 
 in general. [French.] 
 
 perfunctory (per-fungk'to-ri), adj. 
 done carelessly or negligently with 
 the purpose of getting rid of the 
 duty; negligent. [Latin.] 
 
 perhaps (per-haps'), adv. possibly. 
 
 peri, a Greek prefix, meaning around, 
 
 «te, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
PERICARDIUM 
 
 371 
 
 PERPENDICULAR 
 
 as peribolos, a wall or court sur- 
 rounding a temple. 
 
 pericardium (per-i-kar'di-um), n. the 
 membrane that surrounds the heart. 
 
 pericranium (per-i-kra'ni-um), n. the 
 membrane that surrounds the cra- 
 nium. 
 
 perihelion (per-i-he'li-on), n. [pi. 
 perihelia (per-i-he'li-a)], that point 
 in the orbit of a planet, or a comet, 
 nearest the sun. 
 
 peril (per'il), n. exposure to injury; 
 danger; jeopardy; risk: v.t. to ex- 
 pose to danger or risk. [French.] 
 
 perilous (per'il-us), adj. full of peril; 
 hazardous; dangerous. 
 
 perimeter (pe-rim'e-ter) , n. the out- 
 er boundary of a plane surface. 
 
 period (pe'ri-od), n. a circuit or cy- 
 cle; interval of time; the time taken 
 by a planet to revolve round the 
 sun; length of duration; conclusion; 
 a dot [.] to mark the end of a sen- 
 tence; in rhetoric, a complete sen- 
 tence. 
 
 periodical (pe-ri-od'i-kal), adj. per- 
 taining to a period, or to periodicals; 
 occurring at regular intervals. Also 
 periodic: n. a publication issued at 
 stated intervals, as a magazine. 
 
 peripatetic (per-i-pa-tet'ik), adj. walk- 
 ing about: n. one who is accustomed 
 or compelled to walk. 
 
 periphery (pe-rif 'er-i) , n. [pi. periph- 
 eries (pe-rif'er-iz)], the circumfer- 
 ence of a circle, ellipse, or similar 
 figure. 
 
 periphrasis (pe-rif 'ra-sis) , n. circum- 
 locution. 
 
 periscope (per'i-skop) , n. an instru- 
 ment for seeing over intervening ob- 
 jects; used in guiding submarine 
 boats. 
 
 perish (per'ish), v.i. to lose life or vi- 
 tality; decay or die; be destroyed or 
 come to nothing. 
 
 perishable (per'ish-a-bl) , adj. liable 
 to perish; mortal. 
 
 peristaltic (per-i-stal'tik), adj. per- 
 taining to the peculiar worm-like 
 movement of the intestines by which 
 their contents are forced onward. 
 [Greek.] 
 
 peristyle (per'i-stil) , n. an open court 
 in the interior of a house surrounded 
 by a row of columns. 
 
 peritoneum (per-i-to-ne'um) , n. a 
 
 thin serous membrane which covers 
 the abdominal viscera. 
 
 peritonitis (per-i-to-ni'tis), n. im- 
 flammation of the peritoneum. 
 
 perityphlitis (per-i-ti-fll'tis), n. same 
 as appendicitis, [Eng. Med.] 
 
 periwig (per'i-wig), n. a small wig. 
 
 periwinkle (per'i-wing-kl), n. a peren- 
 nial creeping plant; a small uni- 
 valve mollusk. 
 
 perjure (per'jur), v.i. to swear false- 
 ly. [Latin.) 
 
 perjury (per'jur-i), n. the act of swear- 
 ing falsely when on oath. 
 
 perk (perk), v.t. to make trim or smart: 
 v.i. to hold up the head in a smart 
 or saucy manner; peer. 
 
 permanence (per'ma-nens), n. the 
 state or quality of being permanent; 
 duration. Also permanency. 
 
 permanent (per'ma-nent), adj. last- 
 ing; durable; continuing in the same 
 state. [Latin.] 
 
 permeable (per'me-a-bl), adj. that 
 may be passed through. 
 
 permeate (per'me-at), v.t. to penetrate 
 and pass through the pores or in- 
 terstices of. [Latin.] 
 
 permissible (per-mis'i-bl), adj. that 
 may be permitted. 
 
 permission (per-mish'un), n. the act 
 of permitting; leave; license. 
 
 permit (per-mif), v.t.^ [p.t. & p.p. per- 
 mitted, p.pr. permitting], to allow 
 without command ; consent to ; toler- 
 ate: n. (per'mit), a written license 
 from an officer of customs to re- 
 move dutiable goods; permission. 
 [French.] 
 
 permutation (per-mu-ta'shun), n. 
 the exchange of one thing for an- 
 other; the arrangement of any de- 
 terminate number of things or let- 
 ters, in all possible orders, one after 
 the other. [Latin.] 
 
 pernicious (per-nish'us), adj. highly 
 injurious or hurtful; destructive. 
 
 peroration (per-o-ra'shun), # n. the 
 concluding part of an oration. 
 
 peroxide (per-oks'id), n. the oxide of a 
 base which contains the largest pro- 
 portion of oxygen. 
 
 perpend (per-pend'), v.t. to weigh in 
 the mind; to consider carefully. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 perpendicular (per-pen-dik'u-lar) , adj. 
 standing at right angles to a given 
 
 at<\ arm, at. 
 ?4 
 
 LWl 
 
 me. merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
PERPETRATE 
 
 372 
 
 PERTAIN 
 
 line or surface; perfectly upright: n. 
 a perpendicular line. 
 
 perpetrate (per'pe-trat), v.t. to com- 
 mit; perform (in a bad sense). 
 
 perpetual (per-pet'ii-al), adj. never 
 ceasing; not temporary. 
 
 perpetuate (per-pet'u-at), v.t. to make 
 perpetual; preserve from extinction 
 or oblivion. [Latin.] 
 
 perpetuity (per-pe-tu'i-ti) , n. the 
 state of being perpetual; endless 
 duration. 
 
 perplex (per-pleks'), v.t. to make diffi- 
 cult to be understood; make anx- 
 ious; puzzle; embarrass or confuse. 
 
 perplexity (per-pleks'i-ti), n. em- 
 barrassment ; doubt ; intricacy. 
 
 perquisite (per'kwi-zit), n. a gift or 
 allowance in addition to regular 
 wages or salary; that which is gained, 
 as distinct from that which is in- 
 herited. [Latin.] 
 
 persecute (per'se-kut), v.t. to harass 
 or ill-treat, especially for religious 
 opinions; annoy with importunity. 
 
 persecution (per-se-ku'shun), n. the 
 act of persecuting ; the state of being 
 persecuted. [Latin.] 
 
 perseverance (per-se-ve'rans) , n. the 
 act or state of persevering; continu- 
 ance in grace. 
 
 persevere (per-se-ver') , v.i. to persist 
 in any enterprise or business under- 
 taken; continue steadfastly. 
 
 persiflage (per'si-flazh), n. a light, 
 flippant manner of talking; banter. 
 
 persimmon (per-sim'un), n. an Ameri- 
 can plum-like fruit ; the tree yielding 
 it. [Amer. Indian.] 
 
 persist (per-sisf). v.i. to continue 
 steadily in any course commenced; 
 persevere. [Latin.] 
 
 persistent (per-sis'tent), adj. continu- 
 ing; constant; persevering; not fall- 
 ing off. 
 
 person (per'sn), n. a human being or 
 individual; consisting of body and 
 soul; one's self; one of the three 
 states of a subject or object of a 
 verb, as speaking, spoken to, or 
 spoken of. [French.] 
 
 personage (per'sn-aj), n. a man or 
 woman, especially one of distinction. 
 
 personal (per'sn-al), adj. pertaining to 
 men or women ; relating, or peculiar, 
 to a person and his private affairs; 
 pertaining to the external appear- 
 
 ance; done in person; denoting the 
 person; movable; opposed to real: 
 n. movable property or goods; op- 
 posed tu lands and tenements (real 
 estate). 
 
 personality (per-sn-al'i-ti) , n. that 
 which constitutes distinction of per- 
 son; application of remarks (usually 
 offensive) to some individual. 
 
 personate (per'sn-at), v.t. to repre- 
 sent by an assumed character; 
 counterfeit; assume the character 
 of, for fraudulent purposes, as in 
 voting. Also impersonate. 
 
 personification (per-son-i-n-ka/shun) , 
 n. the act of personifying. 
 
 personify (per-son'i-fi), v.t.hp.t. & p.p. 
 personified, p.pr. personifying], to 
 represent as endowed with personal 
 qualities. 
 
 personnel (per-son-el'), n. the per- 
 sons employed in any public service, 
 especially the army and navy, as dis- 
 tinguished from the materiel, arms, 
 stores, &c. 
 
 perspective (per-spek'tiv) , adj. per- 
 taining to, or in accordance with, 
 the art of perspective: n. a vista or 
 view; the art of representing objects 
 on a plane surface as they appear to 
 the eye. [Latin.] 
 
 perspicacious (per-spi-ka'shus) , adj. 
 mentally acute; quick-sighted. 
 
 perspicacity .(per-spi-kas'i-ti), n. the 
 quality of being perspicacious; acute- 
 ness of sight or discernment. 
 
 perspicuity (per-spi-kfi'i-ti) , n. free- 
 dom from obscurity ; mental clear- 
 ness; lucidity. 
 
 perspiration (per-spi-ra'shun) , n. ex- 
 cretion by the pores of the skin; 
 sweat. 
 
 perspire (per-splr'), v.i. to excrete by 
 the pores of the skin ; sweat . 
 
 persuade (per-swad'). v.t. to influence 
 by argument, advice, entreaty, &c; 
 draw or incline the will of; exhort, 
 induce; prevail upon. 
 
 persuasion (per-swa/zhun) , n. the act 
 or art of persuading ; the state of be- 
 ing persuaded. 
 
 persuasive (per-swa'siv) , adj. having 
 the power to persuade; influencing 
 the will or passions: n. an incitement. 
 
 pert (pert), adj. saucy; forward. 
 
 pertain (per-tan'), v.i. to belong, or 
 have relation. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
PERTINACIOUS 
 
 373 
 
 PHANTOM 
 
 pertinacious (per-ti-na'shus), adj. un- 
 yielding; obstinate; resolute; tena- 
 cious. 
 
 pertinent (per'ti-nent), adj. fitting or 
 appropriate; relevant. 
 
 perturb (per-terb'). v.t. to agitate; 
 disturb; disquiet. [Latin.] 
 
 perturbation (per-ter : ba'shun), n. 
 mental agitation or disquietude; an 
 irregularity or deviation in the move- 
 ment of a heavenly body in ita 
 orbit. 
 
 peruke (per-ook'), n. a kind of wig. 
 
 peruse (pe-rooz'), v.t. to read with care 
 and attention; examine. 
 
 pervade (per-vad'), v.t. to penetrate; 
 extend or be diffused all over; per- 
 meate. [Latin.] 
 
 perverse (per-vers'), adj. obstinate; 
 untractable; petulant. 
 
 perversion (per-ver' shun) , n. the act 
 of perverting; the state of being per- 
 verted ; a turning from truth or pro- 
 priety ; misapplication. 
 
 perversity (per-ver'si-ti) , same as per- 
 verseness. 
 
 pervert (per-vert'), v.t. to turn from 
 the true end or proper purpose ; mis- 
 apply: n. (per'vert), one who has 
 been perverted, especially from truth 
 to error. 
 
 pervious (per'vi-us), adj. admitting 
 passage; permeable. 
 
 pessimism (pes'i-mizm), n. the doc- 
 trine that the present state of exist- 
 ence is essentially evil ; the tendency 
 to exaggerate in thought the evils of 
 life: opposed to optimism. [Latin.] 
 
 pest (pest), n. a fatal epidemic dis- 
 ease; plague; anything very mis- 
 chievous or injurious. [Latin.] 
 
 pestilence (pes'ti-lens), n. an infec- 
 tious or contagious disease. 
 
 pestilent (pes'ti-lent), adj. noxious to 
 health, morals, or society. 
 
 pestle (pes'l), n. an instrument for 
 pounding substances in a mortar. 
 
 pet (pet), n. any person or animal that 
 is fondled; a sudden fit of peevish- 
 ness or slight passion: adj. favorite: 
 v.t. [p.t. & p.p. petted, p.pr. petting], 
 to fondle or indulge. 
 
 petal (pet'al), n. one of the separate 
 parts of the corolla of a flower; a 
 flower-leaf. [Greek.] 
 
 petard (pe-tard'), n. a bell-shaped ex- 
 
 plosive machine used for bursting 
 open gates, &c. [French.] 
 
 peter (pe'ter), v.i. in mining, to become 
 exhausted; to lose power or value 
 (with out). 
 
 petit (pet'i), adj. small; inconsiderable 
 [French]. Feminine, petite (pe-tef). 
 
 petition (pe-tish'un), n. an earnest 
 supplication or prayer ; a formal sup- 
 plication from an inferior to a su- 
 perior; a paper or document contain- 
 ing a written request: v.t. to solicit 
 earnestly; present a petition to. 
 
 petrify (pet'ri-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pet- 
 rified, p.pr. petrifying], to change 
 into stone; fix in silent amazement 
 or fear; render callous, obdurate, or 
 hard: v.i. to become stone or of a 
 stony hardness. [Latin.] 
 
 petroleum (pe-tro'le-um), n. an in- 
 flammable dark yellowish-brown bi- 
 tuminous liquid issuing from certain 
 rocks; mineral oil. [Grseco-Latin.] 
 
 petticoat (pet'i-kot), n. a woman's 
 loose underskirt. 
 
 pettifogger(pet'i-fog-er), n. a lawyer 
 who practices in petty cases. 
 
 petty (pet'i), ad;', trifling; small; in- 
 considerable; unimportant ; contemp- 
 tible. 
 
 petulance (pet'u-lans), n. peevishness; 
 caprice. Also petulancy. 
 
 petulant (pet'u-lant), adj. peevish; ca- 
 pricious. [Latin.] 
 
 pew (pu), n. an inclosed seat in a 
 church: v.t. to furnish with pews. 
 [Old French, from Latin.] 
 
 pewter (pu'ter), n. an alloy of tin, 
 lead, antimony, &c: adj. made of 
 pewter. 
 
 pfennig (fen'ig), n. a small copper 
 coin of Germany = M cent. 
 
 phaeton (fa'e-ton), n. an open four- 
 wheeled carriage. 
 
 phalanx (fa'langks), n. [pi. phalanges 
 (fa-lan'jez)], among the ancient 
 Greeks, a square battalion of heavy- 
 armed infantry drawn up in close 
 rank: hence any close compact 
 body: pi. the small bones of the fin- 
 gers and toes. 
 
 phantasm (fan'tazm), n. a vision or 
 specter. 
 
 phantasmagoria (f a n-t a z-m a-g o'- 
 ri-a), n. a magic lantern. [Greek.] 
 
 phantom (fan'tom), n. an apparition; 
 spirit; fancied vision. 
 
 ate, arm, at awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book : 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
PHARISAIC 
 
 374 
 
 PHONOGRAPH 
 
 Pharisaic (far-i-sa/ik), adj. pertaining 
 to, or characteristic of, the Phari- 
 sees; formally religious; hypocritical. 
 Also pharisaical. 
 
 Pharisee (far'i-se), n. one of a religious 
 sect among the Jews characterized 
 by their strict observance of the let- 
 ter of the law, and rites and cere- 
 monies; one who observes the letter 
 rather than the spirit of the law; a 
 mere formalist. [Latin, from He- 
 brew.] 
 
 pharmaceutic (far-ma-su'tik) , adj. 
 pertaining to pharmaceutics. Also 
 pharmaceutical: n.pl. pharmacy. 
 
 pharmacopoeia (far-ma-ko-pe'ya), n. 
 an official publication containing the 
 list of drugs of the Materia Medica, 
 and directions for the preparation of 
 medical appliances. [Greek.] 
 
 pharmacy (far'ma-si), n. the art of 
 preparing and compounding medi- 
 cines ; a drug-store. 
 
 pharynx (far'ingks), n. the muscu- 
 lar or membranous sac at the upper 
 part of the esophagus. [Greek.] 
 
 phase (faz), n. [pi. phases (fa'sez)], the 
 illuminated surface shown by a 
 planet, or the moon; aspect; appear- 
 ance; transparent green quartz. 
 Also phasis. [Greek.] 
 
 pheasant (fez'ant), n. & gallinaceous 
 bird with brilliant plumage, and pre- 
 served for sport. [French.] 
 
 phenix (fe'niks), n. a fabulous bird, 
 said to live 500 years in the Arabian 
 desert, and to rise rejuvenescent 
 from its ashes after immolating it- 
 self on a funeral pyre; hence the 
 emblem of immortality. Also phoe- 
 nix. [Greek.] 
 
 phenol (fe'nol), n. carbolic acid.^ 
 
 phenomenal (f e-nom'en-al) , adj. per- 
 taining to, or consisting of, phenom- 
 ena. 
 
 phenomenon (fe-nom'e-non) , n. [pi. 
 phenomena (fe-nom'e-na)], an ap- 
 pearance, especially one of unusual 
 occurrence; something as it is per- 
 ceived by experiment or observation. 
 
 phenyl (fe'nil), n. the hydro-carbon 
 radical of phenol. 
 
 phial (fl'al), n. a small glass bottle 
 or vessel: v.t. to put or keep in a 
 phial. Also vial. [Greek.] 
 
 philanthropic (fil-an-throp'ik), adj. 
 
 loving mankind; benevolent. Also 
 philanthropical. , 
 
 philanthropist (fil-an'thro-pist) , n. 
 one who loves and seeks to benefit 
 mankind. 
 
 philanthropy (fil-an'thro-pi) , n. love 
 of mankind; benevolence. [Greek.] 
 
 philately (fil-at'e-li), n. the system- 
 atic collection of postage stamps. 
 
 Philippic (fi-lip'ik), n. a speech of 
 vehement invective: from one of the 
 three orations of Demosthenes 
 against Philip of Macedon. The 
 name is also given to the orations of 
 Cicero against M. Antonius. (Mark 
 Antony.) 
 
 Philistine (fil-is'tin or fiTis-tln), n. an 
 ancient inhabitant of the southwest- 
 ern coast of Palestine; in Germany, 
 . a non-academical person; an uncul- 
 tured person or one of narrow views: 
 adj. characteristic of the Philistines ; 
 narrow-minded; prosaic. 
 
 philology (fil-ol'o-ji), n. the scientific 
 study of languages and their struc- 
 ture and mutual relation. [Greek.] 
 
 philomel (fil'd-mel), n. the nightin- 
 gale. [Greek.] 
 
 philoprogenitiveness (fil-o-pro-jen'- 
 i-tiv-nes), n. the instinctive love of 
 offspring. 
 
 philosopher (fil-os'o-fer), n. a student 
 of philosophy; one noted for calm 
 judgment and practical wisdom. 
 
 philosophic (fil-o-sof'ik), adj. per- 
 taining to, or in accordance with, 
 philosophy; rational; wise; calm. 
 Also philosophicaj. 
 
 philosophy (fil-os'o-fi), n. the knowl- 
 edge of the causes of all phenomena 
 both of mind and matter ; a particular 
 philosophic system; calmness of 
 temper. [Greek.] 
 
 phlegm (flem), n. mucus secreted in 
 the air-passages of the throat; cold- 
 ness; sluggishness. [Greek.] 
 
 phlegmatic (fleg-mat'ik), adj. abound- 
 ing in phlegm; sluggish; dull. 
 
 phonetic (fo-net'ik), adj. pertaining 
 to the voice or sounds; representing 
 the simple elementary sounds. Also 
 phonetical: n.pl. the science of 
 sounds, especially of the human 
 voice. [Greek.] 
 
 phonics (fon'iks), n.pl. the science of 
 sounds; acoustics. 
 
 phonograph (f o'no-graf ) , n. a letter 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
PHOSPHATE 
 
 375 
 
 PICKET 
 
 or character indicating a distinct 
 spoken sound; an instrument to re- 
 cord or reproduce articulate speech 
 or sounds. [Modern Greek.] 
 
 phosphate (fos'fat), n. a salt of 
 phosphoric acid. 
 
 phosphorescence (f os-f o-res'ens) , n. 
 emission of light under certain con- 
 ditions by substances at common 
 temperatures ; faint light. 
 
 phosphorescent (fos-fo-res'ent), adj. 
 luminous. 
 
 phosphorus (fos'for-us), n. a yellow- 
 ish, wax-like, inflammable, # non- 
 metallic element, luminous in the 
 dark. 
 
 photo, a Greek prefix meaning light. 
 
 photograph (fo'to-graf), n. a photo- 
 graphic picture: v.t. to take a pic- 
 ture of by means of photography. 
 
 photography (f o-tog'ra-fi) , n. the art 
 or process of producing pictures by 
 the action of light on certain sub- 
 stances sensitized by various chem- 
 ical processes. 
 
 photoplay (fo'to-pla), n. a play pre- 
 sented on a screen by moving pic- 
 tures. 
 
 phrase (fraz), n. a part of a sen- 
 tence; brief pithy expression; idiom; 
 style or manner: v.t. to style; ex- 
 press in peculiar words. [Greek.] 
 
 phrenology (fren-ol'o-ji), n. the 
 science of the human mind or brain, 
 as connected with the moral, < in- 
 tellectual, and sensual dispositions 
 of the individual, which are sup- 
 posed to be indicated by the un- 
 dulations on the cranium. 
 
 phthisis (ti'sis), n. pulmonary con- 
 sumption. [Greek.] 
 
 phylactery (fi-lak'ter-i) , n. [pi. phy- 
 lacteries (fi-lak'ter-iz)], a small 
 square box containing a thin strip 
 of parchment upon which certain 
 texts from the law are inscribed, 
 worn by pious Jews upon the fore- 
 head and left wrist. [Graeco-Latin.] 
 
 physic (fiz'ik), n. the science of med- 
 icine, or the art of healing; medi- 
 cine; a cathartic: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 physicked, p.jpr. physicking], to ad- 
 minister medicine to; cure. 
 
 physical (fiz'i-kal), adj. pertaining to 
 nature, or to material things; per- 
 ceptible to the senses; pertaining to 
 physics; medicinal. 
 
 physician (fi-zish'an), n. one legally 
 qualified to prescribe remedies for 
 diseases. 
 
 physics (fiz'iks), n.pl. physical science 
 or natural philosophy. 
 
 physiognomy (fiz-i-og'no-mi), n. the 
 science of discerning the character 
 of the mind from the features of the 
 countenance; the face; outward 
 appearance. 
 
 physiology (fiz-i-ol'o-ji),n. the science 
 that treats of €he vital functions 
 performed by the organs of animals 
 and plants. 
 
 physique (fi-zek'), n. physical organ- 
 ization. [French.] 
 
 pi, pie (pi), n. disarranged or jum- 
 bled type: v.t. to jumble or throw 
 into disorder 5> as printing type. 
 
 pianist (pi'an-ist), n. a performer on 
 the piano. 
 
 piano (pi-an'o), n. a pianoforte. p 
 
 pianoforte (pi-an'o-fort), n. a stringed 
 musical instrument, the notes of 
 which are produced by hammers 
 acted upon by keys. 
 
 piazza (pi-az'a), n. an open square sur- 
 rounded by buildings or colonnades; 
 a walk under a roof supported by 
 pillars. [Italian.] 
 
 pica (pi'ka), n. a size of type, used 
 as^ a # standard of measurement in 
 printing (see type) ; a vitiated ap- 
 petite for unnatural kinds of sub- 
 stances, as coal, sand, chalk, &c. 
 
 picayune (pik-a-yoon'), n. a small 
 silver coin = 634 cents, or now 5 
 cents. A name used in New Or- 
 leans and adjacent parts of Loui- 
 siana. [French.] 
 
 piccaninny (pik'a-nin-i) , n. [pi. picca- 
 ninnies (pik'a-nin-iz)], a negro baby 
 or child. [Cuban dialect.] 
 
 pick (pik), n. a sharp pointed iron 
 tool; choice or selection: v.t. to 
 strike with a sharp instrument, or 
 with the beak; pierce; open by an 
 instrument; pluck or gather; sep- 
 arate with the fingers; choose or 
 select^ clean; rob: v.i. to eat, or do 
 anything, leisurely and fastidiously; 
 pilfer. 
 
 pickelhauhe (pik'el-how'be) , n. the 
 spiked helmet worn by German sol- 
 diers. [German. 1 
 
 pickerel (pik'er-el), n.a small pike. 
 
 picket (pik'et), n. a pointed stake used 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
PICKLE 
 
 376 
 
 PILLAGE 
 
 in fortification; pale of a fence; a 
 stake to which a horse is fastened; 
 a military guard to give notice of the 
 approach of an enemy, or to bring 
 in deserters; one or more appointed 
 by a trades-union to watch a fac- 
 tory, &c, where non-unionist men 
 are employed during a strike: v.t. 
 to place as a picket; fasten to a 
 picket. [French.] 
 
 pickle (pik'l), n. a mixture of brine 
 and water, &c, for preserving food; 
 vegetables, &c, preserved in pickle; 
 embarrassment or difficulty; a mis- 
 chievous or troublesome child: v.t. 
 to preserve in, or as in, pickle. 
 
 picnic (pik'nik), n. a short excursion 
 into the country, &c, by a pleasure 
 party carrying their own provisions; 
 a kind of biscuit. 
 
 pictograph (pik'to-graf), n. a picture 
 representing an idea; the earliest 
 form of record. 
 
 pictorial (pik-to'ri-al), adj. pertain- 
 ing to, or illustrated by, pictures. 
 
 picture (pik'tur), n. a painting or 
 drawing < representing a _ person or 
 thing; vivid representation or de- 
 scription. [Latin.J 
 
 picturesque _ (pik-tiir-esk') , adj. giv- 
 ing vivid impression of nature or 
 reality; graphic; wild and beautiful; 
 romantic: n. that which is pictur- 
 esque. 
 
 pie (pi), n. the magpie; printer's type 
 confusedly mixed; meat or fruit cov- 
 ered with crust and baked. _ 
 
 piebald (pi'bawld), adj. having spots 
 or patches of different colors. 
 
 piece (pes), n. a part of anything; 
 certain quantity; literary or artistic 
 composition; separate performance; 
 coin; gun; person (used contemptu- 
 ously): v.t. to enlarge by adding a 
 piece; patch: v.i. to join; unite by 
 coalescence of parts. [French.] 
 
 piecemeal (pesmel), adj. made of 
 pieces or parts; single: adv. in pieces 
 or parts. 
 
 pied (pid), adj. variegated or spotted. 
 
 pier (per), n. a mass of masonry 
 supporting an arch, bridge, &c. ; tim- 
 bers of a bridge or other building; 
 mole or jetty; wharf; a landing 
 place projecting into the sea. 
 
 pierce (pers), v.t. to penetrate, espe- 
 cially with a pointed instrument; 
 
 affect deeply; explore; dive into: 
 v.i. to enter. 
 
 piercing (pers'ing), adj. penetrating; 
 keen. 
 
 piety (pi'e-ti), n. the quality of be- 
 ing pious; reverence for, and duty 
 towards, God; reverence to parents. 
 
 pig (pig), fi. the young of swine; a 
 swine; pork; an oblong mass of un- 
 forged metal: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. pigged, 
 v.pr. pigging], to bring forth pigs; 
 be huddled together. 
 
 pigeon (pij'un), ri. a bird of the ge- 
 nus Columba; a simpleton; one who 
 is easily imposed upon or swindled. 
 
 pigeon-hole (pij'un-hol), n. a compart- 
 ment for papers, &c. 
 
 pigment (pig'ment), n. paint; color- 
 ing matter. 
 
 pigmy, same as pygmy. 
 
 pigwidgeon (pig-wij'un), n. a fairy; 
 anything very diminutive. 
 
 pike (pik), n. a weapon with a shaft 
 and spearhead; a voracious fresh- 
 water fish with a narrow, elongated, 
 pointed head. 
 
 pike (pik), n. a turnpike road. Fig- 
 uratively, the worldat large, or at 
 least, the busy, bustling part of it. 
 
 piker (pik'er), n. a swindler; one who 
 seeks to take advantage of another. 
 [Slang.] 
 
 pilaster (pWas'ter), n. a square col- 
 umn or pillar, inserted partly in a 
 wall. [French.] 
 
 pile (pil), n. a large beam driven into 
 the ground to make a firm founda- 
 tion; mass or heap; accumulation; 
 large building; a series of plates ar- 
 ranged to produce an electric cur- 
 rent; nap of cloth; a fortune: pi. 
 hemorrhoids: v.t. to heap up; collect 
 in a mass ; accumulate ; lay on ; drive 
 piles into. 
 
 pilfer (pil'fer), v.t. to steal in small 
 quantities. 
 
 pilgrim (pirgrim), n. a traveler; one 
 who travels from a distance to visit 
 some sacred place. [French.] 
 
 pilgrimage (pil'grim-aj), n. a journey, 
 especially to some sacred place. # 
 
 pill (pil), n. a pellet of some medicinal 
 substance to be swallowed entire; 
 something disagreeable that must 
 be accepted: v.t. to reject by black 
 balls in a club ballot. [Latin.] 
 
 pillage (pil'aj), n. the act of plunder- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book : 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
PILLAR 
 
 377 
 
 PIPPIN 
 
 ing; spoil: v.t. to plunder or spoil; 
 lay waste. 
 
 pillar (pil'ar), n. a column to support a 
 structure; monument; something re- 
 sembling a pillar, or affording sup- 
 port. 
 
 pillion (pil'yun), n. a cushion for a 
 woman to ride on horseback behind 
 a horseman; a soft low saddle. 
 
 pillorv (pil'or-i), n. [pi. pillories 
 (pil or-iz)], a wooden frame sup- 
 ported by an upright post, having 
 holes through which the head and 
 hands of a person exposed to dis- 
 grace were passed and secured: v.t. 
 to place in a pillory; expose to pub- 
 lic disgrace or abuse. 
 
 pillow (pil'o), n. a case filled with 
 feathers, &c, to support the head of 
 a person reposing; the block on 
 which the inner end of a bowsprit 
 is supported: adj. noting a kind of 
 lace: v.t. to place on a pillow. 
 
 pilot (pi'lot), n. one who conducts a 
 vessel in or out of a harbor or where 
 navigation is difficult or dangerous; 
 a guide: v.t. to guide or direct as a 
 pilot. 
 
 pimento (pi-men'to), n. allspice. 
 
 pimple (pim'pl), n. a small pustule. 
 
 pin (pin), n. a short piece of wire 
 sharpened at one end and having a 
 head at the other, used for fasten- 
 ing articles together; anything driv- 
 en to hold parts together; bolt or 
 peg; linchpin; hatpin; hairpin. 
 
 pinafore (pin'a-for), n. a loose apron 
 or covering to protect children's 
 dresses. 
 
 pinch (pinch), v.t. to squeeze or nip; 
 oppress or distress: v.i. to bear 
 hard; be straitened; be mean or 
 niggardly: n. a squeeze or nip, as 
 with the fingers and thumb; dis- 
 tress, or difficulty. 
 
 pinchbeck (pinch'bek), n. a yellow 
 alloy of 5 parts of copper and 1 of 
 zinc: adj. noting jewelry of inferior 
 make. 
 
 pinchers (pinch'erz), n. an instru- 
 ment for drawing out nails, &c; 
 nippers. Also pincers. 
 
 pine (pin), n. a cone-bearing tree of 
 the genus Pinus; timber of the pine: 
 v.i. to waste away from distress, 
 anxiety, &c. 
 
 ping (ping), n. the whistling sound of 
 
 a bullet. 
 pinion (pin'yun), n. the last joint of a 
 bird's wing; a wing; the smaller of 
 two geared wheels: v.t. to bind or 
 secure, as by binding the arms; 
 confine or fetter. 
 pink (pingk), n. a shade of light-red 
 color; a flower with sharp-pointed 
 leaves of the genus Dianthus; a 
 narrow-sterned vessel; anything of 
 supreme excellence: adj. of the color 
 of a pink: v.t. to stab; pierce or 
 punch with small round holes or 
 small scallops; work in eyelet 
 holes. 
 pinking (pingk'ing), n. a method of 
 ornamenting dress materials or lea- 
 ther by scalloping the edges. 
 pinnace (pin'as), n. a small light 
 schooner-rigged vessel with oars; an 
 eight-oared man-of-war's boat. 
 pinnacle (pin'a-kl), n. a small polyg- 
 onal turret or elevation above the 
 rest of the building; a high point like 
 a spire: v.t. furnish with pinnacles. 
 pint (pint), n. one-eighth of a gallon. ' 
 pioneer (pi-o-ner'), n. a soldier or per- 
 son whose business it is to clear and 
 repair roads, &c, before an army, 
 sink mines, and throw up fortifica- 
 tions; one who goes before to pre- 
 pare the way for another: v.i. act as 
 a pioneer. [French.] 
 pious (pi'us), adj. dutiful to God, or to 
 parents; religious; devout; proceed- 
 ing from, or actuated by, religious 
 feeling. [Latin.] 
 pip (pip), n. the seed of certain fruit, 
 as lemons, oranges, and grape-fruit; 
 a disease in fowls ; a spot on a play- 
 ing card: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. pipped, 
 p.pr. pipping], to cry like a chicken 
 or small bird. 
 pipe (pip) n. any long hollow tube; 
 a tube of clay, wood, &c., with a 
 bowl at one end for smoking tobac- 
 co; a wine measure = 2 hogsheads, 
 or 105 imperial gallons, or 126 wine- 
 gallons: v.t. to play on, or call by, 
 a pipe: v.i. to whistle; emit a shrill 
 sound. [Latin.] 
 piping (pip'ing), adj. feeble; weak; 
 shrill; playing upon a pipe; hot like 
 boiling water: n. corded trimming 
 for dresses. 
 pippin (pip'in), n. a variety of apple. 
 
 ate. arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, i/ien. 
 
PIQUANCY 
 
 378 
 
 PLACARD 
 
 piquancy (pe'kan-si), n. the state or 
 quality of being piquant. 
 
 piquant (pe'kant), adj. pungent; se- 
 vere. [French.] 
 
 pique (pek), n. slight anger or re- 
 sentment; wounded pride; punc- 
 tilio: v.t. to wound the pride of; 
 irritate; displease; pride or value 
 (one's se_lf) 1 
 
 pique (pe-ka'), n. a heavy cotton 
 fabric. JFrench.] 
 
 piquet (pe-ket'), n. a card game. 
 
 piracy (pi'ra-si), n. the act or crime of 
 a pirate ; infringement of copyright. 
 
 pirate (pi'rat), n. a robber on the high 
 seas; one who infringes the law of 
 literary or artistic copyright: v.t. 
 to take without permission or com- 
 pensation: v.i. to practice piracy. 
 
 pirouette (pir-56-ef), n. a whirling 
 or turning about on one toe; turn- 
 ing of a horse on the same ground : 
 v.i. to execute a pirouette. 
 
 piscatorial (pis-ka-to'ri-al), adj. per- 
 taining to fishing. Also piscatory. 
 
 pisciculture (pis'ki-kul-tur), n. the ar- 
 tificial breeding and rearing of fishes. 
 
 pish (pish), inter j. a contemptuous 
 exclamation: v.i. to express con- 
 tempt. 
 
 pismire (pis'mir), n. an ant. 
 
 pistil (pis 'til), n. the seed-bearing or- 
 gan in the center of a flower. 
 
 pistol (pis'tol), n. a small hand-gun: 
 v.t. to shoot with a pistol. [French.] 
 
 piston (pis'tun), n. a small solid cylin- 
 der of metal or wood, fitting exactly 
 and moving up and down the barrel 
 of a pump, or the cylinder of a 
 steam-engine. 
 
 pit (pit), n. a deep hole in the earth; 
 an abyss; shaft of a mine; a hole 
 used for trapping wild animals; 
 area for cock-fighting; ground floor 
 of a theater; a hollow part of the 
 body, as the stomach; indentation 
 left by small-pox; Hades (with 
 the): v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pitted, p.pr. 
 pitting]. to # mark with small hollows 
 or depressions; set in competition; 
 place in a pit. 
 
 pit-a-pat (pit-a-pat'), adv. with quick 
 beating: n. a palpitation; a light 
 quick step. 
 
 pitch (pich), n. the solid black res- 
 inous substance obtained from boiled 
 tar [Latin]; a casting forward or 
 
 down; degree or rate; dope; the de- 
 gree of acuteness or graveness of a 
 musical note; distance between the 
 center of two" gearing teeth; at 
 cricket, the distance between the 
 wickets: v.t. to smear with pitch; 
 throw; cast headlong; set to a key- 
 note; order regularly; fix in, or on, 
 the ground: v.i. to settle; fall head- 
 long; encamp; rise and fall; fix the 
 choice (with upon). 
 
 pitchblende (pich 'blend), n. a black 
 oxide of uranium: used in coloring 
 glass a pale sea-green; it is the chief 
 source of radium. See radium. 
 
 pitcher (pich'er), n. one who pitches; 
 an earthen vessel for holding water; 
 an instrument for piercing the 
 ground. 
 
 pitchfork (pich 'fork), n. a pronged 
 "fork for pitching hay, straw, &c: 
 v.t. to lift or throw with a pitchfork. 
 
 piteous (pit'e-us), adj. exciting pity; 
 sorrowful; sad. 
 
 pitfall (pit 'f awl), n. a pit lightly cov- 
 ered so that wild beasts may fall 
 into it; a trap. 
 
 pith (pith), n. the soft spongy sub- 
 stance in the center of plants; mar- 
 row; quintessence; energy or force. 
 
 pithy (pith'i), adj. of the nature of or 
 full of pith; forcible. 
 
 pitiable (pit'i-a-bl), adj. deserving 
 pity. 
 
 pitiful (pit'i-fool) , adj. moving com- 
 passion; insignificant. 
 
 pitiless (pit'i-les), adj. without pity 
 or compassion; merciless. 
 
 pittance (pit'ans), n. a small allow- 
 ance, especially of money. 
 
 pity (pit'i), n. sympathy with distress; 
 compassion; a subject of pity or 
 grief: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pitied, p.pr. 
 pitying], to sympathize with: v.i. 
 to be compassionate, or affected 
 with pity. [French.] 
 
 pivot (piv'ot), n. the short shaft on 
 which anything turns; the soldier 
 who is stationary at the flank while 
 the company drilling wheels round: 
 v.t. to place on a pivot. 
 
 pixy (piks'i), n. [pi. pixies (piks'iz)], 
 a fairy. Also pixie. [Celtic] 
 
 placable (pla'ka-bl), adj. that may be 
 appeased or pacified; forgiving. 
 
 placard (plak'ard), n. a bill placed 
 on a wall, &c, as an advertisement: 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
PLACE 
 
 379 
 
 PLAT 
 
 v.t. (pla-kardO. to advertise by a 
 placard. _ [French.] 
 
 place (plas), n. a special spot or 
 locality; broadway or square; sit- 
 uation; site; residence; office; city 
 or town ; room ; duty ; passage in 
 writing or a book; fortified post; 
 precedence: v.t. to put in any place, 
 office, &c; ascribe; settle; establish; 
 put out at interest. [French.] 
 
 placer (plas'er), n. a mineral deposit 
 which is not a vein. [German.] 
 
 placid (plas'id), adj. calm; peaceful; 
 mild. 
 
 placidity (pla-sid'i-ti), n. the state or 
 quality of being placid. 
 
 placket (plak'et), n. the slit in a skirt 
 or petticoat. 
 
 plagiarist (pla'ji-a-rist), n. one who 
 steals from the writings of another 
 and passes them off as his own pro- 
 duction; literary theft. Also pla- 
 giary. [Latin.] 
 
 plagiarize (pla'ji-a-rlz), v.t. to steal 
 from the writings of another. 
 
 plague (plag), n. a malignant epi- 
 demic; anything very troublesome 
 or annoying: v.t: to infest with dis- 
 ease; annoy greatly. [Latin.] 
 
 plaid (plad), n. a checkered woolen 
 cloth, originally worn by the High- 
 landers of Scotland. [Gaelic] 
 
 plain (plan), adj. flat; clear; evident; 
 easily understood; not luxurious; 
 homely: n. level ground; any flat 
 expanse. [French.] 
 
 plaint (plant), n. lamentation; a 
 mournful song; the exhibiting of an 
 action in writing by a plaintiff. 
 
 plaintiff (plan'tif), n. one who com- 
 mences a suit in a court of law. 
 [French.] 
 
 plaintive (plan'tiv), adj. expressing 
 grief or sorrow; sad. 
 
 plait (plat), n. a flat fold; braid: v.t. 
 to fold or braid; interweave. Also 
 pleat. 
 
 plan (plan), n. a drawing on a flat 
 surface, as of a building, &c; 
 scheme or project: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 planned, p. or. panning], to make a 
 plan or sketch of, on a flat surface; 
 form in design; outline. 
 
 planchet (plan'chet), n. a flat piece 
 of metal prepared for coining. 
 
 planchette (plang-shef), n. a heart- 
 shaped board fitted with wheels and 
 
 a pencil which marks as it moves 
 the pencil-hand by some supposed 
 mysterious agency. [French.] 
 
 plane (plan), adj. flat; level; even; 
 without elevations or depressions: 
 n. a flat or even surface; in geom- 
 etry, an even superficies ; a level sur- 
 face parallel to the horizon; a car- 
 penter's tool for smoothing wood: 
 v.t. to make level; make smooth 
 with a plane. [Latin.] 
 
 planet (plan'et), n. a heavenly body 
 revolving round the sun. [Greek.] 
 
 plank (plangk), n. a long broad piece 
 of sawn timber thicker than a board ; 
 an item in a political programme or 
 policy: v.t. to cover with planks; 
 to pay (with down). 
 
 plant (plant), n. any vegetable or- 
 ganism; sprout or sapling; the tools, 
 machinery, or fixtures of any trade 
 or business; a swindle: v.t. to put 
 into the ground for growth, as seed; 
 fix in the mind; establish. [Latin.] 
 
 plantain (plan 'tan), n. a tropical 
 broad-leaved tree yielding an edible 
 fruit similar to the banana. [French.] 
 
 plantation (plan-ta'shun), n. a place 
 planted with trees; a large culti- 
 vated estate for cotton, sugar, &c; 
 a new settlement or colony. 
 
 plaque (plak), n. a metal or terra- 
 cotta plate upon which flowers, fig- 
 ures, &c, are enameled or painted. 
 
 plash (plash), n. a puddle; pond: 
 v.t. to splash or dash with water; 
 interweave the branches or twigs 
 of: as, to plash a hedge. 
 
 plasm (plazm), n. a mold or matrix. 
 
 plasma (plaz'ma), n. the colorless 
 fluid of the blood in which the red 
 corpuscles float; protoplasm; a grass- 
 green variety of chalcedony. 
 
 plaster (plas'ter), n. calcined gypsum 
 used for castings^ &c. (plaster of 
 paris) ; a composition of lime, sand, 
 and water, for coating walls; a me- 
 dicinal application for external use: 
 adj. made of plaster: v.t. to cover 
 with, or as with, plaster. [French.] 
 
 plastic (plas'tik), adj. capable of being 
 formed or molded; giving form. 
 
 plasticity (plas-tis'i-ti), n. the state 
 or quality of being plastic. 
 
 plat (plat), n. a piece of ground: v.t. 
 to make a map or plan of; to divide 
 into lots. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, ^ot ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
PLATE 
 
 380 
 
 PLEVIN 
 
 plate (plat), n. a thin piece of metal; 
 a small shallow vessel used at table 
 for eating from; an engraved piece 
 of metal; household articles of gold 
 or silver; a prize given at a race: 
 v.t. to coat with a more valuable 
 metal; to beat into laminse or thin 
 plates. 
 
 plateau (pla-to'), n. [pi. plateaux 
 (pla-toz')L elevated broad flat land; 
 tableland; a large ornamental cen- 
 ter-dish. [French.] 
 
 platform (plat'form), n. aflat floor of 
 wood, stone, &c, raised above the 
 level of the ground; the place where 
 guns are mounted on a fortress or 
 battery; political program or policy, 
 of which each item is called a plank. 
 
 plating (pla'ting), n. the art of over- 
 laying or covering anything with a 
 metallic plate. 
 
 platinum (plat'i-num), n. a greyish- 
 white metal very hard and ductile, 
 the heaviest of all known metals. 
 Also the earlier form, platina. [Span- 
 ish.] 
 
 platitude (plat'i-tud) , n. insipidity; 
 dulness; a weak, empty, trite re- 
 mark. [French.] 
 
 platoon (pla-toon'), n. two files of sol- 
 diers forming a subdivision. [French.] 
 
 platter (plat'er), n. a large flat dish. 
 
 plaudit (plaw'dit), n. applause. 
 
 plausible (plaw'zi-bl), adj. specious; 
 superficially pleasing. 
 
 play (pla), n. any exercise or occupa- 
 tion for amusement; exertion of 
 powers; diversion; pastime; drama, 
 tragedy, or comedy; gaming: v.i. 
 [p.t. & p.p. played]. 
 
 playful (pla'fool), adj. sportive; lively. 
 
 plaza (pla'za), n. an open square or 
 market place. [Spanish.] 
 
 plea (pie), n. an excuse or apology; 
 the defendant's answer to the plain- 
 tiff's declaration in a lawsuit; ur- 
 gent entreaty. 
 
 plead (pled), v.i. to argue or rea- 
 son in support of a cause against 
 another; argue before a court of 
 law; supplicate earnestly: v.t. dis- 
 cuss or defend by arguments; offer 
 as an excuse. [French.] 
 
 pleadings (pled'ingz), n.pl. the writ- 
 ten statements of the two parties in a 
 lawsuit. 
 
 pleasant (plez'ant), n. grateful to 
 
 the mind or senses; delightful; 
 agreeable; cheerful; facetious. 
 
 pleasantry (plez'ant-ri), n. merri- 
 ment; lively talk; gaiety; a laugh- 
 able trick or joke. 
 
 please (plez), v.t. to gratify; give 
 pleasure to; gain approbation from: 
 v.i. to afford pleasure or gratifica- 
 tion; like or choose. [French.] 
 
 pleasing (plez'ing), p. adj. affording 
 pleasure; agreeable. 
 
 pleasurable (plezh'u-ra-bl), adj. grat- 
 ifying; delightful. 
 
 pleasure (plezh'tir), n. gratification; 
 agreeable emotions, mental or phys- 
 ical; transient enjoyment; sensual 
 gratification. 
 
 plebeian (ple-be'an), adj. pertaining 
 to the Plebs or Roman commonalty ; 
 pertaining to the common people: 
 opposed to patrician: n. one of the 
 common people. 
 
 plebiscite (plab'i-set), n. a vote taken 
 of the entire male community by 
 universal suffrage on some special 
 matter submitted; the decree 
 founded on such a vote. [French.] 
 
 pledge (plej), n. anything placed as 
 a security or guarantee; pawn; host- 
 age; a health in drinking: v.t. to give 
 as security or guarantee; deposit in 
 pawn; drink to the health of. 
 
 plenary (ple'na-ri), adj. full; com- 
 plete. 
 
 plenipotentiary (plen-i-po-ten'shi-a- 
 ri), adj. having full power: n. a min- 
 ister to a foreign court invested with 
 full powers. His rank is still below 
 that of an ambassador. [Late Latin.] 
 
 plenitude (plen'i : tud), n. fulness. 
 
 plentiful (plen'ti-fool), adj. yielding 
 abundance; copious. 
 
 plenty (plen'ti), n. abundance. 
 
 pleonasm (ple'o-nazm), n. use of 
 more words than necessary in speak- 
 ing or writing. [Greek.] 
 
 plethora (pleth'o-ra) , n. excessive 
 fulness of blood; overabundance. 
 
 plethoric (pleth'o-rik), adj. having 
 excess of blood. [Greek.] 
 
 pleura (ploo'ra), n. [pi. pleurae (ploo'- 
 re)], a delicate serous membrane 
 covering the interior of the thorax 
 and each lung. [Greek.] 
 
 pleurisy (ploo'ri-si) , n. inflammation 
 of the pleura. 
 
 plevin (plev'in), n. a warrant. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, but ; think, then. 
 
PLEXUS 
 
 381 
 
 PLUTOCRAT 
 
 plexus (plek'sus), n. a network of 
 veins, nerves, &c. [Latin.] 
 
 pliable (pll'a-bl), adj. easily bent; 
 flexible; easy to be persuaded. 
 
 pliancy (pll'an-si), n. pliant quality.* 
 
 pliant (pli'ant), adj. flexible; easily 
 bent; yielding to moral suasion. 
 
 pliers (pli'erz), n. a kind of small 
 pinchers for seizing and bending, 
 especially small articles. 
 
 plight (pllt), n. a dangerous or dis- 
 tressed condition; predicament; 
 pledge; promise; v.t. to pledge, as 
 one's faith. 
 
 plinth (plinth), n. the lowest square- 
 shaped part of the base of a column, 
 pedestal, &c; the projecting face at 
 the bottom of a wall. [Greek.] 
 
 plod (plod), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. plodded, 
 p.pr. plodding], to travel laborious- 
 ly; drudge or toil; study closely. 
 
 plot (plot), n. a complicated scheme, 
 conspiracy, or plan; intrigue; chain 
 of incidents in a play, novel, &c, 
 gradually developed: v.t. [p.t. & p. p. 
 plotted, p.pr. plotting], to devise; 
 make a plan of; v.i. to conspire; 
 to plan against another. [French.] 
 
 plover (pluv'er), n. a wading bird of 
 various species. 
 
 plow, plough (plou), n. an agricul- 
 tural implement for turning up the 
 soil; a grooving-plane : v.t. to turn 
 up with a plow; furrow. 
 
 pluck (pluk), v.t. to pull off, out, or 
 up; snatch; pick or gather; reject 
 as a candidate in an examination: 
 n. a pull; the heart, liver and lungs 
 of an animal; courage. 
 
 plug (plug), n. a piece of wood, &c, 
 used for stopping a hole: v.t. [p.t. 
 & p.p. plugged, p.pr. plugging], to 
 stop with a plug. 
 
 plum (plum), n. a tree, Prunus do- 
 mestica, or its well-known fruit; a 
 raisin; a large fortune. [English.] 
 
 plumage (plum'aj), n. a bird's feath- 
 ers. 
 
 plumb (plum), n. a heavy body, usu- 
 ally of lead, suspended at the ex- 
 tremity of a line to indicate the per- 
 pendicularity of work done, as a 
 wall, &c: adj. prependicular : adv. 
 perpendicularly: v.t. to adjust by 
 a plumb-line; make perpendicular; 
 sound (the depth of water) by a 
 plummet. [Latin.] 
 
 plumbago (plum-ba'go), n. a mineral 
 of carbon and iron, used for lead 
 pencils; a form of carbon. 
 
 plumbing (plum'ing), n. the art or 
 occupation of putting into buildings 
 the pipes, traps, &c, for the con- 
 veyance of water, gas, and sewage. 
 
 plume (ploom), n. a feather; a feath- 
 er worn as an ornament. 
 
 plummet (plum'et), n. a leaden 
 weight attached to a string used for 
 sounding depths, &c. 
 
 plump (plump), adj. round and sleek 
 with fulness of flesh; in good condi- 
 tion; downright; unqualified: adv. 
 with a sudden or heavy fall: v.i. to 
 grow plump; fall or sink down; to 
 vote for a single candidate when one 
 has the right to vote for two or 
 more: v.t. to make plump: fatten. 
 
 plunder (plun'der), n. booty; pil- 
 lage: v.t. to take by open force; 
 spoil; rob. 
 
 plunge (plunj), v.t. to put suddenly 
 into any liquid; immerse; baptize 
 by immersion: v.i. to fall, or rush, as 
 into water; dive; throw the body 
 forward and the legs up, as a horse; 
 bet heavily and thoughtlessly: n. 
 the act of plunging; sudden fall. 
 
 plunger (plunj'er),n.one who plunges; 
 a diver ; the long solid cylinder or pis- 
 ton of a pump ; one who bets heavily 
 and thoughtlessly. 
 
 pluperfect (ploo'per-fekt), adj. not- 
 ing an event or action occurring 
 prior to some other event or action. 
 
 plural (ploo'ral), adj. consisting of 
 more than one: n. that form of a word 
 that expresses more than one. 
 
 plurality (ploo-ral'i-ti), n. the ma- 
 jority; the greatest of three or more 
 numbers; the excess of votes cast 
 for any one candidate over the can- 
 didate who receives the next largest 
 number of votes at an election where 
 there are three or more candidates 
 for the same office. 
 
 plus (plus), n. the sign ( + ) used to 
 denote addition: adj. more (by a 
 certain amount) ; increased (by a 
 specified addition) ; above zero. 
 
 plush (plush), n. a kind of shaggy 
 cloth with a pile; woolen velvet. 
 
 plutocracy (ploo-tok'ra-si), n. rule 
 or government by the rich. [Greek.] 
 
 plutocrat (ploo'to-krat) , n. one who 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
PLY 
 
 3S2 
 
 POLARITY 
 
 exercises political power or influence 
 by virtue of his wealth. 
 
 ply (pli), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. plied, p.pr. 
 plying], to work on closely; prac- 
 tice diligently or earnestly; urge or 
 solicit: v.i. to run regularly between 
 two ports; work against the wind. 
 
 pneumatic (mi-mat 'ik), adj. _ per- 
 taining to, consisting of, containing, 
 like, or moved by, air. Also pneu- 
 matical. [Greek.] 
 
 pneumatics (nu-mat'iks), n.pl. the 
 science that treats of the mechanical 
 properties of air and similar elastic 
 
 pneumo, a Greek prefix meaning lung. 
 
 pneumonia (nu-mo'ni-a), n. acute in- 
 flammation of the lungs. 
 
 poach (poch), v.i. to trespass upon 
 preserves to shoot or steal game: 
 v.t. to steal game from; plunder by 
 stealth; cook .(eggs) by breaking 
 them into boiling water. 
 
 poacher (poch'er). n. one who poaches. 
 
 pock (pok), n. a pustule on the skin 
 containing eruptive matter. 
 
 pocket (pok'et), n. a small bag in- 
 serted in. a garment for carrying 
 small articles; a small netted bag 
 in a billiard table for the reception 
 of the balls; a small quantity. 
 
 pod (pod), n. the pericarp or the cov- 
 ering of the seed of certain plants, 
 as the pea, &c: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
 podded, p.pr. podding], to swell or 
 fill, as a pod; produce pods. 
 
 podgy (p_oj'i), adj. short and fat. 
 
 poem (pq'em), n. a metrical or poetical 
 composition; a poetic conception. 
 
 poesy (po'e-si), n. the art of compos- 
 ing poems. 
 
 poet (pq'et), n. the author of a poem; 
 one gifted in writing poetry; one 
 who is strongly imaginative. Fem- 
 inine, poetess. [Latin.] 
 
 poetaster (po'et-as-ter), n. an inferior 
 poet; a writer of jingles or doggerel. 
 
 poetic (po-et'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
 suitable to, or expressed in, poetry; 
 sublime L Also poetical. 
 
 poetry (po'et-ri), n. a metrical compo- 
 sition produced or embellished by 
 creative imagination; utterance in 
 song; poems collectively. 
 
 pogrom (po'grom), n. a Russian word 
 signifying riotous devastation, de- 
 struction. 
 
 poignant (poin'yant), adj. stimulating 
 to the palate; irritating; very pain- 
 ful. [French.] 
 
 po|nt (point), n. the sharp end of 
 any instrument; mark or dot; indi- 
 visible part; mark in punctuation; 
 that which has position but no mag- 
 nitude; a spot; exact place; critical 
 moment; expression or force; sting 
 of an epigram; aim; act of aiming; 
 small cape or promontory: lace 
 wrought with the needle; railway 
 switch; unit of measurement for 
 type-bodies = .0138 inch, or one- 
 twelfth of a pica: v.t. to sharpen; 
 give a point to: direct or aim; mark 
 with points; fill the joints of (ma- 
 sonry) with mortar and smooth 
 them with a trowel: v.i. to indicate; 
 show clearly. 
 
 point-blank (point 'blangk), adj. hor- 
 izontal; aimed directly at the 
 mark; direct; plain. 
 
 pointer (point 'er), n. one. who, or that 
 which, points; a variety of dog 
 trained to point game. 
 
 pointless ( point 'les), adj. having no 
 point; inane; stupid. 
 
 poise (poiz), n. weight; balance; equi- 
 librium: v.t. to balance; weigh; ascer- 
 tain or examine: v.i. to be in a state 
 of equilibrium. 
 
 poison (poi'zn), n.. anything noxious 
 or destructive to life, health, or mor- 
 ality; venom: v.t. to infect with, 
 or kill by, poison; administer poison 
 to; corrupt. 
 
 poisonous (poi'zn-us), adj. having, the 
 qualities of poison; deadly; injurious 
 to health. 
 
 poke (pok), n. a thrust or push; a 
 bag or sack: v.t. to thrust or push 
 against, especially with something 
 pointed: v.i. to grope or feel about 
 in the dark; search. 
 
 poker (pok'er), n. a metal bar for stir- 
 ring fires; a card game. 
 
 poky (po'ki), adj. lacking spirit or 
 interest: slow; stupid. 
 
 polar (po'lar), adj. pertaining to^ or 
 situated near, either of the poles, 
 especially the North Pole; pertaining 
 to the magnetic poles. 
 
 polarity (po-lar'i-ti), n. the property 
 possessed by certain bodies, as in 
 electrified or magnetized bodies, by 
 which they arrange themselves in 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
POLARIZE 
 
 383 
 
 POLYGLOT 
 
 certain directions or tend to given 
 poles. 
 
 polarize (po'lar-Iz), v.t. to communi- 
 cate polarity to. 
 
 pole (pol), n. a long staff; a measure 
 = 5M> yards; a square measure = 
 30M yards; a measuring instru- 
 ment; one of the extremities of the 
 imaginary axis of the earth; one of 
 the two points in a magnet in which 
 the attractive or repellent force is 
 concentrated; that on which any- 
 thing revolves; the extreme oppo- 
 site. 
 
 polemic (po-lem'ik), n. a controver- 
 sialist: pi. the art of controversy; 
 controversial writings, especially 
 those on religious subjects. [Greek.] 
 
 polemical (po-lem'i-kal), adj. con- 
 troversial. 
 
 police (po-les'), n. in a city, town, or 
 district, an organized force of civil 
 officers for preserving order. 
 
 policeman (po-les'man), n. a member 
 of a police force. 
 
 policy (pql'i-si), n. [pi. policies (pol'i- 
 siz)], the art or method of govern- 
 ment ; management of public affairs ; 
 system of regulative measures; sa- 
 gacity in management; course of 
 conduct ; prudence ; cunning; a doc- 
 ument given to insurers containing 
 a contract of insurance; a warrant 
 for money in the public funds; a 
 gambling game. [Old French.] 
 
 polish (pol'ish), v.t. to make smooth or 
 glossy by friction; make polite or 
 refined: v.i. to become polished: n. a 
 smooth, glossy surface; a prepara- 
 tion for imparting a polish; refine- 
 ment or elegance of manners. 
 
 polite (po-lit')» adj. well-bred; refined 
 in manner; courteous or obliging. 
 
 politeness (pd-lit'nes) , n. good-breed- 
 ing; courtesy. 
 
 politic (pol'i-tik), adj. shrewd; spe- 
 cious; sagacious: especially in pol- 
 icy; adapted to promote the welfare 
 of the state: n.pl. the art of govern- 
 ment or the administration of public 
 affairs; political opinions; party 
 management or control. 
 
 political (po-lit'i-kal), adj. pertaining 
 to politics, or to a nation or state; 
 derived from government. 
 
 politician (pol'i-tish-un), n. one who 
 is skilled in politics; a statesman. 
 
 polity (pol'i-ti), n. the form or consti- 
 tution of the civil government of a 
 state: constitution. 
 
 polka (pol'ka), n. an old-time dance of 
 Bohemian origin, performed by two 
 persons; the music suitable for such 
 a dance. 
 
 poll (pol), n. the head, especially the 
 back part of it; a register of per- 
 sons, especially those entitled to vote 
 at elections : an election ; number of 
 votes recorded at an election; place 
 where votes are cast; v.t. to lop; 
 clip or shear; enroll in a register; 
 bring to the poll, as a voter; to cast 
 or deposit in a ballot box; to poll a 
 jury is to examine each member in- 
 dividually as to his concurrence in 
 the verdict. 
 
 pollen^pol'en), n. the fertilizing pow- 
 der in the cells of the antlers of 
 flowers. 
 
 poll-tax (pol'taks), n. sl capitation 
 tax. 
 
 pollute (pol-luf), v.t. to defile; ren- 
 der unclean; corrupt; violate. 
 
 pollution (pol-lu'shun) , n. the act of 
 polluting; defilement; legal or cere- 
 monial uncleanness. 
 
 polo (po'lo), n. a game similar to 
 hockey, played on horseback. 
 
 polonaise (po-lo-naz'), n. a dress, 
 body and skirt made in one; a Po- 
 lish air or dance. 
 
 polonium (po-lo'nium), a radio-active 
 element. 
 
 poltroon (pol-troon'), n. a coward. 
 
 poly, a prefix meaning many, much. 
 
 polyandrous (pol-i-an'drus) , adj. hav- 
 ing more than one husband at the 
 same time. Opposed to monan- 
 drous. 
 
 polychrome (pol'i-krom), adj. having 
 many colors: n. a work executed in 
 many colors. 
 
 polygamist (po-lig'a-mist), n. one 
 who practices or upholds polyg- 
 amy. 
 
 polygamy (po-lig'a-mi) , n. the prac- 
 tice of having more than one wife at 
 the same time. Opposed to monog- 
 amy. 
 
 polyglot (pol'i-glot), adj. contain- 
 ing many languages: n. a book, es- 
 pecially an edition of the Bible, in 
 several languages. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
POLYGON 
 
 384 
 
 POP 
 
 polygon (pol'i-gon), n. a figure having 
 many angles. 
 
 polyhedron (pol-i-he'dron), n. a solid 
 having many sides or faces; a poly- 
 scope. 
 
 polyp (pol'ip), n. an extensive group of 
 radiated animals including the hydra 
 sea-anemone, &c. Also polype, poly- 
 pus. 
 
 polyscope (pol'i-skop), n. a multi- 
 plying lens. 
 
 polysyllable (pol-i-sil'a-bl) , n. a word 
 consisting of three or more syl- 
 lables. [Greek.] 
 
 polytechnic (pol-i-tek'nik), adj. not- 
 ing, including, or giving instruction 
 in, the arts and sciences: n. a school 
 for imparting instruction in the arts 
 and sciences. [Greek.] 
 
 polytheism (pol'i-the-izm) , n. the 
 doctrine of a plurality of gods, each 
 taking a part in the government of 
 the world. [Greek.] 
 
 pomace (pum'as), n. the juicy pulp 
 which remains after squeezing out 
 the cider from the press. 
 
 pomade (po-mad'),. n. a perfumed 
 ointment for dressing the hair. Also 
 pomatum. [French.] 
 
 pomegranate (pom'gran-at), n. a 
 tree yielding an orange-like, edible 
 fruit with a thick rind and numerous 
 seeds. 
 
 pommel (pum'el), n. the knob on a 
 sword-hilt ; the high part of a saddle- 
 bow: v.t. to beat with anything 
 thick or bulky ; bruise. Also pummel. 
 
 pomology (po-mol'o-ji), n. the sci- 
 ence of cultivating fruit and fruit- 
 trees, especially apples; a treatise 
 on fruits. 
 
 pomp (pomp), n. ostentatious dis- 
 play; grandeur; parade. 
 
 pompon (pom'pon), n. a tufted orna- 
 ment; a variety of chrysanthemum. 
 
 pompous (pom'pus), adj. stately; 
 grand; self-important; ostentatious. 
 
 pond (pond), n. a pool of standing 
 water. 
 
 ponder (pon'der), v.t. to weigh men- 
 tally: v.i. to deliberate. 
 
 ponderable (pon'der-a-bl) , adj. cap- 
 able of being weighed. 
 
 ponderosity (p o n-d e r-o s'i-t i) , n. 
 weight. 
 
 ponderous (pon'der-us), adj. very 
 heavy; weighty; important; dull. 
 
 pone (pon), n. bread made of maize- 
 meal, milk, &c. (Southern U.S.) 
 
 pongee (pon-je').n. a kind of light wash 
 silk made in China. It is spun by a 
 wild silkworm that feeds on oak- 
 leaves. 
 
 poniard (pon'yard), n. a small dag- 
 ger: v.t. to stab with a poniard. 
 
 pontiff (pon'tif), n. a high priest; the 
 Pope. 
 
 pontifical (pon-tif [i-kal) , adj. per- 
 taining to a pontiff, high priest, or 
 pope; papal: n. a book containing 
 ecclesiastical rites and ceremonies: 
 pi. the full dress worn by an officiat- 
 ing priest or bishop. 
 
 pontificate (pon-tif 'i-kat) , n. the of- 
 fice or dignity of a high priest or 
 pope; the reign of a pope. 
 
 pontoon (pon-toon'), n. a buoyant 
 structure supporting a floating mili- 
 tary bridge ; a bridge of boats. 
 
 pony (po'ni), n. [pi. ponies (po'niz)], 
 a small horse; a very small glass of 
 beer or liquor; student's key to 
 translation of Latin or Greek les- 
 sons; often used adjectively to de- 
 note something small of its kind, as 
 a pony engine. 
 
 pooh-pooh (poo-poo') , # inter j. a con- 
 temptuous ejaculation like bah, 
 pah, shoo! v.t. to express contempt for. 
 
 pool (pool), n. a small body of water; 
 a variety of play at billiards; the 
 stakes in certain games or the re- 
 ceptacle for them: v.t. to unite, as 
 in mercantile risks, railway traffic, 
 &c. 
 
 poop (poop), n. the stern of a ship; 
 the raised deck in the stern of a ves- 
 sel: v.t. to strike the stern of; break 
 heavily over the stern of: said of 
 waves. 
 
 poor (poor), adj. necessitous; having 
 little or no means: without strength, 
 beauty, or dignity; dejected; spirit- 
 less; insignificant; without fertility; 
 an expression of tenderness, com- 
 passion, or disdain. 
 
 pop (pop), n. a short, smart, quick 
 sound: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. popped, p.pr. 
 popping], to thrust suddenly; pawn: 
 v.i. to make a short, smart sound; 
 move quickly; dart; come suddenly 
 into view: adv. suddenly. In Eng- 
 land "pop" means "ginger-pop," 
 a sort of ginger ale. 
 
 Ste, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
POPE 
 
 385 
 
 PORTRAY 
 
 Pope (pop), n. the bishop of Rome 
 and nead of the Roman Catholic 
 Church; a title of priests of the 
 Greek Church. 
 
 popinjay (pop'in-ja), n. a parrot; 
 lop. 
 
 poplar (poplar), n. a tree of rapid 
 growth, with a white soft wood. 
 
 poplin (pop'lin), n. a fabric of 6ilk and 
 worsted. 
 
 populace (pop'u-las), n. the common 
 people. 
 
 popular (pop'u-lar), adj. pertaining 
 to, suitable for, or pleasing to, the 
 common people; easily understood; 
 plebeian. 
 
 popularity (pop-u-lar'i-ti), n. the 
 state or quality of being popular; 
 general esteem. 
 
 populate (pop'u-lat), v.t. to furnish 
 with inhabitants. 
 
 population (pop-ii-la'shun), n. the 
 inhabitants of a country , place, 
 town, &c, collectively. 
 
 Populist (pop'u-list), n. a member of a 
 political party in the United States 
 known as the Populist or People's 
 party. 
 
 populous (pop'u-lus), adj. thickly 
 peopled. 
 
 porcelain (porslan), n. a fine white, 
 thin, semi-transparent kind of earth- 
 enware: adj. pertaining to, or made 
 of, porcelain. [French.] 
 
 porch (porch), n. a vestibule sup- 
 ported by pillars; portico. 
 
 porcupine (p6r'ku-;.in), n. a rodent 
 covered with spines, of the genus 
 Hystrix. 
 
 pore (por), n. a minute hole in the 
 skin through which perspiration 
 passes to the surface; an opening 
 between the molecules of a body: v.i. 
 to look with close and steady atten- 
 tion, as on a book. 
 
 pork (pork), n. the flesh of swine, 
 either fresh or salted. 
 
 pork-barrel (pork'bar'el) , n. facetious 
 term for a Congressional appropria- 
 tion bill which popularizes Con- 
 gressmen by providing benefits in 
 the Congressman's district, chiefly 
 applied to Rivers and Harbors and 
 Public Buildings bills. 
 
 porker (pork'er), n. a pig. 
 
 porous (por'us), adj. having pores. 
 
 porpoise (por pus), n. a cetaceous 
 
 mammal of the genus Phocaena; the 
 sea-hog. [French.] 
 
 porridge (por'ij), n. oatmeal boiled 
 slowly in water until it thickens. 
 
 porringer (por'in-jer), n. a small dish 
 for porridge, &c. 
 
 port (port), n. a harbor; harem; de- 
 portment or carriage; the left side 
 of a ship; porthole; gate; a dark 
 colored Portuguese wine from Opor- 
 to: v.t. to turn to the port or left side 
 of a ship: as, to port the helm. 
 
 portable (port'a-bl), adj. that may be 
 easily carried by hand or about the 
 person. 
 
 portal (port'al), n. a gate or entrance; 
 an arch over a gateway or door. 
 
 portcullis (port-kul'is), n. a strong 
 harrow-shaped grating hung over 
 the doorway of a fortified place and 
 capable of being let down to defend 
 the gate. 
 
 portend (por-tend'), v.t. to indicate 
 in advance; presage; forbode. 
 
 portent (por'tent), n. an omen, es- 
 pecially of ill. 
 
 portentous (por-ten'tus), adj. omi- 
 nous; foreshadowing evil; wondrous. 
 
 porter (por'ter), n. a door- or gate- 
 keeper; a dark-colored malt beer; 
 one who carries parcels, &c, for 
 hire. Feminine, porteress. [Latin.] 
 
 portfolio (port-fo li-o), n. a portable 
 case for loose papers, drawings, &c; 
 the office and functions of a minister 
 of state. 
 
 porthole (porfhol), n. a window- 
 shaped hole in the side of a ship, 
 especially of a man-of-war. 
 
 portico (por'ti-ko), n. [pi. porticos 
 (por'ti-koz)], a walk covered by 
 a roof supported on columns; a- 
 columned porch. 
 
 portiere (por-tiar'), n. a door-curtain. 
 [French.] 
 
 portion (por'shun), n. a piece or part; 
 allotment; dividend; final state; 
 dowry; part of an estate descending 
 to an heir: v.t. to divide; allot; en- 
 dow with a fortune. 
 
 portly (port'li), adj. stately of mien; 
 corpulent. 
 
 portrait (por'trat), n. a picture or 
 representation of an individual or 
 face drawn from life; a vivid graphic 
 description in words. 
 
 portray (por-tra/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. por- 
 
 Ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, rait ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
PORTRAYAL 
 
 386 
 
 POT 
 
 trayed, p.pr. portraying], to paint 
 or draw the likeness of; describe in 
 words. 
 
 portrayal (por-tra'al), n. description. 
 
 pose (poz), n. attitude or position: v.i. 
 to assume an attitude: v.t. to puzzle 
 or perplex; cause to be at a loss. 
 
 poser (poz'er), n. a puzzling ques- 
 tion; one who, or that which, poses 
 or puzzles. 
 
 position (po-zish'un) , n. the state of 
 being set or placed; situation; atti- 
 tude; principle laid down; office; so- 
 cial status. [Latin.] 
 
 positive (poz'i-tiv), adj. clearly ex- 
 pressed; actual; direct; explicit; 
 overconfident; dogmatical; settled 
 by arbitrary appointment; having 
 power to act directly; noting the 
 simple form of an adjective (posi- 
 tive degree) ; affected by the sign_ + 
 (positive quantity) : n. that which 
 may be affirmed; reality^ a photo- 
 graph with the natural lights and 
 shades restored. [Latin.] 
 
 posse (pos'e), n. an improvised force 
 of men. 
 
 possess (po-zes'), v.t. to have as an 
 owner; be master of; occupy; seize. 
 
 possessed (po-zest')» p. adj. owned; 
 mad. [Latin.] 
 
 possession (po-zesh'un), n. the 
 having, holding, or detention of 
 property; the thing possessed; prop- 
 erty or estate. 
 
 possessive (po-zes'iv), adj. noting 
 possession. 
 
 possessor (po-zes'er), n. owner; one 
 who possesses. 
 
 possibility (pos-i-bil'i-ti) , n. the state 
 of being possible; contingency. 
 
 possible (pos'i-bl), adj. that may hap- 
 pen or exist. [Latin.] 
 
 post (post), n. a piece of timber, &c, 
 set erect, usually to support some- 
 thing else; a messenger or postman; 
 established system of conveying and 
 delivering letters; a post-office; a 
 relay of horses; situation or office: 
 adj. a size of paper double that of 
 common note-paper; military sta- 
 tion: v.t. set or station; transmit 
 by post; carry to the ledger; inform 
 fully: v.i. to travel with speed: 
 adv. speedily. 
 
 post, a Latin prefix meaning after, as 
 postdate. 
 
 postage (post'aj), the fee for the con- 
 veyance of letters by post. 
 
 postal (post'al), adj. pertaining to the 
 postoffice or mail service. 
 
 postal-zone (post'al-zon'), n. one of 
 the concentric zones used in the par- 
 cels post system to adjust charges in 
 accordance with distance. 
 
 posterior (pos-te'ri-er), adj. subse- 
 quent in time or place; hinder: n. 
 pi. the hinder parts of an animal. 
 
 posterity (pos-ter'i-ti), n. succeeding 
 generations ; descendants. 
 
 postern (pos'tern), n. a small gate 
 or door; vaulted passage beneath 
 the parapet and through the rampart 
 of a castle: adj. private. 
 
 post-graduate (post-grad 'ti-at), n. 
 in the U. S., a person who has taken 
 the first degree (usually the bach- 
 elor's), usually passes on to advanced 
 study, and, if successful, receives 
 the degree of Ph.D. 
 
 posthumous (post'u-mus), adj. born 
 after the death of the father; pub- 
 lished after_the death of an author. 
 
 postilion (pos-til'yun), n. the rider 
 on the near leader in a carriage. 
 
 postmaster (post'mas-ter) , n. the 
 superintendent of a postoffice; one 
 who supplies post-horses. 
 
 post-meridian (post - me - rid'i - an) , 
 adj. after noon. 
 
 postpone (post-pon'), v.t. to delay; 
 defer. 
 
 postponement (post-pon'ment), n. 
 the act of deferring to a future time; 
 temporary delay. 
 
 postscript (post'skript), n. a para- 
 graph added to a letter after the 
 writer's signature; appendix to a 
 book. 
 
 postulate (pos'tu-lat), v.t. to assume 
 without proof; solicit: n. a self- 
 evident problem ; a position assumed 
 as self-evident. 
 
 posture (pos'tur), n. attitude; placing 
 or position of parts of the body ; 
 state: v.i. to place the body in par- 
 ticular postures. 
 
 posy (po'zi), n. a bunch of flowers, 
 originally a motto or verse sent with 
 a bouquet. 
 
 pot (pot), n. a metal vessel for hold- 
 ing or boiling liquids, &c; a mug for 
 liquor; a quart; a vessel of earthen- 
 ware, &c, for holding plants; a size 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met: mite, mit; note, nOrth, not; boon, book; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
POTABLE 
 
 387 
 
 POX 
 
 of paper 12H * 15 inches; a large 
 amount: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. potted, p.pr. 
 potting], to preserve; put into, or 
 plant m, pots; shoot. 
 
 potable (po'ta-bl), adj. drinkable. 
 
 potash (pot'ash), ft. a powerful alka- 
 li obtained from the ashes of certain 
 plants. Also potass, potassa. 
 
 potassium (po-tas'i-um), n. a monad 
 element, the metallic base of potash. 
 
 potation (po-ta'shun), n. a draught 
 or drink. [Old French.] 
 
 potato (po-ta'to), n. [pi. potatoes 
 ipo-ta'toz)], the edible tuber of a 
 South American plant, widely cul- 
 tivated since the seventeenth cen- 
 tury; the plant itself. White po- 
 tatoes are most sought, but in 
 southern countries the batata or 
 sweet potato is a favorite. See yam. 
 
 potency (po'ten-si), ft. power, physical 
 or mental. 
 
 potent (po'tent), adj. powerful; hav- 
 ing great authority or influence. 
 
 potentate (po'ten-tat), n. one who 
 possesses great power; sovereign 
 or monarcth 
 
 potential (po-ten'shal), adj. existing 
 
 • in possibility, not in reality; latent; 
 in grammar, expressing power, possi- 
 bility, liberty, or obligation. 
 
 potion (po'shun), n. a draft; dose. 
 
 pot-pourri (po-poo-re'), m n. a med- 
 ley, especially of musical airs; a 
 dish composed of various kinds of 
 meats and vegetables. [French.] 
 
 potsherd (pot'sherd), n. a fragment 
 of a broken pot. 
 
 pottage (pot'aj), n. a kind of soup. 
 
 potter (pot'er), n. a maker of pottery. 
 
 pottery (pot'er-i), n. [pi. potteries 
 (pot'er-iz)], earthenware of all kinds; 
 the place where it is manufactured. 
 
 pouch (pouch), n. a small bag; 
 pocket; bag or sack of an animal; 
 cartridge-box; protuberant stomach. 
 
 poult (polt), n. a pullet; a young 
 chicken, turkey, partridge, &c. 
 
 poulterer (pol'ter-er), n. a dealer in 
 poultry. 
 
 poultice (pol'tis), n. a soft preparation 
 of bread, meal, &c, applied to a sore 
 or inflamed part of the body; a cata- 
 plasm: v.t. to apply a poultice to. 
 
 poultry (pol'tri), n. domestic fowls. 
 
 pounce (pouns), n. a fine powder for- 
 merly used for drying ink on paper, 
 
 now chiefly used for sprinkling into 
 holes in paper in patternmaking: 
 the talon or claw of a bird of prey: 
 v.t. to sprinkle with pounce: v.i. to 
 fall upon and seize with, or as with, 
 the claws. 
 
 pound (pound), n. a standard weight 
 = 16 ounces avoirdupois, or 12 
 ounces troy; a monetary unit = 20 
 shillings, or about $4.86; an inclos- 
 ure for confining stray cattle: v.t. to 
 shut in or confine in a pound; beat; 
 pulverize as in a mortar: v.i. to plod. 
 
 pour (por), v.t. to empty, as a liquid 
 out of a vessel; discharge in a con- 
 tinuous stream; send forth; give 
 vent to; utter: v.i. to stream; rush 
 tumult uously. 
 
 pout (pout), n. a poult; a thrusting 
 out of the lips; fit of sullenness; a 
 kind of codfish: v.i. to thrust out the 
 lips in sullenness; displeasure. 
 
 pouter (pout'er), n. one who pouts; a 
 species of pigeon. 
 
 poverty (pov'er-ti) , n. the state of 
 being poor; indigence; necessity; 
 penury; deficiency or defect, as of 
 words, &c. 
 
 powder (pou'der), n. any dry sub- 
 stance in fine particles; gunpowder; 
 face-powder; a medicinal prepara- 
 tion: v.t. to reduce to, or sprinkle 
 with, powder; salt. 
 
 power (pou'er), n. the faculty of do- 
 ing or performing something; abil- 
 ity; energy; force; strength; rule or 
 authority; dominion; government; 
 influence; mental capacity; legal 
 authority; ruler or sovereign; state 
 or nation; supernatural being or 
 agent; force tending to produce mo- 
 tion; magnifying power of a lens; 
 the product arising from the multi- 
 plication of a number into itself. 
 
 powerful (pou'er-fool), adj. haying 
 great power; mighty; forcible; 
 strong; efficacious. 
 
 powerless (pou'er-les), adj. wanting in 
 power; impotent; weak. 
 
 pow-wow (pou'wou), ft. a North 
 American Indian priest or conjurer; 
 an incantation accompanied with 
 noise and dancing; a noisy political 
 meeting: v.i. frolic noisily. [N. Am. 
 Indian and so colloq. U. S.] 
 
 pox (poks), n. an eruptive disease 
 characterized by pustules; syphilis. 
 
 lite, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 25 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
PRACTICABLE 
 
 388 
 
 PRECEPT 
 
 practicable (prak'ti-ka-bl), adj. that 
 may be done, used or passed over; 
 feasible; possible. [Greek.] 
 
 practical (prak'ti-kal), adj. pertaining 
 to action or use; useful; capable of 
 applying knowledge or theory to 
 practice; derived from, or reduced 
 to, practice. 
 
 practice (prak'tis), n. frequent or 
 customary action; dexterity ac- 
 quired by habit ; use ; exercise of any 
 profession; systematic exercise: v.t. 
 to do habitually or repeatedly; per- 
 form; exercise, as a profession :. v. i. 
 to form a habit; exercise a profession. 
 
 practitioner (prak-tish'un-er), n. one 
 who is engaged in the exercise of 
 any profession, especially medicine 
 or law. 
 
 prae, see pre. 
 
 prsenomen (pre-no'men) , n. a name 
 prefixed to the family name. [Latin.] 
 
 praetor (pre'ter), n. a Roman magis- 
 trate ranking next to the consul. 
 
 pragmatic (prag-mat'ik), adj. med- 
 dling; officious; assuming business 
 airs. Also pragmatical. [Greek.] 
 
 prairie (pra'ri), n. an extensive tree- 
 less tract of level or slightly undu- 
 lating land covered with tall coarse 
 grass. [French.] 
 
 praise (praz), n. approbation; com- 
 mendation; tribute of gratitude for 
 benefits; renown; applause; object 
 or reason of praise: v.t. to bestow 
 commendation upon; honor; wor- 
 ship; glorify. [French.] 
 
 prance (prans), n. a spring or bound: 
 v.i. to spring or bound; ride osten- 
 tatiously; strut about in a shadowy 
 or bellicose manner. 
 
 prandial (pran'di-al), adj. relating to a 
 meal, chiefly dinner. [Latin.] 
 
 prank (prangk), n. a freak or frolic; 
 mischievous trick: v.t. to dress up in 
 a showy style; decorate. 
 
 prate (prat), v.i. to prattle; talk 
 idly; be loquacious: v.t. to utter 
 without sense or meaning: n. tri- 
 fling talk. Also prating. 
 
 prattle (prat'l), n. childish or empty 
 talk: v.i. to talk much and lightly; 
 chatter. 
 
 prawn (prawn), n. a small marine 
 crustacean, allied to the shrimp. 
 
 pray (pra), v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
 prayed, p.pr. praying], to ask earn- 
 
 estly; address or petition; ask with 
 humility and reverence; supplicate. 
 
 prayer (prar), n. a solemn address 
 to the Supreme Being; entreaty; a 
 formula of worship; that part of a 
 petition which specifies the request 
 or desire. [French.] 
 
 prayer-book (prar'book), n. a manual 
 of public or private devotion, con- 
 taining forms of prayer. 
 
 prayerful (prar'f ool) , adj. using prayer ; 
 devotional. 
 
 pre, a Latin prefix meaning before, prior 
 in time, space, or degree. 
 
 preach (prech), v.i. to pronounce a 
 public discourse on a sacred subject, 
 especially from a text of Scripture; 
 give advice in an offensive or obtru- 
 sive manner on religious or moral 
 grounds: v.t. to teach publicly; to 
 give advice, sometimes obtrusively. 
 [French.] 
 
 preamble (pre'am-bl), n. an intro- 
 duction or preface; the opening 
 clauses of a statute setting forth 
 the reasons and object of the 
 act: commencing with the word 
 whereas. 
 
 prebend (preb'end), n. the stipend 
 granted to a canon out of the es- 
 tate of a cathedral or collegiate 
 church. [Latin.] 
 
 precarious (pre-ka'ri-us), adj. de- 
 pending upon the will or pleasure of 
 another; uncertain; held by a doubt- 
 ful tenure. [Latin.] 
 
 precaution (pre-kaw'shun), n. cau- 
 tion taken beforehand; preventive 
 measure. JLatin.] 
 
 precede (pre-sed'). v.t. to go before 
 in time, place, rank, or impor- 
 tance. 
 
 precedence (pre-se'dens), n. the act of 
 going before in time, rank, &c; pri- 
 ority; relative rank in social eti- 
 quette. Also precedency. [Latin.] 
 
 precedent (pres-e'dent), adj. going 
 before; anterior: n. (pres'e-dent) 
 something previously said or done, 
 serving as an example to be fol- 
 lowed; a parallel case in the past. 
 
 precentor (pre-sen'ter) , n. the leader 
 of a cathedral choir, &c; the leader 
 of the psalmody in a Presbyterian 
 church. [Latin.] 
 
 precept (pre'sept), n. an authorita- 
 tive command; rule of action or 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
PRECEPTOR 
 
 389 
 
 PREEMPTION 
 
 moral conduct; maxim; written 
 mandate. 
 
 preceptor (pre-sept'ter), n. an in- 
 structor or teacher. Fern, precep- 
 tress. 
 
 precession (pre-sesh'un), n. a going 
 forward, especially the slow but con- 
 tinual shifting of the equinoctial 
 points along the ecliptic from east 
 to west {precession of the equi- 
 noxes). [Latin.] 
 
 precinct (pre'singkt), n. an outward 
 limit or boundary ; minor territorial 
 district. [Latin.] 
 
 precious (presh'us), adj. of great 
 price or value; costly; highly es- 
 teemed; worthless (in irony). 
 [French.] 
 
 precipice (pres'i-pis), n. a steep de- 
 scent, especially one nearly or quite 
 perpendicular. [Latin.] 
 
 precipitant (pre-sip'i-tant), adj. fall- 
 ing headlong; hasty: n. any chemical 
 substance that causes something 
 held in solution by a liquid to fall 
 down in a solid state. 
 
 precipitate (pre-sip'i-tat), v.t. to throw 
 headlong; urge on violently; hurry 
 on rashly, thoughtlessly, or unex- 
 pectedly; throw to the bottom of 
 a vessel: v.i. to fall to the bottom of 
 a vessel: adj. headlong; over hasty; 
 rash: n. a substance precipitated. 
 
 precipitation (pre-sip-i-ta'shun) , n. 
 the act of precipitating; rash haste; 
 that which is precipitated. 
 
 precipitous (pre-sip'i-tus), adj. very 
 steep ; headlong ; rash ; hasty. 
 
 precise (pre-sis')., adj. exact; strict; 
 accurate; definite; adhering rigidly 
 to rule; punctilious. [Latin.] 
 
 preclude (pre-klood') , v.t. to shut out; 
 hinder from access; obviate; pre- 
 vent. [Latin.] 
 
 preclusion (pre-kloo'zhun), n. the act 
 of precluding; the state of being 
 precluded. 
 
 precocious (pre-k5'shus) , adj. prema- 
 turely ripe or developed; pertly for- 
 ward. [French.] 
 
 precognition (pre-kog-nish'un), n. 
 previous knowledge or thought. 
 
 preconceive (pre-kon-seV), v.t. to 
 form a notion or opinion of in ad- 
 vance of exact knowledge or full 
 information; to conceive beforehand. 
 
 precursor (pre-ker'ser) , n. one who, 
 
 or that which, precedes; forerunner; 
 omen. [Latin.] 
 
 precursory (pre-ker'so-ri) , adj. indi- 
 cating something that is to happen 
 or follow. 
 
 predatory (pred'a-to-ri), adj. rapa- 
 cious; plundering; pillaging. 
 
 predecessor (pre-de-ses'er), n. one 
 who has preceded another in the 
 same office, business, position, &c; 
 an ancestor. [Latin.] 
 
 predestinate (pre-des'ti-nat), v.t. to 
 ordain beforehand by an unchange- 
 able purpose. 
 
 predicament (pre-dik'a-ment) , n. in 
 logic, a category; a peculiar situa- 
 tion; critical condition or state. 
 
 predicate (pred'i-kat), v.t. to affirm 
 one thing of another; found: n. in 
 logic, that which is affirmed or 
 denied of the subject. 
 
 prediction (pre-dik'shun), n. the 
 declaration of a future event; 
 prophecy. 
 
 predigestion (pre-di-jes'chun), n. the 
 artificial peptonization of food before 
 it is eaten, so a3 to avoid acid, gas 
 and other gastric irritants. [Latin.] 
 
 predilection (pre - di - lek'shun) , n. 
 preference beforehand ; preposses- 
 sion; partiality. [Latin.] 
 
 predispose (pre-dis-poz'), v.t. to in- 
 cline beforehand; adapt previously. 
 
 predisposition (pre-dis-po-zish'un) , n. 
 previous inclination or propensity; 
 prejudice. [Latin.] 
 
 predominance (pre-dom'i-nans), n. 
 superiority over all in and on ques- 
 tions; prevalence over others; su- 
 periority in strength, power, au- 
 thority, &c. [Latin.] 
 
 predominant (pre-dom'i-nant), adj. 
 having superior influence, &c; su- 
 perior; controlling. 
 
 predominate (pre-dom'i-nat), v.i. to 
 be superior in strength, power, au- 
 thority, &c; prevail; be ascend- 
 ant. 
 
 preeminence (pre-em'i-nens), n. su- 
 periority; greatness universally con- 
 ceded. 
 
 preeminent (pre-em'i-nent), adj. su- 
 perior; above all others. 
 
 preempt (pre-empt'), v.t. to secure 
 or occupy by preemption; establish 
 a right or claim to before others. 
 
 preemption (pre-emp'shun), n. the 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
PREEN 
 
 390 
 
 PREPONDERANCE 
 
 act or right of purchasing before 
 others. [Latin.] 
 
 preen (pren), v.t. to cleanse, trim, and 
 compose with the beak, as birds. 
 
 preface (pref'as), n. the introduction 
 to a book, &c; preamble: v.t. to in- 
 troduce by preliminary remarks: 
 v.i. to say or do something intro- 
 ductory. [Latin.] 
 
 prefatory (pref'a-to-ri), adj. pertain- 
 ing to, or of the nature of, a preface; 
 introductory. 
 
 prefect (pre'fekt), n. a civil magis- 
 trate or governor ; commander ; moni- 
 tor [English]; the civil governor 
 of a department in France. [Latin.] 
 
 prefer (pre-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pre- 
 ferred, p.pr. preferring], to regard 
 or esteem more than something 
 else; present; place in advance. 
 
 preference (pref'er-ens), n. the act 
 of preferring; the thing preferred; 
 choice of one thing more than anoth- 
 er; predilection. [Latin.] 
 
 preferment (pre-f er'ment) , n. pro- 
 motion, especially in the church. 
 
 prefix (pre'fiks), n. a letter, word, or 
 syllable placed at the beginning of 
 a "word: v.t. (pre-fiks') to place 
 before or at the beginning of. [Latin.] 
 
 pregnancy (preg'nan^si) , n % the state 
 of being pregnant; inventive power. 
 
 pregnant (preg'nant), adj. being with 
 young; fruitful; teeming; fertile; 
 full of importance or significance. 
 
 prehensile (pre-hen'sil) , adj. adapted 
 for holding or seizing. [Latin.] 
 
 prejudge (pre-juj), v.t. to judge be- 
 forehand. 
 
 prejudice (prej'ti-dis), n. previous 
 and unfavorable bias; prejudgment 
 without due examination; detri- 
 ment; injury: v.t. m to prepossess 
 against; bias the mind of; create a 
 prejudice against. [Latin.] 
 
 prejudicial (prej-u-dish'al), adj. dis- 
 advantageous; injurious. 
 
 prelacy (prel'a-si) n. the office or 
 status of a prelate; episcopacy; 
 bishops collectively. [Latin. ] 
 
 prelate (prel'at) n. m an ecclesiastical 
 dignitary having episcopal authority. 
 
 preliminary (pre-lim'i-na-ri), adj. pre- 
 ceding the main discourse or busi- 
 ness; introductory: n. an introduc- 
 tion; something preceding. [Latin.] 
 
 prelude (pre'ltid), n. a short piece of 
 
 music played as an introduction 
 to a larger piece; preface: v.t. to 
 serve as a prelude to; precede. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 premature (pre-ma r tur') , adj. ripe 
 before the proper time; arriving, oc- 
 curring, or done, before the proper 
 time. [Latin.] 
 
 premeditate (pre-med'i-tat), v.t. to 
 design, conceive or deliberate, be- 
 forehand. [Latin.] 
 
 premeditation (pre-med-i-ta/shun) , 
 n. the act of premeditating. 
 
 premier (prem'i-er or pre'mi-er), adj. 
 first ) chief; principal: n. the prime 
 minister. [French.] 
 
 premise (pre-mlz'), v.t. to explain 
 previous^; lay down as proposi- 
 tions to reason from: v.i. to state 
 antecedent prop sitions: n. (prem'- 
 is), a proposition antecedently as- 
 sumed and laid down: pi. the two 
 propositions of a syllogism in logic, 
 the major and minor, from which 
 the conclusion is drawn. (Also 
 premisses); a building and its ad- 
 juncts; foregoing statements or 
 facts of a deed of conveyance. 
 
 premium (pre'mi-um), n. a recom- 
 pense or reward; prize or bounty: 
 bonus; payment for insurance; value 
 above the original price or par of 
 stock, &c. [Latin.] 
 
 premonitory (pre-mon'i-to-ri) , adj. 
 giving warning beforehand. [Latin.] 
 
 preoccupy (pre-ok'u-pi), v.t. to seize 
 or occupy beforehand; to preju- 
 dice. 
 
 preparation (prep-a-ra'shun) , n. the 
 act of preparing or fitting for a par- 
 ticular purpose; state of being pre- 
 pared; readiness; a part of an ani- 
 mal body prepared for anatomical 
 use; that which is prepared or made 
 ready, as a medicine, &c. [Latin.] 
 
 prepare (pre-par'), v.t. to make ready- 
 beforehand; to adapt; to form: v.i. 
 to make one's self ready; to get 
 everything ready. 
 
 preparedness (pre-par'ed-nes) , n. the 
 state of being prepared or in readi- 
 ness; liberally used in the United 
 States to set forth its armed readi- 
 ness for war emergencies. 
 
 preponderance (pre-pon'der-ans), 7U 
 superiority of weight, power, force, 
 or influence. [Latin.] 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; b5on, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
PREPONDERANT 
 
 391 
 
 PRESIDENCY 
 
 preponderant (pre-pon'der-ant), adj. 
 outweighing. 
 
 preponderate (pre-pon'der-at) , v.t. 
 to outweigh; exceed in power or in- 
 fluence: v.i. to incline to one side. 
 
 preposition (prep-o-zish'un), n. a 
 word placed before a noun or pro- 
 noun to indicate its relation to some 
 other word in the sentence. [Latin.] 
 
 prepositional (prep-o-zish'un-al) , adj. 
 pertaining to a preposition. 
 
 prepositive (pre-pos'i-tiv), adj. placed 
 before: n. a word or particle placed 
 before another word. 
 
 prepossess (pre-poz-es') , v.t. to occupy 
 beforehand; bias. [Latin.] 
 
 prepossessing (pre-poz-es'ing) , jp.adj. 
 tending to win or secure favor; 
 attractive. 
 
 preposterous (pre-pos'ter-us), adj. 
 contrary to nature or reason; ri- 
 diculous; absurd. 
 
 prerogative (pre-rog'a-tiv) , n. an 
 exclusive or peculiar privilege, espe- 
 cially of a sovereign. [Latin.] 
 
 presage (pres'aj), n. a foreboding or 
 presentiment: v.t. (pre-saj'), to fore- 
 bode; predict. [French.] 
 
 presbyopia (pres-bi-o'pi-a), n. long- 
 sightedness while near objects are 
 indistinctly seen, caused by a change 
 in the refractive power of the eye, 
 due to the flattening of the lens. 
 
 presbyter (pres'bi-ter) , n. an elder, 
 minister, or priest; an elder with 
 authority to rule in the early Chris- 
 tian church. [Greek.] 
 
 presbytery (pres'bi-ter-i), n. in the 
 early Christian church, a body of 
 elders; in the Presbyterian Church, 
 a court composed of the pastors and 
 ruling elders of the churches in a 
 given district; such district so 
 •represented. 
 
 prescience (pre'shiens), n. fore- 
 knowledge. [Latin.] 
 
 prescient (pre'shient), adj. foreknow- 
 ing. 
 
 prescribe (pre-skrib'), v.t. to set down 
 authoritatively; direct medically; 
 appoint: v.i. to write medical direc- 
 tions; give law; claim by prescrip- 
 tion. [Latin.] 
 
 prescript (pre'skript), adj. prescribed; 
 directed: n. a direction; prescrip- 
 tion. 
 
 prescription (pre-skrip'shun), n. the 
 
 act of prescribing; the thing pre- 
 scribed; a written direction for the 
 preparation of a medicine; recipe; 
 custom or title continued until it 
 has acquired the force of law. 
 
 presence (prez'ens), n. the state or 
 quality of being present; quickness 
 at expedients; society; mien. [Latin.] 
 
 present (prez'ent), adj. being in a cer- 
 tain place; at hand or in sight; at 
 this time; not past or future; in- 
 stant or immediate: n. the present 
 time; a gift or donation: -pi. what 
 is written in a document or con- 
 veyance now present or referred to: 
 v.t. (pre-zent'). to introduce to a 
 superior; exhibit to view; offer; give 
 formally; point or .aim, as a gun; 
 appoint to an ecclesiastical benefice ; 
 lay before for consideration. 
 
 presentation (prez-en-ta'shun), n. 
 the act of presenting; representa- 
 tion ; the right _ or _ act of present- 
 ing to an ecclesiastical benefice; po- 
 sition of a child at parturition. 
 
 presentient (pre-sen'shient), adj. hav- 
 ing previous perception^ [Latin.] 
 
 presentiment (pre-zen'ti-ment), n. 
 previous apprehension of something 
 about to come or happen (usually 
 of impending evil). 
 
 presently (prez'ent-li), adv. ere 
 long. 
 
 presentment (pre-zent 'ment), n. the 
 act of presenting \ the thing pre- 
 sented; representation; notice taken 
 of an offense by a grand jury from 
 their personal knowledge. 
 
 preservation (prez-er-va/shun), n. the 
 act of preserving; the state of 
 being preserved from injury. 
 
 preservative (pre-zer'va-tiv), adj. hav- 
 ing the power of preserving 1 n. 
 that which preserves. Also pieser- 
 vatory. 
 
 preserve (pre-zerv'), v.t. to keep from 
 injury: defend; uphold; saye; keep 
 in a sound state; season with sugar 
 for preservation: n. fruit, &c, sea- 
 soned and kept in sugar; a place set 
 apart for preserving game. 
 
 preside (pre-zid'), v.i. to direct or 
 control, especially at a public meet- 
 ing; superintend. [Latin.] 
 
 presidency (prez'i-den-si), n. the of- 
 fice, dignity, term, jurisdiction, or 
 residence of a president; one of the 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book : 
 hue, hut ; think, /Tien. 
 
PRESIDENT 
 
 392 
 
 PREY 
 
 three principal divisions of British 
 India. 
 
 president (prez'i-dent), n. one who 
 presides over a corporation or 
 assembly ; the executive of a repub- 
 lic; the chief officer of a college, 
 university, or sect, as Monnonism. 
 
 presidential (prez-i-den'shal) , adj. 
 pertaining to a president. 
 
 press (pres), *U. to urge; embrace; 
 crowd upon; distress; hurry; make 
 smooth, as cloth, &c; formerly, to 
 force for service into the navy: v.i. 
 to exert pressure; move forward 
 forcibly: n. an instrument or ma- 
 chine for compressing anything; 
 a printing machine; newspaper and 
 periodical literature; literature gen- 
 erally; a crowd; act of urging 
 forward; pressure; urgency; a closet 
 with shelves; wine vat. [Latin.] 
 
 pressing (pres'ing), p. adj. urgent; im- 
 portunate. 
 
 pressure (presh'ur), n. the act of pres- 
 sing; the state of being pressed ; con- 
 straining force or influence. 
 
 prestidigitation (pres - ti - dij - i - ta' - 
 shun), n. sleight of hand; legerde- 
 main. Also pr estimation. [French.] 
 
 prestige (pres-tezlr) , n. moral in- 
 fluence due to past reputation, 
 achievements, &c. [French.] 
 
 presto (pres'to), adv. a musical direc- 
 tion meaning " quickly." The su- 
 perlative form prestissimo means 
 " very quickly." [Italian.] 
 
 presume (pre-zum'), v.t. to take for 
 granted on probable grounds; sup- 
 pose: v.i. to venture without actual 
 leave; form confident or arrogant 
 opinions; behave with overconfi- 
 dence or presumption. [Latin.] 
 
 presumption (pre-zump'shun) , n. the 
 act of presuming; the thing pre- 
 sumed; strong probability; ar- 
 rogance _ or overconfidence ; the 
 assumption of the credibility of 
 certain facts from circumstantial 
 evidence. 
 
 presumptive (pre-zump'tiv), adj. 
 taken by previous supposition ; prov- 
 ing circumstantially; arrogant. 
 
 presumptuous (pre-zump'tu-us), adj. 
 bold and confident to excess; arro- 
 gant; wilful; rash. 
 
 presuppose (pre-sup-oz'), v.t. to take 
 for granted; imply as antecedent. 
 
 pretend (pre-tend'), v.t. to allege or 
 put forward falsely; make a show 
 of; simulate; counterfeit; assert: 
 v.i. to put forward a claim, true or 
 false. [Latin.] 
 
 pretended (pre-ten'ded), p. adj. osten- 
 sible ; feigned. 
 
 pretense (pre-tens'), n. false or hypo- 
 critical profession ; unfounded claim ; 
 pretext. 
 
 pretension (pre-ten'shun) , n. a claim, 
 true or false; assumed right. 
 
 pretentious (pre-ten'shus), adj. as- 
 suming an an of superiority. 
 
 preter, a Latin prefix meaning beyond, 
 more, besides, as preternatural, &c. 
 
 preterit (pret'er-it) , adj. past; not- 
 ing the tense which expresses past 
 or completed time or action. Also 
 preterite: n. the past tense. 
 
 pretext (pre'tekst), n. a pretense or 
 excuse; ostensible motive put for- 
 ward to conceal the real one. [Latin.] 
 
 pretty (prit'i), adj. [comp. prettier, su- 
 per I. prettiest], pleasing without be- 
 ing absolutely beautiful; neatly ar- 
 ranged or ornamented; trim; fine: 
 adv. fairly; moderately. 
 
 pretzel (pret'zel), n. a hard wheaten 
 biscuit, made in the form of a knot 
 and salted on the surface. [German.] 
 
 prevail (pre-vaT). v.i. to overcome; 
 gain the advantage; operate effec- 
 tually; obtain influence or superior- 
 ity; persuade (with on). [Latin.] 
 
 prevalent (prevalent), adj. powerful; 
 predominant; victorious; most gen- 
 eral. 
 
 prevaricate (pre-var'i-kat) , v.i. to 
 evade the truth; quibble. [Latin.] 
 
 prevent (pre-venf), v.t. to hinder, 
 obstruct, or impede; obviate; pre- 
 cede (as in prayer-book, " prevent 
 us O Lord"). [Latin.] 
 
 prevention (pre-ven'shun) , n. the act 
 of preventing; hindrance or obstruc- 
 tion. 
 
 preventive (pre-ven'tiv) , adj. tending 
 to prevent^ n. that which prevents. 
 
 previous (pre'vi-us), adj. going before; 
 anterior. 
 
 prevision (pre-vizh'un), n. fore-knowl- 
 edge. 
 
 prey (pra), n. plunder; booty; that 
 which may be, or is, seized by a 
 wild beast for food: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
 preyed, p.pr. preying], to take booty 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
PRICE 
 
 393 
 
 PRINCIPLE 
 
 or plunder; seize and devour an 
 animal as prey; weigh heavily 
 (with on or upon). 
 
 price (pris), n. the current value of 
 a commodity; cost; value; recom- 
 pense. [French. 1 
 
 priceless (pris'les), adj. invaluable. 
 
 prick (prik), n. a puncture; dot or 
 point; slender pointed instrument; 
 a sharp stinging pain; thorn; goad; 
 remorse; small roll; footprint of a 
 hare or deer: v.t. to pierce with, or 
 as with, a prick; to puncture. 
 
 pricking (prik'ing), n. the act of 
 piercing with a sharp point; sensa- 
 tion of a sharp, tingling pain. 
 
 prickle (prik'l), n. a sharp point grow- 
 ing from the bark of a plant. 
 
 priest (prest), n. an ecclesiastic in 
 full orders, below a bishop and 
 above a deacon; one who officiates 
 in sacred offices, especially by of- 
 fering sacrifice. Fern, priestess. 
 
 priesthood (prest 'hood), n. the priest- 
 ly order; the office of a priest^ 
 
 priestly (prest'li), adj. pertaining to, 
 or befitting, a priest ; # sacerdotal. 
 
 prig (prig), n. a conceited fellow who 
 gives himself airs of wisdom: v.t. 
 [p.t. & p.p. prigged, p.pr. prigging], 
 to dress up; primp; prink; also to 
 thieve, steal. 
 
 priggish (prig'ish), adj. conceited. 
 
 prim (prim), adj. precise; affectedly 
 nice; formally neat: v.t. to deck 
 with affected nicety. [Old French.] 
 
 primacy (pri'ma-si), n. the office or 
 dignity of a primate. 
 
 primal (pri'mal), adj. first. 
 
 primary (pri'ma-ri) , adj. in the first or- 
 der of time, place, or rank; chief; 
 original ; principal^ preparatory: n. 
 that which is first in rank, place, or 
 importance: pi. large quill feathers 
 on the last joint of a bird's wing. 
 
 primate (pri'mat), n. the highest dig- 
 nitary in a national church; an arch- 
 bishop. 
 
 prime (prim), adj. first in order of 
 rank, time, or importance; original: 
 early; excellent: n. the spring of 
 life; first or best part; beginning 
 or dawn; height of perfection; the 
 first canonical hour: v.t. to prepare 
 for firing, as a gun; lay the first 
 coat of paint on: v.i. to serve for the 
 charge of a gun; convey water with 
 
 the steam to the cylinder of an en- 
 gine from the boiler. [Latin.] 
 
 primer (prim'er), n. m a manual of 
 elementary instruction; a small 
 prayer book; one of two sizes of 
 type, long primer and great primer. 
 See type. 
 
 primeval (pri-me'val) , adj. of the 
 earliest age or time; ancient. 
 
 priming (prim'ing), n. the first coat 
 of paint; powder in the nipple of 
 a firearm. 
 
 primitive (prim'i-tiv) , adj. pertain- 
 ing to the beginning; original; not 
 derivative; old-fashioned: n. a word 
 in its simplest form and not derived 
 from another. 
 
 primitiveness (prim'i-tiv-nes), n. 
 the state or quality of being primi- 
 tive. 
 
 primogeniture (prf-mo-jen'i-tur) , n. 
 seniority of birth; right of the eld- 
 est son to succeed to real estate. 
 
 primordial (pri-mor'di-al), adj. exist- 
 ing from the beginning; first in or- 
 der; original: n. first principle or 
 element. [Latin.] 
 
 primp (primp), v.t. to deck (one's 
 self) in a prim or affected manner; 
 prink. 
 
 primrose (prim'roz), n. an early 
 spring flower of a pale yellow color, 
 of several species : adj. pale yellow. 
 
 prince (prins), n. a ruler or sover- 
 eign; the son of a king or sovereign. 
 
 princely (prins'li), adj. resembling, or 
 befitting, a prince; royal; high-born; 
 dignified; magnificent. 
 
 princess (prin'ses), n._ the daughter 
 of a sovereign; the wife of a prince. 
 
 principal (prin'si-pal), adj. occupy- 
 ing the first place or rank; chief in 
 character, degree, _ or importance; 
 essential: n. a principal person or 
 thing; one who takes the lead; the 
 chief m authority; head of a firm; 
 a capital sum lent at interest. 
 
 principality (prin-si-pari-ti), n. the 
 territory of a prince; the country 
 from which he derives his title; royal 
 state: supreme power. 
 
 principle (prin'si-pl), n. source or ori- 
 gin; element: fundamental truth or 
 doctrine; settled rule or law of ac- 
 tion or conduct; reason; foundation 
 of morality or religion: uprightness: 
 v.t. to establish firmly in the mind. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
PRINGLE 
 
 394 
 
 PROBLEM 
 
 pringle (pring'gl), v.i. a verb meaning 
 the feeling which one has in sharp 
 cold — a combination of pricking and 
 tingling. [Conan Doyle.] 
 
 prink (pringk), v.t. to dress up, or 
 deck out, in a showy or ostentatious 
 fashion; to arrange with nicety. 
 
 print (print), n. a mark or character 
 made by impression; impression of 
 type; anything that being impressed 
 leaves its form on any substance; 
 anything produced by printing, as a 
 newspaper, engraving, &c: pi. en- 
 gravings; printed cotton cloth: v.t. 
 to impress; fix or stamp deeply: v. i. 
 to practice the art of printing; pub- 
 lish books. 
 
 printing (print 'ing), n. the art or act 
 of impressing figures or characters on 
 paper, &c: typography; the busi- 
 ness of a printer. 
 
 prior (pri'er), adj. coming before, in 
 time; former: adv. previously: n. 
 the head of a priory or monastery, 
 next in rank below an abbot. Fern. 
 prioress. 
 
 priority (prl-or'i-ti), n. the state of 
 being first in rank, time, or place; 
 first claim. 
 
 priory (pri'er-i), n. {pi. priories (prl'- 
 er-iz)], a religious house, in dignity 
 below an abbey. 
 
 prism (prizm), n. & solid whose bases 
 are similar, equal, and parallel, and 
 whose sides are parallelograms; a 
 piece of solid glass with triangular 
 ends. [Graeco-Latin; the original 
 meaning was "something sawed."] 
 
 prismatic (priz-mat'ik), adj. pertain- 
 ing to, like, formed by, or separated 
 by, a prism. Also prismatical. 
 
 prison (priz'n), n. a public building 
 for the c nfinement of criminals, 
 &c; jail; any place of confinement 
 or detention: v.t. to imprison. 
 
 pristine (pris'tin), adj. pertaining to 
 an early period; first; original; 
 primitive. [Latin.] 
 
 prithee (prith'e), corruption of "I 
 pray thee." 
 
 privacy (prl'va-si), n. a state of re- 
 tirement: place of seclusion; secrecy. 
 
 private (pri'vat), adj. peculiar to one's 
 self ; personal ; alone ; secret ; not pub- 
 lic; secluded; unofficial: n. a common 
 soldier. 
 
 privateer (pri-va-ter'), n. a private 
 
 vessel licensed by the government 
 to seize and plunder the ships of 
 an enemy: v.i. to cruise in a pri- 
 vateer. 
 
 privation (pri-va/shun),n. the state of 
 being deprived of something, espe- 
 cially of the necessaries of life; des- 
 titution; hardship; absence. 
 
 privative (priv'a-tiv), adj. causing 
 privation; taking away; negative: 
 n. that which depends on the ab- 
 sence of something else; a prefix or 
 suffix, noting absence or negation, 
 such as the so-called Alpha privative 
 in Greek. 
 
 privilege (priv'i-lej), n. a law, or 
 exemption from the common provi- 
 sions of a law, in favor of an 
 individual or a body; peculiar ad- 
 vantage, right, or immunity; pre- 
 rogative: v.t. to invest with a priv- 
 ilege; exempt. 
 
 privy (priv'i), adj. private; secret; 
 clandestine; admitted to the knowl- 
 edge of something secret (with to): 
 n. a person having an interest in a 
 legal action ; a necessary house. 
 
 prize (priz), n. a reward gained in a 
 competition, lottery, &c; that which 
 is taken from an enemy in war, es- 
 pecially a captured vessel; a lever 
 used for forcing or raising heavy 
 bodies, &c: v.t. to value; esteem; 
 to force with a lever. [Old French.] 
 
 pro, a Latin prefix meaning before, in 
 the place of, forth, forward, as pro and 
 con, for and against, or both sides of 
 an argument, &c. 
 
 probable (prob'a-bl), adj. that can be 
 proved; likely. 
 
 probate (pro'bat), n. the official proof 
 of wills; the official copy of a will 
 with the certificate of probation. 
 
 probation (prq-ba'shun) , n. the act of 
 proving ; evidence ; proof ; moral 
 trial; novitiate; trial of abilities 
 prior to election, &c, to office or 
 employment. 
 
 probe (prob), n. a surgical instru- 
 ment for examining a wound: v.t. 
 to examine with a probe; scruti- 
 nize. 
 
 probity (pro'bi-ti), n. integrity; sin- 
 cerity. 
 
 problem (prob'lem), n. a question for 
 solution; a proposition requiring 
 something to be demonstrated. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; n5te, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, Men. 
 
PROBLEMATICAL 
 
 395 
 
 PROFESSION" 
 
 problematical (prob-lem-at'i-kal) , 
 adj. questionable; doubtful. 
 
 proboscis (pro-bos'is), n. the trunk 
 of an elephant; the elongated snout 
 of certain animals and insects. 
 
 procedure (pro-sed'ur), n. manner of 
 proceeding; conduct; process. 
 
 proceed (pro-sed'). v.i. to pass from 
 one step or place to another; ad- 
 vance; issue; make progress; carry 
 on a legal process: n.pl. money re- 
 sulting from a commercial trans- 
 action. 
 
 proceeding (pro-sed'ing), n. advance- 
 ment; course of conduct; transac- 
 tion; operation: pi. legal process; 
 transactions of a learned or scientific 
 society. 
 
 proceeds (pro'sedz), n. the material 
 results of an action or course; that 
 which accrues from possession. 
 
 process (pros'es), n. progressive 
 course ; series of measures or changes ; 
 operation; projection on a bone; 
 proceedings in a legal action. 
 
 procession (pro-sesh'un), n. a train 
 of persons in a formal march. 
 
 proclaim (pro-klam'), v.t. to announce 
 officially; publish; outlaw by public 
 proclamation. 
 
 proclamation (prok-la-ma'shun), n. 
 an official announcement to the pub- 
 lic; edict. 
 
 proclivity (pro-kliv'i-ti), n. an in- 
 clination; tendency. 
 
 proconsul (pro-kon'sul) , n. a Roman 
 official who governed a province; a 
 magistrate invested with consular 
 authority without the office. 
 
 procrastinate (pro-kras'ti-nat), v.t. to 
 put off to a future time; defer: v.i. 
 to be dilatory. 
 
 procrastination (pro - kras - ti - na ' - 
 shun), n. delay. 
 
 procreate (pro'kre-at) , v.t. to gener- 
 ate and produce; beget. 
 
 proctor (prok'ter), n. m one employed 
 to manage the affairs of another; 
 an attorney in an ecclesiastical, ad- 
 miralty, or probate court; a univer- 
 sity official charged with the main- 
 tenance of university regulations. 
 
 procumbent (pro-kum'bent), adj. 
 lying down; prostrate; trailing. 
 
 procurable (pro-ku'ra-bl), adj. ob- 
 tainable. 
 
 procurator (prok'u-ra-ter) , n. one 
 
 who manages another's affairs, es- 
 pecially legal interests. 
 
 procure (pro-kur'), v.t. to get or ob- 
 tain; cause. 
 
 prod (prod), n. a goad; prick: v.t. 
 [p.t. & p.p. prodded, p.pr. prodding], 
 to goad. 
 
 prodigal (prod'i-gal), adj. extravagant 
 in expenditure; lavish; wasteful: n. 
 a spendthrift; one who is lavish or 
 wasteful. 
 
 prodigality (prod-i-gal'i-ti), n. _ the 
 state or quality of being prodigal; 
 extravagance; lavishness. 
 
 prodigious (pro-dij'us), adj. enor- 
 mous; adapted to excite wonder. 
 
 prodigy (prod'i-ji), n. anything won- 
 derful or extraordinary; a miracle; 
 portent. 
 
 produce (pro-dus')- v.t. to exhibit or 
 bring to view; yield or bring forth; 
 manufacture^ extend: n. (prod'iis), 
 that which is yielded or brought 
 forth; result. 
 
 product (prod'ukt), n. that which is 
 produced by nature, or made by art; 
 work; result; the result of multiply- 
 ing two or more numbers together. 
 
 production (pro-duk'shun), n. that 
 which is produced; act of produc- 
 ing; fruit; result. 
 
 productive (pro-duk'tiv), adj. having 
 the power of producing; generative; 
 fertile. 
 
 productiveness (pro-duk'tiy-nes), n. 
 a quality of being productive. _ 
 
 proem (pro'em)^ n. a preface or intro- 
 duction. [Latin.] 
 
 profanation (prof-a-na'shun), n. the 
 act of treating sacred things with 
 disrespect or irreverence; desecra- 
 tion. 
 
 profane (prS-fan'), adj. secular; ir- 
 reverent ; irreligious ; blasphemous : 
 v.t. to treat with irreverence; dese- 
 crate; violate (holy things); put to 
 an improper use. 
 
 profanity (pro-fan'i-ti), n. irreverence 
 towards holy things; blasphemy. 
 Also profaneness. 
 
 profess (pro-fes'), v.t. to make open 
 declaration of; acknowledge or avow; 
 declare publicly. 
 
 profession (pro-f esh'un) , n. the act of 
 professing; open declaration or 
 avowal; calling or vocation, espe- 
 cially one that requires a learned 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
PROFESSIONAL 
 
 396 
 
 PROLOGUE 
 
 education; collective body of per- 
 sons in a profession; the entrance of 
 a novice into a religious order under 
 a sacred vow. [Latin.] 
 
 professional (pro-f jsh'un-al), adj. per- 
 taining to a profession: n. one who 
 makes his living by his art, as dis- 
 tinguished from an amateur. 
 
 professor (pro-f es'er) , n. one who 
 makes an outward profession of 
 religion; one who publicly teaches 
 any branch of knowledge. 
 
 proffer (prof-er), v.t. to offer for ac- 
 ceptance; tender: n. an offer made. 
 
 proficiency (pro-fish'en-si) , n. de- 
 gree of advancement in any branch 
 of knowledge, science, or art. 
 
 proficient (pro-fish'ent) , _ adj. thor- 
 oughly qualified, or skilled: n. an 
 expert, or adept. 
 
 profile (pro'fll), n. a head or portrait 
 in a side view, outline or contour, 
 especially of a building in vertical 
 section : v.t. draw in profile. [French.] 
 
 profit (profit), n. pecuniary gain; 
 benefit or advantage; emolument: 
 v.i. to benefit; improve: v.i. to be of 
 advantage; make improvement; re- 
 ceive profit. 
 
 profitable (prof'it-a-bl), adj. yielding 
 or bringing profit; lucrative; advan- 
 tageous. 
 
 profligate (prof 'li-gat) , adj. abandoned 
 to vice; dissolute; openly vicious. 
 
 profound (pro-found'), adj. deep in 
 skill or knowledge; abstruse; deep; 
 intense. 
 
 profundity (pro-f un'di-ti\ n. depth 
 of place, knowledge, skill, &c. 
 
 profuse (pro-f us'), adj. liberal to ex- 
 cess; exuberant. 
 
 profusion (pro-f u'zhun) , n. lavishness; 
 excess; abundance. Also profuse- 
 ness. 
 
 progenitor (pro-gen'i-ter) , n. an an- 
 cestor; forefather. 
 
 prog (prog), n. a common word in 
 England for food; like f 'grub" among 
 all English-speaking peoples. 
 
 progeniture (pro-gen'i-tur), n. a 
 birth or begetting. 
 
 progeny (proj'en-i), n. offspring; 
 descendants; lineage. 
 
 prognosticate (prog^nos'ti-kat) , v.t. 
 to foretell: v.i. indicate the future 
 by present signs. 
 
 program, programme (pro'gram), n. 
 
 an outline of a public entertain- 
 ment, ceremony, &c; a course of 
 action prepared or announced be- 
 forehand. 
 
 progress (prog'res), n. a moving or 
 going forward; advancement; pro- 
 ficiency; journey of state: v.i. (pro- 
 gres') to move forward; advance; 
 increase in proficiency. 
 
 progression (pro-gresh'un), n. mo- 
 tion onwards; intellectual advance; 
 regular and gradual advance; prog- 
 ress; a series of numbers increas- 
 ing or decreasing by proportional 
 differences. 
 
 progressive (pro-gres'iv), adj. moving 
 forward; making progress; improv- 
 ing- 
 
 prohibit (pro-hib'it), v.t. to forbid; 
 interdict by authority; hinder. 
 
 prohibition (pro-hi-bish'un), n. the 
 act of prohibiting; interdict. 
 
 prohibitionist (pro-hirbish'un-ist), n. 
 one who desires to prohibit the sale 
 of intoxicating liquors. 
 
 prohibitive (pro-hib'i-tiv) , adj. tend- 
 ing to prohibit. 
 
 project (proj'ekt), n. a design or 
 scheme: v.t. (pr5-jekf), to throw or 
 cast forward; plan or scheme: v.i. 
 to jut out. 
 
 projectile (pro-jek'til), n. a body 
 thrown forward, especially through 
 the air; a bullet, shot, shell, &c: adj. 
 impelled or impelling forward. 
 
 projection (pro-jek'shun), n. the act 
 or state of projecting; that which 
 juts out; a plan or delineation repre- 
 sented on a plane. 
 
 prolapse (pro-laps') , n. a falling down 
 or out of some part of the body: v.i. 
 to fall down or out; project too 
 much. Also prolapsus. 
 
 proletarian (pro-le-ta'ri-an) , adj. per- 
 taining to the common people ; low ; 
 vulgar: n. a workman; in ancient 
 Rome, the lowest class of citizens. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 prolific (pro-lif'ik), adj. productive; 
 fertile. 
 
 prolix (pro-liks' or pro'liks),. adj. 
 tedious and verbose; not concise. 
 
 prolixity (prq-liks'i-ti), n. verbosity; 
 minute detail. 
 
 prologue (prS'log), n. an introduc- 
 tion or preface, especially verses 
 spoken before a dramatic perfor- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
PROLONG 
 
 397 
 
 PROPELLER 
 
 mance by way of introduction: v.t. 
 to introduce by a preface. 
 
 prolong (pro-long'), v.t. to lengthen; 
 extend. 
 
 prolongation (pro-long-ga'shun), n. 
 extension in time or space; delay or 
 postponement. 
 
 promenade (prom-e-nad'), n. a walk 
 for pleasure, show or exercise; a 
 public place for walking: v.i. walk 
 for pleasure, &c. 
 
 prominence (prom'i-nens), n. the 
 state or quality of being prominent; 
 a projection. Also prominency. 
 
 prominent (prom'i-nent), adj. pro- 
 jecting; conspicuous; chief; protu- 
 berant. 
 
 promiscuous (pro-mis'ku-us), adj. 
 confused; mingled; indiscriminate; 
 not restricted to any particular per- 
 son. 
 
 promise (prom'is), n. an engagement 
 to do or not to do something; basis 
 for expectation; the thing promised: 
 v.i. to assure one by a promise: v.t. 
 to make a promise of; afford reason; 
 to expect. 
 
 promiser (prom'is-er), n. one who 
 promises. 
 
 promisor (prom-is-or'), n. one who 
 makes a legal promise or covenant. 
 
 promissory (prom'is-o-ri), adj. con- 
 taining a promise or covenant to do, 
 or not to do, something. 
 
 promontory (prom'on-to-ri), n. a 
 high cape; a point of land jutting 
 into the sea. 
 
 promote (pro-mot'), v.t. to advance, 
 forward, or elevate; excite or stir 
 up; raise to higher rank. 
 
 promoter (pro-mo'ter) , n. one who 
 promotes, especially one who makes 
 it his business to float new com- 
 panies, &c. 
 
 promotion (pro-mo'shun) , n. the 
 act of promoting; state of being 
 promoted ; advancement ; prefer- 
 ment. 
 
 prompt (prompt), adj. ready and 
 quick to act as occasion demands; 
 immediate; done without delay: v.t. 
 incite to action; assist (a speaker) 
 when at a loss for words. 
 
 promulgate (pro-mul'gat), v.t. to 
 publish. 
 
 promulgation (pro-mul-ga/shun), n. 
 publication. 
 
 prone (pron), adj. lying with the face 
 downwards; not erect; inclined; dis- 
 posed. 
 
 prong (prong), n. a sharp-pointed in- 
 strument; the spike of a fork. 
 
 pronominal (pro-nom'i-nal), adj. per- 
 taining to, or of the nature of, a 
 pronoun. 
 
 pronoun (pro-noun), n. a word which 
 refers to, or is used in the place of, 
 a noun. 
 
 pronounce (pro-nouns'), v .t. to speak 
 or utter distinctly ; articulate ; utter 
 formally, authoritatively, or rhetori- 
 cally; affirm: v.i. to speak with con- 
 fidence or authority. 
 
 pronounced (pr5-nounst'), p.adj. 
 strongly marked or decided. 
 
 pronouncement (pro-nouns 'ment), 
 n. an emphatic declaration. 
 
 pronunciation (pro-nun-si-a'shun) , 
 n. the act or manner of articulating 
 words or syllables; graceful and 
 proper public speaking. 
 
 proof (proof), n. testimony or con- 
 vincing evidence; test or experi- 
 ment; reason; argument; demon- 
 stration; impenetrability; capability 
 of resistance; a standard strength of 
 spirit; an impression taken from 
 type for correction; an early im- 
 pression of an engraving: adj. 
 strong to resist impression or pen- 
 etration; capable of moral or physi- 
 cal resistance, as "sneer-proof" 
 " bullet-proof.'' [Old French.] 
 
 prop (prop), n. a support or stay: 
 v.t. [p.t. & p.p. propped, p.pr. prop- 
 ping], to support by something un- 
 der or against; sustain. 
 
 propaganda (prop-a-gan'da) , n.pl. 
 any methods for the propagation of 
 doctrines, principles, &c, religious 
 or secular. 
 
 propagate (prop'a-gat), v.t. to con- 
 tinue or spread by generation or suc- 
 cessive production ; extend ; impel for- 
 ward in space: v.i. to be produced 
 by generation, or by new shoots or 
 plants. 
 
 propagation (prop-a-ga'shuii) , n. the 
 act of propagating; spreading or ex- 
 tension. 
 
 propel (pro-pel'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pro- 
 pelled, p.pr. propelling], to drive 
 forward; urge onward by force. 
 
 propeller (pro-pel'er), n. one who, or 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
PROPENSITY 
 
 398 
 
 PROSECUTION 
 
 that which, propels; a screw-pro- 
 peller; vessel so propelled. 
 
 propensity (pro-pen'si-ti) , n. natural 
 tendency. 
 
 proper (prop'er), adj. noting a par- 
 ticular person or thing; peculiar; 
 fit or suitable; correct; appropri- 
 ate. 
 
 property (prop'er-ti), n. [pi. properties 
 (prop'er-tiz)], a peculiar attribute, 
 quality, or disposition; exclusive 
 right of possession; the thing owned; 
 estate; goods; attribute common to a 
 class: pi. articles, including dresses, 
 required by actors on the stage. 
 
 prophecy (prof'e-si), n. a prediction 
 of something to take place in the 
 future, especially a prediction by 
 Divine inspiration. 
 
 prophesy (profe-sl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 prophesied, p.pr. prophesying], to 
 foretell future events, especially by 
 Divine inspiration: v.i. to utter 
 prophecies; preach. 
 
 prophet (prof'et), n. one who foretells 
 future events, especially one inspired 
 by God. Feminine, prophetess^ 
 
 prophetic (pro-fet'ik), adj. pertaining 
 to prophecy ; predictive. Prophetical. 
 
 prophylactic (pro-fi-lak'tik) , adj. 
 guarding, or preserving, against dis- 
 ease: n. a preventive of disease. 
 
 propinquity (pro-ping'kwi-ti) , n. 
 nearness of place, time, or relation- 
 ship. 
 
 propitiate (pro-pish 'i-at), v.t. to con- 
 ciliate; make propitious; v.i. to atone. 
 
 propitiation (pro-pish-i-a'shun), n. 
 the act of propitiating; atonement. 
 
 propitious (pro-pish'us), adj. favor- 
 able; disposed to be merciful. 
 
 proportion (pro-por'shun) , n. com- 
 parative relation of one thing to an- 
 other; ratio; rate; symmetrical re- 
 lation; rule of three; equal or just 
 share: v.t. to form symmetrically; 
 apportion. 
 
 proportional (pro-por'shun-al) , adj. 
 having due proportion; having the 
 same ratio: n. a quantity or number 
 in proportion. 
 
 proportionate (pro-por'shun-at) , adj. 
 adjusted to something else accord- 
 ing to a certain rate: v.t. to adjust 
 according to a settled rate. 
 
 proposal (pro-poz'al), n. that which is 
 offered for consideration or accept- 
 
 ance; offer of marriage; terms 01 
 conditions proposed. 
 
 propose (pro-poz'), v.t. to bring for* 
 ward or offer for consideration; 
 nominate for election: v.i. to make 
 an offer of marriage. 
 
 proposition (prop-o-zish'un) , n. an 
 oner of terms; proposal; a complete 
 sentence, or one that affirms or de- 
 nies something; a theorem or prob- 
 lem for solution. 
 
 propound (pro-pound'), v.t. to offer 
 for consideration; put or set as a 
 question. 
 
 proprietary (pro-pri'e-ta-ri), adj. be- 
 longing to a proprietor or proprie- 
 tary: n. a possessor in his own right; 
 proprietors collectively. 
 
 proprietor (pro-pri'e-ter), n. one who 
 has a legal right to anything; owner. 
 Fern, proprietress; proprietrix. 
 
 propriety (pro-prl'e-ti), n. conformity 
 to established rules or custom; deco- 
 rum; fitness. 
 
 propulsion (pro-pul'shun), n. the act 
 of propelling. 
 
 prorogation (pro-ro-ga'shun), n. the 
 act of proroguing. 
 
 prorogue (pro-rog'), v.t. to terminate 
 a session of; to postpone. 
 
 prosaic (pro-za'ik) , adj. like prose; 
 commonplace ; uninteresting. Also 
 prosaical. 
 
 proscenium (pro-se'ni-um), n. that 
 part of the stage from the curtain to 
 the orchestra. 
 
 proscribe (pro-skrib') , v.t. to punish 
 with civil death; outlaw; inter- 
 dict. 
 
 proscription (pro-skrip'shun), n. the 
 act of proscribing; outlawry; inter- 
 diction. _ 
 
 prose (proz), n. ordinary spoken or 
 written language; unmetrical com- 
 position: v.i. & v.t. to write or 
 speak tediously: adj. unloosed from 
 the rules of prosody, yet not 
 necessarily; dull; tedious; common- 
 place. See lyric prose. [Latin.] 
 
 prosecute (pros'e-kut), v.t. to fol- 
 low or pursue with the view to reach 
 or accomplish; accuse of a crime be- 
 fore a legal tribunal: v.i. to carry 
 on a legal prosecution. [Latin.] 
 
 prosecution (pros-e-ku'shun), n. the 
 act of prosecuting; pursuit; the in- 
 stitution and carrying on of a legal 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
PROSELYTE 
 
 399 
 
 PROTOTYPE 
 
 suit; prosecutor or prosecutors col- 
 lectively. 
 
 proselyte (pros'e-lit), n. a convert to 
 some religion or belief, or party; a 
 Gentile convert to the Jewish law 
 and belief: v.t. to proselytize. 
 
 prosing (proz'ing), n. tedious minute- 
 ness; dull talk. 
 
 prosody (pros'o-di), n. that part of 
 grammar which treats of quantity, 
 accent, and the laws of versification. 
 
 prospect (pros'pekt), n. a view of 
 something distant; scene; object of 
 view; expectation; v.t. (pro-spekf), 
 to search or explore, especially for 
 gold or valuable minerals. 
 
 prospective (pros-pek'tiv) , adj. look- 
 ing forward ; acting with, or charac- 
 terized by, foresight; in prospect. 
 
 prospectus (pro-spek'tus), n. an out- 
 line of a proposed undertaking; 
 sketch, or plan. 
 
 prosper (pros'per), v.t. to render 
 successful; favor: v.i. to thrive; 
 succeed. 
 
 prosperity (pros-per'i-ti), n. success- 
 ful progress in any business or enter- 
 prise; good fortune. 
 
 prosperous (pros'per-us) , adj. success- 
 ful; thriving. 
 
 prostitute (pros'ti-tut) , v.t. to offer or 
 hire for lewd use; devote to im- 
 proper purposes: adj. prostituted: 
 n. a lewd woman; a base mercenary 
 or hireling. [Latin. 1 
 
 prostitution (pros-ti-tu'shun), n. the 
 act of a prostitute. 
 
 prostrate (pros'trat), adj. lying at 
 full length; extended on the ground; 
 lying at mercy as a suppliant: v.t. 
 to lay flat; throw down; bow in 
 humble reverence. [Latin.] 
 
 prostration (pros-tra'shun), n. the 
 act of prostrating; great depression; 
 exhaustion of the vital powers under 
 disease. 
 
 protect (pro-tekf), v.t. to cover over; 
 defend; shield; shelter; support. 
 
 protection (pro-tek'shun), n. the act 
 of protecting; the state of being pro- 
 tected; defense; shelter; security; 
 passport; encouragement of home in- 
 dustry by duties on imports, boun- 
 ties, &c. 
 
 Protectionism (pro-tek'shun-izm), n. 
 the doctrine that certain home in- 
 dustries and produce should be en- 
 
 couraged by the imposition of duties 
 on foreign imports of the same kind. 
 
 protectorate (pro-tek'ter-at), n. gov- 
 ernment or defense by a protector. 
 
 protege (pro-ta-zha/), n. one who is 
 under the protection, guardianship, 
 or care of another. Fern, protegee. 
 [French.] 
 
 protein (pro'te-in), n. the gelatinous, 
 semi-transparent substance obtained 
 from albumen, fibrin or casein, the 
 essential principle of food. 
 
 protest (pro-test'), v.i. to affirm with 
 solemnity; make a solemn declara- 
 tion against some public act or meas- 
 ure; remonstrate: v.t. to make a 
 solemn declaration or affirmation of; 
 to declare formally to be insufficient- 
 ly provided for by deposit or pay- 
 ment; said of a note or bill of 
 exchange: n. (pro'test), a solemn 
 declaration of opinion against some- 
 thing; a document containing rea- 
 sons for dissent ; a formal declaration 
 by the holder of a bill of exchange 
 of its non-payment or non-accept- 
 ance by the drawer. [Latin.] 
 
 Protestant (prot'es-tant), n. a mem- 
 ber of any of those bodies of Chris- 
 tians that protest against the spirit- 
 ual supremacy of the Church of 
 Rome: originally one of the party 
 who adhered to Luther after the sec- 
 ond Diet of Speyers, 1529: adj. per- 
 taining to Protestants or Protestant- 
 ism. 
 
 protestation (prot-es-ta'shun), n. a 
 formal declaration of dissent ; solemn 
 affirmation. 
 
 proto, a Greek prefix meaning first, as 
 profomartyr, &c. 
 
 protocol (pro'to-kol), n. the rough 
 draft of a treaty, diplomatic des- 
 patch, &c. 
 
 protomartyr (pro-to-mar'ter), n. the 
 first of the Christian martyrs, St. 
 Stephen. 
 
 protoplasm (pr5'to-plazm), n. a semi- 
 fluid albuminous substance, regard- 
 ed as the ultimate basis of physical 
 life, from which all living organisms 
 are formed and developed. This 
 is true of animals and vegetables 
 alike. The substance is viscid, 
 gummy, and often granular. 
 
 prototype (pro'to-tip) , n. the original, 
 from which others are copied 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
PROTOZOA 
 
 400 
 
 PRUDENT 
 
 Protozoa (pro-to-zo'a), n.pl. the first 
 or lowest division of the animal king- 
 dom containing animals of the sim- 
 plest type of organization, in cells 
 or groups of cells that are difficult to 
 divide. 
 
 protract (pro-trakf), v.t. to draw out 
 or lengthen in time; prolong; defer. 
 
 protraction (pro-trak'shun) , n. the 
 act of protracting; delay; the act of 
 laying down on paper the dimensions 
 of a plot of land, &c. 
 
 protrude (pro-trud'), v.t. to thrust out 
 or push forward: v.i. to shoot for- 
 ward; project. [Latin.] 
 
 protrusive (pro-trii'siv) , adj. thrust- 
 ing or impelling forward. 
 
 protuberance (pr5-tu'ber-ans) , n. a 
 swelling; a prominence; tumor. 
 
 proud (proud), adj. having exces- 
 sive self-esteem; arrogant; ostenta- 
 tious; haughty; spirited; of lofty 
 mien; pleased; grand; gratified. 
 
 prove (proov), v.t. to ascertain or try 
 by an experiment or test; establish 
 or ascertain by argument or other 
 evidence; ascertain the genuineness 
 of; experience; endure; try by suffer- 
 ing; show or demonstrate the accu- 
 racy of (a calculation). [Old French.] 
 
 proven (proov'en), adj. proved. 
 
 provender (prov'en-der) , n. dry food 
 for beasts, as hay, &c. 
 
 proverb (prov'erb), n. a short familiar 
 pithy saying, expressing some well- 
 known truth or common fact of ex- 
 perience; adage. [Latin.] 
 
 proverbial (pro-ver'bi-al) , adj. per- 
 taining to proverbs; mentioned in, 
 or like, a proverb; widely spoken of 
 or well-known. 
 
 provide (pro-vid'), v.t. to make ready 
 beforehand; furnish; stipulate as a 
 preliminary condition: v.i. to pro- 
 cure supplies; make preparations 
 (with for or against) . 
 
 provided (pro-vid'ed) , conj. on condi- 
 tion. 
 
 providence (prov'i-dens) , n. timely 
 care or preparation; economy; pru- 
 dence; in theology, foresight and 
 care of God for his creatures. 
 
 provident (prov'i-dent) , adj. careful 
 for the future; prudent; economical. 
 
 providential (prov-i-den'shal) , adj. 
 effected by, or proceeding from, Di- 
 vine providence. 
 
 province (prov'ins), n. a division of an 
 empire or state; a dependent coun- 
 try; region, jurisdiction of an arch- 
 bishop; proper office or business; 
 department of knowledge: pi. the 
 country districts. 
 
 provincial (pro-vin'shal), adj. per- 
 taining to, or characteristic of, a 
 province; rustic: n. one who belongs 
 to a province; countryman. 
 
 provision (pro-vizh'un), n. the act of 
 providing; the things provided; 
 measures taken beforehand; accu- 
 mulation of stores: pi. food: v.t. to 
 supply with food. 
 
 provisional (pro-vizh'un-al) , adj. pro- 
 vided for present use; temporary. 
 
 proviso (pro-vi'zo), n. a conditional 
 clause or stipulation in a deed. 
 
 provisory (pro-vi'zo-ri), adj. condi- 
 tional. 
 
 provocation (prov'o-ka/shun) , n. that 
 which excites to anger or resentment ; 
 act of provoking. 
 
 provocative (pro-vok'a-tiv) , adj. 
 tending to provoke; inciting: n. any- 
 thing that tends to provoke; incite- 
 ment. 
 
 provoke (pro-vok'), v.t. to excite or 
 stir to action; enrage or irritate; ex- 
 asperate. 
 
 provost (prov'ust or pro-vo'), n. the 
 head of a college; superintendent or 
 president ; chief dignitary of a cathe- 
 dral; chief magistrate of a city or 
 town. [Scotch.] 
 
 prow (prou), n. the bow of a ship. 
 
 prowess (prou'es), n. bravery; valor. 
 
 prowl (proul), v.i. to wander stealth- 
 ily as for prey or plunder: n. a rov- 
 ing for prey or plunder. 
 
 proximate (proks'i-mat), adj. imme- 
 diate. 
 
 proximity (prqks-im'i-ti) , n. immedi-| 
 ate nearness in place, blood, or alli- 
 ance. 
 
 proxy (proks'i), n. [pi. proxies (proks'- 
 iz)J, the agency of a substitute; the 
 document by which one person is 
 authorized to act or vote for another. 
 
 prude (prood), n. a woman who af- 
 fects great reserve, coyness, and ex- 
 cessive virtue. [French.] 
 
 prudence (pr5o'dens), n. the quality 
 of being prudent ; wisdom applied to 
 practice. 
 
 prudent (proo'dent), adj. practically 
 
 ate. arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
PRUDERY 
 
 401 
 
 PUFF 
 
 wise; careful of the consequences of 
 measures or actions; judicious; cau- 
 tious; circumspect. 
 
 prudery (proo'der-i), n. affected nice- 
 ness or scrupulousness in conduct; 
 manners of a prude. Also prudish- 
 ness. 
 
 prudish (proo'dish), adj. like a prude; 
 affectedly precise, nice, or scrupu- 
 lous. 
 
 prune (proon), n. a dried plum: v.t. 
 to cut superfluous twigs or branches 
 from (a vine, bush or tree); trim. 
 [French.] 
 
 prunella (proo-nel'a) , n. a smooth 
 woolen stuff used for shoes and 
 gaiters; a kind of dried plum. 
 
 prurience (proo'ri-ens) , n. the state or 
 quality of being prurient. Also 
 pruriency. [Latin.] 
 
 prurient (proo'ri-ent) , adj. having an 
 eager desire for, or characterized 
 by, lewdness; itching. 
 
 pry (pri), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. pried, p.pr. 
 prying], to inspect closely or with 
 keen scrutiny: n. close inspection; 
 impertinent peeping. 
 
 psalm (salm), n. a sacred song. [Greek.] 
 
 psalmist (salm'ist), n. a composer of 
 psalms, especially of any of the 
 Scriptural psalms. 
 
 psalmody (salm'o-di), n. the art or 
 practice of singing psalms. 
 
 pseudo, a Greek prefix meaning false, 
 spurious, as pseudob] epsis, false or 
 deceptive vision. 
 
 pseudonym (su'do-nim), n. a ficti- 
 tious name. 
 
 pshaw (shaw), inter j. an expression 
 of contempt. 
 
 psychical (si'ki-kal), adj. pertaining 
 to, or connected with, the human 
 soul, spirit, or mind; spiritualistic; 
 psychological. Also psychic. 
 
 psychics (slk'iks), n. the science of 
 the mind; the study of obscure men- 
 tal phenomena. Also psychism. 
 
 psychology (si-kol'o-ji), n. the science 
 of mental phenomena and their 
 classification and analysis; mental 
 philosophy; metaphysics. 
 
 ptomaines (to'manz), n.pl. a class 
 of alkaloids of a highly poisonous 
 nature, originating in decaying or 
 dead matter. 
 
 puberty (pu'ber-ti), n. the age at 
 
 which the generative powers begin 
 to be developed. 
 
 pubescent (pu-bes'ent), adj. arriving 
 at the age of puberty; covered with 
 soft, downy hairs. 
 
 public (pub'lik), adj. pertaining to a 
 nation, state, or community; be- 
 longing to the people; circulating 
 among all classes; open; generally 
 known ; common to all : n. the people 
 in general. [Latin.] 
 
 publican (pub'li-kan), n. one who 
 keeps a public-house; among the 
 ancient Romans, a farmer of the 
 public revenues ; a collector of tolls, 
 tribute, or customs. [Latin.] 
 
 publication (pub-li-ka'shun), n. the 
 act of publishing or making public; 
 the act of publishing a book, &c. 
 
 publicist (pub 'li-sist), n. a writer on 
 international law, or on current 
 events of political or social interest. 
 
 publicity (pub-lis'i-ti), n. the state of 
 being public; notoriety. 
 
 publish (pub'lish), v.t. to make known; 
 announce or proclaim; divulge; 
 print and offer for sale; put into cir- 
 culation. 
 
 Puck (puck), n. a mischievous sprite 
 or elf. [Irish.] 
 
 pucker (puck'er), v.t.& v.i. to gather 
 into small folds; wrinkle: n. a small 
 fold or wrinkle. 
 
 pudding (pood'ing), n. a soft kind of 
 food made of flour and various in- 
 gredients; an intestine stuffed with 
 meat, &c; quantity of yarns, mat- 
 ting, or oakum. 
 
 puddle (pud'l), n. a small pool of 
 dirty water; clay worked together 
 with sand: v.t. to make muddy; ren- 
 der watertight with puddle; convert 
 (pig-iron) into wrought-iron. 
 
 puerile (pu'er-il), adj. pertaining to 
 children; juvenile; boyish; trifling. 
 
 puff (puf), n. a short quick blast; 
 sudden forcible breath ; a fungous 
 ball filled with dust; anything light 
 and porous or swollen; a light kind 
 of tart; exaggerated praise or adver- 
 tisement: v.i. to expel air from the 
 mouth with a sudden forcible blast; 
 breathe quick and hard; swell with 
 air; blow in contempt; move with 
 hurry: v.t. to drive with a puff; 
 swell, as with wind; praise in exag- 
 gerated terms. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
PUFFER 
 
 402 
 
 PUNCTUAL 
 
 Eli 
 
 puffer (puf'er), n. one who puffs; one 
 who praises in exaggerated terms; 
 one who is hired to force up bids at 
 sales. 
 
 puffing (puf'ing), n. exaggerated praise, 
 especially with the view to advertise- 
 ment; quick and hard breathing: 
 p. adj. praising in exaggerated 
 terms. 
 
 pug (pug), n. a small dog with face 
 and nose like a bull-dog's; imp or 
 elf; plastic clay: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 Rigged, p.pr. pugging], to line or 
 11 up with plastic clay or any other 
 material. 
 
 pugging (pug'ing) , n. the act or opera- 
 tion of working up clay for bricks; 
 any substance to deaden sound be- 
 tween spaces. 
 
 pugilism (pu'jil-izm), ft. the art or 
 practice of boxing or fighting with 
 the fists; prize-fighting. [Latin.] 
 
 pugilist (pti'jil-ist), ft. a prize-fighter; 
 boxer. 
 
 pugnacious (pug-na'shus) , adj. dis- 
 posed to fight; quarrelsome. 
 
 pugnacity (pug-nas'i-ti) , n. inclination 
 to fight; quarrelsomeness. 
 
 puissance (pu'is-ans), ft. power; 
 strength. [French.] 
 
 puissant (pu-is'ant), adj. powerful; 
 strong. 
 
 puke (puk), v.i. & v.t. to vomit. 
 
 pule (pul), v.t. to whine. 
 
 pull (pool), v.t. to draw towards one; 
 pluck; rend or tear; drag or haul: 
 v.i. to tug: ft. the act of pulling; 
 struggle; contest; private influence 
 exerted to secure political or other 
 favor. 
 
 pullet (pool'et), ft. a young hen. 
 
 pulley (pool'li), n. a small wheel turn- 
 ing about an axis, and having a 
 groove in which a rope works. 
 
 pulmonary (pul'mon-er-i), adj. per- 
 taining to, or affecting, the lungs. 
 
 pulmotor (pul'mo-tor), n. a device 
 for artificially restoring respiration in 
 cases of asphyxiation. 
 
 pulp (pulp), ft. the soft fleshy part of 
 bodies, as of fruit; any soft uniform 
 mass: v.t. to reduce to a soft mass; 
 extract or separate the pulp from. 
 
 pulpit (pool'pit), n. an elevated or 
 inclosed desk in a church from which 
 the sermon is delivered; preachers 
 or preaching. [Greek.] 
 
 pulsate (pul'sat), v.i. to throb or 
 beat. [Latin.] 
 
 pulsation (pul-sa'shun), n. a throb or 
 beat, especially of the heart. 
 
 pulse (puis), n. the rhythmic beating 
 of the heart or arteries; vibration; 
 leguminous plants or their seeds, as 
 peas, beans, &c: v.i. to beat or 
 throb, as the pulse. 
 
 pulverize (pul'ver-iz), v.t. to reduce to 
 powder. 
 
 puma (pii'ma), n. a large cat-like 
 carnivorous animal of America; 
 mountain lion. 
 
 pumice (pum'is), ft. a hard, light, 
 spongy, volcanic lava or rock. Also 
 pumice-stone. See pomace. 
 
 pump (pump), ft. a machine for rais- 
 ing water or other liquid; a light 
 low shoe or slipper: v.t. to raise 
 (water or a liquid) by means of a 
 pump; free from water by a pump; 
 extract (information) by artful 
 questions. [French; also Danish.] 
 
 pumpkin (pump'kin, colloq. pung'kin). 
 n. a plant of the gourd family and 
 its fruit. As an edible it is much 
 esteemed in the northern part of the 
 United States. [Old French.] 
 
 pun (pun), ft. a play upon words: v.i. 
 [p.t. & p.p. punned, p.pr. punning], 
 to play upon words similar in sound 
 but having a different meaning. 
 
 punch (punch), ft. a tool for stamp- 
 ing or perforating; a beverage of 
 rum, whiskey, &c, water, lemon- 
 juice, and sugar, the name coming 
 from the Sanskrit pancha l "five," be- 
 cause of the five ingredients which 
 compose it: tea, arrack, lemons, 
 sugar and water; a blow or thrust; 
 the buffoon of a puppet-show; Pun- 
 chinello; a short fat person; v.t. to 
 perforate with a punch; to strike 
 with the fist. 
 
 puncheon (pun'chun), ft. a liquid 
 measure of 84 wine-gallons. 
 
 punctate (pungk'tat), adj. dotted 
 with small spots; pointed. 
 
 punctilio (pungk-til'i-o) , n. a nice 
 point in conduct or ceremony; 
 formal exactness. 
 
 punctilious (pungk-til'i-us) , adj. very 
 nice or precise in conduct or cere- 
 mony; exact to excess. 
 
 punctual (pungk'tu-al), adj. observing, 
 or done at, the exact time. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
PUNCTUALITY 
 
 403 
 
 PURITY 
 
 punctuality (pungk-tu-al'i-ti), n. the 
 quality of being punctual; the 
 characteristic of keeping the exact 
 time of an appointment or engage- 
 ment. 
 
 punctuate (pungk'tu-at), v.t. to mark 
 with points; divide into sentences 
 by points. 
 
 punctuation (pungk-tu-a/shun), n. 
 the act or art of dividing sentences 
 by points or stops. 
 
 puncture (pungk'tur), n. a small hole 
 or wound made by a pointed instru- 
 ment: v.t. to make a hole in, or 
 pierce, with a pointed instrument. 
 
 pundit (pun'dit), n. a learned Brah- 
 man; one versed in the Sanskrit lan- 
 guage, laws, and Hindu religion; 
 or a solemn pretender to learning. 
 Also pandit. 
 
 pungent (pun'jent), adj. stinging or 
 pricking; piercing; keen; biting; 
 sarcastic; caustic. 
 
 Punic (pu'nik), adj. pertaining to the 
 Carthaginians, or to their language; 
 treacherous; perfidious. [Phoenician.] 
 
 punish (pun'ish), v.t. to cause loss 
 or pain to as a penalty for a crime 
 or fault; chastise; correct. 
 
 punishment (pun'ish-ment), n. pain, 
 loss, or penalty, inflicted for a crime 
 or fault. 
 
 punitive (pu'ni-tiv), adj. pertaining 
 to, or inflicting, punishment. 
 
 punk (pungk), n. wood decayed by the 
 fungus that covers it; a composition 
 made into sticks and intended to 
 burn for a long time and ignite fire- 
 works, fire-crackers, and other ex- 
 plosives; a worthless argument; non- 
 sense. 
 
 punt (punt), n. a flat-bottomed boat 
 for fishing: v.i. to play basset, om- 
 ber, or faro against the banker or 
 dealer. 
 
 puny (pii'ni), adj. [comp. punier, sw- 
 perl. puniest], inferior in strength or 
 size; weak; feeble; petty. 
 
 pupil (pu'pil), n. a young person who 
 is under the care of a tutor; scholar; 
 ward; in law, a boy or girl under 
 the age of puberty (14 and 12 years 
 respectively) ; the opening in the 
 iris through which rays of light pass 
 to the retina. [Latin.] 
 
 puppet (pup'et), n. a small doll or 
 image, especially one moved by 
 
 wires in a mock drama; one who is 
 under the influence and control of 
 another. [French.] 
 
 puppy (pup'i), n. a whelp; young dog; 
 a conceited young man. [French.] 
 
 purblind (per'blind), adj. seeing ob- 
 scurely. 
 
 purchase (per'chas), v.t. to obtain 
 by paying an equivalent; acquire; 
 buy; expiate or recompense by a 
 fine or forfeit ; obtain at the expense 
 of some sacrifice, labor, &c; move 
 or raise by the application of some 
 mechanical power: n. the act of pur- 
 chasing; thing purchased or bought; 
 mechanical advantage. 
 
 pure (pur), adj. [comp. purer, superl. 
 purest], free from moral or physical 
 defilement; chaste; unpolluted, una- 
 dulterated; clean; holy; real; mere; 
 absolute. [Latin.] 
 
 purgation (per-ga'shun) , n. the act of 
 purging; the act of clearing from 
 imputed guilt. [Latin.] 
 
 purgative (per'ga-tiv) , adj. serving to 
 purge. 
 
 purgatorial (per-ga-to'ri-al), adj. per- 
 taining to purgatory. _ 
 
 purgatory (per'ga-to-ri), n. in the 
 doctrine of the Catholic Church, the 
 state after death in which the souls 
 of the faithful departed are purified 
 from venial sins by suffering: adj. 
 cleansing; expiatory. 
 
 purge (perj), v.t. to cleanse or free 
 from impurities or guilt; make clear 
 or pure; clear from accusation; def- 
 ecate: v.i. to have frequent evacua- 
 tions: n. a cathartic medicine. 
 
 purification (pu-ri-fi-ka'shun), n. the 
 act of purifying; state of being puri- 
 fied ; ceremonial cleansing from guilt 
 or uncleanness. 
 
 purify (pu'ri-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. puri- 
 fied, p.pr. purifying], to render pure; 
 free from guilt or ceremonial un- 
 cleanness; free from impurities, cor- 
 ruptions, or barbarisms. 
 
 purism (pu'rizm), n. affectation in the 
 precise use of words in literary style. 
 
 purist (pur'ist), n. onf who is scru- 
 pulously precise in matters of lit- 
 erary style or the choice of correct 
 words. 
 
 purity (pur'i-ti), n. the state or qual- 
 ity of being pure ; chastity ; cleanness ; 
 freedom from adulteration; free- 
 
 fite, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 26 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
PURL 
 
 404 
 
 PUTTER 
 
 dom from sinister motives, foreign 
 idioms, or barbarisms. 
 
 purl (perl), n. & warm spiced ale, or 
 gin; an embroidered or puckered 
 border; a stitch in knitting; the con- 
 tinued murmuring sound of a shal- 
 low stream: v.t. to fringe or embroi- 
 der with a waved edging; invert 
 (stitches) in knitting: v.i. to ripple 
 or flow with a gentle manner. 
 
 purlieus (per'luz), n.pl. adjacent dis- 
 tricts. 
 
 purloin (per-loin'), v.t. to steal. 
 
 purple (per'pl), adj. of the color of 
 blended blue and red; regal; livid; 
 dyed with blood: n. purple color; 
 purple robe, originally worn only by 
 royalty; imperial government; car- 
 dinalate: v.t. to render, or dye, pur- 
 ple. 
 
 purport (per 'port), n. meaning; de- 
 sign; signification: v.t. to mean or sig- 
 nify. 
 
 purpose (per'pus), n. design; end or 
 aim desired: v.t. to intend or re- 
 solve; design: v.i. to have an inten- 
 tion. 
 
 purposeful (per'pus-f ool) , adj. ex- 
 pressly intended. 
 
 purr (per), n. the low murmuring of 
 a cat when pleased: v.t. to signify 
 by purring: v.i. utter a low murmur- 
 ing sound. 
 
 purse (pers), n. a small bag or recep- 
 tacle for money; sum of money; 
 treasury : v.t. to pucker or wrinkle. 
 
 purser (pers'er), n. a commissioned 
 officer having charge of the provi- 
 sions, clothing, and money of a ship; 
 a paymaster. 
 
 pursuant (per-sii'ant) , adj. done in 
 consequence or in prosecution of 
 anything; agreeable: adv. in conse- 
 quence of. 
 
 pursue (per-sii'). v.t. to follow for some 
 end; take and proceed in; prose- 
 cute; chase; seek: v.i. to go on or 
 continue. [Old French.] 
 
 pursuit (per-suf), n. the act of pur- 
 suing; prosecution; chase; occupa- 
 tion; attainment. 
 
 purulence (pu'rti-lens), n. generation 
 of pus. 
 
 purulent (pu'ru-lent), adj. consisting 
 of. or containing, pus. 
 
 purvey (per-va/). v.t. to provide; pro- 
 cure: v.i. to purchase provisions. 
 
 purveyance (per-va'ans), n. the pro- 
 curing of provisions; provisions pro- 
 vided; the right formerly accorded 
 to royalty of buying up provisions 
 without the owner's consent. 
 
 purview (per'vii), n. extent; proviso; 
 body of a statute. 
 
 pus (pus), n. the white or yellowish- 
 white matter secreted in sores, &c. 
 
 push (poosh), v.t. to press against 
 with force; urge forward; drive by 
 pressure: v.i. to make a thrust or 
 effort; press hard: n. a thrust; force 
 applied; effort; assault; exigence; 
 extremity; persistent endeavor; pus- 
 tule or pimple. 
 
 pushing (poosh'ing), adj. enterprising; 
 energetic. 
 
 pusillanimous (pu-sil-an'i-mus) , adj. 
 cowardly ; mean-spirited ; faint-heart- 
 ed. 
 
 puss (poos), n. a cat: hare. Diminu- 
 tive, pussy. 
 
 pustular (pus'tu-lar) , adj. covered 
 with glandular pustule-like excres- 
 cence. Pustulate. 
 
 pustule (pus'tul), n. a small elevation 
 of the skin, or pimple containing 
 pus. 
 
 put (poot), v.t. to place in, or bring 
 into, any state or condition; cause; 
 drive into action; incite; propose; 
 apply; lay or deposit; throw in; 
 state in language; shoot put or send 
 forth; in golf, to drive into a hole 
 with a short, careful stroke (put) 
 [p.t. & p.p. putting]: n. (put), in 
 golf, a short, careful stroke. 
 
 putative (pu'ta-tiv), adj. reputed. 
 
 putrefaction (pu-tre-f ak'shun) , n. 
 the act or process of putrefying; 
 decomposition; rottenness. 
 
 putrefy (pu'tre-fi), v.t. _ [p.t. & p.p. 
 putrefied, p.pr. putrefying], to cause 
 to rot or decay by the decomposition 
 of organic bodies; rot; corrupt: v.i. 
 to become putrid. 
 
 putrescent (pu-tres'ent), adj. per- 
 taining to putrefaction; becoming 
 rotten. 
 
 putrid (pu'trid), adj. in a state of 
 decay; rotten; corrupt. 
 
 putter (poot'er), n. a long straight 
 stick used in golf to send the ball 
 into one of the holes on the green; 
 and taken when a short, careful 
 stroke is needed. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, Men. 
 
PUTTY 
 
 405 
 
 PYX 
 
 putty (put'i), n. an oxide of tin, or of 
 lead and tin, used for polishing; a 
 compound of whiting and linseed- 
 oil used in glazing: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 puttied, p.pr. puttying], to cement 
 with putty. 
 
 puzzle (puz'l), n. something that tries 
 the ingenuity, perplexes, or causes 
 embarrassment: v.i. to be puzzled: 
 v.t. to perplex; entangle. 
 
 pygmy (pig'mi), n. one of the fabled 
 dwarfish races near the ocean who 
 waged war with the cranes ; one of a 
 small race mentioned by Herodotus, 
 and found in Central Africa by H. M. 
 Stanley, the explorer. Also pigmy. 
 
 pylorus (pl-lo'rus), n. the lower and 
 right opening of the stomach leading 
 to the small intestines. 
 
 pyramid (pir'a-mid), n. a solid body 
 standing on a triangular, square, or 
 polygonal base, having its triangu- 
 
 lar sides terminating in a point at 
 the apex: pi. sepulchral monuments 
 of such shape, as in Egypt; a game 
 at billiards. 
 
 pyre (pir), n. a funeral pile. [Greek.] 
 
 pyrotechnics (pi-ro-tek'niks) , n. fire- 
 works or the art of making them. 
 Also pyrotechny. 
 
 python (pl'thon), n. a large non- ven- 
 omous rock-serpent nearly allied to 
 the boa. 
 
 pythonism (pi'thon-izm), n. the art 
 of predicting future events by divina- 
 tion, after the manner of the ancient 
 oracle at Delphi. 
 
 pyx (piks), n. in the Roman Catholic 
 Church, the box or receptacle in 
 which the consecrated wafer or host 
 is placed; the box in which selected 
 coins are placed at the mint to be 
 tested prior to their issue. [Graeco- 
 Latin.] 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, rTien. 
 

 
 Q (kti) , at present the seventeenth let- 
 ter of the English alphabet. The 
 character is Phoenician, Greek, and 
 Latin, but in Germanic gu, Anglo- 
 Saxon cw. Q was forced into use by 
 the Normans when they invaded 
 England in the eleventh century. 
 Hence it is that most English words 
 with Q are from Latin or French and 
 are not of native origin. 
 quack (kwak), n. the cry of the duck; 
 a pretender to medical skill; charla- 
 tan: v.i. to cry like a duck; to act 
 like a quack: adj. pertaining to 
 quacks or quackery. [Danish.] 
 quackery (kwak'er-i), n. boastful pre- 
 tension to skill in medicine; false 
 pretensions to any art; imposture; 
 empiricism. 
 quad (kwod), n. the quadrangle or 
 court of a college, prison, &c; a bi- 
 cycle for four riders; a quadrat. 
 quadragesimal (kwod-ra-jes'i-mal) , 
 adj. pertaining to, or used in, Lent. 
 Since Lent, exclusive of Sundays, 
 has forty (Latin quadraginta) days 
 of fasting. 
 quadrangle (kwod'rang-gl), n. an 
 open square surrounded by build- 
 ings ; a plane figure with 4 angles and 
 4 sides. 
 quadrangular (kwod-rang'gu-lar) , adj. 
 
 having the form of a quadrangle. 
 quadrant (kwod'rant), n. the 4th part 
 of a circle, an arc of 90° ; an instru- 
 ment for taking elevations; an in- 
 strument for elevating cannon. 
 quadrat (kwod'rat), n. a piece of type- 
 metal lower than the type, used to 
 fill void spaces in a line, pages, &c. 
 quadrate (kwod'rat), adj. having 4 
 equal sides and 4 right angles ; raised 
 to the second power; noting an as- 
 pect of the heavenly bodies in which 
 they are distant 90° from each 
 other: v.t. & v.i. to square; fit or 
 correspond. 
 
 quadratic (kwod-rat'ik), adj. pertain- 
 ing to, or involving, a square. 
 
 quadrennial (kwod-ren'i-al) , adj. com- 
 prising, or occurring, every 4 years. 
 
 quadrilateral (kwod-ri r lat'er-al), n. a 
 plane figure with 4 sides and 4 an- 
 gles; the area inclosed and defended 
 by four fortresses. Such is the great 
 Quadrilateral in Italy. 
 
 quadrille (kwa-dril'), n. a dance 
 by four sets of couples; a game 
 at cards played by four persons. 
 [French.] 
 
 quadrillion (kwod-ril'yun) , n . in the 
 French system of numeration, fol- 
 lowed in the United States, a thou- 
 sand trillions: in the English sys- 
 tem, the fourth power of a million, 
 or 1 followed by 24 ciphers. 
 
 quadroon (kwod-roon') , n. the off- 
 spring of a mulatto and a white. 
 [Spanish.] 
 
 quadruped (kwod'r5o-ped), n. a four- 
 footed animal-: adj. four-footed. 
 
 quadruple (kwod-roo'pl), adj. four- 
 fold: n. a sum or quantity four times 
 as great as that taken as the stand- 
 ard: v.t. to multiply by four: v.i. to 
 increase four-fold. 
 
 quaestor (kwes'ter), n. in ancient 
 Rome, the public treasurer; in cer- 
 tain legislative assemblies, an officer 
 in charge. 
 
 quaff (kwaf), v.t. to drink or swal- 
 low in large quantities: v.i. to drink 
 luxuriously. [Gaelic] 
 
 quagga (kwag'a), n. a South Afri- 
 can quadruped allied to the ass and 
 zebra. [Hottentot.] 
 
 quagmire (kwag'mir), n. wet, boggy 
 ground yielding under the feet. 
 [Danish.] 
 
 quail (kwal), v.i. to sink in spirit or 
 by dejection; lose heart; cower: n. a 
 gallinaceous bird, allied to the par- 
 tridge. [Old French.] 
 
 quaint (kwant), adj. singular and 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
QUAKE 
 
 407 
 
 QUASH 
 
 antique; not expressed or shown in 
 the usual way; odd; neat. [French.] 
 
 quake (kwak), v.i. to tremble or 
 shake; be agitated: n. a tremble or 
 shudder. 
 
 Quaker (kwak'er), n. one of a religious 
 sect, the Society of Friends, founded 
 by George Fox. Feminine, Quakeress. 
 
 quaking (kwak'ing), adj. trembling; 
 shaking: n. a shaking or tremor. 
 
 qualification (kwol-i-fi-ka/shun) , n. 
 any quality, endowment, or acquire- 
 ment which fits a person for any 
 office or occupation; legal power or 
 ability; limitation; restriction. 
 
 qualify (kwori-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 qualified, p.vr. qualifying], to render 
 fit or capable for any office, occupa- 
 tion, &c; render legally capable; 
 make fit; moderate; limit: v.i. to be- 
 come qualified. 
 
 quality (kwori-ti), n. [pi. qualities 
 (kwol'i-tiz)], peculiar power or prop- 
 erty; attribute; disposition; rank; 
 superior birth. [French.] 
 
 qualm (kwam), n. a sudden fit of 
 sickness; nausea; scruple. 
 
 quandary (kwon'da-ri) , n. a state of 
 difficulty or perplexity. 
 
 quandel (kwon'del), n. a stake which 
 charcoal burners drive into the 
 ground and about which they pack 
 the billets of wood to be charred. 
 [Amer. Indian.] 
 
 quantity (kwon'ti-ti) , n. that prop- 
 erty of anything that may be in- 
 creased or diminished; any indeter- 
 minate bulk, weight, or number; 
 large portion, sum, or mass; the 
 measure of time in pronouncing a 
 syllable; anything that can be in- 
 creased, divided, or measured; in 
 logic, a general conception. [French.] 
 
 quarantine (kwor'an-ten) , n. the 
 time (usually 40 days) during which 
 a vessel from foreign parts suspected 
 of infectious disease is prohibited 
 from intercourse with the shore: v.t. 
 to place under quarantine. [French.] 
 
 quarrel (kwor'el), n. an angry dispute; 
 petty fight; altercation; ground of 
 dispute; a square-headed arrow: v.i. 
 to dispute violently; be at variance; 
 disagree. [French.] 
 
 quarrelsome (kwor'el-sum) , adj. in- 
 clined to quarrel; contentious; easily 
 provoked; irascible. 
 
 quarry (kwor'i), n. a place where 
 stone is dug out for building pur- 
 poses, &c; game pursued by hawks 
 or hounds: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. quarried, 
 p.pr. quarrying], to dig or take from 
 a quarry. [French.] 
 
 quart (kwort), n. 2 pints, or l-4th 
 of a gallon: (kart), a sequence of 
 4 cards in the game of piquet; a 
 quarter of the horizon. [French.] 
 
 quartan (kwar'tan), adj. occurring 
 every fourth day, as ague, &c. 
 
 quarter (kwor'ter), n. the 4th part; 
 28 lbs. avoirdupois; 8 bushels; the 
 4th part of the moon's monthly 
 revolution; part of the globe; par- 
 ticular county, region, or district; 
 fife granted to an enemy; mercy; 
 after-part of a ship's side ; one of the 
 4 points of the compass ; in heraldry, 
 one of the divisions of a shield when 
 divided crosswise: pi. lodgings, espe- 
 cially for soldiers: v.t. to divide into 
 four equal parts; furnish with lodg- 
 ings, as soldiers; bear as an appen- 
 dage to hereditary arms. [French.] 
 
 quartered (kwor'terd), p. adj. divided 
 into quarters; stationed or lodged. 
 
 quartering (kwor'ter-ing) K n. assign- 
 ment of quarters; the division of a 
 shield containing many coats. 
 
 quarterly (kwor'ter-li), adj. consist- 
 ing of, or containing, a quarter: adv. 
 once each quarter of the year: n. a 
 publication issued every quarter. 
 
 quartermaster (kw6r'ter-mas-ter) f< n. 
 an officer whose duty it is to assign 
 quarters and provide food, clothing, 
 forage, ammunition, &c, for a regi- 
 ment; in the navy, a petty officer 
 who attends to the steerage, sig- 
 nals, stowage, &c, of ships. [A com- 
 pound word of which the parts are 
 French but the word as a whole is 
 English.] 
 
 quartet (kwor-tef). n. anything in 
 fours; musical composition in four 
 parts for four voices or instruments. 
 Also quartette. _ [French.] 
 
 quarto (kwor'to), n. [pi. quartos 
 (kwor'toz)], a book having the sheet 
 folded into four leaves. Abbreviated 
 4to: adj. having 4 leaves in a sheet. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 quartz (k worts), n. a mineral com- 
 pound of pure silica. [German.] 
 
 quash (kwosh), v.t. to crush; subdue 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, Men. 
 
QUASI 
 
 408 
 
 QUILTING 
 
 suddenly or completely; annul. [Old 
 French.] 
 
 quasi, a Latin prefix meaning as it 
 were, apparently, nearly. 
 
 quatrain (kwot ran), n. a stanza of 
 four lines rhyming alternately. 
 
 quaver (kwa'ver), v.t. to shake or 
 tremble; vibrate; sing or play with 
 tremulous modulations: n. a vibra- 
 tion of the voice; a musical note, 
 one-half a crotchet. 
 
 quay (ke), n. a wharf for loading or 
 unloading vessels. [French.] 
 
 queen (kwen), n. a female sovereign; 
 consort of a king; sovereign of a 
 swarm of bees (queen-bee); a court 
 card with the figure of a queen; a 
 piece in chess; the best or chief of 
 her kind: v.i. to play the queen: v.t. 
 in chess, to make a queen of. 
 
 queen- consort (kwen-kon'sort), n. 
 the wife of a reigning king. 
 
 queen-dowager (kwen-dou'a-jer), n. 
 the widow of a king. 
 
 queenly (kwen'li), adj. like, or be- 
 fitting, a queen. 
 
 queen-regnant (kwen-reg'nant), n. a 
 queen in her own right. 
 
 queer (kwer), adj. odd; singular; 
 droll; strange; out of health: v.t. to 
 put wrong; to throw out of the proper 
 status, as, to "queer" a thing: n. in 
 thieves' slang, counterfeit money, as, 
 "to shove the queer." [Of unknown 
 origin.] 
 
 quell (kwel), v.t. to crush or sub- 
 due; put an end to; calm; allay. 
 
 quench (kwench), v.t. to put out or 
 extinguish; check; allay. 
 
 querimonious (kwer-i-mo'ni-us), adj. 
 complaining ; querulous ; discon- 
 tented. [Latin.] 
 
 querist (kwe'rist), n. one who asks 
 questions. 
 
 querulous (kwer'u-lus), adj. com- 
 plaining; discontented. [Latin.] 
 
 query (kwe'ri), n. a question; an in- 
 quiry to be resolved; a mark of in- 
 terrogation: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. queried, 
 p.pr. querying], to examine by ques- 
 tions; doubt; mark with a query: 
 v.i. to ask questions. 
 
 quest (kwest), n. search; inquiry; 
 jury of inquest: v.t. to search for. 
 
 question (kwes'chun), n. an inquiry; 
 act of asking; interrogation; doubt; 
 subject of discussion; examination 
 
 by torture: v.t. to ask or interro- 
 gate; examine by questions; treat 
 as doubtful: v.i. to ask a ques- 
 tion. 
 
 questionable (kwes'chun-a-bl), adj. 
 that may be questioned; doubtful; 
 suspicious. 
 
 questionary (kwes'chun-a-ri), n. a 
 list of questions dealing with such 
 topics as are easily accessible to ob- 
 servation. 
 
 queue (ku), n. the tail of a wig; a line 
 of people waiting each his or her 
 turn for entrance to a building. 
 [French.] 
 
 quibble (kwib'l), n. a petty evasion 
 or cavil; play on words: v.i. to evade 
 the truth by artifice or evasion; 
 play on words. 
 
 quick (kwik), adj. rapid; hasty; 
 active; nimble; ready; elastic; sharp 
 in discernment; sprightly; precipi- 
 tate; living; pregnant: adv. quickly: 
 n. tne living flesh; sensitive parts; a 
 hedge of growing shrubs. 
 
 quicken (kwik'en), v.i. to impart life; 
 vivify; show signs of life in the 
 womb: v.t. increase the speed of; 
 to resuscitate; stimulate; cheer. 
 
 quid (kwid), n. a "cud" of tobacco for 
 chewing; in English slang, a sover- 
 eign. 
 
 quiescent (kwi-es'ent), adj. reposing 
 or resting; calm; silent. 
 
 quiet (kwi'et), adj. free from mo- 
 tion, disturbance, or alarm; still; 
 calm; peaceable; gentle; secluded; 
 subdued and modest; not showy: 
 v.t. to calm or pacify; reduce to a 
 state of rest: v.i. to become quiet. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 quietude (kwi'et-ud), n. repose; tran- 
 quillity. 
 
 quietus (kwi-e'tus), n. rest; death; 
 final settlement or discharge; heavy 
 blow. 
 
 quill (kwil), n. the large strong 
 feather of a bird's wing; such feath- 
 er used as a pen; a porcupine's 
 spine; a weaver's spindle: v.t. to 
 plait or form with small quill-like 
 ridges. [French.] 
 
 quilt (kwilt), n. a kind of coverlet 
 or counterpane: v.i. to stitch to- 
 gether, as two pieces of cloth, with 
 a soft material between. [French.] 
 
 quilting (kwilt'ing), n. the act or pro- 
 
 fite, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
QUININE 
 
 409 
 
 QUOTIENT 
 
 cess of making a quilt; material for 
 quilting; quilted work. 
 
 quinine (kwin-en' or kwi'nin), n. an 
 alkaline substance obtained from the 
 bark of the Cinchona tree: used as 
 8 febrifuge and tonic. [French.] 
 
 quinquagesima (kwin-kwa-jes'i-ma) , 
 adj. fiftieth. [Latin.} 
 
 quinsy (kwin'zi), n. inflammation of 
 the tonsils of the throat. 
 
 quint (kwint), n. a set or sequence 
 of five. 
 
 quintal (kwin'tal), n. a weight of 100 
 or 112 lbs. 
 
 quintan (kwin'tan), adj. recurring 
 every fifth day: n. an intermittent 
 fever which recurs thus. 
 
 quintessence (kwin-tes'ens), n. the 
 pure concentrated essence of any- 
 thing; vital or essential part. 
 
 quintet (kwin-tef), n. a musical com- 
 position in five obligato parts. Also 
 quintette, quintetto. 
 
 quintillion (kwin-til'yun) , n. in the 
 French system of enumeration, fol- 
 lowed in the United States, a thou- 
 sand quadrillions; in the English 
 system, a million raised to the fifth 
 power, expressed by a unit followed 
 by thirty ciphers. 
 
 quintuple (kwin'tu-pl) , v.t. to make 
 fivefold: adj. fivefold. 
 
 quip (kwip), n. a short sarcastic turn 
 or retort; jeer: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
 quipped, p.pr. quipping], to scoff; 
 jeer. 
 
 quire (kwir), n. 24 sheets; an obso- 
 lete form of choir. 
 
 quirk (kwerk), n. an artful evasion; 
 subterfuge; quibble; smart retort; 
 a light irregular air or melody 
 
 quit (kwit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. quit or 
 quitted, p.pr. quitting], to depart 
 from; discharge (an obligation); 
 
 give up; forsake: adj. set free. 
 
 quite (kwit), adj. wholly; completely. 
 
 quittance (kwit'ans), n. discharge 
 from a debt, service, or obliga- 
 tion. 
 
 quitter (kwit'er), n. one who yields 
 
 in the face of difficulties. [Colloq. 
 Amer.] 
 
 quiver (kwiv'er), n. a case for ar- 
 rows; a trembling or shivering: v.i. 
 to tremble, shake, or shiver. 
 
 quixotic (kwiks-ot'ik), adj. chival- 
 rous or romantic to extravagance: 
 from Don Quixote, the hero of Cer- 
 vantes' romance. [Spanish.] 
 
 quiz (kwiz), n. an enigma or obscure 
 question designed to puzzle anyone; 
 one who quizzes others: v.t. [p.t. & 
 p.p. quizzed, p.pr. quizzing], to puz- 
 zle; make fun of; banter; hoax; 
 examine narrowly with an air of 
 mockery; peer at. 
 
 quizzical (kwiz'i-kal), adj. given to, or 
 of the nature of, quizzing; comical. 
 
 quoin (koin), n. a wedge used to sup- 
 port and steady a stone; external 
 angle of a building ; a wedge of wood 
 or metal to elevate a gun; wedge- 
 shaped wooden block o tighten the 
 f)ages of type within the chase. 
 French.] 
 
 quoit (kwoit), n. a circular ring of 
 iron to be pitched so as to circle a 
 fixed upright piece of wood or metal: 
 pi. the game thus played. 
 
 quondam (kwon'dam), adj. former. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 quorum (kwo'rum), n. the number 
 of members of a body or corporation 
 competent to transact business by 
 law or constitution. [Latin.] 
 
 quota (kwo'ta), n. the part or share 
 assigned to each._ 
 
 quotation (kwo-ta'shun), n. the act 
 of quoting; that which is quoted; 
 current price. 
 
 quote (kwot), v.t. to adduce (a pas- 
 sage) from some author or speaker, 
 for authority or illustration; give 
 the current price of. > 
 
 quoth (kwoth), v.t. said. 
 
 quotidian (kw5-tid'i-an), adj. recur- 
 ring daily. [Latin.] 
 
 quotient (kwo'shent), n. the number 
 resulting from the division of one 
 number by another. [Latin.] 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, Jften. 
 
R 
 
 R, the eighteenth letter of the alpha- 
 bet, was derived directly from the 
 old Indo-European group of sounds 
 through the Greek rho. Its form is 
 differentiated from Roman P and 
 also from rho (P) by the little tag at 
 the place where the curve meets the 
 stem. Phonetically it is a liquid and 
 before a consonant changes to a 
 semi-vowel. In Latin, between two 
 vowels, it often represents an orig- 
 inal S. This is called rhotacism 
 (r-ing) and is illustrated; also, in the 
 Germanic group of languages^ as, 
 for instance, German, eisen, Eng- 
 lish, iron. Pronounced carelessly it 
 often glides into L. 
 
 raad (rad), n. a legislative assembly. 
 [Dutch.] 
 
 rabbet (rab'et), n. a groove cut longi- 
 tudinally in the edge of a plank, 
 &c, so that another may fit into 
 it: v.t. to groove and unite by a rab- 
 bet. 
 
 rabbi (rab'i or 'I), n. [pi. rabbis (rab'- 
 iz)], a Jewish doctor or interpreter 
 of the law; but not a priest. In 
 Western countries a rabbi may have 
 semi-priestly relations to a congrega- 
 tion but his rights are limited very 
 carefully. The word comes from 
 the Hebrew verb "to be great" and 
 its simplest form is rab, "teacher." 
 Rabbi means "my teacher" (or 
 master). Also rabbin. 
 
 rabbit (rab 'it), n. a burrowing rodent 
 animal, esteemed for food and its 
 fur. [Old Dutch.] 
 
 rabble (rab'l), n. a noisy crowd or 
 mob, especially of the lower or- 
 ders. 
 
 rabid (rab 'id), adj. mad; enthusiastic 
 to excess. [Latin.] 
 
 rabies (ra'bi-ez), n. canine madness; 
 madness caused by the bite of a dog ; 
 hydrophobia. [Latin.] 
 
 raca (ra'ka), adj. worthless: a term 
 
 of great contempt among the ancient 
 Jews. [Hebrew.] 
 
 raccoon (ra-koon'), n. a badger-like 
 animal of North America with a 
 valuable fur. Also racoon. 
 
 race (ras), n. a rapid course, as of 
 an animal or river; contest of 
 speed [Anglo-Saxon]; career; de- 
 scent or lineage; breed or variety 
 [German]; root [Latin]: pi. horse- 
 races: v.i. to run swiftly; contend in 
 running: v.t. to cause to contend in 
 a.race_. [Anglo-Saxon.] 
 
 racer (ra'ser) , n. a race horse, bred for 
 speed. 
 
 racial (ra'sial), adj. pertaining to race 
 or lineage. 
 
 rack (rak), n. an instrument for 
 stretching or straining; an engine 
 for stretching the limbs to extort a 
 confession; a frame in which arti- 
 cles are arranged; a grating above a 
 manger for holding hay; a straight 
 toothed bar working in the pinions 
 of a wheel; an inclined plane on 
 which ore is washed and separated; 
 thin, broken, vapory clouds; entire 
 ruin: v.t. to stretch or strain forci- 
 bly on, or as on, the rack; torture; 
 wrest; perplex; exhaust; decant or 
 strain off. [Anglo-Saxon and Dan- 
 ish.] 
 
 racket (rak'et), n. a clattering noise; 
 a network bat used in tennis ; a snow- 
 shoe: pi. tennis: v.i. to make a clat- 
 tering noise; frolic; play tennis: v.t. 
 to strike, as with a racket. [French.] 
 
 racketing (rak'et-ing) , n. noisy, con- 
 fused mirth. 
 
 raconteur (ra-kong-ter'), n. a very in- 
 teresting talker and teller of anec- 
 dotes. [French.] 
 
 racoon, same as raccoon. 
 
 racquet, another form of racket. 
 
 racy (ra'si), adj. having a strong fla- 
 vor; mentally exciting; piquant. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
RADDLE 
 
 411 
 
 RAIL 
 
 raddle (rad'l), n. a hedge of branches 
 interwoven: v.t. to interweave. 
 
 radial (ra'di-al), adj. pertaining to, 
 or like, or using as, a ray; pertain- 
 ing to the radius of the forearm. 
 
 radiance (ra'di-ans), n. brightness 
 shooting in rays; brilliant bright- 
 ness; splendor. Also radiancy. 
 
 radiant (ra'di-ant), adj. emitting rays 
 of light or heat; shining; brilliant: 
 n. the point from which a shower 
 of meteors proceeds; a straight line 
 proceeding from a given point about 
 which it revolves; the luminous 
 point from which light emanates. 
 
 radiate (ra'di-at), v.t. to send out as 
 rays: v.i. to emit, or issue forth in, 
 rays: adj. having rays. [Latin.] 
 
 radiation (ra-di-a'shun), n. the emis- 
 sion or diffusion of rays of light or 
 heat from one luminous or heated 
 body to another. 
 
 radiator (ra'di-a-ter), n. the body 
 from which rays radiate ; a chamber, 
 coil, drum, &c, in an apartment, 
 heated by steam, hot air, or hot 
 water, &c, for radiating warmth 
 into the apartment. 
 
 radical (rad'i-kal), adj. pertaining to 
 the root or origin ; fundamental ; 
 original; underived; extreme: n. a 
 simple underived word; letter be- 
 longing to the root ; one of the ultra- 
 liberal party; the base of a chemi- 
 cal compound (also radicle). 
 
 radicate (rad'i-kat), v.t. to plant deep- 
 ly and firmly: v.i. to take root: adj. 
 deeply planted or rooted. 
 
 radicle (rad'i-kl), n. that part in the 
 embryo in the seed of a plant which 
 becomes the root; in chemistry, the 
 same as radical.. [Latin.] 
 
 radish (rad'ish), n. a root of the 
 Raphenus cativus. Its flesh is 
 pungent and "bites." 
 
 radium (ra'di-um), n. a radio-active 
 element recently discovered in pitch- 
 blende by Madame Curie, possessing 
 the property of giving off luminous 
 and actinic rays, accompanied by 
 heat, without loss of weight. 
 
 radius (ra'di-us), n. [pi. radii (ra'di-I)], 
 a straight line from the center to 
 the circumference of a circle; ex- 
 terior bone of the forearm; ray of a 
 flower; anything like a radius, as 
 the spoke of a wheel. [Latin.] 
 
 raffish (raf'ish), adj. vulgar, unscru- 
 pulous, sly. [English expression.] 
 
 raffle (raf'lj, n. alcind of lottery in 
 which each participant deposits a 
 part of the value of a thing in con- 
 sideration of the chance of gaining. 
 
 raft (raft), n. pieces of timber fas- 
 tened together for transport by 
 floating; a floating wooden frame- 
 work: v.t. to carry on a raft. [Ice- 
 landic] 
 
 rafter (rafter), n. an inclined beam 
 supporting the roof of a house: v.t. 
 to form into, or furnish with, rafters. 
 
 rag (rag), n. a fragment of cloth; a 
 low-class newspaper: pi. worn-out 
 or tattered garments; mean 
 dress. 
 
 ragamuffin (rag'a-muf-in), n. a low, 
 disreputable fellow. 
 
 rage (raj), n. excessive and uncon- 
 trolled anger; vehemence; extreme 
 violence; enthusiasm; extreme de- 
 sire or eagerness: v.i. to be furious 
 with anger ; prevail fatally, as a dis- 
 ease; be violently agitated, as the 
 sea; ravage. [French.] 
 
 ragged (rag'ed), adj. rent or worn 
 into rags; clothed in tattered gar- 
 ments; destitute; rough; jagged. 
 
 raging (raj'ing), p. adj. acting with 
 fury; violent; vehement; frantic: n. 
 fury ; violence. 
 
 raglan (rag'lan), n. a loose cloak, 
 with or without sleeves, named after 
 Lord Raglan in the Crimean War. 
 
 ragout (ra-goo'), n. a dish of stewed 
 and very savory meat. 
 
 rag-tag (rag'tag), n. a miscellaneous 
 collection of tramps and beggars. 
 There is also the expression rag- tag 
 and bobtail. 
 
 rag-time (rag'tim), n. syncopated 
 time, characteristic of negro melo- 
 dies. 
 
 'rah (ra), exclam. n. & corruption of 
 hurrah, and much used by college 
 students in their parades or meet- 
 ings. 
 
 raid (rad), n. a hostile or predatory 
 incursion: v.t. to make a raid upon. 
 [Icelandic] 
 
 rail (ral), n. a bar of timber or metal 
 extending from one support to an- 
 other; wooden or iron fence; a rail- 
 way; a wading bird with a harsh 
 cry: v.i. to bawl; use opprobrious 
 
 fite, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
RAILING 
 
 412 
 
 RANGE 
 
 language; scoff: v.t. to inclose with 
 rails ; despatch by rail. 
 
 railing (ral'ing), n. material for rails; 
 fence made of posts and rails: adj. 
 insulting or reproaching. 
 
 raillery (ral'er-i), n. good-humored 
 irony or _ satire; banter. 
 
 railway (ral'wa), n. a way or road laid 
 .with two parallel iron or steel rails 
 along which cars are drawn by 
 steam power, electricity, &c. Also 
 railroad. 
 
 raiment (ra'ment), n. clothing. 
 
 rain (ran) ; n. water in drops dis- 
 charged from the clouds: v.i. to fall 
 in drops from the clouds; drop like 
 rain: v.t. to pour down like rain. 
 
 raise (raz), v.t. to cause to rise; 
 lift up; elevate; originate or pro- 
 duce; promote; rouse; increase; 
 construct; levy; collect; cause to 
 appear; cause to swell. [Icelandic! 
 
 raisin (ra'zn), n. a dried grape. 
 [French.] 
 
 rajah (ra'ja), t n. a Hindu king, 
 prince, or chief. 
 
 rake (rak), n. a toothed implement 
 for smoothing the soil [Anglo-Saxon] ; 
 a loose liver [Icelandic]: inclination 
 or slope; that part of the bow or stern 
 of a ship that projects beyond the 
 keel [A. S.]: v.t. to gather or smooth 
 with a rake; collect together; scour; 
 fire upon, so as to sweep the deck of 
 a vessel in a longitudinal direction: 
 v.i. to slope from the perpendicular. 
 [A. S.] 
 
 rally (ral'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rallied, 
 p.pr. rallying], to # collect and ar- 
 range, as troops in confusion; re- 
 unite; attack with raillery; banter 
 or satirize humorously: v.i. to re- 
 turn to order; recover strength; ex- 
 ercise raillery: n. the act of recover- 
 ing order, or of regaining strength; 
 good humored satire; horseplay, as 
 in a pantomime. [French.] 
 
 ram (ram), n. the male of a sheep; 
 one of the signs (Aries) of the 
 zodiac; a military engine for batter- 
 ing; a hydraulic engine; an iron- 
 clad with a steel beak: v.t % [p.t. & 
 p.p. rammed, p.pr. ramming], to 
 push or press with force. 
 
 ramble (ram'bl), v.i. to wander or rove 
 about; visit many places; be desul- 
 
 tory: n. a roving or wandering from 
 place to place. [Icelandic] 
 
 ramie (ram'e), n. grass-cloth plant, 
 or its fiber. Also ramee (ra-me'). 
 
 ramification (ram-i-fi-ka/shun), n. a 
 division or separation into branches; 
 sub-division; manner of producing 
 branches. 
 
 ramify (ram'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rami- 
 fied, p.pr. ramifying], to divide into 
 branches, or divisions: v.i. to shoot 
 into branches; become divided or 
 sub-divided. [Latin.] 
 
 rammer (ram'er) , n. one who, or that 
 which, rams; an instrument for for- 
 cibly driving anything; a rod for 
 forcing down the charge of a gun. 
 
 ramose (ra'mos), adj. branched; pro- 
 ducing branches. [Latin.] 
 
 ramp (ramp), v.i. to climb like a 
 plant; spring; leap violently: n. a 
 leap or bound. 
 
 rampage (ram'paj), v.i. to prance 
 about with unrestrained spirits; be 
 furious: n. a state of excitement. 
 
 rampant (ram'pant), adj. overleaping 
 restraint or natural bounds; in her- 
 aldry, standing upright on the hind 
 legs. [French.] 
 
 rampart (ram 'part), n. a mound or 
 wall surrounding a fortified place; 
 protection from assault or danger: 
 v.t. to fortify with a rampart. 
 [French.] 
 
 ramrod (ram 'rod), n. a rod used for 
 ramming down the charge of a gun. 
 
 ramshackle (ram'shak-1), adj. loose; 
 out of repair. 
 
 ran, p.t. of run. 
 
 ranch (ranch), n. a cattle-farm. 
 Also ranche^ rancho. [Spanish.] 
 
 rancid (ran'sid), adj. having a rank, 
 unpleasant, sour smell or taste. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 rancor (rang'ker), n. implacable en- 
 mity; deep spite or malice. 
 
 rancorous (rang'ker-us) , adj. malig- 
 nant; spiteful. 
 
 rand (rand), n. an edge, margin, or 
 border; a part of the Transvaal. 
 [Dutch.] 
 
 random (ran'dum), n. want of direc- 
 tion or method; chance: adj. done 
 haphazard; left to chance, or with- 
 out method. 
 
 rang, p.t. of ring. 
 
 range (ranj), v.t. to set or arrange 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 "■'tie, hut ; tbink, then. 
 
RANGER 
 
 413 
 
 RAT 
 
 in a row; place in proper order; 
 rove over; sail along in a parallel 
 direction: n. a rank or row; order 
 or class; space or room for excur- 
 sion; extent of discourse or roam- 
 ing; power; an extended kitchen 
 grate; distance to which a shot, &c, 
 can be projected. [French.] 
 
 ranger (ranj'er), n. a rover; the chief 
 official or keeper of a park or for- 
 est; a variety of dog. [English.] 
 
 rank (rangk), n. a row or line, espe- 
 cially of soldiers placed abreast; 
 station or position; grade; dignity; 
 eminence; v.t. to draw up in line; 
 include in a particular class, or 
 order, or division: v.i. to hold a 
 certain position [French]: adj. luxu- 
 riant in growth; excessive; coarse; 
 rancid. 
 
 rankle (rangk'l) , v.i. to grow more rank 
 or strong; faster; become mentally 
 disquieted or irritated. 
 
 ransack (ran'sak), v.t. to search mi- 
 nutely; rummage; plunder. 
 
 ransom (ran'sum), v.t. to free from 
 captivity, slavery, or punishment, 
 by a payment; atone for; redeem 
 from the bondage of sin: n. price 
 paid for release from captivity, &c, 
 or for goods captured by an enemy; 
 price paid for procuring the pardon 
 of sin and the redemption of the 
 sinner. 
 
 rant (rant), v.i. to bluster or be 
 noisily wordy; to rave in extravagant 
 or violent language: n. noisy; empty 
 declamation. [Old Dutch.] 
 
 ranter (rant'er), n. one who rants; a 
 boisterous preacher; a member of a 
 sect known as the Ranters. 
 
 rap (rap), v.i. to strike a quick, sharp 
 blow; knock: v.t. to strike sharply: 
 n. a quick, sharp blow; something 
 of no value. 
 
 rapacious (ra-pa'shus) , adj. given to 
 plunder; seizing forcibly; greedy; 
 avaricious. [Latin.] 
 
 rapacity (ra-pas'i-ti) , n. the quality 
 of being rapacious. Also rapa- 
 ciousness. 
 
 rape (rap), n. a seizing and carrying 
 away by force; the seizure and car- 
 nal knowledge of a woman against 
 her will; a plant of the cabbage 
 family, from the seeds of which an 
 oil (colza oil) is expressed. [Latin.] 
 
 rapid (rap 'id), adj. very quick or 
 swift; expeditious: n.pl. a swift cur- 
 rent in a river where the channel is 
 descending. [Latin.] 
 
 rapier (rlrpi-er), n. a long thin 
 sword, used for thrusting. [French.] 
 
 rapine (rap 'in or 'in), n. the act of 
 plundering or seizing forcibly; pil- 
 lage; violence. [Latin.] 
 
 rapport (rap-por'), n. harmonious rela- 
 tion; affinity. The French phrase is 
 en rapport (an-rap-por') . 
 
 rapt (rapt), p. adj. transported; rav- 
 ished. 
 
 rapture (rap'tur), n. extreme pleasure 
 or delight; ecstasy; enthusiasm. 
 
 raptured (rap'turd), same as rapt. 
 
 rare (rar), adj. [comp. rarer, superl. 
 rarest], scarce; uncommon; unusu- 
 al; thinly scattered; not dense; ex- 
 cellent; incomparable; of loose tex- 
 ture; almost raw. [Latin.] 
 
 rare-bit (rar 'bit), n. cheese toasted 
 until it begins to melt, then served 
 with cayenne pepper and other con- 
 diments; often with a dash of ale. 
 See Welsh rabbit. 
 
 rarefaction (rar-e-f ak'shun) , n. the 
 act of rarefying or rendering less 
 dense. 
 
 rarefy (rar'e-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 rarefied, p.pr. rarefying], to make 
 rare, thin, or less dense; expand: 
 v.i. to become less dense. 
 
 rarity (rar'i-ti), n. a rare article; ex- 
 ceptional excellence; rareness. 
 
 rascal (ras'kal), n. a mean fellow; a 
 scoundrel; one who is guilty of 
 mean offenses. 
 
 rascality (ras-kal'i-ti) , n. the state of 
 being a rascal; petty villainy or 
 dishonesty. 
 
 rash (rash), adj. hasty; incautious; 
 precipitate; acting without caution 
 or reflection: n. a slight cutaneous 
 eruption. 
 
 rasher (rash'er), n. a thin slice of ba- 
 con. 
 
 rasp (rasp), v.t. to rub with, or as 
 with, a rough instrument; file with 
 a rasp : n. a kind of rough file. 
 
 raspberry (raz'ber-i), n. [pi. rasp- 
 berries (raz'ber-iz)], a shrub and 
 its well-known fruit. 
 
 rat (rat), n. an animal of the mouse 
 family but larger and more vora- 
 cious; one who deserts his party; a 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
RATABLE 
 
 414 
 
 RAVENOUS 
 
 workman who works during a strike, 
 or for less than the usual wages: v.i. 
 [p.t. <fe p.p. ratted, p.pr. ratting], to 
 desert one's party; to act the rat, 
 said of a workman; to catch rats. 
 
 ratable (rat'a-bl), adj. assessed at a 
 certain value; liable to be assessed. 
 
 ratch (rach), n. a toothed bar into 
 which a click drops; the wheel of a 
 clock which causes it to strike. 
 
 rate (rat), n. ratio or proportion; 
 price fixed or stated; comparative 
 value; degree; a tax or assessment; 
 speed at which anything is done or 
 performed; class of warship: v.t. to 
 estimate; settle or fix the value, 
 rank, or degree of; scold vehemently 
 and hastily: v.i. to make an esti- 
 mate; be placed in a certain class or 
 rank. [Latin.] 
 
 rather (r&th'er), adv. sooner; more 
 willingly; on the contrary; prefer- 
 ably to the other. 
 
 rathskeller (raths'kel-er) , n. a restau- 
 rant and beer-cellar. [German.] 
 
 ratification (rat-i-fi-ka/shun) , n. the 
 act of ratifying; confirmation. 
 
 ratify (rat'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ratified, 
 p.pr. ratifying], to approve and sanc- 
 tion; settleor confirm; establish. 
 
 ratio (ra'shi-o), n. [pi. ratios (ra'shi- 
 oz)], the relation or proportion of 
 one thing or quantity to another. 
 
 ratiocinate (rash-i-os'i-nat), v.i. to 
 reason deductively; argue. 
 
 ration (ra'shun), n. an allowance: 
 pi. allowance of provisions given per 
 man for daily subsistence: v.t. to 
 furnish with rations. 
 
 rational (rash'un-al), adj. agreeable 
 to, or consistent with, reason; nei- 
 ther extravagant nor foolish; wise; 
 judicious. 
 
 rationalism (rash'un-al-izm), n. a 
 system or doctrine which, rejecting 
 revelation, makes reason the sole 
 guide in the interpretation of Scrip- 
 ture and dogma. 
 
 rationalistic (rash-un-al-is'tik) , adj. 
 pertaining to, characteristic of, or 
 like, rationalism. 
 
 rationalize (rash'un-al-Iz), v.t. to 
 interpret as a rationalist ; convert to 
 rationalism: v.i. to rely solely on 
 reason or as a rationalist. 
 
 ratlins (rat'linz), n.pl. small horizon- 
 tal ropes, extending over the shrouds 
 
 forming ladder-like steps. Also rat- 
 lines. 
 
 rattan (ra-tan'), n. one of the long, 
 smooth, reed-like stems of several 
 species of palms; a rattan walking 
 stick. [Malay.] 
 
 ratting (rat'ing), n. the act of de- 
 serting one's party; the act of catch- 
 ing rats; working for less than cur- 
 rent prices. [English slang.] 
 
 rattle (rat'l), v.i. to produce rapidly 
 sharp noises; speak rapidly or nois- 
 ily; ride rapidly: v.t. to cause to 
 make a rapid, sharp noise; stun 
 with noise; drive rapidly; scold: n. 
 a succession of rapid, sharp noises; 
 noisy, rapid, empty talk; a child's 
 toy for rattling. 
 
 rattle, v.t. to confuse, to confound, to 
 draw into a state of bewilderment. 
 [Slang.] 
 
 rattlesnake (rat'1-snak), n. a venom- 
 ous snake with hard bony rings on 
 the tail producing a rattling sound 
 when in motion. 
 
 rattling (rat 'ling), adj. making a 
 rapid succession of sharp, noisy 
 sounds; quick: adv. very: n. noise 
 produced by a rattle. 
 
 raucous (raw'kus), adj. hoarse. [Latin.] 
 
 ravage (rav'aj), v.t. to lay waste; 
 pillage; plunder or sack: n. destruc- 
 tion by violence or decay; devasta- 
 tion; ruin. [French.] 
 
 rave (rav), v.i. to wander in the mind 
 or be delirious; rage as a madman. 
 
 ravel (rav'l), v.t. to unweave or un- 
 twist; involve or entangle: v.i. to be 
 unwoven or untwisted; busy one's 
 self with perplexities. 
 
 ravelin (rav'lin), n. a detached work 
 with two embankments making a 
 salient angle. 
 
 ravelings (rav'el-ingz) , n.pl. threads 
 detached by untwisting. 
 
 raven (ra'vn), n. a large bird of the 
 crow family noted for its deep black 
 color: adj. raven-colored. 
 
 raven (rav'n), v.t. to obtain, or seize, 
 by violence; devour with greediness 
 or voracity: n. violence; plunder; 
 prey. [Old French.] 
 
 ravening (rav'n-ing), n. eagerness for 
 plunder. 
 
 ravenous (rav'n-us), adj. devouring 
 with rapacity; eagerly voracious; 
 eager for gratification. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, ndrth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
RAVINE 
 
 415 
 
 REAM 
 
 ravine (ra-ven'), n. a long, deep hol- 
 low, worn by the action of a stream 
 or torrent; mountain gorge. [French.] 
 
 ravish (rav'ish), v.t. to seize and to 
 carry away by force; have sexual 
 intercourse with (a woman) without 
 her consent; transport with delight 
 or rapture. [French.] 
 
 raw (raw), adj. uncooked; crude; 
 without skin; sore; not spun or 
 twisted; in the natural state; un- 
 tanned; undiluted; unripe; inexperi- 
 enced; cold and damp: n. a sore. 
 
 rawboned (raw'bond), adj. with little 
 flesh on the bones. 
 
 rawhide (raw'hid), n. a cowhide 
 whip. 
 
 ray (ra), n. a line or pencil of light 
 proceeding from a radiant point; 
 light; beam of intellectual light; 
 perception or apprehension ; the out- 
 er whorl of a floret; a radius; a 
 cartilaginous fish of the genus Raia, 
 as the skate, &c: v.t. to shoot forth, 
 " as a ray: v.i. shine forth. [French.] 
 
 raze (raz), v.t. to level to the ground; 
 blot out; efface; graze or shave. 
 
 razor (ra'zer), n. a sharp-edged cutting 
 instrument used for shaving. See 
 safety-razor. 
 
 re, a Latin -prefix noting repetition or 
 retrograde action. 
 
 reach (rech), v.t. to touch with the 
 extended hand; stretch forth; arrive 
 at; gain; penetrate to; include: v.i. 
 to be extended so as to touch; en- 
 deavor to obtain something; the 
 power of reaching or attaining; dis- 
 tance that can be reached; limit of 
 power or ability; stretch of water 
 or stream. 
 
 reaction (re-ak'shun), n. reverse or 
 return action. 
 
 read (red), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. read 
 (red), p.pr. reading], to observe and 
 apprehend the meaning of (some- 
 thing written, printed or inscribed) ; 
 peruse; discover by observation; 
 study: v.i. to perform the act of 
 reading; peruse written or printed 
 matter. 
 
 readable (red'a-bl), adj. fit to be 
 read; worth reading; legible. 
 
 reader (red'er), n. one who reads; one 
 who reads prayers in church; a cor- 
 rector of the press; a university 
 lecturer; a reading-book. 
 
 readily (red'i-li), adv. in a ready 
 manner; quickly; easily; willingly. 
 
 readiness (red'i-nes), n. the state of 
 being ready; promptness; cheerful- 
 ness. 
 
 reading (red'ing), adj. addicted to 
 reading: n. perusal of books; lec- 
 ture; public recital; variation; ver- 
 sion or interpretation of a particu- 
 lar passage in a book or MS.; ob- 
 servation made by examining a 
 scientific instrument; formal recital 
 of a bill by the proper officer before 
 a legislative assembly. 
 
 readjust (re-ad-jusf), v.t. to adjust or 
 put in order again. 
 
 ready (red'i), adj. [comp. readier, 
 superl. readiest], prepared at the 
 moment; quick; prompt; fit for a 
 purpose; willing; near; about to do 
 or be; dexterous. 
 
 real (re'al), adj. actually existing; 
 not fictitious; genuine; true; per- 
 taining to things fixed, as lands or 
 tenements; not personal [Latin]: n. 
 (ra/al), a Spanish coin = 5 cents 
 (about). 
 
 realism (re'al-izm), n. the representa- 
 tion of nature or social life as it 
 actually appears; the doctrine that 
 the objects immediately known are 
 real existences ; a phrase of the same 
 doctrine which teaches that whatever 
 is taught us by our senses is unreal, 
 but that God alone is real. [Latin.] 
 
 realist (re'al-ist), n. one who holds 
 the doctrine of, or practices, realism. 
 
 realistic (re-al-is'tik), adj. pertaining 
 to realism and realists. 
 
 reality # (re-al'i-ti), n. [pi. realities 
 (re-al'i-tiz)], actual existence; fact; 
 truth. 
 
 realization (re-al-i-za'shun), n. the 
 act of realizing, or of making and 
 believing real; conversion of money 
 into real property, or the contrary. 
 
 realize (re'al-iz), v.t. to bring intoact 
 or being; make real; convert into 
 real property or money; bring home 
 to one's self; achieve; complete. 
 
 really (re'a-li), adv. with actual exist- 
 ence; in truth. 
 
 realm (relm), n. royal jurisdiction or 
 territory; kingdom; empire; state. 
 [Old French,] 
 
 realty (re'al-ti), n. real estate. 
 
 ream (rem), n. 20 quires, or 480 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
REAP 
 
 416 
 
 RECEIVER 
 
 sheets of paper; 500 sheets (long 
 ream). [French.] 
 
 reap (rep), v.t. to cut with a scythe, 
 sickle, or corn-cutting machine; per- 
 form the operation of reaping; gather 
 in; receive as a reward. 
 
 rear (rer), n. the part behind the rest; 
 last in order; background; that 
 part of a fleet or army behind the 
 other: v.t. raise or lift up; exalt; 
 build; educate; bring to matur- 
 ity: v.i. to assume an erect posture: 
 adj. pertaining to the rear. 
 
 reason (re'zn), n. that mental faculty 
 in man which enables him to deduce 
 inferences from facts, and to distin- 
 guish between right and wrong; 
 right judgment; efficient or final 
 cause; cause for opinion or act; 
 premise of an argument, especially 
 the minor: v.i. to infer conclusions 
 from premises; v.t. to persuade by 
 reasoning. [French.] 
 
 reasonable (re'zn-a-bl), adj. endowed 
 with reason; rational; equitable; 
 moderate; fair. 
 
 reasoning (re'zn-ing), n. the exercise 
 of the faculty of reason; argumen- 
 tation; reasons adduced or employed. 
 
 reassure (re-a-shur'), v.t. to restore 
 confidence; to make certain. 
 
 rebate (re-bat'), n. a return to ship- 
 pers by transportation companies 
 of part of charges paid: v.t. to make 
 blunt; make obtuse; abate or dimin- 
 ish. [French.] 
 
 rebel (reb'el), n. one who revolts 
 from his allegiance or defies consti- 
 tuted authority: adj. rebellious: v.i. 
 (re-bel') [p.t. & p.p. rebelled, p.pr. 
 rebelling], to take up arms and re- 
 sist lawful or constituted authority; 
 rise against authority. [Latin.] 
 
 rebellion (re-bel 'yun), n. insurrection 
 against, or open resistance to, law- 
 ful or constituted authority; revolt. 
 
 rebellious (re-bel'yus), adj. opposing 
 lawful or constituted authority. 
 
 rebind (re-bind'), v.t. to recover, bind 
 again, as a book. 
 
 rebound (re-bound'), v.i. to start or 
 leap back; re-echo; to reverberate: 
 n. the act of rebounding; a leaping 
 or flying back. 
 
 rebuff (re-buf), n. a beating back; 
 sudden check or resistance; defeat; 
 refusal: v.t. repel; refuse. [O. French.] 
 
 rebuke (re-buk'), n. reprimand or re- 
 proof; chastisement: v.t. to repri- 
 mand or chide; chastise. [French.] 
 
 rebus (re'bus), n. [pi. rebuses (re'bus- 
 ez)], an enigmatical representation 
 of a word or phrase by pictures or 
 figures instead of words ; in heraldry, 
 a coat of arms bearing an allusion 
 to the name of the wearer. [Latin.] 
 
 rebut (re-but'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. re- 
 butted, p.pr. rebutting], to beat 
 back; oppose by argument or proof; 
 repel: v.i. in law, to put in or re- 
 turn an answer. [Old French.] 
 
 rebuttal (re-but'al), n. the act of re- 
 butting. 
 
 recalcitrant (re-kal'si-trant), adj. re- 
 fractory. 
 
 recall (re-kawl'), v.t. to call back; re- 
 member; revoke; withdraw: n. revo- 
 cation: political, the power of re- 
 calling from office an elected official 
 of whom the people disapprove. 
 This principle has been in operation 
 in certain American States for only 
 a few years. 
 
 recant (re-kanf), v.t. to withdraw or 
 retract; abjure. [Latin.] 
 
 recantation (re-kan-ta'shun) , n. the 
 act of recanting; a declaration re- 
 calling and contradicting a former 
 one. 
 
 recapitulate (re-ka-pit'u-lat), v.t. to 
 go over, or summarize (the chief 
 points of a discourse, argument, 
 &c.) [Latin.] 
 
 recaption (re-kap'shun), n. reprisal. 
 
 recast (re-kasf), v.t. to cast once 
 more, or to cast after the first firing. 
 Used in metallurgy and iron- 
 work. 
 
 recede (re-sed'), v.i. to fall back or re- 
 trograde; retreat: v.t. to cede back 
 to a former possessor. [Latin.] 
 
 receipt (re-ser), n. the act of receiv- 
 ing; reception; a recipe; written 
 acknowledgment of anything re- 
 ceived: v.t. to give a receipt for; 
 sign in acknowledgment of. 
 
 receive (re-sev'), v.t. to take or obtain 
 from another in any manner; ac- 
 cept; obtain; entertain; gain knowl- 
 edge of; suffer; take in, as stolen 
 goods. 
 
 receiver (re-sev'er), n. one who, or 
 that which, receives; one who buys 
 stolen goods* a person appointed by 
 
 ate, arm. at. awl ; m§, merge, met ; mite, mit ; n5te, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
RECENSION 
 
 417 
 
 RECOMMEND 
 
 a court to manage property in con- 
 troversy. 
 
 recension (re-sen'shun), n. review or 
 revision, especially critical revision 
 of the text of an author; the text 
 thus revised. [Latin.] 
 
 recent (re 'sent), adj. of late origin or 
 occurrence; new; modern; fresh; 
 newly arrived; subsequent to man's 
 existence. [Latin.] 
 
 receptacle (re-sep'ta-kl), n. a vessel 
 or place into which anything is re- 
 ceived; basis of a flower. [Latin.] 
 
 reception (re-sep'shun), n. the act of 
 receiving; the state of being re- 
 ceived; welcome; entertainment; ad- 
 mission; formal or official receiving 
 of a person. 
 
 receptive (re-sep'tiv) , adj. having the 
 quality of receiving or containing; 
 capable of receiving mental im- 
 pressions. 
 
 recess (re-ses'), n. withdrawal; ttate 
 of being in retirement; seclusion; 
 remission of business; cavity in a 
 room or alcove; niche. 
 
 recession (re-sesh'un) , n. the act of 
 receding or withdrawal. 
 
 recherche (re-sher-sha/) , adj. un- 
 common; rare; exquisite. [French.] 
 
 recipe (res'i-pe), n. a medical pre- 
 scription; formula for compounding 
 anything. [Latin, "take."] 
 
 recipient (re-sip 'i-ent), n. one who 
 receives; adj. receiving. 
 
 reciprocal (re-sip 'ro-kal), adj. mutual; 
 alternating; mutually interchange- 
 able. 
 
 reciprocate (re-sip 'ro-kat), v.t. to 
 give and receive mutually: v.i. to 
 alternate ; interchange. 
 
 reciprocation (re-sip-ro-ka/shun) , n. 
 interchange of acts; reciprocal mo- 
 tion. 
 
 reciprocity (res-i-pros'i-ti) , n. recip- 
 rocal obligation or right; equal mu- 
 tual rights or benefits to be yielded 
 or enjoyed between individuals, or 
 (in international law) between na- 
 tions. 
 
 recital (re-si'tal), n. the act of recit- 
 ing; rehearsal; narrative; a musical 
 entertainment by one performer. 
 
 recitation (res-i-ta'shun) , n. a public 
 reading; delivery of a composition 
 committed to memory; the composi- 
 tion so delivered. 
 
 recitative (res-i-ta-tev'), adj. per- 
 taining to recitation; words spoken 
 in the sounds of the musical scale; 
 chant. Also recitativo [Italian] : adj. 
 uttered musically; chanted. 
 
 recite (re-sif), v.t. to repeat aloud 
 from memory; enumerate; rehearse; 
 recapitulate. [Latin.] 
 
 reck (rek), v.t. & v.i. to care for; heed. 
 
 reckless (rek'les), adj. heedless of con- 
 sequences; careless; thoughtless. 
 
 reckon (rek'n), v.t. to count or com- 
 pute; number; estimate by rank: 
 v.i. to calculate; charge to account; 
 pay a penalty; reason with one's 
 self and conclude from argument; 
 think or suppose. 
 
 reckoning (rek'ning), n. computation; 
 calculation; statement of accounts 
 between debtor and creditor; money 
 charged by a host; estimated posi- 
 tion of a ship by its progress and 
 course. 
 
 reclaim (re-klam'), v.t. to call back; 
 demand the return of; reform; bring 
 under cultivation. [Latin.] 
 
 recline (re-klln'), v.t. to cause to lean 
 or lie back; lean to one side: v.i. to 
 rest or repose. 
 
 recluse (re-kloos'), n. one who lives 
 in retirement; hermit; anchorite: 
 adj. retired from the world; soli- 
 tary; secluded L [Latin.] 
 
 reclusive (re-kloo'siv), adj. affording 
 retirement from the world or society. 
 
 recognition (rek-og-nish'un), n. the 
 act of recognizing; the state of be- 
 ing recognized ; remembrance ; recol- 
 lection; formal avowal. 
 
 recognizance (re - kon'i - zans) , n. 
 avowal; acknowledgment; badge or 
 token; a legal obligation entered 
 into before a magistrate or court to 
 do, or abstain from doing, some par- 
 ticular act. [French.] 
 
 recognize (rek'og-niz), v.t. to know 
 again; acknowledge; avow; admit 
 with a formal acknowledgment: v.i. 
 to enter into recognizance. 
 
 recoil (re-kqil'), v.i. to start back in 
 dread or disgust; to rebound. 
 
 recollect (rek-ol-ekf), v.t. to call to 
 memory; (re-kol-ekf), to gather 
 together again. 
 
 recollection (rek-ol-ek'shun), n. mem- 
 ory; that which is remembered. 
 
 recommend (rek-om-end'). v.t. to 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
RECOMMENDATION 
 
 418 
 
 RECTORY 
 
 commend to another; introduce 
 favorably; advise. [Latin.] 
 
 recommendation (rek - om - en - da'- 
 shun), n. the act of recommending; 
 favorable introduction. 
 
 recommit (re : kom-it'), v.t. [p.t. & 
 p.p. recommitted, p.pr. recommit- 
 ting], to commit anew; refer back 
 to a committee. [Latin.] 
 
 recompense (rek'om-pens) , n. an 
 equivalent given in return; reward; 
 compensation: v.t. to give back as 
 an equivalent; make amends for; 
 repay or requite. 
 
 reconcile (rek'on-sil) , v.t. to restore 
 to friendship or favor after estrange- 
 ment; adjust; harmonize. [Latin.] 
 
 reconciliation (rek-on-sil-i-a/shun) , n. 
 the act of reconciling; the state of 
 being reconciled; renewal of friend- 
 ship; expiation or atonement. Also 
 reconcilement. 
 
 recondite (rek'on-dit), adj. deep; ab- 
 struse; hidden from view; secret. 
 
 reconnoiter, reconnoitre (rek-o-noi'- 
 ter), v.t. to make a survey of, es- 
 pecially for military purposes. 
 [French.] 
 
 reconsider (re-kon-sid[er), v.t. to con- 
 sider again; to review with care, 
 especially with a view of reversing 
 a previous action. 
 
 reconstruct (re-kon-strukf), v.t. to 
 build anew. 
 
 record (re-kord'), v.t. to remember, 
 or cause to be remembered; register 
 or enroll; celebrate: n. (rek'erd) an 
 authentic memorial; register; for- 
 mal writing or copy of an official 
 document; in sports, the best per- 
 formance; a disk or cylinder # to 
 record airs for mechanical musical 
 instruments: pi. public documents. 
 
 recorder (re-kord'er) , n. one who, or 
 that which, records; one whose 
 official duty is to register writings 
 or transactions. 
 
 recount (re-kounf), v.t. to go over 
 or narrate in detail. [French.] 
 
 recoup (re-koop'), v.t. to indemnify 
 or make good. 
 
 recourse (re-kors'), n. a going to for 
 aid or protection; application of ef- 
 fort for a particular purpose or 
 end. 
 
 recover (re-kuv'er), v.t. to regain; re- 
 trieve; cure; obtain as compensa- 
 
 tion; obtain by judgment in a court 
 of law; cover again: v.i. to regain 
 health, strength, or any former 
 state; be successful in a lawsuit. 
 
 recovery (re-kuv'er-i) , n. the act of 
 recovering; restoration to health; 
 legal right to something after judg- 
 ment of a court. [French.] 
 
 recreant (rek're-ant) , adj. cowardly; 
 mean-spirited; apostate; false: n. a 
 mean-spirited creature; a coward; 
 an apostate. [French.] 
 
 recreate (rek're-at),vJ. to reanimate, 
 especially after toil; gratify: v.i. to 
 take recreation; to create anew. 
 
 recreation (rek-re-a'shun) , n. refresh- 
 ment after toil, &c; amusement: n. 
 (re-kre-a/shun), the act of creating 
 anew; a new creation. 
 
 recriminate (re-krim'i-nat) , v.i. to 
 return one accusation with another : 
 v.t. to accuse in return. # 
 
 recrimination (re-krim-i-na'shun), n. 
 the act of recriminating. 
 
 recrudescent (re-kroo-des'ent) , adj. 
 becoming sore or raw again. 
 
 recruit (re-kroof), v.t. to supply with 
 new soldiers; restore to health; re- 
 pair by fresh supplies: v.i. to obtain 
 fresh supplies; recover health: n. 
 a soldier newly enlisted; supply of 
 any want. [French.] 
 
 rectangle (rek'tang-gl) , n. a 4-sided 
 figure with 4 right angles, or angles 
 of 90°. [Latin.] m 
 
 rectification (rek-ti-fi-ka'shun) , n. the 
 act of setting right; repeated dis- 
 tillation of a spirit to concentrate it 
 or render it purer; reduction of a 
 curve to a right line. 
 
 rectify (rek'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. recti- 
 fied, p.pr. rectifying], to set right; 
 adjust; refine by distillation. 
 
 rectilineal (rek-ti-lin'e-al) , adj. bound- 
 ed by straight lines; right- or 
 straight-lined; straight. Also recti- 
 linear. 
 
 rectitude (rek'ti-tud) , n. Tightness of 
 principles and practice; honesty; 
 moral integrity. [Latin.] 
 
 rector (rek'ter), n. a clergyman who 
 (in the Anglican church) has the 
 great and small tithes of a living; 
 or the head of a university [Scotch]; 
 the superior of a convent or religious 
 house. [Latin.] 
 
 rectory (rek'ter-i), n. the house of a 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
RECTUM 
 
 419 
 
 REEF 
 
 rector; the benefice of a rector, with 
 the rights appertaining to it. 
 
 rectum (rek'tum), n. the lowest part 
 of the great intestine. [Latin.] 
 
 recumbency (re-kum 'ben-si), n. the 
 state of leaning or reclining. Also 
 recumbence. [Latin.] 
 
 recumbent (re-kum'bent), adj. re- 
 clining; idle. 
 
 recuperate (re-ku'per-at), v.t. & v.i. to 
 recover. [Latin.] 
 
 recuperation (re-kti-per-a'shun) , n. 
 recovery. 
 
 recuperative (re-kii'per-a-tiv), adj. 
 pertaining to, or tending to, re- 
 covery. Also recuperatory. 
 
 recur (re-ker'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. re- 
 curred, p.pr. recurring], return to 
 the mind; return; happen at a 
 stated interval; have recourse. 
 
 recurrence (re-kur'ens) , n. return; re- 
 sort. [Latin.] 
 
 recurrent (re-kur'ent) , adj. returning 
 repeatedly. 
 
 recusant (rek'ii-zant), adj. refusing 
 to acknowledge the royal supremacy 
 in religion; non-conforming: n. a 
 non-conformist. 
 
 red (red), n. one of the true primary 
 colors varying from scarlet to pink: 
 adj. red-colored. 
 
 redden (red'n), v.t. to make red: v.i. 
 to become red; blush. 
 
 reddish (red'ish), adj. somewhat red. 
 
 rede (red), n. advice; counsel. [Scotch.] 
 
 redeem (re-dem'), v.t. to ransom 
 from bondage; rescue; make atone- 
 ment for; perform; recover; make 
 good use of; ransom from sin and 
 its consequences. [Latin.] 
 
 redeemer (re-dem'er), n. one who 
 redeems. 
 
 Redeemer, n. Jesus Christ, the Sa- 
 vior. [Latin, Redemptor.) 
 
 redemption (re-demp'shun), n. re- 
 purchase; release; ransom; freeing of 
 an estate from a mortgage; salva- 
 tion of mankind by Jesus Christ. 
 
 redemptive (re-demp'tiv), adj. per- 
 taining to redemption, or serving 
 to redeem. 
 
 red-handed (red-hand'ed), adj. fresh 
 from the commission of a crime. 
 
 red-hot (red-hot'), adj. heated to red- 
 ness; very enthusiastic. 
 
 redingote (red'ing-got), n. a long 
 coat. [French.] 
 
 redolence (red'o-lens), n. perfume; 
 fragrance. 
 
 redolent (red'o-lent), adj. emitting 
 a sweet smell; fragrant. 
 
 redouble (re-dub '1), v.t. to repeat again 
 and aga ; a; to increase greatly. 
 
 redoubt re-dout'), n. a field-work 
 for strengthening or fortifying a 
 military position without flanks. 
 
 redoubtable (re-dout'a-bl), adj. for- 
 midable; valiant; terrible to enemies. 
 
 redound (re-dound'), v.i. to tend or 
 contribute; be in excess. 
 
 redress (re-dres'), v.t. to amend or 
 set right ; compensate ; relieve from ; 
 to dress again: n. the reparation of 
 wrong; relief. 
 
 red-tape (red-tap'), n. red-colored 
 tape used for tying official docu- 
 ments; excessive official formality. 
 
 reduce (re-dus'), v.t. to bring into a 
 lower state; degrade; diminish; con- 
 quer; shorten; reclaim to order; 
 bring or change (numbers or quan- 
 tities) from one denomination into 
 another; bring into classes. 
 
 reducible (re-dus'i-bl), adj. capable 
 of being reduced. 
 
 reduction (re-duk'shun) , n. the act 
 of reducing; the state of being re- 
 duced; diminution; conquest or sub- 
 jugation; the changing of quantities 
 from one denomination to another; 
 the process of converting a metallic 
 oxide into metal by the expulsion of 
 the oxygen contained in it. 
 
 redundance (re-dun'dans), n. super- 
 fluity; excess. Also redundancy. 
 
 redundant (re-dun'dant) , adj. super- 
 fluous. 
 
 reduplicate < (re-dup'li-kat), # v.t. to 
 double again; repeat; multiply. 
 
 reduplication (re-dup-li-ka'shun), n. 
 the act of reduplicating. 
 
 re-echo (re-ek'o), v.t. to echo back:vi. 
 to resound. 
 
 reed (red), n. a large, coarse grass, 
 of the genus Arundo, with jointed 
 hollow stems; a pastoral > pipe; 
 mouth tube of a musical instru- 
 ment; the comb-shaped part of a 
 loom which beats the weft up to the 
 web; an arrow- 
 
 reef (ref), n. that part of a sail which 
 can be reduced by being drawn in 
 by small ropes running in eyelet 
 holes; a chain of rock lying at or 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 27 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
HORIZONTALLY 
 
 420 
 
 HORSE-PISTOL 
 
 horizontally (hor-i-zon'ta-li), adv. in 
 a horizontal direction. 
 
 born (horn), n. a hard projecting, 
 usually curved, protuberance on the 
 head of certain mammals, especially 
 hoofed animals; a thickened form of 
 tissue; anything made of horn, or 
 like horn; a wind instrument; one 
 of the extremities of the moon when 
 in crescent form. 
 
 hornbeak (horn'bek), n. the garfish. 
 
 hornbeam (horn'bem), n. a small tree 
 yielding a tough wood: used for 
 cogwheels, &c. 
 
 hornbill (horn'bil), n. a bird with a 
 large horn-crested bill, allied to the 
 kingfishers. 
 
 hornblende (horn 'blend), n. a dark- 
 green or black-colored mineral with 
 a horn-like cleavage. 
 
 horn-book (horn'book), n. a primer 
 consisting of a printed sheet con- 
 taining the first nine numerals, the 
 alphabet, and the Lord's Prayer. 
 It was framed like a slate and faced 
 over with a thin, transparent sheet 
 of horn, to preserve the printing. 
 The horn-book ceased to be used not 
 long after the time of Queen Eliza- 
 beth, but the name was long ap- 
 plied to any primer. 
 
 horned (hornd), adj. having horns; 
 horn-shaped. 
 
 hornet (hor'net), n. a small wasp 
 which inflicts a severe sting; hence 
 a waspish, disagreeable person. 
 
 horning (horn'ing), n. the appear- 
 ance of the moon at her first and 
 last quarter. 
 
 hornpipe (horn'plp), n. a lively 
 dance, especially by sailors; an ob- 
 solete wind instrument. 
 
 horn wrack (horn'rak), n. sea-mat. 
 
 horny (h6rn'i) L adj. like horn. 
 
 horologe (hor'o-loj), n. a mechanism, 
 as a clock, &c, for marking the 
 hours. 
 
 horology (ho-rol'o-ji), n. the art of 
 measuring time, or of constructing 
 timepieces. 
 
 horometer (ho-rom'e-ter)^ n. an in- 
 strument for measuring time. 
 
 horoscope (hor'o-skop), n. a repre- 
 sentation of the heavens at any 
 time, especially at one's birth. 
 
 fluoroscopy (hd-ros'ko-pi), n. the art 
 of casting horoscopes and determin- 
 
 ing the destiny of persons from 
 them; a horoscope. [Greek.] 
 
 horrent (hor'ent), adj. erect; bristling. 
 
 horrible (hor'i-bl), adj. terrible; dread- 
 ful. [Latin.] 
 
 horribleness (hor'i-bl-nes) , n. the 
 state of being horrible. 
 
 horribly (hor'i-bli), adv. terribly* 
 dreadfully. 
 
 horrid (hor 'id), adj. dreadful; terrible; 
 hideous; most obnoxious; gloomy. 
 
 horrific (hor-if 'ik) , adj. causing horror. 
 
 horrify (hor'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. horri- 
 fied], to fill or strike with horror. 
 
 horripilation (hor-ip-i-la'shun), n. a 
 shuddering sensation as of the hair 
 standing on end, or goose-flesh. 
 
 horror (hor'er), n. excessive fear ac- 
 companied with shuddering; ex- 
 treme dread; great disgust: pi. ex- 
 treme depression; delirium tremens 
 (with the). 
 
 hors de combat (or de congHba), 
 
 ftrep. phr. out of the fight; disabled. 
 French.] 
 hors-d'oeuvre (6r-doovr') f n. a side 
 
 dish. [French.] 
 horse (hors), n. a solid-hoofed ani- 
 mal, used for riding or drawing 
 burdens; a male of the species; cav- 
 alry; a framework or machine for 
 the support of anything; a foot- 
 rope to support the foot of a sailor 
 under a yard or the bowsprit; work 
 charged for before it is executed: 
 v.t. to mount on, or furnish with, 
 a horse; carry on horseback; place 
 astride: v.i. to get on horseback: 
 adj. noting something coarse or 
 large. 
 horse- billiards (hors'bil-yerdz), n. a 
 name given to the game of shuffle- 
 board when played at sea, on ships. 
 horse-chestnut (hors'ches-nut), n. a 
 very tall chestnut tree bearing a 
 non-edible fruit resembling chest- 
 nuts — first imported from the Old 
 World but now indigenous to Amer- 
 ica. 
 horse-fly (hors'fli), n. a large fly that 
 
 stings horses. 
 horse-laugh (hors'laf), n. a coarse, 
 
 noisy laugh. 
 horsemanship (hors'man-ship), n. the 
 act of riding, and of training and 
 managing horses. 
 horse-pistol (hors'pis-tol) , n. an old- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut : think, then. 
 
REFORMATION 
 
 421 
 
 REGENERATION 
 
 Reformation, n. the great religious 
 movement (sixteenth century) under 
 Martin Luther (with the). 
 
 reformatory (re-form'a-to-ri), adj. 
 tending to reform: n. an institution 
 for the detention and reformation 
 of juvenile offenders. 
 
 reformed (re-formd'), p.adj. restored 
 to a previous good state; amended; 
 improved. 
 
 reformer (re-form'er), n. one who 
 effects a reformation, religious, 
 moral, or political. 
 
 refract (re-frakt'), v.t. to break the 
 natural course of, or bend from, a 
 straight line. [Latin.] 
 
 refraction (re-frak'shun), > n. the 
 change from a straight line which 
 a ray of light or heat assumes when 
 passing through a smooth surface 
 into a medium of greater density at 
 any angle other than 90°. 
 
 refractory (re-f rak'to-ri) , adj. sullenly 
 or perversely obstinate; difficult of 
 fusion, &c. 
 
 refrain (re-fran'), v.t. to restrain: 
 v.i. to forbear; abstain from action: 
 n. burden of a song repeated at the 
 end of each stanza. _ [Latin.] 
 
 refrangible (re-fran'ji-bl) , adj. capable 
 of being refracted. [Latin.] 
 
 refresh (re-fresh'), v.t. to revive after 
 fatigue or exhaustion; reinvigorate ; 
 restore. [French.] 
 
 refreshing (re-fresh'ing), adj. reani- 
 mating; rein vigor ating ; cooling. 
 
 refreshment (re-fresh'ment) , n. the 
 act of refreshing; state of being 
 refreshed; that which refreshes, as 
 food or rest. 
 
 refrigerate (re-frij'er-at), v.t. to cool, 
 or keep cool, as by a refrigerator. 
 
 refrigeration (re-frij-er-a'shun), n. 
 act of cooling. 
 
 refrigerator (re-frij'er-a-ter), n. an 
 apparatus or vessel for preserving or 
 cooling things by means of ice, &c. 
 
 refuge (ref'uj), n. protection from 
 danger or distress; shelter or asy- 
 lum; stronghold; expedient or re- 
 source. [Latin.] 
 
 refugee (ref-u-je'), n. one who flees 
 for protection, especially from politi- 
 cal or religious persecution. 
 
 refulgence (re-f ul'j ens), n. bright- 
 ness; flood of light; splendor. Also 
 refulgency. [Latin.] 
 
 refulgent (re-ful'jent), adj. casting a 
 bright light; brilliant; splendid. 
 
 refund (re-fund'), v.t. to pay back 
 again. [Latin.] 
 
 ref usable (re-fuz'a-bl), adj. capable 
 of being refused. 
 
 refusal (re-fuz'al), n. the act of refus- 
 ing; rejection; right to take the 
 preference; option. 
 
 refuse (re-fuz'), v.t. to deny or reject, 
 as a demand or request: v.i. to de- 
 cline to accept; not to comply: n. 
 (ref 'us), waste or worthless mat- 
 ter; rubbish: adj. rejected; worth- 
 less. 
 
 refutable (re-f ut'a-bl) , adj. capable 
 of being refuted. 
 
 refutation (ref-u-ta'shun), n. the 
 act of refuting; that which is re- 
 futed. 
 
 refute (re-fuf), v.t. to prove to be 
 false or erroneous; repel; disprove. 
 
 regain (re-gan'), v.t. to recover pos- 
 session of; get back; reach again. 
 
 regal (re'gal), adj. pertaining to, or 
 characteristic of, a king; kingly; 
 royal. 
 
 regale (re-gal'), v.t. to entertain with 
 something to delight the senses; 
 feast sumptuously: v.i. to feast. 
 
 regalia (re-ga'lia), n.pl. the ensigns 
 of sovereignty, as the crown, &c; 
 royal rights or prerogatives; decora- 
 tions of an order or office. 
 
 regard (re-gard'), v.t. to observe par- 
 ticularly; heed; esteem; consider; 
 respect; value: n. attention; respect; 
 . consideration; reference: pi. good 
 wishes. 
 
 regarding (re-gard'ing) , prep, con- 
 cerning. 
 
 regardless (re-gard'les) , adj. having 
 no regard or care; indifferent. 
 
 regatta (re-gat'a), n. a sailing or row- 
 ing match for prizes. 
 
 regency (re'jen-si), n. the office or 
 jurisdiction of a regent; a body in- 
 structed with the duties of a regent. 
 
 regenerate (re-jen'er-at), v.t. to renew 
 the heart of and cause to turn to 
 the love of God ; produce anew : adj. 
 renewed; reformed. 
 
 regeneration (re-jen-er-a'shun), n. 
 the act of regenerating ; the state of 
 being regenerated; formation of new 
 tissue to supply that which has been 
 lost. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
REGENT 
 
 422 
 
 REJOICE 
 
 regent (re'jent), adj. exercising vi- 
 carious authority: n. one who gov- 
 erns in the interim during the mi- 
 nority, absence, or disability of the 
 sovereign; a university teacher; a 
 member of a board of superintend- 
 ence of colleges and schools in the 
 state of New York. [Latin.] 
 
 regicide (rej'i-sid), n. the murder, or 
 murderer, of a king. 
 
 regiment (rej'i-ment), n. a number 
 of companies of soldiers united into 
 one body under the command of a 
 colonel. [French.] 
 
 region (re'jun), n. a tract of land; 
 country. 
 
 register (rej'is-ter), n. an official writ- 
 ten record; the book containing such 
 record; a list of persons entitled to 
 vote; an organ stop; musical com- 
 pass or range. 
 
 registration (rej : is-tra/shun), n. the 
 act of inserting in a register. 
 
 registry (rej'is-tri), n. the place where 
 a register is kept. 
 
 regnant (reg'nant), adj. reigning; ex- 
 ercising royal authority; prevalent. 
 
 regression (re-gresh'un) , n. retro- 
 gression. 
 
 regret (re-gref), n. mental sorrow or 
 concern for anything, as for past 
 conduct or negligence; remorse: v.t. 
 [p.t. & p.p. regretted, p.w. regret- 
 ting], to remember with sorrow; 
 bewail the loss or want of. 
 
 regretful (re-gret'fool), adj. full of re- 
 gret. 
 
 regrettable (re-gret'a-bl) , adj. admit- 
 ting of, or causing, regret. 
 
 regular (reg'u-lar), adj. according to 
 rule, # order, or established usage; 
 consistent; governed by rule; uni- 
 form; methodical; exact; fully qual- 
 ified; having sides or surfaces com- 
 posed of equal figures or lines: n. a 
 soldier belonging to a standing army ; 
 one who is under monastic rule. 
 
 regularity (reg-ii-lar'i-ti) , n. the state 
 or quality of being regular; con- 
 formity to rule; uniformity; method 
 or certain order. 
 
 regulate (reg'u-lat), v.t. to make regu- 
 lar; adjust by rule. 
 
 regulation (reg-u-la'shun), n. the act 
 of regulating: order; method; rule. 
 
 regulator Crpg'u-la-ter) , n. one who, 
 or that which, regulates; a lever for 
 
 regulating motion; lever of a watch; 
 an accurate timepiece. 
 
 regurgitate (re-ger'ji-tat), v.i. to be 
 thrown or poured back. 
 
 rehabilitate (re-ha-bil'i-tat), v.t. to 
 reinstate; to restore to a former place 
 or rank. 
 
 rehash (re-hash'), n. literally to hash 
 over, rechopping the meat and vege- 
 tables ; but oftener used figuratively 
 of repeating something not very at- 
 tractive, until every one is weary of 
 it. 
 
 rehearsal (re-her'sal) , n. a recital in 
 private prior to a public perform- 
 ance. 
 
 rehearse (re-hers'), v.t. to repeat, as 
 what has already been said or writ- 
 ten; tell or narrate; recite before 
 public performance. 
 
 Reichstag (rikhs'takh), n. the Ger- 
 man parliament. 
 
 reign (ran), v.i. to exercise sovereign 
 authority; rule; be predominant: n. 
 supreme power or influence; time 
 during which a sovereign rules. 
 
 reimburse (re-im-bers') , v.t. to re- 
 fund^ 
 
 rein (ran), n. the strap of a bridle; 
 an instrument for curbing, restrain- 
 ing, or governing; power: pi. the 
 kidneys, or parts about them; loins; 
 the heart [Old Testament]^ v.t. to 
 govern with a bridle; restrain; con- 
 trol: v.i. to check a horse with the 
 reins. [French.] 
 
 reincarnate (re-in-kar'nat), v.t. to em- 
 body anew. [Latin.] 
 
 reindeer (ran'der), n. a large Arctic 
 deer. 
 
 reinforce (re-in-fors'), v.t. to sup- 
 ply with new strength, support, or 
 assistance. 
 
 reinforcement (re-in-fors'ment), n. 
 additional support. 
 
 reinstate (re-in-staf) , v.t. to restore 
 to a former state. 
 
 reiteration (re-it-er-a'shun) , n. repe- 
 tition. 
 
 reject (re-jekf), v.t. to throw away 
 as useless or vile; refuse; renounce; 
 discard. 
 
 rejection (re- jek'shun) , n. the act of 
 rejecting. 
 
 rejoice (re-jois'), v.i. to feel or express 
 joy or gladness; exult: v.t. to make 
 joyful. 
 
 fitse, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
REJOICING 
 
 423 
 
 RELISH 
 
 rejoicing (re-jois'ing), n. expression, 
 subject, or experience, of joy or 
 gladness. 
 
 rejoin (re-join'), v.t. to unite again 
 after separation: v.i. to answer a 
 reply; answer as the defendant to 
 the plaintiff's replication. 
 
 rejoinder (re-join'der) , n. an answer 
 to a reply; in law, the defendant's an- 
 swer to the plaintiff's replication. 
 
 rejuvenate (re-jii've-nat), v.t. to make 
 young again. 
 
 relapse (re-laps'), v.i. to fall back from 
 a state of convalescence; return to 
 a former bad state or habit: n. a 
 falling into a former bad state; re- 
 turn of a disease after convalescence 
 or partial recovery. 
 
 relate (re-laf), v.t. to tell; describe; 
 recite; narrate: v.i. to refer. 
 
 related (re-la'ted), p.adj. told or de- 
 scribed; allied by kindred or blood 
 relationship^ 
 
 relation (re-la 'shun) , n. the act of re- 
 lating; the thing related; mutual 
 connection between two or more 
 things; proportion or ratio; connec- 
 tion by birth or marriage; kinsman 
 or kinswoman. 
 
 relative (rel'a-tiv), adj. having, or 
 expressing, relation; pertinent; be- 
 longing to or connected with; re- 
 lating to a word, sentence, or clause: 
 n. that which has relation to some- 
 thing else; a person connected by 
 kinship or consanguinity; a word 
 which relates to its antecedent. 
 
 relax (re-laks'), v.t. to slacken; make 
 less close; render less tense, rigor- 
 ous, or severe; divert, as the mind; 
 loosen, as the bowels ; make lan- 
 guid: v.i. to take relaxation; become 
 less severe or close. 
 
 relaxation (re-laks-a'shun) , n. the act 
 of relaxing; state of being relaxed; 
 diminution of tension; diversion or 
 recreation. 
 
 relay (re-la'), v.t. [v.t. & p.p. relaid, 
 p.pr. relaying], to lay a second time: 
 n. fresh post-horses or hunting dogs 
 to relieve others ; < new supply ; a 
 subsidiary electric circuit. 
 
 release (re-les'), v.t. to set free; dis- 
 charge; free from obligation or pen- 
 alty: n. liberation from restraint, 
 penalty, pain, &c; disoharge from 
 an obligation. 
 
 relegate (rel'e-gat), v.t. to banish; 
 consign. 
 
 relegation (rel-e-ga'shun) , n. the act 
 of relegating. 
 
 relent (re-lent'), v.i. to grow less hard 
 or severe; become more tender; yield. 
 
 relenting (re-lent 'ing) , n. the act of 
 becoming less hard or more tender or 
 compassionate. 
 
 relentless (re-lent 'les), adj. pitiless; 
 having no regard for another; with- 
 out mercy. 
 
 relevancy (rel'e-van-si), n. applica- 
 bility; pertinence. Also relevance. 
 
 relevant (rel'e-vant), adj. applicable; 
 related; pertinent. 
 
 reliable (re-li'a-bl) , adj. trustworthy. 
 
 reliance (re-li'ans), n. confidence; 
 trust. 
 
 reliant (re-ll'ant), adj. having reliance. 
 
 relic (rel'ik), n. that which is left 
 after the loss or decay of the rest; 
 memorial or souvenir; remains of a 
 person deceased; body or other me- 
 morial of a saint held in religious 
 reverence. 
 
 relict (rel'ikt), n. a widow. [Latin.] 
 
 relief (re-lef), n. that which mitigates 
 pain, grief, &c; release from some 
 post of duty; assistance given to the 
 poor; aid; redress; the projection of 
 a sculptured design from the plane 
 surface. 
 
 relieve (re-lev'), v.t. to free from pain, 
 suffering, grief, &c; mitigate; alle- 
 viate; help; release from a post of 
 duty. 
 
 religion (re-lij'un), n. any system of 
 faith or worship ; love and obedience 
 towards God; piety; monastic vow 
 or state. [Latin.] 
 
 religious (re-lij'us), adj. pertaining to, 
 characteristic of, or set apart for, 
 religion; godly; pious; devotional; 
 conscientiously exact or strict; bound 
 by monastic vows: n. one who is 
 bound by monastic vows. 
 
 relinquish (re-ling'kwish), v.t. to for- 
 sake or abandon; quit; leave with 
 reluctance; desist from; renounce a 
 rlaim to. 
 
 reliquary (rel'i-kwa-ri) , n. [pi. reli- 
 quaries (rel'i-kwa-riz)], a depository 
 for relics; a casket or small chest for 
 holding relics. 
 
 relish (rel'ish), v.t. to like the taste 
 of; use with pleasure; enjoy: v.i. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
RELUCTANCE 
 
 424 
 
 REMUNERATE 
 
 to have a pleasing taste: n. sensa- 
 tion of flavor; taste; savor; zest; 
 a savory dish; enjoyment given by 
 anything; pleasure; inclination. 
 
 reluctance (re-luk'tans), n. unwil- 
 lingness. Also reluctancy. 
 
 reluctant (re-luk'tant), adj. unwilling; 
 disinclined. 
 
 rely (re-li'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. relied, p.pr. 
 relying], to lean upon with confi- 
 dence; trust or have confidence in. 
 
 remain (re-man'), v.i. to continue; 
 stay; last; endure; be left in a par- 
 ticular state or place; be left after 
 or out of a greater number: n.pl. a 
 deadibody ; the literary works of an au- 
 thor published after his death; ruins. 
 
 remand (re-mand'). v.t. to recommit 
 or send back; remit in custody to a 
 future time: n. the act of remand- 
 ing; state of being remanded. 
 
 remark (re-mark'), v.t. to note or ob- 
 serve; express; say: n. notice or ob- 
 servation; comment. 
 
 remarkable (re-mark'a-bl) , adj. 
 worthy of notice or remark; ex- 
 traordinary; strange; famous; un- 
 common. 
 
 remediable (re-me'di-a-bl), adj. ad- 
 mitting remedy. m 
 
 remedial (re-me'di-al), adj. affording, 
 or intended for, a remedy. 
 
 remedy (rem'e-di), n. [pi. remedies 
 (rem'e-diz)], that which cures a dis- 
 ease, or counteracts an evil; a re- 
 storative; an efficacious medicine: 
 v.t. [p.t. & p.p. remedied, p.pr. 
 remedying], to repair or remove 
 something evil from. 
 
 remember (re-mem'ber) , v.t. to re- 
 call to mind; attend to; keep in 
 mind with gratitude, regard, or rev- 
 erence. 
 
 remembrance (re-mem'brans) , n. 
 power of remembering; memory; 
 length of time during which anything 
 can be remembered; recollection. 
 
 remind (re-mind'), v.t. to bring to the 
 remembrance of; put in mind. 
 
 reminiscence (rem-i-nis'ens), n. re- 
 covery of ideas; memory; that 
 which is remembered. 
 
 reminiscent (rem-i-nis'ent), adj. hav- 
 ing recollection. 
 
 remise (re-mlz'), v.t. to resign or 
 surrender by deed: n. the surrender 
 of a claim by deed. 
 
 remiss (re-mis'), adj. careless in the 
 performance of duty or business; 
 heedless; dilatory. 
 
 remission (re-mish'un), n. the act of 
 remitting; pardon; abatement; re- 
 laxation. 
 
 remit (re-mif), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. remit- 
 ted, p.pr. remitting], to pardon; 
 transmit, as money, bills, &c; send 
 back: v.i. moderate or abate in vio- 
 lence or force. 
 
 remittance (re-mit'ans), n. that which 
 is remitted; the sending of money, 
 bills, &c, in payment; the sum so 
 transmitted. 
 
 remittent (re-mit'ent) , adj. increasing 
 and abating alternately. 
 
 remnant (rem'nant), n. that which 
 is left after a part has been re- 
 moved; remainder. 
 
 remonstrance (re^mon'strans) , n. 
 strong representation against some- 
 thing complained of; expostulation 
 (historically), the Great Remon- 
 strance made by the English Parlia- 
 ment to King Charles I (1641), 
 reminding him of his arbitrary and 
 illegal acts. 
 
 remonstrant (re-mon'strant), adj. 
 expostulatory ; n. one who takes part 
 in a remonstrance. 
 
 remonstrate (re-mon'strat) , v.i. to 
 urge or put forward strong reasons 
 against some act or course com- 
 plained of; expostulate. 
 
 remorse (re-mors'), n. anguish of 
 mind caused by the sense of guilt; 
 sympathetic sorrow; compunction. 
 
 remorseful (re-mors'fool), adj. full 
 of remorse. 
 
 remorseless (re-mors'les) , adj. cruel; 
 merciless. 
 
 remote (re-mot'), adj. distant in time 
 or space; far; primary; alien; for- 
 eign; inconsiderable. 
 
 removable (re-moov'a-bl) , adj. cap- 
 able of being removed. 
 
 removal (re-moov'al) , n. the act of 
 removing or displacing; change of 
 place; dismissal; act of putting an 
 end to. 
 
 remove (re-mo5v'), v.t. to put from 
 its place; withdraw; cut off, or kill: 
 v.i. to change place; change resi- 
 dence: n. change of place: removal; 
 promotion; class._ 
 
 remunerate (re-mu'ner-at) , v.t. to re- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
REMUNERATION 
 
 425 
 
 REPENT 
 
 ward as an equivalent for service; 
 recompense. 
 
 remuneration (re-mu-ner-a'shun), n. 
 payment for service; recompense; 
 reward. 
 
 remunerative (re-mu'ner-a-tiv) , adj. 
 yielding an equivalent return for 
 outlay; lucrative; profitable. 
 
 renascent (re^nas'ent) , adj. coming 
 again into Deing. 
 
 rencontre (rang-kong'tr), n. a casual 
 meeting in opposition or contest; 
 collision: v.i. to meet an enemy un- 
 expectedly; to come in collision. Also 
 recounter. 
 
 rend (rend), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rent, 
 p.pr. rending], to tear apart with 
 violence; split; lacerate: v.i. to be- 
 come rent. 
 
 render (ren'der), v.t. to return; pay 
 back; make up; deliver; afford; 
 yield; furnish; reproduce; translate; 
 cause to be boiled down; exhibit: n. 
 payment of rent. 
 
 rendering (ren'der-ing) , n. a transla- 
 tion; version; execution; first coat of 
 plaster. 
 
 rendezvous (ran'da-voo or ren'de-voo) , 
 n. appointed place of meeting, espe- 
 cially for warships or troops: v.i. to 
 assemble. [French.] 
 
 rendition (ren-dish'un) , n. surrender; 
 translation. 
 
 renegade (ren'e-jgad) , n. one who re- 
 nounces his faith; apostate; traitor; 
 deserter. [French.] 
 
 renew (re-nti'), v.t. to make new again; 
 restore; renovate; reinvigorate: v.i. 
 to be made new; begin afresh; grow 
 again. 
 
 renewal (re-nii'al), n. the act of re- 
 newing ; state of being renewed ; reno- 
 vation; revival. 
 
 rennet (ren'et), n. the inner mem- 
 brane of a calf's stomach: used for 
 coagulating milk. 
 
 renounce (re-nouns'), v.t. to disown; 
 reject publicly and finally; repudi- 
 ate; reject: v.i. in card playing, not 
 to follow suit: n. failure to follow 
 suit. 
 
 renovate (ren'5-vat), v.t. to make new 
 again; restore to a previous condi- 
 tion, or to a good state; repair. 
 
 renovation (ren-6-va'shun) , n. re- 
 newal; state of being renovated. 
 
 renown (re-noun'), n. celebrity; fame; 
 distinction: v.t. to make famous. 
 
 renowned (re-nound'), p.adj. cele- 
 brated; famous; illustrious; distin- 
 guished. 
 
 rent (rent), n. a tear; fissure; schism; 
 periodical payment for the use of 
 
 f)roperty: p.t. & p.p. of rend. 
 French.] 
 
 rental (rent'al), n. amount of rent; 
 schedule of rents of an estate; rent- 
 roll. 
 
 renunciation (re-nun-si-a/shun), n. 
 disavowal; rejection. 
 
 rep (rep), adj. having a fine corded 
 surface: n. a dress fabric with a 
 fine corded surface. 
 
 repair (re-par'), v.i. to go to a (speci- 
 fied) place; betake one's self: v.t. 
 to restore after injury; mend; reno- 
 vate; make amends: n. restoration 
 after injury; state of a building. 
 
 reparation (rep-a-ra'shun) , n. restora- 
 tion to a good condition; amends or 
 compensation; restitution. 
 
 repartee (rep-ar-te') , n. a ready, witty 
 reply. 
 
 repast (re-past'), n. a meal; victuals. 
 
 repay (re-pa'), v.t. to give back that 
 which is due. 
 
 repeal (re-pel'), v.t. to revoke or abro- 
 gate; annul: n. revocation; abro- 
 gation. 
 
 repeat (re-pet'), v.t. to do or speak 
 a second time; iterate; recite; quote 
 from memory: n. repetition; a sign 
 in music directing a part to be re- 
 peated. 
 
 repeater (re-pet'er), n. one who, or 
 that which, repeats; revolver; a. 
 watch that strikes the hours, when 
 a spring is pressed; a decimal in 
 which the same figure or figures are 
 repeated; one who illegally votes 
 more than once at the same election. 
 
 repel (re-pel'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. re- 
 pelled, p.pr. repelling], to drive back; 
 resist; check the advance of: v.i. to 
 act in opposition to force impressed; 
 check or drive inwards. 
 
 repellent (re-pel'ent), adj. driving: 
 back; tending or able to repel; re- 
 pulsive. 
 
 repent (re-penf), v.i. to feel pain or 
 sorrow on account of something 
 done or left undone, especially for 
 sin committed leading to repent- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
REPENTANCE 
 
 426 
 
 REPROACH 
 
 ance; change from past evil: v.t. to 
 regret. [Old Testament.] 
 
 repentance (re-pen'tans) , n. contri- 
 tion. 
 
 repentant (re-pen'tant) , adj. peni- 
 tent. 
 
 repertoire (rep-er-twar') , n. a repos- 
 itory; stock of dramas, songs, &c, 
 ready for use. [French.] 
 
 repertory (rep'er-to-ri), n. a store- 
 house; treasury. 
 
 repetition (rep-e-tish'un), n. the act 
 of repeating; recital from memory. 
 
 repine (re-pin'), v.i. to fret one's self; 
 murmur; complain; feel discontent. 
 
 replace (re-plas'), v.t. to put back in 
 its place; to supersede. 
 
 replenish (re-plen'ish), v.t. to fill up 
 again; fill or stock in abundance. 
 
 replete (re-plef), adj. completely 
 filled; full. 
 
 repletion (re-ple'shun) , n. the state of 
 being too full; plethora. 
 
 replevin (re-plev'in), n. an action to 
 recover goods wrongfully seized, on 
 security being given to try the case; 
 writ for replevying. 
 
 replevy (re-plev'i), v.t. \p.t. & p.p. re- 
 plevied, p.pr. replevying], to recover 
 by writ goods wrongfully seized, on 
 giving security to try the right to 
 them at law. 
 
 replica (rep'li-ka), n. a copy of an 
 original picture or statue executed 
 by the same artist or sculptor. 
 
 replicate (rep'li-kat), adj. folded back. 
 
 replication (rep-li-ka/shun) , n.^ a re- 
 ply; echo; repetition; the plaintiff's 
 answer to the plea of the defendant. 
 
 reply (re-pll'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. replied, 
 p.pr. replying], to answer; respond: 
 n. an answer; response; rejoinder. 
 
 report (re-port'), v.t. to give an ac- 
 count of; relate; tell from one to 
 another; circulate publicly; take 
 down (spoken words) : v.i. to make 
 a statement: n. an official statement 
 of facts; description, an account of 
 a meeting, &c; rumor; hearsay; 
 noise. 
 
 repose (re-poz'), v.t. to lay to rest; re- 
 fresh by rest; compose; lay, place, 
 or rest, as confidence or trust (with 
 in or on): v.i. to sleep; recline: n. 
 sleep ; quiet ; mental rest ; certain 
 parts in a picture which tranquilize 
 its aspect. 
 
 repository (re-poz 'i-to-ri), n. [pi. re- 
 positories (re-poz 'i-to-fiz)], a ware- 
 house for the storing and safe keep- 
 ing of goods; shop or warehouse. 
 
 repousse (re-poos'a), n. ornamental 
 metal work formed in relief and 
 chased. 
 
 reprehend (rep-re-hend') , v.t. to cen- 
 sure. 
 
 reprehensible (rep-re-hen'si-bl) , adj. 
 deserving censure; culpable. 
 
 reprehension (rep-re-hen'shun) , n. 
 censure; reproof. 
 
 reprehensive (rep-re-hen'siv) , adj. 
 given to, or containing, reproof. 
 Also reprehensory. 
 
 represent <rep-re-zent') , v.t. to ex- 
 hibit the image of; show; describe; 
 give an account of; personate or act 
 the part of ; reproduce ; to present 
 again (re-pre-zent'). 
 
 representation (rep-re-zen-ta'shun) , 
 n. the act of representing; that which 
 represents; portrayal; description; 
 likeness; image or picture; dramat- 
 ic performance; body of representa- 
 tives; statement of arguments or 
 reasons. 
 
 representative (rep-re-zen'ta-tiv) , adj. 
 having the power or character of an- 
 other; exhibiting a similitude; typi- 
 cal: n. one who is authorized to act 
 for another or others ; deputy or dele- 
 gate, especially one chosen by a body 
 of electors ; a member of the popular 
 branch of Congress or of a State 
 Legislature; he who, or that which, 
 represents or exhibits a likeness. 
 
 repress (re-pres'), v.t. to check or re- 
 strain; crush; quell. 
 
 repression (re-presh'un), n. the act of 
 repressing. 
 
 reprieve (re-prev'), v.t. to grant a re- 
 spite to; delay the execution of: n. 
 temporary suspension of a criminal 
 sentence. 
 
 reprimand (rep'ri-mand), v.t. to re- 
 prove severely; reprove publicly and 
 officially: n. a severe reproof. 
 
 reprint (re-print'), v.t. to print a new 
 edition or copy of: n. (re'print), a 
 new edition or copy. 
 
 reprisal (re-priz'al), n. an act of war 
 ostensibly by way of retaliation for 
 an injury suffered. See marque. 
 
 reproach (re-proch'), v.t. to censure 
 severely; upbraid: n. severe blame 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
REPROACHFUL 
 
 427 
 
 RESEMBLANCE 
 
 mingled with contempt; object of 
 scorn; shame or disgrace. 
 
 reproachful (re-proch'f ool) , adj. con- 
 taining, or expressing, reproach. 
 
 reprobate (rep'ro-bat), v.t. to con- 
 demn strongly or with detestation; 
 disown: adj. abandoned; depraved: 
 n. a profligate person. 
 
 reprobation (rep-ro-ba/shun) , n. the 
 act of reprobating; abandonment to 
 eternal destruction; condemna- 
 tion. 
 
 reproduction (re-pro-duk'shun), n. 
 the act of producing again, either an 
 organism, a mental image, or a work 
 of art. 
 
 reproof (re-proof), n. censure; re- 
 buke. 
 
 reprove (re-proov'), v.t. to censure or 
 blame; reprimand; rebuke. 
 
 reptile (rep 'til), n. an animal of the 
 class Reptilia that creeps or crawls 
 on the ground; a mean, groveling 
 person: adj. creeping; crawling; 
 groveling. 
 
 republic (re-pub 'Kk), n. a state or 
 country in which the supreme power 
 is vested in representatives elected 
 by popular vote; commonwealth. 
 
 republican (re-pub'li-kan), adj. per- 
 taining to, characteristic of, or con- 
 sisting of, a republic: n. one who 
 favors republican government. 
 
 republish (re-pub'lish), v.t. to pub- 
 lish anew; print anew edition of. 
 
 repudiate (re-pu'di-at), v.t. to dis- 
 own or disclaim; refuse to pay or 
 acknowledge; disavow. 
 
 repudiation (re-pQ-di-a'shun), n. the 
 act of repudiating; disavowal; re- 
 jection. 
 
 repugnance (re-pug'nans), n. aver- 
 sion; reluctance; dislike. Also re- 
 pugnancy. 
 
 repugnant (re-pug'nant), adj. highly 
 distasteful or offensive; contrary; 
 hostile. 
 
 repulse (re-puls'), v.t. to drive back; 
 beat off; repel: n. the state of being 
 driven back or repelled; refusal; 
 denial. 
 
 repulsion (re-pul'shun) , n. the act of 
 driving back; state of being re- 
 pelled; the power by which certain 
 bodies recede from each other. 
 
 repulsive (re-pul'siv), adj. tending to 
 repel; forbidding; disgusting. 
 
 repulsiveness (re-pul'siv-nes), n. the 
 state or quality of being repulsive. 
 
 reputable (rep'ii-ta-bl), adj. es- 
 teemed; honorable; respectable. 
 
 reputation (rep-u-ta'shun), n. good 
 name or character; honor; credit. 
 
 repute (re-puf), v.t. to estimate; 
 aeem: n. estimation; character; rep- 
 utation. 
 
 request (re-kwesf), n. desire ex- 
 pressed; petition; prayer; demand; 
 entreaty: v.t. to ask for. 
 
 requiem (re'kwi-em), n. a mass, or 
 musical setting of a mass, for the 
 repose of the soul of a person de- 
 ceased. 
 
 require (re-kwir'), v.t. to ask for or 
 claim as by right or authority; de- 
 mand; exact; need. [Latin.] 
 
 requirement (re-kwfr'ment), n. the 
 act of requiring; that which is re- 
 quired; demand; necessity. 
 
 requisite (rek'wi-zit), adj. needful; 
 indispensable: n. anything requisite. 
 
 requisition (rek-wi-zish'un), n. the 
 act of requiring; that which is re- 
 quired; demand, especially a written 
 one: v.t. to demand; make a req- 
 uisition upon. 
 
 requital (re-kwlt'al), n. retaliation. 
 
 requite (re-kwit'), v.t. to make re- 
 turn for treatment, good or evil; 
 recompense; retaliate; revenge. 
 
 reredos (rer'dos), n. a decorated screen 
 behind the altar of a church. 
 
 rescind (re-sind'), v.t. to annul; re- 
 voke. 
 
 rescission (re-sizh'un), n. the act of 
 annulling. 
 
 rescript (re'skript), n. an edict or de- 
 cree, especially of an emperor or 
 pope in answer to some question of 
 jurisprudence officially submitted 
 to him, and having the force of a 
 law. 
 
 rescue (res'ku),_i>.£. to set free from 
 danger, restraint, or violence; lib- 
 erate; deliver: n. deliverance from 
 danger, restraint, or violence; forci- 
 ble retaking of persons or goods de- 
 tained by legal authority : 
 
 research (re-serch/), n. laborious, care- 
 ful inquiry or investigation: v.t. to 
 search again; investigate carefully 
 and diligently. 
 
 resemblance (re-zem'blans), n. like- 
 ness. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, rTien. 
 
RESEMBLE 
 
 428 
 
 RESOURCE 
 
 resemble (re-zem'bl), v.t. to have a 
 likeness to; have similarity to. 
 
 resent (re-zenf), v.t. to consider as an 
 injury or affront; take ill; be angry 
 in consequence of. 
 
 resentful (re-zent'f ool) , adj. easily 
 provoked to anger; full of resent- 
 ment. 
 
 resentment (re-zent'ment) , n. strong 
 anger or displeasure; deep sense of 
 injury. 
 
 reservation (rez-er-va'shun) , n. any- 
 thing kept back or reserved; clause, 
 proviso, or limitation, by _ which 
 something is reserved; public land 
 reserved for some particular use, as 
 schools, &c. 
 
 reserve (re-zerv'), v.t. to keep in 
 store; hold back for future use; re- 
 tain: n. closeness or caution in 
 speaking or acting; taciturnity: 
 pi. troops kept for the support 
 of an army or to meet any con- 
 tingency. 
 
 reservoir (rez'er-vwar), n. a place 
 where anything (usually fluids and 
 liquids) is collected and stored up 
 for use. [French.] 
 
 reset (re-set'), v.t. to set again. 
 
 reside (re-zid'), v.i. to dwell or in- 
 habit; live. 
 
 residence (rez'i-dens), n. place of 
 abode; domicile; act of residing. 
 
 resident (rez'i-dent), adj. pertaining 
 to one who resides; thus, Minister 
 Resident in diplomacy differs from 
 a Minister Plenipotentiary, by hav- 
 ing a lower rank. 
 
 residuary (re-zid'ii-a-ri), adj. pertain- 
 ing to, or constituting, the residue; 
 relating or entitled to the remainder 
 of an estate, &c, after deducting 
 legal expenses. 
 
 residue (rez'i-du), n. remainder. 
 
 residuum (re-zid'u-um), n. that which 
 is left after a chemical process. 
 
 resign (re-zin'), v.t. to yield to an- 
 other ; surrender formally ; withdraw 
 from; submit calmly; sign again 
 (re-sin'). 
 
 resignation (rez-ig-na'shun) , n. the 
 act of resigning; state of being re- 
 signed; calm submission or acqui- 
 escence; patience. 
 
 resilient (re-sil'i-ent), adj. springing 
 back. 
 
 resin (rez'in), n. a. solid inflammable 
 
 substance obtained from various 
 trees which exude it in the form of 
 gum. 
 
 resinous (rez'in-us), adj. containing, 
 consisting of, or like, resin. 
 
 resist (re-zisf), v.t. to oppose; with- 
 stand; thwart; strive against: v.i. 
 to make opposition or resistance. 
 
 resistance (re-zis'tans), n. the act of 
 resisting; opposition; power of a 
 body that acts in opposition to an- 
 other; in photography, contrast of 
 light and shade. 
 
 resistant (re-zis'tant), adj. offering re- 
 sistance: n. one who, or that which, 
 resists. 
 
 resistless (re-zist'les), n. irresistible. 
 
 resoluble (rez'o-lu-bl), adj. capable 
 of being melted or resolved. 
 
 resolute (rez'o-lut), adj. determined; 
 having a fixed purpose; decided; 
 firm; steady. 
 
 resolution (rez-o-lu'shun), n. the act 
 of resolving; state of being resolved; 
 analysis; fixed determination; con- 
 stancy of purpose; formal proposal 
 in a legislative assembly or public 
 meeting; solution. 
 
 resolvable (re-zol'va-bl) , adj. capable 
 of being resolved. 
 
 resolve (re-zolv'), v.t. to reduce to 
 constituent parts ; analyze ; clear or 
 separate; solve; settle in an opin- 
 ion; decide; determine by vote; dis- 
 perse, as a tumor, &c; carry a dis- 
 cord into a concord [Music]: v.i. to 
 determine; pass a formal resolution. 
 
 resolved (re-zolvd'), p. adj. determined; 
 firm. 
 
 resolvent (re-zol'vent), adj. having 
 the power of resolving ; causing solu- 
 tion: n. a medicine to disperse a 
 tumor, &c. 
 
 resonance (rez'o-nans), n. the qual- 
 ity of being resonant. Also resonancy . 
 
 resonant (rez'o-nant), adj. returning 
 sound. 
 
 resort (re-zort'), v.i. to betake one's 
 self; go often; have recourse; ap- 
 ply: n. place much frequented; con- 
 course; resource. 
 
 resound (re-zound'), v.i. & v.t. to re- 
 verberate; be re-echoed; spread the 
 fame or renown of ; send back sound ; 
 echo; sound again (re-sound'). 
 
 resource (re-sors'), n. source of help 
 or supply; an expedient to which 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
RESPECT 
 
 429 
 
 RESURRECTION 
 
 one resorts: pi. money; means of 
 any kind. 
 
 respect (re-spekf), n. regard; ex- 
 pression of esteem; deference; man- 
 ner of treating others; respectful de- 
 meanor; point, reference, or particu- 
 lar: pi. expression of good-will or 
 regard: v.t. to honor or esteem; have 
 relation to. [Latin.] 
 
 respectable (re-spek'ta-bl) , adj. cap- 
 able or worthy of respect; held in 
 good repute; moderate in excellence 
 or number. 
 
 respectful (re-spekt'fool), adj. char- 
 acterized by respect^ 
 
 respecting (re-spek'ting) , prep, con- 
 cerning. 
 
 respective (re-spek'tiv) , adj. relating 
 to a particular person or thing*, not 
 absolute; relative. 
 
 respectively (re-spek'tiv-li) , adv. as 
 each belongs to each; not abso- 
 lutely. 
 
 respirable (re-splr'a-bl) , adj. that 
 may be, or is fit to be, breathed. 
 
 respiration (res-pi-ra'shun) , n. the 
 act or process of breathing; relief 
 from toil. 
 
 respire (re-spir'), v.t. to draw air into 
 the lungs and expel it again ; breathe ; 
 inhale: v.t. to breathe in and out, as 
 air. 
 
 respite (res 'pit), n. pause or tempo- 
 rary cessation of anything; delay; 
 interval of rest; reprieve: v.t. to 
 grant a respite to; suspend the exe- 
 cution of. 
 
 resplendent (re-splen'dent) , adj. shin- 
 ing with brilliant luster; intensely 
 bright. 
 
 respond (re-spond'), v.i. to answer or 
 reply; be liable for payment: v.t. 
 to pay: n. a short anthem sung be- 
 tween the reading of the les- 
 sons. 
 
 respondent (re-spon'dent) , adj. giving 
 response: n. one who answers or re- 
 plies; one who maintains a thesis in 
 reply; one who answers to a suit at 
 law. 
 
 response (re-spons'), n. the act of an- 
 swering; reply; in a liturgical ser- 
 vice, the answer of the congregation 
 to the priest. 
 
 responsible (re-spon'si-bl) , adj. in- 
 volving responsibility; answerable; 
 liable. 
 
 responsive (re-spon'siv), adj. answer- 
 ing; correspondent. 
 
 rest (rest), n. cessation from motion 
 or disturbance; quiet; peace; re- 
 pose; sleep; death; place of quiet 
 or repose; trust; interval of silence 
 and its sign [Music]; remainder: 
 v.i. to cease from motion or action; 
 repose; be quiet; sleep; die; stand: 
 v.t. to lay to rest; place. 
 
 restaurant (res'to-rant), n. a house 
 for refreshment; an eating-house. 
 
 restful (rest'fool), adj. full of rest; 
 quiet. 
 
 restitution (res-ti-tu'shun) , n. the act 
 of making good any loss, injury, or 
 damage; compensation; amends. 
 
 restive (res'tiv), adj. unwilling to go 
 forward; stubborn; uneasy. 
 
 restless (rest'les), adj. constantly act- 
 ive or moving. 
 
 restorative (re-stor'a-tiv), adj. ca- 
 pable of restoring: n. a re-invigorat- 
 ing medicine. 
 
 restore (re-stor'), v.t. to bring back to 
 its former strength; repair; rebuild; 
 heal or cure; re-invigorate; renew; 
 amend; reclaim; store again. 
 
 restrain (re-stran'), v.t. to check; re- 
 press. 
 
 restraint (re-stranf), n. the act of 
 restraining: state of being restrained ; 
 limitation. 
 
 restrict (re-strikt'), v.t. to confine or 
 limit. 
 
 restriction (re-strik'shun) , n. the act 
 of restricting; limitation; confine- 
 ment. 
 
 restrictive (re-strik'tiv) , adj. imposing 
 restraint. 
 
 result (re-zulf), v.i. to follow as a 
 consequence ; to come to a decision ; 
 ensue; decree: n. conclusion or con- 
 sequence. 
 
 resultant (re-zult'ant), adj. following 
 as a result: n. a single force com- 
 pounded of two or more forces and 
 representing their combined effects. 
 
 resume (ra-zu-ma/), n. a summary. _ 
 
 resume (re-zum'), v.t. to take up again 
 after interruption; begin again; take 
 back. 
 
 resumption (re-zump'shun), n. the 
 act of resuming. 
 
 resurrection (rez-er-ek'shun) , n. a 
 rising again from the dead; moral 
 revival. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
RESUSCITATE 
 
 430 
 
 RETRIEVE 
 
 resuscitate (re-sus'i-tat), v.t. to re- 
 vive from apparent death; reviv- 
 ify. 
 
 resuscitation (re-sus-i-ta/shun) ,n. the 
 act of resuscitating ; state of being re- 
 suscitated. 
 
 ret (ret), v.t. [p.t. &^p.p. retted, p.pr. 
 retting], to steep in water to sepa- 
 rate the fibers of a substance, as flax, 
 by incipient rotting. [Old Dutch.] 
 
 retail (re-tal'), v.t. to sell in small 
 quantities; sell second-hand: n. (re'- 
 tal), sale of goods in small quanti- 
 ties: adj. dealing in small quantities 
 or second-hand. 
 
 retain (re-tan'), v.t. to hold or keep 
 in possession; detain; engage by a 
 fee prepaid. _ 
 
 retainer (re-tan'er), n. one who, or 
 that which, retains; a dependent; at- 
 tendant; preliminary retaining fee 
 paid to counsel. _ 
 
 retaliate (re-tal'i-at) , v.t. to return by 
 giving like for like (usually in an 
 ill sense). 
 
 retaliation (re : tal-i-a'shun), n. the 
 act of retaliating. 
 
 retard (re-tard'), v.t. to hinder or ob- 
 struct ; delay ; keep back. 
 
 retch (rech), v.i. to try to vomit; 
 strain in vomiting. 
 
 retention (re-ten'shun) , n. the act 
 of holding back; power of retaining, 
 especially ideas. # 
 
 retentive (re-ten'tiv) , adj. having the 
 power to retain. 
 
 reticence (ret'i-sens), n. silence; re- 
 serve. 
 
 reticent (ret'i-sent), adj. silent; re- 
 served. 
 
 reticulate (re-tik'u-lat) , adj. formed 
 of, or resembling, network. 
 
 reticule (ret'i-kul), n. a lady's hand- 
 bag or workbag; made of network. 
 
 retina (ret'i-na), n. one of the coats 
 of the eye, containing the ends of 
 the sensory nerves which receive the 
 impressions which give rise to 
 vision. 
 
 retinue (ret'i-nu), n. the suite or at- 
 tendants of a prince or person of 
 distinction; train. 
 
 retire (re-tir'), v.i. to go to a place of 
 privacy; withdraw; retreat; recede; 
 withdraw from business, official, or 
 active life; to go to bed. 
 
 retired (re-tird'), adj. secluded from 
 
 society; having given up business, 
 &c; private. 
 
 retirement (re-tir'ment), n. the act 
 of retiring; privacy; solitude. 
 
 retiring (re- tir'ing), adj. reserved, not 
 obtrusive; assigned, as a pension, to 
 an official retiring from the public 
 service, &c. 
 
 retort (re-tort'), v-t. to return, as an 
 argument, incivility, censure, accu- 
 sation, &c: v.i. to make a retort: 
 n. censure, incivility, &c, returned; 
 sharp reply; a vessel used in distil- 
 ling and decomposing substances. 
 
 retouch (re-tuch'), v.t. to touch again; 
 improve by going over a work of art 
 to restore faded parts, &c. 
 
 retrace (re-teas'), v.t. to trace back to 
 the beginning. 
 
 retract (re-trakf), v.t. to draw, or 
 take back; recall; rescind; recant: 
 v.i. to withdraw something pre- 
 viously said or written: n. the prick 
 of a horse's foot in nailing a horse- 
 shoe. 
 
 retractation (re-trak-ta'shun) , n. the 
 act of retracting; recantation; dis- 
 avowal. Also retraction. 
 
 retreat (re-tret'), n. the act of with- 
 drawing or retiring; retirement or 
 seclusion; place of privacy; shelter; 
 the retiring of an army or body of 
 troops from the face of an enemy or 
 an advanced position; signal for re- 
 tiring from an engagement, or to 
 quarters: v.i. to withdraw to seclu- 
 sion or place of safety; retire before 
 an enemy. 
 
 retrench (re-trench'), v.i. cut down 
 expenses. 
 
 retrenchment (re-trench'ment) , n. 
 curtailment; reduction of expenses; 
 a military work constructed inside 
 another to resist an enemy who has 
 forced the outer one. 
 
 retribution (ret-ri-bu'shun) , n. re- 
 ward or punishment suitable to the 
 action; distribution of rewards or 
 punishments in future life at the 
 final judgment. 
 
 retributive (re-trib'u-tiv) , adj. re- 
 warding for good deeds and punish- 
 ing for offenses. Also retribu- 
 tory. 
 
 retrievable (re-trev'a-bl), adj. capable 
 of being retrieved. 
 
 retrieve (re-treV), v.t. to recover; re- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
RETRIEVER 
 
 431 
 
 REVIEW 
 
 store; regain: v.i. to act as a re- 
 triever. 
 
 retriever (re-trev'er) , n. a variety of 
 dog trained to fetch game. 
 
 retro, a Latin prefix meaning back, 
 backwards, as retrospect, a review of 
 the past. 
 
 retroactive (ret-ro-ak'tiv), adj. hav- 
 ing or intended to have a retrospect- 
 ive effect. 
 
 retrocede (ret-ro-sed') , v.t. to cede or 
 grant back. 
 
 retrograde (ret'ro-grad) , adj. going 
 or moving backwards; apparently- 
 moving from east to west as a planet ; 
 becoming less highly organized: 
 v.i. to go backwards. 
 
 retrogressive (ret-ro-gres'iv), same 
 as retrograde. 
 
 retrospect (ret'ro-spekt), see under 
 retro. 
 
 retrospection (ret-ro-spek'shun), n. 
 the act or faculty of looking back on 
 the past. 
 
 retrospective (ret-ro-spek'tiv), adj. 
 looking back on things past; re- 
 ferring to past things. 
 
 retroversion (ret-ro-ver'shun), n. a 
 turning or falling backward. 
 
 return (re-tern'), v.i. to come back 
 again to the same place or state; 
 revisit; retort: v.t. to repay; re- 
 store; requite; elect; reply or report 
 officially: n. the act of going back 
 or returning; retrogression; repay- 
 ment; requital; restitution; remit- 
 tance; advantage; profit; official re- 
 port. 
 
 reunion (re-un'yun), n. a festive 
 gathering of familiar friends or as- 
 sociates; act of reuniting. ^ 
 
 reunite (re-u-nit'), v.t. to unite again; 
 reconcile after variance: v.i. become 
 united again. 
 
 reveal (re-veT), v.t. to make known; 
 disclose: n. the vertical side of a 
 doorway, window, &c. 
 
 revel (rev'el), n. a noisy or riotous 
 feast: v.i. to feast with joyous or 
 clamorous merriment. 
 
 revelation (rev-e-la'shun), n. the act 
 of revealing or making known, espe- 
 cially Divine truth; that which is 
 revealed, especially by God to man. 
 
 revelry (rev'el-ri), n. boisterous fes- 
 tivity. 
 
 revenge (re-venj'), v.t. to inflict pain 
 
 or punishment because of; exact ret- 
 ribution for; avenge: n. the act of 
 revenging; malicious injuring in re- 
 turn for an injury or offense re- 
 ceived; retaliation; malice. 
 
 revengeful (re-venj 'fool), adj. vin- 
 dictive. 
 
 revenue (rev'e-nii), n. the general 
 income of a State, derived from the 
 annual taxes, excise, customs, &c; 
 annual profits from lands, &c. 
 
 reverberate (re-ver'ber-at) , v.t. to 
 send back, as sound; re-echo: v.i. 
 to be driven back, or reflected, as 
 sound or light. 
 
 reverberation (re-ver-ber-a'shun) , n. 
 the act of reverberating. 
 
 revere (re-ver'), v.t. to regard with 
 fear mingled with respect and affec- 
 tion; reverence. 
 
 reverence (rev 'er- ens), n. venera- 
 tion; honor; respect; act of obei- 
 sance; a title given to the clergy 
 (with his, your): v.t. to regard with 
 reverence. 
 
 reverend (rev'er-end), adj. worthy of 
 reverence. 
 
 reverent (rev'er-ent) , adj. showing, or 
 expressive of, reverence; humble; 
 submissive. 
 
 reverie (rev'er-i), n. deep musing; 
 wakeful dreaminess ; irregular train of 
 thoughts or fancies in meditation. 
 
 reversal (re-ver'sal), n. the act of 
 reversing; overthrow or annulling; 
 repeal. 
 
 reverse (re- vers'), adj. turned back- 
 ward; having an opposite direction; 
 made or declared void: v.t. to turn 
 upside down; change entirely: n. 
 the contrary or opposite; back of a 
 coin or medal; change; vicissitude; 
 defeat. 
 
 reversion (re-ver'shun) , n. right to 
 future possession m or enjoyment; 
 tendency of an animal or plant to 
 revert to its original form, &c. 
 
 revert (re- vert'), v.t. to turn back; 
 change; reverse: v.i. to return or 
 fall back; return to the original 
 owner or his heirs. 
 
 revest (re- vest'), v.i. to return to a 
 former owner. 
 
 review (re-vu'), v.t. to consider over 
 again; re-examine; look back; re- 
 vise; examine critically; inspect 
 (troops, &c.); write a critical notice 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
REVILE 
 
 432 
 
 RHINOSCOPE 
 
 of: n. the act of reviewing; re-ex- 
 amination; survey of the past; criti- 
 cism, especially of a new publica- 
 tion; a periodical with criticisms on 
 new books, essays, &c. ; inspection of 
 troops, &c. [French.] 
 
 revile (re-vil'), v.t. to address with op- 
 probrious or contumelious language; 
 reproach. 
 
 revise (re- viz')., v.t. to review and 
 amend; examine for correction: n. 
 a revision; second proof-sheet. 
 
 revision (re-vizh'un) , n. the act of ex- 
 amining for correction; that which 
 is revised. 
 
 revival (re-vi'val), n. the act of re- 
 viving; recovery; renewal of life; 
 renewed performance of; reproduc- 
 tion; spiritual awakening. 
 
 revive (re-vlv'), v.i. to recover life; 
 return to vigor or activity, espe- 
 cially from a state of languor, neg- 
 lect, &c: v.t. to restore to life again; 
 renovate; reproduce. 
 
 revivify (re-viv'i-fi) , v.t.^ [j).t. & p.p. 
 revivified, p.pr. revivifying], to re- 
 animate; quicken. 
 
 revocable (rev'o-ka-bl) , adj. that may 
 be revoked. 
 
 revocation (rev-o-ka'shun) , n. the act 
 of revoking; recall; repeal; reversal. 
 
 revoke (re-vok'), v.t. to recall; repeal; 
 annul: v.i. to fail to follow suit at 
 cards (see renege) : n. the act of re- 
 voking at cards. 
 
 revolt (re-volf), n. rebellion against 
 constituted authority; insurrection: 
 v.i. to turn away in disgust; to rebel: 
 v.t. overturn; shock. 
 
 revolting (re-volt'ing), p. adj. disgust- 
 ing; repellent. 
 
 revolution (rev-o-lu'shun) , n. the act 
 of revolving; rotation; change or al- 
 teration of system ; motion of a point 
 or line about a center; recurrence or 
 succession; fundamental and sudden 
 change in the government of a coun- 
 try. In history there have been 
 three great revolutions: the English 
 Revolution when Charles I was de- 
 throned (1642); the American Revo- 
 lution (1775) ; and the French Revo- 
 lution (1789). 
 
 revolve (re-volv') , v.i. to turn round, 
 as on an axis; roll in a circle; rotate: 
 v.t. to cause to turn or roll round; 
 meditate or reflect upon. 
 
 revolver (re-vol'ver), n. one who, or 
 that which, revolves; a pistol with 
 revolving barrels, fired successively 
 without reloading. 
 
 revulsion (re-vuTshun) , n. sudden and 
 violent change, especially of feeling; 
 diversion of the cause of a disease 
 from one part of the body to an- 
 other. 
 
 reward (re-ward'), n. something given 
 as a return for good or ill received; 
 recompense; retribution; punish- 
 ment; gift in token of approved 
 merit: v.t. to give in return for good 
 or ill received; recompense; punish. 
 
 reynard (ran'ard), n. the fox. 
 
 rhapsodic (rap-sod'ik) , adj. pertain- 
 ing to, or connected with, rhapsody; 
 unconnected; confused. Also rhap- 
 sodical. [Greek.] 
 
 rhapsodist (rap'so-dist), n. one who 
 makes or recites verses, especially 
 one whose profession was to recite 
 the Homeric or other epics. 
 
 rhapsody (rap'so-di), n. [pi. rhapso- 
 dies (rap'so-diz)], any unconnected 
 or rambling composition, composed 
 under the influence of excitement; 
 part of an epic poem for recitation 
 at one time. 
 
 rheoscope (re'o-skop), n. an appara- 
 tus for detecting an electric current. 
 
 rheostat (re'5-stat), n. an apparatus 
 for regulating an electric current. 
 
 rhetoric (ret'o-rik), n. the art of 
 speaking with elegance and force; 
 declamation; oratory. [Greek.] 
 
 rhetorical (re-tor'i-kal) , adj. pertain- 
 ing to rhetoric; figurative; declama- 
 tory. 
 
 rheum (room), n. the increased ac- 
 tion of the vessels of any organ, es- 
 pecially the lungs or nostrils, pro- 
 ducing an increased discharge of 
 secretions. 
 
 rheumatic (roo-mat'ik) , adj. pertain- 
 ing to, or affected by, rheumatism. 
 Also rheumatical. 
 
 rheumatism (roo'ma-tizm), n. a pain- 
 ful disease of the muscles and joints 
 accompanied by swelling and stiff- 
 ness. 
 
 rhinoceros (ri-nos'er-os), n. a large 
 pachydermatous animal allied to the 
 elephant, with one or two horns on 
 the snout. [Greek .J 
 
 rhinoscope (ri'no-skop), n. an instru- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
RHODIUM 
 
 433 
 
 RIDICULOUS 
 
 ment furnished with a mirror for 
 examining the passages of the nose. 
 
 rhodium (ro'di-um), n. one of the 
 metallic elements, rare and of ex- 
 treme hardness. 
 
 rhomboid (rom'boid), n. a four-sided 
 figure having its opposite sides equal, 
 and its angles not right angles: adj. 
 lozenge-shaped. Also rhomboidal. 
 
 rhombus (rom'bus), n. a four-sided 
 figure whose sides are equal and the 
 opposite sides parallel, but which has 
 two of its angles obtuse and two 
 acute; a genus of flat fishes, contain- 
 ing the turbot, &c. 
 
 rhubarb (roo'barb), n. a plant whose 
 leaf-stalks are used for culinary- 
 purposes, and its roots in medicine 
 as a purgative. 
 
 rhumb (rum), n. a circle making any- 
 given angle with the meridian; a 
 point of the compass. 
 
 rhyme (rim), n. the correspondence 
 of the sound of the last word or syl- 
 lable of one verse or line to the sound 
 of the last word or syllable of anoth- 
 er; harmonical succession of sounds; 
 poetry: v.i. to accord in sound; 
 make verses or rhymes: v.t. put into 
 rhyme. Rime (more correctly). 
 
 rhythm (rithm), n. _ the^ correspon- 
 dence measure, or time, in poetry or 
 prose; cadence. 
 
 rhythmic (vith'mik), adj. pertaining 
 to rhythm; harmonical; periodical. 
 Also rhythmical. 
 
 rib (rib), n. one of the curved bones 
 attached to the vertebral column and 
 supporting the lateral walls of the 
 thorax; anything resembling a rib; 
 a piece of timber to shape and 
 strengthen the side of a ship; the 
 main vein of a leaf: v.t. [v.t. & p.p. 
 ribbed, p.pr. ribbing], to furnish, or 
 inclose, with ribs; form with 
 ^ grooves. 
 
 ribald (rib'ald), adj. low; obscure; 
 filthy: n. a vulgar, foul-mouthed, li- 
 ^ centious fellow. 
 
 ribaldry (rib'ald-ri) , n. obscenity. 
 
 ribbon (rib 'on), n. a fillet or strip of 
 ^silk, &c; narrow strip. 
 
 rice (ris), n. a valuable food grain 
 produced extensively in hot coun- 
 tries. [Franco-Persian.] 
 
 rich (rich), adj. abounding in money 
 or possessions; wealthy; opulent; 
 
 sumptuous; valuable; splendid; fer- 
 tile; fruitful; high-flavored; mel- 
 low; full of beauty; vivid; sweet or 
 harmonious in sound: n. rich people 
 collectively (with the): pi. wealth; 
 affluence. 
 
 rick (rik), n. a pile or heap, as of 
 hay or corn, and usually thatched 
 or sheltered: v.t. to pile or heap in 
 a rick. 
 
 rickets (rik'ets), n. a disease affecting 
 children, characterized by softness 
 and curvature of the bones, due to 
 the absence of lime. Also rachitis. 
 
 rickety (rik'et-i) , adj. t affected with 
 rickets ; feeble in the joints : unsteady : 
 shaky: said also of buildings and 
 things without life. 
 
 rid (rid), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rid, p.pr. 
 ridding], to set free; deliver; clear 
 or destroy by violence: adj. clear; 
 free. 
 
 riddance (rld'ans), n. the act of rid- 
 ding or clearing away; deliverance. 
 
 ridden (rid'n), p.p. of ride. 
 
 riddle (rid'l), n. an enigma; puzzling 
 question; something ambiguous; a 
 large sieve: v.t to solve, as a riddle; 
 to sift by a riddle; perforate with, 
 or as with, shot. 
 
 ride (rid), v.i. & v.t. [p.t. rode, p.p. 
 ridden, p.pr. riding], to be borne 
 along, as on horseback or in a ve- 
 hicle; practice horsemanship; man- 
 age a horse well; sit, float or rest 
 on; to sit on so as to be carried; 
 manage insolently at will: n. excur- 
 sion on horseback or in a vehicle; 
 drive; road. 
 
 rideau (re-do'), n. a small mound to 
 cover a camp from the approach of 
 the enemy. [French.] 
 
 rider (rid'er), n. one who rides on, 
 breaks, or manages, a horse; an ad- 
 ditional clause to a document; sub- 
 sidiary problem. 
 
 ridge (rij), n. anything formed like 
 an animal's back, as a continuous 
 range of hills, &c.;^ crest of a roof: 
 v.t. to form or furnish with a ridge; 
 wrinkle. 
 
 ridicule (rid'i-ktil), n. words or ac- 
 tion designed to bring the subject of 
 it into contempt; banter; mockery: 
 v.t. to treat or address with ridicule; 
 expose to contempt; laugh at. 
 
 ridiculous (ri-dik'u-lus) , adj. de- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
RIDING 
 
 434 
 
 RIOT 
 
 serving or exciting ridicule; prepos- 
 terous; absurd; ludicrous; droll. 
 
 riding (rid'ing), p.adj. employed for 
 traveling: n. a road cut through a 
 wood or ground for riding upon. 
 
 rife (rif), adj. prevalent, common. 
 
 riff-raff (rif'raf), n. refuse; the rab- 
 ble. 
 
 rifle (rl'fl), n. a musket with the bar- 
 rel spirally grooved: pi. troops 
 armed with rifles: v.t. to groove spi- 
 rally; pillage. [Danish.] 
 
 rift (rift), n. an opening or split in 
 anything; fissure: v.t. to cleave or 
 split. 
 
 rig (rig), n. a practical joke or frolic; 
 dress; manner of fitting the masts 
 and rigging to the hull of a vessel: 
 v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rigged, p.pr. rig- 
 ging], to furnish or fit with rigging; 
 dress (with out). 
 
 rigger (rig'er), n. one whose occupation 
 is to fit the rigging of a vessel; a 
 band-wheel with a flat or slightly 
 curved rim. 
 
 rigging (rig'ing), n. the cordage or 
 ropes by which the masts of a ves- 
 sel are supported, and the sails ex- 
 ^ tended or furled. 
 
 right (rit), adj. according to truth, 
 justice, or law; correct; fit; true; 
 exact; most direct; noting the side 
 opposed to the left; most conven- 
 ient ; well performed ; rising perpen- 
 dicularly: adv. in a right line; just- 
 ly: n. uprightness; truth; justice; 
 rectitude; propriety; virtue; legal 
 claim; the right side: v.t. to set up- 
 right; make right or straight; cor- 
 rect; do justice to: v.i. to recover 
 the vertical position: inter j. well 
 done! 
 
 righteous (rit'yus), adj. just; equita- 
 ble; honest; holy; deserved. 
 
 righteousness (rit'yus-nes), n. the 
 quality of being righteous; holiness; 
 justice; moral integrity. 
 
 rightful (rit'fool), adj. having a just 
 claim; accordant with justice. 
 
 rigid (rij'id), adj. not pliant; stiff; 
 inflexible; strict; stern; severely 
 just. [Latin.] 
 
 rigidity (ri-jid'i-ti), n. want of plia- 
 bility; stiffness; resistance to change 
 of form. 
 
 rigmarole (rig'ma-r5l) , n. foolish, 
 disconnected talk; long story. 
 
 rigor (rig'er), n. stiffness or severity; 
 exactitude; strictness; severity of 
 climate. [Latin.] 
 
 rigorous (rig'er-us), adj. character- 
 ized by, or exercising, vigor; stern; 
 inflexible; scrupulously accurate. 
 
 Rigsdag (rigz'dag), n. the Danish 
 parliament. 
 
 rill (ril), n. a small stream or rivu- 
 let: v.i. to run in a small stream. 
 
 rim (rim), n. a border or margin; 
 raised border; brim: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 rimmed, p.pr. rimming], to furnish 
 with a rim. 
 
 rime (rim), n. hoar-frost; another 
 form of rhyme: v.i. to congeal into 
 hoar-frost. 
 
 rimple (rim 'pi), n. a wrinkle or fold: 
 v.t. to become wrinkled. 
 
 rind (rind), n. the outer covering of 
 fruit, &c; bark: v.t. to strip the 
 rind from. 
 
 ring (ring), n. a circle; anything cir- 
 cular in form; small hoop worn on 
 the finger or used as a means of at- 
 tachment; circular area or course; 
 combination for private ends; pu- 
 gilists or betting-men collectively 
 (with the) : v.i. [p.t. rang, p.p. rung, 
 p.pr. ringing], to sound as a bell 
 when struck; practice the art of 
 ringing bells; tingle: v.t. to cause to 
 sound, as metal when struck; sound 
 aloud or abroad. 
 
 ringing (ring'ing), p.adj. sounding like 
 a bell; resonant : n. the act of sound- 
 ing as a bell ; sound as of a bell ring- 
 ing. 
 
 ringleader (ring'le-der), n. the head 
 of a riotous body or faction. 
 
 ringlet (ring'let), n. a little ring; 
 curl. 
 
 rink (ringk), n. a long clear space on 
 the ice used for curling; a ground 
 for skating upon: v.i. to skate on a 
 rink. 
 
 rinse (rins), v.t. to cleanse lightly with 
 clean water; cleanse repeatedly; 
 give a final cleansing to after wash- 
 ing : n. a cleansing with a second 
 application of clean water. 
 
 riot (ri'ot), n. uproar; tumult; noisy 
 revelry; luxurious excess; disturb- 
 ance of the public peace by more 
 than three persons: v.i. to raise an 
 uproar; go to excess in sensual in- 
 dulgence; be highly excited. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; ndte, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
RIOTOUS 
 
 435 
 
 ROAR 
 
 riotous (ri'ot-us), adj. indulging in 
 riot or excess; licentious; noisy; tur- 
 bulent; seditious. 
 
 rip (rip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ripped, p.pr. 
 ripping], to divide by tearing or out- 
 ting; cut asunder; disclose; undo the 
 seam of: v.i. to swear (with out): 
 n. a rent or tear; a rogue or loose 
 woman. 
 
 ripe (rip), adj. brought to maturity 
 or perfection; ready for harvest; fit 
 for use; complete; resembling ripe 
 fruit. 
 
 ripen (rip'en), v.t. to make ripe; bring 
 to perfection: v.i. to grow ripe. 
 
 ripeness (rip'nes), n. the state or qual- 
 ity of being ripe ; maturity. 
 
 ripper (rip'er), n. one who, or that 
 which, rips; something or somebody 
 super-excellent. 
 
 ripping (rip'ing), p. adj. exciting; joy- 
 ous; startlingly interesting. [Eng- 
 lish.] 
 
 ripple (rip'l), n. a small curling wave 
 on the surface of water; the sound 
 made by such waves; large comb for 
 cleansing flax: v.t. to cover with 
 small curling waves; cleanse with a 
 ripple. 
 
 rippling (rip 'ling), n. the breaking of, 
 or sound made by, ripples; the act 
 of cleansing flax by a ripple. 
 
 rise (riz), v.i. [p.t. rose, p.p. risen, 
 p.pr. rising], to ascend; get up from 
 the ground or recumbent position; 
 begin to stir; swell in quantity or 
 extent; grow upward; spring; tower 
 up; appear above the horizon; come 
 in view or existence; be promoted; 
 thrive; be hostile; close a session; 
 ascend from the grave: n. the act of 
 rising; ascent; elevated place; ap- 
 pearance above; origin; source; in- 
 crease of price or value, social ad- 
 vancement or distinction; anger (in 
 " take the rise out of"). # 
 
 risible (riz'i-bl), adj. having the fac- 
 ulty or power of laughing; inclined 
 to laugh ; causing laughter. 
 
 rising (riz'ing), n. insurrection; an as- 
 cent; closing of a session: adj. in- 
 creasing, as in wealth or influence; 
 appearing above the horizon; reviv- 
 ing from death. 
 
 risk (risk), n. possibility of loss or in- 
 jury; hazard; peril; clanger: v.t. to 
 hazard; venture upon. 
 
 rissole (ris'ol), n. a savory mince in- 
 closed in a thin batter paste and 
 fried. [French.] 
 
 rite (rit), n. a solemn religious act; 
 external religious observance. 
 
 ritual (rit'u-al), adj. pertaining to, 
 consisting of, or prescribing, rites: 
 n. manner 01 performing divine serv- 
 ice; a book of rites, or manner of 
 service; body of rites used in the 
 Church. [Latin.] m 
 
 ritualism (rit'ti-al-izm), n. a system 
 of ritual or prescribed forms of re- 
 ligion ; excessive observance of forms 
 in divine worship; Tractarianism ; 
 Anglo-Catholicism, especially as em- 
 phasized by the use of Eucharistic 
 vestments. 
 
 rival (ri'val) n. one who strives to 
 equal or excel another in the same 
 object or pursuit; competitor; an- 
 tagonist : adj. having the # same 
 claims; emulous: v.t. to strive to 
 equal or excel: emulate. [Latin.] 
 
 rivalry (ri'val-ri) , n. competition ; emu- 
 lation. 
 
 rive (rlv), v.t. [p.t. rived, p.p. riven, 
 p.pr. riving], to be split or torn 
 asunder: n. a rent, tear, or split. 
 
 river (riv'er) , n. a large running stream 
 of water flowing into the sea or an- 
 other river; copious flow. [Latin.] 
 
 rivet (riv'et), n. a short metal bolt 
 clinched by hammering: v.t. to se- 
 cure with, or as with, a rivet; 
 clinch; make firm or secure. 
 
 rivulet (riv'u-let), n. a little stream. 
 
 roach (roch), n. a fresh-water fish; a 
 cockroach. [Old French.] 
 
 road (rod), n. a public way for trav- 
 eling upon; path; way: pi. a place 
 where ships may ride safely at an- 
 chor. Roadstead. 
 
 roadster (rod'ster), n. a horse suited 
 for travelling; a bicycle for road- 
 work; an automobile that makes 
 steady speed; a vessel which works 
 by tides. . 
 
 roam (rom), v.i. to wander about 
 without any definite object; ramble: 
 v.t. to wander over. [Old French.] 
 
 roan (ron), adj. of a bay or dark 
 color with a shade of red: n. a roan 
 color ;_ grained sheepskin leather. 
 
 roar (ror), n. the deep full cry of a 
 large animal; a cry as in distress; 
 any loud noise; loudly expressed 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 88 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ROAST 
 
 436 
 
 ROMANTICISM 
 
 mirth; sound of the wind or sea: v.i. 
 to utter a roar: v.t. to utter in a 
 roar. 
 
 roast (rost), v.t. to cook before a 
 fire; heat too violently or to excess; 
 parch by exposure to heat ; burn 
 (broken ore to free it from extrane- 
 ous matter) ; to banter or ridicule ; 
 criticise severely: v.i. to be roasted: 
 adj. roasted: n. that which is roasted. 
 
 rob (rob), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. robbed, p.pr. 
 robbing], to steal; plunder. 
 
 robbery (rob'er-i), n. theft; the felo- 
 nious and forcible taking away the 
 money and goods of another. 
 
 robe (rob), n. a loose outer garment; 
 state dress ; an elegant gown ; dressed 
 skin of a buffalo : v.i. to put on robes : 
 v.t. to invest with a robe ; dress ; array. 
 
 robin (rob 'in), n. the redbreast. 
 
 robust (ro-busf), adj. hardy; strong; 
 vigorous; muscular. [Latin.] 
 
 rochet (rocb/et), n. a linen vestment 
 worn by a bishop resembling a sur- 
 plice open at the sides. [Old French.] 
 
 rock (rok), n. a large mass of stone 
 or stony matter; any mineral de- 
 posit; natural deposit of sand, earth, 
 or clay; firm or immovable defense; 
 a movement backwards and for- 
 wards; distaff: v.t. to cause to move 
 backwards and forwards; lull to 
 sleep: v.i. to move backwards and 
 forwards. 
 
 rocket (rok'et), n. a firework made of a 
 case filled with saltpeter, sulphur, 
 and charcoal, fastened to a stick, 
 and which, on being_ ignited, is pro- 
 jected through the air. 
 
 rod (rod), n. a long twig or shoot of 
 any woody plant; a wand: instru- 
 ment of punishment; cane; a fish- 
 ing-rod; scepter; measure of length, 
 I hYz yards. 
 [rode (rod), p.t. of ride. 
 
 rodent (ro'dent), adj. gnawing: n. 
 any animal of the Rodentia, an order 
 of_ Mammalia, containing the rats, 
 mice, squirrels, &c. 
 
 roe (ro), n. a species of deer, the roe- 
 buck; the female of the hart; the 
 spawn or sperm of fishes. 
 
 Roentgen rays (rent'gen raz), n. a 
 form of radiant energy emanating 
 from the surface of an electrically 
 excited vacuum tube opposite the 
 cathode electrode, having power of 
 
 penetrating objects impervious to 
 light or heat rays, affecting sensi- 
 tive photographic films, and excit- 
 ing fluorescence in certain salts. 
 Also called X-rays. 
 
 rogation (ro-ga/shun), n. a litany; 
 supplication. [Latin.] 
 
 rogue (rog), n. a dishonest person; 
 knave; a sly, mischievous person; 
 wag; term of endearment. [Old 
 French.] 
 
 roguery (rog'er : i), n. knavish or dis- 
 honest practices; cheating; mis- 
 chievous or waggish conduct. 
 
 roguish (rog'ish), adj. fraudulent; dis- 
 honest ; somewhat mischievous or sly. 
 
 roil (roil), v.t. to render turbid; vex 
 ^or irritate. [Old French.] 
 
 role (rol), n. a part or character in a 
 play, &c. ; function or part. [French.] 
 
 roll (rol), v.i. to turn like a wheel or 
 on an axis; move in a circular direc- 
 tion; be moved with violence; rock; 
 wallow; make a long deep sound: 
 v.t. to revolve; in wrap; mov r e on 
 wheels ; spread flat under a roller : n. 
 the act of rolling; that which rolls; 
 a writing or paper rolled upon it- 
 self; an official document; list or 
 register; kind of fancy bread; con- 
 tinued deep sound, as of a drum 
 beaten, thunder, &c; twist of to- 
 bacco. 
 
 roller (rol'er), n. one who, or that 
 which, rolls; a cylinder used for 
 grinding, smoothing, flattening, &c; 
 long heavy wave; long broad band- 
 age; a kind of crow. 
 
 rollick (rol'ik), v.i. to move or act 
 with a careless, swaggering air. 
 
 rollicking (rol'ik-ing), adj. jovial; 
 careless; swaggering. 
 
 roly-poly (ro'li-po'li), n. & game in 
 which by rolling a ball into a certain 
 hole it wins; a kind of jam pudding. 
 
 romance (ro-mans'), n. a work of fic- 
 tion or adventure; novel; fable: v.i. 
 to invent and tell fictitious stories; 
 exaggerate; lie. 
 
 romantic (ro-man'tik), adj. pertain- 
 ing to, or of the nature of, romance; 
 extravagant; fanciful; ideal; full of 
 wild and fantastic scenery. 
 
 romanticism (ro-man'ti-sizm), n. the 
 state or quality of being romantic; 
 the reactionary movement begun 
 in Germany in the eighteenth century 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book : 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ROMP 
 
 437 
 
 ROT 
 
 in opposition to cold classical literary 
 forms. 
 
 romp (romp), n. an unrestrained,, 
 boisterous girl; rough play or frolic: 
 v.i. to play in a boisterous, unre- 
 strained manner. 
 
 ronde (rond), n. a kind of type. 
 
 rondeau (ron'do). n. [pi. rondeaux 
 (ron'doz)], a little poem of thirteen 
 verses or lines; a light air or jig 
 [Mus.]. Also rondo. 
 
 rood (rood), n. forty square poles or 
 perches: a cross or crucifix. 
 
 roof (roof), n. the top covering of a 
 house or other building; canopy; 
 palate of the mouth: v.t. to cover 
 with a roof. 
 
 rook (rook), n. a bird of the crow 
 family: a swindler or sharper ;_ the 
 castle in chess: v.t. & v.i. to swindle 
 or cheat. 
 
 rookery (rook'er-i), n. a group of nests 
 on trees where rooks resort; colony 
 of rooks; place of low resort; low 
 slum. 
 
 room (room), n. unoccupied place or 
 space; apartment of a house; free- 
 dom to act; opportunity; place of 
 another; a deep blue dye: v.i. to 
 lodge. 
 
 roost (roost), n. the pole, perch, &c, 
 upon which a bird rests at night; 
 number of fowls resting together: 
 v.i. to sit or sleep upon a perch, &c; 
 lodge. 
 
 rooster (roos'ter), n. the domestic 
 cock. 
 
 root (root), n. that part of a plant 
 that descends and fixes itself in the 
 earth by which the plant is nour- 
 ished; edible root; anything resem- 
 bling a root; foundation; basis or 
 origin; fundamental note of any 
 chord [Music]; that quantity which 
 multiplied by itself produces a given 
 quantity; the part of a word which 
 expresses its primary or essential 
 meaning, as distinguished from a 
 derivative: v.t. to fix by the root; 
 plant in the earth; implant deeply; 
 to dig or burrow with the snout; 
 eradicate (with out): v.i. to take root. 
 
 rope (rop), n. a thick cord, usually 
 over one inch in circumference, of 
 several strands twisted together; 
 small cable; halter; series of things 
 connected: v.t. to fasten or draw 
 
 with a rope; curb (a horse) so as to 
 prevent him winning a race: v.i. to 
 draw into viscous threads. 
 
 rosary (ro'za-ri), n. [pi. rosaries (ro'za- 
 riz)l a garland or chaplet; a string 
 of threaded beads by which prayers 
 are counted ; the prayers repeated as 
 thus counted. 
 
 rose (roz), n. a plant of the genus 
 Rosa or its well known flower; rose- 
 color; knot of ribbons; rosette; a 
 perforated nozzle: p.t. of rise. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 roseate (ro'ze-at), adj. rose-colored; 
 rose-like; blooming. 
 
 rosebud (roz 'bud), n. the flower of 
 the rose just before it has opened. 
 By analogy a young girl, still gentle 
 and innocent. 
 
 rose-diamond (roz'di-a-mund), n. a 
 diamond cut into twenty-four tri- 
 angular facets. 
 
 rosemary (roz'ma-ri), n. a sweet- 
 smelling evergreen shrub from which 
 an aromatic water is distilled. In 
 Southern Europe it bears a blue 
 flower. [Old French.] 
 
 rosette (ro-zet'). n. a cluster of rib- 
 bons arranged like a rose. 
 
 rosewood (roz'wood), n. a Brazilian 
 wood used as a veneer. 
 
 rosin (roz 'in), n. another form of 
 resin; specifically, inspissated tur- 
 pentine: v.t. to rub with rosin. 
 
 ross (ros), n. the outer rough bark 
 of trees; tan bark: v.t. to remove 
 the outer bark or rough surface 
 of. 
 
 roster (ros'ter), n. list or muster-roll 
 showing how the duties of military 
 officers, regiments, &c, are regu- 
 lated. 
 
 rostrum (ros'trum), n. [pi. rostrums 
 (ros'trumz) or rostra (ros'tra)], the 
 beak of a bird; in ancient Rome, a 
 pulpit or elevated platform in the 1 
 Forum, adorned with the beaks or 
 prows of ships taken from the ene- 
 my, and from which orators ad- 
 dressed the people: hence a pulpit 
 or platform; the prow of an ancient 
 war vessel. [Latin.] 
 
 rosy (r5z'i), adj. like a rose; red; 
 blooming; charming; very favorable. 
 
 rot (rot), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. rotted, p.pr. 
 rotting], to putrefy or become de- 
 composed; decay: v.t. to make pu- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue. hut ; think, then. 
 
ROTARY 
 
 438 
 
 ROYAL 
 
 trid or corrupt: n. putrefaction; de- 
 composition; nonsense. 
 
 rotary (ro'ta-ri), adj. turning on an 
 axis; pertaining to rotation. Also 
 rotatory. [Latin.] 
 
 rotate (ro'tat), v.t. to revolve on, or as 
 on, an axis; cause to turn: v.i. to 
 turn round like a wheel: adj. wheel- 
 shaped. 
 
 rotation (ro-ta'shun), n. the act of 
 turning round on an axis, like a 
 wheel ; regular succession. 
 
 rotatory (ro'ta-to-ri), same as ro- 
 tary. 
 
 rote (rot), n. mechanical repetition, 
 or learning without understanding. 
 
 rotten (rot'n), adj. putrefied; decom- 
 posed; unsound; a general term of 
 reproach. [Slang.] 
 
 rotund (ro-tund'). adj. spherical. 
 
 rotunda (ro-tun'da), n. a circular 
 domed building. Also rotundo. 
 
 rotundity (ro-tun'di-ti), n. roundness. 
 
 rouble (roo'bl), adj. a Russian silver 
 coin of varying value, used as a 
 monetary unit (about 77 cents). 
 
 roue (roo-a'), n. a fashionable sensual- 
 ist ; confirmed rake ; debauchee. 
 
 rouge (r5ozh), n. a cosmetic of red 
 color used for imparting a tint to 
 the cheeks and lips; a kind of lake 
 color: v.i. to color or paint with 
 rouge. 
 
 rough (ruf), adj. having inequalities 
 on the surface; rugged; not smooth 
 or plane; uneven; uncut; unpol- 
 ished; harsh to the ear; uncivil; 
 austere; cruel; unfeeling; violent; 
 boisterous; hard-featured; shaggy; 
 vague: adv. roughly: v.t. to shape 
 out roughly; furnish (a horse) with 
 roughened shoes; break in (a horse). 
 
 roulette (roo-lef), n. a game of chance 
 played with a revolving disc and 
 ball; a wheeled instrument for mak- 
 ing dotted lines. [French.] 
 
 round (round), adj. circular; spheri- 
 cal; globular; cylindrical^ plump; 
 corpulent ; whole ; considerable ; 
 large: adv. on all sides; circularly; 
 from one side or party to another: 
 n. a circle, sphere, or globe; cir- 
 cuit or tour; routine; step of a 
 ladder; constantly recurring series; 
 cycle; round dance; accustomed 
 walk; volley of firearms; a song in 
 which all the company take part: 
 
 prep, about; on every side of; 
 around: v.t. to make round; travel 
 or pass round: v.i. to go the rounds, 
 as a patrol, &c; grow or become 
 round. [Old French.] 
 roundabout (round'a-bout), adj. in- 
 direct ; encompassing : n. a merry-go- 
 round; a short coat or jacket. 
 roundel (roun'del), n. a circle; roun- 
 delay; a small circular Norman 
 shield; semi-circular bastion. 
 roundelay (roun/de-la), n. an ancient 
 song or dance in which the passages 
 are repeated. 
 round-robin (round-rob'in), n. a pe- 
 tition having the signatures written 
 in a circle so as not to show who 
 signed it first. 
 rouse (rouz), v.t. to awaken; stir to 
 thought or action; drive (game) 
 from a covert. 
 rousing (rouz'ing), p. adj. stirring; ex- 
 citing; startling; exceeding. 
 rout (rout), n. total defeat and flight 
 of an army; resulting disorder from 
 such defeat; tumultuous crowd; up- 
 roar; a large evening party; the at- 
 tempt of three or more persons to 
 avenge some common wrong by an 
 illegal act: v.t. to defeat and put to 
 disorderly flight. 
 route (root), n. way or road trav- 
 eled; course; journey; march. 
 routine (roo-ten'), n. course of busi- 
 ness or official duties regularly pur- 
 sued; regular habit or practice. 
 rove (rov), v.i. to wander or ramble: 
 
 v.t. draw through an eye. 
 rover (rov'er), n. a robber; wanderer; 
 
 fickle person. 
 roving (rov'ing), p. adj. rambling. 
 row (ro), n. line, file, or rank; ex- 
 cursion in a row-boat; noisy dis- 
 turbance (rou): v.i. to labor with 
 an oar; be impelled by oars: v.t. to 
 impel by means of oars: as to row 
 a boat. 
 row (row), n. a rough, noisy dispute. 
 rowan (ro'an), n. the mountain-ash. 
 
 Also roan. 
 rowdy (rou'di), n. a rough, riotous 
 
 fellow: adj. rough and riotous. 
 rowlock (ro'lok), n. the crutch or 
 hollow in the gunwale of a boat in 
 which the oar rests in rowing. 
 royal (roi'al), adj. pertaining to a 
 king or to the crown; befitting or 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ROYALISM 
 
 439 
 
 RUG 
 
 like a king; majestic; kingly; no- 
 ble; magnificent; specially patron- 
 ized or founded by a king, or in 
 his service: n. a size of paper, 25 
 x 20 in.; one of the shoots of a 
 stag's head; the highest sail of a 
 ship; a gold coin formerly current 
 in England: pi. the first regiment 
 of foot in the British army (with 
 the). [French.] 
 
 royalism (roi'al-izm), n. adherence to 
 the principles or cause of royalty or 
 government by a king. 
 
 royalist (roi'al-ist), n. an adherent of 
 a king or government by a king. 
 
 royalty (roi'al-ti), n. [pi. royalties 
 (roi'al-tiz)], the character, or status, 
 of a king; person of a king or sover- 
 eign; a certain sum paid to the 
 crown or other proprietor on the 
 produce of a mine, &c. ; a percentage 
 for the use of a patent or copyright ; 
 royal manor. 
 
 rub (rub), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rubbed, 
 p.jpr. rubbing], to apply pressure 
 with motion to the surface of; clean 
 or scour; wipe; polish: v.i. to make 
 a friction; get through difficulties; 
 fret: n. the act of rubbing: that 
 which is rubbed; friction; obstruc- 
 tion; pinch; jibe. [Gaelic] 
 
 rubber (rub'er), n. one who, or that 
 which, rubs; india-rubber; coarse 
 file or whetstone; in card-playing, 
 two games out of three, or the win- 
 ning game: y.i. to pry, or peer. 
 
 rubbish (rub'ish), n. mixed or waste 
 fragments; ruins of buildings; any 
 mingled mass; anything of no 
 value; nonsense. 
 
 rubble (rub'l), n. rough undressed 
 stone; builders' rubbish. 
 
 rubicund (roo'bi-kund) , adj. inclined 
 to red. [French.] 
 
 rubigo (roo'bi-go), n. rust or mildew 
 on plants. [Latin.] 
 
 rubric (roo'brik), n. the directions for 
 liturgical use in prayer-books, for- 
 merly printed in red; title or direc- 
 tion printed in red: v.t. to rubri- 
 cate: adj. pertaining to, or marked 
 in, rubrics; red. 
 
 ruby (roo'bi), n. [pi. rubies (roo'biz)], 
 a precious stone, varying in color 
 from carmine-red to crimson; a size 
 of type used in England, smaller 
 than nonpareil and larger than pearl. 
 
 ruche (roSsh), n. frilled, or plaited 
 lace, silk, &c, for edging dresses, 
 &c. Also niching: v.t. to make, or 
 ornament with, a ruche. [French.] 
 
 ruck (ruk), v.t. to wrinkle or crease: 
 n. a wrinkle or crease; a heap; a 
 fag-end; the crowd of horses that 
 come in at the end of a race. 
 
 ruction (ruk'shun), n. a row; disturb- 
 ance. [Irish slang.] 
 
 rudder (rud'er), n. the frame of wood 
 or metal by which a vessel is steered; 
 anything that directs or governs. 
 
 ruddy (rud'i), adj. approaching to red- 
 ness; florid; fresh-colored; flesh- 
 colored: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ruddied, 
 p.pr. ruddying], to make ruddy. 
 
 rude (rood), adj. [comp. ruder, su- 
 perl. rudest], rough; barbarous; 
 uncultivated; harsh; ignorant; un- 
 polite; tempestuous ; robust ; strong; 
 rugged; crude. [Latin.] 
 
 rudeness (rood'nes), n. the state of 
 being rude; rude conduct; incivility; 
 unskilful ness. _ 
 
 rudiment (rood'j-ment),, n. first 
 principle; anything in its first or 
 undeveloped state: v.t. to instruct in 
 first principles. 
 
 rudimentary (rood-i-men'ta-ri), adj. 
 pertaining to, or containing, first 
 principles; in an undeveloped state. 
 Also rudimental. 
 
 rue (roo), v.t. to lament or be sorry 
 for; repent of: n. an herb of bitter 
 taste and strong odor, used as a 
 medicine. 
 
 rueful (roo'fool), adj. mournful; sad. 
 
 rufi (ruf), n. a large frilled collar; 
 anything plaited; a small fresh- 
 water fish (also ruffe); a kind of 
 snipe {Fern, reeve) ; a kind of 
 pigeon: v.t. to disorder or ruffle; 
 trump at whist instead of following 
 suit. 
 
 ruffian (ruf'i-an), n. a brutal, boister- 
 ous fellow; any base, low character, 
 as a robber, &c. [Old French.] 
 
 ruffle (ruf'l), v.t. to wrinkle, pucker, or 
 disarrange; furnish or adorn with 
 ruffles; annoy or vex: v.i. to grow 
 rough or turbulent; flutter: n. a 
 plaited article of dress; agitation; 
 discomposure; low roll of a drum; 
 usually a mark of honor. [Dutch.] 
 
 rug (rug), n. an adjustable floor cov- 
 ering, usually of a textile heavier 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
RUGATE 
 
 440 
 
 RUPTURE 
 
 than carpeting; a coarse warm nap- 
 py woolen cloth, used as a coverlet 
 or wrap. 
 
 rugate (roo'gat), adj. wrinkled; ridged. 
 Also rugose, rugous. 
 
 rugged (rug'ed), adj. having an un- 
 even surface; rough; shaggy; bru- 
 tal; uncouth; crabbed. 
 
 ruin (roo'in), n. overthrow; destruc- 
 tion; downfall; loss of happiness; 
 cause of destruction or decay ; ruined 
 building, &c: v.t. to pull down, de- 
 stroy, subvert, overthrow, or impov- 
 erish. [Latin?/] 
 
 ruined (roo'ind), adj. demolished; de- 
 stroyed; decayed. 
 
 ruinous (roo'in-us), adj. fallen into 
 ruin; decayed; consisting of ruins; 
 destructive; hurtful. 
 
 rule (rool), n. standard or guide; 
 maxim or precept; government; law 
 or regulation; canon; an instru- 
 ment for drawing lines; method of 
 performing any operation; order 
 made between parties to a suit pn 
 motion, or to regulate the practice 
 of a court: v.t. to govern or control; 
 settle as by a rule; manage or re- 
 strain; establish by a decision; 
 mark with lines: v.i. to decide; ex- 
 ercise superior authority. [Old 
 French.] 
 
 ruler (rool'er) , n. one who rules or gov- 
 erns; an instrument for ruling 
 lines. 
 
 ruling (rool'ing), p.adj. governing or 
 having control; marking with lines; 
 predominant: n. a rule laid down 
 by a judge or court. 
 
 rum (rum), n. spirit distilled from 
 the fermented juice of the sugar- 
 cane, or from molasses: adj. strange; 
 odd. 
 
 rumble (rum'bl), v.i. to make a low, 
 heavy, continued sound: n. a rum- 
 bling sound; seat for servants be- 
 hind a carriage. 
 
 rumbling (rum'bling), adj. making a 
 rumble: n. same as rumble. 
 
 ruminate (ro5'mi-nat) , v.i. to chew 
 the cud; meditate or muse; ponder: 
 v.t. to chew again. 
 
 rummage (rum'aj), v.t. to search 
 carefully for; ransack: v.i. to make 
 a careful search : n. a careful search- 
 ing. 
 
 rumor (roo'mer), n. popular report; 
 
 current story : v.t. to circulate by re- 
 port. [Latin.] 
 
 rump (rump), n. the end of the back- 
 bone of an animal, with its adja- 
 cent parts; buttocks; fag-end. 
 
 rumple (rum 'pi), n. a fold or plait: 
 v.t. to fold or plait; make uneven. 
 
 rumpus (rum 'pus), n. great disturb- 
 ance. 
 
 run (run), v.i. [p.t. ran, p.p. run, p.pr. 
 running], to pass quickly with the 
 legs over the ground; extend; move 
 swiftly; flee for escape; contend in a 
 race; sail; flow; melt; pass; shoot; 
 discharge matter ; make sudden pres- 
 sing demands; continue in time: v.t. 
 to cause to move swiftly; push; 
 force; fuse or melt; smuggle; start 
 as a candidate; pursue in thought: 
 n. the act of running; course run; 
 flow or discharge; free access; dis- 
 tance sailed; sudden pressing de- 
 mand; pair of mill-stones; preva- 
 lence; large grazing ground; in 
 cricket, distance run between the 
 wickets. 
 
 rundle (run'dl), n. the step of a 
 ladder. 
 
 rung (rung), v.t. of ring: n. step of a 
 ladder; a floor-timber in a ship; 
 spar. 
 
 runic (roo'nik), adj. pertaining to, or 
 consisting of, runes: n. the alphabet 
 of the earliest Teutonic and Celtic 
 nations the letters of which consisted 
 principally of straight lines. 
 
 runlet (run'let), n. a rivulet; a small 
 barrel containing about eighteen 
 gallons. 
 
 runnel (run 'el), n. a little brook. 
 
 runner (run'er), n. one who runs; 
 racer; messenger; keel to support a 
 sleigh; roller; slender, prostrate, 
 shooting sprig; revolving millstone; 
 rope to increase the mechanical 
 power of a tackle. 
 
 running (run'ing), adj. moving 
 swiftly; kept for a race; being in 
 motion ; continuous ; discharging pus : 
 n. the act of moving swiftly; that 
 which runs or flows; discharge of 
 pus. 
 
 runt (runt), n. a dwarf animal, usually 
 a pig; stump. 
 
 rupee (roo-pe'), n. an East Indian 
 coin, worth about forty-eight cents. 
 
 rupture (rup'tur), n. the act of 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
 
RURAL 
 
 441 
 
 RYE 
 
 bursting or breaking; state of being 
 broken or violently burst asunder; 
 breach or interruption of friendly- 
 relations; hernia: v.t. to burst or 
 break violently asunder; to affect 
 with hernia: v.i. to suffer a breach 
 or disruption. [Latin.] 
 
 rural (roo'ral), adj. pertaining to, or 
 characteristic of, the country or ag- 
 riculture; rustic. [Latin.] 
 
 ruse (rods), n. a trick; stratagem. 
 
 rush (rush), v.i. to move or press 
 forward with impetuosity; enter 
 with undue eagerness: n. a driving 
 forward with eagerness and haste; 
 a plant of many species growing on 
 wet ground; anything worthless or 
 of little value. 
 
 rusk (rusk), n. a kind of light bis- 
 cuit. 
 
 russet (rus'et), adj. reddish-brown; 
 homespun; coarse: n. russet color; 
 homespun cloth; a variety of apple. 
 
 rust (rust), n. the reddish matter 
 formed on iron and steel ; red oxide 
 of iron; anything resembling rust; 
 mildew on cereals; loss of power by 
 inactivity: v.i. to contract rust; de- 
 generate in idleness: v.t. to cause 
 
 to contract rust; impair by time or 
 inactivity. 
 
 rustic (rus'tik), adj. pertaining to, or 
 characteristic of, the country; ru- 
 ral; artless; unpolished; unadorned: 
 n. a countryman; peasant. [Latin.] 
 
 rusticate (rus'ti-kat) , v.i. to reside in 
 the country: v.t. to banish for a 
 time from college. 
 
 rusticity (rus-tis'i-ti), n. rural man- 
 ners or simplicity; rudeness. 
 
 rustle (rusl), v.i. to make a soft 
 whispering sound, as the rubbing 
 together of silk or dry leaves; to 
 bestir one's self: n. a rustling. 
 
 rusty (rus'ti), adj. covered with rust; 
 impaired by inactivity; rust- 
 covered. 
 
 rut (rut), n. the sexual desire of deer 
 and certain other animals; the track 
 of a wheel ; groove or hollow : v.i. [p.t. 
 & p.p. rutted, p.pr. rutting], to be 
 moved with sexual desire, as deer, 
 &c: v.t. to cut into ruts. 
 
 ruth (rooth), n. pity; compassion; 
 tenderness ; sorrow. 
 
 ruthless (rooth 'les), adj. cruel; piti- 
 less. 
 
 rye (ri), n. a hardy cereal. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
s 
 
 S, the nineteenth letter of the English 
 alphabet. The picture-letter from 
 which it took its form was a Semitic 
 character called " tooth" and roughly- 
 resembling one. Phonetically s is 
 called a vocal alveolar spirant, or 
 more briefly, a sibilant or "hissing 
 letter." This is its most frequent 
 sound. When it represents an origi- 
 nal Indo-European s, it remains s. 
 In words of Latin origin, ti before a 
 vowel is represented in English by 
 the sound sh; as redemptio, redemp- 
 tion (shun). As a symbol in chem- 
 istry, S stands for sulphur. 
 
 Sabbath (sab'ath), n. the seventh day 
 of the week, observed by the Jews 
 as a day of rest, commencing from 
 sunset on Friday and ending at 
 sunset on Saturday; the Christian 
 Sunday. 
 
 saber, sabre (sa'ber), n. a cavalry 
 sword: v.t. to cut, wound, or kill 
 with, or as with, a saber. 
 
 sable (sa'bl), n. a kind of weasel or 
 marten valued for its handsome, 
 dark, glossy fur; it is found chiefly in 
 Siberia, and the true sable (Russian 
 sable) is very costly, when compared 
 with the North American animal. 
 
 sabot (sa-bo'), n. a wooden shoe worn 
 by the peasantry of France, &c. 
 
 sabotage (sa'bo : tazh') , n. injury to the 
 work or establishment of an employer 
 by workmen to reduce output and 
 enforce demands. 
 
 sac (sak), n. a bag or membranous 
 receptacle; cyst; an ancient privi- 
 lege of a lord of a manor to hold a 
 court. 
 
 saccharine (sak'a-rin) , adj. pertaining 
 to, or having the qualities of, sugar: 
 n. the uncrystallized sugar of malt- 
 wort. Saccharine is a coal-tar prod- 
 uct, discovered by Dr. Ira Rem- 
 sen. It is three hundred times 
 sweeter than cane sugar and hence 
 
 is used by those who are com- 
 
 f)elled by disease to eat no sugar. 
 Latin.] 
 
 sacerdotal (sas-er-do'tal), adj. per- 
 taining to priests or to the priest- 
 hood; priestly. [Latin.] 
 
 sachem (sa'chem), n. a North Amer- 
 ican Indian chief. 
 
 sachet (sa-sha/), n. a small bag or 
 cushion filled with a perfume. 
 [French.] 
 
 sack (sak), n. a bag, especially a large 
 coarse bag, for holding grain, &c; 
 quantity contained by a sack; loose 
 garment or cloak; a Spanish dry 
 wine; plunder or pillage by soldiery 
 of a town taken by storm; dismissal 
 (with the): v.t. to plunder or pillage; 
 ravage; dismiss from service. 
 
 sackcloth (sak'kloth), n. coarse mate- 
 rial of which sacks are made; coarse 
 rough cloth worn as a token of 
 mourning. 
 
 sacking (sak'ing), n . coarse material 
 used for making sacks. 
 
 sacrament (sak'ra-ment), n. a sign 
 or pledge of grace; an outward and 
 visible sign of an inward and spir- 
 itual grace, instituted by Jesus 
 Christ; holy baptism, the eucharist, 
 Lord's supper. [Latin.] 
 
 sacred (sa/kred) , > adj. pertaining to 
 religion or to religious uses. 
 
 sacrifice (sak'ri-fis), n. the act of sac- 
 rificing or offering to a deity, es- 
 pecially a victim on an altar; that 
 which is so offered; destruction or 
 giving up one thing for another; 
 goods sold at a loss: v.t. to offer to 
 God or a deity in worship; destroy 
 or surrender to gain some other 
 object; devote with loss; kill; sell 
 at a loss: v.i. to offer sacrifice. 
 
 sacrificial (sak-ri-fish'al), adj. per- 
 taining to, consisting in, or offering, 
 sacrifice. Also sacrificatory. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, Men. 
 
SACRILEGE 
 
 443 
 
 SALACIOUS 
 
 sacrilege (sak'ri-lej), n. the crime of 
 appropriating to one's self or to sec- 
 ular use what is consecrated to God 
 or religion; breaking into a church 
 and committing felony. 
 
 sacristan (sak'ris-tan), n. one who 
 has the care of church vessels and 
 movables. 
 
 sacristy (sak'ris-ti) , n. an apartment 
 in a church where the sacred vessels, 
 vestments, &c, are kept; vestry. 
 
 sacrosanct (sak'ro-sangkt) , adj. pre- 
 eminently sacred or inviolable. 
 
 sacrum (sa'krum), n. a triangular- 
 shaped bone at the base of the ver- 
 tebral column. 
 
 sad (sad), adj. [comp. sadder, superl. 
 saddest], full of grief; mournful; 
 sorrowful; dark-colored. 
 
 sadden (sad'n), v.t. to make sad or sor- 
 rowful; tone down: v.i. to become 
 sad. 
 
 saddle (sad'l), n. a seat, usually of 
 leather, for riding on horseback; 
 anything resembling a saddle; block 
 of wood nailed to the lower yard- 
 arm: v.t. to place a saddle upon; 
 burden or embarrass. 
 
 safe (saf), adj. free from danger, in- 
 jury, or damage, secure; securing 
 from harm; no longer dangerous; 
 sound; sure: n. a fire- or burglar- 
 proof iron or steel chest. [Old 
 French.] 
 
 safe-conduct (saf-kon'dukt) , n. a 
 guard or passport which ensures a 
 safe passage. 
 
 safeguard (safgard), n. one who, or 
 that which, guards or protects; de- 
 fense; protective warrant granted 
 to a foreigner: v.t. to protect or 
 guard safely. 
 
 safety (saf ti), n. freedom from danger, 
 injury, or damage; safe keeping; a 
 bicycle with medium-sized wheels of 
 equal height. 
 
 saffron (saf run), n. a bulbous plant 
 of the genus Crocus, the dried stig- 
 mas of which yield a deep yellow 
 dye; deep yellow: adj. saffron-col- 
 ored. 
 
 sag (sag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sagged, 
 p.pr. sagging], to sink down or 
 yield; incline from an upright or 
 horizontal position; incline to lee- 
 ward: v.t. to cause to give way or 
 incline. 
 
 sagacious (sa-ga'shus), adj. mental- 
 ly quick and discerning; judicious; 
 wise; acute. 
 
 sagacity (sa-gas'i-ti), n. a readiness 
 of apprehension; discriminative in- 
 telligence; acute practical judgment. 
 
 sagas (sa'gaz), n.pl. a class of prose 
 epics embodying the myths and he- 
 roic tales of the ancient Scandi- 
 navians. 
 
 sage (saj), adj. wise; discerning; 
 well-judged; discriminating; charac- 
 terized by wisdom; grave: n. a man 
 of experienced wisdom and of ven- 
 erable age; an aromatic herb. 
 
 sago (sa'go), n. a kind of granulated 
 food-starch from the pith of certain 
 palms. 
 
 sahib (sa-heb')> n. a term of address 
 used in India and Persia to a Euro- 
 pean gentleman; feminine, sahiba 
 (sa-heb 'a). 
 
 said (sed), p.t. & p.p. of say. 
 
 sail (sal), n. a sheet of canvas spread 
 to catch the wind by means of which 
 a vessel is driven forward in the 
 water; ship or vessel; an excursion 
 in some vessel: v.i. to be moved by a 
 sail or sails; commence a voyage; 
 swim; glide through the air; pass 
 smoothly along: v.t. to pass over in 
 a ship; navigate. 
 
 sailing (sal'ing), n. the art of naviga- 
 tion; the act of moving through 
 water, or of setting sail. 
 
 sailor (sal'er), n. a mariner; seaman. 
 
 saint (sant), n. a holy or sanctified 
 person; one eminent for piety and 
 virtue, especially one canonized by 
 the Church of Rome; one blessed in 
 heaven: pi. a name applied to them- 
 selves by the Mormons: v.t. to can- 
 onize: v.i. to act as a saint. [French.] 
 
 sainted (sant'ed), p.p. canonized: adj. 
 pious; holy; departed to heaven. 
 
 saintly (sant'li), adj. like, or befitting, 
 a saint. 
 
 sake (sak), n. end; purpose; cause; 
 account; regard; reason. 
 
 sal, a prefix meaning _ salt, as sal- 
 volatile, aromatic spirit of am- 
 monia. 
 
 salaam (sa-lam'), n. an Oriental 
 form of salutation or respect, mean- 
 ing "peace." [Arabic] 
 
 salacious (sa-la/shus), adj. lustful; 
 impure. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SALAD 
 
 444 
 
 SALVO 
 
 salad (sal'ad), n. raw herbs cut up 
 and dressed with vinegar, oil, &c. 
 
 salamander (sal'a-man-der), n. an 
 amphibious animal resembling a 
 newt, and fabled by the ancients 
 to live in fire. [French.] 
 
 salary (sal'a-ri), n. recompense, usu- 
 ally periodically, for services ren- 
 dered; stipend. 
 
 sale (sal), n. the act of selling; ex- 
 change of a commodity for an agreed 
 price; market; auction; demand. 
 
 salient (sa/li-ent), adj. leaping; prom- 
 inent; noting any^ angle less than 
 two right angles; in heraldry, in a 
 leaping position. [Latin.] 
 
 saliferous (sa-lif 'er-us) , adj. yielding 
 salt. 
 
 saline (sa'lin), adj. consisting of, 
 containing, or like, salt: n. a salt- 
 spring. 
 
 saliva (sa-li'va), n. the watery fluid 
 or spittle secreted in the mouth. 
 
 salivate (sal'i-vat), v.t. to produce an 
 abnormal secretion in the mouth of. 
 
 salivation (sal-i-va'shun) , n. the act of 
 producing an abnormal secretion of 
 saliva. 
 
 sallow (sal'o), adj. of a pale, sickly, 
 yellow color; a small tree of the 
 willow kind. 
 
 sally (sal'i), n. [pi. sallies (sal'iz)], 
 a sudden rushing forth of troops to 
 attack the besiegers; sudden out- 
 burst of wit or fancy; excursion; 
 wild gaiety: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sallied, 
 p.pr. sallying], to rush out as troops 
 from a besieged town; issue or rush 
 forth suddenly. 
 
 salmi (sal 'mi), n. a ragout of roasted 
 game and other ingredients stewed 
 in wine. [French.] 
 
 salmon (sam'un), n. a marine fish 
 of the genus Salmo, which ascends 
 fresh-water rivers to spawn. 
 
 salon (sa-long'), n. a saloon; fine art 
 gallery: pi. fashionable circles or 
 assemblages. [French.] 
 
 saloon (sa-loon'), n. a hall or state 
 apartment; large reception room; 
 fine art exhibition; bar-room or 
 grogshop. 
 
 salsify (sal'si-fi), n. a plant of the 
 aster family, which from the flavor 
 of its edible root is called oyster- 
 plant and vegetable oyster. 
 
 salt (sawlt), n. chloride of sodium, 
 
 used for seasoning and the preserva- 
 tion of meat, &c, obtained from the 
 earth or by the evaporation of sea 
 water; anything like salt; the com- 
 bination of an acid with a base; 
 wit; piquancy (attic salt); a sailor: 
 v.t. to sprinkle or season with salt: 
 adj. flavored, seasoned, or impreg- 
 nated, with salt. 
 
 saltan t (sal'tant), adj. leaping; danc- 
 ing; in heraldry, same as salient. 
 
 salt-cellar (sawlt'sel-ar), n. a small 
 dish for holding salt. 
 
 saltless (sawlt 'les), adj. without salt; 
 insipid. 
 
 saltpetre (sawlt-pe'tr), n. the com- 
 mercial name for nitre. It is im- 
 portant in the manufacture of gun- 
 powder. [French.] 
 
 salubrious (sa-loo'bri-us), adj. healthy. 
 
 salubrity (sa-loo'bri-ti), n. healthful- 
 ness. Also salubriousness. 
 
 salutary (sal'u-ta-ri) , adj. healthful; 
 wholesome; beneficent. 
 
 salutation (sal-u-ta'shun) , n. act or 
 manner of saluting; greeting, or act 
 of paying respect. 
 
 salutatory (sa-lu'ta-to-ri) , adj. salut- 
 ing; greeting: n. the opening oration 
 at the commencement in American 
 schools and colleges; any address of 
 welcome. 
 
 salute (sa-luf), n. a mark of military 
 respect shown by raising the hand 
 to the helmet, &c; a kiss; greeting; 
 salvo of artillery, lowering of a 
 flag, &c, as a mark of honor: v.t. 
 to address with kind wishes; wel- 
 come; greet with a kiss or bow; 
 honor by a salvo of artillery, low- 
 ering a flag, &c: v.i. to make a 
 salute. [Latin.] 
 
 salvable (sal'va-bl), adj. capable of be- 
 ing saved. 
 
 salvage (sal'vaj), n. compensation 
 given to those who assist at saving 
 a vessel or cargo at sea; the goods or 
 vessel saved. 
 
 salvation (sal-va/shun) , n. the act of 
 saving; spiritual deliverance from 
 sin and death. [Latin.] 
 
 salve (sav), n. a healing ointment; a 
 remedy or soothing application. 
 
 salver (sal'ver), n. a tray on which 
 anything is presented. 
 
 salvo (sal'vo), n. a discharge of a num- 
 ber of pieces of artillery, intended 
 
 ate, arm, at, aw 
 
 me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SAMBUR 
 
 445 
 
 SAP 
 
 as a salute; general, simultaneous 
 cheering; (in law) an exception or 
 reservation. 
 
 sambur (sam'ber), n. the elk of the hill- 
 country of India. 
 
 same (sam), adj. identical in kind or 
 degree; exactly alike; before-men- 
 tioned. 
 
 sameness (sam'nes), n. identity; simi- 
 larity. 
 
 samovar (sam'6-var), n. a Russian 
 tea-urn. 
 
 samp (samp), n. hulled Indian 
 corn. 
 
 sample (sam 'pi), n. a specimen; 
 model; pattern; part shown as in- 
 dicative of the quality of the whole : 
 v.t. to show something similar; take 
 a sample of 
 
 sampler (sam 'pier), n. & pattern; a 
 piece of ornamental needlework for 
 practice, &c. 
 
 sanable (san'a-bl), adj. curable. 
 
 sanatorium (san-a-to'ri-um), n. a 
 health retreat; an institution for the 
 care of invalids or the treatment of 
 particular diseases. 
 
 sanatory (san'a-to-ri) , adj. conducive 
 to health. 
 
 sanctification (sangk-ti-fi-ka/shun) , 
 n. the act of sanctifying; state of 
 being sanctified; consecration. 
 
 sanctimonious (sangk-ti-mo 'ni-us) , 
 adj. having the appearance of, or 
 affecting, sanctity; hypocritical. 
 
 sanction (sangk'shun) , n. the act of 
 ratifying, or giving authority to; 
 authority; custom: v.t. to give sanc- 
 tion to; countenance. 
 
 sanctity (sangk'ti-ti) , n. purity ; in- 
 violability ; sacredness ; solemnity ; 
 a saint. 
 
 sanctuary (sangk'tu-a-ri) , _ n. [pi. 
 sanctuaries (sangk'tu-a-riz)], the 
 most retired and sacred part of a 
 temple; consecrated place; temple; 
 part of a church around the altar; 
 inviolable asylum; shelter; ref- 
 uge. 
 
 sanctum (sangk'tum), n. a sacred or 
 private place. 
 
 sand (sand), n. fine particles of 
 crushed or worn rock: -pi. tracts of 
 sand; hours or time one has to live: 
 v.t. to sprinkle with sand. 
 
 sandal (san'dal), n. a kind of shoe 
 fastened by straps to the foot; a 
 
 loose slipper; the official shoe of a 
 Roman Catholic prelate or abbot. 
 
 sandwich (sand'wich), n. two thin 
 slices of bread with ham, &c, be- 
 tween; anything like a sandwich: 
 v.t. to place between two other 
 persons or things. The name comes 
 from Lord Sandwich (about 1660). 
 
 sandy (sand'i), adj. composed of, 
 abounding in, of the color of, or 
 covered with, sand; shifting; un- 
 stable. 
 
 sane (san), adj. mentally sound or 
 healthy. 
 
 sang, p.t. of sing. 
 
 sangaree (sang-ga-re'), n. a beverage 
 of wine or brandy and water spiced 
 with nutmeg. 
 
 sangfroid (sang-frwa/), n. cool in- 
 difference or composure. _ [French.] 
 
 sanguinary (sang'gwi-na-ri), adj. at- 
 tended with much bloodshed; blood- 
 thirsty ; murderous ; cruel. 
 
 sanguine (sang'gwin), adj. warm and 
 ardent in temper; hopeful; confi- 
 dent: n. blood color: v.t. to stain 
 with blood. 
 
 sanguineous (sang-gwin'e-us) , adj. 
 pertaining to, abounding with, or 
 constituting, blood; of a blood 
 color. 
 
 Sanhedrim _ (san-he'drim), n. the 
 great judicial council of the ancient 
 Jews, composed of seventy : one 
 priests, scribeSj and elders, presided 
 over by the high priest. Also San- 
 hedrim 
 
 sanitarium (san-i-ta'ri-um), n. a 
 sanatorium, especially one where the 
 treatment is prophylactic instead of 
 therapeutic. [Latin.] 
 
 sanitary (san'i-ta-ri), adj. pertaining 
 to, connected with, or tending to 
 promote, health, especially by legis- 
 lative enactment; hygienic. 
 
 sanitation (san-i-ta'shun) , n. hygiene. 
 
 sanity (san'i-ti), n. saneness. 
 
 sank (sangk), p.t. of sink. 
 
 sans- gene (sang-jan') , n. a state of irre- 
 sponsibility ; carelessness. [French.] 
 
 sap (sap), n. the watery circulating 
 juice of a plant; alburnum of a 
 tree; vital fluid; an excavated 
 trench for approaching a fort; an 
 ardent student: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 sapped, p.pr. sapping], to deprive of 
 vitality; undermine: v.i. to study 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SAPID 
 
 446 
 
 SATISFY 
 
 ardently, as for an examination; 
 proceed by secretly undermining. 
 
 sapid (sap 'id), adj. savory. 
 
 sapience (sa 'pi-ens), n. knowledge; 
 wisdom. [Latin.] 
 
 sapient (sa'pi-ent), adj. wise; saga- 
 cious. 
 
 sapless (sap'les), adj. without sap; 
 without, energy; nerveless. 
 
 sapling (sap 'ling), n. a young tree. 
 
 saponaceous (sap-o-na'shus), adj. re- 
 sembling, or having the qualities of, 
 soap: unctuous. 
 
 saponify (sa-pon'i-fl) . v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 saponified, p.pr. saponifying], to con- 
 vert into soap by combination with 
 an alkali. 
 
 saporific (sap-o-rif'ik), adj. produc- 
 ing taste. 
 
 saporous (sap'o-rus), adj. having, or 
 stimulating, flavor. 
 
 sapper (sap'er), n. one who saps; a sol- 
 dier employed in sapping or digging 
 trenches. 
 
 sapphire (saf'ir), n. a precious stone 
 of a blue color, a variety of corun- 
 dum. 
 
 sappy (sap'i), adj. full of sap; juicy. 
 
 sappy (sap'i), adj. silly, conceited, 
 foolish. 
 
 sarcasm (sar'kazm), n. a bitter, cut- 
 ting, satirical expression. [French. 1 
 
 sarcastic (sar-kas'tik), adj. bitterly 
 satirical. Also sarcastical. 
 
 sarcology (sar-kol'o-ji), n. that part of 
 anatomy that treats of the soft 
 parts of the body. 
 
 sarcoma (sar-ko'ma), n. a fleshy 
 tumor. Also sarcosis. 
 
 sarcophagus (sar-kof'a-gus), n. a 
 limestone used by the Greeks for 
 coffins, having the property of eating 
 away the flesh ; a stone coffin. 
 
 sarcotic(sar-kot'ik) , adj. flesh-forming. 
 
 sard (sard), n. a precious stone, a 
 deep blood-red variety of carnelian. 
 
 sardine (sar-den'), n. a species of pil- 
 chard, abundant in the Mediterra- 
 nean, and preserved in oil for ex- 
 portation: (sar'din),a precious stone 
 mentioned in Rev. iv., the sardius. 
 
 sardonic (sar-don'ik) , adj. forced, 
 bitter, or heartless: said of a laugh 
 or smile; from a Sardinian herb, 
 reputed to cause convulsive motions 
 of the cheek and lips when eaten. 
 Also sardonian. 
 
 sargasso (sar-gas'o), n. the floating 
 sea- or gulf-weed of the North At- 
 lantic. Also sargassum. 
 
 sarsaparilla (sar-sa-pa-ril'a), n. a 
 twining shrub found in Mexico, &c, 
 the root of which is used as a medi- 
 cine. [Spanish.] 
 
 sartorial (sar-to'ri-al), adj. pertaining 
 to a tailor. [Latin.] 
 
 sash (sash), n. a band, ribbon, or 
 scarf, worn round the waist or over 
 the shoulder; a frame for holding 
 panes of glass: v.t. to furnish with 
 sashes. 
 
 sassafras (sas'a-fras), n. a tree allied 
 to the laurel, with a fragrant root, 
 wood, and flowers. 
 
 sat, p.t. of sit. 
 
 Satan (sa'tan), n. the Devil. [French.] 
 
 satchel (sach el), n. a small bag for 
 carrying books, papers, &c; any 
 handbag. [Old French.] 
 
 sate (sat), v.t. to satisfy the appe- 
 tites or desires of. 
 
 sateen (sa-ten'), n. a woolen or cot- 
 ton fabric made in imitation of 
 satin. 
 
 satellite (sat 'el-it), n. a small planet 
 revolving round a larger one; an 
 obsequious attendant. [Latin.] 
 
 satiate (sa'shi-at), v.t. to fill, or grat- 
 ify fully; surfeit; glut: adj. glutted. 
 
 satiety (sa-ti'e-ti), n. fulness of grati- 
 fication beyond desire; repletion. 
 
 satin (sat 'in), n. a closely woven 
 glossy silk: adj. made of, or like, 
 satin. [French.] 
 
 satire (sat'ir), n. a species of poetry 
 in which vice and folly are held up 
 to ridicule by sarcasm, burlesque 
 and parody. _ [Latin.] 
 
 satiric (sa-tir'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
 or containing, satire; addicted to 
 satire. Also satirical. 
 
 satirize (sat'i-riz), v.t. to assail or 
 ridicule with satire and mockery. 
 
 satisfaction (sat-is-f ak'shun) , n. the 
 act of satisfying; the state of being 
 satisfied; contentment; gratification; 
 payment; redress; conviction. 
 
 satisfactory (sat-is-f ak'to-ri) , adj. 
 giving satisfaction or content: mak- 
 ing redress; relieving the mind from 
 doubt or uncertainty. [Latin.] 
 
 satisfy (sat'is-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. satis- 
 fied, p.pr. satisfying], to gratify to 
 the fullest degree; free from doubt 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mire, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 
 hue. hut : think, then. 
 
SATRAP 
 
 447 
 
 SCAB 
 
 or uncertainty; pay in full; dis- 
 charge: v.i. to give satisfaction; 
 make atonement or payment. 
 
 satrap (sa'trap), n. a kind of viceroy 
 among the ancient Persians. , 
 
 satrapy (sa'tra-pi), n. the government 
 or jurisdiction of a satrap. 
 
 saturate (sat'u-rat), v.t. to soak or im- 
 bue. 
 
 saturation (sat-u-ra 'shun) , n. the act 
 of saturating; the state of being sat- 
 urated; impregnation of one sub- 
 stance by another until the latter 
 can contain no more. 
 
 Saturday (sat'er-da), n. the seventh 
 day of the week, named after N the 
 Roman god, Saturn. 
 
 saturnine (sa'ter-nin) , adj. under the 
 influence of the planet Saturn; dull; 
 morose; gloomy; phlegmatic. 
 
 satyr (sa'ter), n. a sylvan Greek deity, 
 attendant on Bacchus, represented 
 with long, pointed ears, short horns, 
 a man's body, and the legs of a goat. 
 
 sauce (saws), n. a' liquid condiment 
 or seasoning for food; any mixture 
 used as a relish; pertness: v.t. to 
 put sauce into; render pungent; 
 treat with pertness. [French.] 
 
 saucer (saw'ser), n. a shallow piece of 
 china, &c, in which a tea or coffee 
 cup is placed. 
 
 sauciness (saw'si-nes) , n. impudent 
 pertness or boldness. 
 
 saucy (saw'si), adj. [comp. saucier, sw- 
 perl. sauciest], pert; impudent. 
 
 sauerkraut (sour'krout), n. a pickle 
 of chopped cabbage packed in layers 
 with salt between, which causes fer- 
 mentation. [German.] 
 
 saunter (san'ter or sawn'ter), v.i. to 
 wander about idly; loiter; linger: 
 n. a place for sauntering; idle walk 
 or ramble. 
 
 saurian (saw'ri-an), n. any individ- 
 ual of the Sauria, an order of four- 
 legged reptiles having the body fur- 
 nished with scales, as the crocodile 
 and lizard. 
 
 sausage (saw'saj), n. the gut of an 
 animal stuffed with seasoned minced 
 meat; minced meat seasoned with 
 sage, salt,_ pepper, &c. [French.] 
 
 sauterne (so-tern'), n. a French white 
 wine. 
 
 savage (sav'aj), adj. uncivilized; wild; 
 cruel; fierce; pitiless; uncultivated; 
 
 enraged: n. a human being in a 
 rude, uncivilized state; barbarian; 
 a fierce, brutal person. [French.] 
 
 savagery (sav'aj-ri), n. the state of be- 
 ing wild or uncivilized; barbarism; 
 brutal roughness. 
 
 savannah (sa-van'a), n. an extensive 
 open plain or meadow. Also sa- 
 vanna. [Old Spanish.] 
 
 savant (sa-vang'j, n. a man of learn- 
 ing or science. [French.] 
 
 save (sav), v.t. to bring out of dan- 
 ger or preserve from evil; rescue; 
 deliver from spiritual death; pre- 
 vent; lay by; take advantage of: 
 v.i. to be economical: prep, except; 
 not including. 
 
 savin (sav'in), n. an evergreen tree 
 or shrub with a dark foliage with 
 bluish-green berries: > the young 
 leaves and branches yield an active 
 volatile oil used in medicine. Also 
 savine. 
 
 saving (sav'ing), ; adj. preserving; 
 frugal; parsimonious; reserving: n. 
 an exception or reservation: pi. 
 money, &c, saved: prep, with ex- 
 ception in favor of. 
 
 savior (sav'yer), n. one who saves. 
 
 Saviour, n. Jesus Christ, the Re- 
 deemer (with the). 
 
 savor (sa'ver), n. flavor; taste; rel- 
 ish; scent; characteristic property: 
 v.i. to have a particular flavor or 
 smell; exhibit tokens of: v.t. to taste 
 or smell with delight. 
 
 savory (sa'ver-i), n. an aromatic plant. 
 
 saw (saw), n. a cutting steel instru- 
 ment with a toothed edge ; a proverb 
 or wise saying: v.t. to cut with, or 
 as with, a saw: v.i. to be cut with a 
 saw: p.t. of see. 
 
 sawyer (saw'yer), n. one who saws tim- 
 ber into planks; a tree in a river, 
 whose branches, partly above water, 
 sway up and down by the force of 
 the current. 
 
 say (sa), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. said (sed), p.pr. 
 saying], to utter in words; declare; 
 speak; decide; allege; pronounce; 
 intone: v.i. to speak; relate; answer: 
 imper. tell me: n. something said; 
 speech; remark. 
 
 saying (sa'ing), n. the act of speak- 
 ing; expression; saw; adage. 
 
 scab (skab) , n. an incrustation formed 
 over a wound; a contagious disease 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SCABBARD 
 
 448 
 
 SCAPEGOAT 
 
 in sheep; a workman who refuses 
 to join a strike, or who takes the 
 place abandoned by a striker. 
 
 scabbard (skab'ard), n. the sheath in 
 which the blade of a sword is kept: 
 v.t. to put into a scabbard. 
 
 scabies (ska/bi-ez), n. the itch. [Latin.] 
 
 scabrous (ska'brus), adj. rough to the 
 touch; uneven; dotted; scaly. 
 
 scaffold (skaf'old), n. a temporary 
 timber stage or structure; an ele- 
 vated platform for the execution 
 of a criminal: v.t. to furnish or sup- 
 port with a scaffold. 
 
 scaffolding (skaf 'old-ing) , n. a scaf- 
 fold ; materials for erecting scaffolds ; 
 framework. 
 
 scalawag (skal'a-wag) , n. a scamp; 
 scapegrace. [Americanism.] 
 
 scald (skawld) , v.t. to burn with hot 
 liquid or steam; injure by contact 
 with any hot fluid; expose to violent 
 heat over a fire or hot liquid: n. a 
 burn or injury to the skin or flesh 
 from a hot liquid or steam; scab or 
 scurf on the head; one of the old 
 Scandinavian poets, who recited or 
 sang heroic poems (also skald). 
 
 scale (skal), n. the dish of a balance; 
 a balance; an instrument or ma- 
 chine for weighing; the small bony 
 or horny plates covering a fish, cer- 
 tain reptiles, and insects; any thin 
 plate or layer; the thin oxide which 
 forms on the surface of iron f org- 
 ings; incrustation on the interior of 
 a boiler; a series of steps; gradu- 
 ated measure; series of all the tones 
 [Music]; relative dimensions; basis 
 for a numerical system; a scale- 
 insect, or bark-louse, very destruc- 
 tive to fruit-trees: v.t. to strip or 
 clear of scales; weigh; climb over, 
 as by a ladder ; clamber up ; ascend 
 by steps or by climbing: v.i. to 
 separate and come off in layers. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 scalene (ska-len'), adj. having the 
 sides and angles unequal: said of a 
 triangle. 
 
 scallop (skol'op), n. a marine bi- 
 valve fish, having the edge of its 
 shell in the form of a series of 
 curves; the shell was formerly worn 
 by pilgrims who had visited the 
 Holy Land; a curving or recess: 
 
 v.t. to cut the edge or border of, in 
 scallops or curves. [French.] 
 
 scalp (skalp), n. the skin on the top 
 of the head from which the hair 
 grows; the skin and hair of the 
 head torn off by the North Ameri- 
 can Indians in token of victory: 
 v.t. to deprive of the scalp: v.i. to 
 make a small quick profit by slight 
 fluctuations of the market; to sell 
 railway tickets at less than the com- 
 pany's rates. [Latin.] 
 
 scalpel (skal'pel), n. a small keen- 
 edged knife used in surgery. 
 
 scamp (skamp), n. a rascal; worth- 
 less fellow; rogue: v Jt. to execute or 
 perform in a superficial or careless 
 manner and with bad material. 
 
 scamper (skam'per), v.i. to run with 
 speed; hasten away: n. a hasty 
 flight. 
 
 scan (skan), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. scanned, 
 p.pr. scanning], to examine by count- 
 ing the metrical feet or syllables; 
 scrutinize or examine carefully. 
 
 scandal (skan'dal), n. offense occa- 
 sioned by the faults of another; 
 something uttered that is false and 
 injurious to the reputation; oppro- 
 brium; defamation. [French.] 
 
 scandalize (skan'dal-iz), v.t. to offend 
 by s me supposed improper action 
 or conduct. 
 
 scandalous (skan'dal-us), adj. giving 
 offense to the conscience or moral 
 sense; exciting condemnation or op- 
 probrium. 
 
 scant (skant), odj. [comp. scanter, 
 superl. scantest], not Ml or abun- 
 dant; scarcely sufficient: v.t. to 
 stint; treat illiberally; limit: v.i. to 
 fail or become diminished. 
 
 scantiness (skant'i-nes), n. the state 
 or quality of being scanty. Also 
 ; cantness. 
 
 scantling (skant'ling), n. a piece of 
 timber cut or sawn of small size; # the 
 size to which a piece of timber is to 
 be cut. 
 
 scanty (skant'i), adj. [comp. scantier, 
 superl. scantiest], narrow; barely suf- 
 ficient; scant. 
 
 scape (skap), n. the shaft of a col- 
 umn where it leaves the base: v.t. & 
 v.i. to escape. [Poe .] 
 
 scapegoat (skap 'got), n. among the 
 ancient Jews one of the two goats 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut"; think, then. 
 
SCAPEGRACE 
 
 449 
 
 SCHISM 
 
 determined by lot, over whose head 
 the high priest confessed the sins 
 of the people, after which it was 
 sent away into the wilderness: hence 
 one who bears the blame for others. 
 
 scapegrace (skap'gras), n. a graceless, 
 unprincipled fellow. 
 
 scapula (skap'u-la), n. the shoulder- 
 blade. [Latin.] 
 
 scar (skar), n. a mark caused by a 
 wound; mark or blemish; a pre- 
 cipitous rock or bank; the parrot- 
 fish: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. scarred, p.pr. 
 scarring], to mark with, or as with, 
 a scar; v.i. to form a scar. 
 
 scarab (skar'ab), n. a lamellicorn 
 beetle, scarabaeus; a gem or seal 
 cut in the form of a beetle worn as 
 a charm by the ancient Egyptians. 
 
 scarce (skars), adj. not common; not 
 plentiful; not equal to the demand. 
 
 scarcely (skars'li), adv. seldom; rarely; 
 with difficulty. 
 
 scare (skar), v.t. to strike with sud- 
 den terror; frighten: n. a sudden 
 fright or panic. 
 
 scarecrow (skar'kro), n. anything fan- 
 tastic set up in fruit gardens, &c, to 
 scare away birds; a vain cause of 
 terror. 
 
 scarf (skarf), n. a light handkerchief 
 or tie for the neck; sash: v.t. throw 
 on loosely; dress with a scarf; to 
 unite (two pieces of timber) at the 
 ends by a kind of dovetail. 
 
 scarify (skar'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. scari- 
 fied, p.pr. scarifying], to scratch or 
 cut; make small incisions in by a 
 lancet or scarificator: as, to scarify 
 the skin; to stir up and prepare for 
 planting: as, to scarify the soil. 
 
 scarlatina (skar-la-te'na), n. scarlet 
 fever of a mild form. 
 
 scarlet (skar'let), n. a bright red color; 
 cloth of such a color: adj. of a scar- 
 let color. 
 
 scarp (skarp), n. a slope or declivity, 
 nearly perpendicular; the slope of a 
 ditch at the foot of a parapet: v.t. 
 to cut perpendicularly or nearly so. 
 
 scary (ska/ri), adj. causing, or sub- 
 ject to, sudden fright. 
 
 scathe (skMh), v.t. to injure or hurt: 
 n. injury or harm. 
 
 scathing (skatfi'ing), adj. injurious; 
 hurtful; very severe or bitter. 
 
 scatter (skat'er), v.t. to strew or throw 
 
 loosely about; disperse or dissipate: 
 v.i. to be dispersed or dissipated. 
 
 scatterbrained (skat'er-brand), adj. 
 giddy. 
 
 scavenger (skav'enj-er), n. a man em- 
 ployed to clean the streets; any ani- 
 mal that devours refuse or any other 
 deleterious matter, as the scavenger- 
 beetle, the fiddler crab, the buzzard, 
 &c. [Old French.] 
 
 scenario (sha-na're-o) , n. the sketch 
 of a plot or chief incidents of a li- 
 bretto or play. [Italian.] 
 
 scene (sen), n. the time, place, or cir- 
 cumstance, &c, in which anything 
 occurs; part of a play; the imagi- 
 nary place where the action of a 
 play is supposed to take place; spec- 
 tacle; exhibition; display of feeling 
 or passion between two or more per- 
 sons. 
 
 scenery (sen'er-i), n. the appearance 
 of anything presented to the vision; 
 general aspect; combination of nat- 
 ural views; painted representation 
 on a stage. 
 
 scenic (sen'ik), adj. pertaining to scen- 
 ery or to the stage; dramatic. Also 
 scenical. 
 
 scenographic (sen-o-graf'ik), adj. 
 drawn m perspective. 
 
 scent (sent), n. odor; sense of smell; 
 chase followed by means of the 
 scent: v.t. to perceive by the olfac- 
 tory nerves; smell; perfume: v.i. to 
 hunt animals by the sense of smell. 
 
 scepter, sceptre (sep'ter), n. a staff 
 borne by a sovereign as the emblem 
 of authority; royal mace: v.t. to in- 
 vest with regal authority. [Greek.] 
 
 schatchen (shat'shen), n. one whose 
 business it is to arrange marriages; 
 a marriage-broker. [Yiddish.] 
 
 schedule (sked'ul). n. a written or 
 printed paper or parchment contain- 
 ing a list, or inventory ; list or docu- 
 ment annexed to a larger instru- 
 ment, as a will, &c: v.t. to place in 
 a schedule. 
 
 scheme (skem), n. a connected com- 
 bination of things for the attain- 
 ment of a certain end; plan; con- 
 trivance; purpose; plot: v.t. to de- 
 sign or plan; plot: v.i. to form a 
 scheme or plan. [Greek.] 
 
 schism (sizm), n. a split or division, 
 especially permanent division or 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SCHOLAR 
 
 450 
 
 SCORN 
 
 separation in the Christian Church; 
 sin of causing such a division. 
 
 scholar (skol'er), n. a student; dis- 
 ciple; man of letters; an undergrad- 
 uate on the foundation of a col- 
 lege. 
 
 scholarly (skol'er-li), adj. like a 
 scholar: adv. in the manner of a 
 scholar. 
 
 scholarship (skol'er-ship) , n. high at- 
 tainments in literature or science; 
 learning; erudition; maintenance for 
 a scholar, awarded by an educational 
 institution. [Graeco-Latin.] 
 
 scholastic (sko-las'tik) , adj. pertain- 
 ing to a scholar or to schools; scholar- 
 like; characteristic of the mediaeval 
 schoolmen; formal. 
 
 scholiast (sko'li-ast), n. a commen- 
 tator or annotator, especially of the 
 classics. 
 
 scholium (sko'li-um), n. [pi. scholia 
 (sko'li-a)], a marginal or explanatory 
 note, especially on the text of a 
 classic author. 
 
 school (skSol), n. a place where in- 
 struction is given; scholars or pu- 
 pils collectively; a mediaeval sem- 
 inary for teaching theology, logic, 
 and metaphysics; disciples of a par- 
 ticular teacher; canon, precepts, or 
 body of opinion; examination hall; 
 any means of knowledge; a shoal or 
 great number, as of fish: v.t. to 
 train or instruct; chide or admon- 
 ish. [Late Latin.] 
 
 schooner (skoon'er), n. a vessel with 
 two masts, sometimes three, rigged 
 fore and aft; a tall beer-glass. 
 
 sciagraph (si'a-graf), n. the vertical 
 section of a building showing its in- 
 terior. 
 
 sciatica (sl-at'i-ka), n. neuralgia of the 
 sciatic nerve. 
 
 science (sl'ens), n. systematized knowl- 
 edge of any one department of mind 
 or matter; acknowledged truths and 
 laws, especially as demonstrated by 
 induction, experiment, or observa- 
 tion. 
 
 scientific (si-en-tif 'ik) , adj. pertaining 
 to, used in, or skilled in, science; 
 skilful. 
 
 scientist (si'en-tist), n. one skilled in, 
 or devoted to, science. 
 
 scimitar (sim'i-ter), n. an Oriental 
 sword with a curved blade having 
 
 its edge on the convex side. Also 
 scimeter. [Old French.] 
 
 scintilla (sin-til'a), n. a spark; the 
 least particle; a trace. 
 
 scintillate (sin'til-at), v.i. to emit 
 sparks, fire, or igneous particles; 
 twinkle. [Latin.] 
 
 scion (sl'on), n. the sprout or shoot 
 of a plant; a descendant; heir. 
 
 scioptic (si-op'tik), adj. pertaining to 
 the art of exhibiting luminous im- 
 ages in a darkened room or camera 
 obscura. Also scioptric. 
 
 sciopticon (si-op'ti-kon) , n. a magic 
 lantern for exhibiting photographs. 
 
 scissors (siz'erz), n.pl. a cutting in- 
 strument resembling shears but 
 smaller. 
 
 sclerosis (skle-ro'sis) , n. the harden- 
 ing of a tissue of the body, as in the 
 membrane of the eye, or those of 
 the brain. 
 
 scoff (skof), n. an expression of scorn 
 or contempt; ridicule; derision: v.i. 
 to exhibit scorn or contempt: v.t. to 
 treat or_ address with derision. 
 
 scold (skold), v.i. to chide sharply or 
 rudely; rail in a loud or violent 
 manner: v.t. to find fault with: n. 
 one who habitually scolds, especially 
 a rude, clamorous woman. 
 
 sconce (skons), n. a bulwark; small 
 fort; protection; a fixed hanging or 
 projecting candlestick; tube in a 
 candlestick for inserting the candle; 
 the head; mulct or fine; a small, 
 thin cake of oatmeal, &c. [Gaelic] 
 
 scoop (skoop), n. a large ladle; deep 
 shovel; kind of scuttle: v.t. to take 
 out or up with a scoop; ladle out; 
 make hollow. 
 
 scoot (skoot), v.i. to walk or run 
 hastily. 
 
 scope (skop), n. room or opportunity 
 for free outlook or action; aim or 
 intention; design: a Greek suffix 
 meaning an instrument for viewing, 
 as microscope. 
 
 scorch (skorch), v.t. to burn or roast 
 superficially; cause pain by heat; 
 to go at a high rate of speed. 
 
 score (skor), n. a notch made as a 
 reckoning; the number 20; line or 
 groove; bill; account; behalf; sepa- 
 rate parts of a musical work: v.t. to 
 notch or furrow; keep account of. 
 
 scorn (skorn), n. extreme and lofty 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SCORNER 
 
 451 
 
 SCREED 
 
 contempt; haughty disdain; object 
 of contempt: v.t. to hold in extreme 
 contempt or disdain. 
 
 scorner (skorn'er), n. one who scorns, 
 especially one who holds religion in 
 derision. 
 
 scornful (skorn'fool), adj. full of scorn; 
 contemptuous; disdainful. 
 
 scorpion (skor'pi-un), n. an indi- 
 vidual of the genus Scorpio, fur- 
 nished with lobster-like claws, and 
 armed with a poisonous sting in the 
 tail; a painful scourge. 
 
 Scot (skot), n. a Scotchman. 
 
 Scotch (skoch), adj. pertaining to 
 Scotland, its inhabitants, or its dia- 
 lect. Also Scottish. 
 
 scotch, n. a wedge, &c, to prevent 
 slipping or rolling; a slight cut or 
 incision: v.t. to cut or wound super- 
 ficially; a drink made of hot water, 
 lemon, and Scotch whiskey. 
 
 scoundrel (skoun'drel) , n. a man 
 without honor or virtue; low, worth- 
 less fellow. 
 
 scour (skour), v.t. to clean by fric- 
 tion; cleanse from grease, dirt, and 
 make bright; pass swiftly along; 
 search thoroughly; purge. 
 
 scourge (skerj), n. a whip with 
 thongs used as a punishment: v.t. to 
 whip severely; afflict or harass 
 greatly. 
 
 scout (skout), n. a person sent out to 
 obtain and bring in information, es- 
 pecially of the movements, &c, of 
 an enemy; a college servant; in 
 cricket, a fielder: v.i. to act as a 
 scout: v.t. to treat with scorn. 
 
 scow (skou), n. a large flat-bottomed 
 boat with square ends: v.t. to trans- 
 port in a S30W. 
 
 scowl (skoul), v.i. to wrinkle the brows 
 in frowning or displeasure; look 
 sullen or angry: n. the wrinkling of 
 the brows in displeas re or anger; 
 frown. 
 
 scrabble (skrab'l), v.i. to scrawl or 
 scribble; make irregular, unmeaning 
 marks: v.t. to mark with irregular 
 lines or letters. 
 
 scrag (skrag), n. anything thin, lean, 
 or rough; something merely skin 
 and bones; to choke. [Slang.] 
 
 scraggy (skrag'i), adj. lean, thin 
 and rough ; ro gh, with irregular 
 points. 
 
 scramble (skram'bl), v.i, to clamber 
 with the hands and feet; seize or 
 catch hold of anything with eager- 
 ness and roughness: v.t. to toss to- 
 gether at random; mix and cook in 
 a confused mass: as, to scramble 
 eggs: n. a rude, eager struggle; act 
 of scrambling. 
 
 scrap (skrap), n. a small or detached 
 piece; fragment; a scrimmage; a 
 picture or extract suitable for past- 
 ing in a scrap-book. 
 
 scrape (skrap), v.t. to make a harsh 
 or grating noise on; rub with some- 
 thing sharp; clean by rubbing; re- 
 move by scraping; gather laborious- 
 ly by small gains or savings: v.i. 
 barely succeed, as in passing an ex- 
 amination; play awkwardly or in- 
 harmoniously on the violin; bow by 
 awkwardly drawing back the foot: 
 n. the act, noise, or effect of scrap- 
 ing; a drawing back of the foot 
 awkwardly; difficulty; perplexity. 
 
 scrapple (skrap'l), n. a dish, famous 
 in Philadelphia and its vicinity. It 
 consists of beef and pork hashed fine, 
 and after Indian meal has been 
 stirred into it, it is then fried in 
 thin slices. 
 
 scratch (skrach), v.t. to mark or 
 tear the surface of with something 
 pointed; wound slightly; tear or dig 
 with the claws; erase; remove the 
 name of (especially that of a horse) 
 from a race: v.i. to use the nails or 
 claws in tearing or digging; score 
 by a fluke: n. a mark or tear made 
 by scratching; a superficial wound; 
 a kind of wig ; a line across the prize 
 ring, up to which boxers are brought 
 when they commence fighting: adj. 
 taken at haphazard. 
 
 scrawl (skrawl), v.t. & v.i. to write or 
 draw irregularly or hastily; scrib- 
 ble: n. hasty, irregular, or illegible 
 writing; scribble. 
 
 scrawny (skraw'ni), adj. lean and 
 bony; raw-boned; wasted. 
 
 scream (skrem), n. a sharp, shrill 
 cry as of fear or pain: v.i. to utter 
 such a cry. 
 
 screech (skrech), n. a harsh, shrill 
 cry: v.i. to utter a harsh, shrill 
 cry. 
 
 screed (skred), n. wooden rules for 
 running moldings; loud, shrill sound; 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 2» hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SCREEN 
 
 452 
 
 SCULPTOR 
 
 a fragment or piece; a harangue; a 
 piece of poor prose or verse. 
 
 screen (skren), n. a light movable par- 
 tition for protection; coarse sieve; a 
 partition separating the chancel 
 from the rest of a church: v.t. to 
 shelter or conceal; protect; pass 
 through a coarse sieve. 
 
 screw (skroo), n. a cylinder of metal 
 or wood grooved spirally; one of the 
 six mechanical powers; screw-pro- 
 peller: v.t. to press with a screw; 
 apply a screw to; twist; force or 
 squeeze; oppress by exactions. 
 
 scribble (skrib'l), v.t. to write has- 
 tily and carelessly: v.i. write care- 
 lessly and without regard to correct- 
 ness: n. hasty, careless writing. 
 
 scribe (skrlb), n. a writer; clerk; aman- 
 uensis; a teacher or copyist of the 
 Jewish law. [Latin.] 
 
 scrim (skrim), n. a kind of fabric of 
 cotton or linen for making blinds, 
 &c. 
 
 scrimmage (skrim'aj), n. a general 
 row or tussle. 
 
 scrimp (skrimp), v.t. to make small, 
 narrow, or short; limit or straiten: 
 vi. to be parsimonious or miserly: 
 adj. short; narrow; curtailed: n. a 
 niggard or miser. 
 
 scrip (skrip), n. a satchel; schedule; 
 certificate; writing; certificate of 
 stock subscribed to a bank or other 
 company. 
 
 script (skript), n. a piece of writing; 
 style of writing; type in imitation 
 of writing; original document or in- 
 strument. 
 
 scriptural (skrip'tur-al), adj. pertain- 
 ing to, contained in, or according to, 
 the Scriptures; Biblical. 
 
 Scripture (skrip 'tur) , n. sacred writing ; 
 Diblical text: pi. the books of the 
 Old and New Testaments; the 
 Bible. 
 
 scrivener (skriv'ner), n. one who 
 draws up contracts, prepares writ- 
 ings, &c; formerly a broker or finan- 
 cial agent. 
 
 scrofula (skrof 'Q-la) , n. a disease 
 caused by the formation and deposi- 
 tion of tubercle in the organs and 
 tissues of the body; king's evil. 
 
 scrofulous (skrof 'ii-lus), adj. pertain- 
 ing to, of the nature of, or affected 
 with, scrofula. 
 
 scroll (skrol), n. a roll of paper or 
 parchment; a convoluted spiral or- 
 nament ; a nourish to a signature. 
 
 scrouge (skrouj), v.t. to crowd or 
 squeeze. 
 
 scrub (skrub), v.t. [pret. & p.p. 
 scrubbed, p.pr. scrubbing], to rub 
 hard; wash with rubbing or a wet 
 brush: v.i. to clean or scour: n. one 
 who labors hard and lives meanly; a 
 sorry fellow; a worn-out brush: adj. 
 mean or small; untrained; in base- 
 ball or foot-ball, a scrub-team is a 
 body of players got together hastily 
 for purposes of practice. 
 
 scruff (skruf), n. the nape of the 
 neck. 
 
 scrunch (skrunch), v.t. to crunch. 
 
 scruple (skroo'pl), n. 1-3 of a dram, 
 or 20 grains; hesitation, especially 
 from conscientious motives: v.i. to 
 hesitate from conscientious mot- 
 ives. 
 
 scrupulous (skroo 'pu-lus), adj. full of 
 scruples; conscientious; exact; care- 
 ful; strict. 
 
 scrutinize (skroo'ti-nlz), v.t. to in- 
 spect or examine closely. 
 
 scrutiny (skroo 'ti-ni), n. close inspec- 
 tion or examination; minute in- 
 quiry ; examination of votes recorded 
 at an election. 
 
 scud (skud), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. scudded, 
 p.pr. scudding], to run quickly; run 
 before a gale of wind with little or 
 no sail spread: n. the act of scud- 
 ding; vapory clouds driven by the 
 wind. 
 
 scuffle (skuf 1) , v.i. to fight or strug- 
 gle confusedlyv especially hand to 
 hand: n. a struggle for mastery with 
 close grappling; confused conflict; 
 fight. 
 
 scull (skul), n. one of a pair of short 
 oars; an oar used at the stern of a 
 boat to propel it: v.i. to impel a 
 boat with a scull or sculls. 
 
 scullery (skul'er-i), n. [pi. sculleries 
 (skul'er-iz)], a place where culinary 
 utensils, &c, are kept and cleansed. 
 
 scullion (skul'yun), n. a servant em- 
 ployed in the menial work of a scul- 
 lery. 
 
 sculpin (skul'pin), n. a North Ameri- 
 can fish with a large head furnished 
 with sharp spines. 
 
 sculptor (skulp'ter), n. one who 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SCULPTURE 
 
 453 
 
 SEARED 
 
 practices the art of sculpture. Fem- 
 inine, sculptress. 
 
 sculpture (skulp'tur), n. the art of 
 carving, cutting, or hewing stone or 
 other material into images of men, 
 animals, &c; carved work or figure: 
 v.t. to represent in, or fashion by, 
 sculpture. 
 
 scum (skum), n. extraneous matter 
 or impurities which rise to the sur- 
 face of liquids when boiled or fer- 
 mented ; scoria of metals in a molten 
 state; anything worthless or vile: 
 v.i. [p.t. & p.p. scummed, p.pr. scum- 
 ming], to form a scum: v.t. to clear 
 impurities from the surface of; 
 skim. 
 
 scupper (skup'er), n. a hole or tube 
 in the side of a ship to carry off deck 
 water. 
 
 scurf (skerf), n. minute, white, flaky 
 scales formed on the skin, especially 
 on the scalp; dandruff; loosely ad- 
 herent matter. 
 
 scurrility (skur-il'i-ti), n. [pi. scurrili- 
 ties (skur-il'i-tiz)], vulgar, vile, or 
 indecent jocularity. [Latin.] 
 
 scurrilous (skur'il-us) , adj. using the 
 low, indecent language of the vul- 
 gar; mean; foul-mouthed; vile; con- 
 taining low indecency or abuse. 
 
 scurry (skur'i), v.i.^ [p.t. & p.p. scur- 
 ried, p.pr. scurrying], to hasten or 
 move rapidly along: n. hurried move- 
 ment. 
 
 scurvy (sker'vi), adj. affected by 
 scurvy; scabby; vile; contemptible; 
 mean; paltry: n. a condition of 
 anaemia, caused by deficiency of 
 vegetable food or lime juice, causing 
 great weakness, emaciation, &c. 
 
 scutcheon (skuch'un), n. an escutch- 
 eon; shield for a keyhole. 
 
 scuttle (skut'l), v.i. to hasten or 
 hurry: v.t. to cut a hole or holes in 
 (a ship) to sink it: n. a quick or 
 short run; a pan for holding coals; 
 lid or door closing or covering an 
 opening in a roof, &c; hatchway or 
 small opening in the deck of a ship. 
 
 scymitar, same as scimitar. 
 
 scythe (slth), n. sl curved cutting in- 
 strument used for mowing grass, &c. 
 
 sea (se), n. an expanse of salt water, 
 less in extent than an ocean, and 
 usually forming a part of, or con- 
 necting with, an ocean or larger sea; 
 
 an inland body of water ; the ocean t 
 a billow or large wave ; swell of the 
 ocean in a tempest; a large quan- 
 tity; the great brazen laver of the 
 Jewish Temple. 
 
 seafaring (se'far-ing), adj. following 
 the occupation of a sailor. 
 
 seal (sel), n. a carnivorous marine 
 mammal, valuable for its skin and 
 oil; a stamp or die engraved with 
 some device, motto, or image, used 
 for making an impression in relief 
 on wax, &c; wax or other soft sub- 
 stance set to an instrument, and 
 impressed with a seal; any act of 
 confirmation or ratification; that 
 which seals or fastens; drain-trap: 
 v.t. to fasten with a seal; set or af- 
 fix a seal to; ratify or confirm; keep 
 secure or secret; among the Mor- 
 mons, to set apart an additional 
 wife. 
 
 sea-legs (se'legz), n.pl. ability to walk 
 on a ship's deck, when the vessel is. 
 pitching or rolling. 
 
 sea-lion (se'li-un), n. a name for sev- 
 eral large species of seals. 
 
 seam (sem), n. the line formed by the 
 sewing of two pieces of material to- 
 gether; line of junction or union; 
 narrow vein between two thicker 
 strata; thin layer; piece of needle- 
 work:^.^ to form a seam upon or 
 of; join with a seam; scar; knit 
 with a particular kind of stitch: v.i.. 
 to crack open. 
 
 seamless (sem'les) , adj. without a seam ;. 
 all of one piece. 
 
 seamstress (sem'stres), n. a needle- 
 woman. 
 
 seamy (sem'i), adj. showing, or like, 
 seams. 
 
 seance (sa-angsO, n. a session as of 
 some deliberative body; a meeting of 
 spiritualists for evoking manifesta- 
 tions ; a select scientific gathering. 
 
 sear (ser), v.t. to burn to dryness on 
 the surface; cauterize; brand; ren- 
 der callous or insensible. 
 
 search (serch), v.t. to seek for; go 
 over and examine; explore; inspect: 
 v.i. to make inquiry; seek: n. the act 
 of seeking or looking for something ; 
 investigation; examination; pursuit; 
 quest. 
 
 seared _ (serd), adj. hardened; cal- 
 lous; indifferent; cauterized. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SEASCAPE 
 
 454 
 
 SECTARY 
 
 seascape (se'skap), n. a picture rep- 
 resenting a scene at sea. 
 
 season (se'zn), n. any particular time 
 as distinguished from others; one of 
 the four divisions of the year: v.t. to 
 mature ; prepare by drying and hard- 
 ening, or removing natural juices; 
 render palatable; spice moderately; 
 y.i. to become mature, acclimated, 
 inured, or seasoned. 
 
 seasonable (se'zn-a-bl), adj. occurring 
 or done in good, or proper, time; op- 
 portune. 
 
 seasoning (se'zn-ing), n. that which is 
 added to give relish or piquancy to 
 food ; anything added to increase en- 
 joyment. 
 
 seat (set), n. that on which anyone 
 sits; chair; post or authority; sta- 
 tion; site; residence; mansion: reg- 
 ular or appropriate place of sitting; 
 posture on horseback, &c; place in 
 Congress or other legislative body: 
 v.t. to place on a seat; cause to sit 
 down; establish; place in any site 
 or position; instal; fix. 
 
 secant (se'kant), adj. cutting into 
 two parts: n. a right line from the 
 center of a circle through one ex- 
 tremity of an arc, produced till it 
 meets the tangent from the other 
 extremity of the same arc ; the num- 
 ber expressing the ratio of this line 
 to the radius of the circle. [Latin. J 
 
 secede (se-sed') , v.i. to withdraw from 
 fellowship, communion, or associa- 
 tion. 
 
 secession (se-sesh'un), n. the act of 
 seceding; withdrawal or separation 
 from the communion or association 
 of others; withdrawal of a State 
 from theFederal Union. 
 
 seclude (se-klood'), v.t. to keep apart 
 from the company or society of oth- 
 ers; exclude. 
 
 seclusion (se-kloo'zhun) , n. separa- 
 tion or withdrawal from the society 
 of others; privacy. 
 
 second (sek'und), adj. immediately 
 following the first; next to the first 
 in order of place, or time; next in 
 value, excellence, merit, dignity, or 
 importance ; inferior ; subordinate ; 
 being of the same kind as another 
 that has preceded; below in pitch 
 [Music]: n. one or that next the 
 first in place, rank, excellence, or 
 
 power; one who attends on the prin- 
 cipal at a duel; backer; the l-60th 
 part of a minute of time or of a de- 
 gree: pi. coarse flour: v.t. to follow; 
 act as an assistant or supporter of; 
 assist; support, as a motion, &c, by 
 adding ones voice to that of the pro- 
 poser. [Latin.] 
 
 secondary (sek'und-a-ri) , adj. suc- 
 ceeding next in order to the first; of 
 second place, origin, &c; not pri- 
 mary; subordinate; inferior; de- 
 puted; revolving round a primary 
 planet; noting rocks intermediate 
 between the Primary and Tertiary, 
 the Mesozoic: n. a delegate or 
 deputy. 
 
 secrecy (se'kre-si), n. [pi. secrecies 
 (se'kre-siz)], the state or quality of 
 being hidden; concealment; retire- 
 ment; solitude; habit o. keeping 
 secrets; discretion. 
 
 secret (se'kret), adj. hidden or con- 
 cealed; removed from sight; kept 
 from the knowledge or view of all 
 except those concerned; silent; pri- 
 vate: n. that which is concealed; 
 something unknown or undisclosed. 
 
 secretary (sek're-ta-ri), n. [pi. secre- 
 taries (sek're-ta-riz)], a confidential 
 person employed to assist another 
 in conducting correspondence, &c; 
 one who transacts the business of a 
 Government department, company, 
 &c; an escritoire. 
 
 secrete (se-kref), v.t. to hide or con- 
 ceal; separate from the blood, sap, 
 &c. 
 
 secretion (se-kre'shun) , n. the act of 
 secreting or separating from a circu- 
 lating fluid; any substance or fluid 
 secreted. 
 
 secretive (se-kre'tiv) , adj. given to 
 secrecy; causing, or promoting, se- 
 cretion. 
 
 sect (sekt), n. a number of persona 
 who, following a teacher or leader, 
 are united by a common attachment 
 to some particular religious or phil- 
 osophical doctrines. 
 
 sectarian (sek-ta'ri-an) , adj. per- 
 taining to, or characteristic of, a 
 sect: n. a member of a sect; dissen- 
 ter. 
 
 sectary (sek'ta-ri), n. [pi. sectaries 
 (sek'ta-riz)], a member or adherent 
 of a sect ; sectarian. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SECTILE 
 
 455 
 
 SEEDY 
 
 eectile (sek'til), adj. capable of being 
 cut. 
 
 section (sek'shun), n. the act of cut- 
 ting, or separation by cutting; part 
 or division; slice; the line formed by 
 the intersection of two surfaces ; divi- 
 sion or subdivision of a chapter or 
 statute; distinct part of a country, 
 people, community, or class; one of 
 the squares of 640 acres each into 
 which public lands are divided; 
 l-36th of a township; division of a 
 genus ; vertical plan of any struc- 
 ture as it would appear if cut by # an 
 intersecting plane; part of a musical 
 period. [Latin.] 
 
 sector (sek'ter), n. that part of a 
 circle included between two radii 
 and the arc; a mathematical instru- 
 ment for laying down plans, meas- 
 uring zenith distances, &c. 
 
 secular (sek'u-lar), adj. pertaining to 
 this present world, or to things not 
 sacred; worldly; temporal; extend- 
 ing over, or occurring in, a long 
 period of time; not bound by mo- 
 nastic vows: n. an ecclesiastic not 
 bound by monastic vows; a layman; 
 a church official whose duties are 
 confined to the vocal department of 
 the choir. [Latin.] 
 
 secularize (sek'u-lar-iz) , v.t. to con- 
 vert from sacred to secular or com- 
 mon use; render worldly or unspirit- 
 ual ; convert from regular or monastic 
 into secular as in France of late 
 years. 
 
 secure (se-kur'), adj. free from fear 
 or danger; safe; protected; confi- 
 dent; relying upon (with of): v.t. 
 to make safe; protect; guarantee; 
 make fast; confine effectually; gain 
 possession of; put beyond hazard of 
 losing or not receiving (with against 
 or from). [Latin.] 
 
 security (se-kur 'i-ti), n. [pi. securities 
 (se-kur 'i-tiz)], the state or quality 
 of being secure; freedom from fear 
 or danger; assurance; certainty; 
 something given to secure the fulfil- 
 ment of a contract : pledge ; evidence 
 of debt or property; one who be- 
 comes surety for another; something 
 given or done to secure good be- 
 havior. 
 
 sedate (se-daf), adj. calm; composed; 
 quiet; serious; unruffled. [Latin.] 
 
 sedative (sed'a-tiv), adj. allaying 
 nervous irritation and irritability ; 
 assuaging pain: n. medicine having 
 such an effect. 
 
 sedentary (sed'en-ta-ri)^ adj. accus- 
 tomed to pass much time in a sit- 
 ting posture; characterized by much 
 sitting; remaining in one place; in- 
 active. 
 
 sedge (sej), n. a coarse grass of the 
 genus Carex, growing in swamps. 
 
 sediment (sed'i-ment), n. the matter 
 which subsides or settles at the bot- 
 tom of a liquid; dregs; lees.^ 
 
 sedimentary (sed-i-ment'a-ri), adj. 
 pertaining to, or formed by, or con- 
 sisting of, sediment. 
 
 sedition (se-dish'un), n. any offense 
 against the state less grave than in- 
 surrection or treason; tumultuous 
 assembly of people in opposition to 
 lawful authority; the stirring up of 
 such opposition. [Latin.] 
 
 seduce (se-dus'). v.t. to entice from the 
 paths of rectitude, duty, or virtue, 
 by flattery, promises, &c; persuade 
 to a surrender of chastity. 
 
 seduction (se-duk'shun), n. the act of 
 seducing; the act or crime of induc- 
 ing a woman to surrender her chas- 
 tity. 
 
 seductive (se-duk'tiv), adj. tending to 
 seduce or lead astray; enticing. 
 
 sedulity (se-du'li-ti) , n. steady dili- 
 gence. [Latin.] 
 
 sedulus (sed'u-lus), adj. steadily in- 
 dustrious and persevering in busi- 
 ness and endeavor; diligent; un- 
 tiring. 
 
 see (se), n. the authority of the Pope 
 or papal court; diocese or jurisdic- 
 tion of an archbishop or bishop: v.t. 
 [p.t. saw, p.p. seen, p.pr. seeing], to 
 perceive by the eye; observe; per- 
 ceive mentally; experience; pay a 
 visit to; meet or associate with; es- 
 cort or accompany: v.i. to have the 
 faculty of sight or of perceiving; 
 discern; examine; take care or heed. 
 
 seed (sed), n. that part of a plant 
 that contains the embryo of the fu- 
 ture plant; semen; first principle or 
 source; offspring; descendants; race 
 or birth: v.i. to sow, or shed, the 
 seed: v.£. to sprinkle with seed. 
 
 seedy (sed'i), adj. abounding with, or 
 run to, seeds; having the flavor of 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SEEING 
 
 456 
 
 SEMAPHORE 
 
 weeds; shabby; exhausted and mis- 
 erable, n 
 
 seeing (se'ing), n. the act or power 
 of sight: conj. inasmuch as; consid- 
 ering; since. 
 
 seek (sek), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sought, 
 p.pr. seeking], to go in search of; 
 look for; resort to; inquire for: v.i. 
 to make search or inquiry; try or 
 endeavor. 
 
 seem (sem), v.i. to appear; look; 
 have the resemblance of truth or 
 fact; pretend. 
 
 seeming (sem'ing), adj. apparent; spe- 
 cious: n. appearance; show, espe- 
 cially false show. 
 
 seemly (sem'li), adj. fit or becoming; 
 decent ; proper ; comely ; suited to the 
 object, occasion, purpose, or char- 
 acter. 
 
 seen (sen), p.p. of see. 
 
 seer (ser), n. one who foresees future 
 events; prophet; one who sees. m 
 
 seesaw (se'saw), n. a reciprocating 
 motion ; a game played with a plank 
 balanced on some support enabling 
 those who sit at each end to move 
 up and down alternately: v.i. to 
 move up and down with a recipro- 
 cating motion. 
 
 seethe (seth), v.t. to boil; decoct or 
 prepare for food in a hot liquor: v.i. 
 to be hot; be in a condition of boil- 
 ing. 
 
 segment (seg'ment), n. a part divided 
 or set off; section; a part cut off 
 from a figure by a line or plane: v.i. 
 to divide into segments. 
 
 segregate (seg're-gat), v.t. to sepa- 
 rate from others. 
 
 segregation (seg-re-ga'shun) , n. the 
 act of segregating; state of being 
 segregated. 
 
 seine (san), n.a, large fishing-net. 
 
 seismic (sis'mik), adj. pertaining to, 
 or produced by, an earthquake. 
 
 seismograph (sls'mo-graf), n. an in- 
 strument for recording the modula- 
 tory motions, duration, and direction 
 of an earthquake. Also seismome- 
 ter, seismoscope. [Greek.] 
 
 seismology (sis-mol'o-ji), n. the scien- 
 tific study of earthquakes. 
 
 seize (sez), v.t. to take possession of 
 forcibly or suddenly; grasp; snatch; 
 take hold of; comprehend. 
 
 seizin (sez'in), n. the act of taking pos- 
 
 session; thing possessed; possession. 
 Also seisin. 
 
 seizor (sez'er), n. in law, one who takes 
 possession. 
 
 seizure (sez'ur), n. the act of seizing; 
 sudden attack, as of a disease. 
 
 selah (se'la), n. a Hebrew word used 
 in the Psalms, supposed to indicate 
 a pause. 
 
 seldom (sel'dum), adv. rarely. 
 
 select (se-lekt'). adj. more valuable 
 or excellent than others; chosen or 
 picked out as more valuable than 
 others; nicely chosen; choice; supe- 
 rior: v.t. to take by preference from 
 among others; choose. 
 
 selection (se-lek'shun), n. the act of 
 selecting; the thing selected. 
 
 selectman (se-lekt'man), n. [pi. select- 
 men (se-lekt'men)], one of a board 
 of town officials concerned with its 
 management, the enforcement of lo- 
 cal laws, care of the poor, &c, 
 elected annually in New England. 
 
 selenium (se-le'ni-um), n. a non- 
 metallic elementary substance, re- 
 sembling lead. 
 
 self (self), n. [pi. selves (selvz)], 
 one's own person; personal interest; 
 personality ; personification ; iden- 
 tity; selfishness: adj. very: particu- 
 lar. 
 
 self - consciousness (self-kon'shus- 
 nes), n. a strong thought of one's self 
 at all times ; a feeling that others are 
 watching you and your acts as very 
 important. 
 
 selfish (selfish) , adj. attentive only to 
 one's own interests; influenced in 
 actions from motives of private ad- 
 vantage; egotistical. 
 
 sell (sel), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sold, p.pr. 
 selling], to transfer to another for 
 an equivalent, as property, goods, 
 &c; make a matter of sale or bar- 
 gain of; vend; betray for a pecuni- 
 ary reward: v.i. to practice selling; 
 be sold: n. a hoax; an imposi- 
 tion. 
 
 selvage (sel'vaj), n. the edge of cloth 
 so closed by complicating the threads 
 as to prevent raveling; woven bor- 
 der. Also selvedge. 
 
 selves, pi. of self. 
 
 semaphore (sem'a-for), n. a tele- 
 graphic apparatus for signaling by 
 means of arms, lanterns, flags, &c. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SEMBLANCE 
 
 457 
 
 SENSORIUM 
 
 semblance (sem'blans), n. likeness; re- 
 semblance; exterior; appearance. 
 
 semen (se'men), n. sperm; seed of 
 plants. 
 
 semester (se-mes'ter), n. a half-year 
 course, as in a university. 
 
 semi, a Latin prefix meaning half, 
 partially. 
 
 semicolon (sem'i-ko-lon), n. a mark 
 in punctuation (;). 
 
 seminal (sem'i-nal) , adj. pertaining to, 
 containing, or consisting of, seed; 
 primary; radical; original. 
 
 seminary (sem'i-na-ri), n. [pi. semi- 
 naries (sem'i-na-riz)], a place of edu- 
 cation; school, academy, or college. 
 
 Semitic (se-mit'ik), adj. pertaining 
 to Shem, or to his descendants; not- 
 ing, or belonging to, one of the great 
 divisions of races and languages to 
 which Hebrew, Phoenician, Arabic, 
 Assyrian, &c, belong. 
 
 sempstress (semp'stres), n. a woman 
 who does needlework. 
 
 Senate (sen'at), n. the upper house 
 of Congress or of a State legisla- 
 ture; the upper house of legislature 
 in various countries; a body of el- 
 ders, elected or appointed in ancient 
 Rome from the nobility and invested 
 with supreme legislative authority. 
 
 senate (sen'at), n. an assembly or 
 body of elders; a legislative body 
 generally. 
 
 senator (sen'a-ter), n. a member of a 
 senate. 
 
 senatorial (sen-a-to'ri-al), adj. per- 
 taining to, or befitting, a senator or a 
 senate; entitled to elect a senator. 
 
 send (send), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sent, p.pr. 
 sending], to throw, cast, or impel; 
 cause to go in any manner; dispatch; 
 cause to be or happen; grant; inflict: 
 v.i. to dispatch a messenger; pitch, 
 as a vessel. 
 
 senile (sen'il), adj. pertaining to, char- 
 acteristic of, or occasioned by, old 
 age. [Latin.] 
 
 senility (sen-il'i-ti) , n. the state or 
 quality of being senile; old age. 
 
 senior (sen'yer), adj. prior in age, 
 dignity, rank, or office; elder: n. 
 one older than another; one older in 
 dignity, rank, or office; a student in 
 the fourth or final year of his college. 
 
 seniority (sen-yor'i-ti), n. the state or 
 quality of being senior. 
 
 sennight (sen'it), n. the space of seven 
 nights and days. 
 
 senor (sa-nyor'), n. a Spanish title 
 of courtesy, equivalent to Mr. or 
 Sir. Feminine, senora (sa-nyo'ra). 
 
 senorita (sa-nyo-re'ta), n. a Spanish 
 title of courtesy given to a young 
 lady, equivalent to Miss; a young 
 lady. 
 
 sensate (sen'sat), adj. perceived by or 
 through the senses. [Latin.] 
 
 sensation (sen-sa'shun) , n. perception 
 by the senses; an impression made 
 on the mind or brain by the senses; 
 spiritual or physical affections; state 
 of excited feeling or interest, or its 
 cause. 
 
 sense (sens), n. the faculty by which 
 objects are perceived physically, or 
 mentally; discernment; understand- 
 ing; conviction; good mental capac- 
 ity; correct judgment; opinion; 
 meaning; signification; moral per- 
 ception. 
 
 senseless (sens'les), adj. incapable of 
 sensation; without sensibility or 
 feeling; unconscious; foolish; stupid; 
 nonsensical; opposed to reason or 
 sound judgment. 
 
 sensibility (sen-si-bil'i-ti), n. [pi. sen- 
 sibilities (sen-si-bil'i-tiz)], the state 
 or quality of being sensible; acute- 
 ness of perception or emotion; deli- 
 cacy of feeling ; capacity of being sen- 
 sitive. Also sensibleness. 
 
 sensible (sen'si-bl), adj. capable of be- 
 ing perceived by the senses or the 
 mind; having moral perception; 
 easily affected; delicate; judicious; 
 reasonable; intelligent. 
 
 sensitive (sen'si-tiv) , adj. having keen 
 sense or feeling; quickly and acute- 
 ly alive to impressions from exter- 
 nal objects; easily affected or moved; 
 pertaining to, or depending upon, 
 sensation. 
 
 sensitiveness (sen'si-tiv-nes), n. the 
 state or quality of being sensitive. 
 Also sensitivity. 
 
 sensitize (sen'si-tiz), v.t. to render sen- 
 sitive; render capable of being acted 
 upon by the actinic rays of the sun, 
 X-rays, &c. 
 
 sensorial (sen-so'ri-al), adj. pertaining 
 to the sensorium. Also sensory. 
 
 sensorium (sen-so'ri-um), n. the cen- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SENSUAL 
 
 458 
 
 SEPULCHRAL 
 
 tral seat of sensation or conscious- 
 ness; the brain. 
 
 sensual (sen'shti-al) , adj. pertaining 
 to, consisting in, or affecting, the 
 senses; not spiritual or intellectual; 
 carnal; voluptuous; devoted to the 
 indulgence of the passions or appe- 
 tites. 
 
 sensuality (sen-shu-al'i-ti), n. the 
 state or quality of being sensual; in- 
 dulgence of the bodily appetites. 
 
 sensuous (sen'shu-us), adj. pertaining 
 to, or addressed to, the senses; con- 
 nected with sensible objects; full of 
 passion. 
 
 sent, p.t. & p.p. of send. 
 
 sentence (sen'tens), n. judgment, 
 opinion, or decision; judgment pro- 
 nounced by a court; series of words 
 so arranged as to convey a complete 
 thought, followed by a dot or full 
 point: v.t. to condemn by judgment 
 of a court. 
 
 sententious (sen-ten'shus) , adj. short 
 and energetic; terse; comprising 
 sentences; abounding in axioms or 
 maxims. 
 
 sentient (sen'shi-ent), adj. having the 
 faculty or faculties of sensation and 
 perception. 
 
 sentiment (sen'ti-ment) , n. a thought 
 prompted by passion or feeling; 
 opinion; thought; feeling; sensibil- 
 ity; prevailing feeling; maxim; a 
 toast; thought expressed in striking 
 language; sentence or passage ex- 
 pressive of some wish. 
 
 sentimental (sen-ti-men'tal) , adj. 
 having, expressing, or given to, sen- 
 timent; appealing to sentiment 
 rather than reason; artificially or 
 affectedly tender; romantic. 
 
 sentimentalism (sen-ti-men'tal-izm) , 
 n. the quality of being sentimental. 
 Also sentimentality. 
 
 sentinel (sen'ti-nel) , n. one who 
 watches or guards, especially a sol- 
 dier on guard: v.t. to furnish with, or 
 as with, a sentinel; watch over or 
 guard. 
 
 sentry (sen'tri), n. [pi. sentries (sen'- 
 triz)], a sentinel, guard or watch. 
 
 sepal (sep'al or se'pal), n. one of the 
 leaf-like divisions of the calyx en- 
 closing the corolla of a flower. 
 
 separable (sep'a-ra-bl), adj. capable of 
 being separated or divided. 
 
 separate (sep'a-rat), v.t. to part or di- 
 vide; disunite; disconnect; set apart 
 from a number for a particular pur- 
 pose; withdraw: v.i. to part; be dis- 
 united; withdraw from each other: 
 adj. divided from the rest; discon- 
 nected; not united; distinct. 
 
 separation (sep-a-ra'shun) , n. the act 
 of separating; state of being sepa- 
 rated; disconnection; legal disunion 
 of married persons; repeal of a 
 union between two or more coun- 
 tries or states. 
 
 sepia (se'pi-a), n. [pi. sepias (se'pi-az)], 
 the European cuttle-fish; a dark- 
 brown pigment prepared from the 
 black secretion or ink of the cuttle- 
 fish. 
 
 sepoy (se'poi), n. [pi. sepoys (se'poiz)], 
 an Indian native employed as a sol- 
 dier in the British service in India. 
 
 sepsis (sep'sis), n. infection by patho- 
 genic bacteria; a putrefactive con- 
 dition. 
 
 sept, a prejix meaning seven, as sept- 
 angular: adj. having seven angles. 
 
 September (sep-tem'ber), n. the ninth 
 month of the year. In the Roman 
 year, beginning with March, it was 
 the seventh month, hence its name. 
 
 septennial (sep-ten'i-al) , adj. occur- 
 ring once in, or containing, seven 
 years. 
 
 septi, a Latin prejix meaning seven, as 
 septilateral: adj. seven-sided. 
 
 septic (sep'tik), adj. having the power 
 to promote putrefaction: n. a sub- 
 stance having such an effect. 
 
 septicemia, septicaemia (sep-ti-se'- 
 mi-a), n. blood-poisoning, caused by 
 the absorption of septic matter into 
 the circulation. Also septemia, sep- 
 tsemia. 
 
 septi llion (sep-til'yim) , n. in the 
 French system of numeration, fol- 
 lowed in the United States, a num- 
 ber expressed by unity with 24 
 ciphers annexed; in the English sys- 
 tem, a number expressed by unity 
 with 42 ciphers annexed. 
 
 septuagenarian (s e p-t ti-a-j e-n a'r i- 
 an), n. a person seventy years old. 
 
 sepulcher, sepulchre (sep'ul-ker), n. 
 a grave or tomb; place of burial: 
 v.t. to bury; entomb. 
 
 sepulchral (se-pul'kral), adj. pertain- 
 ing to a sepulcher, or to monuments 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SEPULTURE 
 
 459 
 
 SERVE 
 
 erected to the dead; deep, grave, or 
 hollow toned. 
 
 sepulture (,sep'ul-tur), n. burial. 
 
 sequel (se'kwel), n. succeeding part 
 or result; continuation; consequence. 
 
 sequence (se'kwens), n. order of suc- 
 cession; series; result; suit of cards 
 in the same order; regular alternate 
 succession of similar chords. 
 
 sequester (se-kwes'ter), v.t. to sepa- 
 rate from the owner for a time; 
 take possession of the property of 
 another until some claim is paid or 
 established; withdraw; seclude: v.i. 
 to renounce, as a widow any interest 
 in the estate of a husband. Also 
 sequestrate. 
 
 seraglio (se-ral'yo), n. the palace of 
 the late Sultan of Turkey at Con- 
 stantinople, especially that part 
 where the women are kept; a harem. 
 
 seraph (ser'af), n. [pi. seraphs, sera- 
 phim (ser'af s, ser'a-fim)], an angel 
 of the highest order. 
 
 seraphic (se-raf'ik), adj. pertaining 
 to, composed of, or like, seraphs; 
 sublime; angelic. 
 
 Seraphim (ser'a-fim), n. plural of 
 seraph. Order of the Seraphim, a 
 royal order of Sweden. 
 
 sere (ser), adj. dry; wiltered [Poet.]. 
 
 serenade (ser-e-nad') , n. evening mu- 
 sie in the open air; music sung or 
 played by a lover in a spirit of gal- 
 lantry under the window of a lady ; 
 piece of music for such an occasion: 
 v.t. to entertain with a serenade. 
 
 serene (se-ren'), adj. clear and calm; 
 unclouded; placid; unruffled. 
 
 serenity (se-ren'i-ti) , n. the state or 
 quality of being serene; calmness of 
 mind; equanimity of temper; cool- 
 ness, composure. Also sereneness. 
 
 serf (serf), n. the lowest class of ser- 
 vants or slaves in the Middle Ages, 
 who were attached to the land and 
 transferred with it; a villein or feu- 
 dal slave; formerly in Russia, one 
 of the peasant class. [Latin.] 
 
 serge (serj), n. a twilled woolen stuff. 
 
 sergeant (sar'jent), n. a non-commis- 
 sioned officer ranking next above a 
 corporal. [French.] 
 
 serial (se'ri-al), adj. pertaining to, or 
 consisting of, a series; published in 
 successive parts or numbers: n. a 
 periodical; a tale issued in parts. 
 
 eerie (ser'ik), adj. belonging to the 
 Chinese whom the Romans called 
 Seres and from whom they got their 
 first silk by way of India. 
 
 sericulture (ser'i-kul-tur), n. the cul- 
 ture of silkworms. 
 
 series (se'rez), n. a number of things 
 or events standing or succeeding in 
 order, and connected by a like rela- 
 tion; sequence; an infinite number 
 of terms in succession, increasing or 
 diminishing in a certain ratio. 
 
 serious (se'ri-us), adj. grave in man- 
 ner or disposition; in earnest; not 
 trifling; religious; solemn. 
 
 sermon (ser'mun), n. a discourse on 
 a text of Scripture; homily; serious 
 exhortation. 
 
 sermonize (ser'mun-iz), v.i. to com- 
 pose or write a sermon; preach: v.t. 
 to preach a sermon to. 
 
 serous (se'rus), adj. pertaining to se- 
 rum ; thin ; watery. 
 
 serpent (ser'pent), n. a reptile of the 
 order Ophidia, with a very long 
 body without feet, and moving by 
 contractions and undulations of the 
 body; a bass wind instrument; a 
 kind of firework; a subtle, treacher- 
 ous, malicious person. [Latin.] 
 
 serpentine (ser'pen-tin) , adj. pertain- 
 ing to, like, or having the qualities 
 of, a serpent; moving or winding 
 like a serpent; zigzag; subtle: n. a 
 rock composed of a hydrated silicate 
 of magnesia, susceptible of a fine pol- 
 ish (with the) . Serpentine, an artificial 
 lake in Hyde Park, London, named 
 from its windings and curves. It 
 covers fifty acres and was created by 
 order of Queen Caroline, wife of 
 George II, in 1730. 
 
 serrate (ser'at), adj. notched on the 
 edge like a saw. Also serrated. 
 
 serried (ser'id), adj. crowded; pressed 
 together. 
 
 serum (se'rum), n. the thin yellowish 
 fluid secreted by the serous mem- 
 branes. 
 
 servant (ser'vant), n. one who is in 
 the personal service of another; a 
 domestic; a subordinate. 
 
 serve (serv), v.t. to work or perform 
 duties for; yield obedience to; wait 
 on; treat or requite; present (a 
 writ): v.i. to be a servant; to suit; 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SERVICE 
 
 460 
 
 SEVENTEENTH 
 
 be in subjection; discharge the du- 
 ties of an office or employment. 
 
 service (ser'vis), n. the condition or 
 occupation of a servant; duty re- 
 quired or performed in any office; 
 naval or military duty ; spiritual obe- 
 dience and reverence; course of 
 dishes at table; waiting at table; 
 labor, assistance, or kindness to an- 
 other; number of conveyances ply- 
 ing between places ; musical composi- 
 tion for devotional use; profession 
 of respect. 
 
 serviceable (ser'vis-a-bl), adj. useful; 
 beneficial. 
 
 serviette (ser-vi-ef), n. a table-nap- 
 kin. 
 
 servile (ser'vil), adj. pertaining to, 
 characteristic of, or befitting, a 
 slave or servant; meanly submissive 
 or obsequious; cringing; fawning; 
 not belonging tc the original root; 
 not sounded: said of a letter. 
 
 servility (ser-vil'i-ti), n. mean submis- 
 sion or obsequiousness; baseness; 
 servileness. 
 
 servitude (ser'vi-tud), n. the condi- 
 tion of a servant or slave ; state of 
 slavish dependence; bondage. 
 
 sesame (ses'a-me), n. a plant yield- 
 ing fla 1 seeds from which an oil is 
 expressed. 
 
 sesqui, a Latin prefix meaning a 
 whole and a half, as sesquioxide, an 
 oxide containing three atoms of 
 oxygen and two atoms of a metal. 
 
 session (sesh'un), n. the actual sitting 
 or assembling of a court, council, 
 or legislative body; the time be- 
 tween the first meeting and the pro- 
 rogation, dissolution, or final ad- 
 journment of a parliament, congress, 
 or legislature. 
 
 set(set), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. set, p.pr. set- 
 ting], to place or put in any po- 
 sition; fix; plant; make stable; 
 render motionless; spread, as sails; 
 replace; make to agree with some 
 standard; start by fixing the key- 
 note; regulate or adjust; value; as- 
 sign or prescribe; mark (game); 
 compose, as type, &c. : v.i. to sink be- 
 low the horizon ; strike root ; be fixed 
 closely or firmly; congeal; apply 
 one's self; flow or tend; start (with 
 out): adj. fixed or established; reg- 
 ular; determined; firm; formal; ob- 
 
 stinate; immovable: n. the act of 
 setting; direction; number of per- 
 sons associated together; clique; 
 number of things of the same kind 
 intended for use together; a young 
 plant for growth ; number of persons 
 necessary to execute a quadrille; 
 descent below the horizon ; flow ; per- 
 manent twist; in lawn tennis, a 
 series of as many games as will en- 
 able one side to win six. 
 
 settee (se-te'), n. a long seat with a 
 back for several persons; a Medi- 
 terranean single-decked vessel with 
 a very long, sharp prow, and lateen 
 sails. 
 
 setter (set'er), n. one who, or that 
 which, sets; a species of hunting- 
 dog. 
 
 setting (set'ing), n. the act of one who, 
 or that which, sets; direction of a 
 current of wind; that which sets or 
 holds, as the mounting of a jewel; 
 hardening. 
 
 settle (set'l), v.t. to place or set in a 
 fixed State; establish; cause to sink 
 or subdue; free from uncertainty; 
 compose; fix by a legal act; liqui- 
 date; pay; clear of dregs; make 
 pure or clear; colonize: v.i. to be- 
 come fixed, stationary, or perma- 
 nent; descend or stop; grow calm 
 or clear; sink to the bottom, or by 
 its own weight; cease from agita- 
 tion; adjust differences or accounts; 
 marry and establish a home. 
 
 settle (set'l), n. an old-fashioned bench 
 wrfh a back. 
 
 settlement (set'1-ment), n. the act or 
 state of being settled ; establishment 
 in life, business, condition; jointure 
 granted to a wife; liquidation, pay- 
 ment, or adjustment; subsidence; a 
 colony newly settled ; legal residence. 
 
 settler (set'ler), n. a colonist; some- 
 thing that finally settles or decides a 
 contest. 
 
 seven (sev'n), n. the sum of six and 
 one; the symbol representing seven 
 units: adj. consisting of one more 
 than six. 
 
 sevenfold (sev'n-fold), adv. seven 
 times as much. 
 
 seventeen (sev'n-ten), adj. one more 
 than sixteen. 
 
 seventeenth (sev'n-tenth), adj. noting 
 the next after the sixteenth. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl : me. merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not : boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SEVENTH 
 
 461 
 
 SHADING 
 
 seventh (sev'nth), adj. next in order 
 after the sixth: n. one next in order 
 after the sixth; one of seven equal 
 parts; the interval of five tones and 
 a semi- tone. 
 
 seventieth (sev'n-ti-eth), adj. next in 
 order after the sixty-ninth: n. one 
 of seventy equal parts. 
 
 seventy (sev'n-ti), n. [pi. seventies 
 (sev'n-tiz)], the sum of ten times 
 seven; the symbol representing sev- 
 enty units. 
 
 sever (sev'er), v.t. to divide or sep- 
 arate with violence; cut open or 
 through; keep distinct or apart: 
 v.i. to make a separation or dis- 
 tinction; be rent asunder; part; dis- 
 tinguish. 
 
 several (sev'er : al), adj. distinct; sepa- 
 rate; consisting of a number more 
 than two, but not many; different; 
 various. 
 
 severalty (sev'er-al-ti), n. a state of 
 separation from the rest, or from all 
 otners. 
 
 severance (sev'er-ans) , n. the act of 
 severing; the state of being severed; 
 separation; partition. 
 
 severe (se-ver'), adj. strictly adher- 
 ing to rule; strict; austere; rigid; 
 harsh; grave; serious; inclement; in- 
 flexible; painful; critical. [Latin.] 
 
 severity (se-ver 'i-ti), n. [pi. severities 
 (se-ver'i-tiz)], the quality of being 
 severe; harshness; rigor; gravity; ex- 
 actness; strictness; inclemency. 
 
 sew (so), v.t. [p.t.& p.p. sewed or 
 sewn, p.pr. sewing], to unite or 
 fasten together with a needle and 
 thread: v.i. to practice sewing. 
 
 sewage (su'aj), n. the foul matter 
 carriedoff by a sewer. 
 
 sewer (su'er), n. a pipe or channel to 
 carry off the used or surface water 
 and foul matter of a town, &c; 
 (so'er), one who sews. 
 
 sewerage (su'er-aj), n. drainage by 
 sewers; the system of sewers of a 
 town, &Cv 
 
 sex, a Latin prefix meaning six, as 
 sexennial: adj. occurring once in, or 
 lasting, six years. 
 
 sex (seks), n. the physical distinction 
 between male and female ; one of 
 the two divisions of animals and 
 plants, based on such distinction; 
 women in general (with the) . 
 
 sexagenarian (seks-a-je-na/ri-an) , n. 
 one who is sixty years old. 
 
 sexagesimal (seks-a-jes'i-mal), adj. 
 pertaining to, or based on, the num- 
 ber 60. 
 
 sex-hygiene (seks'hi-jen'), n. educa- 
 tional and other measures for main- 
 taining mental and physical health in 
 relation to sex. 
 
 sexless (seks'les), adj. having no sex; 
 neuter. 
 
 sextant (seks'tant), n. the sixth part of 
 a circle; an instrument for measur- 
 ing angular distances between ob- 
 jects, used especially at sea for de- 
 termining latitude and longitude. 
 
 sextet, sextette (seks-tef), n. a band 
 of six singers or players. 
 
 sextile (seks'til), adj. noting the as- 
 pect or position of two planets when 
 distant from each other 60°. 
 
 sexton (seks'tun), n. an inferior official 
 of a church whose duty it is to at- 
 tend to burials, the church, &c. 
 Fern, sextoness. 
 
 sextuple (seks'tu-pl), adj. sixfold. 
 
 sexual (seks'u-al), adj. pertaining to, 
 characteristic of, based on, or dis- 
 tinguishing, sex; pertaining to the 
 organs of generation. 
 
 sexuality (seks-Q-al'i-ti) , n. the state 
 or quality of being distinguished by 
 sex. 
 
 shabhiness (shab'i-nes), n. the state 
 or quality of being shabby. 
 
 shabby (shab'i)^ adj. [comp. shabbier, 
 superl. shabbiest], threadbare or 
 worn, as clothes; mean in appear- 
 ance or conduct; despicable. 
 
 shackle (shak'l), n. anything that 
 confines the hands or legs or ob- 
 structs free action, as gyves ; fetters ; 
 handcuffs; the bar of a padlock: 
 v.t. to fetter; embarrass or hinder; 
 unite or fasten with a shackle. 
 
 shad (shad), n. an anadromous fish, 
 valued as food. 
 
 shade (shad), n. comparative ob- 
 scurity caused by the interception 
 of the rays of light; darkness; a 
 shady place; gradation of light; 
 screen or cover ; the soul after death : 
 pi. wine vaults: v.i. to screen from 
 light or heat; shelter; paint in ob- 
 scure colors; mark with gradation of 
 light or color. 
 
 shading (shad'ing), n. the act of mak- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SHADOW 
 
 462 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 ing a shade; representation of light 
 and shade. 
 
 shadow (shad'o), n. shade within de- 
 fined limits; shade or deprivation of 
 light representing on a surface the 
 forms of the body which intercepts 
 the rays of light; dark part of a pic- 
 ture; obscurity or darkness; protec- 
 tion or security ; reflected image ; 
 faint representation ; inseparable 
 companion; small degree; a detect- 
 ive: v.t. to shade; darken or cloud; 
 conceal or screen; represent typi- 
 cally; attend closely as a shadow; 
 follow and watch closely, as a de- 
 tective. 
 
 shadowing (shad'o-ing), n. shading. 
 
 shadowy (shad'o-i), adj. full of, or 
 causing, shade or shadows; sheltered 
 from light or heat ; dim ; unreal ; typi- 
 cal. 
 
 shady (shad'i), adj. [comp. shadier, 
 superl. shadiest], abounding in, or 
 causing, shade; sheltered from the 
 glare of light or heat; pertaining to 
 darkness; dubious; equivocal. 
 
 shaft (shaft), n. an arrow; anything 
 resembling an arrow; the long nar- 
 row entrance to a mine; carriage- 
 pole; handle; part of a chimney; 
 body of a column between the base 
 and the capital. 
 
 shafting (shaft'ing), n. a system of 
 shafts for transmitting power. 
 
 shag (shag), n. a kind of tobacco; 
 rough, woolly hair; a bushy mass. 
 
 shaggy (shag'i), adj. rough with long 
 hair or wool; rough; rugged. 
 
 shah (sha), n. the sovereign of Persia. 
 
 shake (shak), v.t. [p.t. shook, p.p. 
 shaken, p.pr. shaking], to cause to 
 shiver; move with a quick, short 
 motion; agitate; make afraid; give 
 a tremulous note; to vibrate: v.i. 
 to tremble or quake. 
 
 shakedown (shak'doun), n. a tem- 
 porary bed._ 
 
 shaken (shak'n), p. adj. agitated; 
 cracked or split. 
 
 Shakespearean (shak-sper'e-an) , adj. 
 pertaining to, resembling, or char- 
 acteristic of, Shakespeare or his 
 works. Also Shakespearian, Shak- 
 spearian. 
 
 shako (shak'o) , n. a kind of military cap. 
 
 shale (shal), n. a husk; a laminated 
 argillaceous rock. 
 
 shall (shal), v.i. & auxil. [p. t. should 
 (shood)], to be under obligation: 
 used in the future tense of the verb. 
 
 shallop (shal'op), n. a schooner-rigged 
 two-masted boat; a small boat or 
 canoe. 
 
 shallow (shal'5), adj. having little 
 depth; not profound; superficial; 
 trifling; a flat place where the water 
 is not deep; shoal: v.i. to become 
 shallow. 
 
 sham (sham), n. a trick, fraud, or 
 make-believe ; imposture ; counter- 
 feit: adj. feigned; false; unreal: v.i. 
 [p.t. & p.p. shammed, p.pr. sham- 
 ming], to make false pretenses: v.t. 
 to make a pretense of in order to de- 
 ceive. 
 
 shamble (sham'bl), v.i. to walk 
 awkwardly and unsteadily; shuffle: 
 n.pl. a slaughter-house; meat-mar- 
 ket, 
 
 shame (sham), n. a painful sensation 
 caused by the sense of guilt, im- 
 propriety, or dishonor; that which 
 causes shame; reproach incurred or 
 suffered; modesty or decorum: v.t. 
 to make ashamed; cause to blush; 
 cover with disgrace. 
 
 shameful (sham'fool), adj. causing 
 
 shame; disgraceful; indecent- 
 shameless (sham'les), adj. devoid of 
 shame; indifferent to disgrace. 
 
 shampoo (sham-poo'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 shampooed, p.pr. shampooing], to 
 rub and press (the limbs and joints) 
 after a hot bath; to cleanse and rub 
 (the head) with soap, &c: n. the act 
 of shampooing. 
 
 shamrock (sham'rok), n. a trefoil 
 clover plant: the Irish national em- 
 blem. 
 
 shanghai (shang'hi), a well-known 
 brand of large domestic fowls, with 
 feathers on their legs: v.t. to drug a 
 sailor or otherwise make him insensi- 
 ble, and then to ship him as one of a 
 crew that lacks men. [From Shang- 
 hai, China.] 
 
 shank (shangk), n. the leg from the 
 knee to the ankle; long part of any 
 instrument ; body of a type. 
 
 shanty (shan'ti), n. a rude hut. 
 
 shape (shap), n. the form or figure 
 of a thing; external appearance; pat- 
 tern: v.t. to make into a particular 
 form; fashion; regulate; conceive. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SHAPELESS 
 
 463 
 
 SHELTER 
 
 shapeless (shap'les), adj. without 
 shape; ill-formed. 
 
 shapeliness (shap/li-nes), n. the state 
 or quality of being shapely. 
 
 shapely (shap'li), adj. well-formed; 
 symmetrical; comely. 
 
 shard (shard), n. a potsherd. 
 
 share (shar), n. a portion or part; 
 part allotted or belonging to one; 
 dividend; plowshare: v.t. to part 
 among two or more; divide; take or 
 possess in common; partake of or 
 use with others: v.i. to have a share 
 or part. 
 
 shark (shark), n. a large voracious 
 fish with sharp teeth; a rapacious, 
 artful man-eater. 
 
 sharp (sharp) , adj. having a very thin 
 edge or fine point ; terminating in an 
 edge or point; very thin; peaked or 
 ridged; keen; severe; acute; subtle: 
 n. a character (#) in music which 
 raises a note a semitone. 
 
 sharpen (sharp 'en), v.t. to make sharp 
 or sharper ; give edge or point to ; make 
 more acute: v.i. to become sharp; 
 play tricks in bargaining. 
 
 sharper (sharp'er), n. a cheat; swind- 
 ler. Also sharp, as a card-sharp. 
 
 shatter (shat'er), v.t. to break into 
 many pieces at once; crack or rend; 
 overthrow; dissipate: n.pl. broken 
 fragments. 
 
 shave (shav), v.t. to cut or pare off 
 with a razor or § other sharp-edged 
 instrument; cut in thin slices; skim 
 along or near the surface of; plun- 
 der or fleece: v.i. to use the razor 
 in removing hair: n. a thin slice; 
 the operation of shaving; an in- 
 strument for shaving hoops, &c. 
 
 shaving (shav'ing), n. the act of one 
 who shaves ; a thin slice pared off. 
 
 shawl (shawl), n. a square cloth of 
 various materials used as a loose 
 outer covering for the shoulders, 
 &c: v.t. to cover or wrap with a 
 shawl. 
 
 sheaf (shef), n. [pi. sheaves (shevz)], 
 a quantity of grain bound together; 
 a bundle; number of arrows sufficient 
 to fill a quiver: v.t. to gather or bind 
 into sheaves. 
 
 Shear (sher), v.t. [p.t. sheared, p.p. 
 sheared or shorn, p.pr. shearing], to 
 cut or clip, especially with shears; 
 reap: v.i. to use shears: n.pl. a cut- 
 
 ting instrument operating like scis- 
 sors, but larger; an apparatus for 
 raising heavy weights. 
 
 sheath (sheth), n. a scabbard; any 
 sheath-like covering. 
 
 sheathe (sheth), v.t. to put into a 
 sheath or scabbard; case with a pro- 
 tecting covering. 
 
 sheave (shev), n. a grooved wheel in a 
 block or pulley over which the rope 
 runs. 
 
 shed (shed), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shed, p.pr. 
 shedding], to pour out or diffuse; 
 cause to flow out; emit: v.i. to let 
 fall or cast off seed: n. a slight build- 
 ing. 
 
 sheen (shen), n. a brightness; splen- 
 dor: adj. bright, glittering. Also 
 sheeny: v.i. to shine or glisten. 
 
 sheep (shep),n., s. & pi. any ruminant 
 animal of the genus Ovis, valued for 
 its wool and flesh; a foolish, bash- 
 ful fellow: pi. God's people, as be- 
 ing under the care of the Good Shep- 
 herd, Jesus Christ. 
 
 sheepish (shep'ish), adj. awkward, 
 clumsy, shy. 
 
 sheer (sher), adj. pure; unmixed; very- 
 thin or transparent; precipitous: v.i. 
 to deviate from the proper course. 
 
 sheet (shet), n. a large thin slice of 
 anything; broad piece of linen to 
 cover a bed; broad piece of paper; 
 letter; newspaper; broad expanse 
 or surface; rope attached to a sail 
 to extend it; open space in the bow 
 or stern of a boat. 
 
 sheik (shek or shak), n. the head of 
 a Bedouin family, tribe, or clan. 
 [Arabic] 
 
 shekel (shek'el), n. an ancient Jew- 
 ish coin or weight: pi. money. 
 
 shelf (shelf), n. [pi. shelves (shelvz)], 
 a flat ledge or board for holding 
 anything; a sandbank or flat pro- 
 jecting ledge of rock. 
 
 shell (shel), n. a hard outside cover- 
 ing; any framework; rough kind of 
 coffin; a hollow projectile; lightly 
 constructed boat: v.t. to strip off or 
 remove the shell of; take out of the 
 shell; separate from the ear or cob; 
 throw shells upon or into: v.i. to fall 
 off, as a shell. 
 
 shellac (shel-ak'), n. crude resin lac 
 melted and formed into thin plates. 
 
 shelter (shel'ter), n. that which pro- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SHELVE 
 
 464 
 
 SHOAL 
 
 tects or shields; security; asylum; 
 harbor; defense; protector: v.t. to 
 protect or shield from injury or vio- 
 lence; conceal: v.i. to take or give 
 shelter. 
 
 shelve (shelv), v.t. to place on a 
 shelf; furnish with a shelf; dismiss 
 from service, or postpone indefinite- 
 ly: v.i. to incline gradually; slope. 
 
 shelving (shelv'ing), n. materials for 
 shelves ;_shelves collectively. 
 
 Sheol (she'ol), n. among the Hebrews 
 the place of departed spirits; Ha- 
 des. 
 
 shepherd (shep'erd), n. one who tends 
 sneep; a pastor. Fern, shepherdess: 
 v.t. to tend as a shepherd. 
 
 sherbet (sher'bet), n. a cooling bev- 
 erage of water and fruit juices sweet- 
 ened, &c. 
 
 sheriff (sher'if), n. the chief executive 
 officer of a shire (in England) or 
 county. 
 
 sheriffalty (sher'if-al-ti), n. the office 
 or jurisdiction of a sheriff. Better, 
 shrievalty. 
 
 sherry (sher'i), n. a dry amber-colored 
 wine, originally obtained from Xeres, 
 Spain. 
 
 shew, same as show. [Archaic] 
 
 shibboleth (shib'o-letn), n. a word 
 which was made the criterion to dis- 
 tinguish the Ephraimites from the 
 Gileadites, the former not being 
 able to pronounce sh (Judges xii.): 
 hence the criterion of a party. 
 
 shield (sheld), n. a, broad piece of de- 
 fensive armor, carried on the left 
 arm; defense or protection; an es- 
 cutcheon: v.t. to protect with, or 
 as with, a shield; ward off or avert. 
 
 shift (shift), n. a turning from one 
 thing to another; change; substitu- 
 tion; chemise: v.t. to change the 
 place of; dress in fresh clothes : v.i. 
 resort to expedients; to alter or 
 change. 
 
 shiftless (shift'les), adj. destitute of 
 expedients; having no means of live- 
 lihood; lazy; improvident. 
 
 shifty (shift 'i), adj. full of expedients; 
 changeable. 
 
 shillalah (shil-la/la), n. an oaken cud- 
 gel. Also shillelah, shillelagh. [Irish.] 
 
 shilling (shiring), n. a British silver 
 coin, valued at about 24 cents. 
 
 shilly-shally (shiri-shal'i) , adv. in an 
 
 irresolute, undecided manner: v.i. to 
 hesitate; act irresolutely. 
 
 shimmer (shim'er), v.t. to shine un- 
 steadily or tremulously; flicker: n. 
 a tremulous gleam; flicker. 
 
 shin (shin), n. the forepart of the leg 
 between the ankle and knee; shank: 
 v.i. to climb a tree, &c, by means of 
 the hands and legs. 
 
 shindy (shin'di), n. an uproar; spree; 
 fancy. 
 
 shine (shin), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. shone, 
 v.pr. shining], to emit rays of light; 
 be bright or beautiful; be distin- 
 guished, eminent, or conspicuous: 
 v.t. to cause to shine by reflected 
 light: n. sunshine; bright weather; 
 row ; prank ; fancy for a person. 
 
 shingle (shing'gl), n. a thin piece of 
 wood used for roofing ; coarse, round, 
 water-worn gravel: pi. a cutaneous 
 disease which spreads round the 
 body like a belt : v.t. to cover or roof 
 with shingles. 
 
 shining (shln'ing) , adj. emitting light ; 
 radiant; eminent; distinguished. 
 
 ship, a suffix meaning office, state, dig- 
 nity, art, or skill, as lordship, horse- 
 manship. 
 
 ship (ship), n. any large vessel for 
 the conveyance of passengers or 
 merchandise, especially one with 
 three masts and square-rigged: v.t. 
 [p.t. & p.p. shipped, p.pr. shipping], 
 to place on board a ship; carry by 
 water; put in its place or proper 
 position: v.i. engage for service on 
 board ship. 
 
 shipboard (ship'bord), n. the deck of a 
 ship. 
 
 shipshape (ship'shap), adj. in good 
 order: adv. neatly. 
 
 shirk (sherk), v.t. to avoid; get off; 
 slink away from. 
 
 shirt (shert), n. an undergarment. 
 
 shirting (shert'ing), n. material for 
 making shirts. 
 
 shirtwaist (shert'wast), n. a woman's 
 overgarment or blouse. 
 
 shivaree (shiv-a-re') , n. a mock sere- 
 nade, especially to a bride and groom 
 (from the Low Latin, charivarium) . 
 
 shiver (shiv'er), v.i. to tremble; to 
 quiver as from cold or fear. 
 
 shoal (shol), n. a large number of fish 
 swimming together; a sand-bank; a 
 shallow. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; n5te, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SHOCKING 
 
 465 
 
 SHOW 
 
 shocking (shok'ing), adj. causing to 
 shake or tremble; extremely offen- 
 sive or disgusting. 
 
 shod, p.t. of shoe. 
 
 shoddy (shod'i), n. the wool of old 
 woolen fabrics torn to pieces and 
 remade with an admixture of fresh 
 wool into new cloth: adj. made of 
 shoddy; not genuine; sham. 
 
 shoe (shoo), n. [pi. shoes' (shooz)], a 
 low covering for the foot, usually of 
 leather; a horseshoe; anything in the 
 shape of a shoe: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shod, 
 p.pr. shoeing], to furnish with a shoe 
 or shoes; tip. 
 
 shone (,shon), p.t. & p.p. of shine. 
 
 shook (shook), p.t. of shake: n. a set 
 of staves and headings for a cask 
 ready to be set up ; set of boards for 
 a sugar-box: v.t. to pack in 
 shoots. 
 
 shoot (shoot), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shot, 
 p.pr. shooting], to let fly or dis- 
 charge with a sudden force, as a 
 bullet, &c; strike with a shot; hurl; 
 emit; kill game in or over: v.i. to 
 protrude or project; be shot or pro- 
 pelled forcibly; rush along ; sprout; 
 be affected with darting pains: n. a 
 young branch or growth; chute. 
 
 shooting (shSot'ing), n. the act of one 
 who shoots; wounding and killing 
 with a firearm; sensation of darting 
 pain: adj. pertaining to, or suitable 
 for, shooting. 
 
 shop (shop), n. a building where goods 
 are sold by retail; place where me- 
 chanics carry on their trade: v.i. 
 [p.t. & p.p. shopped, p.pr. shopping], 
 to visit shops to purchase goods. 
 
 shore (shdr), n. the coast or land ad- 
 jacent to the sea, &c; a prop or sup- 
 port: v.t. to support by a shore or 
 shores. 
 
 shoring (shor'ing), n. the act of sup- 
 porting or strengthening by a shore; 
 props collectively. 
 
 shorn (shorn), p.t. of shear. 
 
 short (short), adj. [comp. shorter, su- 
 perl. shortest], not long either in 
 space or time; near at hand, inad- 
 equate; defective; deficient; not te- 
 nacious ; abrupt ; petulant ; brief ; brit- 
 tle; crumbling in the mouth; not 
 prolonged in sound: pi. ground grain 
 sifted finer than bran: adv. abruptly; 
 quickly. 
 
 shortage (short 'aj), n. a deficiency in 
 an account. 
 
 short-circuit (short-ser'kit), v.i. to 
 break off an electrical current so that 
 it does not complete its entire course: 
 v.t. to short-circuit is to kill by sud- 
 denly breaking the electrical current 
 when some one may be in contact 
 with the wire: n. a broken electric 
 current . 
 
 shortcoming (short-kum'ing), n. a 
 deficiency; a remissness in any duty. 
 
 shorten (short'n), v.t. to make short 
 or shorter in time, extent, or meas- 
 ure. 
 
 shorthand (short'hand), n. a system 
 of writing by abbreviated symbols. 
 
 shortly (short 'li), adv. soon; quickly; 
 curtly. 
 
 short-sighted (short-sit 'ed), adj. the 
 same as near-sighted; myopia. 
 
 shot (shot), n.\pl. shots and shot], the 
 act of shooting; discharge of a fire- 
 arm, &c; missile, especially a bul- 
 let or ball; small balls of lead for 
 killing game ; a marksman ; range of 
 a missile :,v.t. to load with shot: p. adj. 
 intoxicated. 
 
 should (shood), p.t. of shall. 
 
 shoulder (shol'der), n. the articula- 
 tion connecting the human arm, or 
 the foreleg of a quadruped, to the 
 body; that which resembles a shoul- 
 der; a prominence; support: pi. the 
 upper part of the back: v.t. to take 
 upon the shoulder; assume the re- 
 sponsibility of; jostle or thrust 
 about with the shoulder. 
 
 shout (shout), n. sl loud and sudden 
 cry or outburst of joy, triumph, en- 
 couragement, &c: v.i. to utter a 
 loud and sudden cry: v.t. to utter 
 with a shout. 
 
 shove (shuv), n. a forcible push: v.t. 
 to push along; drive before one: v.i. 
 to push forward or off. 
 
 shovel (shuv'l), n. an implement with 
 a broad scoop and a handle for lift- 
 ing and throwing coal, &c: v.t. to 
 take and throw up with a shovel; 
 gather up with, or as with, a shovel. 
 
 show (sho), v.t. [p.t. showed, p.p. 
 shown, p.pr. showing], to present to 
 view; display; disclose; make clear; 
 guide; direct; teach; confer or be- 
 stow: v.i. to appear; manifest one's 
 self: n. the act of showing; expos- 
 
 ate, arm, at, aw 
 
 me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SHOWER 
 
 466 
 
 SHUTTLE 
 
 ure to sight; ostentatious display; 
 exhibition or spectacle; pretense. 
 
 shower (shou'er), n. a fall of rain or 
 hail of short duration; copious fall 
 or supply of anything: v.t. to water 
 copiously with rain; bestow liberal- 
 ly: v.i. to rain in showers. 
 
 showery (shou'er-i), adj. raining or 
 abounding in showers. 
 
 showy (sho'i), adj. ostentatious; gay. 
 
 shrank, p.t. of shrink. 
 
 shred (shred), n. a long narrow piece 
 torn or cut off ; piece or fragment : 
 v.t. to tear into small pieces. 
 
 shrew (shroo), n. a scolding, vexa- 
 tious woman; a small, insectivorous, 
 burrowing animal, resembling a 
 mouse. 
 
 shrewd (shrood), adj. sharp-witted or 
 clever in practical affairs; of nice 
 discernment ; _sagacious ; sly ; • astute. 
 
 shrewish (shroo'ish), adj. like a shrew. 
 
 shriek (shrek), v.i. to utter a shriek: 
 n. a sharp, shrill outcry. 
 
 shrievalty (shrev'al-ti) , n. the office 
 or jurisdiction of a sheriff. Also 
 shrivalty. 
 
 shrift (shrift), n. confession to a 
 priest; absolution. 
 
 shrill (shril), adj. sharp and pierc- 
 ing in tone: v.i. to utter an acute, 
 piercing sound. 
 
 shrimp (shrimp), n. a small shell- 
 fish allied to the lobster; anything 
 very small of its kind; a dwarf. 
 
 shrine (shrin), n. a case or recepta- 
 cle in which sacred relics are de- 
 posited; any sacred place or hal- 
 lowed object; an altar: v.t. to place 
 in a shrine. 
 
 shrink (shringk), v.i. [p.t. shrank, p.p. 
 shrunk, p.pr. shrinking], to contract 
 spontaneously ; become wrinkled ; 
 withdraw; recoil: v.t. to cause to con- 
 tract: n. contraction; withdrawal. 
 
 shrinkage (shringk'aj), n. the act of 
 shrinking; contraction; decrease in 
 value. 
 
 shrive (shrlv), v.t. [p.t. shrived or 
 shrove, p.p. shriven, p.pr. shriving], 
 to confess and absolve: v.i. to receive 
 confession. 
 
 shrivel (shriv'l), v.i. to be drawn into 
 wrinkles; contract: v.t. to cause to 
 contract into wrinkles. 
 
 shroud (shroud), n. a winding sheet 
 or covering for the dead; anything 
 
 that covers or conceals: pi. a set of 
 large ropes supporting the masts: 
 v.t. to cover with, or as with, a 
 shroud; conceal. 
 
 shrove (shrov), p.t. of shrive. 
 
 Shrove Tuesday (tuz'da), n. the 
 Tuesday next before Ash Wednesday. 
 
 shrub (shrub), n. a woody plant of 
 less size than a tree; a kind of 
 beverage of lemon juice, spirit, 
 &c. 
 
 shrubbery (shrub 'er-i), n. [pi. shrub- 
 beries (shrub'er-iz)], a collection of 
 shrubs; plantation of shrubs. 
 
 shrug (shrug), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shrugged, 
 p.pr. shrugging], to contract or draw 
 up (the shoulders) to express doubt, 
 contempt, dislike, &c: v.i. to raise 
 the shoulders: n. a raising or con- 
 tracting of the shoulders. 
 
 shrunk (shrungk), p.t. & p.p. of 
 shrink. 
 
 shrunken (shrungk'en) , p.adj. shriv- 
 eled up. 
 
 shuck (shuck), n. a shell or husk: v.t. 
 to deprive of shells or husks. 
 
 shudder (shud'er), n. a trembling with 
 fear or horror; cold shivering: v.i. to 
 feel a cold tremor from fear or hor- 
 ror; quake. 
 
 shuffle (shuf'l), v.t. to push from one 
 to another; change the relative po- 
 sitions of: v.i. to change the order 
 of cards in a pack; evade fair ques- 
 tions; prevaricate; drag the feet in 
 walking or dancing: n. the act of 
 shuffling; artifice or evasion; slov- 
 enly, irregular gait. 
 
 shuffling (shuf'ling), adj^ moving with 
 a slovenly, irregular gait; evasive. 
 
 shun (shun), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shunned, 
 p.pr. shunning], to avoid; keep 
 clear of; escape from; neglect; de- 
 cline. 
 
 shunt (shunt), v.t. to turn off, on, or 
 as on, a side rail: v.i. to be turned 
 aside: n. a turning off to a side rail; 
 a short side-rail. [Briticism.] 
 
 shut (shut), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shut, p.pr. 
 shutting], to close so as to prevent 
 entrance or exit; prohibit or bar; 
 exclude; close over: v.i. to become 
 closed: adj. closed. 
 
 shutter (shut'er), n. one who, or that 
 which, shuts; a movable screen for 
 a window. 
 
 shuttle (shut'l), n. an instrument 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SHUTTLECOCK 
 
 467 
 
 SIGNAL 
 
 used in weaving; sliding thread- 
 holder in a sewing machine. 
 
 shuttlecock (shut'1-kok), n. a cork 
 stuck with feathers and driven with a 
 battledore. 
 
 shy (shi), adj. [comp. shyer, superl. 
 shyest], timid; shunning approach; 
 cautious, reserved; suspicious; mod- 
 est: v.i. to start aside from fear: 
 v.t. to throw sidewise with a jerk; 
 fling: n. the act of starting aside 
 from fear; a side throw. 
 
 shyness (shi'nes), n. the state of being 
 shy. 
 
 shyster (shis'ter), n. one who carries 
 on legal business in a mean and 
 tricky manner. 
 
 si (se), the seventh note of the scale 
 [Music]. 
 
 sibilant (sib'i-lant), adj. making, or 
 uttering, a hissing sound: n. a sibi- 
 lant letter, as s, z. 
 
 sibyl (sib'il), n. a woman endowed 
 with a spirit of prophecy. 
 
 sic (sik), adj. such [Scotch]: adv. thus 
 [Latin]. 
 
 sick (sik), adj. ill in health; affected 
 with nausea; inclined to vomit; dis- 
 gusted; indisposed; set apart for the 
 sick. 
 
 sicken (sik'n), v.i. to become sick; fall 
 ill; be filled with disgust; decay or 
 languish: v.t. to make sick; disgust. 
 
 sickening (sik'n-ing) , adj. making sick; 
 disgusting ; nauseating. 
 
 sickle (sik'l), n. a reaping hook. 
 
 sickly (sik'li), adj. ailing; weak; ha- 
 bitually indisposed; producing dis- 
 ease. 
 
 sickness (sik'nes), n. the state of being 
 sick or in bad health; illness; dis- 
 eased condition. 
 
 side (sid), n. one of the surfaces that 
 define or limit a solid; edge; part 
 of a man or an animal between the 
 shoulder and hip; slope or declivity; 
 party; position; line of descent; as- 
 pect; affectation or self-assertion 
 (Eng. slang); bias of a billiard ball: 
 v.i. to embrace the cause or tenets of 
 one party against another: v.t. to 
 stand at the side of. 
 
 sidelong (sld'long), adv. obliquely: adj. 
 lateral. 
 
 sidereal (si-de're-al) , adj. pertaining 
 to the stars; astral; measured by the 
 apparent motion of the stars. 
 
 sidewalk (sld'wawk), n. a way for the 
 
 use of pedestrians. 
 
 siding (sld'ing), n. a railroad track by 
 the side of the main track, for 
 switching, &c: adj. taking sides. 
 
 sidle (sid'l), v.i. to go or move side fore- 
 most^ 
 
 siege (sej), n. the surrounding and in- 
 vesting of a place by an army to 
 compel its surrender; continued 
 effort to obtain possession; floor of 
 a glass furnace: v.t. to besiege. 
 
 sienna (si-en'a), n. red or brown clay 
 obtained from Siena, Italy : used as a 
 pigment. 
 
 sierra (se-er'a), n. a chain of moun- 
 tains with serrated ridges. 
 
 siesta (se-es'ta), n. midday or after- 
 dinner nap. [Spanish.] 
 
 sieve (siv), n. a utensil for separating 
 the finer from the coarser parts of a 
 substance. 
 
 sift (sift), v.t. to separate with, or as 
 with, a sieve; scrutinize. 
 
 sigh (si), v.i. to inhale and respire 
 with a long, deep, and audible 
 breathing; grieve; lament: v.t. to 
 express by sighs ; mourn : n. the 
 act of sighing. 
 
 sight (sit), n. the act of seeing; per- 
 ception: visibility; judgment; men- 
 tal view; spectacle; view; space 
 seen; a small piece of metal on a 
 gun, &c, to guide the eye in aiming; 
 large number or quantity: v.t. to 
 see; adjust the sight of. 
 
 sightless (sit'les), adj. blind; devoid 
 of sight. 
 
 sightliness (sit'li-nes), n. the state or 
 quality of being sightly. 
 
 sightly (sitli), adj. pleasing to the eye. 
 
 sigmoid (sig'moid), adj. curved like 
 the letter s. 
 
 sign (sin), n. a mark, token, or sym- 
 bol; that by which anything is 
 known or represented; visible rep- 
 resentation ; memorial ; indication ; 
 the twelfth part_ of the zodiac; 
 omen; wonder; signboard: v.t. to 
 represent with a sign; signify; af- 
 fix a signature to; ratify by writing 
 one's own name; convey formally: 
 v.i. to make a sign or signal. [Latin.] 
 
 signal (sig'nal),_ n. a sign for giving 
 notice, especially at a distance; 
 something to attract the eye or ear: 
 adj. memorable; distinguished; re- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 30 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SIGNALIZE 
 
 468 
 
 SIMOUS 
 
 markable; pertaining to signals: v.t. 
 to convey by signals ; make signals to. 
 
 signalize (sig'nal-iz), v.t. to make 
 especially conspicuous. 
 
 signature (sig'na-tur), n. name of a 
 person written by himself; sign- 
 manual; mark or stamp impressed; 
 flats or sharps after the clef to in- 
 dicate the key [Music]. 
 
 signboard (sm'bord), n. a board 
 placed conspicuously to call public 
 attention to something advertised. 
 
 signet (sig'net), n. a seal, especially 
 that used by a sovereign in sealing 
 documents under sign-manual. 
 
 significance (sig-nif 'i-kans) , n. mean- 
 ing or import; consequence. Also 
 significancy. 
 
 significant (sig-nif 'i-kant) , adj. de- 
 signed or adapted to signify; ex- 
 pressive or suggestive; important: 
 n. a token or symbol. 
 
 signify (sig'ni-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sig- 
 nified, p.pr. signifying], to show by 
 a sign, mark, or token; denote; 
 make known; involve; manifest: 
 v.i. to be of consequence. 
 
 signor (sen'yor), n. sir [Italian]. Also 
 signior. Fern, signora (sen-yor'a). 
 
 signorina (sen-yor-e'na), n. Miss. 
 [Italian.] 
 
 silence (si'lens), # n. entire absence 
 of sound; having no sound; taci- 
 turnity; obscurity; oblivion: v.t. to 
 make silent; reduce to silence by 
 irrefutable arguments; cause to 
 cease firing; restrain from the^ ex- 
 ercise of any function, especially 
 preaching. [Latin.] 
 
 silent (si'lent), adj. noiseless; not 
 speaking; not pronounced; taci- 
 turn; quiet. 
 
 silesia (si-le'shi-a), n. a kind of lin- 
 en cloth. 
 
 silex (si'leks), n. flint. 
 
 silhouette (sil-oo-et') , n. the out- 
 line or profile filled in with black: 
 v.t. to represent by a silhouette. 
 
 silica (sil'i-ka), n. silicon dioxide. 
 
 silicate (sil'i-kat), n. a salt of silicic 
 acid. 
 
 silicic (si-lis'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
 derived from, compounded with, or 
 like, silica. 
 
 silicon (sfii-kon), n. a non-metallic 
 element. [Greek.] 
 
 silk (silk), n. a fine, soft, tenacious 
 
 thread spun by certain caterpillars, 
 as that of Bombyx mori; cloth made 
 of silk; garment made of silk: adj. 
 pertaining to, or made of, silk. 
 
 silky (silk'i), adj. pertaining to, made 
 of, or resembling, silk; silken. 
 
 sill (sil), n. the foundation of any- 
 thing in timber or stone, especially 
 a timber at the bottom of a door or 
 _ window ; a young herring. 
 
 silly (sil'i), adj. [comp. sillier, superl. 
 silliest], weak in intellect; foolish; 
 indiscreet. 
 
 silt (silt), n. mud or sand deposited 
 by running or standing water: v.t. 
 to fill up or obstruct with silt: v.i. 
 to percolate. 
 
 Silurian (si-lu'ri-an), adj. pertaining 
 to a division of the Paleozoic era, 
 sometimes called the era of inverte- 
 brates^ 
 
 silver (sil'ver), n. a soft, white, me- 
 tallic element, used for coins and 
 articles of plate, &c; money, any- 
 thing resembling silver in brightness 
 or color: adj. pertaining to, or made 
 of, silver; soft and clear, as the 
 voice; gentle: v.t. to cover or coat 
 with silver. 
 
 silvery (siTver-i), adj. covered with, 
 containing, or like, silver; soft and 
 clear; bright. 
 
 simian (sim'i-an), adj. pertaining to, 
 characteristic of, or like an ape: n. 
 an ape or monkey. 
 
 similar (sim'i-lar), adj. having a gen- 
 eral likeness or correspondence; 
 alike. 
 
 similarity (sim-i-lar'i-ti), n. resem- 
 blance. 
 
 simile (sim'i-le), n. [pi. similies (sim'- 
 i-lez)], a likening by comparison to 
 illustrate something. 
 
 simmer (sim'er), v.t. & v.i. to boil 
 gently. 
 
 simony (sim'o-ni), n. the act or 
 crime of buying or selling ecclesias- 
 tical preferment; corrupt presenta- 
 tion of any one to a benefice: from 
 Simon Magus,_ Acts viii., 18. 
 
 simoom (si-moom'), n. a hot, dry, 
 suffocating wind which blows from 
 the deserts of Arabia, &c, laden 
 with minute particles of sand. Also 
 simoon. [Arabic] 
 
 simous (si'mus), adj. having a flat 
 or snub nose. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, fften. 
 
SIMPER 
 
 SINNER 
 
 simper (sim'per), v.i. to smile in an 
 affected or silly manner: n. affected 
 or silly smile. 
 
 simple (siru'pl), adj. [comp. sim- 
 pler, superl. simplest], single, not 
 complex; undivided; not blended or 
 compounded; pure; plain; un- 
 adorned; sincere; natural; unaf- 
 fected; intelligible; clear; weak in 
 intellect; humble; plain: n. some- 
 thing unmixed or not compounded; 
 a medicinal herb. [Lexicon.] 
 
 simpleton (sim'pl-tun), n. one who is 
 foolish or of weak intellect. 
 
 simplicity (sim-plis'i-ti), n. the state or 
 quality of being simple; artlessness 
 of mind; freedom from duplicity; 
 absence of excessive or artificial or- 
 nament; clearness: innocence; folly. 
 
 simplify (sim'pli-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 simplified, p.pr. simplifying], to make 
 simple; render less complex; make 
 plain or easy. 
 
 simply (sim'pli), adv. in a simple man- 
 ner; without addition; only; mere- 
 ly; foolishly or weakly. 
 
 simulacrum (sim-u-la/krum), n. an 
 effigy; image; likeness; ghost. [Latin.] 
 
 simulate (sim'u-lat), v.t. to pretend or 
 counterfeit; assume the likeness of. 
 
 simultaneous (sim-ul-ta'ne-us) , adj. 
 happening, done, or existing at the 
 same time. 
 
 sin (sin), n. wilful transgression of 
 the Divine law; neglect of the laws 
 of morality and religion; violation 
 of propriety; transgression; iniquity: 
 v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sinned, p.pr. sin- 
 ning], to commit sin; transgress or 
 offend. 
 
 since (sins), adv. from that time; be- 
 fore this or now: prep, from the time 
 of; after: conj. because; seeing that; 
 considering. 
 
 sincere (sin-ser'), adj. true; honest; 
 not falsely assumed; genuine; frank; 
 upright; pure; adulterated. 
 
 sincerity (sin-ser'i-ti) , n. the state or 
 quality of being sincere; freedom 
 from hypocrisy or pretense. Also 
 sincereness. 
 
 sine (sin), n. a straight line drawn 
 from one extremity of the arc of a 
 circle perpendicular to the diameter 
 passing through the other extremity : 
 a prejix meaning without, as sinecure 
 (sin'e-kur), any office or position for 
 
 which pay is received without an 
 equivalent in work rendered. 
 
 sinecure (sin'e-kur), n. an office or 
 position with an income attached to 
 it but no necessary work. [Latin.] 
 
 sinew (sin'u), n. a tendon; anything 
 supplying strength. 
 
 sinewy (sin'u-i), adj. pertaining to, 
 consisting of, or like, sinew; vigor- 
 ous; tough. 
 
 sinful (sin'fool), adj. full of sin; 
 wicked; impious; unholy. 
 
 sing (sing), v.i. [p.t. sung, sang, p.p. 
 sung, p.pr. singing], to utter melo- 
 dious sounds; make a shrill or hum- 
 ming noise; celebrate in verse or 
 poetry; cry out: v.t. to celebrate in 
 _ song; chant. 
 
 singe (sinj), v.t. to burn slightly or 
 u on the surface: n. a slight burn. 
 
 single (sing'gl), adj. consisting of one 
 only; alone; separate; unmarried; 
 performed by one person or one on 
 each side; straightforward; sincere; 
 honest: v.t. to select (one person or 
 thing) from others; separate: n. a 
 unit : pi. reeled and twisted filaments 
 of silk; in lawn tennis, a game with 
 only one player on each side. 
 
 singly (sing'gli), adv. individually; par- 
 ticularly. 
 
 singsong (sing'song), n. bad singing 
 or poetry; monotonous or drawling 
 tone: adj. monotonous. 
 
 singular (sing'gu-lar) , adj. not com- 
 plex or compound ; alone ; noting one 
 person or thing; uncommon; unus- 
 ual; strange; extraordinary; emi- 
 nent; peculiar; odd; unique: n. in 
 Grammar, the number denoting one 
 person or thing. 
 
 sinister (sin'is-ter), adj. inauspicious; 
 unlucky; evil; ill-omened; corrupt; 
 dishonest; on the left hand or 
 side. 
 
 sink (singk), v.i. [p.t. sunk, sank, p.p. 
 sunk, sunken, p.pr. sinking], to fall 
 or go downwards; fall to the bot- 
 tom; descend lower and lower; de- 
 cline gradually; enter deeply; sub- 
 side: v.t. to cause to sink; make by 
 digging; lower in value or amount; 
 reduce or extinguish by payment: 
 n. a drain to carry off dirty or su- 
 perfluous water. 
 
 sinless (sin'les), adj. free from sin. 
 
 sinner (sin'er), n. one who sins; an 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SINUATE 
 
 470 
 
 SIZZLE 
 
 offender; transgressor ; one who is un- 
 regenerate. 
 
 sinuate (sin'u-at), adj. having the 
 margin alternately curved inward 
 and outward. 
 
 sinuous (sin'u-us), adj. bending in and 
 out; winding; crooked. 
 
 Sioux (su), n.pl. a tribe of Indians 
 whose racial home is in the two 
 Dakotas. 
 
 sip (sip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sipped, p.pr. 
 sipping], to imbibe in small quan- 
 tities; drink out of; draw into the 
 mouth; taste: v.i. to drink a small 
 quantity; take a fluid with the lips: 
 n. the act of sipping; taste. 
 
 siphon (si'fon), n. a bent pipe or 
 tube having one end longer than the 
 other, used for drawing off liquids 
 from a higher to a lower level; the 
 respiratory tube of a mollusk; a 
 siphon bottle: v.t. to convey or draw 
 off by a siphon. Also syphon. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 Sir (ser), n. the title of a baronet or 
 knight; a term of respect. [French.] 
 
 sire (sir), n. a title of respect used 
 in addressing the sovereign; father; 
 head of a family; male of beasts: 
 v.t. to procreate. [French.] 
 
 siren (si ren) , n. one of certain fabulous 
 nymphs in Southern Italy said to 
 have sung with such sweetness that 
 mariners were irresistibly lured to 
 their destruction; hence a woman 
 dangerous from her fascinating, en- 
 ticing wiles; a foghorn, a South 
 American eel-like amphibian: adj. 
 pertaining to, characteristic of, or 
 like, a siren; bewitching. [Greek.] 
 
 sirene (si-ren'), n. an instrument for 
 ascertaining the number of vibra- 
 tions per second corresponding to a 
 note of given pitch. 
 
 Sirius (sir'i-us), n. the dog-star. 
 
 sirloin (ser'loin), n. the loin, or upper 
 part of the loin, of beef. 
 
 sirocco (si-rok'o), n. [pi. siroccos (si- 
 rok'oz)], a hot, relaxing wind, from 
 the Libyan deserts. 
 
 sirrah (sir'a), n. a term of reproach 
 or contempt. [French.] 
 
 siss (sis), n. a hissing noise: v.i. to 
 make a hissing noise. 
 
 sister (sis'ter), n. a female born of 
 the same parents as another person; 
 a female fellow-Christian; a female 
 
 of the same religious society, order, 
 or community; nun; one of the same 
 kind or condition. 
 
 sit, v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sat, p.pr. sitting], 
 to rest on the lower part of the 
 trunk of the body ; perch ; rest or lie ; 
 repose on a seat; press or weigh; 
 occupy a seat officially; be officially 
 engaged; incubate; hold a session: 
 v.t. to sit upon; snub. 
 
 site (sit), n. local position or situa- 
 tion; ground-plot. 
 
 sitting (sit'ing), adj. resting on the 
 haunches; perching; incubating: n. 
 the state, posture, or act of one who 
 sits; a seat in a church, &c; a ses- 
 sion; time during which one sits; 
 set of eggs for incubation. 
 
 situated (sit'ii-a-ted), adj. having a 
 position; placed with respect to any 
 other object. 
 
 situation (sit-u-a/shun) , n. position; 
 locality; circumstances; office; em- 
 ployment. 
 
 six (siks), adj. one more than five: n. 
 the number greater by one than five; 
 the symbol representing 6 units. 
 
 sixfold (siks 'fold), adj. six times as 
 many or as much. 
 
 sixpence (siks'pens), n. a small Brit- 
 ish silver coin, value six pennies, or 
 12M cents. 
 
 sixpenny (siks'pen-i) , adj. worth six- 
 pence. 
 
 sixscore (siks'skor), n. & adj. six times 
 twenty. 
 
 sixteen (siks'ten), adj. fifteen and one 
 more. 
 
 sixteenmo (siks'ten-mo), n. sexto- 
 decimo. 
 
 sixteenth (siks'tenth), adj. next in or- 
 der after the fifteenth. 
 
 sixth (siksth), adj. first after the 
 fifth. 
 
 sixtieth (siks'ti-eth), adj. next in or- 
 der after the fifty-ninth. 
 
 sixty (siks'ti), n. [pi. sixties (siks'tiz)], 
 the product of six and ten: adj. ten 
 times six. 
 
 sizable (siz'a-bl), adj. of considerable 
 or suitable size. 
 
 size (siz), n. a kind of thin, weak 
 glue; magnitude or bulk: v.t. to pre- 
 pare or cover with size; adjust or 
 arrange according to size or bulk; 
 separate by means of a sieve. 
 
 sizzle (siz'l), v.i. to make a hissing 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
SKATE 
 
 471 
 
 SKIT 
 
 sound; to suffer from heat: n. a 
 hissing sound. 
 
 skate (skat), n. a kind of flat fish of 
 the ray family; a metallic runner 
 fitted in a frame for fastening to the 
 boot to slide over ice: v.i. to slide on 
 skates; an old and worn out horse; 
 a term of reproach or dislike as 
 "a cheap skate." [Slang.] 
 
 skedaddle (ske-dad'l), v.i. to run 
 away, especially in terror. 
 
 skein (skan), n. a quantity of thread, 
 silk, &c, coiled together. 
 
 skeleton (skel'e-tun), n. the bones 
 of an animal separated from the 
 flesh; framework of anything; out- 
 line; a secret annoyance; very thin 
 person. 
 
 skeptic (skep'tik), n. one who doubts 
 the truth of any doctrine or system ; 
 one who doubts the existence of God 
 or revelation; an adherent of philo- 
 sophical skepticism. [Greek.] 
 
 skeptical (skep'ti-kal), adj. pertain- 
 ing to, or characteristic of, a skeptic; 
 characterized by skepticism; doubt- 
 ing the existence of God or Divine 
 revelation. 
 
 skepticism (skep'ti-sizm), n. incredu- 
 lity; doubt; the doctrine that no 
 facts can be known with _ certainty 
 beyond the range of experience; un- 
 belief in any particular doctrine or 
 system. 
 
 sketch (skech), n. an outline; first 
 rough draft; preliminary study :v.t. 
 to draw the outline or give principal 
 features of; make a sketch of: v.i. 
 to make sketches. 
 
 sketchy (skech'i), adj. outlined; un- 
 finished. 
 
 skew (sku), adj. oblique; twisted: adv. 
 obliquely. 
 
 skewer (sku'er), n. a pin of wood or 
 metal for securing meat, &c, in 
 form when roasting: v.t. to fasten 
 with, or as with, a skewer. 
 
 ski (ske), n.pl. long narrow pieces of 
 wood with one end curved in front, 
 used as snow-shoes. Also skee. 
 [Scandinavian.] 
 
 skid (skid), n. a sliding wedge or 
 drag to retard the motion of a ve- 
 hicle by pressure against the wheel; 
 a fender to protect the side of a 
 ship: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. skidded, p.pr. 
 skidding], to cause to move on, or 
 
 protect with, a skid; retard by a 
 skid: v.i. to slip along obliquely. 
 
 skied (skid), p.t. & p.p. of sky. 
 
 skiff (skif), n. a small light boat. 
 
 skilful (skil'fool), adj. having, or 
 displaying, skill; expert in any art 
 or science; discriminating; clever; 
 dexterous. 
 
 skill (skil), n. expertness in any art 
 or science; aptitude; power to dis- 
 cern and execute. 
 
 skilled (skil'd), adj. having the 
 knowledge and ability which come 
 from experience; possessing skill. 
 
 skillet (skiret).n.asmallculinary vessel. 
 
 skim (skim), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. skimmed, 
 p.pr. skimming], to remove the scum 
 from; brush the surface of lightly: 
 v.i. to pass lightly over; read super- 
 ficially. 
 
 skimp (skimp), v.t. to do carelessly 
 or superficially: v.i. to be parsimo- 
 nious: adj. scanty. 
 
 skin (skin), n. the external covering 
 of an animal body; hide; bark or 
 rind; anything resembling a skin: 
 v.t. [p.t. & p.p. skinned, p.pr. skin- 
 ning], to remove or strip the skin 
 from; flay; fleece; cover with, or as 
 with, skin; reduce to extremities by 
 cheating, &c: v.i. to become covered 
 over with skin. 
 
 skinflint (skin'flint), n. a niggard. 
 
 skinny (skin'i) , adj. consisting only of 
 skin; very lean. 
 
 skip (skip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. skipped, 
 p.pr. skipping], to leap lightly over; 
 omit: v.i. to leap or bound lightly; 
 pass over unnoticed: n. a light leap 
 or bound; omission; a wicker basket. 
 
 skipper (skip'er), n. one who, or that 
 which, skips; the cheese maggot; 
 the master of a merchant vessel; 
 sea-captain. 
 
 skirmish (sker'mish), n. a slight 
 combat or irregular fight between 
 two small parties; contest: v.i. to 
 fight slightly or in small parties; 
 fight irregularly. 
 
 skirt (skert), n. the lower and loose 
 part of a coat, dress, or other gar- 
 ment; part below the waist; upper 
 petticoat; midriff of animals; mar- 
 gin or border: v.t. to cover with a 
 skirt; border; run or pass along the 
 edge of: v.i. to be on the border. 
 
 skit (skit), n. brief satire; burlesque. 
 
 .ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
■ SKITTISH 
 
 472 
 
 SLAVERY 
 
 skittish (skit'ish), adj. shy; easily 
 frightened; volatile; vivacious; wan- 
 ton. 
 
 skittles (skit'lz), n. pi. ninepins. 
 
 skulk (skulk), v.i. to withdraw into 
 a corner for concealment; lurk; 
 avoid work in a cowardly manner: 
 n. a skulker; a number of foxes to- 
 gether. 
 
 skull (skul), n. th< bony case inclos- 
 ing the brain of a vertebrate ani- 
 mal. 
 
 skunk (skungk), n. an American car- 
 nivorous animal allied to the weasel, 
 which emits a foetid secretion when 
 pursued; a vile, contemptible fel- 
 low: v.t. to defeat (an opponent) 
 as at cards. 
 
 sky (ski), n. [pi. skies (sklz)], the 
 apparent vault of the heavens; re- 
 gion of clouds surrounding the 
 earth; climate or weather: v.t. [p.t. 
 & p.p. skied, p.pr. skying], to raise 
 in the air; hang very high. 
 
 skylark (ski'lark), n. a species of lark 
 that mounts high in the air and 
 sings as it soars. 
 
 skylarking (skl'lark-ing) , n. running 
 about the rigging of a ship in sport; 
 frolicking. 
 
 skyscraper (ski'skra-per) , n. a lofty 
 building; a triangular sail next 
 above the royal. 
 
 slab (slab), n. a flat piece of any- 
 thing, especially marble or stone; a 
 puddle; mire: adj. thick; glutinous. 
 
 slabber (slab'er), n. saliva: v.i. to let 
 saliva or liquid fall from the mouth. 
 
 slack (slak), adj. relaxed or loose; 
 inattentive; easy or moderate; not 
 busy; backward: n. that part of 
 anything, as a rope, &c, that hangs 
 loose. 
 
 slacker (slak'er), n. one who shirks; 
 used largely in England during the 
 European war to designate those 
 who avoid military duty. 
 
 slag (slag),w. the dross of a metal; 
 vitrified_ cinders. 
 
 slake (slak), v.t. to quench; extin- 
 guish; mix with water: v.i. to be 
 mixed with water. 
 
 slam (slam), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. slammed, 
 p.pr. slamming], to shut violently 
 and with a loud noise; put down 
 with force and loud noise: v.i. to 
 strike violently or noisily: n. a vio- 
 
 lent and noisy banging; an attack 
 by ridicule. 
 
 slander (slan'der), n. a false or ma- 
 licious report; verbal defamation: 
 v.t. to defame or calumniate. 
 
 slanderous (slan'der-us), adj. utter- 
 ing slanders. 
 
 slang (slang), n. m a colloquial lan- 
 guage or expression current at any 
 particular period; jargon of some 
 particular calling or class in so- 
 ciety: v.t. to address with slang; 
 abuse with vulgar language. 
 
 slant (slant), n. an inclined plane; a 
 sarcastic remark; a passing breeze: 
 v.t. to give a sloping direction to: 
 adj. inclined from a straight line. 
 
 slanting (slant 'ing), adj. oblique. 
 
 slap (slap), n. a blow given with the 
 open h&nd:v.t. [p.t. & p.p. slapped, 
 p.pr. slapping], to strike with the 
 open hand or with anything broad: 
 adv. with a sudden, violent blow; 
 direct; quick. 
 
 slash (slash), n. a long cut; random 
 cut ; slit in old costumes : pi. swampy 
 or wet lands: v.t. to cut oy striking 
 violently and at random; cut into 
 long slits; cut with a whip: v.i. to 
 strike violently and at random. 
 
 slashing (slash'ing), adj. sarcastic; se- 
 vere. 
 
 slat (slat), n. a thin, narrow strip of 
 wood or metal used for fastening 
 together larger pieces. 
 
 slate (slat), n. any rock that splits 
 into thin plates; thin stone for roof- 
 ing; tablet of stone for writing upon; 
 list of candidates, prepared for nom- 
 ination or election: v.t. to cover with 
 slate ; register for a political appoint- 
 ment ; criticise fiercely. 
 
 slattern (slat'ern) , n. a careless, slov- 
 enly woman. 
 
 slaughter (slaw'ter), n. great de- 
 struction of life by violence; car- 
 nage; killing of oxen, &c, for hu- 
 man food: v.t. to slay or kill with 
 violence; kill (beasts) for the mar- 
 ket. 
 
 slave (slav), n. a human being held 
 in bondage; serf; drudge; one under 
 the power or influence of another: 
 v.i. to work like a slave; toil or 
 drudge. 
 
 slavery (slav'er-i), n. [pi. slaveries 
 (slav'er-iz)], the state of entire sub- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SLAVISH 
 
 473 
 
 SLIP 
 
 jugation to the will of another; condi- 
 tion of a slave. 
 
 slavish (slav'ish), adj. pertaining to, 
 befitting, or characteristic of, a slave. 
 
 Slavonic (sla-von'ik), adj. pertaining 
 to the Slavs, their literature, or lan- 
 guage. Also Slavonian, Slavic. 
 
 slaw (slaw), n. sliced cabbage served 
 as a salad. 
 
 slay (sla), v.t. [p.t. slew, p.p. slain, 
 p.pr. slaying], to kill or put to death 
 with a weapon; destroy suddenly or 
 with violence. 
 
 sleazy (sla'zi), adj. lacking firmness of 
 texture; flimsy; worn thin. 
 
 sled (sled), n. a carriage or vehicle 
 mounted on runners for traveling 
 over snow or ice. Also sledge: v.t. 
 [p.t. & p.p. sledded, p.pr. sledding], 
 to convey or transport on a sled or 
 sledge. 
 
 sledge (slej), n. a large, heavy ham- 
 mer; another form of sled. 
 
 sleek (slek), adj. smooth; glossy. 
 
 sleep (slep), n. slumber; rest; death: 
 v.i. [p.t. & p.p. slept, p.pr. sleeping], 
 to take rest in sleep; be motionless 
 or inactive; be dead; spin rapidly 
 and smoothly. 
 
 sleeper (slep'er), n. one who sleeps; a 
 piece of timber supporting a railway 
 track; a sleeping car. 
 
 sleeping-sickness (slep'ing sik'nes), 
 n. a disease, usually fatal, found es- 
 pecially on the west coast of Africa, 
 marked by persistent sleepiness, 
 wasting of tissues and dropsical 
 symptoms, caused by a trypanosome, 
 a parasite, which enters the blood 
 through the bite of the tse-tse fly. 
 
 sleepless (slep'les), adj. without sleep; 
 wide-awake. 
 
 sleepy (slep'i). adj. [comp. sleepier, su- 
 perl. sleepiest], inclined to, or over- 
 come by, sleep; drowsy; sluggish; 
 lethargic. 
 
 sleet (slet), n. rain mingled with snow 
 or hail: v.i. to hail or snow with rain 
 mingled. , 
 
 sleeve (slev), n. the part of a gar- 
 ment that covers the arm: v.t. to 
 furnish with sleeves. 
 
 sleigh (sla), another form of sled. 
 
 sleight (slit), n. dexterity; cunning; 
 artful trick. 
 
 slender (slen'der), adj. small or nar- 
 row in proportion to the length or 
 
 height; feeble; slim; moderate. 
 
 slept, p.t. & p.p. of sleep. 
 
 sleuth (sloStn), n. the track of a man 
 or beast as known by the scent; a 
 detective. [Icelandic] 
 
 slew (sloo), p.t. of slay. 
 
 slice (slis), n. a thin broad piece of 
 anything; a thin broad knife for 
 taking up or serving fish; a spatula: 
 v.t. to cut into thin broad pieces; 
 cut into parts' divide. [Old French.] 
 
 slick (slik), adv. immediately; com- 
 pletely : n. metal ore, especially gold, 
 crushed and prepared for working 
 smooth; spacious in a cheap way. 
 
 slid, p.t. of slide. 
 
 slide (slid), v.i. to pass smoothly over 
 a surface without leaving it; glide; 
 pass inadvertently or unobserved; 
 slip: v.t. to thrust along; cause to 
 slip: n. a smooth surface of ice for 
 sliding upon; smooth declivity; pic- 
 ture on glass for exhibition on a 
 screen; fall of a mass of rock or 
 snow down a mountain; a grace of 
 two small notes moving by degrees. 
 [Music] 
 
 slight (slit), adj. feeble; inconsider- 
 able; unimportant; not severe; tri- 
 fling; slender: n. neglect; oversight: 
 v.t. to disregard as of Little value; 
 neglect. 
 
 slim (slim), adj. [comp. slimmer, su- 
 perl. slimmest], of small diameter; 
 weak; unsubstantial; slender. 
 
 slime (slim), n. glutinous mud; any 
 viscous substance. 
 
 slimy (sllm'i), adj. consisting of, cov- 
 ered over with, or like, slime. 
 
 sling (sling), n. an instrument for 
 throwing stones; a throw; hanging 
 bandage for an injured arm: v.t. 
 [p.t. &p.p. slung, p.pr. slinging], to 
 hurl with, or as with, a sling; hang 
 so as to swing ; hang by a rope so as 
 to be moved. 
 
 slip, (slip), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. slipped, p.pr. 
 slipping], to glide or slide; miss one's 
 foothold; fall down; escape observa- 
 tion; enter by oversight; move out 
 of place; depart or escape: v.t. to con- 
 vey secretly ; cause to move quickly 
 and smoothly; omit; part from a 
 branch or stem: n.- the act of slip- 
 ping; an oversight or omission; in- 
 discretion; strip; twig from a stock; 
 scion; a kind of petticoat; outer cov- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 htie, hut; think, then. 
 
SLIPPER 
 
 474 
 
 SLUNK 
 
 ering or case; liquid potter's clay; 
 an incline for launching ships; a 
 young sole; a fielder in cricket; a 
 narrow pew or bench: pi. part of a 
 theater at the sides of the stage. 
 
 slipper (slip'er), n. one who, or that 
 which, slips; a kind of loose shoe. 
 
 slippery (slip'er-i), adj. non-adhesive; 
 without firm hold or footing; unsta- 
 ble; smooth; cunning. 
 
 slipshod (slip 'shod), adj. wearing 
 shoes or slippers down at the heel; 
 slovenly. 
 
 slit (slit), v .t. [p.t. & p.p. slit orslitted, 
 p.pr. slittingj, to cut lengthwise or 
 mto long strips; split: n. a long cut; 
 narrow opening. 
 
 sliver (sliv'eror sllv'er), v.t. to cut 
 into long thin, or very small pieces: 
 n. a splinter. 
 
 slobber (slob'er), same as slabber. 
 
 slogan (slo'gan), n. the war-cry or 
 gathering-cry of a Highland clan. 
 
 sloop (sloop), n. a one-masted vessel 
 with a fore-and-aft rig. [Dutch.] 
 
 slop (slop), n. water carelessly spilled; 
 puddle; poor liquor or liquid food: 
 pi. dirty water; ready-made clothing; 
 seaman's outfit: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 slopped,, p.pr. slopping], to soil by 
 letting liquid fall upon. 
 
 slope (slop), n. an oblique direction; 
 surface inclining gradually down- 
 wards: v.t. to form with a slope; in- 
 cline or slant; direct obliquely: v.i. 
 to take an oblique direction; run off. 
 
 slosh (slosh), v.t. to throw about any 
 liquid in a careless way: v.i. to 
 splash. 
 
 slot (slot), n. a broad, flat wooden 
 bar; bolt; narrow aperture; mortise; 
 deer's track; trap-door of a stage; 
 valley: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. slotted, p.pr. 
 slotting], to groove; trace by a slot. 
 
 sloth (sloth), n. idleness; habitual in- 
 dolence; a South American arboreal 
 quadruped which walks slowly on 
 the ground. 
 
 slothful (sloth 'fool), adj. lazy; inac- 
 tive. 
 
 slouch (slouch), n. a hanging down, 
 as of the head or other parts of the 
 body; ungainly, clownish gait; awk- 
 ward, dull fellow: v.t. to cause to 
 hang down; depress at the side: v.i. 
 to walk in a clumsy, heavy, awkward 
 
 slough (slou), n. a deep muddy place; 
 bog. 
 
 slough (sluf), n. the cast-off skin of 
 a serpent; the part that separates 
 from a foul sore: v.i. to separate in 
 dead matter from the sound flesh; 
 come off, as the matter formed over 
 a sore. 
 
 slough (sloo), n. drainage-stream and 
 marsh in a prairie. 
 
 sloven (sluv'en), n. one who is ha- 
 bitually untidy in his dress and neg- 
 ligent of cleanliness; one who is 
 negligent of order and neatness. 
 
 slow (slo), adj. not quick or rapid in 
 motion; dilatory; not prompt or 
 quick; behind in time; not progres- 
 sive; dull. 
 
 slue (sloo), v.t. to turn about a fixed 
 point, as a spar, &c; twist round: 
 v.i. to turn about (with round). 
 
 slug (slug), n. a shelless mollusk, al- 
 lied to the land-snail; a sluggard; a 
 kind of oval bullet: pi. half -roasted 
 ore. 
 
 sluggard (slug'erd), n. one who is 
 habitually lazy and idle. 
 
 slugger (slug'er), n. a pugilist who 
 fights without a knowledge or ap- 
 plication of the rules and technical- 
 ities of scientific boxers, but relies 
 solely on his strength and endurance. 
 
 sluggish (slug'ish), adj. habitually 
 lazy and idle; dull; slothful; inac- 
 tive; slow. 
 
 sluice (sloos), n. a gate for excluding 
 or regulating the flow of water in a 
 canal, &c; stream of water issuing 
 through a flood-gate: v.t. to wash 
 with water from, or as from, a sluice; 
 wet copiously. [French.] 
 
 slum (slum), n. a low, dirty street or 
 district of a city or town, inhabited 
 by the very poor or criminal classes : 
 v.i. [p.t. & p.p. slummed, p.pr. slum- 
 ming], to visit slums as a fashionable 
 amusement. 
 
 slumber (slumber), v.i. to sleep light- 
 ly; doze; be in a state of inactivity 
 or negligence. 
 
 slump (slump), n. gross amount or 
 mass; a bog; a sudden fall, as of 
 shares, &c: v.t. to lump or throw 
 into a single lot : v.i. fall or sink sud- 
 denly. 
 
 slung, p.t. of sling. 
 
 slunk, p.t. of slink. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, f/ien. 
 
SLUR 
 
 475 
 
 SMOLDER 
 
 slur (sler), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. slurred, 
 p.pr. slurring], to sully; soil; con- 
 taminate; pass over superficially; 
 disparage; pronounce indistinctly; 
 sing or perform in a light, gliding 
 manner [Music]: n. a stain; slight 
 reproach or disgrace; stigma; a 
 mark ( <" — -> ) connecting notes that 
 are to be sung or played legato. 
 
 slush (slush), n. half -melted snow; a 
 greasy lubricating mixture. 
 
 slut (slut), n. a dirty, untidy woman. 
 
 sluttish (slut'ish), adj. untidy and 
 dirty. 
 
 sly (sll), adj. [comp. slyer, superl. sly- 
 est], artfully cunning; underhand 
 and crafty; meanly insidious. 
 
 slyly (sll'li), adv. in a sly manner. 
 
 smack (smak), n. a quick, smart 
 blow; loud kiss; quick, sharp noise 
 with the lips; flavor; taste; a one- 
 masted coasting or fishing vessel: 
 v.t. to kiss with a quick sharp noise; 
 strike with a quick, smart blow: 
 vd. make a noise with the lips after 
 tasting something. [Dutch.] 
 
 small (smawl), adj. [comp. smaller, 
 superl. smallest], little in quantity 
 or degree; inconsiderable; of little 
 worth or ability; not large or ex- 
 tended in dimensions; narrow-mind- 
 ed; mean: n. the slender part of any- 
 thing. 
 
 smallpox (smawl'poks), n. a conta- 
 gious, feverish disease, character- 
 ized by eruptions upon the skin. 
 
 smart (smart), adj. causing a quick, 
 sharp pain; poignant; sharp; clev- 
 er; accomplished; brilliant; witty; 
 vivacious; pretentious; showy; brisk; 
 obtained by sharp practices: n. a 
 quick, pungent, lively pain; poi- 
 gnant grief: v.i. to feel a lively, pun- 
 gent pain; endure punishment. 
 
 smash (smash), v.t. to break in pieces 
 by violence; crush: v.i. to become 
 bankrupt: n. a breaking to pieces; 
 bankruptcy. 
 
 smatter (smat'er), v.i. to talk super- 
 ficially or ignorantly; have a super- 
 ficial knowledge of anything. 
 
 smattering (smat'er-ing), n. super- 
 ficial knowledge. 
 
 smear (smer), v.t. to overspread with 
 anything unctuous, viscous, or adhe- 
 sive; daub; pollute: n. a blot or 
 stain. 
 
 smell (smel), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. smelled 
 or smelt, p.pr. smelling], to perceive 
 by the nose; obtain the scent of: v.i. 
 to affect the nose or olfactory nerves; 
 exercise the sense of smell: n. that 
 quality of bodies which affects the 
 sense of smell; odor. 
 
 smelt (smelt), n. a small salmonoid 
 fish: v.t. to fuse, as an ore, to sepa- 
 rate the metal. 
 
 smilax (sml'laks), n. a climbing plant 
 of the lily family from South Africa. 
 
 smile (smll), v.i. to express pleasure, 
 moderate joy, love, or kindness by 
 the countenance ; look gay, cheerful, 
 or happy; express slight contempt 
 by a smile; favor: v.t. to express by 
 a smile: n. the act of smiling; a look 
 of pleasure, kindness, happiness, or 
 slight contempt: a drink of liquor. 
 
 smirch (smerch), v.t. to smear; dirty. 
 
 smirk (smerk), v.i. to smile affectedly 
 or conceitedly: n. an affected smile: 
 adj. spruce. 
 
 smite (smlt), v.t. [p.t. smote, p.p. 
 smitten, p.pr. smiting], to strike, as 
 with the hand or a weapon; kill; 
 overthrow in battle; blast; chasten; 
 affect with any passion: v.i. to 
 strike. 
 
 smith (smith), n. one who forges 
 metal with a hammer; worker in 
 metals. 
 
 smithy (smith'i), n. a smith's work- 
 shop. 
 
 smock (smok), n. a chemise; smock- 
 frock. 
 
 smoke (smok), n. the vapor or sub- 
 stance that escapes when a sub- 
 stance is burned; vapor; exhala- 
 tion; act of smoking; pipe or cigar; 
 foolish talk: v.t. to apply smoke to; 
 hang up in smoke; dry, scent, or 
 medicate by smoke; inhale and puff 
 out the smoke of; expel by smoke; 
 detect or ferret out: v.i. to emit 
 smoke; burn tobacco in a pipe, &c; 
 inhale and puff out smoke. 
 
 smokeless (smok-les), adj. without 
 smoke. Applied to an explosive 
 which emits no smoke, as smokeless 
 powder. 
 
 smoking (smok'ing), p. adj. emitting 
 smoke; used for smoking in. 
 
 smolder (smol'der), v.i. to burn 
 slowly or smoke without vent; exist 
 in a stifled condition. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, rTien. 
 
SMOOTH 
 
 476 
 
 SNIPE 
 
 smooth (smooth), adj. not rough; 
 even surfaced; frictionless ; gently 
 flowing; glossy; bland; soothing; 
 flattering: v.t. to make smooth; ren- 
 der easy; calm; regulate: v.i. to be- 
 come smooth: n. the act of making 
 smooth; smooth part of anything; a 
 meadow. _ 
 
 smote (smot), p*t. of smite. 
 
 smother (smu^'er), v.t. to destroy 
 the life of by suffocation; stifle; 
 suppress or conceal: v.i. to be suffo- 
 cated: n. stifling smoke or thick 
 dust. 
 
 smudge (smuj), n. a smear or stain; 
 suffocating smoke; a smoldering fire 
 of damp combustibles emitting dense 
 smoke for the purpose of keeping off 
 mosquitoes: v.t. to smear or stain; 
 blacken or stifle with smoke. 
 
 smug (smug), adj. affectedly precise 
 or prim; spruce. 
 
 smuggle (smug'l)^ v.t. to import or 
 export secretly without paying cus- 
 tom-house duties; convey or intro- 
 duce clandestinely: v.i. to practice 
 smuggling. 
 
 smut (smut),_n. a spot or stain made 
 by soot or similar dirty matter; bad, 
 soft coal; a fungoid disease affect- 
 ing cereal grain; obscenity: v.t. 
 [p.t. & p.p. smutted, p.pr. smutting], 
 to soil or blacken with, or as with, 
 smut: v.i. to become converted into 
 smut; give off smut. 
 
 smutty (smut'i), adj. soiled or stained 
 with smut; affected with smut; ob- 
 scene. 
 
 snack (snak), n. a slight, hasty repast. 
 
 snaffle (snaf'l), n. a bridle consisting 
 of a joint in the middle and rings at 
 the ends: v.t. to put a snaffle in the 
 mouth of. 
 
 snag (snag), n. a short rough branch; 
 knot; trunk of a tree fixed in the 
 bed of a river: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 snagged, p.pr. snagging], to injure 
 or destroy by contact with a snag. 
 
 snail (snal), n. a slimy, slow-creeping 
 gasteropod of the genus Helix: 
 hence any slow-moving person; 
 drone. 
 
 snake (snak), n. a serpent: v.t. to 
 wind round spirally; to draw out. 
 
 snap (snap), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. snapped, 
 p.pr. snapping], to break short or 
 mstantaneously ; produce a sharp, 
 
 sudden sound; utter sharp, angry 
 words; miss fire: v.t. to break at 
 once; crack; bite suddenly and un- 
 expectedly: n. the act of snapping: 
 noise made by snapping; spring 
 catch ; sudden and sharp spell, as of 
 weather; that which can be easily 
 snapped up; a soft snap (college 
 slang): pi. a kind of crisp cake: 
 adj. brisk; offhand; made or done 
 without due notice; unfair. 
 
 snapshot (snap'shot), n. a quick 
 shot with gun or rifle; instantane- 
 ous photography. 
 
 snare (snar), n. a running noose to 
 catch an animal; an entangling de- 
 vice ; the gut stretched across a drum- 
 head: v.t. to catch or entangle with. 
 
 snarl (snarl), v.i. to growl like an 
 angry dog; speak surlily: v.t. to 
 complicate or entangle, as thread or 
 hair: n. the act of snarling; growl; 
 angry contention or quarrel; a com- 
 plicated entanglement of hair, &c. 
 
 snatch (snach), v.t. to take or seize 
 abruptly and suddenly or without 
 permission; seize and carry away: 
 v.i. to attempt to seize anything 
 suddenly (with at) : n. a hasty catch 
 or seizing. 
 
 sneak (snek), v.i. to creep or steal 
 away privately or meanly ; slink ; 
 act with servility and meanness; 
 steal: n. & mean, servile fellow; 
 petty thief. 
 
 sneer (sner), v.i. to show contempt 
 by some facial expression; insinu- 
 ate contempt by a covert expres- 
 sion; scoff: n. an indirect expres- 
 sion of contempt or scorn. [Dutch.] 
 
 sneeze (snez), v.i. to emit a sudden 
 and violent rush of air through the 
 mouth and nostrils, audibly and con- 
 vulsively: n. the act of sneezing 
 
 snicker (snik'er), n. a half-suppressed 
 laugh; a giggle : # v.i. to laugh slyly; 
 giggle. Also snigger. 
 
 sniff (snif), v.i. to draw in the breath 
 through the nose, often as an ex 
 pression of contempt: v.t. to smell 
 or scent: n. the act of sniffing. 
 
 snip (snip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. snipped, 
 p.pr. snipping], to cut or clip off at 
 once, as with scissors: n. a single 
 cut with scissors; small piece. 
 
 snipe (snip), n. a long-billed fen 
 fowl; curbstone broker. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book;| 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SNIVEL 
 
 477 
 
 SOCIOLOGY 
 
 snivel (sniv'cl), v.i. to run at the 
 nose; cry, as a child: n. mucus run- 
 ning from the nose; cant. 
 
 snob (snob), n. a vulgar person who 
 apes gentility; vulgar upstart; jour- 
 neyman shoemaker; knobstick. 
 
 snood (snood), n. a ribbon for bind- 
 ing up the hair of a maiden [Scotch] ; 
 hair-line to connect a fishing-line 
 with the hook. 
 
 snooze (snooz), v.i. to nap: n. a nap. 
 
 snore (snor), v.i. to breathe through 
 the nostrils with roughness or 
 hoarseness _ in sleep: n. a noisy 
 breathing in sleep. 
 
 snout (snout), n. the projecting nose 
 of a beast; nose of a man (in con- 
 tempt). 
 
 snow (sno), n. frozen particles of 
 vapor in the atmosphere in the form 
 of white feathery flakes: v.i. to iall 
 in snow. _ [Dutch.] 
 
 snowy (sno'i), adj. white like snow; 
 covered with, or abounding in, snow ; 
 pure. 
 
 snub (snub), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. snubbed, 
 p.pr. snubbing], to check or repri- 
 mand with sarcasm or asperity; 
 treat with designed contempt: n. an 
 intended slight; reprimand. 
 
 snuff (snuf), v.t. to draw in through 
 the nose; smell or scent; take the 
 snuff off, as a candle: v.i. to snort or 
 sniff; take snuff into the nostrils: 
 n. powdered tobacco inhaled through 
 the nose; charred part of the wick 
 of a candle. 
 
 snuffle (snuf '1) , v.i. to speak or breathe 
 hard through the nose when ob- 
 structed: n. a speaking through the 
 nose when obstructed; affected nasal 
 twang; cant: pi. obstruction of the 
 nostrils by mucus. 
 
 snug (snug), adj. [comp. snugger, su- 
 perl. snuggest], concealed; lying 
 close and warm; compact and con- 
 venient: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. snugged, 
 p.pr. snugging], to lie close and 
 warm (with up or together) . 
 
 snuggery (snug'er-i), n. [pi. snugger- 
 ies (snug'er-iz)], a warm, cosy 
 place. 
 
 snuggle (snugl), v.i. to lie close for 
 warmth and comfort. 
 
 so (so), adv. in a like manner or de- 
 gree; in high degree; as has been 
 stated; for this reason; therefore; 
 
 more or less: conj. on condition 
 that; if; therefore: inter j. stop! 
 
 soak (s5k), v.t. to cause to suck in 
 moisture; steep in a fluid; wet thor- 
 oughly: v.i. to become saturated or 
 steeped in fluid; drink excessively. 
 
 soap (sop), n. sl compound of oils or 
 fats and an alkali used for washing 
 and cleansing: v.t. to rub over, or 
 wash, with soap; wheedle. 
 
 soar (sor), v.i. to fly aloft, as a bird; 
 mount upwards with wings; rise in 
 thought or imagination: n. a lofty 
 flight. 
 
 sob (sob), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sobbed, p.pr. 
 sobbing], to sigh in a convulsive man- 
 ner with tears: v.t. to _ utter with a 
 sob: n. a convulsive sigh; lamenta- 
 tion. 
 
 sobbing (sob'ing), n. the act of sighing 
 with a short convulsive heaving of 
 the breast. 
 
 sober (so'ber), adj. n habitually tem- 
 perate, _ especially in the use of in- 
 toxicating liquors; self-possessed; 
 calm; steady; sedate: v.t. to make 
 sober: v.i. to become sober. [Latin.] 
 
 sobriety (so-bri'e-ti), n. habitual tem- 
 perance; calmness; seriousness. 
 
 sobriquet (so-bre-ka/) , n. a nickname. 
 [French.] 
 
 sociable (so'sha-bl), adj. disposed to 
 associate and converse with others; 
 social; companionable; affable \ n. a 
 kind of vehicle; tricycle_ or bicycle 
 for two riders; a social gather- 
 ing. 
 
 social (so'shal), adj. pertaining to men 
 as living in society; inclined to 
 friendly intercourse and conversa- 
 tion; convivial; growing in groups 
 or masses; living in communities. 
 
 socialism (so'shal-izm), n. an eco- 
 nomic theory or system of the re- 
 construction of society on the basis 
 of cooperation of labor and commu- 
 nity of property. 
 
 society (so-sl'e-ti) , n. [pi. societies 
 (so-sl'e-tiz)], a number of persona 
 united fora common interest; peo- 
 ple collectively who live in any re- 
 gion at any given period ^fraternity; 
 company; the more cultivated por- 
 tion of any community in its social 
 relations, &c. 
 
 sociology (so-shi-ol'o-ji), n. the sci- 
 ence of the constitution, evolution, 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, rTien. 
 
SOCK 
 
 478 
 
 SOLIDIFY 
 
 and phenomena of human society; 
 social science. 
 
 sock (sok), n. a light shoe worn by the 
 classic actors of comedy; a short 
 stocking; warm inner sole. 
 
 sockdolager (sok-dol'a-jer), n. a blow 
 on the jaw; a conclusive argument; 
 whopper. 
 
 socket (sok'et), n. a hollow into which 
 something is fitted; hollow of a can- 
 dlestick. 
 
 Socratic (so-krat'ik), adj. pertaining 
 to Socrates, especially to his method 
 of teaching by question and answer. 
 
 sod (sod), n. turf; sward: v.t. to cover 
 with sod; turf. 
 
 soda (so'da), n. impure carbonate of 
 soda; sodium oxide. 
 
 sodden (sod'n), adj. boiled; satu- 
 rated: v.i. to be soaked or seethed: 
 v.t. to saturate. 
 
 sodic (so'dik), adj. pertaining to, or 
 containing, sodium. 
 
 sodium (so'di-um), n. a metallic ele- 
 ment. 
 
 sofa (so 'fa), n. a long seat with stuffed 
 bottom, back, and arms. 
 
 soft (soft) , adj. easily yielding to pres- 
 sure; malleable; smooth to the 
 touch; not glaring; impressionable; 
 effeminate; quiet; easy; courteous; 
 mild; kind; somewhat weak in in- 
 tellect: n. a foolish person: adv. 
 softly; quietly: interj. gently! stop! 
 
 soften (sof'n), v.t. to make soft or 
 softer; tone down; palliate; as- 
 suage; render less rude or offensive; 
 make effeminate; melt: v.i. to be- 
 come soft or softened. 
 
 soggy (sog'i), adj. soaked; wet. 
 
 soil (soil), n. the top stratum of the 
 earth's surface; land; dirt; manure; 
 stain: v.t. to make dirty; stain or 
 mar: v.i. to become soiled. 
 
 soiree (swa-ra'), n. an evening party. 
 
 sojourn (so'jern or so-jern'), v.i. to 
 dwell for a time: n. a temporary 
 residence. 
 
 sol (sol), n. the fifth note of the dia- 
 tonic scale. 
 
 solace (sol'as), n. comfort in sorrow; 
 consolation: v.t. to comfort in sor- 
 row. 
 
 solar (so'lar), adj. pertaining to, meas- 
 ured by, or proceeding from, the sun. 
 
 sold (sold), p.t. & p.p. of sell. 
 
 solder (sod'er), n. a metallic alloy for 
 
 uniting metals: v.t. to unite by a 
 fusible metallic cement ; join. 
 
 soldier (sol'jer), n. a person engaged 
 in military service; a private as dis- 
 tinguished from an officer; man of 
 military skill: v.i. to serve or act as 
 a soldier; make a pretense of work. 
 
 sole (sol), n. the underside of the 
 foot; bottom of a boot or shoe, &c; 
 bottom of anything; a flat fish of 
 the genus Solea: v.t. to furnish with, 
 or as with, a sole: adj. alone; being 
 or acting by one's self; unmarried. 
 
 solecism (sol'e-sizm), n. a breach of 
 the rules of syntax, or idiom of a 
 language ; impropriety ; absurdity. 
 
 solely (sol'li), adv. alone; singly. 
 
 solemn (sol'em), adj. characterized 
 by religious rites or ceremonies; in- 
 spiring awe; serious; devout; for- 
 mal; attended with a serious appeal 
 to God. [French.] m 
 
 solemnity (sol-em'ni-ti) , n. [pi. sol- 
 emnities (sol-em'ni-tiz)], a religious 
 rite or ceremony ; ceremony adapted 
 to inspire awe; gravity; impressive- 
 ness; affected or mock seriousness. 
 
 solicit (so-lis'it), v.t. to ask for with 
 earnestness; entreat; invite or sum- 
 mon; endeavor to obtain: v.i. to can- 
 vass. [Latin.] 
 
 solicitation (so-lis-i-ta'shun), n. the 
 act of soliciting; importunity; the 
 offense of inciting to a felony ; of- 
 fense of accosting by a prostitute. 
 
 solicitor ,(so-lis'it-er), n. one who so- 
 licits; a person legally qualified to act 
 for another in a court of law; an 
 attorney; a canvasser. 
 
 solicitous (so-lis'i-tus), adj. eager; 
 anxious; apprehensive; concerned. 
 
 solicitude (so-lis'i-tiid), n. the state of 
 being solicitous; concern; anxiety; 
 carefulness. 
 
 solid (sol'id), adj. having the parti- 
 cles so close or firmly adhering as to 
 resist impression; compact; cubic; 
 not hollow; dense; heavy; weighty; 
 just; unanimous: n. a body having 
 its constituent particles firmly ad- 
 hering together. [Latin.] 
 
 solidarity (sol-i-dar'i-ti) , n. com- 
 munity of interests and respon- 
 sibilities. 
 
 solidify (sol-id'i-fi), m V,t. t {p.t. & p.p. 
 solidified, p.pr. solidifying], to make 
 solid: v.i. to harden. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, £/ien. 
 
SOLIDITY 
 
 479 
 
 SOOTH 
 
 solidity (sol-id'i-ti), n. density; com- 
 pactness; stability; truth; moral 
 firmness. 
 
 soliloquy (so-lil'o-kwi), n. [pi. solilo- 
 quies (so-lil'o-kwiz)], a talking or 
 discourse to one's self; a written 
 composition of the nature of a mono- 
 logue. 
 
 solitaire (sol-i-tar'), n. a game played 
 by one person ; a stud ; precious stone 
 in single setting; hermit. 
 
 solitary (sol'i-ta-ri), adj. living by 
 one's self; lonely; single; done, 
 passed, or suffered alone; remote; 
 unoccupied; gloomy. 
 
 solitude (sol'i-tud), n. the state of be- 
 ing by one's self; loneliness; seclu- 
 sion; desert. 
 
 solo (so'ld), n. [pi. solos (so'loz)], an 
 air, or musical piece performed by a 
 single instrument or by one vocalist. 
 
 solograph (sol'o-graf), n. a sun-print. 
 
 soloist (so'lo-ist), n. one who per- 
 forms or sings a solo. 
 
 solstice (sol'stis), n. that point in the 
 ecliptic at which the sun is farthest 
 from the equator, north in summer, 
 south in winter. 
 
 soluble (sorti-bl), adj. capable of being 
 dissolved in a fluid; capable of solu- 
 tion. 
 
 solution (so-lu'shun), n. the act of 
 dissolving by means of a fluid; de- 
 liverance ; explanation. 
 
 solve (solv), v.t. to explain; clear 
 up; remove. 
 
 solvency (sol'ven-si), n. the state or 
 quality of being solvent. 
 
 solvent (solVent), n. any liquid that 
 dissolves another substance: adj. 
 able to discharge just claims or 
 debts; having the power of dis- 
 solving. 
 
 somber (som'ber), adj. dull; melan- 
 choly; dark; gloomy. 
 
 sombrero (som-bra'ro), n. a kind of 
 broad-brimmed hat. [Spanish.] 
 
 some (sum), a, suffix meaning like, 
 same, as winsome, gladsome, &c: 
 adj. more or less; expressing an in- 
 determinate number, person, or 
 quantity; one or the other; about. 
 
 somebody (sum'bqd-i), n. some per- 
 son; a person of importance. 
 
 somehow (sum'how), adv. in one way 
 or another; by some means. 
 
 somersault (sum'er-sawlt), n. a leap 
 
 in which a person turns with hia 
 heels over his head. 
 
 something (sum 'thing), n. a thing un- 
 known, or not specified; part or por- 
 tion; indefinite quantity or degree: 
 adv. in some degree. 
 
 sometime (sum'tim), adv. at a time in- 
 definitely; formerly; once. 
 
 somewhat (sum'hwot), n. more or 
 less: adv. in some degree or extent. 
 
 somewhere (sum'hwar), adv. in one 
 place or another. 
 
 somewhile (sum'hwil), adv. once; for 
 a while. 
 
 somewhither (sum'hwif/jr.er), adv. to 
 some indeterminate place. 
 
 somnambulism (som-nam'bu-lizm) , 
 n. the act or practice of walking 
 in sleep. 
 
 somniferous (som-nif'er-us)^^;. caus- 
 ing sleep. 
 
 somnolence (som'no-lens), n. sleepi- 
 ness; drowsiness. Also somnolency. 
 
 somnolent (som'no-lent), adj. inclined 
 to sleep. 
 
 son (sun), n. a male child, or de- 
 scendant; male issue of a parent, 
 father or mother; pupil; native or 
 inhabitant of a particular country. 
 
 Son, n. the second person of the Holy 
 Trinity. 
 
 sondhi (son'di), n. ice-cream into 
 which a syrup is poured, together 
 with nuts, or such fruits as cherries, 
 strawberries, peaches, &c. 
 
 song (song), n. a lyrical poem or bal- 
 lad; any poetical strain; poetry; 
 poem; notes of birds; mere trifle. 
 
 songster (song'ster), n. one skilled in 
 singing; a singing bird. Fern, song- 
 stress. 
 
 soniferous (so-nif'er-us), adj. pro- 
 ducing, or conveying, sound. 
 
 son-in-law (sun'in-law) , n. [pi. 
 sons-in-law (sunz 'in-law)], the hus- 
 band of one's daughter. 
 
 sonnet (son'et), n. a short lyric 
 poem of fourteen lines, each of five 
 accents, with varying rhymes. 
 
 sonorous (so-no'rus), adj. giving a 
 clear sound when struck; resonant; 
 loud-sounding; vocal; deep-toned. 
 
 soon (soon), adv. in a short time; 
 quickly; easily; early; without de- 
 lay. 
 
 soot (soot), n. finely divided carbon. 
 
 sooth (sooth)', n. truth. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
 ■»■ 
 
SOOTHE 
 
 480 
 
 SOUND 
 
 soothe (sooth), v.t. to please or calm 
 with soft words or blandishments; 
 comfort; allay; pacify; assuage. 
 
 soothsayer (sooth'sa-er), n. one who 
 foretells or prognosticates. 
 
 sooty (soot'i), adj. [comp. sootier, su- 
 perl. sootiest], pertaining to, pro- 
 ducing, or like, soot; dusky, black. 
 
 sop (sop), n. anything steeped, dipped, 
 or softened in a liquid, especially in 
 broth; something given to pacify: 
 v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sopped, p.pr. sop- 
 ping], to steep or dip in a liquid. 
 
 sophism (sof'izm), n. a specious but 
 fallacious argument; fallacy. 
 
 sophist (sof'ist), n. one of a body of 
 men in ancient Greece (fifth century 
 B. C.) who taught philosophy, elo- 
 quence, and politics; a fallacious or 
 captious reasoner.^ [Greek.] 
 
 sophistry (sof'is-tri), n. [pi. sophis- 
 tries (sof'is-triz)], specious but falla- 
 cious reasoning; unsound argument. 
 
 sophomore (sof'o-mor), n. a student 
 in his second academic year at col- 
 lege. [Americanism.] 
 
 sopor (so'por), n. deep sleep from 
 which a patient is aroused with dif- 
 ficulty. [Latin.] 
 
 soporific (so-po-rif'ik), adj. causing, 
 or tending to induce, sleep: n. an 
 opiate or anodyne. 
 
 soprano (so-pra'no), n._[pl. sopranos, 
 soprani (so-pra'n5z, so-pra'ne) ], the 
 highest kind of female voice; a 
 singer with such a voice. 
 
 sorb (sorb), n. the European moun- 
 tain-ash, yielding a fruit called 
 rowans. 
 
 sorbef aeient (sor-be-f a/shi-ent) , adj. 
 producing absorption. [Latin.] 
 
 sorcerer (sor'ser-er), n. a magician, 
 wizard, or enchanter. Fern, sor- 
 ceress. [Old French.] 
 
 sorcery (sor'ser-i), n. [pi. sorceries 
 (sqr'ser-iz)], divination by the aid of 
 evil spirits; witchcraft; magic; en- 
 chantment. 
 
 sordid (sor'did), adj. mean; vile; base; 
 niggardly; meanly avaricious. 
 
 sore (s5r), adj. tender or painful to 
 the touch; inflamed; painful; sensi- 
 tive ; susceptible of irritation ; heavy ; 
 grievous; severe; distressing: adv. 
 grievously; severely; deeply: n. a 
 painful or diseased part in an animal 
 body; ulcer; wound; sorrow; trou- 
 
 ble; a hawk of the first year; a buck 
 of the fourth year. 
 
 sore-head (sor'ned), n. a discontented 
 person. 
 
 sorghum (sor'gum), n. a cane-like 
 grass resembling broom corn, yield- 
 ing sugar; molasses prepared from 
 the juice of sorghum. [Spanish.] 
 
 sorrow (sor'6), n. mental pain or un- 
 easiness caused by loss, disappoint- 
 ment, &c; grief; distress; unhappi- 
 ness; regret; affliction: v.i. to feel 
 mental pain or uneasiness; grieve; 
 lament; be sad. 
 
 sorrowful (sor'6-fool), adj. full of, or 
 showing, sorrow; sad. 
 
 sorry (sor'i), adj. [comp. sorrier, superl. 
 sorriest], feeling regret for the loss 
 of some good; vexed; pained; mean; 
 worthless. 
 
 sort (sort), n. a kind or species; class, 
 rank, or order; manner; degree: v.t. 
 to separate and place in different 
 divisions or classes; select: v.i. to 
 consort or a sociate 
 
 sortie (sor'te), n. the issuing of a 
 body of troops from a besieged place 
 to attack the besiegers. [French.] 
 
 so-so (so'so), adv. in a modern manner; 
 neither good nor bad. 
 
 sot (sot), n. a habitual drunkard. 
 
 sotto voce (so 'to vo'cha), adv. in an 
 undertone; with a moderate or re- 
 strained tone of voice. [Italian.] 
 
 soubrette (soo-bref). n. a female ser- 
 vant or attendant; in comedies, a 
 lady's maid who acts the part of an 
 intriguing girl. [French.] 
 
 sough (sou, or suf), n. a hollow mur- 
 mur or whistling, as of the wind: 
 v.i. to murmur or whistle. 
 
 sought (sawt), p.t. & p.p. of seek. 
 
 soul (sol) , n. the spiritual, rational, and 
 immortal part in man; reason or in- 
 tellect; conscience; life; essence; 
 moving or inspiring power; courage; 
 human being. 
 
 soulful (sol'fool), adj. full of soul or 
 feeling. 
 
 soulless (sol'les), adj. without a soul; 
 senseless, spiritless; dull; mean. 
 
 sound (sound), adj. whole; entire; 
 unbroken; healthy; not decayed; 
 founded on truth or right; ortho- 
 dox; solvent; firm; safe; strong; 
 legal; valid; laid on with force: n. 
 the impression made on the ear by 
 
 iite, arm, at, awl : me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SOUNDING 
 
 481 
 
 SPAR 
 
 the vibrations of the air; noise; re- 
 port; noise without signification; a 
 strait or narrow passage of water; 
 swimming bladder of a fish; the 
 cuttlefish: v.t. to measure or ascer- 
 tain the depth of; cause to make a 
 noise; utter audibly; play upon; ex- 
 amine or try; probe: v.i. to make 
 a noise or sound; play upon an in- 
 strument; be spread or published. 
 
 sounding: isound'ing), n. the ascer- 
 taining of the depth of water: adj. 
 causing_ sound; resonant. 
 
 soup (soop), n. a kind of broth, and 
 having a great number of varieties. 
 
 sour (sour) , adj. having an acid, sharp, 
 or astringent taste; changed so as to 
 become rancid; disagreeable; cross; 
 morose: v.t. to cause to become sour: 
 v.i. become morose, peevish, or dis- 
 contented; to turn from sweet to 
 sour. 
 
 source (sors), n. that from which any- 
 thing arises or originates; spring or 
 fountain; first cause; original. 
 
 souse (sous), n. pickle made with salt; 
 anything steeped or preserved in 
 pickle; a plunging in water: v.t. to 
 steep in pickle; plunge into water; 
 strike with sudden violence: v.i. to 
 make a sudden attack: adv. with sud- 
 den violence. 
 
 soutache (soo-tash'), n. a kind of 
 braid used in trimming. 
 
 south (south), n. that one of the 
 four cardinal points of the compass 
 directly opposite the north: adv. to- 
 ward the south: v.i. to turn or move 
 toward the south ; come to the merid- 
 ian: adj. pertaining to the south. _ 
 
 southern (su^'ern), adj. pertaining 
 to, situated in, or proceeding from 
 or toward the South. 
 
 souvenir (soo-ve-ner') , n. a memento 
 or keepsake. [French.] 
 
 sovereign (sov'- or suv'rin), adj. royal; 
 supreme in power; possessing su- 
 preme dominion; effectual: n. a 
 king, emperor, or queen; a British 
 gold coin = 20s. [French.] 
 
 sovereignty (sov' or suy'rin-ti), n. 
 supreme power or dominion. 
 
 sow (sou), n. a female pig; oblong 
 piece of metal. 
 
 sow (so), v.t. [p.t. sowed, p.p. sown, 
 p.pr. sowing], to scatter, as seed 
 upon the earth; propagate; dissemi- 
 
 nate; scatter on or over: v.i. to scat- 
 ter seed for growth. 
 
 spa (spa), n. a spring of mineral water ; 
 a watering-place, many of which are 
 called spas; but the oldest in Europe 
 is the fashionable Belgian resort, 
 Spa, which first bore the name more 
 than a thousand years ago. 
 
 space (spas), n. extension; room; in- 
 terval between lines; quantity of 
 time; short interval: v.t. in print- 
 ing, to make intervals between (lines 
 or words) by separating them with 
 thin pieces of type-metal. [Latin.] 
 
 spacious (spa'shus) , adj. extending far 
 and wide; roomy; vast in extent. 
 
 spade (spad), n. an implement for 
 digging, &c, consisting of a broad 
 blade of iron with a handle; one of 
 a suit of cards having one or more 
 figures resembling a spade; a hart 
 three years old: v.t. to dig or work 
 with a spade. 
 
 spaghetti (spa-get 'i), n. a cord-like 
 
 paste, smaller than macaroni. 
 palpeen (spaFpen), n. a scamp. 
 [Irish.] 
 
 span (span), n. the space _ from the 
 thumb to the end of the little finger 
 when extended; nine inches; a short 
 space of time; spread or extent of an 
 arch, &c, between its abutments or 
 supports; yoke of oxen or horses; 
 pair of horses similar in color har- 
 nessed together: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 spanned, p.pr. spanning], to meas- 
 ure by the span of the hand; reach 
 from one side to the other; fetter or 
 hobble: v.i. to be matched for run- 
 ning in harness. 
 
 spangle (spang'gl), n. a small plate 
 or boss of shining metal; any glit- 
 tering ornament, especially _ for a 
 dress: v.t. to set or adorn with, or 
 as with, spangles. 
 
 spaniel (span'yel), n. a variety of dog. 
 
 Spanish (span'ish), adj. pertaining to 
 Spain, its language, or to its in- 
 habitants. 
 
 spank (spangk), v.t. to strike with 
 the open hand; slap: v.i. to move 
 quickly: n. a sounding slap. 
 
 spanking (spangk'ing), adj. moving 
 with a quick, lively step; dashing; 
 stout; large. 
 
 spar (spar), n. a lustrous crystalline 
 mineral; a general name for a mast, 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met: mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SPARE 
 
 482 
 
 SPECK 
 
 yard, boom, &c; a contest at box- 
 ing, or in words: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
 sparred, p.pr. sparring], to box; con- 
 test in words. 
 
 spare (spar), v.t. to use in a frugal 
 manner; part with without incon- 
 venience; omit; treat tenderly; v.i. 
 to live frugally; forbear or forgive: 
 adj. thin or lean; scanty; parsimo- 
 nious; superfluous; reserved. 
 
 sparing (spar'ing), adj. frugal; abste- 
 mious. 
 
 spark (spark), n. a small particle of 
 fire or ignited substance thrown off 
 in combustion; small shining body 
 or transient light; small portion of 
 anything active or vivid; gay young 
 fellow; beau. 
 
 sparkle (spark'l), v.i. to emit sparks; 
 glisten; scintillate; flash; coruscate. 
 
 spark-plug (spark'plug), n. an appa- 
 ratus for exploding the gas m a 
 gasolene motor by means of an 
 electric spark. Also sparker. 
 
 sparrow (spar'o), n. a well-known 
 small bird of the Passerine family. 
 
 sparse (spars), adj. thinly scattered; 
 not dense; set or planted here and 
 there. 
 
 Spartan (spar'tan), adj. pertaining 
 to Sparta; hardy; undaunted; se- 
 vere. 
 
 spasm (spazm), n. a sudden, violent, 
 involuntary contraction of the mus- 
 cles. [Greek.] 
 
 spasmodic (spaz-mod'ik), # adj. per- 
 taining to, or consisting in, spasms; 
 convulsive; violent but short-lived. 
 Also spasmodical. 
 
 spat (spat), n. the spawn of shellfish, 
 especially the oyster; a quarrel: pi. 
 gaiters. 
 
 spatter (spat'er), v.t. to sprinkle with 
 a liquid; defame: v.i. to undergo or 
 cause scattering or splashing in 
 drops or small quantities: n. a small 
 splash. 
 
 spatula (spat'u-la), n. a broad, flat, 
 thin, flexible knife for spreading 
 plasters, paints, &c. [Latin.] 
 
 spavin (spav'in), n. a disease of horses, 
 characterized by a swelling in the 
 hock joint, causing lameness. 
 
 spawn (spawn), n. the ova of fishes, 
 oysters, &c; mycelium of fungi; off- 
 spring or product: v.i. to produce 
 and deposit spawn; deposit eggs, as 
 
 fish, &c; used contemptuously of a 
 family. 
 
 speak (spek). v.i. [p.t. spoke, p.p. 
 spoken, p.pr. speaking], to utter 
 articulate sounds; said of human 
 beings; talk; say; utter a discourse 
 or speech; make mention; convey 
 ideas; tell; sound: v.t. to utter ar- 
 ticulately; declare or pronounce; 
 publish. 
 
 speaker (spek'er), n. one who speaks; 
 one who delivers a discourse in pub- 
 lic ; the presiding officer of the popu- 
 lar branch of a legislative body, as 
 of congress or a state legislature. 
 
 spear (sper), n. a long-pointed weapon 
 of war and the chase used for thrust- 
 ing or throwing; a lance with barbed 
 prongs for spearing fish; a shoot, as 
 of grass: v.t. to pierce, or kill, with a 
 spear: v.i. to shoot into a long stem. 
 
 special (spesh'al), adj. pertaining to, 
 or constituting, a species; designed 
 for a particular purpose; different 
 from others ; distinctive ; uncom- 
 mon; appropriate; limited in range 
 or extent; specific: n. a special train. 
 
 specialist (spesh'al-ist) , n. one who 
 devotes himself to a particular 
 branch of a profession, &c. 
 
 specialize (spesh'al-Iz), v.t. to particu- 
 larize; assign to a specific use or 
 function. 
 
 specialty (spesh'al- ti), n. that for which 
 a person is noted or distinguished ; 
 special contract or obligation. 
 
 specie (spe'shi), n. coined money. 
 
 species (spe'shez), n. a group of indi- 
 viduals agreeing in common attri- 
 butes and called by a common name ; 
 a sub-division of a genus; kind; sort. 
 
 specific (spe-sif'ik), adj. pertaining to 
 a species; definite or particular; pre- 
 cise: n. a remedy for a particular 
 disease. 
 
 specify (spes'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. speci- 
 fied, p.pr. specifying], to mention or 
 name particularly; designate ver- 
 bally, so as to distinguish from other 
 things. 
 
 specimen (spes'i-men) , n. a sample; a 
 part of something to show the qual- 
 ity, &c, of the whole. 
 
 specious (spe'shus), adj. appearing 
 well at first sight; plausible; osten- 
 sible; fair. 
 
 speck (spek), n. a spot; flaw; blem- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit : note, n6rth, not; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, Men. 
 
SPECKLE 
 
 483 
 
 SPICE 
 
 ish; small particle; blubber: v.t. to 
 spot. 
 
 speckle (spek'l), n. a small spot in any- 
 thing different in substance or color 
 from the thing itself: v.t. to varie- 
 gate with spots of a different color 
 to that of the thing itself. 
 
 spectacle (spek'ta-kl), n. something 
 exhibited to view, especially some- 
 thing unusual or worthy of notice; 
 pageant; exhibition: pi. an optical 
 instrument with two lenses mount- 
 ed in a frame to assist the vision. 
 
 spectator (spek-ta'ter) , n. a beholder. 
 
 specter, spectre (spek'tr), n. a ghost 
 or apparition. 
 
 spectral (spek'tral), adj. ghostly; per- 
 taining to, or produced by, the spec- 
 trum. 
 
 spectroscope (spek'tro-skop), n. an 
 optical instrument for forming and 
 examining spectra. 
 
 spectrum (spek'trum), n. [pi. spectra 
 (spek'tra)], the colored and other 
 rays of light separated by refraction 
 through a prism and exhibited on a 
 screen, &c. 
 
 speculate (spek'u-lat), v.i. to consider 
 or meditate upon; purchase stock, 
 land, goods, &c, out of the usual 
 order of trade with a view to sell 
 them at an enhanced profit by an 
 expected rise in the market. 
 
 speculation (spek-u-la/shun), n. in- 
 tellectual examination; theory; pur- 
 chase of stock, goods, &c, out of the 
 regular order of trade for future 
 sale at an enhanced price; game at 
 cards. 
 
 speculative (spek'ti-la-tiv) , adj. per- 
 taining to, or given to, speculation; 
 contemplative; theoretical; risky. 
 
 sped, p.t. & p.p. of speed. 
 
 speech (spech), n. the faculty of ut- 
 tering articulate sounds or words; 
 expression of thought in words; act 
 of speaking; particular language or 
 dialect; formal discourse in public; 
 oration. 
 
 speechless (spech'les), adj. unable to 
 speak; mute. 
 
 speed (sped), n. velocity; swiftness; 
 quickness; success: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
 sped, p.pr. speeding], to make haste; 
 move quickly; fare: v.t. to prosper; 
 favor; despatch quickly; execute; 
 aid. 
 
 speedy (sped'i), adj. [comp. speedier, 
 superl. speediest], not dilatory or 
 slow; prompt; quick; hasty. # 
 
 spell (spel), n. a charm or incanta- 
 tion; time during which a person 
 works; duration: v.i. to form words 
 with the proper letters, either orally 
 or in writing: v.t. to write, repeat, 
 or point out the proper letters of; 
 read with difficulty (with out). 
 
 spencer (spen'ser), n. a kind of short 
 jacket; a four-cornered fore-and-aft 
 sail. 
 
 spend (spend), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spent, 
 p.pr. spending], to lay out, as money; 
 give for any purpose; dispose of; 
 consume; drain of force or strength: 
 v.i. to incur expense. 
 
 spendthrift (spend'thrift), adj. prodi- 
 gal; extravagant^ n. one who is 
 prodigal or lavish in expenditure. 
 
 sperm (sperm), n. the seminal fluid 
 of animals; spermaceti; spawn of 
 frogs and fishes. [French.] 
 
 spermaceti (sper-ma-se'ti), n. a white 
 waxy substance obtained from the 
 head of the sperm-whale. 
 
 spermatozoon (sper-ma-to-zo'on), n. 
 the germ cell in animals and plants. 
 
 spew (spu), v.i. to vomit. 
 
 sphere (sfer), n. a globe or globular 
 body; the concave or expanse of the 
 heavens; circuit or range of knowl- 
 edge, influence, action, &c; place 
 of existence; social position; a solid 
 body contained under a single sur- 
 face, each point of which is equi- 
 distant from a central point. 
 
 spherical (sfer'i-kal), adj. globular. 
 
 sphincter (sfingk'ter), n. a muscle 
 that closes an orifice which it sur- 
 rounds. 
 
 Sphinx (sfingks), n. [pi. sphinxes 
 (sfingks'ez)], a fabled monster hav- 
 ing the head of a woman and the 
 body of a lioness; a person of enig- 
 matical character or policy, from the 
 custom of the Sphinx of proposing 
 riddles to travelers and destroying 
 those who could not solve the enig- 
 mas. [Greek.] 
 
 spice (spis), n. any aromatic and 
 pungent vegetable used for season- 
 ing food; relish; small quantity 
 giving flavor to a greater: v.t. to 
 season or flavor with, or as with,, 
 spice; tincture. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 31 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SPICY 
 
 484 
 
 SPIT 
 
 spicy (spi'si), adj. [comp. spicier, 
 superl. spiciest], flavored with, con- 
 taining, or having the qualities of, 
 spice; aromatic; fragrant; pungent; 
 racy. 
 
 spider (spi'der), n. any individual of 
 the genus Arachnida that spins webs 
 to ensnare its prey; something like 
 a spider. 
 
 .spigot (spig'ot), n. a pointed piece 
 of wood used to stop the vent-hole 
 of a cask or pipe of a faucet. 
 
 spike (spik), n. a large kind of nail; 
 anything like a spike; ear of grain: 
 v.t. to fasten with spikes; stop the 
 vent of (a cannon) by driving a spike 
 into it. 
 
 spikenard (splk'nard), n. an aromatic 
 plant from which an oil, the ancient 
 nardos, is extracted. 
 
 spill (spil), n. a thin strip of paper 
 or wood for lighting a lamp, &c; a 
 tumble or overthrow: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 spilled, spilt, p.pr. spilling], to suffer 
 to run or fall out of a vessel: v.i. 
 to fall out. 
 
 spin (spin), v.t. [p.t & p.p. spun, p.pr. 
 spinning], to draw out and twist 
 into threads; protract; draw out te- 
 diously; cause to whirl rapidly; 
 form by drawing out and twisting 
 the materials of: v.i. to practice 
 spinning; whirl; issue in a small 
 stream; move swiftly, as a bicycle: 
 n. the act of spinning; single ef- 
 fort; a bicycle run. 
 
 spinach (spin'aj), n. an esculent vege- 
 table. 
 
 spinal (spi'nal), adj. pertaining to the 
 spine. 
 
 spindle (spin'dl), n. the long thin rod 
 used in spinning wheels for twisting 
 the thread; any axis of revolution. 
 
 spine (spin), n. in vertebrates, the 
 backbone. [Old French.] 
 
 spinet (spin'et), n. a keyed instru- 
 ment, allied to the harpsichord, but 
 smaller. 
 
 spinster (spin'ster), n. an unmarried 
 woman. 
 
 spiral (spi'ral), adj. winding around 
 a center like the thread of a screw; 
 tapering or pointed like a spire: n. 
 a curve or curved line receding con- 
 tinually from the center about 
 which it revolves. [Latin.] 
 
 spirant (spi'rant), n. a name applied 
 
 to those consonants in which the 
 breath is not entirely stopped in 
 articulating. 
 
 spire (spir), n. a slender stalk or blade; 
 a tapering body; winding line; 
 steeple; top: v.i. to shoot forth or 
 up like a spire. 
 
 spirit (spir'it), n. the soul; the in- 
 telligent, immaterial, immortal part 
 of man; life; disembodied soul; appa- 
 rition; courage; energy; vivacity; 
 power of mind, moral and intellect- 
 ual; genius; real meaning; essence; 
 any liquid produced by distillation; 
 alcohol: pi. intoxicants, as brandy, 
 &c; liveliness; natural vivacity: v.t. 
 to take away suddenly or secretly. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 spirited (spir'it-ed), adj. full of spirit 
 or life; animated; vivacious; lively. 
 
 spiritism (spir'it-ism) , n. the science 
 of spiritualistic phenomena. 
 
 spiritless (spir'it-les), adj. without 
 spirit; depressed ;_dejected. _ 
 
 spiritual (spir'it-u-al) , adj. incor- 
 poreal; not material; possessing the 
 nature or qualities of a spirit ; men- 
 tal or intellectual; pure; holy; 
 heavenly-minded; not lay or tem- 
 poral; ecclesiastical. _ 
 
 spiritualism (spir'it-u-al-izm) , n. the 
 state of being spiritual; the philo- 
 sophical doctrine that nothing is real 
 except soul or spirit; the belief that 
 certain alleged phenomena, as rap- 
 ping, table-turning, trances, &c, are 
 caused by the presence of departed 
 spirits who thus manifest their pres- 
 ence; the tenets and practices of 
 spiritualists. 
 
 spirituality (spir-it-u-al'i-ti) , n. the 
 state or quality of being spiritual; 
 spiritual nature; essence as distin- 
 guished from matter; that which 
 belongs to the church or religion. 
 
 spiritualize (spir'it-ii-al-iz), v.t. to free 
 from sensuality ; make spiritual ; give 
 a spiritual meaning to. 
 
 spirituelle (spir-it-u-el') , adj. refined; 
 ethereal; pure. 
 
 spirituous (spir'it-u-us), adj. having 
 the quality of spirit; pure; immate- 
 rial; alcoholic; ardent. 
 
 spit (spit), n. a long pointed rod on 
 which meat is roasted; small point 
 of land or a long narrow shoal run- 
 ning into the sea: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SPITE 
 
 485 
 
 SPONTANEOUS 
 
 spitted, p.pr. spitting], to thrust a 
 spit through; impale: [p.t. spit or 
 spat], eject or throw out: v.i. eject 
 saliva from the mouth; drizzle, as 
 rain. 
 
 spite (spit), n. ill-will or hatred tow- 
 ard another, with the desire to 
 thwart or injure; petty malice; 
 grudge: v.t. to try to injure or 
 thwart; annoy. 
 
 spiteful (spit'fool), adj. full of spite; 
 malicious ; malignant. 
 
 spitfire (spit 'fir), n. a very violent 
 or passionate person. 
 
 spittle (spit'l), n. saliva; sputum. 
 
 spizzerinktum (spiz-zer-ingk'tum), n. 
 vim; go; intense energy; the over- 
 mastering will to succeed. 
 
 splash (splash), v.t. to spatter with 
 water, mud, &c: v.i. to dash water 
 about: n. water or slush thrown 
 upon anything; a noise as from 
 water thrown up, or by anything 
 striking in or upon a liquid. 
 
 splatter (splat'er), v.t. to splash. 
 
 splatterdash (splat'er-dash), n. up- 
 roar; noise: pi. same as spatter- 
 dashes. 
 
 splay (spla), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. splayed, 
 p.pr. splaying], to dislocate, as the 
 shoulder bone of a horse; slope or 
 slant: n. a sloped surface: adj. turned 
 or spreading outwards. 
 
 spleen (splen), n. a soft vascular or- 
 gan near the large extremity of the 
 stomach, supposed by the ancients 
 to be the seat of anger, melancholy, 
 or vexation: hence a fit of ill-hu- 
 mor, melancholy, or latent spite. 
 
 splendid (splen'did), adj. magnificent; 
 very bright; brilliant; famous; he- 
 roic ; celebrated ; sumptuous. 
 
 splendor (splen'der), n. the appear- 
 ance of anything splendid; magnifi- 
 cence; pomp. 
 
 splice (splis), v.t. to unite, as two 
 ropes, by interweaving the strands; 
 connect, as pieces of wood or metal, 
 by overlapping parts and making 
 them fast together ; to unite in mar- 
 riage: n. the union of ropes, &c, by 
 interweaving or joining. [Dutch.] 
 
 splint (splint), n. a splinter; a thin 
 piece of wood to keep a broken 
 bone, &c, in position; a hard ex- 
 crescence on the shank-bone of a 
 horse. 
 
 splinter (splin'tcr), n. a thin piece of 
 wood, &c, split or rent off length- 
 wise; fragment: v.t. to split or rend 
 into long thin pieces; shiver: v.i. to< 
 be-rent into splinters. 
 
 split (split), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. split, p.pr. 
 splitting], to divide lengthwise; teai 
 asunder violently; cleave; rupture; 
 disunite: v.i. burst with laughter 
 (figuratively) ; betray confidence ; 
 throb or ache violently. 
 
 splotch (sploch), n. a stain; daub. 
 
 splurge (splerj), n. a great display. 
 
 splutter (splut'er), v.i. to speak has- 
 tily and confusedly ; scatter ink upon 
 a paper, as with a bad pen: n. a 
 confused noise; stir; commotion. 
 
 spoil (spoil), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spoiled, 
 spoilt, p.pr. spoiling], to take away 
 by force; plunder; corrupt; vitiate; 
 ruin; destroy: v.i. to become use- 
 less; decay: n. that which is taken 
 from another by violence; pillage;, 
 plunder; booty. [Old French.] 
 
 spoke (spok), n. one of the bars of a 
 wheel connecting the nave or center 
 with the felly or rim; round of a 
 ladder: v.t. to furnish with spokes: 
 p.t. of speak. 
 
 spoken (spok'n), adj. uttered in 
 speech; oral; speaking: p.p. of speak. 
 
 spoliation (spo-li-a'shun), n. the act. 
 of plundering or robbery, especially 
 in time of war; injury done to a. 
 document. 
 
 spondaic (spon-da'ik) , adj. pertain- 
 ing to a spondee. [Greek.] 
 
 spondee (spon'de), n. a poetic foot of 
 two long syllables ( ) . 
 
 sponge (spunj), n. the porous, elas- 
 tic, fibrous framework of any spe- 
 cies of Spongida; any substance re- 
 sembling sponge; a mop for cleans- 
 ing a gun after its discharge; point 
 of a horseshoe; parasite: v.i. to suck 
 in like a sponge; live upon others: 
 v.t. cleanse or wipe with a sponge; ob- 
 tain by mean arts without cost. 
 
 spongy (spun'ji), adj. flexible and full 
 of small cavities ; like a sponge ; hav- 
 ing the quality of imbibing fluids; 
 wet and soft; rainy. 
 
 sponsor (spon'ser), n. a surety; a god- 
 father or godmother. [Latin.] 
 
 sponsorial (spon-so'ri-al), adj. per- 
 taining to a sponsor. 
 
 spontaneous (spon-ta'ne-us) , adj. pro- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, boob 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SPOOK 
 
 486 
 
 SPREAD 
 
 ceeding from natural disposition or 
 impulses; acting by internal impulse 
 or natural law. 
 
 spook (spook), n. a ghost. 
 
 spool (spool), n. a hollow cylinder 
 surrounded with a ridge at each end 
 on which thread, &c, are wound: 
 v.t. to wind on a spool. 
 
 spoon (spoon), n. a small domestic 
 implement consisting of a hollow 
 bowl and handle for dipping in 
 liquids and conveying them to the 
 mouth, &c; a simpleton; a club 
 used in golf: v.t. to take up in, or 
 as in, a spoon: y.i. to act the part 
 of a demonstrative lover. 
 
 spoonbill (spoon'bil), n. a wading 
 bird of the heron family with a 
 spoon-like bill. 
 
 spoonful (spoon'f ool) , n. [pi. spoon- 
 fuls (sp5on'foolz)], as much as a 
 spoon will hold; small quantity. 
 
 spoony (spoon'i), n. a simpleton: adj. 
 weak-minded; demonstratively 
 fond. 
 
 spoor (spoor), n. the track or trail 
 of any wild animal. 
 
 sporadic (spo-rad'ik) , adj. occurring 
 separately or apart from others of 
 the same kind; single. Also spo- 
 radical. [Latin.] 
 
 spore (spor), n. a minute grain in 
 cryptogamous plants which performs 
 the function of a seed; a minute 
 ovoid body in certain organisms 
 which gives rise to new organisms 
 by germination. [Greek.] 
 
 sporran (spor'an), n. the furry pouch 
 worn in Highland costume in front 
 of the kilt. 
 
 sport (sport), n. diversion; jest; 
 mirth; mockery; play; outdoor rec- 
 reation, as hunting, shooting, &c; 
 athletics and games of skill for 
 which prizes are given or money 
 staked; an animal or plant which 
 deviates in its organism from the 
 normal condition: y.i. to play or 
 frolic; trifle; practice field diver- 
 sions: v.t. to divert; exhibit or wear 
 in public. 
 
 sportful (sport 'f ool), adj. full of sport; 
 indulging in mirth or play; merry; 
 frolicsome. 
 
 sporting (sport 'ing), p.adj. pertaining 
 to, characteristic of, or engaging in, 
 sport or sports. 
 
 sportive (spor'tiv), adj. frolicsome; 
 
 merry. 
 sportsman (sports'man), n. [pi. 
 
 sportsmen (sports'men)], one who 
 
 Eursues the sports of the field, as 
 unting, &c. Fern, sportswoman. 
 
 spot (spot), n. a blot or mark; dis- 
 colored place or stain; blemish; dis- 
 grace or reproach; locality; place; 
 small part of a different color ; dark 
 place on a luminous disc, as of the 
 sun or a planet ; mark on a billiard 
 table where the red ball is placed; 
 spot-stroke: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spotted, 
 p.pr. spotting], to mark with spots; 
 discolor; stain; disgrace or blemish; 
 mark or note so as to recognize; de- 
 tect. 
 
 spotless (spot'les), adj. without any 
 physical blemish or spot; morally 
 untainted, and having no blame. 
 
 spotter (spot'er), n. a detective. 
 
 spouse (spouz), n. a married per- 
 son. 
 
 spout (spout), n. the projecting mouth 
 of a vessel; pipe for conducting a 
 liquid; lift or shoot: v.t. to throw 
 out forcibly and abundantly, as 
 from a pipe ; pawn : v.i. issue with vio- 
 lence, as from a pipe. 
 
 sprain (spran), n. an excessive strain 
 of the muscles or ligaments of a 
 joint without dislocation: v.t. to 
 overstrain (the muscles or ligaments 
 of a joint) without dislocation. 
 
 sprang, p.t. of spring. 
 
 sprat (sprat), n. a small fish. 
 
 sprawl (sprawl), v.i. to stretch the 
 body carelessly when in a horizontal 
 position; lie; stretch or toss out the 
 limbs or move awkwardly; open ir- 
 regularly, as cavalry; spread in an 
 irregular manner, as a plant. 
 
 spray (spra), n. a small shoot or 
 branch of a tree, or a collection of 
 them; small particles of water driv- 
 en or dashed in the air; jet of fine 
 medicated water, perfume, &c: v.t. 
 [p.t. & p.p. sprayed, p.pr. spraying], 
 to throw spray upon. 
 
 spread (spred), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spread, 
 p.pr. spreading], to extend in all di- 
 rections; propagate; unfurl; open: 
 emit; scatter; set or furnish with 
 provisions: v.i. to be extended or 
 propagated: n. extent; table fur- 
 nished with provisions; feast. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SPREE 
 
 487 
 
 SQUABBLE 
 
 spree (spre), n. a merry frolic;, ca- 
 rousal. 
 
 sprig (sprig), n. a small twig or shoot; 
 scion; headless brad or nail; orna- 
 ment in the form of a spray: v.t. 
 [p.t. & p.p. sprigged, p.pr. sprig- 
 ging], to work or adorn with sprigs; 
 drive brads into. 
 
 spright (sprit), n. a sprite. 
 
 sprightly (sprit'li), adj. [comp. spright- 
 lier, superl. sprightliest], vivacious; 
 brisk; animated; airy, gay: adv. with 
 vivacity. 
 
 spring (spring), v.i. [p.t. sprang, p.p. 
 sprung, p.pr. springing], to arise; 
 originate; appear; shoot up; leap; 
 bound; dart; start or rise up sud- 
 denly; fly back; issue or proceed; 
 warp: v.t. to start or rouse; cause to 
 spring up; explode; crack; strain; 
 cause to close suddenly; leap over; 
 cause to open: n. a leap or Dound; 
 an elastic body used for various 
 mechanical purposes; a flying back 
 with elastic force ; source ; a fountain 
 of water; one of the four seasons of 
 the year when plants begin to grow; 
 cracl' in a mast, &c. 
 
 sprinklt (spring'kl), v.t. to scatter in 
 small drops ; baptize with a few drops 
 of water; cleanse or purify: v.i. to 
 rain in small drops: n. a sprinkling. 
 
 sprinkling (spring'kling), adj. scat- 
 tering in small drops: n. a small 
 quantity distributed in small drops; 
 a small quantity distributed or scat- 
 tered, as of people, &c. 
 
 sprint (sprint), n. a run for a short 
 distance at full speed: v.i. to run at 
 full speed. 
 
 sprit (sprit), v.i. to bud or sprout: n. 
 a sprout or shoot ; a small spar which 
 raises diagonally the peak of the sail 
 of a boat. 
 
 sprite (sprit), n. a spirit; a shade; a 
 ghost. 
 
 sprout (sprout), v.i. to germinate; 
 shoot, as the seed of a plant: n. a 
 shoot; bud: pi. Brussels sprouts. 
 
 spruce (sproos), n. a fir tree of the 
 genus Picea; wood of the spruce 
 tree; a fermented beverage made 
 from spruce leaves, &c: adj. smart; 
 trim; neat; dandified: v.t. to dress 
 with affected neatness. 
 
 sprung, p.t. & p.p. of spring. 
 
 spry (spri), adj. nimble; sharp. 
 
 spud (spud), n. a short stout knife; a 
 potato. 
 
 spume (spurn), n. froth; foam: v.i. 
 to foam. 
 
 spun, p.t. & p.p. of spin. 
 
 spunk (spungk), n. touchwood; met- 
 tle. 
 
 spunky (spungk'i), adj. mettlesome; 
 plucky. 
 
 spur (sper), n. a rowel with sharp 
 points worn on the heel of boots for 
 inciting a horse; any incentive to 
 action; largest root of a tree; some- 
 thing projecting; stiff, sharp spine 
 on a cock's leg, &c: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 spurred, p.pr. spurring], to prick 
 with a spur ; incite to action ; hasten : 
 v.i. to travel with haste; push 
 on. 
 
 spurious (spu'ri-us)^ adj. not genu- 
 ine ; counterfeit; illegitimate ; 
 false. 
 
 spurn (spern), v.t. to drive away, as 
 with the foot; reject with contempt; 
 treat with disdain: v.i. to manifest 
 contempt in rejecting anything: n. 
 disdainful rejection. 
 
 spurt (spert), v.i. to issue forth sud- 
 denly or violently in a stream or 
 jet; make a sudden brief effort: v.t. 
 to throw out in a stream or jet: n. 
 a sudden or forcible ejection of a 
 liquid; brief, sudden effort. 
 
 sputter (sput'er), v.i. to throw out 
 moisture in scattered drops; speak 
 rapidly and indistinctly; spit: v.t. 
 to emit in small particles with a 
 crackling or spluttering noise: n. 
 moist matter thrown out in small 
 drops. 
 
 sputum "(spii'tum), n. saliva; spit- 
 tle. . i 
 
 spy (spi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spied, p.pr. 
 spying], to discover, especially at a 
 distance; gain sight of; detect; ex- 
 plore; examine secretly: v.i. to scru- 
 tinize; play the spy: n. a person who 
 in time of war enters the enemy's 
 camp to gain information as to its 
 movements, &c; one who keeps 
 watch on others; secret agent. 
 
 squab (skwob), n. a person of short, 
 fat figure; kind of sofa; stuffed 
 cushion; nestling of a pigeon: adj. 
 short and fat; bulky: adv. with a 
 heavy fall. 
 
 squabble (skwob'l), v.i. to wrangle 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SQUAD 
 
 488 
 
 SQUIRREL 
 
 or dispute in a noisy manner: v.t. to 
 disarrange: said of type set up: n. a 
 noisy wrangle; dispute. 
 
 squad (skwod), n. a small party of 
 soldiers assembled for drill, &c; any 
 small party. [Old French.] 
 
 squadron (skwod'run), n. a division of 
 a regiment of cavalry, comprising 
 two troops; detachment of war ves- 
 sels employed on some particular 
 service. 
 
 squalid (skwol'id), adj. extremely 
 dirty; foul; poverty-stricken. 
 
 squall (skwawl), n. a sudden and vio- 
 lent gust of wind, often accom- 
 panied with rain, sleet, &c; a loud 
 scream: v.i. to scream or cry vio- 
 lently. 
 
 squalor (skwa/lor), n. foulness, dirt. 
 
 squamose (skwa'mos), adj. covered 
 with, or like, scales. Also squam- 
 ous. 
 
 squander (skwon'der), v.t. to spend 
 lavishly or wastefully; dissipate: v.i. 
 to be wasteful or prodigal. 
 
 square (skwar), n. a parallelogram 
 having 4 equal sides and 4 right an- 
 gles; anything nearly resembling a 
 square; an area of 4 sides having 
 houses on each side; square body of 
 troops; a mathematical instrument 
 for measuring right angles; product 
 of a number multiplied by itself: 
 adj. having 4 equal sides and 4 equal 
 angles; forming a right angle; hav- 
 ing a straight front; true; upright; 
 honest; just; well-set; stout: v.t. to 
 form with 4 equal sides and 4 equal 
 angles; multiply by itself; reduce to 
 a given standard; adjust; regulate; 
 make even; place at right angles 
 with the keel: v.i. to accord or agree 
 (with with); fit; assume a boxing 
 attitude (with up). [Old French.] 
 
 squash (skwosh), v.t. to crush, espe- 
 cially into a flat mass or pulp: n. 
 something soft and easily crushed; 
 something unripe and soft; unripe 
 pea cod; shock of soft bodies; sud- 
 den fall of a soft body; a gourd. 
 
 squashy (skwosh'i), adj. easily 
 crushed; soft. 
 
 squat (skwot), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. squat- 
 ted, p.pr. squatting], to sit down on 
 the hams or heels; cover or lie close, 
 as an animal; to settle on public 
 land; settle on the land of another 
 
 without a title: adj. sitting on the 
 hams and heels; crouching: n. the 
 posture of one who squats; small 
 vein of ore. 
 
 squatter (skwot'er), n. one who 
 squats; one who settles on new or 
 uncultivated land without a title; in 
 Australia and New Zealand, one who 
 leases land for pasturing sheep from 
 the Government. 
 
 squaw (skwaw), n. a North Ameri- 
 can Indian woman or wife. 
 
 squawk (skwawk), v.i. to utter a 
 loud, harsh noise: n. a harsh 
 squeak. 
 
 squeak (skwek), v.i. to utter a short, 
 shrill, sharp cry; make a sharp dis- 
 agreeable noise; break silence; con- 
 fess: n. a short, shrill, sharp cry; a 
 sharp disagreeable noise. 
 
 squeal (skwel), v.i. to cry with a 
 sharp, shrill, prolonged sound; to 
 turn informer: n. a sharp, shrill, pro- 
 longed sound. [Icelandic] 
 
 squeamish (skwem'ish), adj. sickish 
 at stomach; easily disgusted; nice 
 to excess in taste; fastidious about 
 trifles; scrupulous. 
 
 squeeze (skwez), v.t. to press between 
 two bodies; crush; embrace forcibly; 
 compress; force by compression; 
 cause to pass: v.i. to press; push be- 
 tween close bodies: n. the act of 
 squeezing ; compression between bod- 
 ies; facsimile in some soft substance; 
 a forcible embrace. 
 
 squelch (sk welch), v.t. to crush; si- 
 lence: n. a heavy blow. 
 
 squib (skwib), n. a kind of firework; 
 petty lampoon; sarcastic publica- 
 tion: v.i. to use or write squibs or 
 sarcastic reflections; contend in 
 petty dispute. 
 
 squill (skwil), n. a genus of plants 
 allied to the lily, used in medicine. 
 
 squint (skwint), adj. looking ob- 
 liquely; said of the eyes: v.i. to see 
 or look obliquely; have the vision 
 distorted: v.t. to cause to squint: n. 
 the act or habit of looking oblique- 
 ly. 
 
 squire (skwir), n. (see esquire). Often 
 used of a justice of the peace; a 
 country-gentleman; a farm owner. 
 
 squirm (skwerm), v.i. to wriggle; 
 writhe. 
 
 squirrel (skwer'el), n. a small, agile, 
 
 ;ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SQUIRT 
 
 489 
 
 STALE 
 
 reddish-brown rodent with a long 
 bushy tail. 
 
 squirt (skwert), v.t. to eject in a 
 stream from a small orifice; spurt: 
 n. a small stream or jet; an instru- 
 ment for jecting water, &c. 
 
 Btab (stab), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stabbed, 
 p.pr. stabbing], to pierce with, or as 
 with, a pointed weapon; kill or 
 wound; injure secretly, or by mali- 
 cious falsehood or slander; v. . to 
 pierce; inflict a wound: n. a thrust 
 or wound with a sharp-pointed 
 weapon; a malici us injury done 
 secretly. 
 
 stability (sta-bil'i-ti) , n. the state or 
 quality of being stable or firm; firm- 
 ness of character; strength of pur- 
 pose or resolution; fixedness. Also 
 stableness. 
 
 stable (sta^bl), adj. fixed; firm; con- 
 stant: n. a building for lodging 
 horses, cows, &c: v.t. to put or keep 
 in a stable: v.i. to dwell or shelter, 
 as in a stable. 
 
 stack (stak), n. a large quantity of 
 hay, corn, wood, &c, piled up in cir- 
 cular or regular form; number of 
 chimneys standing together: v.t. to 
 pile into a stack. 
 
 stadium (sta'di-um), n. [pi. stadia 
 (sta/di-a)], a Greek linear measure = 
 606M ft. ; the course for foot-races 
 at the Olympic games : hence a race- 
 course. [Latin.] 
 
 staff (staf), n. [pi. staves, staffs 
 (stavz, stafs)], a stick carried for 
 support in walking or for defense: 
 support; prop; pole, handle, or bar; 
 wand as a badge of office; stanza or 
 a series of verses; the five lines and 
 four spaces between them on which 
 music is written; flagstaff; an es- 
 tablishment of officers attached to an 
 army or its commander; number of 
 persons engaged in any undertaking 
 or work. 
 
 stag (stag), n. the male of the red 
 deer; male of the ox kind, castrated 
 at a certain age; an outside irregu- 
 lar dealer in stocks. 
 
 stage (staj), n. an elevated platform, 
 especially in a ^theater ; place of 
 scenic entertainments or representa- 
 tions; the theatrical profession; place 
 of rest on a journey; field of action; 
 
 degree of progress; coach: v.t. to put 
 on the stage, as a play. [Old French.] 
 
 stagger (stag'er), v.i. to totter or 
 reel; begin to doubt, weary or give 
 way; hesitate: v.t. to cause to totter 
 or reel; shock; make less confident: 
 n. a sudden reeling or tottering: pi. 
 a disease of horses and cattle, some- 
 times called the "blind staggers"; 
 vertigo. 
 
 stagnant (stag'nant) , adj. not flowing, 
 or running in a stream; motionless; 
 not brisk; torpid; dull. [Latin.] 
 
 stagnate (stagnat), v.i. to cease to 
 flow or run ; be motionless ; become 
 torpid, inactive, or dull; become im- 
 pure or foul. 
 
 stagnation (stag-na'shun) , n. the 
 state or quality of being stag- 
 nant. 
 
 staid (stad), adj. sober; sedate; regu- 
 lar; steady; not volatile. 
 
 stain (stan), v.t. to blot; spot; tinge 
 with color; dye, soil with guilt or 
 infamy; tarnish; pollute: v.i. to take 
 stains; become stained: n. discolora- 
 tion; spot of color different from 
 the ground; spot or blot; taint of 
 guilt or infamy; cause of reproach. 
 
 stair (star), n. one of a series of steps 
 for ascending to a higher level; a 
 step: pi. a flight of steps. 
 
 staircase (star'kas), n. a set of steps in 
 a house with railings, &c. 
 
 stake (stak), n. a post or strong 
 stick sharpened at one end and fixed 
 in the ground; palisade; post to- 
 which a person condemned to be 
 burnt was secured; hence martyr- 
 dom; that which is pledged, wa- 
 gered, or put to hazard; prize con- 
 tested for; small anvil: v.t. to fasten 
 or support with stakes ; defend with» 
 or mark out the limits of, with. 
 stakes; wager or pledge. 
 
 stalactite (stal-ak'tlt), n. an icicle- 
 like incrustation of carbonate of 
 lime, &c, formed by percolation in 
 caverns, &c. [Greek.] 
 
 stalagmite (stal-ag'mit), n. a cone of 
 carbonate of lime, &c, formed on 
 
 , the floor of a cavern in a similar 
 manner to a stalactite. [Greek.] 
 
 stale (stal), adj. not fresh or new; 
 vapid; tasteless; worn out by use 
 or familiarity; trite; common; de- 
 cayed; past the prime: v.t. to make 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
STALK 
 
 490 
 
 STAPLE 
 
 stale; wear out: v.i. to discharge 
 urine; said of horses. 
 
 stalk (stawk), v.t. to pursue stealthily 
 and under cover so as to kill, as 
 game: v.i. to walk with high and 
 proud steps ; walk behind a stalking- 
 horse: n. the stem or main axis of a 
 plant; support which attaches a 
 flower or fruit to a plant or tree; 
 anything like a stalk; a high, proud, 
 stately step. 
 
 stall (stawl), n. that part of a stable 
 where a horse or ox is kept and fed; 
 a bench or table where goods are ex- 
 posed for sale; small house or shed 
 where business is carried on; seat 
 of a church dignitary in the choir of 
 a cathedral; canonry; reserved seat 
 in a theater, &c: v.t. to place or 
 keep in a stall; to hold back a train: 
 v.i. to kennel, as dogs. 
 
 stallion (stal'yun), n. an uncastrated 
 male horse kept for breeding. 
 
 stalwart (stawl'wert), adj. sturdy; 
 strong; tall and stout; brave; dar- 
 ing. 
 
 stamen (sta'men), n. the male organ 
 of a flower. 
 
 stamina (stam'in-a), n.pl. tone and 
 vigor of the animal system; back- 
 bone; power of endurance. 
 
 stammer (stam'er), v.i. to hesitate 
 or falter in speaking, especially from 
 an impediment in speech; stutter: 
 v.t. to utter or pronounce with dif- 
 ficulty or hesitation: n. difficulty in 
 pronouncing or speaking; stutter. 
 
 stamp (stamp), v.t. to strike with the 
 sole of the foot by thrusting it down- 
 wards; crush or pulverize; impress; 
 fix deeply; make valid; affix a stamp 
 to; coin: v.i. to strike or beat the 
 foot forcibly on the ground: n. the 
 act of stamping; die; the impres- 
 sion made ; official mark on dutiable 
 things ; small piece of paper having 
 a certain device and value impressed 
 upon it by government, required le- 
 gally to be affixed to a letter, docu- 
 ment, &c; currency; character or 
 reputation; authority. 
 
 stampede (stam-ped'), n. a sudden 
 panic seizing a herd of animals caus- 
 ing them to run violently away; any 
 sudden flight or rush: v.t. to cause 
 to take to sudden flight: v.i. to start 
 off in a panic. [Spanish.] 
 
 stanch (stanch), adj. firm; constant; 
 trustworthy; zealous: v.t. to stop 
 the flowing of, as blood. Also 
 staunch. [Old French.] 
 
 stand (stand), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. stood, 
 p.pr. standing], to be erect; occupy 
 a certain position; cease to move; 
 be at rest or fixed; continue; re- 
 main without injury or ruin; be 
 safe; not to fail or yield; be obsti- 
 nate; be firm; be placed; become a 
 candidate; hold a course at sea; 
 continue in force; stagnate: v.t. to 
 endure; sustain; abide by; set in an 
 erect position; pay for: n. a stop 
 or halt; interruption; station for the 
 hire of vehicles; raised platform for 
 spectators; small table; state of per- 
 plexity or difficulty; resistance. 
 
 standard (stand'erd), n. an ensign or 
 flag, especially a national ensign; 
 that which is established by author- 
 ity as a fixed rule or measure ; estab- 
 lished rule or model; criterion; a 
 standing tree not supported by a 
 wall; proportion of weights of fine 
 metal and alloy established by au- 
 thority. 
 
 standing (stand'ing), n. the act of 
 stopping or of being erect on the 
 feet; duration; maintenance of posi- 
 tion; reputation; rank or status : adj. 
 remaining erect; stagnant; lasting; 
 established or settled; fixed. 
 
 stand-oft (stand 'of), n. a draw or tie: 
 v.t. to hold in abeyance. 
 
 standpoint (standpoint), n. a posi- 
 tion from which one views 
 things. 
 
 standstill (stand'stil), n. a complete 
 pause. 
 
 stanza (stan'za), n. a number of lines 
 or verses connected with and ad- 
 justed to each other, usually ending 
 in a pause ; part of a poem containing 
 every variation of measure in the 
 poem. 
 
 staple (sta'pl), n. the chief produc- 
 tion or industry of a country or dis- 
 trict; settled market or emporium; 
 principal element or topic; unmanu- 
 factured or raw material, as cot- 
 ton, flax, or wool fiber; loop of metal 
 for holding a bolt, &c: adj. chief; 
 regularly produced; established in 
 commerce: v.t. to sort according to 
 its staple, as cotton, &c. 
 
 fite, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, Men. 
 
STAR 
 
 491 
 
 STATISTICS 
 
 star (star), n. any celestial body, es- 
 pecially one that is self-luminous; 
 anything resembling a star; a planet 
 supposed to influence a person's des- 
 tiny; an ornamental rayed badge; 
 an asterisk (*); a person of distin- 
 guished eminence, especially in the 
 theatrical profession: v.t. [p.t. & 
 p.p. starred, p.pr. starring], to set 
 or adorn with stars: v.i. to shine as 
 a star; be preeminent; appear as 
 principal actor among inferior play- 
 ers. 
 
 starboard (star'bord), n. the right- 
 hand side of a vessel looking towards 
 the bow: adj. pertaining to, or lying 
 on the right side of a vessel: v.t. to 
 put to the right or starboard side of a 
 vessel. 
 
 starch (starch), n. a widely diffuse 
 vegetable substance: used for laun- 
 dry purposes, &c: v.t. to stiffen with 
 starch; make stiff. 
 
 stare (star), n. a fixed look with wide- 
 open eyes; a starling: v.i. to look 
 with fixed eyes wide open ; look ear- 
 nestly; be very conspicuous; stand 
 out prominently: v.t. to gaze at. 
 
 stark (stark), adj. stiff; strong: adv 
 wholly or completely. 
 
 starling (star'ling), n. a passerine 
 bird of the genus Sturnus; piles 
 driven round the piers of a bridge 
 for its protection. 
 
 start (start), v.i. to be moved or 
 twitched suddenly, as by sudden 
 alarm, &c; shrink; move -abruptly ; 
 set out; commence a race, career, 
 &c; loosen: v.t. to originate or set 
 going; rouse suddenly from conceal- 
 ment; empty; dislocate; punish with 
 a rope's end: n. the act of starting; 
 outset; a sudden motion or twitch; 
 sudden fit or excitement; quick 
 spring; starting post. 
 
 startle (start'l), v.i. to move suddenly 
 as by an alarm ; to feel sudden alarm : 
 v.t. to frighten suddenly; shock. 
 
 starvation (star-va'shun) , n. the state 
 of being starved. 
 
 starve (starv), v.i. to suffer extreme 
 hunger; perish with hunger or cold: 
 v.t. subdue by famine; destroy by 
 want of any kind. 
 
 starveling (starv'ling), adj. hungry; 
 weak; lean: n. a thin, weak, pining 
 animal or plant. 
 
 state (stat), n. circumstances or con- 
 dition; position or situation; case; 
 quality; pomp; principal persons 
 constituting the government of a 
 country; legislature; whole body of 
 people united under one government ; 
 civil power: adj. pertaining to the 
 body politic; used on state occa- 
 sions; ceremonial: v.t. to express 
 the details of; represent fully in 
 words; narrate. [Old French.] 
 
 State, n. one of the federated com- 
 monwealths composing the United 
 States. 
 
 statecraft (stat'kraft), n. diplomatic 
 and political skill. 
 
 stated (stat'ed), adj. fixed; regular. 
 
 stateliness (stat'li-nes), n. the state or 
 quality of being stately; majestic 
 appearance. 
 
 stately (stat'li), adj. [comp. statelier, 
 superl. stateliest], grand; majestic; 
 dignified; displaying state or dignity. 
 
 statement (stat'ment), n. the act of 
 stating; that which is stated; narra- 
 tive or recital. 
 
 stateroom (stat'ro5m), n. a reserved 
 cabin in a steamer or sleeping 
 car. 
 
 statesman (stats'man), n. [pi. states- 
 men (stats'men)], one who is skilled 
 in public affairs and the art of gov- 
 ernment; politician. 
 
 static (stat'ik), adj. pertaining to 
 bodies at rest or in equilibrium; act- 
 ing by mere weight without produc- 
 ing motion. Also statical : n.pl. that 
 branch of mechanics which treats of 
 the equilibrium, pressure, weight, 
 &c, of bodies at rest. [Greek.] 
 
 station (sta'shun), n. place where a 
 person or thing stands; position; 
 rank or condition of life; class or 
 order; place on a railway for pas- 
 sengers or goods; district police of- 
 fice; military quarters; post for war- 
 vessels: v.t. to place in a certain post, 
 rank, or situation; appoint or as- 
 sign. 
 
 stationary (sta'shun-a-ri), adj. fixed; 
 not moving; not improving. 
 
 stationer (sta'shun-er), n. one who 
 sells paper, pens, pencils, writing 
 materials, &c. [Latin.] 
 
 statistics (sta-tis'tiks), n. the science 
 of the classification and arrange- 
 ment of facts relating to the condi- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
STATUARY 
 
 492 
 
 STELE 
 
 tion of a people or class, domestic 
 economy, health, longevity, &c. 
 
 statuary (stat'ti-a-ri), n. a sculptor; 
 the art of carving statues; statues 
 collectively. 
 
 statue (stat'u), n. the representation of 
 a living being sculptured or modeled 
 in some solid material: v.t. to form 
 a statue of; place, as a statue. 
 
 stature (stat'ur), n. the natural height. 
 
 status (sta'tus), n. condition; social 
 standing or place; rank. 
 
 statute (stat'fit), n. a law expressly 
 enacted by the legislature of a coun- 
 try or state; written law; an act of a 
 corporation or of its founders, de- 
 signed to be a permanent rule. 
 
 statutory (stat'u-to-ri), adj. enacted 
 by statute; depending on statute for 
 its authority. 
 
 stave (stav), n. [pi. staves (stavz)], 
 one of tne thin narrow strips of 
 wood forming the sides of a cask; a 
 pole or piece of wood of some length ; 
 the five parallel lines and the four 
 contained spaces on and within 
 which the notes and rests are writ- 
 ten [Music]: pi. of staff: v.t. [p.t. 
 & p.p. staved, stove, p.pr. staving], 
 to break a hole in ; burst ; pour out ; 
 delay or put off. 
 
 stay (sta), n. a large, strong rope 
 which stiffens and supports a mast; 
 stop or stand; prop or support; 
 abode or continuance in a place: pi. 
 pair of corsets: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 stayed, p.pr. staying], to hold up or 
 support; sustain; endure; restrain; 
 delay; tack: v.i. to remain or abide; 
 wait; rest; stand still; continue; 
 cease; hold out or last. 
 
 stead (sted), n. the place or room 
 which another had or might have. 
 
 steadfast (sted'fast), adj. firmly fixed 
 or established ; steady ; constant ; uni- 
 form. 
 
 steady (sted'i), adj. [comp. steadier, su- 
 perl. steadiest], fixed; regular; firm; 
 constant in feeling or purpose ; reso- 
 lute; undeviating; unwavering; uni- 
 form: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. steadied, p.pr. 
 steadying], to make or keep steady 
 or firm; make constant or resolute; 
 regulate : inter j. be fixed. 
 
 steak (stak), n. a slice of beef, &c, 
 for broiling. 
 
 steal (stel), v.t. [p.t. stole, p.p. stolen, 
 
 p.pr. stealing], to take by theft or 
 feloniously; take without leave or 
 right; withdraw or convey clan- 
 destinely; gain secretly and gradu- 
 ally: v.i. to commit theft; slip in and 
 out unperceived. 
 
 stealth (stelth), n. secret means em- 
 ployed to accomplish an object; un- 
 derhand procedure. 
 
 stealthy (stelth'i), adj. [comp. stealth- 
 ier, superl. stealthiest], done or per- 
 formed by stealth; clandestine; sly. 
 
 steam (stem), n. vapor into which 
 water is changed when heated to 
 boiling-point; vapor; any exhala- 
 tion: v.i. to emit steam; rise or pass 
 off in steam; move by steam: v.t. to 
 apply steam to. 
 
 steamer (stem'er), n. a vessel pro- 
 pelled by steam; road locomotive; 
 an apparatus for steaming articles. 
 
 stearin (ste'a-rin), n. a constituent of 
 most animal and some vegetable 
 fats: tallow. 
 
 steed (sted), n. a horse, especially one 
 which is spirited. 
 
 steel (stel), n. iron refined and com- 
 bined with carbon; any instrument 
 of steel; anything made of steel; 
 anything of extreme hardness; a 
 chalybeate medicine: adj. made of, 
 or resembling, steel: v.t. to overlay, 
 edge, or tip with steel; make hard 
 or invulnerable; render like steel. 
 
 steelyard (stel'yard), n. a kind of bal- 
 ance, consisting of a single weight 
 moved along a graduated beam. 
 
 steep (step), adj. rising or descending 
 with great inclination; precipitous: 
 n. a precipitous place: v.t. to soak in 
 a liquid; dip; imbue. 
 
 steeple (ste'pl), n. a tower or turret 
 tapering to a point; spire. 
 
 steer (ster), n. a young male of the ox 
 kind; bullock: v.t. to direct the 
 course of (a vessel) with the helm; 
 control; guide: v.i. to direct a ship 
 in its course; move; be governed. 
 
 steerage (ster'aj), n. the act or prac- 
 tice of steering; that part of a ship 
 allotted to the poorer passengers. 
 
 steering (ster'ing), n. the angle of ele- 
 vation of a bowsprit with the hori- 
 zon. 
 
 stein (stin), n. a stone beer-mug hold- 
 ing something less than a quart. 
 
 stele (sta'la), n. an upright tablet of 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue. hut ; think, then. 
 
STEM 
 
 493 
 
 STEWARD 
 
 stone, often beautifully sculptured. 
 It was the commonest form of monu- 
 ment for the dead among the 
 Greeks. 
 
 stem (stem), n. the principal axis of 
 a tree or plant; anything resem- 
 bling a stem; race; pedigree; prog- 
 eny; branch of a family; the fore- 
 part of a vessel; the unchangeable 
 part of an inflected word; the up- 
 right or downright line joined to 
 the body of a note [Music]: v.t. 
 [p.t. & p.p. stemmed, p.pr. stem- 
 ming], to resist or check; dam up: 
 v.i. to move forward against an ob- 
 stacle. 
 
 stench (stench), n. a strong offensive 
 odor. 
 
 stencil (sten'sil), n. a thin plate of 
 metal with a pattern, &c, cut out, 
 used for marking, &c: v.t. [p.t. & 
 p.p. stenciled, p.pr. stenciling], to 
 mark or color with a stencil. 
 
 stenographer _ (sten-og'ra-f er) , n._ a 
 shorthand writer. Also stenographist. 
 
 stenographic (sten-o-graf 'ik) , adj. 
 pertaining to, or written in, short- 
 hand. 
 
 stenography (sten-og'ra-fi), n. the art 
 of writing in shorthand. 
 
 step (step), n. the distance measured 
 by the foot in walking or running; 
 pace; small distance; footstep; ac- 
 tion ; measure ; procedure ; gait ; stair ; 
 round of a laclder: pi. portable 
 framework of stairs: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
 stepped, p.pr. stepping], to make a 
 movement by a single change of 
 the position of the foot; walk; ad- 
 vance or retire by pacing; go or 
 come as by chance; walk slowly: 
 v.t. to set, as the foot; measure by 
 steps; fix, as a mast: prefix denoting 
 relation by marriage only. 
 
 steppe (step), n. a name for the vast 
 barren plains of Russia. 
 
 stereo, a Greek prefix meaning solid, 
 firm, as stereogram, a picture repre- 
 senting objects on a plane surface 
 as if in relief: n. an aobr. of stereo- 
 type. Also stereograph. 
 
 stereopticon (ster-e-op'ti-kon), n. a 
 magic-lantern showing photographic 
 slides as if in relief. 
 
 stereoscope (ster'e-o-skop), n. a bi- 
 nocular optical instrument by means 
 
 of which two pictures appear as one 
 and stand out in relief. 
 
 stereotype (ster'e-o-tip), n. a metal 
 plate cast from a mold taken from 
 a page of movable types: v.t. [p.t. 
 & p.p stereotyped, p.pr. stereotyp- 
 ing], to cast or print in stereotype; 
 fix permanently: adj. pertaining to, 
 or done by, stereotype. 
 
 sterile (ster'il), adj. barren; pro- 
 ducing little or no crop; destitute of 
 ideas. 
 
 sterility (ster-il'i-ti), n. barrenness; 
 infecundity. [French.] 
 
 sterilize (ster'il-iz), v.t. to make ster- 
 ile; deprive of the power of repro- 
 duction, as bacteria. 
 
 sterling (ster'ling), adj. pure; unadul- 
 terated; genuine; noting English 
 money of standard value; of high 
 merit. 
 
 stern (stern), adj. harsh or severe in 
 countenance or manners; austere; 
 unrelenting; steadfast; being in the 
 stern: n. the after part of a vessel. 
 
 sternum (ster'num), n. the breast 
 bone. [Latin.] 
 
 stertorous (ster'to-rus), adj. charac- 
 terized by deep snoring. 
 
 stet (stet), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stetted, p.pr. 
 stetting], to mark with the word 
 stet^ (let it stand) on a proof, indi- 
 cating that something marked for 
 omission is to remain. 
 
 stethoscope (steth'o-skop), n. an in- 
 strument for examining the chest, or 
 ascertaining diseases of the chest by 
 sound produced in the thorax. 
 
 stevedore (stev'e-dor), n. one who 
 loads or unloads a vessel in port, or 
 stows cargo in a ship's hold. [Span- 
 ish.] 
 
 stew (stu), v.t. to boil slowly or with 
 a simmering heat: v.i. to be boiled 
 slowly or gently: n. a dish pre- 
 pared by stewing; a store-pond: pi. 
 a brothel. 
 
 steward (stu'erd), n. one who man- 
 ages the domestic concerns of a 
 family or institution; manager of a 
 large estate or farm; person em- 
 ployed at a hotel, club, or on board 
 ship to superintend culinary affairs; 
 a college official who superintends 
 the kitchen arrangements; a fiscal 
 agent; an officer of the royal house- 
 hold; manager at races, sports, &c. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
STEWARDESS 
 
 494 
 
 STIPULATION 
 
 stewardess (stu'erd-es), n. a woman 
 who attends to female passengers on 
 board ship. 
 
 stibium (stib'i-um), n. antimony. 
 
 stick (stik), n. a small branch or shoot 
 cut off a tree; walking stick; staff; 
 printer's composing-stick; thrust or 
 stab with a pointed instrument; an 
 incompetent or dull speaker; v.t. 
 [p.t. & p.p. stuck, _ p.pr. sticking], 
 to stab or thrust; pierce; fasten; fix 
 in; make to cohere; attach; set with 
 something pointed; compose or set 
 up (type): v.i. to be fixed; remain; 
 cleave; adhere; be fastened by 
 piercing; be stayed; hesitate (with 
 at). 
 
 stickle (stik'l), v.i. to wrangle or con- 
 tend pertinaciously, especially on in- 
 sufficient grounds, for something of 
 little importance. 
 
 sticky (stik'j), adj. [comp. stickier, su- 
 per!, stickiest], adhesive; glutinous; 
 viscous. 
 
 stiff (stif), adj. not easily bent; rigid; 
 inflexible; stubborn; not liquid or 
 fluid; strong; violent; not natural 
 or easy; constrained; affected; for- 
 mal; severe; not written with ease. 
 
 stiffening (stif'n-ing), n. the act of 
 making stiff; material for making 
 anything stiff. 
 
 stifle (stif'l), v.t. to suffocate; smother; 
 extinguish; deaden; suppress or con- 
 ceal: v.i. to be suffocated: n. the 
 first joint above a horse's thigh, next 
 the buttock. 
 
 stigma (stig'ma), n. [pi. stigmas, stig- 
 mata (stig'maz, stig ma-ta)], a mark 
 made with a branding-iron; mark of 
 infamy or disgrace. 
 
 stigmatize (stig'ma-tiz), v.t. to mark 
 with a stigma or brand; hold up to 
 disgrace, reproach, or infamy. 
 
 stile (stil), n. a set of steps to pass 
 from one side of a fence or wall, 
 &c, to the other; the gnomon of a 
 sun-dial; an* upright piece in fram- 
 ing or paneling. 
 
 stiletto (sti : let'o), n. a small dagger 
 with a thin, rounded, and pointed 
 blade; pointed instrument for mak- 
 ing eyelet holes. 
 
 still (stil), adj. at rest; without mo- 
 tion; quiet; calm; silent; not effer- 
 vescent: adv. to this time; neverthe- 
 less; always; after that: v.t. to make 
 
 still; calm; render motionless: n. an 
 apparatus for distilling liquids; a 
 room for keeping the products of 
 the still. 
 
 stillness (stil'nes), n. silence; motion- 
 lessness. 
 
 stilt (stilt), n. a pole of wood with a 
 rest for the foot; used in pairs in 
 walking : v.t. to set or raise on 
 stilts. 
 
 stilted (stilt'ed), adj. inflated; pom- 
 pous. 
 
 stimulant (stim'u-lant), adj. serving 
 to stimulate ; producing transient in- 
 crease of vital energy: n.pl. medi- 
 cines or alcoholic beverages having 
 such an effect. _ [Latin.] 
 
 stimulate (stim'u-lat), v.t. to excite or 
 rouse; animate; goad; encourage; 
 excite greater vitality in: v.i. to act 
 as a stimulus. 
 
 stimulus (stim'u-lus), n. [pi. stimuli 
 (stim'u-ll)], that which stimulates; a 
 spur; anything exciting to action; 
 incentive; stimulant. 
 
 sting; (sting), n. the sharp-pointed, 
 poisonous weapon with which cer- 
 tain animals and insects are fur- 
 nished; one of the stiff, sharp-pointed, 
 hollow hairs of certain plants; any- 
 thing that gives acute mental or 
 physical pain; the thrust of a sting: 
 v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stung, p.pr. stinging], 
 to pierce or wound with, or as with, 
 a sting; cause acute pain to; goad. 
 
 stingy (stin'ji), adj. [comp. stingier, 
 superl. stingiest], close and covetous; 
 meanly avaricious ; miserly ; niggardly. 
 
 stink (stingk), v.i. [p.t.& p.p. stunk, 
 p.pr. stinking], to emit a strong, of- 
 fensive odor: v.t. to cause to stink: 
 n. a strong, offensive odor; disgust- 
 ing smell; an unpleasant exposure. 
 
 stint (stint), v.t. to restrain within 
 certain limits: v.i. to stop or cease: 
 n. a limit; quantity assigned. Also 
 stent, and in slang, stunt. 
 
 stipend (sti'pend), n. salary, espe- 
 cially clerical income. . [Latin.] 
 
 stipple (stip'l), v.t. to engrave by 
 means of dots; paint by small, short 
 touches. 
 
 stipulate (stip'u-lat), v.t. to arrange or 
 settle definitely or by special men- 
 tion. 
 
 stipulation (stip-ii-la'shun) , n. the act 
 of stipulating; contract, agreement, 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
STIR 
 
 495 
 
 STOOL-PIGEON 
 
 or bargain; a special condition in a 
 contract. 
 
 stir (ster), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stirred, p.pr. 
 stirring], to put into motion; move; 
 incite; agitate; animate; rouse; in- 
 stigate: v.i. to move or exert one's 
 self; be in motion; change place; 
 rise in the morning: n. bustle; agita- 
 tion; tumult; noise; public disturb 
 ance; excitement. 
 
 stirring (ster'ing), n. the act of mov- 
 ing: adj. busy; bustling; exciting; 
 stimulating. 
 
 stirrup (stir'up or ster'up), n. an iron 
 hoop suspended by a strap in which 
 a horseman sets his foot when he 
 mounts or rides. 
 
 stitch (stich), n. a single pass of a 
 needle and thread through anything 
 made by sewing; link of yarn in 
 knitting; sudden sharp, local pain; 
 a furrow: v.t. to form stitches in; 
 unite by stitches; form (land) into 
 furrows: v.i. to practice stitching. 
 
 stithy (stith'i), n. a smith's forge; 
 anvil. 
 
 stive (stiv), v.t. to make close, hot, 
 or sultry; stuff up; pack or press 
 closely together: v.i. to be stifled. 
 
 stock (stok), n. the trunk or stem of 
 a tree or plant ; pillar ; log, or post ; 
 trunk into which a graft is inserted; 
 a blockhead; race, family, or line- 
 age; fund; capital; share of a pub- 
 lic debt; store; cattle; stiff cravat; 
 part of a firearm to which the bar- 
 rel and lock are attached; founda- 
 tion of soups, &c; a kind of flower: 
 pi. a wooden frame in which the 
 legs of criminals were confined ; pub- 
 lic funds; shares of capital in a cor- 
 porate company; frame on which a 
 ship is built: v.t. to store up; fill; 
 supply: v.i. to take in or obtain sup- 
 plies: adj. kept in stock; perma- 
 nent. 
 
 stockade (stok-ad'), n. a line of posts 
 used as a barrier for defense or en- 
 closure for cattle: v.t. to surround 
 with, or defend by, a stockade. 
 
 stocking (stok'ing), n. a close-fitting 
 covering for the foot and leg. 
 
 stockstill (stok'stil), adj. motionless. 
 
 stocky (stok'i), adj. short; stout; like a 
 shrimp. 
 
 stodgy (stoj'i), adj. wet; clumsy; 
 smug. 
 
 stogy (sto'gi), n. a long, thin-rolled 
 cigar of a coarse grade. 
 
 Stoic (stS'ik), n. a disciple of the 
 Greek philosopher Zeno, who taught 
 that a wise man should be governed 
 by the reason, subdue all passions, 
 and be indifferent to pleasure or 
 pain: one who proposes such doc- 
 trines: adj. pertaining to the Stoics; 
 indifferent to pleasure or pain. Sto- 
 ical. [Greek.] 
 
 stoicism (sto'i-sizm), n. the doctrines 
 and maxims of the Stoics; real or 
 assumed insensibility to pleasure or 
 pain. 
 
 stoke (stok), v.t. maintain and tend 
 the fire in: as, to stoke a furnace: 
 v.i. to act as a stoker. 
 
 stole (stol), n. a long, narrow scarf 
 fringed at the ends, worn by bishops, 
 priests, and deacons of the Roman 
 Catholic and Anglican Churches: 
 p.t. of steal. 
 
 stolen (stol'n), p.p. of steal. 
 
 stolid (stol'id), adj. stupid; dull; im- 
 passive. 
 
 stolidity (stol-id'i-ti), n. the state or 
 quality of being stolid; intellectual 
 dulness. 
 
 stomach (stum'ak), n. the principal 
 organ of digestion in the body; ap- 
 petite; inclination ; haughtiness : v.U 
 to resent; put up with. [French.] 
 
 stone (ston), n. a hard mass of earthy 
 or mineral matter; gem; material of 
 stone used for building, &c; calcu- 
 lus; hard seed shell of certain fruits; 
 a weight of varying value, usually 
 14 lb. avoirdupois; insensibility; 
 hardness: v.t. to pelt or kill with 
 stones; free from stones, as fruit. 
 
 stone-blind (ston'blind), adj. quite 
 blind. 
 
 stoneware (ston 'war), n. a coarse kind 
 of pottery baked hard and glazed. 
 
 stony (ston'i), adj. [comp. stonier, su- 
 perl. stoniest], pertaining to, of the 
 nature of, or like, stone; rocky; 
 hard; cruel; inflexible; pitiless. 
 
 stood, p.t. of stand. 
 
 stool (stool), n. a seat without a back 
 for one person, usually supported with 
 3 legs; the seat used in evacuating 
 the bowels; evacuation of the bowels. 
 
 stool-pigeon (stool'pij'un), n. one 
 who acts as a decoy for another; 
 like a decoy duck in snooting. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
STOOP 
 
 496 
 
 STRAIN 
 
 stoop (stoop), v.i. to bend the body 
 downward and forward; descend 
 from rank or dignity; submit; con- 
 descend; sweep down on prey: n. in- 
 clination downward and forward; 
 descent from dignity ; condescension ; 
 fall of a bird upon its prey; stair- 
 way, veranda, or porch with seats. 
 
 stop (stop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p stopped, 
 p.pr. stopping], to hinder, check, or 
 impede; render impassable; inter- 
 cept; desist from; regulate the 
 sounds of; deduct; suspend: v.i. to 
 cease from any motion or action; 
 reside temporarily; n. the act of 
 stopping; state of being stopped; 
 cessation; a device for arresting or 
 limiting musical sounds; series of 
 organ pipes; mark used in punctua- 
 tion: inter j. stay! cease! 
 
 stopgap (stop'gap), n. a temporary 
 expedient. 
 
 stoppage (stop'aj), n. the act of stop- 
 ping; state of being stopped; ob- 
 struction; deduction from pay. 
 
 stopper (stop'er), n. one who, or that 
 which, stops; that which closes a 
 vent or hole. 
 
 storage (stor'aj), n. safe keeping of 
 goods in a warehouse, &c; price for 
 storage ._ 
 
 store (stor), n. a large number or 
 great quantity; stock accumulated; 
 abundance or plenty; warehouse; 
 shop: pi. naval and military arms, 
 ammunition, clothing, provisions, 
 &c: v.t. to furnish or supply with 
 stores; gather in quantities; accu- 
 mulate; hoard up; warehouse. 
 
 storeroom (stor'room), n. a room in 
 which provisions or other things are 
 kept. 
 
 stork (stork), n. a large wading bird, 
 with long legs and large pointed 
 bill. 
 
 storm (storm), n. a violent atmos- 
 pheric disturbance; tempest; heavy 
 fall of rain, snow, or hail; violent 
 commotion or agitation; tumult; ca- 
 lamity; violent assault on a fortified 
 place: v.t. to attack with violence or 
 open force: v.i. to blow violently; 
 be angry or rage. 
 
 storming (storm'ing), n. the taking of 
 a fortified place by a violent and open 
 assault: p. adj. violently angry or 
 raging. 
 
 stormless (storm 'les), adj. free from 
 storms. 
 
 stormy (storm'i), adj. [comp. stormier, 
 superl. stormiest], characterized by, 
 or proceeding from, storms; tempest- 
 uous; violent. 
 
 Storthing (stort'ing), n. the Norwe- 
 gian Parliament. 
 
 story (sto'ri), n. [pi. stories (sto'riz)], a 
 fictitious narrative; pretty tale; 
 short romance; history; stage or 
 floor of a building; division of a 
 house reached by one flight of stairs. 
 
 stoup (stoop), n. a flagon; receptacle 
 for holy water; a liquid measure. 
 
 stout (stout), adj. corpulent; thick- 
 set; stormy; lusty; brave; resolute: 
 n. a strong_kind of porter. 
 
 stovaine (sto'vane), n. an ansesthetic 
 injected into spinal cord, producing 
 insensibility, in lower or upper ex- 
 tremities. 
 
 stove (stov), n. an apparatus for en- 
 closing a fire for cooking or heating; 
 hothouse: v.t. heat or dry, as in a 
 stove: p.t. of stave. 
 
 stow (sto), v.t. to fill by packing 
 closely; lay up; pack. 
 
 stowaway (sto'a-wa), n. one who con- 
 ceals himself on a vessel leaving 
 port to obtain a free passage. 
 
 strabismus (stra-bis'mus), n. squint- 
 ing. [Greek.] 
 
 straddle (straci'l), v.t. to stand or sit 
 astride of : v.i. to stand or walk with 
 the legs wide apart. 
 
 straggle (stragl), v.i. to wander from 
 the direct course or way; ramble; 
 rove; roam idly about; be dispersed 
 or scattered; occur at intervals. 
 
 straggler (strag'ler), n. an idle person; 
 a vagabond; a soldier who does not 
 keep his place while on the march. 
 
 straight (strat), adj. not crooked; 
 right, as a line stretched between 
 two points; direct; upright; undi- 
 luted; consistent in support of a 
 candidate or party: adv. in a straight 
 manner; direct; 'at once. 
 
 straightforward (strat-f or'werd) , adj. 
 not deviating; honest; open. 
 
 straightway (strat 'wa), adv. at once. 
 
 strain (stran), n. stock; lineage; race; 
 descent; tune or melody; manner of 
 speech or action; a violent effort; 
 injury by overexertion: v.t. to put to 
 its utmost strength ; draw ; stretch ; in- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
STRAINER 
 
 497 
 
 STRENUOUS 
 
 jure by overtasking; make uneasy or 
 unnatural; filter: v.i. to make violent 
 efforts. 
 
 strainer (stran'er), n. one who, or that 
 which, strains; an apparatus for fil- 
 tering. 
 
 strait (strat), adj. narrow; not broad; 
 confined; distressful; difficult: n.pl. 
 a narrow passage of water connect- 
 ing two seas; difficulty; poverty. 
 
 strait- jacket (strat 'jak-et), n. a kind 
 of garment for confining mad or de- 
 lirious persons. Also strait-waist- 
 coat. 
 
 strait-laced (strat 'last), adj. laced 
 tightly; strict in manners or morals. 
 
 strand (strand), n. the shore of a sea, 
 ocean, or large lake ; one of the divi- 
 sions or twists of a rope: v.t. to drive 
 or force upon the sea-shore; run 
 aground; bring into a state of em- 
 barrassment: v.i. to be lifted or be 
 driven ashore. 
 
 strange (stranj), adj. belonging to 
 another country; not domestic; 
 novel; unusual; reserved; inexperi- 
 enced; unfamiliar. [Old French.] 
 
 stranger (stranj 'er), n. a foreigner; 
 guest or visitor; one who is un- 
 known or acquainted; one not ad- 
 mitted to fellowship. 
 
 strangle (strang'gl), v.t. to choke; sup- 
 press or stifle: pi. a disease in horses. 
 
 strangulation (strang-gii-la'shun), n. 
 the act of strangling; state of being 
 strangled; suffocation; close con- 
 striction. 
 
 strap (strap), n. a long, narrow piece 
 of leather or cloth; razor-strop: v.t. 
 [p.t. & p.p. strapped, p.pr. strapping], 
 to fasten or bind with a strap; beat 
 with a strap. 
 
 strapping (strap 'ing), adj. tall; strong; 
 well-made; handsome. 
 
 strata, pi. of stratum. 
 
 stratagem (strat'a-jem), n. a device 
 or scheme for defeating an enemy, 
 especially in war; an artifice or plan 
 for deception of any kind, or for gain- 
 ing some advantage. [Greek.] m 
 
 strategic (stra-tej'ik), adj. pertaining 
 to, or effected by, strategy or arti- 
 fice. Also strategical: n.pl. the sci- 
 ence of military warfare. 
 
 strategy (strat'e-ji), n. strategics; use 
 of artifice or stratagem in carrying 
 out some design. 
 
 stratification (strat-i-fi-ka'shun), n. 
 the process of being arranged or de- 
 posited in layers. 
 
 stratify (strat'i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 stratified, p.pr. stratifying], to form, 
 deposit, or arrange, in strata or lay- 
 ers. 
 
 stratum (stra'tum), n. [pi. strata 
 (stra'ta)], a bed of earth or rock, 
 consisting generally of a series of lay- 
 ers; an artificial layer. [Latin.] 
 
 stratus (stra'tus), n. a cloud appar- 
 ently resting horizontally on the 
 earth's surface. 
 
 straw (straw), n. the stalk of grain; 
 bundle of such stalks when cut and 
 thrashed; anything proverbially 
 worthless; mere trifle. 
 
 strawberry (strawlser-i) , n. [pi. straw- 
 berries (straw'ber-iz)], a plant of the 
 genus Fragaria and its well-known 
 fruit. 
 
 stray (stra), v.i. to wander from limits 
 or the direct path; deviate; err: v.t. 
 to mislead: adj. gone astray; wan- 
 dering. [Old French.] 
 
 streak (strek), n. a line of color dif- 
 ferent from the ground color; stripe: 
 v.t. to form, or mark with, streaks; 
 stripe. 
 
 stream (strem), n. a current of water 
 or other fluid ; anything flowing out 
 of a source; river, rivulet, or brook; 
 drift or tendency: v.i % to issue or 
 flow in a stream; run in a current; 
 issue forth. 
 
 streamer (strem 'er), n. a long narrow 
 flag or pennon; the aurora bore- 
 alis. 
 
 streamlet (strem 'let), n. a little 
 stream; a rivulet; a rill. 
 
 street (stret), n. & public road in a 
 city or town lined with houses on 
 either side. 
 
 street-car (stret'kar), n. a passenger 
 car running on the surface of the 
 streets. 
 
 strength (strength), n. the state or 
 quality of being strong; active or 
 passive power; muscular force; vigor; 
 power of endurance or resistance; 
 toughness; numbers or amount of 
 any body, as an army; vigor of style; 
 intensity, as of light or color; legal 
 or moral force; potency of liquors. 
 
 strenuous (stren'u-us) , adj. urgent 
 or eagerly pressing; ardent; zeal- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 32 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
STRESS 
 
 498 
 
 STRONG 
 
 oue; strong; vigorous; bold; ear- 
 nest; valiant. [Latin.] 
 
 stress (stres), n. urgency; strain; pres- 
 sure; force; importance; weight; 
 violence; force of utterance. 
 
 stretch (strech), v.t. to draw out to a 
 greater length or width; extend or 
 expand; strain; exaggerate: v.i. to 
 be extended ; reach ; sail by the wind 
 under press of canvas; n. the act of 
 stretching; state of being stretched; 
 strain; effort; extension; direction; 
 utmost extent of meaning. 
 
 stretcher (strech'er), n. one who, or 
 that which, stretches; a footboard 
 used in rowing ; a frame or litter for 
 carrying the sick or dead. 
 
 strew (stroo), v.t. to spread by scat- 
 tering; scatter loosely. 
 
 striae (stri'e), n.pl. fine thread-like 
 lines; slight furrows; fillets between 
 the channels of columns. [Latin.] 
 
 stricken (strik'en), p.adj. far ad- 
 vanced: p.p. of strike. [Latin.] 
 
 strict (strikt), adj. vigorous; exact; 
 severe; nice to an extreme; careful; 
 rigidly interpreted; straight and 
 narrow. 
 
 stricture (strik'tur), n. a morbid con- 
 traction of any passage of the body, 
 especially of the urethra; censure or 
 adverse criticism. 
 
 stride (strid), n. a long step; straddle: 
 v.i. to walk with long steps; strad- 
 dle: v.t. to pass by long steps. 
 
 strident (stri'dent), adj. harsh; shrill; 
 grating or creaking. [Latin.] 
 
 stridulous (strid'u-lus), adj. produc- 
 ing a shrill, harsh, creaking sound. 
 
 strife (strif), n. contention for su- 
 periority; discord; conflict; quarrel; 
 enmity: war. 
 
 strike (strik), v.t. [p.t. struck, p.p. 
 struck, stricken, p.pr. striking], to 
 hit with a blow or with force ; dash ; 
 collide; pass quickly; lower or take 
 down; notify by sound; affect 
 strongly or sensibly; produce by a 
 blow or friction; coin or mint; 
 ground; light upon; make, as a bar- 
 gain: v.i. to make a quick blow or 
 thrust; hit; sound by being struck; 
 pay homage, as by lowering a flag or 
 sail in token of respect or submis- 
 sion; cease from work: n. cessation 
 of work for higher wages; an instru- 
 ment for leveling a measure, as of 
 
 grain; four bushels; direction of the 
 outcrop of a stratum. 
 
 striking (strlk'ing), adj. affecting with 
 strong emotions; impressive; forci- 
 ble; wonderful; surprising. 
 
 string (string), n. a small cord or 
 line; cord of a musical instrument; 
 cord on which things are filed; se- 
 ries of things connected: v.t. [p.t. 
 & p.p. strung, p.pr. stringing], to 
 furnish with strings; put in tune; 
 thread on a string; file; deprive of 
 strings. 
 
 stringency (strin'jen-si), n. the state 
 or quality of being stringent. 
 
 stringent (strin'jent), adj. severe; 
 rigid; strict; binding; tense. 
 
 strip (strip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stripped, 
 p.pr. stripping], to make naked; de- 
 prive of a covering; skin or peel; 
 rob or pillage; bereave; take away; 
 milk dry: v.i. to undress: n. a long 
 narrow piece; trough for washing 
 ore; waste, as destruction of 
 fences. 
 
 stripe (strip), v.t. to variegate with 
 lines of different colors; form the 
 stripes upon; lash or whip: n. a 
 line or long narrow division of any- 
 thing of a different color to tne 
 ground; stroke or weal made by a 
 whip, &c; party badge or color. 
 
 stripling (stripling), n. a youth. 
 
 strive (strlv), v.i. to make exertions 
 or efforts; labor hard or earnestly; 
 aim; struggle; contend in emula- 
 tion. [Old French.] 
 
 strode (strod), p.t. of stride. 
 
 stroke (strok), n. a knock or blow; 
 calamity or affliction; sudden effect; 
 hostile blow or attack; touch of a 
 pencil or pen; sound of a clock; 
 length of the rectilinear motion of a 
 piston, &c; sweep of an oar; the- 
 principal oarsman in a boat who 
 sets the time to the rowers: v.t. to 
 rub gently with the hand in one 
 direction; soothe. 
 
 stroll (strol), v.i. to wander on foot; 
 ramble or rove idly: n. a leisurely 
 ramble. 
 
 strong (strong), adj. having strength; 
 robust; healthy; vigorous; having 
 power of endurance; powerful; vio- 
 lent; muscular; affecting the senses; 
 ardent; well-fortified; rising to high- 
 er prices. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
STRONGHOLD 
 
 499 
 
 STULTIFY 
 
 stronghold (strong'hold), n. a fort- 
 ress. 
 
 strontium (stron'shi-um), n. a me- 
 tallic element forming the base of 
 strontia. 
 
 strop (strop), n. a strip of leather for 
 sharpening razors: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 stropped, p.pr. stropping], to sharp- 
 en on a strop. 
 
 strophe (stro'fe), n. that part of a 
 song or dance in the ancient Greek 
 drama performed by the chorus in 
 turning from the right to the left; 
 the first of two stanzas. [Greek.] 
 
 strove (strov), p.t. of strive. 
 
 struck, p.t. & p.p. of strike. 
 
 structural (struk'tti-ral), adj. per- 
 taining to structure. 
 
 structure (struk'tur), n. an edifice or 
 building; manner or form of build- 
 ing; form; make; arrangement of 
 parts or organization of a vegetable 
 or animal substance. [Latin.] 
 
 struggle (strug'l), v.i. to use violent 
 efforts with contortions of the body ; 
 strive with effort; be in pain or 
 agony; contend: n. a violent effort 
 with contortions of the body; pain 
 or agony; labor; contest. 
 
 strum (strum), v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
 strummed, p.pr. strumming], to play 
 badly and noisily on a stringed in- 
 strument. 
 
 struma (stroo'ma), n. scrofula. 
 
 strumpet (strum'pet) , n. a prostitute. 
 
 strung, p.t. & p.p. of string. 
 
 strut (strut), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. strut- 
 ted, p.pr strutting], to walk with 
 affected dignity: n. a proud step or 
 walk with the head erect; a support 
 of timber. 
 
 strychnine (strik'nin), n. a highly 
 poisonous alkaloid extracted from 
 nux vomica. 
 
 stub (stub), n. the stump of a tree; a 
 stub-nail: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stubbed, 
 p.pr. stubbing], to grub up by the 
 roots; root out; strike against some 
 fixed obstacle: as, to stub one's 
 toe. 
 
 stubble (stub'l), n. short stalks or 
 stumps of grain left in the ground 
 after reaping. 
 
 stubborn (stub 'em), adj. inflexibly 
 headstrong ; obstinate ; contumacious ; 
 refractory; not easily worked or 
 melted, as a metal. 
 
 stubby (stub'i), n. short and thick; 
 stiff and bristling. 
 
 stucco (stuk'o), n. [pi. stuccoes (stuk'- 
 6z)j, plaster used as a coating for 
 walls or internal decorations; work 
 executed in stucco: v.t. to overlay, 
 or decorate, with stucco. [Italian.] 
 
 stuck (stuk), p.t. & p.p. of stick. 
 
 stud (stud), n. an ornamental knob 
 or button; large-headed ornamental 
 nail; an upright beam or scantling- 
 collection of breeding horses and 
 mares; place where they are kept;, 
 horses kept for racing, hunting, &c: 
 v.t. [p.t. & p.p. studded, p.pr. stud- 
 ding], to adorn with, or as with, 
 studs; set with detached ornaments 
 or prominent objects. 
 
 student (stu'dent), n. one who is en- 
 gaged in study; scholar; one de- 
 voted to books or learning; system- 
 atic observer. 
 
 studied (stud'id), adj. qualified by 
 study; well-read; precise or normal; 
 premeditated. 
 
 studio (stu'di-o), n. artist's work- 
 room. [Italian.] 
 
 studious (stu'di-us), adj. devoted to 
 study or the acquisition of knowl- 
 edge; diligent; designed; deliberate; 
 careful (with of). 
 
 study (stud'i), n. the application of 
 the mind to acquisition of knowl- 
 edge ; any particular branch of learn- 
 ing; sketched ideas of a painter, &c, 
 for his future instruction or im- 
 provement; a room set apart for a 
 study: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. studied, p.pr. 
 studying], to apply the mind closely 
 to a subject; endeavor diligently: 
 v.t. to examine closely in order to 
 learn thoroughly; con over; devote 
 one's thoughts to. 
 
 stuff (stuf), n. materials out of which 
 anything is made; textile fabrics; 
 furniture; goods; refuse matter; 
 nonsense: v.t. to fill by crowding 
 something into; press or pack; fill 
 with seasoning; fill the skin of (a 
 dead animal) for preservation in its 
 natural form: v.i. to eat glutton- 
 ously. 
 
 stuffy (stuf'i), adj. close or ill-ventilat- 
 ed; sulky. 
 
 stultify (stul'ti-fl) , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stul- 
 tified, p.pr. stultifying], to render 
 foolish; make nugatory. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
STUMBLE 
 
 500 
 
 SUBAUDITION 
 
 Stumble (stum'bl), v.i. to trip up or 
 fall in walking; light (with on or 
 upon) ; slide into error or crime : n. 
 a trip in walking or running; fail- 
 ure or blunder. 
 
 stump (stump), n. that part of a 
 tree which remains in the ground 
 after the trunk is cut down; part 
 remaining after amputation, &c; 
 an artist's soft pencil or rubber; 
 one of three posts of the wicket at 
 cricket: v.t. to lop off; reduce to a 
 stump; defeat: v.i. travel about 
 making speeches for electioneering 
 purposes; to walk clumsily. 
 
 stun (stun), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stunned, 
 
 S.pr. stunning], to render senseless 
 y, or as by, a blow; confuse with 
 noise; surprise completely; astonish. 
 
 stung, p.t. & p.p. of sting; in collo- 
 quial language, used of one who has 
 been worsted, or made to appear 
 ridiculous. 
 
 stunk, p.t. & p.p. of stink. 
 
 stunning (stunning), adj. remarkably 
 fine or large. 
 
 stunt (stunt), v.t. to check in growth 
 or progress: v.i. to become stunted: 
 n. a check in growth; something 
 stunted; an allotted task; a per- 
 formance. 
 
 stupefaction (stup-e-fak'shun), n. 
 the act of stupefying; state of being 
 stupefied; insensibility; torpor; stu- 
 pidity. 
 
 stupefy (stup'e-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 stupefied, p.pr. stupefying], to de- 
 prive of sensibility; make stupid; 
 dull. 
 
 stupendous (stu-pen'dus), adj. over- 
 coming the senses by its vastness; 
 astonishing. [Latin.] 
 
 stupid (stii'pid), adj. deficient in 
 understanding ; insensible ; dull ; silly ; 
 nonsensical. [Latin.] 
 
 stupidity (stu-pid'i-ti), n. extreme 
 dulness of perception or understand- 
 ing; crass ignorance; folly. 
 
 stupor (stu'per), n. suspension or 
 great diminution of sensibility; 
 numbness; lethargy; intellectual in- 
 sensibility. 
 
 sturdy (ster'di), adj. hardy; robust; 
 stout; strong; stubborn; vigorous; 
 forcible. 
 
 sturgeon (ster'jun), n. a large, cartil- 
 aginous fish of the genus Acipenser, 
 
 the roes of certain species of which 
 are made into caviare, and isin- 
 glass from the air-bladder. [French.] 
 
 stutter (stut'er), v.i. to speak with 
 hesitation or stammering: v.t. to 
 utter in a stammering manner: n. 
 hesitation or stammering in speech. 
 Also stuttering. 
 
 sty (sti), n. a pen or enclosure for 
 swine; a filthy or mean place; a 
 kind of boil upon the eyelid: v.t. 
 [p.t. & p.p. stied, p.pr. stying], to 
 shut up in a filthy or mean place. 
 
 Stygian (stij'i-an), adj. pertaining 
 to the Styx, the river of Hades, 
 over which the dead were ferried 
 by the boatman Charon: hence in- 
 fernal; hellish. [Greek.] 
 
 style (stil), n. a pointed instrument 
 used by the ancients for writing 
 upon wax tablets; the gnomon of a 
 dial; appellation or title; distinc- 
 tive manner of writing with regard 
 to the choice of words, &c; manner 
 of speaking; characteristic mode of 
 expression or execution; method of 
 reckoning time; fashion; manner; 
 the stalk between the ovary and 
 stigma of a flower; a probe: v.t. 
 [p.t. & p.p. styled, p.pr. styling], to 
 designate or name. [Latin.] 
 
 stylish (stU'ish), adj. fashionable; 
 modish. 
 
 stylist (stil'ist), n. a master of literary 
 style. 
 
 stylograph (stil'o-graf ) , n. a pencil- 
 like pen from which ink is fed to a 
 tabular writing-point through which 
 runs a needle releasing the ink when 
 the pen is pressed upon paper. 
 
 styptic (stip'tik), adj. stopping bleed- 
 ing. 
 
 suasion (swa'zhun), n. persuasion. 
 
 suave (swav), adj. pleasant in man- 
 ner. [Latin.] 
 
 suavity (swav'i-ti), n. urbanity; gen- 
 tleness. 
 
 sub, a Latin prefix meaning under, 
 beneath, below, slightly. 
 
 subaltern (sub-awl'tern), n. a com- 
 missioned officer under the rank of 
 captain: adj. inferior. 
 
 subalternate (sub-awl-ter'nat) , adj. 
 successive. 
 
 subaudition (sub-aw-dish'un) , n. the 
 understudy of something not ac- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SUBCONSCIOUS 
 
 501 
 
 SUBSCRIBE 
 
 tually expressed in words. That 
 which is read between the lines. 
 
 subconscious (sub-kon'shus), adj. 
 faintly, vaguely conscious. 
 
 subdivide (sub-di-vld'), v.t. to divide 
 a part. 
 
 subdominant (sub-dom'i-nant) , n. 
 in music the note just below the 
 dominant. 
 
 subdue (sub-du'), v.t. to overcome or 
 conquer; vanquish; reduce; lower; 
 tone down. 
 
 subjacent (sub-j a/sent), adj. lying 
 under or below; situated lower but 
 not directly beneath. 
 
 subject (sub'jekt), adj. under the 
 power or control of another; sub- 
 ordinate; disposed; liable: n. one 
 who is under the power or control 
 of another ; that which is treated in 
 writing, speaking, &c; theme; topic; 
 design; a dead body for dissection; 
 substance; material; theme of a 
 proposition: the Ego, as distin- 
 guished from the non-Ego or object; 
 theme of a movement [Music]: v.t. 
 (sub-jekt'), to bring under the power 
 or control of; render subordinate; 
 enslave; subjugate; render liable; 
 expose. 
 
 subjection (sub-jek'shun), n. the act 
 of subjecting; state of being sub- 
 jected. 
 
 subjective (sub-jek'tiv), adj. pertain- 
 ing to the subject as opposed to the 
 object; derived from one's own con- 
 sciousness. 
 
 subjoin (sub-join'), v.t. to affix. 
 
 subjugate (sub'ju-gat), v.t. to conquer 
 by force; bring under dominion. 
 
 subjugation (sub-j u-ga'shun), n. the 
 act of subjugating; state of being 
 subjugated. 
 
 subjunctive (sub-jungk'tiv), adj. not- 
 ing a form of the verb expressive of 
 contingency, condition, or hypothe- 
 sis. 
 
 sublimate (subli-mat), v.t. to convert 
 (a solid), by heat into vapor, which 
 on cooling returns to the solid state ; 
 refine and exalt. 
 
 sublime (sub-lim'). adj. awakening 
 feelings of awe and reverence; high 
 in place or excellence; exalted in na- 
 ture; elevated in manner or style: 
 n. that which is awe-inspiring in 
 works of nature or art as distin- 
 
 guished from the beautiful (with 
 the): v.t. to dignify or exalt; ren- 
 der noble: v.i. to be capable of sub- 
 limation. 
 
 sublimity (sub-lim'i-ti). n. loftiness of 
 style or sentiment; elevation; moral 
 grandeur; excellence. Also sub- 
 limeness. 
 
 submarine (sub'ma-ren), adj. under 
 water; submerged: n. a naval vessel 
 that is constructed to be navigated 
 beneath the surface of the water. 
 
 submerge (sub-merj'), v.t. to place un- 
 der water; overwhelm: v.i. to be, or 
 lie, under water. 
 
 submersible (sub-mer'si-bl) , adj. ca- 
 pable of being submerged: n. a sub- 
 marine. 
 
 submission (sub-mish'un) , n. the act 
 of submitting or yielding; obedience. 
 
 submissive (sub-mis'iv) , adj. yielding 
 to authority; obedient; humble. 
 
 submit (sub-mif), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sub- 
 mitted, p.pr. submitting], to yield to 
 the authority of another; surren- 
 der; resign; refer to judgment or 
 discretion; comply with: v.i. to be 
 subject; yield. 
 
 submultiple (sub-mul'ti-pl) , n. a num- 
 ber or quantity which is contained 
 in another a certain number of times 
 exactly, as 4 is the submultiple of 28. 
 
 subnormal (sub-nor'mal) , adj. less 
 than normal. 
 
 subordinate (sub-or'di-nat), adj. infe- 
 rior in rank, value, power, or im- 
 portance: n. one who is inferior to 
 another in rank, &c: v.t. to place in 
 a lower order; render subject. 
 
 subordination (sub-or-di-na'shun) , n. 
 the act of subordinating or placing 
 in a lower order; subjection; state of 
 being subordinate; inferiority of 
 rank, position, &c. 
 
 suborn (sub-orn'), v.t. to procure or in- 
 duce to commit perjury; procure by 
 indirect means or by secret collu- 
 sion. 
 
 subpoena (sub-pe'na), n. a writ com- 
 manding the attendance of a person 
 in court as a witness under a pen- 
 alty : v.t. to serve with a subpoena. 
 
 subscribe (sub-skiib'), v.t. to write or 
 annex (one's name) to a paper or 
 document; give or promise (a sum 
 of money) for some object by writ- 
 ing one's name; publish (a book) 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
SUBSCRIPTION 
 
 502 
 
 SUCCEED 
 
 by subscription: v.i. to give consent. 
 
 subscription (sub-skrip'shun), n. the 
 act of subscribing; name subscribed; 
 signature: sum of money subscribed. 
 
 subsequent (sub'se-kwent), adj. fol- 
 lowing or coming after in time or or- 
 der; posterior. 
 
 subserve (sub-serv'), v.t. to be sub- 
 servient to; promote; serve instru- 
 ment ally. 
 
 subside (sub-sld'), v.i. to sink or fall to 
 the bottom; tend downward, set- 
 tle; abate; become tranquil or calm. 
 
 subsidence (sub 'si-dens), n. the act of 
 subsiding or sinking down; down- 
 ward tendency. 
 
 subsidiary ( sub-si d'i-a-ri), adj. aux- 
 iliary ; furnishing additional supplies : 
 n. an auxiliary. # 
 
 subsidy (sub'si-di), n. [pi. subsidies 
 (sub'si-diz)], pecuniary aid granted 
 by one government to another, es- 
 pecially for war expenses; public 
 grant or subvention to aid an enter- 
 prise for the public convenience. 
 
 subsist (sub-sist'), v.i. to have exist- 
 ence; to retain the present state; 
 inhere; have the means of livelihood. 
 
 subsistence (sub-sist'ens), n. means of 
 support ; maintenance ; livelihood ; 
 inherence. 
 
 substance (sub'stans), n. matter or 
 material; characteristic and essen- 
 tial part of anything; purport; 
 wealth or property. 
 
 substantial (sub-stan'shal), adj. be- 
 longing to, or having, substance; 
 containing the essential parts; solid; 
 material; corporeal; having consid- 
 erable wealth or property: n.pl. es- 
 sential parts. 
 
 substantiate (sub-stan'shi-at) , v.t. 
 to establish the truth of by proof 
 or competent evidence. 
 
 substantive (sub 'stan-tiv), adj. ex- 
 pressing existence; real; essential: n. 
 that part of speech which expresses 
 the existence of anything material 
 or immaterial; noun. 
 
 substitute (sub'sti-tut), v.t. to put in 
 the place of another; change: n. one 
 who, or that which, is put in the 
 pLace of another. 
 
 substitution (sub-sti-tu'shun) , n. the 
 act of substituting; state of being 
 substituted. 
 
 subsume (sub-sum'), v.t. to include un- 
 
 der a more general class or under 
 something else. 
 
 subtangent (sub-tan'jent), n. the 
 part of the axis of a curve intercept- 
 ed between the tangent and the ordi- 
 nate. 
 
 subtend (sub-tend') , v.t. to extend un- 
 der or be opposite to. 
 
 subter, a Latin prefix meaning 
 under. 
 
 subterfuge (sub'ter^fuj), n. an eva- 
 sion or artifice; trick ;_shift. 
 
 subterranean (sub-ter-a/ne-an) , adj. 
 below the surface or beneath the 
 earth. Also subterraneous. 
 
 subtile (sut'l), adj. thin; delicately 
 constructed; fine; delicate; refined; 
 acute; cunning; artful. 
 
 subtle (sut'l), adj. artful; insinuat- 
 ing; crafty. 
 
 subtlety (sut'l-ti), n. acuteness of in- 
 tellect; cunning; shrewdness. Sub- 
 tleness. 
 
 subtract (sub-trakf) , v.t. to with- 
 draw or take away, as a part from a 
 whole; deduct. 
 
 subtraction (sub-trak'shun) , n. the 
 act of subtracting. 
 
 subtrahend (sub'tra-hend), n. the 
 quantity or number to be sub- 
 tracted from another. 
 
 subtreasury (sub-trezh'u-ri) , n. a 
 branch of the United States Treas- 
 ury. There is a subtreasury in 
 the cities of New York, Chicago, 
 San Francisco, and New Orleans. 
 
 suburb (sub'erb), n. an outlying dis- 
 trict of a city or town; environs 
 (usually pi.). 
 
 suburban (sub-er'ban), adj. pertain- 
 ing to, in, or living within, the 
 suburbs. 
 
 subvention (sub-ven'shun) , n. a gov- 
 ernment grant or subsidy. 
 
 subversion (sub-ver'shun), n. the act 
 of subverting; overthrow; ruin. 
 
 subversive (sub-ver'siv) , adj. tending 
 to subvert. 
 
 subvert (sub-vert') , v.t. to turn upside 
 down; ruin; overthrow: corrupt. 
 
 subway (sub'wa), n. an underground 
 passage or railroad. 
 
 sue, another form of 6ub. 
 
 succeed (suk-sed'), v.t. to take the 
 place of; follow: v.i. to follow in 
 order; obtain one's wishes; be suc- 
 cessful; accomplish something at- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book J 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SUCCESS 
 
 503 
 
 SUIT 
 
 tempted; end with advantage; pros- 
 per. 
 
 success (suk-ses'), n. the prosperous 
 termination of any enterprise; pros- 
 perity. 
 
 successful (suk-ses'f ool) , adj. ending 
 in success: prosperous; fortunate. 
 
 succession (suk-ses'shun), n. the act 
 of following in order; lineage; act 
 or right of coming in the place of 
 another; rotation, as of crops. 
 
 successive (suk-ses'iv), adj. following 
 in uninterrupted order; legitimate; 
 consecutive. 
 
 successor (suk-ses'er), n. one who 
 succeeds or follows in the place or 
 character of another. 
 
 succinct (suk-singkt'), adj. tersely ex- 
 pressed. 
 
 succor (suk'er), v.t. to help or relieve 
 when in difficulty or distress; aid: 
 n. relief; aid. 
 
 succotash (suk'o-tash) , n. a dish of 
 green maize and beans boiled to- 
 gether. 
 
 succulent (suk'u-lent), adj. juicy: said 
 of plants replete with juices. 
 
 succumb (suk-kum'), v.i. to yield; 
 submit. 
 
 such (such), adj. the same that, or as 
 referred to; denoting a particular 
 person or thing; certain; very great. 
 
 suck (suk), v.t. to draw in with the 
 mouth: v.i. to draw milk from the 
 breast: n. the act of sucking; milk 
 drawn from the breast. 
 
 suckle (suk'l), v.t. to nurse at the 
 breast. 
 
 suckling (suk'ling), n. an unweaned 
 child or animal. 
 
 suction (suk'shun), n. the act or pro- 
 cess of sucking; act of drawing 
 fluids by the removal of the atmos- 
 pheric pressure. 
 
 sudation (sti-da/shun), n. the act of 
 sweating. 
 
 sudatorium (su-da-to'ri-um), n. a 
 sweating bath. 
 
 sudden (sud'n), adj. happening un- 
 expectedly; instantaneous; without 
 notice; quick. 
 
 suds (sudz), n.pl. soapy water. 
 
 sue (su), v.t. to prosecute at law: v.i. 
 to entreat; beg; petition; pay court; 
 institute legal proceedings (with 
 for). 
 
 suet (sii'et), n. the hard fat around the 
 
 kidneys and loins of sheep and oxen. 
 
 suffer (suf'er), v.t. to feel with a 
 sense of pain; undergo; bear; be af- 
 fected by; allow; tolerate: v.i. to 
 feel pain or punishment; be in dis- 
 tress; endure loss or injury. [Latin.] 
 
 sufferable (suf'er-a-bl), adj. that may 
 be allowed or tolerated; permissible. 
 
 sufferance (suf'er-ans), n. patience 
 under pain; toleration; negative 
 consent; permission. 
 
 suffering (suf 'er-ing) , n. the state of en- 
 during physical or mental pain; dis- 
 tress; loss or injury endured. 
 
 suffice (suf-is'), v.i. to be sufficient: 
 v.t. to satisfy. [Latin.] 
 
 sufficiency (suf-ish'en-si), n. the state 
 or quality or being sufficient; com- 
 petence; self-confidence; conceit. 
 
 sufficient (suf-ish'ent), adj. equal to 
 any end or purpose; adequate; 
 competent. 
 
 suffix (suf'iks), n. a letter or syllable 
 added at the end of a word; affix: 
 v.t. (suf-iks')> to add, as a letter or 
 syllable at the end of a word. 
 
 suffocate (suf'o-kat), v.t. to choke by 
 stopping respiration; smother; stifle. 
 
 suffrage (suf'raj), n. vote, or right to 
 vote; franchise; voice or vote given 
 on a controverted subject : pi. united 
 prayer of a congregation. 
 
 suffragette (suf-ra-jef), n. a woman 
 who demands the suffrage or right 
 to vote. 
 
 suffuse (suf-fiiz'). v.t. to spread over 
 as with a fluid or a color. 
 
 sugar (shoog'er), n. a sweet crystal- 
 line substance obtained from the 
 sugar-cane, beet, &c; any substance 
 resembling sugar; flattery: adj. per- 
 taining to, like, made of, or yield- 
 ing, sugar; sweet: v.t. to sprinkle or 
 mix with sugar; sweeten; flatter. 
 
 suggest (su-jesf), v.t. to introduce 
 indirectly to the mind or thoughts ; 
 hint; insinuate; allude or refer to: 
 v.i. to make suggestions. 
 
 suggestion (su-jes'chun), n. the act of 
 suggesting; _ thing suggested; hint. 
 
 suicidal (su-i-sld'al), adj. pertaining 
 to, or partaking of, suicide. 
 
 suicide (su'i-sid) , n. a person who kills 
 himself; self-murder; ruin of one's 
 own interests. [Latin.] 
 
 suit (sut), n. a set of things corre- 
 spondent to each other, as of the 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SUITABLE 
 
 504 
 
 SUNDIAL 
 
 same kind; petition or prayer; 
 courtship; one of four sets of a pack 
 of cards; an action or process at 
 law for the recovery of a right or 
 claim: v.t. to be fitted to; fall in 
 with; accommodate; please: v.i. to 
 correspond or accord; agree. 
 
 suitable (sut'a-bl), adj. fitting; appro- 
 priate. 
 
 suite (swet), n. a retinue or compa- 
 ny; series; set, as of rooms, furni- 
 ture, &c. [French.] 
 
 suitor (sut'er), n. a petitioner ; _ sup- 
 plicant; lover; party to a lawsuit. 
 
 sulk (sulk), v.i. to be sulky. 
 
 sulky (sulk'i), adj. [camp, sulkier, su- 
 perl. sulkiest], silently sullen: n. a 
 kind of two-wheeled carriage. 
 
 sullen (sul'en), adj. morosely silent; 
 gloomily angry; dismal; heavy. 
 
 sully (sul'i) t# v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sullied, 
 p.pr. sullying], to tarnish or soil; 
 dirty; stain: n. a tarnish or stain. 
 
 sulphide (sul'fid), n. a compound of 
 sulphur with a metal or other ele- 
 ment. 
 
 sulphur (sul'fer), n. sl non-metallic ele- 
 ment, orittle and of yellow color, 
 insoluble in water, but fusible by 
 heat. 
 
 sulphuric acid (as'id), n. a heavy, 
 corrosive liquid composed of sul- 
 phur, oxygen, and water; oil of 
 vitriol. 
 
 sulphurous acid (sul'fu-rua as'id), n. 
 an acid composed of 2 parts of oxy- 
 gen and 2 parts of sulphur. 
 
 sultan (sul'tan), n. the title of a Mo- 
 hammedan sovereign, especially the 
 sovereign of the Ottoman Empire, 
 before the Turkish revolution of 
 1910. Feminine, sultana. [Arabic] 
 
 sultanate (sul'tan-at), n. the rule or 
 dominion of a sultan. 
 
 sultry (sul'tri), adj. [comp. sultrier, 
 superl. sultriest], very not, close, 
 and oppressive; close and heavy 
 with a moist heat. 
 
 sum (sum), n./the aggregate of two 
 or more things taken together; 
 whole; total; quantity of money; 
 substance; compendium; utmost de- 
 gree; arithmetical problem for solu- 
 tion: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. summed, p.pr. 
 summing], to add mto one amount; 
 condense into few words. [French.] 
 
 sumac (su'mak), n. a plant or shrub, 
 
 the dried leaves and roots of which 
 are used in tanning, dyeing, and 
 medicine. [French .J 
 
 summary (sum'a-n), adj. brief; 
 laconic; compendious; done in a 
 short way or method: n. an abridg- 
 ment; compendium. 
 
 summation (sum-a'shun), n. the act 
 of forming a total; aggregate. 
 
 summer (sum'er), n. that part of the 
 year which comprises the hottest 
 months, June, July, and August; a 
 large piece of > timber to receive the 
 ends of the joists; horizontal girder: 
 v.i. to pass the summer: v.t. to feed 
 or keep during the summer. 
 
 summit (sum'it), n. the top or highest 
 point. 
 
 summon (sum'un), v.t. to cite or call 
 by authority ; command to appear in 
 court; invite; rouse to exertion: 
 n.pl. a citation to appear in court on 
 a certain day; document containing 
 such a citation; authoritative call. 
 
 sumptuary (sump'tu-a-ri), adj. per- 
 taining to, or regulating, expense. 
 
 sumptuous (sump'tu-us), adj. ex- 
 pensive; costly; luxurious; magnifi- 
 cent. [Latin.] 
 
 sun (sun), n. the luminous body 
 around which the earth, and other 
 planets, &c, of the solar system re- 
 volve; the source of light and heat 
 to the earth; any center of a system 
 of worlds; anything like the sun in 
 splendor or power; sunshine: v.t. 
 [p.t. & p.p. sunned, p.pr. sunning]. 
 
 sunbonnet (sun'bon-et) , n. a bonnet 
 of light material, projecting beyond 
 the face as a protection from sun- 
 burn. 
 
 sundae (sun'de), n. common spelling 
 for sondhi. See sondhi. 
 
 Sunday (sun'da), n. the first day of the 
 week, the Christian Sabbath, or 
 Lord's Day: adj. pertaining to Sun- 
 day. 
 
 sunder (sun'der), v.t. to divide or 
 rend. 
 
 sundew (sun'du), n. a plant of the 
 genus Drosera, whose leaves secrete 
 a dew-like viscid fluid. 
 
 sundial (sun'di-al), n. a device for 
 measuring time by means of an 
 upright piece of stone or metal upon 
 a dial where the shadow moves the 
 hours in a scale. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
SUNDRIES 
 
 505 
 
 SUPERNUMERARY 
 
 sundries (sun'driz), n.pl. numerous 
 small or miscellaneous articles or 
 matters. 
 
 sundry (sun'dri),ac(;. various; several. 
 
 sung, p.p. of sing. 
 
 sunk (sungk), p.t. & p.p. of sink. 
 
 sunken (sungk'en), adj. lying on the 
 bottom of the sea; fallen or pressed 
 down. 
 
 sunrise (sun'riz), n. the apparent 
 rising of the sun in the East each 
 morning. 
 
 sunset (sun 'set), n. the apparent 
 setting of the sun in the West at 
 evening. 
 
 sunshine (sun 'shin), n. the light or 
 rays of the sun; warmth; bright- 
 ness. 
 
 sun-spot (sun'spot), n. a dark spot 
 appearing on the sun within 35° 
 of the equator. 
 
 sunstroke (sun'strok), n. a kind of 
 apoplexy, caused by the intense heat 
 of the sun's rays. 
 
 sup (sup), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. supped, 
 p.pr. supping], to take into the 
 mouth with the lips; sip: v.i. to 
 take supper: n. & small mouthful. 
 
 super, a Latin prefix meaning over, 
 above, beyond, in excess. 
 
 super (super), n. sl supernumerary; 
 a theatrical attendant or actor with- 
 out a part. 
 
 superable (su'per-a-bl), adj. that may 
 be overcome. 
 
 superabundance (su - per - a - bun'- 
 dans), n. an excessive amount of 
 anything. 
 
 superannuate (su-per-an'u-at), v.t. 
 to pension on account of old age or 
 infirmity. 
 
 superb (su-perb'), adj. grand; proud; 
 stately; elegant; first-rate; sumptu- 
 ous. 
 
 superciliary (su-per-sil'i-a-ri) , adj. 
 pertaining to, or situated above, the 
 eyebrow. 
 
 supercilious (su-per-sil'i-us), adj. 
 haughty; proud; disdainful; dic- 
 tatorial; overbearing. 
 
 supererogation (su-per-er-o-ga'shun) , 
 n. the performance of more than is 
 required by duty. 
 
 superficial (su-per-fish'al), adj. per- 
 taining to, or being on the surface; 
 slight; not deep; unlearned. 
 
 superficiality (su-per-nsh-i-al'i-ti), n. 
 
 the state or quality of being super- 
 ficial; slight knowledge. Also super- 
 ficialness. 
 
 superfine (su'per-fln), adj. of extreme 
 delicacy or fineness. 
 
 superfluity (su-per-floo'i-ti), n. [pi. 
 superfluities (su-per-floo'i-tiz)], super- 
 abundance; excess. 
 
 superfluous (su-per'fl5d-us), adj. more 
 than enough or necessary; excess- 
 ive. 
 
 superhuman (su-per-hu'man), adj. 
 more than human. 
 
 superimpose (su-per-im-poz'), v.t. to 
 place on something else. 
 
 superinduce (su-per-in-dus'), v.t. to 
 bring in or upon as an addition to 
 something else; superadd. 
 
 superintend (su-per-in-tend'), v.t. to 
 nave, or exercise the charge or over- 
 sight of; direct or control. 
 
 superintendent (su-per-in-ten'dent) , 
 n. one who superintends; overseer. 
 
 superior (su-pe'ri-er), adj. higher or 
 above in place, position, rank, dig- 
 nity, office, or excellence; stronger; 
 surpassing others; unconquered; 
 preferable ; beyond the power or in- 
 fluence of; placed above another or- 
 gan: n. one who is superior to oth- 
 ers; one of higher rank or position; 
 head of a religious house. 
 
 superiority (su-pe-ri-or'i-ti), n. the 
 state or quality of being superior; 
 preeminence; advantage. 
 
 superlative (su-perla-tiv), adj. supe- 
 rior to all others*^ highest in degree: 
 n. a word expressing the highest de- 
 gree of anything. 
 
 supernal (sii-per'nal), adj. pertaining 
 to, or situated in, a higher place or 
 region; celestial. 
 
 supernatural (su-per-nat'u-ral), adj. 
 beyond, or exceeding, the powers or 
 laws of nature. 
 
 supernaturalism (su-per-nat'u-ral- 
 izm), n. the state or quality of 
 being supernatural; the doctrine 
 that revelation is the only means by 
 which man acquires the knowledge 
 of God. 
 
 supernumerary (su-per-num'er-a-ri) , 
 n. [pi. supernumeraries (su-per-niim'- 
 er-a-riz)], a person or thing beyond 
 the stated or required number: adj. 
 exceeding the number stated or re- 
 quired. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SUPERPOSE 
 
 506 
 
 SUR 
 
 superpose (su-per-poz'), v.t. to place 
 over or upon. 
 
 superscribe (sQ-per-skrib'), v.t. to 
 write or inscribe, or engrave on the 
 outside or top. 
 
 superscription (su-per-skrip'shun), n. 
 the act of superscribing; the address 
 or direction. 
 
 supersede (su-per-sed') , v.t. to set 
 aside or render null and void by 
 superior power; come into, or take, 
 the place of. 
 
 superstition (su-per-stish 'un) , n. rev- 
 erence for, and belief in, the super- 
 natural, or objects which are not 
 worthy of worship; false worship or 
 religion; extreme observance of re- 
 ligious rites or ceremonies. 
 
 superstitious (su-per-stish 'us), adj. 
 pertaining to, characterized by, pro- 
 ceeding from, or addicted to, super- 
 stition; overscrupulous and extreme 
 in religious rites or ceremonies. 
 
 superstructure (su-per-struk'tur), n. 
 anything built or founded on some- 
 thing else ; a building. 
 
 supervene (su-per-ven') , v.i. to come 
 upon as something extraneous; oc- 
 cur. 
 
 supervise (su-per-viz'), v.t. to oversee. 
 
 supervision (su-per-viz h'un), n. the 
 act of supervising; superintendence. 
 
 supine (su-pin'), adj. lying on the 
 back; indolent; careless; inatten- 
 tive; negligent: n. (sQ'pin), a Latin 
 verbal noun, ending in wm, and u. 
 
 supper (sup'er), n. the evening meal. 
 
 supplant (sup-plant'), v.t. to displace 
 and take the place of, as by craft; 
 supersede. 
 
 supple (sup'l), adj. flexible; yielding; 
 servile: v.t. to make supple: v.i. to 
 grow pliant. 
 
 supplement (sup'le-ment), v.t. to add 
 something to; fill up or supply: n. 
 something added to render anything 
 more complete or supply defects or 
 errors; appendix; the quantity by 
 which an arc or angle falls short of 
 a semicircle. 
 
 suppleness (sup'1-nes), n. the state 
 or quality of being supple; pliancy. 
 
 svppliant (sup'li-ant), adj. beseech- 
 ing; entreating; suing: n. one who 
 supplicates; humble petitioner. Also 
 supplicant. 
 
 supplicate (sup'li-kat) , v.t. to ask or 
 
 beg humbly and earnestly; address 
 in prayer; beseech; implore. 
 
 supplication (sup-h-ka'shun) , n. the 
 act of supplicating; humble and 
 earnest prayer or entreaty. 
 
 supply (sup-ll'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sup- 
 plied, p.pr. supplying], to furnish 
 with what is required; provide; 
 serve instead of; fill: n. [pi. supplies 
 (sup-liz')], the act of supplying; 
 thing supplied; amount of money or 
 food required for daily necessaries, 
 as of an army, &c. (usually pi.). < 
 
 support (sup-port'), v.t. to sustain; 
 bear up; endure; uphold; favor; 
 second; incur; carry on; provide 
 for or nourish: n. the act of sup- 
 porting; that which supports; main- 
 tenance; livelihood; aid. 
 
 supportable (sup-port 'a-bl), adj. ca- 
 pable of being endured; defens- 
 ible. 
 
 suppose (sup-poz'), v.t. to imagine; 
 admit without proof; assume as true; 
 think. 
 
 supposition (sup-po-zish'un), n. the 
 act of supposing; thing supposed; 
 assumption. 
 
 supposititious (sup-poz-i-tish'us) , adj. 
 supposed or imaginary ; not genuine; 
 counterfeit. 
 
 suppository (sup-poz 'i r to-ri) , n. a medi- 
 cated mass, usually in the form of a 
 cone, for introduction into some cav- 
 ity of the body, where it dissolves. 
 
 suppress (sup-pres'), v.t. to subdue; 
 crush; keep in or down; quell; con- 
 ceal; restrain the publication of; 
 arrest the normal secretions of. 
 
 suppression (sup-presh'un) , n. the act 
 of suppressing; stoppage; conceal- 
 ment; omission. 
 
 suppurate (sup'ii-rat), v.i. to generate 
 pus. 
 
 suppuration (sup-u-ra'shun) , n. the 
 act of generating pus ; pus generated 
 in a sore. 
 
 supra, a Latin prefix meaning above, 
 beyond, over, as swpralapsarian. 
 
 supremacy (su-prem'a-si) , n. the 
 state or quality of being supreme; 
 highest authority. 
 
 supreme (su-prem'), adj. highest in 
 power or authority; most excellent; 
 extreme ; utmost. 
 
 sur, a Latin prefix, meaning over y 
 beyond, above, upon. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SURBA6E 
 
 507 
 
 SURVEY 
 
 surbase (serloas), n. a cornice, or 
 series of moldings, on the top of the 
 base of a pedestal, <fcc. 
 
 surcease (ser-ses'), v.i. (with from), to 
 
 cease entirely. 
 
 surcharge (,ser-charj'), v.t. to over- 
 load: n. an excessive load or charge. 
 
 surcingle (ser'sing-gl), n. a girth, belt, 
 or girdle for passing around the body 
 of a horse and securing the saddle 
 or some burden, &c; girdle of a 
 cassock. 
 
 surd (serd), n. a mathematical 
 quantity that cannot be expressed 
 by rational numbers, or has no root, 
 as 3 3: adj. not expressible by ra- 
 tional numbers; involving surds; 
 uttered with the breath. 
 
 sure (shoor), adj. fit to be depended 
 upon; certain; rehab le; infallible; 
 firm; safe. 
 
 surety (shoor'ti), n. [pi. sureties 
 (shoor'tiz)], certainty; security 
 against loss or damage; guarantee; 
 hostage; one who becomes jointly 
 bound with another: bail. 
 
 surf (serf), n. the swell of the sea 
 that breaks and foams upon the 
 shore or the rocks. 
 
 surface (ser'fas), n. the exterior part 
 or upper face of anything; super- 
 ficies; outside. 
 
 surfeit (ser'fit), n. excess in eating 
 or drinking; sickness caused by such 
 excess: v.t. to feed to excess and 
 sickness. 
 
 surge (serj), n. a large wave or bil- 
 low: great roll; swell: v.i. to roll 
 or rise high. 
 
 surgeon (ser'jun), n. a medical prac- 
 titioner, especially one who prac- 
 tices surgery. [French.] 
 
 surgery (ser'jer-i), n. the act and art of 
 treating injuries or diseases by man- 
 ual operations; place where a sur- 
 geon operates or keeps his medi- 
 cines. 
 
 surgical (ser'ji-kl), adj. of or pertain- 
 ing to surgery. 
 
 surly (ser'li), adj. [cornp.^ surlier, su- 
 perl. surliest], gloomily morose; 
 rough; uncivil; churlish; snarling; 
 ill-natured. 
 
 surmise (ser-mlz'), n. guess or conjec- 
 ture; suspicion: v.t. to imagine 
 without certain knowledge; suspect; 
 conjecture; fancy. 
 
 surmount (ser-mount'). v.t. to rise 
 above; overcome; conquer; van- 
 quish; exceed. 
 
 surname (ser'nam), n. a name added 
 to the baptismal names; family 
 name: v.t. to give the family name 
 to. 
 
 surpass (ser-pas'), v.t. to exceed; ex- 
 cel; go beyond in excellence or bad- 
 ness. 
 
 surplice (ser'plis),_ n. the outer linen 
 vestment with wide sleeves, worn by 
 the officiating clergy and choristers 
 of the Roman Catholic and Angli- 
 can Churches. 
 
 surplus (ser'plus), n. that which re- 
 mains over and above what is re- 
 quired; excess: adj. exceeding what 
 is required. 
 
 surprise (ser-priz'), n. the act of 
 taking unawares; astonishment; sud- 
 den emotion, confusion, or perplex- 
 ity: v.t. to take unawares; confuse 
 or perplex; assail unexpectedly; 
 astonish. [French.] 
 
 surrender i'ser-ren'der), v.t. to yield to 
 the power of another; give up on 
 compulsion; cede; resign: v.i. to 
 yield; give up one's self into the 
 power of another: n. the act of 
 yielding into the power or possession 
 of another; a yielding or giving 
 up. 
 
 surreptitious (ser-rep-tish'us), adj. 
 done by stealth or fraud; unauthor- 
 ized. [Latin.] 
 
 surrey (ser'i), n. a covered four-wheeled 
 carriage, open at the sides, but 
 having curtains that may be rolled 
 down. 
 
 surrogate (ser'o-gat), n. the deputy 
 of a bishop, who is authorized to 
 issue marriage licenses. 
 
 surround _(ser-round')> v.t. to enclose 
 on all sides; encompass; environ; 
 invest : n. a precipitous place where 
 animals are surrounded and driven 
 over and captured. 
 
 surtout (ser-toot'), n. a wide-skirted 
 coat reaching below the knees. 
 
 surveillance (ser-val'yans), n. watch; 
 oversight; inspection. [French.] 
 
 survey (ser-va/). v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sur- 
 veyed, p.pr. surveying], to inspect 
 or take a view of ^overlook; examine; 
 measure and estimate, as land: n. 
 (ser'va), the act of surveying; par- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SURVEYING 
 
 508 
 
 SWAMP 
 
 ticular view or examination; cus- 
 toms district. 
 
 surveying (ser-va'ing) , n. the art or 
 business of measuring land. 
 
 survival (ser-vi'val), n. continuance 
 beyond the life of another; any an- 
 cient use, custom, or belief continu- 
 ing to the present day. 
 
 survive (ser-viv'), v.t. to live longer 
 than; outlive: v.i. to remain 
 alive. 
 
 survivor (ser-viv'er), n. one who out- 
 lives another ; the longer-lived of two 
 joint tenants, &c. 
 
 sus, prefix, another form of sub. 
 
 susceptible (sus-sept'i-bl), adj. cap- 
 able of admitting something addi- 
 tional, or any change, influence, 
 affection, &c; easily acted upon; 
 impressible. Also susceptive. 
 
 suspect (sus-pekf), v.t. to have a 
 suspicion of; imagine to exist; con- 
 jecture; mistrust: n. (sus'pekt), a per- 
 son suspected to be guilty of some 
 crime. 
 
 suspend (sus-pend'), v.t. to make to 
 hang by anything; delay; inter- 
 rupt; cause to cease for a time; 
 debar temporarily. 
 
 suspender (sus-pend 'er), n. one who, 
 or that which, suspends: pi. braces. 
 
 suspense (sus-pens'), n. a state of un- 
 certainty, doubt, or anxiety; inde- 
 cision; act of withholding the judg- 
 ment; temporary cessation of a 
 man's right. 
 
 suspension (sus-pen'shun), n. the act 
 of suspending; state of being sus- 
 pended; a keeping in doubt; uncer- 
 tainty; delay ] interruption; tem- 
 porary privation of power, office, 
 privilege, or rights; continuation of 
 a note from one chord to another 
 [Music]. 
 
 suspensory (sus-pen'so-ri), adj. that 
 suspends: n. a suspensory band, or 
 pouch. 
 
 suspicion (sus-pish'un), n. the act of 
 suspecting; distrust; want of con- 
 fidence; imagination of something 
 wrong on slight or insufficient proof; 
 hint; very small quantity. 
 
 suspicious (sus-pish'us), adj. full of, 
 inclined to, or cherishing, suspicion; 
 open to, or exciting, suspicion; 
 doubtful. 
 
 sustain (sus-tan'), v.t. to hold up or 
 
 support; maintain; keep; support; 
 nourish; bear; endure; strengthen. 
 
 sustenance (sus'ten-ans), n. that 
 which supports life; food; main- 
 tenance or support. 
 
 sutler (sut'ler), n. a person who fol- 
 lows an army and sells provisions, 
 liquor, &c, to the troops. [Dutch.] 
 
 suttee (sut-e'), n. a Hindu widow 
 who immolates herself on the funer- 
 al pile of her deceased husband; a 
 form of widow sacrifice, formerly 
 common among the Hindus, in 
 which the wife was burnt with her 
 deceased husband on his funeral 
 pile. Now forbidden by British law. 
 
 suture (su'tur), n. the drawing to- 
 gether of the edges of a wound by 
 sewing; lines of junction of the 
 bones of the skull; seam at the 
 union of two margins of a plant. 
 
 suzerain (sti'ze-ran), n. a feudal 
 lord, to whom fealty is due; supe- 
 rior or paramount ruler. 
 
 swab (swob), n. a mop for cleaning 
 decks, floors, &c; clumsy person or 
 lubber: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. swabbed, 
 p.pr. swabbing], to rub or clean 
 with a swab. 
 
 swaddle (swod'l), v.t. to swathe or 
 bind tightly, especially infanos. 
 
 swag (swag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. swagged, 
 p.pr. swagging], to sink down by its 
 own weight; hang heavily; sag: n. 
 an unequal, nobbling motion ; thieves' 
 booty. 
 
 swagger (swag'er), v.i. to bully or 
 bluster; strut haughtily or with af- 
 fected superiority: n. an affected or 
 insolent manner of walking; noisy 
 boastfulness. 
 
 swain (swan), n. a peasant; rustic 
 lover; sweetheart. 
 
 swallow (swol'o), n. a well-known 
 migratory passerine bird; any spe- 
 cies of swift resembling the swal- 
 low; groove round a tackle-block; 
 the gullet or esophagus; voracity; 
 as much as can be swallowed at 
 once: v.t. to take into the stomach 
 through the esophagus; absorb; en- 
 gulf; engage entirely; retract; put 
 up with: v.i. to perform the act of 
 swallowing. 
 
 swam, p.t. of swim. 
 
 swamp (swomp), n. wet or boggy 
 land; soft, low land saturated with 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl : me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SWAN 
 
 509 
 
 SWELL 
 
 water: v.t. to plunge, overwhelm, or 
 sink in, or as in, a swamp; overset 
 or sink in water; plunge into inex- 
 tricable difficulties; ruin. 
 
 swan (swon), n. a web-footed bird of 
 the genus Cygnus, with a very long 
 neck, and remarkable for its grace 
 in swimming. 
 
 swan-song (swon's6ng),_ n. the last 
 work of a poet or musician, from the 
 fabled dying song of the swan. 
 
 swap (swop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. swapped, 
 ■p.pr. swapping], to exchange or 
 barter: n. barter; a blow or stroke. 
 
 sward (swawrd), n. the grassy sur- 
 face of land. 
 
 sware (swar), old p.t. of swear. 
 
 swarm (swawrm), v.i. to throng to- 
 gether in a crowd ; collect and rise 
 from the hive; said of bees; breed 
 multitudes; to climb a tree, &c, by 
 embracing it with the arms and legs 
 alternately (with up) : n. a cluster 
 of insects, especially bees; crowd or 
 multitude in motion. 
 
 swarthy (sworth'i), adj. of a dark or 
 tawny hue; dark-skinned. Also 
 swart, swarth. 
 
 swash (swosh), n. a dashing or 
 splashing of water: v.i. to dash or 
 splash water about. 
 
 swat (swot), v.t. to smite (colloq.) : n. 
 a loose blow with the open hand. 
 
 swath (swawth), n. a line or ridge of 
 grass or grain as cut down by the 
 mower; sweep of a scythe in mow- 
 ing. 
 
 swathe (awMh), v.t. to bind with a 
 bandage or roller; wrap: n. a ban- 
 dage or roller. 
 
 sway (swa),v.£. [p.t. & p.p. swayed, 
 p.pr. swaying], # to move backwards 
 and forwards; influence by power or 
 moral force; bias; govern: v.i. to 
 incline on one side; be drawn by 
 weight: n. the swing or sweep of a 
 weapon; cast of the balance; any- 
 thing moving with power and bulk; 
 rule; dominion; authority; con- 
 trol; inclination or weight on one 
 side. 
 
 swear (swar), v.i. [p.t. swore, sware, 
 p.p. sworn, p.pr. swearing], to make 
 a solemn declaration by appealing 
 to God for the truth of what is 
 affirmed; give evidence on oath; 
 use profane language: v.t. to utter or 
 
 affirm by appeal to God; cause to 
 take, or bind by, an oath. 
 
 sweat (swet), n. the moisture which 
 exudes from the pores of the skin; 
 toil; exertion: v.i. to exude moisture 
 through the pores of the skin; per- 
 spire; labor; drudge: v.t. to cause 
 to sweat; oppress by employing at 
 an unfair rate of wages. 
 
 sweater (swet'er), n. a heavy knitted 
 outer garment, worn in athletic 
 sports. 
 
 sweatshop (swet'shop), n._ a house 
 or apartment whose residents do 
 home work for dealers at unfairly 
 low wages. 
 
 sweep (swep), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. swept, 
 p.pr. sweeping], to brush, rub over, 
 or clean, with a broom, &c; drive 
 or carry along or off with force; 
 strike with a long stroke; touch in 
 passing: v.i. to pass with violence, 
 speed, or pomp; pass with celerity 
 or force; move along with a long 
 reach: n. the act of sweeping; gen- 
 eral destruction; range; extent; di- 
 rection of a curve; rapid survey 
 with the eye; extent of a stroke; 
 chimney-sweeper; large oar; black- 
 guard. 
 
 sweet (swet), adj. pleasing to the 
 senses, as smell, taste, &c; tasting 
 like sugar; luscious; fragrant; me- 
 lodious; soft; gentle; kind; oblig- 
 ing; loved; not stale or putrid; 
 fresh; not salted: n. a term of en- 
 dearment: n.pl. confectionery; home- 
 made wines. 
 
 sweetbread (swefbred), n. a calf's 
 pancreas; delicate kind of fowl. 
 
 sweetheart (swet 'hart), n. a lover; one 
 who is the object of a lover's af- 
 fection. 
 
 sweetmeat (swet'met), n. a confec- 
 tion made wholly or partly of sugar. 
 
 swell (swel), v.i. [p.t. swelled, p.p. 
 swelled, swollen, p.pr. swelling], to 
 expand or enlarge; increase in bulk; 
 be inflated; rise and increase by 
 degrees; be puffed up; grow in vio- 
 lence: v.t. to heighten; cause to rise 
 or increase; inflate; dilate: n. ex- 
 tension of bulk ; act or state of swell- 
 ing; gradual increase of sound; 
 gradual elevation of land; a dis- 
 tinguished personage; fop: adj. 
 dandified. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SWELLING 
 
 510 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 swelling (swel'ing), p.adj. becoming 
 inflated; turgid: n. the act of in- 
 creasing in bulk; tumor or any mor- 
 bid enlargement. 
 
 swelter (swel'ter), v.t. to perspire pro- 
 fusely; faint with excessive heat. 
 
 swept, p.t. & p.p. of sweep. 
 
 swerve (swerv), v.i. to turn aside 
 from any prescribed line or rule of 
 duty; deviate, incline. 
 
 swift (swift), adj. moving far in a 
 short time; rapid; quick; ready; 
 sudden: adv. rapidly: n. a bird al- 
 lied to the swallow; a species of 
 moth; the common newt. 
 
 swig (swig), v.t. to drink greedily of 
 any intoxicating drink. 
 
 swill (swil), v.t. to drink greedily or 
 grossly; inebriate: n. drink taken 
 in excessive quantities; liquid food 
 for animals, particularly the refuse 
 or leavings of the kitchen, as given 
 to swine. 
 
 swim (swim), v.i. [p.t. swam, swum, 
 p.p. swum, p.pr. swimming], to float 
 on water or other liquid ; move pro- 
 gressively in the water by the 
 hands and feet ; glide smoothly ; 
 overflow; be dizzy: v.t. to cause to 
 swim or float: n. the act of swim- 
 ming. 
 
 swindle (swin'dl), v.t. to cheat grossly 
 and deliberately under pretense of 
 fair dealing: n. a gross fraud. 
 
 swine (swin), n. any animal of the 
 genus Sus with bristly skin and 
 long snout; pig. 
 
 swing (swing), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. swung, 
 p.pr. swinging], to wave or vibrate 
 to and fro; oscillate; practice swing- 
 ing; float round with the tide; be 
 hanged: v.t. to move to and fro; 
 wave loosely; brandish: n. the act 
 or state of swinging; contrivance for 
 swinging to and fro; full course. 
 
 swinge (swinj), v.t. to whip or thrash: 
 n. sweep or swing of any thing in 
 movement ; sway ; influence. 
 
 swingle (swing'gl), v.t. to cleanse 
 (flax) by beating: v.i. to dangle: n. 
 that part of a flail which strikes the 
 grain. 
 
 swinish (swln'ish), adj. pertaining 
 to, like, or characteristic of, swine; 
 bestial. 
 
 swipe (swip), n. a vigorous blow at 
 cricket or golf; sweeping blow: pi. 
 
 thin or small beer: v.i. & v.t. to de- 
 liver a strong blow; hit out with 
 great force at cricket, &c; take and 
 carry away; purloin. 
 
 swirl (swerl), v.i. to rush along in, 
 or form, eddies: n. a whirling or 
 eddying motion. 
 
 swish (swish), v.t. to lash; flog. 
 
 switch (swich), n. a long, thin, flexi- 
 ble rod; a movable rail for trans- 
 ferring a railway carriage, &c, from 
 one line to another; a device for 
 connecting one electric circuit with 
 another: v.t. to lash or flog; shunt. 
 
 swivel (swiv'l), n. something fixed 
 in another body so as to turn round 
 in it ; twisting link in a chain ; a 
 kind of small cannon which turns 
 on a pivot: v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
 swiveled, p.pr. swiveling], to turn 
 on a swivel or pivot. 
 
 swollen (swol'n), p.p. of swell. 
 
 swoon (swoon), v.i. to sink into a 
 fainting fit, with apparent suspen- 
 sion of the vital and mental pow- 
 ers: n. the act of swooning; syn- 
 cope. 
 
 swoop (swoop), v.t. to fall upon and 
 seize at once, as prey: v.i. to catch 
 prey while on the wing: n. a sudden 
 falling upon and seizing. 
 
 sword (sord), n. a keen -edged wea- 
 pon for cutting and thrusting; de- 
 struction by war; emblem of author- 
 ity, power, justice, or vengeance. 
 
 swore (swor), p.t. of swear. 
 
 sworn (sworn), p.p. of swear: adj. 
 bound by an oath. 
 
 Sybarite (sib'a-rit), n. an effemi- 
 nate voluptuary: from the inhabi- 
 tants of Sybaris, Italy, an ancient 
 Greek city noted for its luxury. 
 
 sycamore (sik'a-mor), n. a tree of the 
 maple family; the fig-mulberry of 
 the East; the button wood. 
 
 sycophant (sik'o-fant), n. a mean or 
 servile flatterer, especially of great 
 men; parasite. 
 
 syllabary (sil-a-ba/ri), n. a list of 
 characters representing syllables ; like 
 an alphabet. [Greek.] 
 
 syllable (sil'a-bl), n. that part of a 
 word which can be uttered distinct- 
 ly by a single effort of the voice; 
 anything proverbially concise. 
 
 syllabub, same as sillibub. 
 
 syllabus (sil'a-bus), n. a table of con- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SYLLOGISM 
 
 511 
 
 SYNTAX 
 
 tents; compendium of the heads of 
 a discourse; abstract. 
 
 syllogism (sil'o-jizm), n. an argument 
 stated in logical form, consisting of 
 three propositions, the first two be- 
 ing called the premises and the last 
 the conclusion which contains the 
 matter to be proved. [Greek.] 
 
 sylph (silf), n. an imaginary being 
 inhabiting the air; fairy. 
 
 sylvan (sir van), adj. pertaining to, 
 inhabiting, or growing in, a wood 
 or grove; rustic; woody; shady. 
 
 sym, Greek prefix, another form of syn. ' 
 
 symbol (sim'bol), n. an emblem' or 
 sign representing something else; 
 type; mark or character used as an 
 abbreviation; a creed. 
 
 symbolic (sim-borik), adj. pertaining 
 to, serving as, or of the nature of, a 
 symbol: n.pl. the study of creeds. 
 Also symbolical. 
 
 symbolism (sim'bol-izm), n. the use 
 of, or the being represented by, sym- 
 bols; science of creeds. 
 
 symmetrical (sim-met'ri-kal) , adj. 
 having corresponding parts or rela- 
 tions; harmonious; proportionate. 
 Also symmetric. 
 
 symmetry (sim'e-tri), n. the due pro- 
 portion of the several parts of a 
 body to each other; harmony or 
 adaptation of parts to each other; 
 proportion. 
 
 sympathetic (sim-pa : thet'ik), adj. per- 
 taining to, expressing, or inducing, 
 sympathy; compassionate. Also sym- 
 pathetical. 
 
 sympathize (sim'pa-thiz), v.i. to have 
 a mutual feeling with another; be 
 compassionate. 
 
 sympathy (sim'pa-thi) , n. mutual 
 feeling of pleasure or pain; compas- 
 sion; reciprocal action of the organs 
 of a body. 
 
 symphony (sim'fo-ni), n. [pi. sympho- 
 nies (sim'fo-niz)], harmony of sound; 
 a musical composition for a full 
 band of instruments; instrumental 
 introduction or ending of a vocal 
 composition. 
 
 symposium (sim-po'zi-um), n. [pi. 
 symposia (sim-po'zi-a)], a banquet; 
 a drinking together; merry-making; 
 an article in a magazine in which 
 various writers express their views 
 on some given topic. 
 
 symptom (simp'tom), n. that which 
 indicates the existence of something 
 else of which it is the effect; token 
 or sign. 
 
 syn, a Greek prefix meaning with, to- 
 gether, as s?/nantherous : adj. having 
 stamens united by their anthers. 
 
 synaeresis (sin-er'e-sis), n. the con- 
 traction of two vowels into one. 
 
 synagogue (sin'a-gog), n. a religious 
 assembly of Jews for worship; Jew- 
 ish place of worship. 
 
 synchronism (sing'kro-nizm), n. con- 
 currence in time of two or more 
 events ; tabular arrangement of con- 
 temporaneous historical events. 
 
 synchronous (sing'kro-nus) , adj. hap- 
 pening at the same time. Also syn- 
 chronal. 
 
 syncopate (sing'ko-pat), v.t. to con- 
 tract by omitting a letter or letters 
 from the middle of (a word); unite 
 (the last note of one bar to the first 
 note of the next) by a slur. 
 
 syncope (sing'ko-pe), n. the omission 
 of a letter or letters from the middle 
 of a word; fainting caused by inter- 
 ruption of the heart's action. 
 
 syndic (sin'dik), n. a government offi- 
 cial invested with varying powers 
 in different countries; chief magis- 
 trate; municipal or other official. 
 
 syndicate (sin'di-kat), n. a body of 
 syndics; a combination of capital- 
 ists to promote some special under- 
 taking or speculation. 
 
 synecdoche (sin-ek'do-ke), n. a rhe- 
 torical figure in which the whole ia 
 put for a part, or a part for the 
 whole. 
 
 synod (sin'od), n. a council or meeting 
 of ecclesiastics for consultation on 
 religious matters; a church council 
 composed of seyeral presbyters. 
 
 synonym (sin'o-nim), n. a word hav- 
 ing nearly the same signification as 
 another. 
 
 synopsis (sin-op 'sis) , n. a general or 
 collective view of any subject; sum- 
 mary. 
 
 syntactic (sin-tak'tik), adj. pertain- 
 ing to, or arranged according to, the 
 rules of syntax. Also syntactical. 
 
 syntax (sin'taks), n. that part of 
 grammar which teaches of the proper 
 construction and arrangement of 
 words in a sentence. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
SYNTHESIS 512 SYZYGY 
 
 synthesis (sin'the-sis), n. [pi. synthe- in science or art; method of trans- 
 
 ees (sin'the-sez)], composition or acting business. 
 
 putting of two or more things to- systematic (sis-tem-at'ik), adj. me- 
 
 gether: opposed to analysis; the thodical; according to system. Also 
 
 method or process of deducing and systematical. 
 
 combining complex ideas from simple systematize (sis'tem-a-tiz), v.t. to re- 
 ones, duce to a system. 
 syphon, another form of siphon. systole (sis'to-le), n. the shortening of 
 syren, another form of siren. a long syllable; contraction of aun- 
 syringe (sir'inj), n. a small tube cles and ventricles of the heart for 
 y v u u ji j i j ri expelling the blood and circulating 
 with a handle and worked like a it ^ hrou | h the body, 
 pump: v.t. to inject or cleanse with systyle (sis'til), adj. having columns 
 a syringe. g0 arranged that they are distant 
 syrup (sir'up) n. a saturated or two diameters from each other; 
 medicated solution of sugar in wa- having a row of columns set closely 
 ter; liquid refuse of sugar. [French.] together. 
 system (sis'tem), n. combination of syzygy (siz'i-ji), n. [pi. syzygies 
 parts in a whole; orderly arrange- (siz'i-jiz)], the point at which the 
 ment according to some common moon or a planet is in conjunction 
 law; collection of rules and princi- with, or in opposition to, the sun; 
 pies ; connected body of principles times of new and full moon. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ;, mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
TOBACCO 
 
 SORGHUM 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1912, BY F. E. WRIGHT. 
 
 PLANTS OF GREAT COMMERCIAL VALUE 
 
T 
 
 T, the twentieth letter of the English 
 alphabet, practically identical in 
 appearance with the Phoenician, 
 Greek, and Roman character. As 
 a pictograph it was drawn to re- 
 semble a cross, and its Semitic name 
 tau means a cross. Phonetically, it 
 is properly styled an unvoiced al- 
 veolar explosive. The digraph th 
 indicates sometimes the voiced spir- 
 ant as in this, and sometimes the 
 voiceless spirant as m in thin. Few 
 foreigners can readily detect the 
 difference between the two sounds. 
 As a symbol in music, t stands 
 usually for tempo (time), and some- 
 times for tenor. 
 tab (tab), n. a shoe latchet; tag; 
 
 border of a woman's cap. 
 tabard (tab'ard), n. a loose garment or 
 mantle worn over armor; herald's 
 coat. [Old French.] 
 tabasco (ta-bas'ko), n. a pungent sauce 
 
 made of red peppers. 
 tabby (tab'i), adj. brindled; having a 
 variegated, wavy, m or watered ap- 
 pearance: n. a kind of wavy or 
 watered silk; mixture of stone or 
 shell with mortar; tabby-cat: v.t. 
 [p.t. & p.p. tabbied, p.pr. tabbying], 
 to water or cause to look wavy. 
 tabernacle (tab'er-nak-1), n. a tempo- 
 rary dwelling, movable residence, or 
 tent; the human body as the tem- 
 porary dwelling of the soul; the 
 movable structure or place of wor- 
 ship carried by the Israelites in the 
 wilderness; receptacle for the con- 
 secrated Host in Roman Catholic 
 Churches; place of worship: v.i. to 
 sojourn. [Latin.] 
 tabes (ta/bez), n. a gradual wasting 
 
 away of the body: atrophy. 
 tablature (tab 'la-fair), n. a painting 
 on walls or ceilings; single m piece 
 comprehended in one view; division 
 of the skull into two tables. 
 
 table (ta'bl), n. a flat smooth board, 
 furnished with legs; flat surface; 
 persons sitting at a repast or en- 
 tertainment ; fare ; entertainment ; 
 tablet; index or syllabus: pi. col- 
 lection of many particulars brought 
 into one view ; collection of numbers 
 or figures methodically arranged; 
 the Ten Commandments, consist- 
 ing of two tables; Holy Eucharist or 
 Lord's Supper; simple member or or- 
 nament, usually rectangular: pi. 
 backgammon: adj. pertaining to a 
 table: v.t. to catalogue or index; 
 lay or place on a table (as a report) 
 for future consideration. [French.] 
 
 tableau (ta-blo'), n. [pi. tableaux or 
 tableaus (ta-bloz')], a striking and 
 vivid representation. [French.] 
 
 tableland (ta'bl-land) , n. a plateau. 
 
 tablet (tab 'let), n. small table; medi- 
 cine in the form of a small flat disk; 
 small flat piece of ivory, &c, for 
 memoranda ; ancestral monument ; 
 small flat cake, as of soap, &c. 
 
 taboo and tabu (ta-boo'), n. a reli- 
 gious rite formerly prevalent among 
 the Polynesians by which persons 
 and things were rendered sacred and 
 inviolable; ban; prohibition: v.t. 
 
 [p.t. & p.p. tabooed, jp.pr. tabooing], 
 
 rbid 
 of. 
 
 to forbid approach to, or use 
 
 tabor (ta'ber), n. _ a small drum, 
 
 beaten with one stick. Also tabour. 
 taboret (tab'o-ret), n.& small tabor; 
 
 an ornamental cushioned stool. 
 tabular (tab'u-lar), adj. pertaining 
 
 to, or in the form of, a table; 
 
 formed in plates or laminae ; set down, 
 
 computed, or arranged in, tables or 
 
 schedules. 
 tabulate (tab'u-lat), v.t. to reduce to, 
 
 or arrange in. tables or synopses; 
 
 shape with a flat surface. 
 tacit (tas'it), adj. implied, but not 
 
 expressed verbally. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merpe. met : mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book 
 33 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
TACITURN 516 TALL 
 
 taciturn (tas'i-tern), adj. habitually nous appendage of the nucleus of 
 silent. [Latin.] a comet; catkin; limitation: v.i. to 
 
 tack (tak), n. a small broad-headed depart one after another, as a crowd 
 nail; supplement or appendage; di- (with off). 
 
 rection of a vessel in regard to the tailor (tarer), n. one whose business is 
 trim of her sails: v.t. to fasten with to cut out and make men's clothes 
 tacks; fasten slightly; attach: v.i. and ladies' costumes. Feminine, tail- 
 to change the course of a vessel by oress. 
 shifting the position of her sails. taint (tant), n. corruption; infec- 
 
 tackle (tak'l), n. the ropes, rigging, tion; spot or stain; disgrace: v.t. to 
 &c, of a vessel; apparatus for rais- imbue or impregnate with anything 
 ing or lowering heavy weights con- noxious; infect; corrupt: v.i. to be 
 sisting of pulleys and ropes ; imple- corrupted by incipient putrefaction, 
 ments or gear: v.t. to harness; seize take (tak), v.t. [p.t. took, p.p. taken, 
 or lay hold of; deal with or attack p.pr. taking], to lay or seize hold 
 vigorously. m of; obtain; receive mentally; cap- 
 
 tackling (tak'ling), n. the furniture of ture; engage or interest; choose; 
 the masts and yards of a vessel; in- use or require; catch; assume; con- 
 strument of action ; gear. duct or lead; transport; tolerate; 
 
 tact (takt), n. nice discernment and swallow; note or take down; make 
 delicate skill in saying and doing ex- or perform (a journey or walk) : 
 actly what is expedient or suitable v.i. to have recourse 
 in given circumstances. [Latin.] taking (tak'ing), adj. attractive; allur- 
 
 tactic (tak'tik), adj. pertaining to ing; pleasing; infectious: n. the act 
 the art of tactics. Also tactical. of gaining possession; seizure; agi- 
 
 tactics (tak'tiks), n. naval and mili- tation: pi. receipts. 
 
 tary evolutions; science of disposing talc (talk), n. a hydrous silicate of 
 and maneuvering naval and military magnesia occurring in thin flakes, 
 forces for battle. m tale (tal), n. a narrative or story; 
 
 tactile (tak'til), adj. perceptible by fable; anecdote; reckoning; number 
 the touch; capable of being touched. reckoned. 
 
 tactless (takt'les), adj. without tact; talent (tal'ent), n. among the an- 
 blundering. m m cients, a weight, coin, or sum of 
 
 tactual (tak'tu-al), adj. pertaining to money of varying value; mental ca- 
 the organs of touch. pacity; eminent ability; skill; clev- 
 
 tadpole (tad'pol), n. the young erness; gift. [Latin.] 
 
 aquatic larva of an amphibian, espe- talesman (talz man), n. a person 
 cially that of the frog. # summoned to make up a jury. 
 
 taffeta (taf'e-ta), n. a fine, thin, talisman (tal'is-man), n. [pi. talis- 
 glossy silken fabric. [French.] mans (taris-manz)], a magical figure 
 
 taflrail (taf'ral), n. the upper flat part cut in metal or stone supposed to 
 of the stern of a ship; rail round a possess magical virtues in averting 
 snip's stern. Also tafferel. evil, &c; something that produces 
 
 taffy (taf'i), n. molasses candy; toffy; an extraordinary effect. [Arabic] 
 flattery. talk (tawk) #f# v.i. to utter words; 
 
 tag (tag), n. a point of metal at the speak familiarly; converse; prattle: 
 end of a string or a lace; something v.t. to utter; make a subject of con- 
 small attached to another; anything versation: n. familiar converse; col- 
 paltry or mean; a children's game: loquy; subject of discourse; rumor; 
 v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tagged, p.pr. tag- conference. 
 
 ging], to fix a tag to; append or talkative (tawk'a-tiv), adj. addicted 
 tack on; follow closely and persist- to much talking, 
 ently. [Scotch.] talking-machine (tawk'ing-ma-chen),' 
 
 tail (tal), n. the end of the backbone n. any machine that reproduces the 
 of an animal's body, usually hang- human voice. 
 
 ing loose; hinder j or inferior, part of tall (tawl), adj. high in stature; 
 anything; anything pendant; lumi- lofty; extravagant. 
 
 .ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
TALLOW 
 
 517 
 
 TANGLE 
 
 tallow (tal'o), n. the melted fat of 
 oxen and sheep; candle-grease: v.t. 
 to grease or smear with tallow; fat- 
 ten. [Old Dutch.] 
 
 tally (tal'i), n. [pi. tallies (tal'iz)], a 
 stick notched to match another stick, 
 used for keeping accounts ; one thing 
 made to match or suit another: v.t. 
 to make to correspond: v.i. to be 
 fitted ; match. 
 
 tally-ho (tal'i-ho), inter j. & r n. the 
 huntsman's cry to incite his hounds; 
 a four-in-hand coach. [French.] 
 
 Talmud (tal'mud), n. the book which 
 contains the whole body of the Jew- 
 ish civil and canonical laws and tra- 
 ditions, with the commentaries and 
 speculations of the Rabbis, consist- 
 ing of two parts, the Mishnah and 
 Gemara. [Chaldaic] 
 
 talon (taron), n. the claw of a bird 
 of prey ; an ogee molding. 
 
 talus (ta'lus), n. the ankle-bone; 
 sloping part of a work; sloping heap 
 of broken rocks accumulated at the 
 foot of a cliff. [Latin.] 
 
 tamable (tam'a-bl), adj. capable of 
 being tamed. 
 
 tamale (ta-ma'le), n. a kind of dump- 
 ling, made of minced chicken and 
 corn-meal, seasoned with red pepper, 
 wrapped in corn-husks, and boiled 
 or cooked by steam. [Mexican.] 
 
 tamarack (tam'a-rak), n. the Amer- 
 ican black larch. 
 
 tamarin (tam'a-rin), n. a South Amer- 
 ican monkey with a squirrel-like 
 tail. 
 
 tamarind (tam'a-rind) , n. . a legumin- 
 ous and lofty tropical tree, yielding 
 long pods which contain a soft acid 
 . pulp. [Latin.] 
 
 tamarisk (tam'a-risk) , n. a tree or 
 shrub of the genus Tamarix, with 
 small pink or white flowers and 
 feathery branches. 
 
 tambour (tam'ber), n. a drum-like 
 frame on which a kind of embroidery 
 with threads of gold, silver, and silk 
 are worked in the figures of flowers, 
 &c.; drum; the naked part of cer- 
 tain capitals of drum-like appear- 
 ance; enclosure of stockade work: 
 v.t. to embroider with, or upon, a 
 tambour. [French.] 
 
 tambourine (tam-ber-en') , n. a small 
 hand-drum with little cymbals in- 
 
 serted in the hoop ; a sprightly French 
 stage dance. 
 
 tame (tam), adj. domesticated; spir- 
 itless; insipid: v.t. to bring from a 
 wild to a domesticated_ state; subdue. 
 
 tam o'shanter (tam-o-shan'ter), n. 
 a woolen cap fitting tightly about the 
 head with a large flat top. [Scottish.] 
 
 tamp (tamp), v.t. to block up with 
 clay or similar material the blast- 
 hole in a rock to direct the course of 
 the explosion; drive in or down by 
 repeated gentle strokes. 
 
 tamper (tam 'per), v.i. to meddle so as 
 to injure or alter anything; use brib- 
 ery; try small experiments. 
 
 tampion (tamp'i-on), n. a stopper, 
 especially for the mouthpiece of a 
 cannon. Also tompion. 
 
 tan (tan), n. the bark of the oak or 
 other trees bruised and broken by a 
 mill for tanning hides: adj. tan-col- 
 ored: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tanned, p.pr. 
 tanning], to convert (a hide) into 
 leather by steeping it in an infusion 
 of bark or tannin; make brown by 
 exposure to the sun; beat: v.i. to 
 become sunburnt. 
 
 tandem (tan'dem), adv. with two- 
 horses or persons one before the 
 other: n. a vehicle with two horses 
 harnessed one before the other; a 
 bicycle or tricycle for two, one riding 
 before the other. 
 
 tang (tang), n._ a strong taste or 
 flavor ; something that leaves be- 
 hind a taste peculiar to itself; that 
 part of a knife, fork, tool, &c, 
 which is inserted into the handle; 
 sound or tone: v.i. to make a ringing 
 sound. 
 
 tangency (tan'jen-si) , n. a contact or 
 touching. [Latin.] 
 
 tangent (tan'jent), adj. touching: n. 
 a straight line that meets or touches 
 a circle or curve, but, when produced, 
 does not cut it. 
 
 tangerine (tan-jer-en'), n. a small or- 
 ange. 
 
 tangible (tan'ji-bl), adj. perceptible 
 to the touch; capable of being pos- 
 sessed or realized; evident; real. 
 
 tangle (tang'gl), v.t. to interweave so 
 as to render difficult to unravel; im- 
 plicate; embarrass; entangle; com- 
 plicate: v.i. t to be entangled: n. a 
 knot of things interwoven 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ;. 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
TANGO 
 
 518 
 
 TARRY 
 
 tango (tang'o), n. a dance in synco- 
 pated time and introducing positions 
 of considerable variety. 
 
 tangram (tan'gram), n. a Chinese 
 toy for forming combinations of fig- 
 ures by small squares. 
 
 tank (tangk), n. a large cistern or 
 reservoir for storing water or other 
 liquid; one who drinks in large 
 quantities. [Slang.] 
 
 tankard (tangk'erd), n. a drinking 
 vessel with a lid. [Old French.] 
 
 tannery (tan'er-i), n. [pi. tanneries 
 (tan'er-iz)], a place where hides are 
 tanned; process of tanning. 
 
 tannic (tan'ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
 obtained from, oak-bark. 
 
 tansy (tan'zi), n. a bitter aromatic 
 plant with small yellow flowers. 
 
 tantalize (tan'tal-iz), v.t. to tease or 
 torment by exciting hopes or fears 
 which will not be realized; provoke: 
 from the classic fable of Tantalus. 
 
 tantamount _ (tan'ta-mount), _ adj. 
 equivalent in value or significa- 
 tion. 
 
 tantrum (tan'trum), n. a sudden out- 
 burst of temper or passion. 
 
 tap (tap), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tapped, 
 p.pr. tapping], to strike or touch 
 lightly; broach (a vessel) to let out 
 a fluid; put a new sole or heel on; 
 find a new outlet for; bore into: n. 
 a gentle blow, or touch; pat; place 
 where liquor is drawn and retailed; 
 pipe through which liquor is drawn 
 from a cask. 
 
 tape (tap), n. a narrow band of linen 
 or cotton cloth. 
 
 taper (ta'per), n. small wax candle; 
 small light: adj. growing smaller or 
 regularly narrowed towards the 
 point, or from the bottom to the 
 top: v.i. to become gradually more 
 slender: v.t. to narrow to a point. 
 
 tapestry (tap'es-tri),^ n. a textile 
 fabric of wool or _ silk ornamented 
 with a raised _ design, figures, &c, 
 used for hangings: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 tapestried, p.pr. tapestrying], to 
 hang, or adorn with, tapestry. 
 
 tapeworm (tap werm;, n. a flat rib- 
 bon-like intestinal worm (Taenia 
 solium). 
 
 tapioca (tap-i-o'ka) , n. a farinaceous 
 food obtained from the root of the 
 cassava. [Spanish.] 
 
 tapir (ta'per), n. a South American 
 quadruped allied to the hog. 
 
 tapping (tap'ing), n. a tap; act of tap- 
 ping; a surgical operation for the 
 relief of dropsy. 
 
 taproot (tap 'root), n. the main root 
 of a plant. 
 
 taps (taps), n. the military bugle call 
 at m night meaning "lights out!" 
 It is sounded also at the burial of a 
 soldier. 
 
 tar (tar), n. a thick, dark-brown, oily, 
 viscous substance obtained by distil- 
 lation from pine, or fir trees, coal, 
 &c; a sailor: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tarred, 
 p.pr. tarring], to smear with, or as 
 with, tar. 
 
 tarantella (tar-an-tel'a) , n. a wild, 
 rapid Neapolitan dance; music for 
 such a dance. 
 
 tarantula (tar-an'tu-la), n. a large 
 spider whose bite was formerly sup- 
 posed to produce an irresistible 
 mania for dancing. [Italian.] 
 
 tarboosh (tar-boosh'), n. a kind of 
 red fez with a blue tassel worn by 
 Orientals. m 
 
 tardy (tar'di), adj. [comp. tardier, su- 
 perl. tardiest], moving with a slow 
 pace or motion; dilatory; reluctant; 
 late. 
 
 tare (tar), n. darnel; weight of the 
 cask, package, &c, which contains 
 the commodity which is weighed 
 with it and for which an allowance 
 is made. 
 
 target (tar'get), n. a small shield; 
 butt or mark set up for rifle and ar- 
 tillery practice. 
 
 tariff (tar'if), n. a schedule or table 
 of dutiable goods, specifying the cus- 
 toms rates, &c, to be paid or al- 
 lowed on articles exported or im- 
 ported; a duty levied according to 
 such a schedule: v.t. to fix aduty on. 
 
 tarlatan (tar'la-tan), n. a thin, trans- 
 parent dress-muslin. [Italian.] 
 
 tarn (tarn), n. a small mountain 
 lake; marsh. 
 
 tarnish (tar'nish), v.t. to diminish 
 the luster of; sully: v.i. to lose lus- 
 ter; become dull. 
 
 tarpaulin (tar-paw'lin), n. stout water- 
 proof canvas. 
 
 tarry (tar'i), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. tarried, 
 p.pr. tarrying], to stay behind; de- 
 lay; linger. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, ^^en. 
 
TARSUS 
 
 519 
 
 TEA 
 
 tarsus (tar'sus), n. [pi. tarsi (tar'sl)], 
 the instep, consisting of several 
 bones: pi. the connective cartilages 
 of the eyelids; foot of an insect or 
 crustacean. 
 
 tart (tart), adj. sharp to the taste; 
 acid; severe; keen: n. small open 
 pie. 
 
 tartan (tar'tan), n. woolen cloth, 
 checkered with various colors; small 
 Mediterranean coasting vessel: adj. 
 made from, or like, tartan. 
 
 Tartarus (tar'ta-rus), n. the deep and 
 sunless abyss of the infernal re- 
 gions; Hades. 
 
 task (task), n. business or study im- 
 posed by another; usually a definite 
 amount; lesson to be learned; duty; 
 burdensome employment: v.t. to im- 
 pose a task upon; burden. [French.] 
 
 taskmaster (task'mas-ter), n. one who 
 oversees the performance of a 
 task. 
 
 tassel (tasT), n. a pendent ornament of 
 silk, wool, &c; a male goshawk; 
 pendent flower or head of certain 
 plants, as maize. 
 
 taste (tast), v.t. to perceive by the 
 tongue and palate; obtain pleasure 
 from; test by eating or sipping a lit- 
 tle; participate in; experience: v.i. 
 to try by the palate; have a flavor; 
 enjoy moderately: n. the sensation 
 
 Eroduced on the tongue and palate 
 y something taken into the mouth ; 
 quality or flavor; relish; trial; ex- 
 periment; intellectual relish or dis- 
 cernment of the sublime or beauti- 
 ful; choice of pleasures, pursuits, 
 &c; a sample. [Old French.] 
 
 tasteful (tast'fool), adj. savory; char- 
 acterized by, or showing, good 
 taste. 
 
 tasteless (tastles), adj. insipid; with- 
 out taste. 
 
 tat (tat), n. coarse cloth made from 
 jute; pony. [East Indian.] 
 
 tatter (tat'er), n. a loose hanging rag: 
 pi. rags: v.t. to make ragged; 
 rend. 
 
 tatterdemalion (tat-ter-de-mal'yun) , 
 n. a ragged fellow. 
 
 tatting (tat'ing), n. a kind of narrow 
 lace for edging, made with a small 
 hand-shuttle; art of making such 
 kind of lace. 
 
 tattle (tat'l), v.i. to talk idly or trifling- 
 
 ly; prate; tell tales or secrets: n. 
 trifling or idle talk. 
 
 tattoo (tat-too'), n. a beat of drum, es- 
 pecially for warning soldiers to re- 
 tire to their quarters; marks or fig- 
 ures made by puncturing the skin 
 
 Taube (tow'be), n. a type of aircraft 
 of bird-like shape [German Taube, 
 dove]; the type came especially into 
 notice through use by the Germans 
 in the European War, 1914—1916. 
 
 taught (tawt), p.t. & p.p. of teach. 
 
 taunt (tant or tawnt), adj. lofty: n. 
 bitter # or sarcastic reproach; scoff; 
 insulting invective: v.t. to reproach 
 with bitter, sarcastic, or insulting 
 language; revile. 
 
 taut (tawt), adj. tight; stretched; 
 snug; secure. 
 
 tautology (taw-tol'o-ji), n. repetition 
 of the same thing or idea in different 
 words; sameness of words or of 
 meaning. [Latin.] 
 
 tavern (tav'ern), n. an inn or public- 
 house; a hotel. 
 
 taw (taw), v.t. to dress (skins) to 
 make them into leather: n. a game 
 at marbles; a marble to be played 
 with. 
 
 tawdry (taw'dri), adj. showy or fine 
 without elegance; gaudily dressed. 
 
 tawny (taw'ni), adj. of a yellowish- 
 brown color. 
 
 tax (taks), n. a rate or duty on income 
 or property; excise; impost; bur- 
 densome or oppressive duty: v.t. to 
 impose a rate or duty upon for state 
 or municipal purposes; burden or 
 oppress; accuse. 
 
 taxable (taks'a-bl), adj. subject or 
 liable to taxation. 
 
 taxation (taks-a/shun), n. the act of 
 taxing^ rate or tax imposed; system 
 of raising revenues. 
 
 taxicab (taks'i-kab) , n. an auto-cab that 
 records the time and length of 
 trip. 
 
 taxidermy (taks'i-der-mi),ft.the art of 
 stuffing and arranging specimens of 
 natural history. [Greek.] 
 
 taximeter (taks-im'e-ter), n. the 
 recording device in a taxicab. 
 
 tea (te), n. the prepared leaves of the 
 tea plant (Thea Sinensis) ; the bev- 
 erage obtained by the infusion of 
 the^ dried leaves; afternoon repast at 
 which tea is served; an infusion of 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
TEACH 
 
 520 
 
 TELEPHONE 
 
 other substances, as beef: v.i. to 
 take tea. [Chinese.] 
 
 teach (tech), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. taught, 
 p.pr. teaching], to impart knowledge 
 to; instruct; inform; cause to learn 
 or acquire skill in: v.i. to give in- 
 struction. 
 
 teachable (tech'a-bl), adj. capable of 
 being taught; docile. 
 
 teacher (tech'er), n. one who teaches; 
 an instructor. 
 
 teacup (te'kup), n. a cup in which 
 tea is served. 
 
 teak (tek), n. a very hard durable 
 timber obtained from an Indian 
 tree. 
 
 teal (tel), n. a species of small, wild, 
 fresh- water duck. 
 
 team (tern), n. two or more horses, 
 &c, harnessed to the same vehicle 
 for drawing; litter; brood; number 
 of persons associated together to 
 form a side in a game, or to perform 
 a certain piece of work. 
 
 teamster (tem'ster), n. the driver of 
 a team. 
 
 tear (ter), n. a small drop of the 
 watery fluid secreted by the lachry- 
 mal gland of the eye; anything tear- 
 like, or shaped like a tear. 
 
 tear (tar), v.t [p.t. tore, p.p. torn, p.pr. 
 tearing], to separate by violence; 
 rend; disrupt; lacerate: v.i. to be 
 rent; rave or rant: n. a rent. 
 
 tearful (ter'fool), adj. shedding tears. 
 
 tease (tez), v.t. to comb or unravel, 
 as wool or flax; separate the fibers 
 of; irritate or annoy; vex by petty 
 requests or raillery: n. one who 
 teases. 
 
 teasel (te'zl), n. a biennial plant, with 
 hooked burrs, which are used for 
 raising the nap of woolen cloth. 
 Also teazel. 
 
 teaspoon (te'spoon), n. a small spoon 
 in size between a dessert and an 
 af terdinner-coffee spoon. 
 
 teat (tet), n. the nipple of the female 
 breast; mammilla. 
 
 technic (tek'nik), adj. pertaining to 
 the mechanical arts; relating to art, 
 science, or to a particular profes- 
 sion. Also technical: n.pl. those 
 branches of learning which relate to 
 the arts; doctrine of arts in general. 
 
 technique (tek-nek'), n. artistic ex- 
 ecution. [French, from Greek.] 
 
 teddy-bear (ted'i-bar), n. a name ap- 
 plied to toy bears, in allusion to 
 Theodore Roosevelt. 
 
 tedious (te'di-us), adj. wearisome 
 by continuance or repetition; tire- 
 some. 
 
 tedium (te'di-um), n. wearisomeness. 
 
 tee (te), n. the mark aimed at in 
 quoits and curling; in golf, a small 
 mound upon which the ball is placed 
 before first striking it, or "teeing- 
 off"; nodule of earth from which 
 the ball is struck at golf; umbrella- 
 shaped finial of a Buddhist tope; 
 short piece of connective pipe. 
 
 teem (tem), v.i. to be prolific; be 
 full; be stocked to overflowing. 
 
 teeming (tem'ing), p.adj. prolific. 
 
 teen (ten), n. sorrow: pi. years of 
 one's age ending in teen. 
 
 teepee (te-pe'), n. a wigwam. 
 
 teeter (te'ter), v.i. to see-saw. 
 
 teeth, pi. of tooth. 
 
 teething (teeing), n. dentition. 
 
 teetotaler (te-to'tal-er) , n. a total 
 abstainer. 
 
 teetotum (te-to'tum), n. an Indian 
 amulet; a child's toy used in games 
 of chance; a kind of refreshment 
 house for the working classes. 
 
 tegument (teg'ii-ment) , n. natural 
 covering or envelope; skin. 
 
 teil (tel), n. the linden. 
 
 telautograph (tel-aw'to-graf ) , n. a 
 telegraphic instrument, invented by 
 Elisha Gray, for reproducing writings 
 or drawings at a distance. 
 
 telegram (tel'e-gram), n. a telegraphic 
 communication. [Greek.] 
 
 telegraph (tel'e-graf), n. an instru- 
 ment or apparatus for communicat- 
 ing intelligence rapidly between cer- 
 tain points, especially by means of 
 electricity: v.t. to convey by tele- 
 graph. 
 
 telegraphic (tel-e-graf 'ik) , adj. per- 
 taining to, done by means of, or 
 communicated by, telegraph. 
 
 telegraphy (te-leg'ra-fi) , n. the sci- 
 ence or art of constructing and 
 working telegraphs. 
 
 telepathy (te-lep'a-thi), n. the trans- 
 ference of thought from one person 
 to another by the exercise of the 
 will. [Greek.] 
 
 telephone (tere-fon), n. an instru- 
 ment for transmitting sound to a 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
TELEPHONIC 
 
 521 
 
 TENACITY 
 
 distance by means of electricity: 
 v.t. & v.i. to communicate by tele- 
 phone. [Greek.] 
 
 telephonic (tel-e-fon'ik), adj. per- 
 taining to, or conveyed by means of, 
 the telephone. 
 
 telepost (tel'e-post), n. a system of 
 telegraphing by aid of a punched 
 tape by which messages are sent 
 with great rapidity. 
 
 telescope (tel'e-skop), n. an optical 
 instrument for viewing objects at a 
 distance: v.t. to drive into one' an- 
 other, as railway carriages in col- 
 lision. 
 
 tell (tel), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. told, p.pr. 
 telling], to express or make known 
 by words; narrate; enumerate; ex- 
 plain; communicate; confess. 
 
 teller (tel'er), n. one who tells, nar- 
 rates, or communicates; a bank 
 clerk whose duty is to receive and 
 pay money over the counter. 
 
 telltale (tel'tal), adj. telling tales: n. 
 a person who officiously or mali- 
 ciously divulges the private con- 
 cerns of others; an automatic de- 
 vice for counting or indicating. 
 
 tellurium (tel-u'ri-um) , n. a rare ele- 
 ment usually found associated with 
 other metals. [Latin.] 
 
 telotype (tel'o-tlp), n. an electric 
 telegraph that prints the message. 
 
 temerity (te-mer'i-ti), n. foolhardi- 
 ness; rashness; precipitancy. > 
 
 temper (tern 'per), v.t. to modify or 
 regulate; qualify; assuage; calm; 
 bring to a due proportion; bring to 
 a proper degree of elasticity or hard- 
 ness: n. due proportion of different 
 qualities or ingredients; state of a 
 metal as to its hardness or elastic- 
 ity ; mental disposition ; equanimity ; 
 mood; natural inclinations: heat of 
 mind or passion; irritation. [French.] 
 
 temperament (tem'per-a-ment), n. 
 natural constitution or organization ; 
 an unequal mixture of opposite or 
 different qualities. 
 
 temperamental (tem-per-a-ment'al) , 
 adj. pertaining to temperament, 
 especially to its abnormal phases. 
 
 temperance (tem'per-ans), n. modera- 
 tion, especially in respect to the ap- 
 petites or passions; patience; so- 
 briety; total abstinence. 
 
 temperate (tem'per-at) , adj. moderate; 
 
 not characterized by passion or in- 
 dulgence of the appetites; abstemi- 
 ous; calm; not liable to excess of 
 heat or cold. 
 
 temperature (tem'per-a-tur), n. state 
 of a body with respect to sensible 
 heat; degree of any quality. 
 
 tempered (tem'perd), adj. constitu- 
 tionally disposed; hardened. 
 
 tempest (tem'pest), n. wind rushing 
 with great violence, usually accom- 
 panied by rain, hail, &c; hurricane; 
 tumult. [Old French.] 
 
 tempestuous (tem-pes'tu-us), adj. 
 very stormy; pertaining to, or like, 
 a tempest; violent. 
 
 temple (tem'pl), n. an edifice for the 
 worship of a deity or deities; resi- 
 dence of a divinity; place of public 
 worship; the flat part of either side 
 of the head above the cheek-bones. 
 
 temporal (tem'po-ral), adj. pertaining 
 to time; secular; measured or re- 
 stricted by time; civil or political. 
 
 temporality (tem-po-ral'i-ti), n. that 
 which relates to temporal and 
 secular routine spiritual affairs. 
 
 temporary (tem'po-ra-ri) , # adj. exist- 
 ing or continuing for a limited time 
 or some special purpose. 
 
 temporize (tem'po-riz), v.i. to comply 
 with the times; yield to current 
 opinion; parley; delay. 
 
 tempt (tempt), v.t. to put to trial; 
 test; persuade to evil; defy; allure; 
 entice. [Latin.] 
 
 temptation _ (temp-ta'shun) , _ n. the 
 state of being tempted; enticement, 
 especially to evil. 
 
 tempter (temp'ter), n. one who 
 tempts; the Devil (with the). Fern. 
 temptress. 
 
 tempting (temp'ting), adj. alluring; 
 seductive. 
 
 ten (ten), adj. one more than 9; 
 twice 5: n. the sum of 5 and 5; ten 
 units. 
 
 tenable (ten'a-bl), adj. capable of be- 
 ing held, maintained, or defend- 
 ed. 
 
 tenace (ten'as), n. in whist, the hold- 
 ing by the fourth hand of the best 
 and third best_of the suit led. 
 
 tenacious (te-na'shus), adj. holding 
 fast or firmly; cohesive; tough; ob- 
 stinate. [Latin.] 
 
 tenacity (te-nas'i-ti), n. the state or 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut : think, then. 
 
TENANT 
 
 522 
 
 TERCENTENARY 
 
 quality of being tenacious; cohesive- 
 ness; adhesiveness. 
 
 tenant (ten'ant), n. one who holds 
 lands or tenements on certain con- 
 ditions and for a specified time; oc- 
 cupant: v.t. to hold as a tenant. 
 
 tenantry (ten'ant-ri) , n. tenants col- 
 lectively. [French.] 
 
 tench (tench), n. a fresh-water fish 
 of the carp kind. 
 
 tend (tend), v.t. to care for; attend; 
 watch over or protect; accompany; 
 swing at the turn of the tide: said 
 of a vessel: v.i. to move in a par- 
 ticular direction; be directed to any 
 end or purpose; contribute. 
 
 tendency (ten'den-si), n. inclina- 
 tion; aim; direction or course. 
 
 tender (ten'der), adj. easily impressed 
 or injured; sensitive; soft; not 
 hard; weak and feeble; easily in- 
 fluenced by love, pity, &c; com- 
 passionate; pathetic; gentle; care- 
 ful : n. a vehicle attached to a loco- 
 motive containing coal and water; 
 smaller vessel attending a larger 
 one; an offer or proposal for accept- 
 ance; offer of a sum due in money 
 under specified legal conditions: 
 v.t. to offer for acceptance: v.i. to 
 make an offer to do certain work or 
 supply certain goods for a specified 
 price. [French.] 
 
 tenderfoot (ten'der-foot), n. one who 
 is new to life in a mining region or 
 frontier district. 
 
 tenderloin (ten'der-loin), n. the ten- 
 der part of a loin of beef, pork, &c; 
 figuratively, the district in any city 
 infested by the dissolute. 
 
 tenderness (ten'der-nes), n. kindness; 
 benevolence ; sensibility ; pathos ; 
 caution; soreness. 
 
 tendon (ten'dun), n. the hard bundle 
 of fibers which connects the muscles 
 to the bones. 
 
 tendril (ten'dril), n. the slender, twin- 
 ing part of a plant which attaches 
 itself to a supporting body. 
 
 tenement (ten'e-ment), n. a house, 
 shop, land, &c, held by a tenant 
 dwelling house; suite of rooms; any 
 kind of permanent property, as land, 
 rents, &c. 
 
 tenet (ten'et), n. a doctrine, dogma, 
 opinion, or belief held or maintained 
 as true. 
 
 tenfold (ten 'fold), adj. & adv. ten 
 times as much or as many. 
 
 tennis (ten'is), n. a game played with 
 rackets. 
 
 tenor (ten'er), n. manner of con- 
 tinuity; general tendency or drift; 
 purport or substance; exact copy 
 of a writing; the highest of adult 
 male voices between bass and alto: 
 adj. pertaining to, or adapted for, 
 tenor. 
 
 tense (tens), adj. drawn tightly; 
 rigid; not lax: n. a modification in 
 the inflection of a verb, expressing 
 time of action. [Latin.] 
 
 tensile (ten'sll), adj. ductile. 
 
 tension (ten'shun), n. the act of 
 stretching or straining; the state of 
 being stretched ; mental strain ; 
 strong excitement of feeling; ex- 
 pansive or elastic force. 
 
 tent (tent), n. a temporary shelter or 
 habitation, usually of canvas, sup- 
 ported by poles and ropes; Recha- 
 bite lodge; plug or roll of lint for 
 dilating a wound, &c; a variety of 
 sacramental wine. [French.] 
 
 tentacle (ten'ta-kl),n. a process or 
 organ in certain invertebrate ani- 
 mals used for feeling, prehension, or 
 locomotion. 
 
 tentative (ten'ta-tiv), adj. experimen- 
 tal. [Latin.] 
 
 tenter (ten'ter), n. a frame for stretch- 
 ing cloth on by hooks; a tenter- 
 hook: v.t. to hang or stretch on 
 tenters. 
 
 tenter-hook (ten'ter-hook) : n. a 
 sharp hooked nail; anything that 
 painfully strains. 
 
 tenth (tenth), adj. next in order af- 
 ter the ninth; the ordinal of 
 ten. 
 
 tenuous (ten'u-us), adj. slender; not 
 dense. 
 
 tenure (ten'ur), n. conditions under 
 which a tenement is held; right or 
 manner of holding real estate; man- 
 ner of holding; term of holding. 
 
 tepefy (tep'e-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tepe- 
 fied, p.pr. tepefying], to make tepid: 
 v.i. to become tepid. [Latin.] 
 
 tepid (tep'id), adj. moderately warm; 
 lukewarm. 
 
 ter, a Latin prefix meaning three times. 
 
 tercentenary (ter-sen'te-na-ri) , adj. 
 comprising 300 years: n. a day or 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
TERGIVERSATION 
 
 523 
 
 TESTAMENT 
 
 function commemorating some event 
 occurring 300 years before. 
 
 tergiversation (ter-jiv-er-sa/shun), n. 
 evasion; subterfuge. 
 
 term (term), n. a limit or boundary; 
 limited time; subject or predicate of 
 a proposition; number of a com- 
 pound mathematical quantity; ex- 
 pression; condition or arrangement; 
 word or expression noting something 
 peculiar to an art or science; time 
 during which the law courts are 
 open; time during which instruc- 
 tion is given in universities, schools, 
 &c; time when rent is paid [Scotch]: 
 pi. conditions or stipulations: v.t. 
 to name, designate, or express. 
 
 termagant (ter'ma-gant), # adj. noisy 
 and violent: n. a noisy, violent wom- 
 an. [Old French.] 
 
 terminal (ter'mi-nal), adj. pertaining 
 to the end or extremity ; arranged 
 according to the terminations: n. a 
 limit or boundary ; end ; one of the 
 ends of a conducting circuit of a 
 dynamo, &c. [Latin.] 
 
 terminate (ter'mi-nat). v.t. to limit or 
 bound; end: v.i.to be limited or end- 
 ed. 
 
 termination (ter-mi-na/shun), n. the 
 act of terminating; a bound or limit; 
 end; conclusion or result; final syl- 
 lable or letter. 
 
 terminology (ter-mi-nol'o-ji), n. the 
 definition of technical terms. 
 
 terminus (ter'mi-nus), n. [pi. termini 
 (ter'mi-ni)], a limit or boundary; 
 station at the end of a railway. 
 
 termite (ter'mit), n. the white ant. 
 
 termless (term'les), adj. of boundless 
 extent or duration. 
 
 tern (tern), n. an aquatic bird allied 
 to the gull: adj. arranged in threes. 
 
 ternary (ter'na-ri), adj. proceeding 
 by, or consisting of, threes: n. the 
 number 3. 
 
 terra (ter'a),_n. the earth; earth. 
 
 terrace (ter'as), n. a raised level space 
 or platform of earth with sloping 
 sides, usually laid with turf; flat 
 roof on an oriental house; large 
 open balcony or gallery; row of 
 houses: v.t. to form into a terrace. 
 
 terra cotta (kot'a), n. a composition 
 of fine clay and sand used for stat- 
 ues, &c, and hardened by heat; a 
 work of art executed in terra cotta. 
 
 terralig (ter'a-lig), n. an artificial 
 fuel without odor or smoke. 
 
 terrapin (ter'a-pin), n. a species of 
 fresh-water tortoise, much esteemed 
 for food. 
 
 terrestrial (ter-es'tri-al), adj. pertain- 
 ing to, existing on, or consisting of, 
 earth; belonging to the present 
 world; not celestial. [Latin.] 
 
 terrible (ter'i-bl), adj. exciting or 
 causing fear or awe; dreadful; ex- 
 treme; severe. [Latin.] 
 
 terrier (ter'i-er), n. a breed of small 
 dogs. 
 
 terrify (ter'i-fi), v.t. [pi. & p.p. terri- 
 fied, p.pr. terrifying], to frighten or 
 alarm exceedingly. 
 
 territorial (ter-i-to'ri-al)^ adj. per- 
 taining to a territory; limited to a 
 particular district. [Latin.] 
 
 territory (ter'i-to-ri), n. [pi. territo- 
 ries (ter'i-to-riz)], the extent of land 
 within the jurisdiction of a state, 
 sovereign, city, &c; large tract of 
 land. 
 
 terror (ter'er), n. extreme fear; fright; 
 one who excites_ extreme fear. 
 
 terrorism (ter'er-izm) , n. a system of 
 government by terror; intimidation. 
 
 terrorist (ter'er-ist), n. one who 
 governs by terror, t especially an 
 agent of the revolutionary tribunal 
 during the Reign of Terror in France. 
 
 terrorize (ter'er-iz), v.t. to intimidate 
 or coerce by terror. [Latin.] 
 
 terse (ters), adj. elegantly and forci- 
 bly concise. [Latin.] 
 
 tertiary (ter'shi-a-ri), adj. of the third 
 order, rank, or formation. [Latin.] 
 
 tessellate (tes'el-at), v.t. to lay with 
 squares or checkered work. [Latin.] 
 
 tessera _(tes'e-ra), n. [pi. tesserae 
 (tes'e-re)], a cube of marble, glass, 
 &c, used in mosaic work. [Latin.] 
 
 test (test), n. anything by which the 
 nature of a substance is tried; ex- 
 amination by a cupel; standard; 
 discrimination; proof: v.t. to put to 
 the. proof; compare with a stand- 
 ard; try; refine in a cupel ; examine 
 or try by means of a reagent. 
 
 testament (tes'ta-ment), n. a solemn, 
 authentic instrument in writing dis- 
 posing of the estate of a person 
 deceased; will. [Latin.] 
 
 Testament, n. one of the two great 
 divisions of the Bible. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
TESTAMENTARY 524 THAW 
 
 testamentary (tes-ta-men'ta-ri), adj. tetter (tet'er), n. a cutaneous disease 
 pertaining to, bequeathed by, or characterized by itching and red- 
 done by, a will. Also test anient al. ness; herpes. 
 
 testate (tes'tat), adj. having left a Teuton (tu'ton), n. one of the Ger- 
 
 will. man race. 
 
 testator (tes-ta'ter), n. one who makes text (tekst), n. that on which a com- 
 
 and leaves a will. Fern, testatrix. ment is written; original words of 
 
 testicle (tes'ti-kl), n. one of the two an author; verse, &c, of Scripture 
 
 glands which secrete the seminal forming the subject of a sermon; 
 
 fluid in males. topic; theme for composition, argu- 
 
 testify (tes'ti-fi), - y.i. [p.t. & p.p. testi- ment, &c: text-hand. [Old French.] 
 
 fied. p.pr. testifying], to bear wit- text-book (tekst'book), n. a standard 
 
 ness; make a solemn declaration; book of instruction, 
 
 give evidence: v.t. affirm or declare textile (teks'til), adj. pertaining to, 
 
 solemnly on oath; bear witness to. or formed by, weaving; capable of 
 
 testimonial (tes-ti-mo'ni-al), n. a being woven. 
 
 writing or certificate bearing testi- textual (teks/tu-al), adj. pertaining to, 
 mony to character, proficiency, &c; contained in, or serving for, a text, 
 a present given as a token of respect; texture (teks'tur) i n. manner of weav- 
 acknowledgment of services ren- ing; web; disposition of the several 
 dered, &c: adj. pertaining to, or parts of a body in connection with 
 containing, testimony. each other; filaments or fibers inter- 
 testimony (tes'ti-mo-ni) , n. [pi testi- woven; tissue. 
 
 monies (tes'ti-mo-niz)], evidence; than (them), conj. used after the 
 
 proof; solemn declaration; profes- comparative degree of adjectives 
 
 sion; the two tables of the Law; and adverbs expressing diversity or 
 
 divine revelation. comparison. 
 
 testis (tes'tis), n. [pi. testes (tes'tez)], thanatoid (than'a-toid), adj. death- 
 
 a testicle^ like. [Greek.] 
 
 testy (tes'ti), adj. [comp. testier, su- thane (than), n. a title of honor or 
 
 perl, testiest], peevish; morose; ir- dignity among the Anglo-Saxons, 
 
 ritable. held by persons having large terri- 
 
 tetanus (tet'a-nus), n. lockjaw. torial possessions. 
 
 tete-a-tete (tat-a-taf), n. private or thank (thangk), v.t. to express grati- 
 
 confidential conversation; a kind of tude or obligation to. 
 
 settee. thankful (thangk'fool), adj. grateful. 
 
 tether (te/A'er), n. a rope for con- thankless (thangk'les) , adj. ungrate- 
 fining an animal within certain lim- f ul ; not gaining thanks, 
 its; scope or freedom allowed: v.t. thanks (thangks), n.pl. an expres- 
 to confine^ as an animal, within sion of gratitude or obligation, 
 certain limits. thanksgiving (thangks-giv'mg), n. 
 
 tetra, a Greek prejix meaning four, as the act of expressing gratitude for 
 
 tefrabranchiate: adj. having four favors and mercies; a public cele- 
 
 branchiae or gills. bration of divine goodness; a day 
 
 tetrachord (tet'ra-kord), n. half of so set apart. 
 
 the octave scale [Music]; an in- that (th&t), pron.^ & adj. [pi. those 
 
 strument with four strings. (thoz)], not this but the other: 
 
 tetrad (tet'rad), n. the number 4; col- conj. because; since. 
 
 lection of four things; tetravalent thatch (thach), n. straw, reeds, &c, 
 radical or element. used for covering the roofs of cot- 
 tetragon (tet'ra-gon), n. a plane figure tages, stacks, &c: v.t. to cover with, 
 with four sides and four angles. or as with, thatch. 
 
 tetrahedron (tet-ra-he'dron), n. a thaumaturgy (thaw'ma-ter-ji), n. 
 
 solid figure bounded by four tri- the act of performing miracles; 
 
 angles. legerdemain; magic. 
 
 tetrameter (te-tram'e-ter) , n. a verse thaw (thaw), v.i. to melt or become 
 
 or line consisting of four measures. liquid, as ice or snow; become milder 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut : think, then. 
 
THE 
 
 525 
 
 THERM 
 
 or more genial: v.i. to dissolve: n. 
 the melting of ice or snow by rise 
 of temperature. 
 
 the (the), def. art. belonging to a partic- 
 ular class, person or thing. 
 
 theater, theatre (the'a-ter), n. a pub- 
 lic building where dramatic repre- 
 sentations are given; large room 
 arranged for lectures, anatomical 
 demonstrations, &c; scene or sphere 
 of action. [Greek.] 
 
 theatrical (the-at'ri-kal), adj. per- 
 taining to, or adapted for, a theater, 
 or scenic representations; resembling 
 the manner of actors; histrionic, 
 pompous: n.pl. dramatic perform- 
 ances. 
 
 thee (the), pron. objective case of 
 thou. 
 
 theft (theft), n. the act of stealing; 
 robbery. _ 
 
 theine (the'in), n. the bitter and vol- 
 atile principle of tea, identical with 
 caffeine in coffee. 
 
 theirs (th&rz), pron. pi. possessive 
 case of they. 
 
 theism (the'izm), n. the belief in the 
 existence of a God: opposed to 
 atheist. [Greek.] 
 
 theist (the'ist), n. one who believes in 
 the existence of a God: opposed to 
 atheism. 
 
 them (them), pron. the objective case 
 of they. 
 
 theme (them), n. the subject or topic 
 of a discourse or dissertation; short 
 essay on a given subject; radical of 
 a noun or verb; series of notes se- 
 lected as the subject of a new com- 
 position [Music]. 
 
 then (then), conj. in consequence; 
 therefore; in that case: adv. next; 
 at that or another t ; rae; imme- 
 diately. 
 
 thence (thens), adv. from that place 
 or time._ 
 
 theocracy" (the-ok'ra-si), n. the govern- 
 ment of a state by the immediate 
 direction of God; the state thus 
 governed. [Greek.] 
 
 theocrasy (the-ok'ra-si), n. a mixture 
 of the worship of different deities, as 
 of # God and idols; the intimate 
 union of the soul with God in con- 
 templation. 
 
 theodicy (the-od'i-si) ># n. a vin- 
 dication of the dealings of divine 
 
 Providence, and the freedom of the 
 human will. 
 
 theodolite (the-od'o-lit), n. an instru- 
 ment for measuring horizontal and 
 vertical angles and ascertaining dis- 
 tances and heights. 
 
 theogony (the-og'5-ni) , n. that branch 
 of mythology which treats of the 
 origin or genealogy of ancient dei- 
 ties; a poem treating of such gene- 
 alogies. 
 
 theology (the_-ol'o-ji), n. [pi. theolo- 
 gies (the-ol'o-jiz)], the science that 
 treats of the existence, nature, and 
 attributes of God, especially of 
 man's relations to God; divinity. 
 
 theophany (the-of 'a-ni) , n. a mani- 
 festation of God to man by actual 
 experience. 
 
 theorem (the'o-rem), n. a proposition 
 to be proved. _ [Greek.] 
 
 theoretical (the-o-ret'i r kal), adj. per- 
 taining to, or depending on, theory; 
 not practical; speculative. Also 
 theoretic. 
 
 theorize (the'p-rlz), v.i. to form a the- 
 ory or theories ; speculate. 
 
 theory (the'o-ri), n. [pi. theories (the'- 
 o-riz)], an exposition of the abstract- 
 principles of a science or art consid- 
 ered apart from practice ; hypothesis ; 
 philosophical explanation of moral 
 or physical phenomena. 
 
 theosophism (the-os / o r fizm), n. pre- 
 tension to divine wisdom or illu- 
 mination. 
 
 theosophy (the-os'o-fi) , n. a system of 
 philosophy which professes to inves- 
 tigate the unexplained laws of na- 
 ture, the powers of man over nature, 
 and the direct knowledge of God at- 
 tained by extraordinary illumina- 
 tion. 
 
 therapeutic (ther-a-pu'tik) , adj. 
 curative: n.pl. the art or science of 
 curing diseases. 
 
 there (thai), adv. in that place; at 
 that point or stage. 
 
 thereafter (^ar-af'ter), adv. after- 
 ward (in time). 
 
 therefore (thai' or ther'ior), adv. & 
 conj. for that or this reason; for 
 that reason or purpose. 
 
 thereupon (Z/iar-u-pon') , adv. in con- 
 sequence. 
 
 therm, a Greek prefix meaning heat. 
 Also thermo. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
THERMAL 
 
 526 
 
 THITHER 
 
 thermal (ther'mal), adj. pertaining to 
 beat; warm. 
 
 thermometer (ther-mom'e-ter), n. 
 an instrument for measuring the 
 degree of heat or temperature of 
 bodies. 
 
 thermostat (ther'mo-stat), n. an 
 automatic apparatus for regulating 
 temperature. 
 
 thesaurus (the-saw'rus)^ n. a store- 
 house or treasury; lexicon or dic- 
 tionary. 
 
 these, pi. of this. 
 
 the_sis (the'sis), n. [pi. theses (the'- 
 sez)], an essay or dissertation on 
 some particular subject; subject set 
 a student on which to write prior to 
 granting him a degree; the exercise 
 itself; in logic, an affirmation. 
 
 theta (tha'ta), n. the Greek th (6). 
 
 theurgy (the'er-ji), n. that kind of 
 magic which affects to work by 
 means of the supernatural. 
 
 thews (thuz), 7i.pl. muscles; strength. 
 
 they (tha.\, pi. of he, she, or it. 
 
 thick (thik), adj. not thin; compact; 
 dense; not clear or transparent; 
 misty; muddy; indistinct; dull; 
 very intimate; closely set; crowded; 
 following in quick succession: adv. 
 closely; indistinctly; to a great 
 depth; fast: n. the thickest part. 
 
 thicket (thik'et), n. a close wood or 
 cluster of trees. 
 
 thickset (thik'set). adj. closely plant- 
 ed: having a thick body: n. a close, 
 thick hedge. 
 
 thief ithef), n. [pi. thieves (thevz)], 
 one who takes unlawfully what is 
 not his own. 
 
 thieve (thev), v.t. & v.i. to steal. 
 
 thigh (thi), n. the thick muscular 
 part of the leg between the knee and 
 the trunk. 
 
 thill (thil), n. the shaft of a cart or 
 other vehicle; floor of a coal mine. 
 
 thimble (thim'bl), n. a cup-shaped 
 metallic protective cover for the fin- 
 ger in sewing; anything like a thim- 
 ble; an iron ring belonging to a sail, 
 fitted to receive a rope. 
 
 thimble-rig (thim'bl-rig), n. a sleight- 
 of-hand trick in which a pea is pre- 
 tended to be hidden under one of 
 three thimbles: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
 -rigged, p.pr. -rigging], to cheat by 
 means of the thimble-rig trick. 
 
 thin (thin), adj. [comp. thinner, su- 
 perl. thinnest], having little thick- 
 ness; slim; slender; not dense or 
 thick; not close or crowded; poor; 
 slight; meager; not full or well 
 grown: adv. not thickly: v.t. to 
 make thin;, attenuate: v.i. to grow 
 thin. 
 
 thine (thin), pron. & adj. belonging 
 to, relating to, or being the property 
 of, thee. _ 
 
 thing (thing), n. whatever is _ dis- 
 tinct, or conceived to be distinct, 
 from one's self or other intelligent 
 beings; inanimate matter; part or 
 portion; an object of pity and con- 
 tempt: pi. clothes; furniture; lug- 
 gage, &c. 
 
 think (thingk), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
 thought, p.pr. thinking], to have the 
 mind occupied on some subject; 
 form an opinion by reason; be- 
 lieve; judge; intend or purpose; 
 imagine; recollect; consider or re- 
 flect : presume: v.t. to imagine. 
 
 thinkable (thingk'a-bl) , adj. con- 
 ceivable. 
 
 third (therd), adj. the next after the 
 second: the ordinal of three; noting 
 one of three equal parts: n. a third 
 part of anything; an interval of three 
 diatonic sounds and two intervals 
 [Music]. 
 
 thirst (therst), n. the sensation of a 
 desire to drink; great desire for 
 drink; drought; eager desire: v.i. to 
 be thirsty. 
 
 thirsty (therst 'i), adj. [comp. thirstier, 
 superl. thirstiest], feeling thirst. 
 
 thirteen (ther'ten), adj. 10 and 3: n. 
 the number of 10_and 3. 
 
 thirteenth (ther'tenth), adj. next in 
 order after the twelfth: the ordinal 
 of thirteen. 
 
 thirtieth (ther'ti-eth), adj. next in 
 order after the twenty-ninth. 
 
 thirty (ther'ti), adj. three times more 
 than 10: n. the sum of three tens. 
 
 this (this), pron. & adj. [pi. these, 
 (thez)], that which is present; that 
 which is just now or last men- 
 tioned. 
 
 thistle (thisT), n. a plant with a 
 prickly stem and leaves, of the genua 
 Carduus. 
 
 thither {thith'er), adv. to that place 
 or end. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
THOLE 
 
 >27 
 
 THROE 
 
 thole (thol), n. a pin set in the gun- 
 wale of a boat to serve as a fulcrum 
 for the oar. 
 
 thong (thong), n. a thin leather strap 
 or string for fastening something; 
 striking part of a whip. 
 
 thorax (tho'raks), n. the chest, con- 
 taining the heart, lungs, &c; breast- 
 plate or cuirass. 
 
 thorium (tho'ri-um), n. a rare me- 
 tallic element. Also thorinum. 
 
 thorn (thorn), n. a prickle or spine; 
 prickly tree or shrub; anything that 
 troubles or annoys; care. 
 
 thorough (thur'5), adj. passing 
 through or to the end; perfect; fin- 
 ished; complete. 
 
 thorough-bred (thur'o-bred), adj. 
 of pure and unmixed breed ; com- 
 pletely instructed; accomplished; 
 high-spirited. 
 
 thoroughfare (thur'o-far) , n. a pas- 
 sage from one street opening to 
 another; an unobstructed way for 
 traffic. 
 
 those, pi. of that. 
 
 thou (thou.), pron. [pi. you (u)], 2 per. 
 sing, of I. 
 
 though (tho), conj. granting, or sup- 
 posing that; notwithstanding that; 
 if: adv. nevertheless; however. 
 
 thought (thawt) , n. the act of think- 
 ing; that which the mind thinks; 
 meditation; study; care or anxiety: 
 p.t. & p.p. of think. 
 
 thoughtful (thawt 'fool), adj. full of 
 thought ; contemplative ; attentive ; 
 considerate for others; anxious or 
 careful. 
 
 thoughtless (thawt les), adj. unthink- 
 ing; heedless; inattentive; incon- 
 siderate. 
 
 thousand (thou'zand), adj. consisting 
 of 1,000: n. 1,000; a large number. 
 
 thousandth (thousandth), adj. next 
 in order after 999th: the ordinal of 
 1,000. 
 
 thraldom (thrawl'dum), n. serfdom; 
 slavery. 
 
 thrall (thrawl), n. a slave; serf. 
 
 thrash (thrash), v.t. to beat out 
 (grain) from the husk; beat or flog 
 soundly: v.i. to perform the opera- 
 tion of thrashing; drudge. 
 
 thread (thred), n. a very thin line or 
 cord of flax, cotton, silk, or other 
 fibrous substance twisted and drawn 
 
 out; a filament; uniform tenor; 
 something continued in a long 
 course; spiral part of a screw: v.t. 
 to pass through the eye of; pierce 
 through. 
 
 threadbare (thred 'bar), adj. worn to 
 the threads; poverty-stricken; hack- 
 neyed; dull. 
 
 threat (thret), n. a menace: v.t. & 
 v.i. to menace. 
 
 threaten (thret 'n), v.i. to use threats: 
 v.t. terrify by menaces. 
 
 three (thre), adj. noting the sum of 
 2 and 1: n. sl number the sum of 2 
 and 1. 
 
 threefold (thre'fold), same as thrice. 
 
 threepence (thrip'ens), n. a small 
 British silver coin, value 6 cents. 
 
 threnody (thren'o-di) , n. a dirge. 
 
 thresh, same as thrash. 
 
 threshold (thresh/old), n. the sill of 
 a door; entrance; door; place or 
 point of entrance. 
 
 threw (throo). p.t. of throw. 
 
 thrice (thrls), adv. three times; re- 
 peatedly. 
 
 thrift (thrift), n. frugality; econom- 
 ical management; good husbandry; 
 increase of wealth; profit; a plant. 
 
 thriftless (thrift'les), adj. without busi- 
 ness sense; neglectful of one's affairs. 
 
 thrifty (thrift'!) , adj. [comp. thriftier, 
 superl. thriftiest], characterized by 
 economy and good management; 
 frugal. 
 
 thrill (thril), v.t. to pierce; cause to 
 have a shivering, tingling, or ex- 
 quisite sensation: v.i. to penetrate, 
 as something sharp; feel a sharp 
 tingling or exquisite sensation run- 
 ning through the whole body; quiv- 
 er: n. a thrilling sensation; quiver. 
 
 thrive (thriv), v.i. [p.t. thrived, 
 throve, p.p. thrived, thriven, p.pr. 
 thriving], to prosper by industry, 
 economy, and good management; 
 increase or prosper in business, &c; 
 grow rich; grow vigorously or lux- 
 uriantly; increase or flourish. 
 
 throat (throt), n. the fore-part of 
 the neck of an animal containing 
 the windpipe and gullet; contracting 
 part of a vessel, &c. 
 
 throb (throb), v.i. to beat, as the 
 pulse, with more than usual force; 
 palpitate: n. a strong pulsation. 
 
 throe (thro), n. agony; extreme pain, 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, rait ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
THRONE 
 
 528 
 
 THYROID 
 
 especially in parturition: v.i. to be 
 in agony. 
 
 throne (thron), n. a chair of state; 
 sovereign power and dignity: v.t. to 
 place upon a throne; exalt. [Latin.] 
 
 throng (throng), n. a multitude; 
 crowd: v.t. to crowd or press to- 
 gether; annoy with numbers: v.i. to 
 come in multitudes. 
 
 throstle (thros'l), n. the song-thrush; a 
 machine for spinning wool and cotton. 
 
 throttle (throt'l), v.t. to strangle or 
 choke by pressure on the windpipe: 
 n. the windpipe; a throttle-valve. 
 
 through (throo), prep, from end to 
 end of; between the sides of; in the 
 midst of; among; by the agency of: 
 adv. from end to end; from the be- 
 ginning to the end. 
 
 throughout (throo-out'), adv. in every 
 part. 
 
 throve (throv), p.t. of thrive. 
 
 throw (thro), v.t. [p.t. threw, p.p. 
 thrown, p.pr. throwing], to fling or 
 hurl; cast to a distance; cast in any 
 manner; propel; overturn; put on 
 hastily or carelessly; strip; shape 
 or form roughly; give utterance to; 
 produce; twist or wind: n. the act 
 of flinging or hurling; a cast of dice; 
 distance a missile can be thrown; 
 stroke, as of a slide-valve; potter's 
 wheel. 
 
 thrum (thrum), n. the end of a 
 weaver's thread; coarse yarn: v.t. 
 [p.t. & p.p. thrummed, p.pr. thrum- 
 ming], to fringe or put tufts on; play 
 idly or unskillfully on (a stringed in- 
 strument) with the fingers: v.i. to 
 strum; drum. 
 
 thrush (thrush), n. a sweet-songed 
 bird of the genus Merula; a disease 
 of infants characterized by minute 
 white ulcers in the mouth and 
 fauces; an inflammatory and sup- 
 purating affection in the feet of 
 horses. [Danish.] 
 
 thrust (thrust), v.t. to push or drive 
 with force; urge or impel: v.i. to 
 push forward; enter by pushing; in- 
 trude; attack with a pointed weap- 
 on: n. a violent or sudden push; 
 stab. 
 
 thud (thud), n. a dull sound produced 
 by a body falling on a comparatively 
 soft substance. 
 
 thug (thug), n. one of a fraternity of 
 
 robbers and assassins in India who 
 practiced secret murder, as an act of 
 propitiation to the goddess Kali; a 
 ruffian. [Hindu.] 
 
 thumb (thum), n. the short, thick 
 digit of the human hand: v.t. to 
 handle awkwardly; soil with the 
 thumb: v.i. to play awkwardly. 
 
 thumbscrew (thum'skroo) , n. a screw 
 to turn with the finger and thumb; 
 an instrument of torture for com- 
 pressing the thumb. Also thumbi- 
 kins. 
 
 thummim (thum'im), n.pl. a mys- 
 terious symbol worn on the breast- 
 plate of the Jewish high priest 
 signifying perfection. [Hebrew.] 
 
 thump (thump), n. a hard, heavy 
 blow: v.t. to strike or beat with dull 
 heavy blows: v.i. to fall or strike 
 with a dull heavy blow. 
 
 thunder (thun'der), n. the noise ac- 
 companying a flash of lightning; 
 loud noise; an alarming denuncia- 
 tion or threat: v.i. to produce thun- 
 der; make a loud noise: v.t. to utter 
 with a loud and threatening voice. 
 
 thunderbolt (thun'der-bolt)^ n. a 
 shaft of lightning; something re- 
 sembling lightning in suddenness and 
 terror; dreadful denunciation, es- 
 pecially ecclesiastical censure; dar- 
 ing or irresistible hero; a belem- 
 nite. 
 
 thunderstruck (thun'der-struk) , p. 
 adj. astonished or struck dumb by 
 sudden amazement, &c. 
 
 Thursday (therz'da), n. the fifth day 
 of the week. 
 
 ihus (thus), adv. in this or that man- 
 ner; to this degree or extent; so: n. 
 (thus) the resin of the spruce fir. < 
 
 thwack (thwak), v.t. to strike with 
 something flat and heavy; thump: 
 n. a heavy blow with something 
 blunt and hard; thump. 
 
 thwart (thwawrt), adj. crosswise; 
 oblique: prep. & adv. across: n. a 
 seat in a boat extending from side to 
 side: v.t. oppose; run counter to; 
 frustrate. 
 
 thy (thi), pron. poss. case of thou. 
 
 thyme (tim), n. a common aromatic 
 herb of the genus Thymus. [Greek.] 
 
 thyroid (thl'roid), adj. shield-shaped: 
 noting one of the cartilages of the 
 larynx. [Greek.] 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
THYSELF 
 
 529 
 
 TILT 
 
 thyself (thl-self), emphatic for thy. 
 [Greek.] 
 
 tiara (ti-a/ra), n. the triple crown 
 worn by the Pope; a lofty headdress 
 worn by the ancient Persians ; the 
 miter of the Jewish high priest; 
 diadem. [French.] 
 
 tibia (tib'i-a), n. the inner and larger 
 of the two leg bones; shin-bone. 
 
 tick (tik), n. a name for various par- 
 asites which infest dogs, sheep, &c; 
 a case for holding feathers, &c, for 
 bedding; small mark; small, quick, 
 distinct sound or beat; credit: v.i. 
 to make a small, quick, distinct 
 sound; go on credit: v.t. to mark off 
 by a tick. 
 
 ticket (tik'et), n. a label or card giving 
 its possessor some specific right; la- 
 bel specifying price, &c, of goods; 
 printed list of candidates at an elec- 
 tion: v.t. to distinguish by, or as by, 
 a ticket. [French.] 
 
 ticking (tik'ing), n. cloth used for 
 bed-ticks. 
 
 tickle (tik'l), v.t. to touch lightly so as 
 to produce a thrilling sensation, usu- 
 ally accompanied by laughter; grat- 
 ify and amuse: v.i. to feel titilla- 
 tion. 
 
 ticklish (tik'lish) , adj. sensible to slight 
 touches; easily tickled; critical; pre- 
 carious; difficult; delicate to handle 
 or achieve. 
 
 tidal (tld'al), adj. pertaining to the 
 tides; ebbing and flowing like the 
 tides. 
 
 tide (tld), n. the regular rising and 
 falling of the sea, rivers, &c; stream; 
 time ; season ; turning point ; ten- 
 dency; in mining, period of twelve 
 hours: v.t. to drive with the stream: 
 v.i. to work in or out of a river or 
 harbor by drifting with the tide. 
 
 tidings (tld'ingz), n.pl. news. 
 
 tidy (tid'i), adj. [comp. tidier, superl. 
 tidiest], kept or dressed in proper 
 and habitual neatness; trim; neat; 
 orderly: n. an ornamental cover for 
 the back of a chair, &c: v.t. [p.t. & 
 p.p. tidied, p.pr. tidying], to make 
 neat or tidy; put in proper order. 
 
 tie (ti), n. a knot or fastening; bond; 
 obligation; beam or rod for holding 
 two parts together; equality in num- 
 bers; knot of hair; curved line 
 placed over or under two or more 
 
 notes, signifying they are to be 
 slurred, or be sounded as one 
 [Music]: v.t. to fasten with, or as 
 with, a cord; bind; restrict; unite, 
 as notes [Music]: v.i. to make an 
 equal score. 
 
 tier (ter), n. a row or rank, especial- 
 ly one of two or more rows placed 
 one above the other. [Old French.] 
 
 tierce (ters), n. a cask of 42 gallons; 
 sequence of three cards; thrust in 
 fencing; a third [Music]. [Old 
 
 French.] 
 
 tiff (tif), n. a fit of anger; slight 
 quarrel; small draught of liquor: 
 v.i. to be in a fit. 
 
 tiger (tl'ger), n. a large, fierce, rapa- 
 cious quadruped of the genus Felis; 
 a servant-boy in livery. [Latin.] 
 
 tight (tit), adj. not loose; close; 
 tenacious; compactly built; fitting 
 close to the body; not leaky; taut; 
 snug; parsimonious; ill-supplied or 
 stringent; drunk: n.pl. closely fitting 
 underclothing worn by actors. 
 
 tigress (tl'gres), n. the female of the 
 tiger. 
 
 tilbury (til'bri), n. an old-fashioned 
 gig. [English.] 
 
 tilde (til'de), n. a mark (~) placed 
 over n in Spanish words to indicate 
 that between then and the following 
 vowel a y sound is to be introduced. 
 
 tile (til), n. a thin slab of baked clay, 
 used for roofing, &c; hat; door of a 
 Masonic lodge: v.t. to cover with 
 tiles; guard (the door of a lodge). 
 
 till (til), n. a money drawer in a 
 desk or counter; a glacial deposit of 
 unlaminated clay, sand, and gravel: 
 prep, to the time of: adv. to the time 
 when: conj. to the degree that; un- 
 til: v.t. to prepare (land) for seed, 
 &c. ; cultivate. 
 
 tillage (til'aj), n. land prepared for 
 crops; husbandry; agriculture. 
 
 tilt (tilt), n. a tent; the cloth cover- 
 ing of a cart or wagon; cover of a 
 boat or stern # awning; a thrust; a 
 mediaeval military exercise or pag- 
 eant in which the combatants on 
 horseback attacked each other with 
 lances; a tilt-hammer: upheaval of 
 strata to a higher angle: v.t. to 
 cover with an awning; point or 
 thrust with, or as with, a lance; 
 forge with a tilt-hammer; raise on 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
TILTH 
 
 530 
 
 TIPTOE 
 
 end ; incline : v.i. to run or ride and 
 thrust with a lance. 
 
 tilth (tilth), n. cultivated land; til- 
 lage ground. 
 
 timber (tim'ber), n. the body or stem 
 of a tree; wood suitable for build- 
 ings, carpentry, shipbuilding, &c; 
 piece of wood for building or al- 
 ready framed; wooded land; v.t. to 
 furnish or construct with timber. 
 
 timbre (tim'ber), n. tone or character 
 of musical sound. [French.] 
 
 timbrel (tim'brel), n. a kind of drum. 
 
 time (tim), n. measure of duration, 
 whether past, present, or future; 
 particular period of duration; age 
 or period during which anything oc- 
 curred or a person lived; present 
 life or existence; season; era; epoch; 
 proper time; repetition; leisure; 
 musical measure or duration of 
 sounds; tense; hour of travail; v.t. 
 to adapt to the time or occasion; do 
 at the proper season; regulate or 
 measure; v.i : to keep or beat time. 
 
 timely (tim'li), adj. [comp. timelier, 
 superl. timeliest], being or occurring 
 in time; opportune. 
 
 timid (tim'id), adj. wanting in cour- 
 age ; faint-hearted ; fearful . 
 
 timidity (tim-id'i-ti) , n. want of 
 courage. 
 
 timorous (tim'er-us), adj. fearful of 
 danger; full of scruples. 
 
 tin (tin), n. a silvery-white, soft, 
 malleable, and fusible metal; thin 
 plates of iron covered with tin; a 
 cylindrical vessel of tin; money; v.t. 
 [p.t. & p.p. tinned, p : pr. tinning], to 
 cover with tin, or with tinned iron; 
 put into tins for preservation. 
 
 tincture (tingk'tur), n. a tinge or 
 shade of color ; slight taste or quality ; 
 solution of any medicine in or by 
 means of spirits of wine; fine or 
 more volatile parts of a substance: 
 v.t. to dye or color; tinge. [Latin. 1 
 
 tinder (tin'der), n. any inflammable 
 material used to kindle a fire from a 
 spark, as rotten wood or scorched 
 linen. 
 
 tine (tin), n. a tooth or spike. 
 
 ting (ting), n. a sharp, bell-like 
 sound; that part of a Chinese tem- 
 # pie which contains the idol. 
 
 tinge (tinj), v.t. to stain or color; 
 impregnate with something foreign; 
 
 dye; n. a slight degree of some color, 
 taste, or quality imparted to a sub- 
 stance; tint. 
 
 tingle (ting'gl), v.i. to feel a thrill- 
 ing sensation, or pain; v.t. to ring; 
 cause to tingle; n. a thrilling sensa- 
 tion or pain. 
 
 tinker (ting'ker), n. a mender of 
 metal pots, kettles, &c; v.t. to patch 
 up: v.i. meddle in an officious man- 
 ner. 
 
 tinkle (ting'kl), n. a small, quick, 
 sharp, ringing sound: v.i. to make 
 such a sound: v.t. to cause to give 
 out a tinkle. 
 
 tinsel (tin'sel), n. a kind of cloth over- 
 laid or interwoven with gold and 
 silver ; thin glittering metallic plate ; 
 anything showy but of little value; 
 adj. showy to excess; superficial; 
 outwardly fine but really worthless : 
 v.t. to decorate with, or as with, 
 tinsel; make outwardly gaudy. 
 
 tint (tint), n. a slight coloring dis- 
 tinct from the principal color; hue 
 or shade: v.t. to give a slight color- 
 ing to. 
 
 tintinnabulation (tin-ti-nab-u-la/- 
 shun), n. a tinkling sound, as of 
 bells. [Latin.] 
 
 tintype (tin'tip), same as ferrotype. 
 
 tiny (ti'ni), adj. [comp. tinier, su- 
 perl. tiniest], very small; puny. 
 
 tip (tip), n. a point or top of any- 
 thing small; end; ferrule or nozzle; 
 anther; gentle stroke; small pres- 
 ent; private hint, especially in bet- 
 ting; tilt: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tipped, 
 p.pr. tipping], to form a point to; 
 coyer the end of; strike lightly; give 
 private hint to; give a small pres- 
 ent to; tilt up. 
 
 tippet (tip'et), n. a narrow cape, or 
 covering of cloth or fur for the neck 
 or shoulders. 
 
 tipping (tip/ing), n. the peculiar artic- 
 ulation given to the flute by the 
 player's tongue striking the roof of 
 the mouth. 
 
 tipple (tip'l), v.i. to drink spirits or 
 strong liquors habitually; drink fre- 
 quently in small quantities: n. 
 liquor. [Norwegian.] # 
 
 tfpsy (tip'si), adj. intoxicated. 
 
 tiptoe (tip'to) ,n. the end of a toe : adv. on 
 tiptoe ; stealthily : v.i. to walk or stand 
 on tiptoe; be on the strain, or alert. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
TIPTOP 
 
 531 
 
 TOGETHER 
 
 tiptop (tip'top), n. the highest point or 
 degree; best of anything: adj. most 
 excellent. 
 
 tirade (ti-rad'), n. a long, violent, 
 declamatory speech; strain of cen- 
 sure or reproof; filling of an inter- 
 val by the intermediate diatonic 
 notes. [Italian.] 
 
 tire (tlr), n. a band or hoop of iron 
 or rubber binding the felloes of 
 wheels: v.t. to exhaust the strength 
 of by labor; weary or fatigue; ex- 
 haust the patience of: v.i. to become 
 weary or fatigued. 
 
 tireless (tir'les), adj. incapable of 
 fatigue; unwearied; lacking a tire 
 . (for a wheel). 
 
 tiresome (tlr 'sum), adj. wearisome; 
 ^ tedious; fatiguing; annoying. 
 
 tissue (tish'oo), n. a woven fabric, 
 especially thin transparent silk used 
 for veiling, formerly interwoven with 
 gold or silver threads; any thin or 
 delicate texture or fabric ; thin cellu- 
 lar organization of parts, consisting 
 of forms closely compacted and per- 
 forming special functions; connected 
 series: v.t. to form tissue of; inter- 
 weave. [French.] 
 
 tit (tit), n. morsel or bit; small horse; 
 titmouse; name for various species of 
 small singing birds. 
 
 tithe iXlth), n. the tenth part of any- 
 thing, especially the tenth part of 
 the annual increase of the profit 
 arising from land, stock, &c, allotted 
 to the support of the clergy; small 
 part: v.t. to tax or levy a tithe of. 
 
 titillate (tit'i-lat), v.t. to tickle. 
 
 titivate (tit'i-vat), v.t. to make smart 
 or adorn. 
 
 title (tl'tl), n. an inscription over or 
 at the beginning of something serv- 
 ing to designate it; name; appella- 
 tion of dignity, rank, distinction, or 
 preeminence; claim of right; presen- 
 tation to a curacy as a condition of 
 ordination: v.t. to entitle. [Latin.] 
 
 titrate (tit'rat), v.t. to estimate or 
 determine the strength of by volu- 
 metric analysis. 
 
 titter (tit'er), v.i. to laugh with re- 
 straint; giggle; see-saw: n. a re- 
 strained laugh. 
 
 tittle (tit'l), n. a small particle; iota. 
 
 titular (tit'u-lar), adj. existing in 
 name or title only; nominal; having 
 
 the title without the duties of an 
 office. 
 
 tmesis (tme'sis) , n. the separation of a 
 compound word by the insertion of 
 one or more words between its parts. 
 [Greek.] 
 
 to (too), prep, noting motion towards; 
 in accordance with. 
 
 toad (tod), n. a batrachian reptile, re- 
 sembling the frog, of the genus 
 Bufo. 
 
 toadstool (tod'stool), n. a name of 
 numerous species of non-edible fungi 
 of the genus Agaricus. 
 
 toady (tod'i), n. a sycophant: v.t. [p.t. 
 & p.p. toadied, p.pr. toadying], to 
 fawn upon as a sycophant: v.i. to 
 play the sycophant. 
 
 toast (tost), n. bread scorched or 
 browned before the fire; one who is 
 named when a health is drunk: v.t. 
 to brown or heat at the fire; show 
 honor to in drinking; name when a 
 health is drunk. [Old French.] _ 
 
 tobacco (to-bak'o), n. an American 
 plant of the genus Nicotiana, the 
 dried leaves of which are used for 
 smoking, chewing, or as snuff. 
 
 toboggan (to-bog'an), n. a kind of 
 sledge in which one or more persons 
 sit for sliding down snow-covered 
 hills or inclines: v.i. to slide down- 
 hill by means of a toboggan. 
 
 toby (to'bi), n. a large stone mug for 
 beer and ale. 
 
 tocsin (tok'sin), n. an alarm-bell. 
 
 to-day (too-da'), n. the present day: 
 adv. on the present day. 
 
 toddle (tod'l), v.i. to walk with short, 
 tottering steps like a child: n. a tod- 
 dling walk. 
 
 toddy (tod'i), n. a sweet juice obtained 
 from certain palms; mixture of spir- 
 it and water sweetened. 
 
 to-do (too-doo'), n. stir; commotion; 
 bustje. 
 
 toe (to), n. one of the terminal mem- 
 bers of the foot of a man or animal; 
 forepart of a horse's hoof; a projec- 
 tion: v.t. to touch, reach, or strike 
 with the toe or toes. 
 
 toffy (tof'i), n. a sweetmeat; taffy. 
 
 toga (to'ga), n. [pi. togas (to'gaz), 
 togse (to'je)], the loose outer gar- 
 ment worn by the ancient Rom- 
 ans. 
 
 together (too-geth'er), adv. in com- 
 
 ate. arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 34 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
TOGGERY 
 
 532 
 
 TONNAGE 
 
 pany or association; mutually; in 
 union or concert; uninterruptedly. 
 
 toggery (tog'er-i), n. clothes; artic- 
 les. 
 
 toggle (tog'l), n. a small wooden pin 
 tapering towards both ends and 
 grooved round its center; button or 
 frog. m m 
 
 toil (toil), n. labor oppressive to mmd 
 or body; fatiguing exertion; snare; 
 net: v.i. to labor or work with pain 
 or fatigue. 
 
 toilet (toi'let), n. a covering of linen, 
 silk, &c, spread over a bedroom or 
 dressing-room table; dressing-table; 
 style or manner of dressing ; attire. 
 
 toilsome (toil'sum), adj. laborious; 
 wearisome. 
 
 token (to'kn), a mark or sign; me- 
 morial of affection, &c; symbol of 
 good faith or authenticity; piece of 
 metal not coined by authority, but 
 current by sufferance. 
 
 tola (to'la), n. in British India, a 
 weight for gold and silver = 180 
 grains troy. 
 
 told (told), p.t. & p.p. of tell. 
 
 tolerable (tol'er-a-bl) , adj. endurable; 
 supportable; fairly good. 
 
 tolerance (tol'er-ans), n. endurance; 
 toleration. 
 
 tolerant (tol'er-ant) , adj. disposed to, 
 or favoring, toleration. [Latin.] 
 
 tolerate (tol'er-at), v.t. to endure; per- 
 mit; allow so as not to hinder or 
 prohibit. 
 
 toleration (tol-er-a 'shun), n. the act 
 of tolerating ; allowance of that which 
 is not wholly approved; recognition 
 of the right of private judgment in 
 religious opinions and modes of wor- 
 ship differing from those of the es- 
 tablished Church; freedom from 
 bigotry. 
 
 toll (tol), n. the sound of a bell slow- 
 ly repeated at short intervals; a 
 duty or tax on travelers or goods 
 passing along a public road or 
 bridge; tax or duty paid for some 
 privilege: v.i. to sound or ring slow- 
 ly, as a bell; annul: v.t. to draw or 
 lead. 
 
 tomahawk (tom'a-hawk) , n. a hatch- 
 et used by the North American In- 
 dians in war and the chase: v.t. to 
 strike, or kiM, with a tomahawk. 
 
 tomato (to-ma' or to-ma'to), n. [pi. to- 
 
 matoes (to-ma'or-ma'toz)], a plant 
 and its well-known fleshy fruit. 
 
 tomb (toom), n. a grave, or vault; 
 monument erected to enclose and 
 preserve the memory of the dead: 
 v.t. to entomb. 
 
 tomboy (tom'boi), n. a wild, romping 
 girl. 
 
 tome (torn), n. a large book. 
 
 tomfool (tom'fool), n. a great fool; 
 silly trifler. 
 
 to-morrow (too-mor'o),'n. the day fol- 
 lowing the present day: adv. on the 
 day following to-day. 
 
 tomtit (tom'tit), n. the titmouse. 
 
 tom-tom (tom'tom), n. a drum flat at 
 one end and convex at the other: 
 used in Africa and the East Indies. 
 Also tam-tam. 
 
 ton (tun), n. 20 hundredweight; 40 
 cubic feet in ship measurement ; pre- 
 vailing fashion (tong). 
 
 tonality (ton-al'i-ti) , n. key relation- 
 ship; accuracy of pitch. [French.] 
 
 tone (ton), n. sound, or character of 
 sound; note; quality of the voice; 
 state of the body with reference to 
 the healthy performance of its ani- 
 mal functions ; harmony of the col- 
 ors of a painting; interval of sound; 
 chant [Music]: v.t. to bring to a re- 
 quired shade of color; mitigate. 
 
 tongs (tongs), n.pl. a metal instru- 
 ment with two jointed limbs for 
 grasping anything. 
 
 tongue (tung), n. the chief instru- 
 ment of speech, and the organ of 
 taste; power of speech; manner of 
 speaking; dialect; idiom; discourse; 
 mere words; fluency; clapper of a 
 bell; anything resembling a tongue; 
 promontory: v.t. to modulate or 
 modify with the tongue; scold: v.i. 
 talk; prate. 
 
 tonic (ton'ik) , adj. pertaining to, or 
 based on, the key-note; increasing 
 tension; strengthening: n. a strength- 
 ening medicine. 
 
 to-night (too-nit'), n. the present 
 night: adv. on the present night. 
 
 tonite (to'nit), n. a powerful explo- 
 sive. 
 
 tonnage (tun'aj), n. the weight of 
 goods carried in a boat or ship; car- 
 rying capacity of a vessel; duty or 
 toll on vessels; collective shipping of 
 any port or country. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, fften. 
 
TONNEAU 
 
 533 
 
 TORSION 
 
 tonneau (tun '5), n. the body of an 
 automobile, behind the chauffeur. 
 
 tonsilitis (ton-sil-I'tis), n. inflamma- 
 tion of the tonsils. 
 
 tonsils (ton'silz), n.pl. two almond- 
 shaped glands situated at the two 
 sides of the fauces of the throat. 
 
 tonsure (ton'shur), n. the act of clip- 
 ping the hah' or of shaving the 
 crown of the head; the corona thus 
 worn by Roman Catholic clerics: 
 v.i. to give the tonsure to. 
 
 tontine (ton-ten'), n. a loan raised on 
 life annuities with benefit accruing 
 to the last survivor. 
 
 too (too), adv. more than enough; like- 
 wise; in addition; over and above; 
 also. 
 
 took, p.t. of take. 
 
 tool (tool), n. an instrument of man- 
 ual operation; one who acts as the 
 instrument of another: v.t. to shape 
 with a tool; drive, as a coach. 
 
 toot (toot), v.t. to sound, as a horn 
 or flute : n.'& blast on a horn. [Dutch.] 
 
 tooth (tooth), n. [pi. teeth (teth)], one 
 of the hard bony processes grow- 
 ing in the jaws used for biting and 
 chewing; any projection resembling 
 a tooth; palate or taste: v.t. to in- 
 dent or form into teeth. 
 
 top (top), n. the highest part ^sum- 
 mit; upper side or surface; highest 
 person, place, or rank; crown of the 
 head; small platform at the head of 
 the lower mast; a child's toy: v.t. 
 [p.t. & p.p. topped, p.pr. topping], 
 to cover or place on the top; rise to 
 the top_ of; excel; cut off the top of. 
 
 topaz (to'paz), n. a crystallized min- 
 eral of various colors used as a gem. 
 
 tope (top), n. a mound-shaped Bud- 
 dhist monument containing relics; 
 grove of trees. [Hindu.] 
 
 topee (to-pe'), n. a cork or pith hel- 
 met. Also topi. 
 
 toper (to'per), n. a drunkard. 
 
 Tophet (to'fet), n. & place situated 
 southeast of Jerusalem, in the Val- 
 ley of Hinnom, where fire was burnt 
 in honor of Moloch; subsequently 
 made a burial place: hence hell. 
 
 topic (top'ik), n. a, subject of dis- 
 course, conversation, or argument; 
 theme. [French.] 
 
 toplofty (top'lof-ti), adj. overbearing; 
 arrogant. 
 
 topography (to-pog'ra-fi), n. the sci- 
 entific description of a particular 
 place, &c; the features of a region 
 or locality. 
 
 topple (top'l), v.t. to overturn: v.i. to 
 fall forward; tumble down. 
 
 topsy-turvy (top'si-ter'vi), adv. in an 
 inverted position; in confusion: adj. 
 disordered; chaotic. 
 
 toque (tok), n. a close-fitting bonnet. 
 
 tor (tor), n. high-pointed hill; jutting 
 rock. 
 
 Torah (to'ra), n. the Mosaic law; Pen- 
 tateuch. Also Thorah. 
 
 torch (torch), n. a large light formed 
 of resinous wood, flax, &c, soaked 
 in some inflammable substance, and 
 carried in the hand; any light used 
 in the manner of a torch; flambeau. 
 
 tore (tor), p.t. of tear^ 
 
 toreador (tor-e-a-dor'), n. a bull 
 fighter. [Spanish.] 
 
 torment (tor'ment), n. extreme pain; 
 torture; anguish: v.t. (tor-menf), to 
 put to extreme pain, physical or 
 mental; torture; harass. [French.] 
 
 torn (torn), p.t. of tear. 
 
 tornado (tor-na'do), n. [pi. tornadoes 
 (tor-na'doz)], a violent tempest or 
 whirlwind. [Spanish.] 
 
 torpedo (tor-pe'do), n. [pi. torpedoes 
 (tor-pe'doz)], a submarine apparatus 
 for destroying ships by explosion; 
 kind of firework; the cramp-fish: v.t. 
 to destroy by a torpedo. [Latin.] 
 
 torpedo-boat (tor-pe'do-bot), n. a 
 boat constructed to navigate under 
 water and launch torpedoes at the 
 enemy's ships or ram them. 
 
 torpid (tor'pid), adj. numb; inactive. 
 
 torpidity (tor-pid'i-ti), n. inactivity; 
 insensibility. [Latin.] 
 
 torpor (tor'per),n. a numbness; inac- 
 tivity. 
 
 torque (tork), n. a twisted collar or 
 necklace worn by certain ancient 
 barbaric nations. [Latin.] 
 
 torrefy (tor're-fl), v.t. \p.t. & p.p. tor- 
 refied, p.pr. torrefying], to dry by 
 fire; roast (ores). 
 
 torrent (tor'ent), n. a violent and rap- 
 id stream ; heavy m fall, as of rain ; 
 strong current, rising suddenly and 
 rushing rapidly along. JLatin.] 
 
 torrid (tor'id), adj. dried with heat; ex- 
 tremely hot; burning; parching. 
 
 torsion (tor'shun), n. the act of turn- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
TORSO 
 
 534 
 
 TOWER 
 
 ing or twisting; the wrenching or 
 twisting of a body by lateral force. 
 
 torso (tor'so), n. [pi. torsos, torsi 
 (tor'soz, tor'se)], the trunk of a statue, 
 especially one having the head or 
 limbs mutilated. [Italian.] 
 
 tort (tort), n. in law, any wrong, in- 
 jury, or damage. [French.] 
 
 tortile (tor 'til), adj. bent; twisted; 
 wreathed. 
 
 tortilla (tor-tel'ya), n. a thin unleav- 
 ened cake of maize baked on a heated 
 iron plate. [Spanish.] 
 
 tortoise (tor'tis), n. a reptile of the 
 family Testudinidae with a very hard 
 shell or test; a testudo. [French.] 
 
 tortuous (tor'tu-us), adj. crooked; 
 twisted; wreathed; underhand; in- 
 direct; deceitful. 
 
 torture (tor'tur), n. agony of mind or 
 body; excruciating pain; pain in- 
 flicted as a punishment or as a means 
 of extorting a confession: v.t. to pun- 
 ish with, or as with, torture; put to 
 the rack; excruciate; vex; wrest 
 from the true meaning. 
 
 toss (tos), v.t. to throw with the hand; 
 throw upward; jerk; put into violent 
 motion; cause to rise and fall: v.i. to 
 roll or tumble; be tossed: n. a throw- 
 ing upward or with a jerk. 
 
 toss-up (tos'up), n. the common prac- 
 tice of throwing a coin into the air to 
 decide a wager; hence, an equal 
 chance. 
 
 tot (tot), n. anything small or insig- 
 nificant; a term of endearment: pi. 
 a series of figures in column form to 
 be added up as an exercise in rapid 
 calculation: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. totted, 
 p.pr. totting], to add; count up. 
 
 total (to'tal), _ adj. whole; complete; 
 full; not divided: n. the whole sum 
 or amount; completeness. 
 
 tote (tot), v.t. to carry. 
 
 totem (to'tem), n. an animal used as 
 the symbol or name of a tribe or 
 clan. 
 
 totter (tot'er), v.i. to shake as if about 
 to fall; be unsteady; stagger; reel. 
 
 touch (tuch),v.t. to come in contact 
 with; perceive by feeling; handle 
 slightly; play; reach; attain to; med- 
 dle with ; to ask for a loan ; add a light 
 stroke to<;_ affect the senses or sensi- 
 bility of; injure or hurt: v.i. to be in 
 contact; call in at a port: n. the act 
 
 of touching; state of being touched; 
 contact; sense of feeling; action of 
 the hand on a musical instrument; 
 tried qualities; emotion or affection; 
 single stroke on a painting, &c. 
 
 touching (tuch'ing), adj. pathetic; n. 
 the act of coming in contact with: 
 prep, with respect to; concerning. 
 
 touchstone (tuch'ston), n. Lydian 
 stone or basanite, used for testing 
 the purity of gold and silver; hence a 
 criterion. 
 
 touchy (tuch'i), adj. irritable; peevish. 
 
 tough (tuf ) , adj. flexible without being 
 brittle; not easily broken or frac- 
 tured; able to endure hardship; 
 strong; firm; tenacious; viscous; 
 difficult; not easy to masticate: n. a 
 rough. 
 
 toupee (too-pe'), n. a small wig, or 
 curl. [French.] 
 
 tour (toor), n. a circuitous journey; 
 excursion; trip: v.i. to make a tour: 
 v.t. to make a tour or circuit of: as, 
 to tour the country. [French.] 
 
 tourmaline (toor'ma-lin), n. a trans- 
 parent aluminous mineral of various 
 colors, some varieties of which are 
 used as gems. [French.] 
 
 tournament (toor'na-ment) , n. a mock 
 -fight by knights on horseback; con- 
 test of skill. _Also tourney. 
 
 tourniquet (toor'ni-ket), n. a surgical 
 instrument for compressing an ar- 
 tery and arresting hemorrhage. 
 
 tousle or touzle (touz'l), v.t. to pull 
 about roughly; put in disorder. 
 
 tout (tout), v.i. to look out for custo- 
 mers: n. one who secretly watches 
 racehorses in training, in orcler to 
 give private information to his cli- 
 ents to guide them in betting; a 
 touter. 
 
 tow (to), n. the coarse part of flax or 
 hemp: v.t. to drag, as a vessel, 
 through the water by means of a 
 rope. 
 
 toward (to'erd) , prep, in the direction 
 of; with a tendency to; with respect 
 to: adv. near; at hand. Also tow- 
 ards. 
 
 towel (tou'el), n. a cloth for wiping 
 the hands, &c, after washing. 
 
 tower (tou'er), n. a lofty building, 
 square or circular, usually flat on 
 the top; fortress; high headdress worn 
 by women in the seventeenth cen- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, £7ien. 
 
TOWN 
 
 535 
 
 TRAFFIC 
 
 tury: v.i. to rise to a great height; 
 to be lofty. 
 
 town (toun), n. any collection of 
 houses larger than a village, and not 
 being a city. 
 
 township (toun'ship), n. the district or 
 territory into which many of the 
 States are divided and subordinate 
 to the county. 
 
 toxemia, toxaemia (toks-e'mi-a), n. 
 blood poisoning. [Greek.] 
 
 toxic (toks'ik), adj. poisonous. 
 
 toxicology (toks-i-kol'o-ji), n. the sci- 
 ence that treats of poisons, their ef- 
 fects, antidotes, &c. 
 
 toxin (toks'in), n. a poison produced 
 by the action of bacteria upon or- 
 ganic matter. 
 
 toy (toi), n. a child's plaything; some- 
 thing of no real value; bauble; play- 
 thing: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. toyed, p.pr. 
 toying], to dally amorously; trifle. 
 
 trace (tras), n. a mark left by any- 
 thing passing; footprint; small quan- 
 tity: pi. the straps, &c, by which a 
 vehicle is drawn by a horse: v.t. to 
 delineate by marks; follow by tracks 
 or footsteps; follow exactly. [French.] 
 
 traceable (tras'a-bl), adj. capable of 
 being traced. 
 
 tracery (tras'er-i), n. an architectural 
 ornamentation in Gothic structures. 
 
 trachea (tra'ke-a), n. the windpipe: 
 pi. the air-tubes in the bodies of in- 
 sects (tracheae). [Greek.] 
 
 tracing (tra'sing), n. the act of one 
 who traces; regular path; mechan- 
 ical copy by marking on thin paper 
 over the original. 
 
 track (trak), n. a mark or impression 
 left by the foot; beaten path; course 
 or way; course for racing; perma- 
 nent way of a railroad: v.t. to pursue 
 by following the footprints or marks 
 left behind. [Dutch.] 
 
 trackless (trak'les), adj. pathless; un- 
 trodden and unmarked by human 
 feet, 
 
 tract (trakt), n. a short treatise, usu- 
 ally on some religious subject; region 
 of indefinite extent; expanse. 
 
 tractable (trakt'a-bl) , adj. docile; easi- 
 ly instructed or managed. 
 
 tractate (trak'tat) , n. a small book or 
 treatise. 
 
 tractile (trak'til), adj. ductile. 
 
 traction (trak'shun), n. the act of 
 
 drawing; state of being drawn; at- 
 traction. 
 
 trade (trad), n. commerce; business; 
 buying and selling for money; deal- 
 ing by way of sale or exchange; 
 traffic ; persons engaged in a particu- 
 lar business: adj. pertaining to, car- 
 ried on by, or characteristic of, a 
 trade: pi. the trade winds: v.i. to 
 carry on commerce; buy and sell; 
 traffic: v.t. to sell or exchange in 
 commerce. 
 
 trade-mark (trad 'mark), n. a dis- 
 tinguishing device affixed by a mer- 
 chant to his goods, to show his 
 exclusive right. 
 
 trader (trad'er), n. one engaged in 
 trade or commerce; a dealer in buy- 
 ing and selling or barter. 
 
 tradesman (tradz-man), n. a shop- 
 keeper. A merchant is called a 
 trader, but not a tradesman. 
 
 trades-union (tradz'un-yun), n. an 
 organized combination of workmen 
 for protection of their interests in 
 any particular trade or industry. 
 
 trade- wind (trad 'wind), n. a name 
 given to winds in the torrid zone, and 
 often a little beyond it, which blow 
 from the same quarter throughout 
 the year, unless when affected by 
 local causes. Their general direc- 
 tion is from N. E. to S. W. on the 
 north side of the equator, and from S. 
 E. to N. W. on the south side of the 
 equator. 
 
 tradition (tra-dish'un), n. the delivery 
 of opinions, doctrines, practices, 
 rites, and customs, from father to 
 son, or from ancestors to posterity; 
 the transmission of any opinions or 
 practice from forefathers to descend- 
 ants by oral communication, without 
 written memorials. Thus, children 
 derive their vernacular language 
 chiefly from tradition. Most of our 
 early notions are received by tradi- 
 tion from our parents. [Latin.] 
 
 traditional (tra-dish'un-al), adj. de- 
 livered orally from father to son; 
 communicated from ancestors to de- 
 scendants by word only; transmitted 
 from age to age without writing. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 traduce (tra-diis'), v.t. to slander. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 traffic (traf'ik), n. trade; commerce, 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
TRAGEDY 
 
 536 
 
 TRANQUILLIZE 
 
 either by barter or by buying and 
 selling: v.i. to trade: v.t. to exchange. 
 
 tragedy (traj'e-di), n. a dramatic 
 poem representing some signal ac- 
 tion performed by illustrious per- 
 sons, and generally having a fatal 
 issue. A fatal and mournful event; 
 any event in which human lives are 
 lost by human violence, more par- 
 ticularly by unauthorized violence. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 tragic (traj'ik), adj. pertaining to 
 tragedy; of the nature or character 
 of tragedy; fatal to life; mournful; 
 sorrowful; calamitous. 
 
 tragi- comedy (traj-i-kom'e-di), n. 
 a kind of dramatic piece in which 
 serious and comic scenes are blended. 
 
 trail (tral), n. the track or scent left 
 by a hunter: v.t. to drag along the 
 ground; to follow the scent of a 
 hunter, or of game: v.i. to be drawn 
 out at length. [Celtic-Latin.] 
 
 train (tran), v.t. to draw along; to 
 educate; to exercise; to discipline; 
 to teach and form by practice; to 
 form to a proper shape; to trace a 
 lode to its head: n. something drawn 
 along behind; the end of a robe, &c; 
 an artifice; the after part of a gun- 
 carriage; a retinue; a company of 
 soldiers in order ; a line of gun- 
 powder prepared for discharging a 
 much larger mass; a continuous line 
 of cars on a railway; a number of 
 cannon brought into the field. 
 [French. ]_ 
 
 trainer (tran'er), n. one who trains up; 
 an instructor; one who trains or 
 prepares men, horses, &c, for 
 athletic exercises. 
 
 training (tran'ing), n. the act or pro- 
 cess of drawing or educating; educa- 
 tion. 
 
 traipse (traps), v.i. to walk carelessly; 
 to gad_about. 
 
 trait (trat), n. a stroke; a touch; a 
 line; a feature. [French.] 
 
 traitor (tra'ter), n. one who violates 
 his allegiance and betrays his coun- 
 try; one guilty of treason; one who, 
 in breach of trust, delivers his coun- 
 try to its enemy, or any fort or place 
 intrusted to his defense, or who sur- 
 renders an army or body of troops to 
 the enemy, unless when vanquished; 
 or one who takes arms and levies 
 
 war against his country; or one who 
 aids an enemy in conquering his 
 country. Fern, traitress. See trea- 
 son. [Old French.] 
 
 trajectory (tra-jek'to-ri), n. the curve 
 which a body describes in space, as 
 a planet or comet in its orbit, or a 
 stone thrown upward obliquely in 
 the air. [Latin.] 
 
 tram (tram), n. one of the rails of a 
 tramway; a tramway: v.i. to travel 
 by tram-car. 
 
 trammel (tram 'ml), n. a net used for 
 hunting or fishing; a shackle for 
 horses; anything that impedes prog- 
 ress, action or freedom: v.t. to im- 
 pede, hinder, shackle. 
 
 tramontane (tra-mon-tan'), adj. liter- 
 ally, lying or being beyond the 
 mountain; foreign; barbarous. The 
 Italians sometimes use this epithet 
 for ultramontane, and apply it to 
 the countries north of the Alps, as 
 France and Germany, and particu- 
 larly to their ecclesiastics, jurists, 
 painters, &c; the French lawyers 
 call certain Italian canonists tra- 
 montane or ultramontane doctors; 
 considering them as favoring too 
 much the court of Rome. See 
 ultramontane. 
 
 tramp (tramp), v.i. to wander about; 
 to stroll: n. a journey on foot; a 
 vagabond. [Dutch.] 
 
 trample (tram'pl), v.t. to tread under 
 foot; to tread with pride, contempt, 
 and insult. [Swedish.] 
 
 tramway (tram'wa), n. a street rail- 
 way; an electric street railway run- 
 ning on steel rails. 
 
 trance (trans), n. an ecstasy; a state 
 in which the soul seems to have 
 passed out of the body into celestial 
 regions; in medicine, catalepsy, i. e., 
 total suspension of mental power and 
 voluntary motion; pulsation and 
 breathing continuing; muscles flex- 
 ible; body yielding to and retaining 
 any given position not incompatible 
 with the laws of gravitation. 
 
 tranquil (tran'kwil), adj. quiet; calm; 
 undisturbed; peaceful, not agitated. 
 
 tranquillity (tran-kwil i-ti), n. quiet- 
 ness ; a calm state ; freedom from dis- 
 turbance or agitation. [French.] 
 
 tranquillize (tran'kwi-llz), v.t. to 
 make tranquil or calm. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
METEORITE 
 
 537 
 
 MICACEOUS 
 
 meteorite (me'te-er-It), n. a stone or 
 metallic body which, in its passage 
 through space, has fallen upon the 
 earth. 
 
 meteorograph^ (me-te-er-og'ra-fi) , n. 
 the registration of meteorological 
 phenomena. [Greek.] 
 
 meteorologic (me-te-er-o-loj'ik), adj. 
 pertaining to the atmosphere, or its 
 phenomena, or to meteorology. Also 
 meteorological. 
 
 meteorologist (me-te-er-ol'o-jist), n. 
 one who is skilled in meteorology. 
 
 meteorology (me-te-er-ol'o-ji), n. the 
 science of the atmosphere and its 
 various phenomena. [Greek.] 
 
 meter (me'ter), n. an instrument for 
 registering automatically the amount 
 measured by it. Also metre. 
 
 meter, metre (me'ter), n. a rhyth- 
 mic arrangement of syllables in 
 verse; unit of length in the decimal 
 system = 39.37 inches. [Greek.] 
 
 meterage (me'ter-aj), n. measure- 
 ment; cost of measuring. 
 
 methinks (me-thingks'), v.i. [p.t. 
 methought]. In this really compound 
 expression, me is the object of thinks, 
 a transitive verb meaning "it seems." 
 [Anglo-Saxon.] § Hence, methinks is 
 equivalent to "it seems to me." 
 
 method (meth'od), n. regular ar- 
 rangement of things; system; or- 
 der; classification. 
 
 methodical (me-thod'i-kal), adj. char- 
 acterized by, or arranged with re- 
 gard to, method; systematic. Also 
 methodic. 
 
 methodically (me-thod'i-ka-li), adv. 
 in a methodical manner. 
 
 Methodism (meth'o-dizm), n. the 
 doctrines and worship of the Metho- 
 dists. 
 
 Methodist (meth'o-dist) , n. one of a 
 sect of Christians founded by John 
 Wesley : adj. pertaining to the Metho- 
 dists. 
 
 methodize (meth'o-dlz) , v.t. to reduce 
 to method; systematize. 
 
 methyl (meth'il), n. the hydro-car- 
 bon radical of methyl alcohol, or 
 wood spirit. 
 
 methylated (meth-i-la'ted) ,'adj . mixed 
 with or containing methyl. 
 
 methylene (meth'i-len) , n. an in- 
 flammable liquid obtained from the 
 distillation of wood. Also methene. 
 
 meticulous (me-tik'u-lus), adj. over- 
 cautious; excessively timid. 
 
 metonymy (me-ton'i-mi), n. a figure 
 of speech in which one word is used 
 for another related to it, as "the 
 steel" for the sword. 
 
 metre (me'ter). See meter. 
 
 metric (met'rik), adj. pertaining to 
 the decimal system of weights and 
 measures. 
 
 metrical (met'ri-kal), adj. pertaining 
 to meter, measurement, or rhythm. 
 
 metrically (met'ri-ka-li), adv. in a 
 metrical manner. 
 
 metrograph (met'ro-graf), n. an ap- 
 paratus for indicating the mileage 
 run by a locomotive, and the number 
 and time of stoppages at stations. 
 
 metrology (met-rol'o-ji), n. the science 
 of weights and measures. 
 
 metronome (met'ro-nom), n. an in- 
 strument which beats musical time 
 by means of a short pendulum. 
 
 metronymic (met-ro-nim'ik), adj. de- 
 rived from one's mother or female 
 ancestor. 
 
 metropolis (me-trop'o-lis), n. the cap- 
 ital or chief city of a kingdom or coun- 
 try ; the seat or see of a metropolitan.^ 
 
 metropolitan (met-ro-pol'i-tan) , adj. 
 pertaining to the capital city of a 
 kingdom .or country, or to an arch- 
 bishopric: n. the presiding bishop of 
 a country or province; an arch- 
 bishop. [Greek.] 
 
 mettle (met'l), n. # constitutional ar- 
 dor or spirit ; fortitude. [Latin.] 
 
 mettlesome (met'1-sum), n. highspir- 
 ited. 
 
 mew (mu), n. the cry of a cat; a sea- 
 gull: pi. stables for carriage horses: 
 v.t. to shed or molt (the feathers): 
 v.i. to cry like a cat. 
 
 Mexican (meks'i-can), adj. belonging 
 to Mexico and its people, who are of 
 mixed Spanish and Aztec race. 
 
 mezzanine (met'za-nen), n. a low 
 intermediate story between two 
 higher ones; a window in such a 
 story. [Italian.] 
 
 mezzotint (mez'o-tint), n. a variety of 
 copper engraving. Also mezzo- 
 tinto. [Italian.] 
 
 mica (mi'ka), n. a mineral divisible 
 into thin transparent plates. 
 
 micaceous (mi-ka'shus), adj. pertain- 
 ing to, consisting of, or like, mica. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 *' hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
TRANSLITERATION 
 
 538 
 
 TRAPPINGS 
 
 lated; removal; version; removal of 
 a bishop from one see to another. 
 
 transliteration (trans-lit-er-a'shun) , 
 n. the representation of the sounds in 
 one language by the alphabetical signs 
 of another; as rldrifu (Greek) may- 
 be transliterated tithemi. 
 
 translucent (trans-lu'sent) , adj. semi- 
 transparent. 
 
 transmigration (trans-mi-gra/shun) , 
 n. the passage from one place, state, 
 or condition to another. Thus many 
 have believed in the transmigration 
 of souls, i. e., the soul, at death, en- 
 tering another living body. See 
 metempsychosis. 
 
 transmissible (trans-mis'i-bl), adj. 
 that may be passed from one to an- 
 other, or through a body or sub- 
 stance. 
 
 transmission (trans-mish'un), n. the 
 act of transmitting ; the things trans- 
 mitted; passage through. Also trans- 
 mittal. 
 
 transmit (trans-mif), v.t [p.t. & p.p. 
 transmitted, p.pr. transmitting], to 
 cause or suffer to pass over or 
 through; send from one place or 
 person to another. _ 
 
 transmute (trans-mut'), v.t. to change 
 from one form, nature, substance, or 
 species into another. 
 
 transom (tran'som), n. a cross-beam 
 over a door or over the sternpost of 
 a vessel; horizontal mullion or cross- 
 bar in a window. 
 
 transparency (trans-par'en-si), n. \pl. 
 transparencies (trans-par 'en-siz)], the 
 state or quality of being transpar- 
 ent; a picture painted on a semi- 
 transparent material through which 
 a light shines. 
 
 transparent (trans-par'ent) , adj. hav- 
 ing the property of transmitting rays 
 of light; clear. 
 
 transpire (tran-splr') , v.i. to be ex- 
 creted through the pores of the skin; 
 be exhaled; become known; come to 
 pass; occur: v.t. to perspire; exhale. 
 
 transplant (trans-plant'), v.t. to re- 
 move and plant in another place; re- 
 move and establish. 
 
 transport (trans-port '), v.t. to carry 
 across or from one place to another; 
 banish as a criminal; carry away by 
 violence of passion, or pleasure: n. 
 (trans'port) conveyance for baggage 
 
 or stores; a vessel employed for car- 
 rying troops, stores, &c, from one 
 place to another; violent manifesta- 
 tion of anger; rapture; ecstasy. 
 
 transportation (trans-por-ta'shun) , 
 n. banishment for crime; convey- 
 ance. 
 
 transpose (trans-poz'), v.t. to change 
 the place or order of, by putting each 
 in the place of the other; change the 
 key of; change (a term) from one 
 side of an equation to the other by 
 changing the sign. 
 
 transubstantiation (tran-sub-stan- 
 shi-a'shun) , n. the doctrine that after 
 consecration, the elements in the Eu- 
 charist are converted into the veri- 
 table body and blood of Christ. 
 
 transude (trans-ud'), v.i. to pass or 
 ooze through the pores or interstices 
 of a substance. 
 
 transverse (trans-vers') , adj. lying or 
 being across or crosswise; broader 
 than long. 
 
 trap (trap), n. an instrument shut- 
 ting suddenly with a spring for snar- 
 ing game, vermin, and other ani- 
 mals; snare; ambush; stratagem; a 
 game played with a bat, ball, and 
 shoe-shaped block of wood; a car- 
 riage on springs; contrivance for 
 preventing the escape of foul air 
 from a drain: heavy igneous rock 
 composed of feldspar, hornblende, 
 &c: pi. baggage; portable articles: 
 v.t. [p.t. & p.p. trapped, p.pr. trap- 
 ping], to catch in, or as in a trap; 
 ensnare; take by stratagem; furnish 
 with a trap: v.i. to set traps for 
 game. 
 
 trapeze (tra-pez'), n. a swinging hori- 
 zontal bar suspended at each end by 
 a rope, used by gymnasts. 
 
 trapezium (tra-pe'zi-um) : n. a plane 
 figure bounded by four right lines, of | 
 which no two are parallel; the out- 
 ermost bone of the second row of 
 the carpus. 
 
 trapezoid (trap'e-zoid), n. a plane 
 fierure with four sides, having two 
 sides parallel to each other. 
 
 trapper (trap'er), n. one who traps 
 animals, especially to obtain the 
 fur. 
 
 trappings (trap'ingz), n.pl. orna- 
 mented articles of dress; superficial 
 decorations; ornaments for horses. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
MIDDY 
 
 539 
 
 MILL 
 
 middy (mid'di), n. [pi. middies (mid'- 
 diz)], a midshipman. 
 
 midge (mij), n. a gnat. 
 
 midget (mij'et), n. a very tiny gnat; 
 also applied to a baby. 
 
 midriff unid'rif), n. the diaphragm 
 separating the cavity of the chest 
 from the stomach. 
 
 midshipman (mid'ship-man), n. [pi. 
 midshipmen], in the British navy, a 
 junior officer ranking next above a 
 cadet. In the American navy the 
 midshipman was the lowest of offi- 
 cers, but is now called a " naval 
 cadet," and upon promotion be- 
 comes an " ensign." 
 
 midst (midst), n. the middle. 
 
 midwife (mid'wif), n. [pi. midwives 
 (mid'wivz)], a woman who assists at 
 childbirth. 
 
 midwifery (mid'wlf-er-i) , n. obstetrics. 
 
 mien (men), n. external appearance; 
 air ; look ; carriage. 
 
 might (mit), n. power; strength; 
 force: p.t. of may. 
 
 mightily (mit'i-li), adv. with great 
 power or strength; vehemently; in a 
 great degree. 
 
 mightiness (mit'i-nes), n. a greatness; 
 power; a title of dignity. 
 
 mighty (mit'i), adj. [comp. mightier, 
 superl. mightiest], powerful; strong; 
 influential; momentous; wonderful; 
 huge: adv. very; exceedingly 
 
 mignon (min-yong'), adj. pretty 
 delicate. [French.] 
 
 mignonette (min : yun-et'),.n. a fra- 
 grant annual with greenish flower 
 and orange-colored stamens. 
 
 migrant (mi'grant), adj. migratory. 
 
 migratory (ml'gra-to-ri) , adj. remov- 
 ing or passing from one place of 
 abode or resort to another; roving; 
 nomad. 
 
 Mikado (mi-ka'do), n. the Japanese 
 emperor, as the spiritual and tem- 
 poral head of the empire. It is by 
 his supreme virtue that his people 
 believe themselves to have grown 
 powerful. 
 
 milch (milch), adj. yielding milk. 
 
 mild (mild), adj. [comp. milder, su- 
 perl. mildest], gentle in temper and 
 disposition; gentle; soft; placid; 
 moderate; not sharp, sour, or bit- 
 ter; lenitive. 
 
 mildew (mil'du), n. a disease oi 
 
 plants produced by small fungi, 
 spots of mold on cloth, &c, caused 
 by damp: v.t. to taint with mildew: 
 v.i. be affected with mildew. 
 
 mile (mil), n. a measure of length 
 varying in different countries; the 
 English statute mile, in use in this 
 country, contains 1,760 yds., the 
 geographical or nautical mile l-60th 
 of a '^gree of latitude or 2,025 yds. 
 (nearly) . 
 
 mileage (mll'aj), n. an allowance for 
 expenses per mile; length in miles. 
 
 milfoil (mil'foil), n. a composite plant 
 with finely divided leaves. 
 
 militancy (mil'i-tan-si) , n. warfare; 
 militarism. 
 
 militant (mil'i-tant), adj. warlike; 
 fighting; serving as a soldier. 
 
 militarism (inil'i-ta-rizm), n. military 
 spirit, policy, or government. 
 
 military (mil'i-ta-ri), adj. pertaining 
 to soldiers or to arms ; warlike ; mar- 
 tial: n. soldiers collectively; army; 
 troops. 
 
 militate (mil'i-tat) , v.i. to be, or stand, 
 opposed; operate against (with 
 against) . 
 
 militia (mi-lisb/a), n. citizens en- 
 rolled and trained for the internal 
 defense of a State. 
 
 milk (milk), n. a white fluid secreted 
 by the mammary glands of female 
 mammals for the nourishment of 
 their young, especially the milk of 
 the cow; the white juice of certain 
 plants: v.t. to draw milk from; sup- 
 ply with milk. 
 
 milk-leg (milk'leg), n. white swell- 
 ings that appear upon the limbs of 
 pregnant women. 
 
 milksop (milk'sop), n. an effeminate, 
 weak person. See mollycoddle. 
 
 milk-tooth (milk'tooth), n. the fore- 
 tooth of a foal; one of the tempo- 
 rary first set of teeth in the young 
 of mammals. 
 
 Milky Way (milk'i wa'), n. a broad 
 luminous band in the heavens, from 
 horizon to horizon, consisting of in- 
 numerable stars; the galaxy. See 
 nebula. 
 
 mill (mil), n. a machine for grinding 
 and reducing a substance to small 
 particles; a manufactory; a prize 
 fight. (See mell and maul) ; a money 
 of account = 1-1, 000th of a dollar: 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, Jften. 
 
TREE 
 
 540 
 
 TRIANGLE 
 
 pertaining to the highest vocal or 
 instrumental part [Music]: n. the 
 highest vocal or instrumental part; 
 Boprano: v.t. to make threefold: v.i. 
 to become threefold. 
 
 tree (tre) , n. any woody plant having a 
 Bingle trunk and branches; anything 
 resembling a tree; a piece of timber; 
 cross: v.t. to drive to a tree; place in 
 difficulty : v.i. to take refuge in a tree. 
 
 tree-calf (tre'kaf), n. a brown calf 
 binding for a book, with conventional 
 lines, suggesting trees, stained into it, 
 so as to produce a beautiful effect. 
 
 treenail (tre'nal), n. a cylindrical 
 wooden pin used for securing the 
 planks of a ship to the timbers. 
 Also trenail^ 
 
 trefoil (tre'foil), n. any plant of the 
 genus Trifolium, including the clo- 
 vers; an ornamental foliation used 
 in architecture resembling three- 
 leaved clover. 
 
 trek (trek), v.i. to travel by wagon, 
 especially in search of a new settle- 
 ment: n. a journey by wagon. 
 [South African Dutch.] 
 
 trellis (trel'is), n. a structure or 
 frame of lattice-work for supporting 
 vines, &c. 
 
 tremble (trem'bl), v.i. to shake in- 
 voluntarily, as with fear, cold, weak- 
 ness, &c; shudder; totter; quaver 
 as sound: n. an involuntary shak- 
 ing; shiver. 
 
 tremendous (tre-men'dus) , adj. ex- 
 citing fear or terror; dreadful; ter- 
 rible; terrific ;_marvelous. 
 
 tremolo (trem'o-lo), n. a tremulous or 
 fluttering effect in vocal or instru- 
 mental music; mechanical device in 
 an organ by which a tremolo is pro- 
 duced. 
 
 tremor (trem'er), n. an involuntary 
 trembling; quivering or vibratory 
 motion. 
 
 tremulous m (trem'u-lus) , # adj. trem- 
 bling; quivering; shaking; affected 
 with fear or timidity; vibratory. 
 
 trench (trench), n. a long, narrow 
 cut or ditch excavated in the earth; 
 open ditch for draining; an excava- 
 tion made to interrupt the advance 
 of an enemy, or to cover the advance 
 of troops to a besieged place: v.t. to 
 form a ditch in; dig or cultivate 
 deeply: v.i. to encroach. 
 
 trenchant (trench'ant) , adj. sharp; 
 keen; severe. 
 
 trend (trend), n. inclination in a 
 particular direction; general tend- 
 ency: v.i. to have a particular di- 
 rection; tend; stretch. 
 
 trepan (tre-pan'), n. a cylindrical 
 saw of peculiar construction used in 
 the operation of trepanning: v.i. 
 [p.t. & p.p. trepanned, p.pr. trepan- 
 ning], to perform the operation of 
 trepanning: v.t. to perforate with a 
 trepan. 
 
 trephine (tre-fin'), n. a surgical in- 
 strument for removing a disk of 
 bone from the skull: v.t. to operate 
 on with a trephine; to trepan. 
 
 trepidation (trep-i-da'shun) , n. an 
 involuntary trembling; state of ter- 
 ror or alarm; confused haste. 
 
 trespass (tres'pas), v.i. to commit 
 any offense; sin; enter unlawfully 
 upon the land of another; intrude; 
 violate any recognized rule of duty 
 or social life: n. the act of trespass- 
 ing; any offense or injury done to 
 the person or property of another; 
 transgression; sin. 
 
 tress (tres), n. a braid or lock of 
 hair. 
 
 trestle (tres'l), n. a movable form 
 for supporting anything; frame of a 
 table. 
 
 trey (tra), n. a 3-spot at cards or dice; 
 card with three spots. 
 
 tri, a Graeco-Latin prefix meaning 
 three, threefold, as Wangled, adj. 
 having three angles. 
 
 triad (tri'ad), n. a union of three; an 
 element which can replace or direct- 
 ly unite with three atoms of hydro- 
 gen or similar monatonic element; 
 the common chord of a tone with its 
 third and fifth [Music]. 
 
 trial (trl'al) , n. an attempt or endeavor; 
 examination by test or experience; 
 test of virtue, &c, by suffering or 
 temptation; proof; verification; state 
 of being tried; judicial examina- 
 tion. 
 
 triangle (trl'ang-gl) , n. a plane figure 
 bounded by three lines, and having 
 three angles; a frame of three hal- 
 berds to which offenders against 
 military discipline were secured to 
 be flogged; a musical instrument of 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 Hie, hut ; think, then. 
 
TRIBAL 
 
 541 
 
 TRIGAMY 
 
 steel in the form of a triangle, sound- 
 ed by being struck with a rod. 
 
 tribal (tri'bal), adj. pertaining to, or 
 characteristic of, a tribe. 
 
 tribe (trlb), n. a family, race, or 
 class, constituting a distinct _ por- 
 tion of a people; a family or series of 
 generations descended from a com- 
 mon ancestor, but kept distinct; na- 
 tion of uncivilized people under one 
 chief; a group of animals or plants 
 intermediate between an order and 
 a genus. 
 
 tribrach (tri-brak), n. a poetic foot 
 of three short syllables. 
 
 tribulation (trib-u-la'shun) , n. se- 
 vere affliction; deep sorrow; acute 
 trial. 
 
 tribunal (tri-bu'nal), n. the seat of 
 a judge; court of justice. 
 
 tribune (trib'un), n. an ancient Ro- 
 man official elected by the people to 
 safeguard their liberties; a bench or 
 elevated place; raised stand or ros- 
 trum from which speeches are deliv- 
 ered. 
 
 tributary (trib'u-ta-ri) , adj. paying 
 tribute; yielding supplies; contrib- 
 uting to make up a greater object of 
 the same kind: n. a state or govern- 
 ment which pays tribute to a supe- 
 rior; a stream or river flowing into 
 a larger one. 
 
 tribute (trib'ut), n. an annual or 
 stipulated sum of money, &c, paid 
 by one state to another; personal 
 contribution made in token of ser- 
 vices rendered or acknowledgment 
 due. 
 
 trice (tris), n. an instant: v.t. to 
 haul; hoist and secure with a small 
 rope. 
 
 tricentenary (tri-sen'te-na-ri), same 
 as tercentenary. 
 
 triceps (tri'seps), n. the great three- 
 headed extensor muscle of the arm. 
 
 trichina (tri-kl'na), n. [pi. trichina? 
 (tri-ki'ne)], a nemotoid parasitic 
 worm, which infests the muscles of 
 swine and human beings. 
 
 trichord (tri'kord), n. a three-stringed 
 instrument; a piano having three 
 strings to each key for the greater 
 part of its compass. 
 
 trick (trik), n.^ & stratagem or arti- 
 fice; wile; vicious habit or practice; 
 deception; imposition; legerdemain; 
 
 clever contrivance to puzzle, amuse, 
 or annoy; whole number of cards 
 falling to the winner in one round: 
 pi. frolic: y.t. to cheat; impose 
 upon; deceive; delineate without 
 color; decorate or set off (with out). 
 
 trickery (trik'er-i), n. deception; 
 cheating; fraud; imposture. 
 
 trickle (trik'l), v.i. to flow gently down 
 or in a small stream; run down in 
 drops: n. a small gentle stream. 
 
 tricky (trik'i). adj. given to tricks; 
 knavish; shifty ; # artful ; cunning. 
 
 triclinium (tri-klin'i-um), n. [pi. tri- 
 clinia (tri-klin'i-a)], a couch, usually 
 accommodating three persons for 
 reclining at meals; a dining-room 
 furnished with couches on three 
 sides. 
 
 tricolor (trl'kul-er), n. a national flag 
 of three colors arranged in equal 
 strips. 
 
 tricuspid (trl-kus'pid), adj. having 
 three points (cusps), as a molar 
 tooth or a valve of the heart. 
 
 tricycle (trl'si-kl), n. a three- wheeled 
 modernized form of velocipede: v.i. 
 to ride on a tricycle. 
 
 trident (trl'dent), n. a scepter or spear 
 with three prongs, especially the 
 scepter of Neptune: hence sover- 
 eignty of the sea. 
 
 tried (trid), p. adj. proved; tested; 
 trustworthy; faithful. 
 
 triennial (tri-en'i-al), adj. occurring 
 in, or continuing for, three years. 
 
 trifid (tri'fid), adj. three-cleft. 
 
 trifle (trl'fl), n. anything of little value 
 or importance; a light kind of dish 
 made of sponge-cakes soaked in 
 sherry and covered with jam, cream, 
 &c: v.i. to act or talk with levity; 
 indulge in light or frivolous amuse- 
 ments: v.t. to waste or fritter away. 
 
 trifling (tri'fling), adj. of small value 
 or importance. 
 
 trifoliate (tri-fo'li-at), adj. three- 
 leaved. 
 
 triforium (tri-fo'ri-um), n. the open 
 gallery or arcade above the arches of 
 a church, separating the nave arches 
 from the aisles. 
 
 trig (trig), adj. trim; neat: v.t. [p.t. & 
 p.p. trigged, p.pr. trigging], to skid 
 or stop (a wheel) : n. a skid. 
 
 trigamy (trig'a-mi), n. the state of 
 having three wives at the same time. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met: mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
TRIGGER 
 
 542 
 
 TRTUMPHALT 
 
 trigger (trig'er), n. a catch which, 
 when pulled, releases the hammer of 
 a gun. 
 
 triglyph (trl'glif), n. an ornament of 
 the Doric frieze placed directly over 
 each column and at equal distances. 
 
 trigonometry (trig-o-nom'e-tri),^ n. 
 the science of measuring the sides 
 and angles of triangles, and ascer- 
 taining the relations between them 
 by certain parts which are given. 
 
 trihedron (tri-he'dron), n. a figure 
 having three sides. 
 
 trilateral (trl-lat'er-al), adj. three- 
 sided. 
 
 trilinear (tri-lin'e-ar), adj. three- 
 lined. 
 
 trilingual (trl-ling'gwal) , adj. having 
 the command of three languages. 
 
 trilith (tri'lith), n. a monument 
 formed by three stones, two upright 
 and one across the others. Also tri- 
 lithon. 
 
 trill (tril), n. a shake or quaver of the 
 voice: v.t. to sing with a quaver: v.i. 
 to quaver. 
 
 trillion (tril'yun), n. in the French 
 system of numeration, followed in 
 the United States, a unit with twelve 
 ciphers annexed; in the English sys- 
 tem, a unit with eighteen ciphers 
 annexed. 
 
 trilogy (tril'o-ji), n. a series of three 
 dramas each complete in itself, but 
 forming one poetical and historical 
 picture. 
 
 trim (trim), adj. [comp. trimmer, su- 
 perl, trimmest], neat; compact; in 
 good order or service: v.t. [p.t. & 
 p.p. trimmed, p.pr. trimming], to 
 decorate or adorn; make trim; ad- 
 just; make smooth: v.i. to balance 
 or fluctuate between parties. 
 
 trimeter (trim'e-ter) , n. a line consist- 
 ing of three meters (measures). 
 
 Trinity (trin'i-ti), n. the union of the 
 Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost 
 in one Godhead: one God as to sub- 
 stance, three Persons as to individ- 
 uality. 
 
 trinket (tring'ket), n. anything small 
 and of little value; small ornament 
 or jewel. 
 
 trinomial (tri-no'mi-al), adj. consist- 
 ing of three terms, connected by the 
 sign + or — . 
 
 trio (tre'o), n. a set of three; three 
 
 united; composition for three voices 
 or instruments. 
 
 triolet (tre'o-let), n. a stanza of eight 
 lines, very artificially constructed. 
 
 trip (trip), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. tripped, 
 p.pr. tripping], to run or step light- 
 ly or nimbly; take short, quick 
 steps; stumble; err; take an excur- 
 sion: n. a nimble, short step; stum- 
 ble; mistake; journey. 
 
 tripartite (trip'ar-tit or tri-par'tit), 
 adj. divided into three parts. 
 
 tripe (trip), n. the large stomach of 
 a ruminating animal prepared for 
 food. 
 
 triplane (trl'plan), n. an aeroplane 
 with three gliding planes, the lower 
 one carrying operator and motor. 
 
 triple (trip'l), adj. threefold; consisting 
 of three united; three times re- 
 peated. 
 
 Triple Alliance (trip'l al-I-ans), n. a 
 defensive alliance between Germany, 
 Austria-Hungary, and Italy, formed 
 in 1883. Italy withdrew just before 
 declaring war on Austria-Hungary in 
 1915 and joining the Allies in the 
 European War. 
 
 Triple Entente (trip'l an-tant), n. an 
 understanding or informal agreement 
 between Great Britain, France, and 
 Russia. It was the basis for their 
 accord in entering the European War 
 in 1914. 
 
 triplet (triplet), n. three united: pi. 
 ■ three children at one birth. 
 
 triplex (trip'leks), adj. three-fold. 
 
 triplicate (trip'li-kat), adj. threefold. 
 
 tripod (tri'pod), n. a three-legged stool 
 
 trisyllable (tri-sil'a-bl), n. a word of 
 three syllables. 
 
 trite (trit), adj. worn out; stale. 
 
 Triton (tri'ton), n. in classical mythol- 
 ogy, a sea-god, son of Neptune and 
 Venus, — represented as a man with a 
 dolphin's tail. 
 
 triturate (trit'u-rat), v.t. to rub, 
 grind, or bruise to powder. 
 
 triumph (tri'umf), n. a grand pro- 
 cession in honor of a general who 
 has gained a decisive victory; state 
 of joy at success ; victory ; conquest : 
 v.i. to rejoice over success; obtain a 
 victory. 
 
 triumphal (tri-um'fal), adj. pertain- 
 ing to, indicating, or in honor of, a 
 triumph. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
TRIUMPHANT 
 
 543 
 
 TRUCK 
 
 triumphant (tri-um'fant), adj. re- 
 joicing for victory; victorious. 
 
 triumvir (tri-um'ver) , n. [pi. triumviri 
 (tii-um'vi-ri)], one of three men 
 united in office. 
 
 triune (tri'un), adj. three in one. 
 
 trivalent (triv'a-lent), adj. capable of 
 being combined with, or replaced by, 
 three atoms of hydrogen. 
 
 trivet (triv'et), n. a stand for holding a 
 kettle, &c, near the fire. 
 
 trivial (triv'i-al), adj. trifling; com- 
 monplace. 
 
 trochee (tro'ke), n. a medicinal loz-: 
 enge. 
 
 trochee (trok'e), n. a metrical foot of 
 two syllables; the first long, the sec- 
 ond short. 
 
 trod, p.t. of tread. 
 
 troll (trol), n. a giant or giantess of 
 supernatural powers; sorceress; a 
 kind of song; reel on a fishing-rod: 
 v.t. to sing the parts of in succes- 
 sion: v.i. to fish, as for pike, with a 
 rod and line running on a reel. 
 
 trolley (trol'i), n. a kind of truck; a 
 grooved metal wheel traveling in 
 contact with a live electric wire. 
 
 trollop (trol'up), n. a slattern. 
 
 trombone (trom'bon), n. a large brass 
 instrument of the trumpet kind. 
 
 troop (troop), n. a multitude; small 
 body of cavalry, usually 60; soldiers 
 collectively; company of perform- 
 ers: v.i. to march in a body; collect 
 in crowds. 
 
 trope (trop), n. & word or expression 
 used in a sense different from its 
 usual signification; figurative 
 word. 
 
 trophy (tro'fi), n. [pi. trophies (tro'- 
 fiz)], a memorial of a victory; 
 memento. 
 
 tropic (trop'ik), n. one of the two 
 small circles of the celestial sphere, 
 situated at each side of the equator, 
 at a distance of 23° 28' and parallel 
 to it, within the limits of which the 
 sun moves in his yearly course; re- 
 gion between the tropics. 
 
 tropical (trop'i-kal), adj. pertaining to, 
 or situated within, the tropics; fig- 
 urative. 
 
 trot (trot), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. trotted, 
 p.pr. trotting], to move faster than 
 a walk: v.t. to cause to trot: n. the 
 pace of a horse a little faster than a 
 
 walk; jogging pace; term of endear- 
 ment. 
 
 troth (torth), n. betrothal; fidelity. 
 
 troubadour (troo'ba-door), n. one of 
 a class of lyric poets who flourished 
 in the south of France and north of 
 Italy from the eleventh to the thir- 
 teenth century. 
 
 trouble (trub'l), n. mental agitation, 
 distress, or worry; fault or inter- 
 ruption in the stratum of a mine: 
 v.t. to agitate, distress, or worry; 
 give occasion of labor to. 
 
 troublesome (trub'1-sum), adj. caus- 
 ing trouble. Also troublous. 
 
 trough (trof), n. a long, hollow ves- 
 sel for holding a liquid, food, &c; 
 anything hollowed out. 
 
 trounce (trouns), v.t. to beat soundly. 
 
 troupe (troop), n. a company of per- 
 formers. 
 
 trousers (trou'zerz), n.pl. a garment 
 worn by men and boys, from the 
 waist to the ankles, and covering 
 each leg separately. 
 
 trousseau (troo-so'), n. [pi. trous- 
 seaux (troo-soz')], a bride's outfit. 
 
 trout (trout), n. a fresh-water fish 
 allied to the salmon, but smaller. 
 
 trouvere (troo-var'), n. poets who 
 composed minor epics in the Middle 
 Ages, and sang or recited them at 
 courts or in the great castles of the 
 nobles. [Old French.] 
 
 trove (trov), n. something found; 
 a word rarely used, except in the ex- 
 pression "treasure trove." 
 
 trover (tro'ver), n. the gaining pos- 
 session of goods by finding or other 
 means; an action at law for goods 
 found and not delivered on demand. 
 
 trow (trou), v.i. to believe; trust. 
 
 trowel (trou'el), n. a flat, triangular 
 tool used for spreading mortar; a 
 gardener's tool. 
 
 troyweight (troi'wat), n. a weight 
 of twelve ounces to the pound, used 
 by goldsmiths and jewelers. 
 
 truant (trod'ant), n. one who absents 
 himself from school without leave; 
 one who idles away from duty or 
 business; loiterer': adj. pertaining 
 to, or characteristic of, a truant. 
 
 truce (troos), n. a temporary peace 
 or cessation of hostilities; brief ces- 
 sation. 
 
 truck (truk), n. a wheeled vehicle for 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
TRUCKLE 
 
 544 
 
 TUBE 
 
 carrying goods ; small wooden wheel ; 
 email wooden cap on the top of a 
 flagstaff, &c; barter; garden vegeta- 
 bles: v.t. to send by truck; peddle; 
 hawk: v.i. to exchange commodities; 
 barter; negotiate. 
 
 truckle (truk'l), n. a small wheel or 
 caster: v.t. trundle; move on rollers: 
 v.i. to yield obsequiously to anoth- 
 er's will. 
 
 truculent (truk'ii-lent), adj. ferocious; 
 of fierce aspect. 
 
 trudge (truj) % v.i. to travel on foot, 
 especially with labor or fatique. 
 
 true (troo), adj. [comp. truer, superl. 
 truest], conformable to fact; faith- 
 ful or loyal; genuine; rightful; cor- 
 rect. 
 
 truffle (truf'l), n. a fleshy under- 
 ground fungus much esteemed as a 
 table delicacy. 
 
 truism (troo'izm), n. & self-evident 
 truth. 
 
 truly (troo'li), adv. in agreement with 
 truth or fact; precisely; sincerely. 
 
 trump (trump), n. a trumpet; a win- 
 ning card; one of the suit of cards 
 that takes any of the other suits ; a 
 genuine good fellow: v.t. to take 
 with a trump card: v.i. to play a 
 trump card. 
 
 trumpery (trump'er-i), n. worthless 
 finery; rubbish: adj. worthless; in- 
 significant. 
 
 trumpet (trump'et), n. a metal wind 
 instrument formed of a single curved 
 tube; an organ stop: v.t. to publish 
 by, or as by, the sound of trumpet; 
 noise abroad; praise extravagantly. 
 
 truncate (trung'kat), adj. appearing 
 as if cut off at the tip: v.t. (trung- 
 kat'), to lop. 
 
 truncheon (trun'chun), n. a short 
 staff or cudgel ; baton or staff of au- 
 thority: v.t. to beat with a trun- 
 cheon. 
 
 trundle (trun'dl), v.t. to roll along; 
 roll, as on small wheels: n. a little 
 wheel; truck. 
 
 trundle-bed (trun'dl-bed) , n. a low 
 bed that runs on casters. 
 
 trunk (trungk), n. the stem of a 
 tree; body of an animal, as distin- 
 guished from the head and limbs; 
 main body of anything; elephant's 
 proboscis; large traveling box or 
 chest ; shaft of a column. 
 
 truss (trus), n. a surgical apparatus 
 for the relief of hernia; a bundle or 
 package; timbers fastened together 
 for the support of a roof; rope or 
 iron for keeping the center of the 
 lower yard to the mast; tuft of 
 flowers formed at the top of the 
 main stalk or stem of certain 
 plants: v.t. to bind or pack close; 
 skewer. 
 
 trust m (trust) , n. confidence; faith; 
 credit; special reliance on presumed 
 integrity; combination of capitalists 
 to secure a monopoly ; an estate held 
 for the benefit of another: v.t. to 
 place confidence in; rely upon; cred- 
 it; sell upon credit to: v.i. to have 
 trust in: adj. held in trust. 
 
 trustee (trus-te'), n. a person to 
 whom property or the management 
 of property is committed for the 
 benefit of others. 
 
 trustful (trust 'fool), adj. full of 
 trust; faithful. 
 
 trusty (trust 'i), adj. [comp. trustier, 
 superl. trustiest], justly deserving 
 confidence; faithful. 
 
 truth (trooth), n. [pi. truths], agree- 
 ment with reality; eternal principle 
 of right, or law of order; veracity; 
 fidelity; fact. 
 
 truthful (trooth'f ool) , adj. according 
 to, adhering to, or speaking, the 
 truth; reliable. 
 
 try (tri), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. tried, p.pr. 
 trying], to exert strength; to en- 
 deavor; to make an effort; to at- 
 tempt: v.t. to examine; to prove by 
 experiment; to experience; to prove 
 by a test; to examine judicially; to 
 purify; to refine; to strain (the literal 
 sense of the word) : n. an attempt or 
 experiment. 
 
 trying (trl'ing), adj. afflictive; diffi- 
 cult. 
 
 tryst (trist), n. a meeting; a promise 
 to meet. 
 
 tsetse (tset'se), n. an irritating Afri- 
 can fly whose bite is fatal to oxen, 
 horses, &c. 
 
 tub (tub), n. a small cask; sponge 
 bath: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tubbed, p.pr. 
 tubbing], to plant or set in a tub; to 
 wash. 
 
 tube (tub), n. a pipe; a hollow cylinder, 
 used for the conveyance of fluids, 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
TUBER 
 
 545 
 
 TURBINE 
 
 and for various other purposes: v.t. 
 to furnish with a tube. 
 
 tuber (tut)er), n. a fleshy, rounded 
 stem or root, usually containing 
 starchy matter. 
 
 tubercle (tQ'ber-kl), n. a small hard 
 local tumor; little tuber. 
 
 tubercular, tuberculous (tu-ber'ku- 
 lar, tu-ber'ku-lus), adj. full of knobs 
 or tubercles. 
 
 tuberculosis (tu-ber-ku-lo'sis), n. a 
 disease accompanied by the forma- 
 tion of small tubercles in the tis- 
 sues. 
 
 tuck (tuk), n. a long, narrow sword; a 
 rapier; a kind of net; a fold in a 
 dress; roll of a drum: v.t. to thrust 
 or press in or together; to fold under. 
 
 tucker (tuk'er), n. a small piece of 
 linen for shading the breast of 
 women. 
 
 Tuesday (tuz'dy), n. the third day 
 of the week. 
 
 tufa (too'fa), n. a soft or porous stone 
 formed by depositions from water, 
 usually calcareous. Also tuff. 
 
 tuft (tuft), n. a collection of small 
 things in a knot or bunch: v.t. to 
 separate into tufts; to adorn with 
 tufts. 
 
 tuft-hunter (tuf t'hun-ter) , n. a cant 
 term in the English universities for 
 a hanger-on to noblemen and persons 
 of quality, so called from the tuft 
 in the cap of the latter. The word 
 has now the general meaning of £ 
 sycophant. 
 
 tug (tug), v.t. to pull or draw with 
 great effort: v.i. to labor; to strive; 
 to struggle: n. a pull with the utmost 
 effort; a steam- vessel used to tow 
 ships; a steam-tug. 
 
 tuition (tii-ish'un), n. guardianship; 
 superintending care over a young 
 person; the particular watch ana 
 care of a tutor or guardian over his 
 pupil or ward; instruction; the act 
 or Dusiness of teaching the various 
 branches of learning; the money 
 paid for instruction. 
 
 tulip (tulip), n. a liliaceous plant with 
 bell-shaped flowers. 
 
 tulle (tul), n. a kind of silk open-work 
 or lace. [French.] 
 
 tumble (tum'bl), v.i. to roll; to roll 
 about; to fall; to come down sud- 
 denly and violently: v.t. to turn over; 
 
 to turn or throw about for exami- 
 nation or searching: n. a fall. 
 
 tumbler (tumbler), n. one who tum- 
 bles' a large drinking glass; a variety 
 of the domestic pigeon. 
 
 tumbrel (tum'brel), n. a cart that 
 may be tilted up; two-wheeled cov- 
 ered cart for conveying tools, am- 
 munition, &c, in a military train. 
 Also tumbril. 
 
 tumid (tu'mid), adj. swollen; distend- 
 ed; bombastic; pompous. 
 
 tumor (tu'mer), n. a morbid swelling 
 or enlargement of any part of the 
 body. 
 
 tumult (tii'mult), n. the commotion 
 of a number of people; noisy con- 
 fusion; riot. 
 
 tumultuous (tu-mul'tu-us), adj. char- 
 acterized by, or full of, tumult; dis- 
 orderly; agitated. 
 
 tun (tun), n. a large cask; measure of 
 wine = 252 gallons; fermenting vat 
 of a brewery. 
 
 tundra (toon'dra), n. a stretch of 
 mossy, marshy, flat land in Northern 
 Siberia. 
 
 tune (tun), n. a series of musical notes 
 with unity of key-note; melody; 
 short musical composition; just in- 
 tonation; fit disposition or right 
 mood: v.t. to cause to produce the 
 proper sounds ; harmonize. t 
 
 tuneful (tun 'fool), adj. musical; har- 
 monious. 
 
 tuneless (tun'les), adj. without har- 
 mony; discordant. 
 
 tunic (tti'nik), n. an undergarment 
 worn by both sexes of the ancient 
 Romans ; loose kind of frock worn 
 by women and boys; military coat; 
 membrane covering some organ ; cov- 
 ering, as of a seed. 
 
 tunnel (tun'el), n. a vaulted under- 
 ground passage cut through a hill or 
 under a river; funnel; shaft of a 
 chimney ; not wide at the mouth and 
 ending in a point: v.t. to form a 
 tunnel through or under. [French.] 
 
 tunny (tun'i), n. [pi. tunnies (tun'iz)], 
 a large marine fish allied to the mack- 
 erel. 
 
 turban (ter'ban), n. the. headdress 
 worn by Orientals, consisting of a 
 cap around which a sash is wrapped. 
 
 turbid (terlDid), adj. muddy; thick. 
 
 turbine (ter'bin), n. a wheel turning 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
TURBOT 
 
 546 
 
 TWENTY 
 
 on a vertical axis and driven by 
 steam or water. The principle of 
 the turbine has been successfully ap- 
 plied to steam-navigation. 
 
 turbot (ter'bot), n. a large flat fish. 
 
 turbulent (ter bu-lent), adj. tumultu- 
 ous; agitated; insubordinate; riot- 
 ous. 
 
 tureen (tii-ren'), n. a deep table- ves- 
 sel for holding soup. 
 
 turf (terf), n. the grassy surface of 
 unfilled land; race-course; occupa- 
 tion of racing (with the) : v.t. to cover 
 with turf. 
 
 turgescent (ter-jes'ent), adj. growing 
 inflated. [Latin.] 
 
 turgid (ter'jid), adj. distended beyond 
 the natural size ; inflated ; bombast- 
 ic. 
 
 turkey (terk'i), n. a large gallinaceous 
 bird. 
 
 turmoil (ter'moil), n. harassing labor; 
 worrying confusion; noise. 
 
 turn (tern), v.t. to cause or make to 
 go round; change the direction of; 
 change from one state to another; 
 reverse; convert; transform; trans- 
 late; make giddy; nauseate: v.i. to 
 have a circular motion; be changed; 
 move as on a pivot; recoil: n. the act 
 of turning; movement in a circular 
 direction; bend or curve; change of 
 direction; opportunity; good or evil 
 act; short spell; form or cast; fright 
 or shock; single twist or bend of a 
 rope. [French. ]_ 
 
 turncoat (tern'kot), n. a term of 
 contempt for one who changes his 
 party, or becomes a traitor to his 
 country. 
 
 turner (tern'er), n. one who turns; 
 one who turns articles in a lathe; a 
 kind of pigeon. 
 
 turnip (tern/ip), n. a well-known plant 
 with a solid bulbous root. 
 
 turnkey (tern'ke), n. a prison warder. 
 
 turn-out (tern'out), n. a showing; a 
 display; an outfit. 
 
 turnover (tern'o-ver) , n. a small pie 
 made by using half of the crust 
 with fruit, and then turning the 
 other half over it. 
 
 turnpike (tern'pik), n. a gate or bar 
 to stop vehicles, and sometimes 
 foot passengers, &c, until toll is 
 paid. 
 
 turpentine (ter'pen-tln), n. the resin- 
 
 ous or viscid juice of pine and fir 
 trees. 
 
 turpitude (ter'pi-tud) , n. moral de- 
 pravity. 
 
 turquoise (ter'kwoiz), n. a precious 
 stone. 
 
 turret (ter'et), n. a small tower; 
 cylindrical rotary steel tower on a 
 man-of-war. 
 
 turtle (ter'tl), n. a large edible sea- 
 tortoise; the turtle-dove. 
 
 tush (tush), inter j. an expression of 
 contempt, rebuke, or silence. 
 
 tusk (tusk), n. _ the long, pointed 
 tooth on each side of the upper jaw 
 of certain mammals. 
 
 tussle (tus'l), n. a scuffle: v.i. to scuffle 
 or struggle. 
 
 tussock (tus'ok), n. a tuft, clump, or 
 small hillock of grass; a species of 
 tuffy grass, valuable for fodder. 
 Also tussac. 
 
 tussor (tus'sor), n. an Eastern silk, 
 heavier than pongee. Also tussur, 
 tusseh. [Chinese.] 
 
 tut (tut), inter j. hush! be quiet! 
 
 tutelage (tu'te-laj), n. guardianship. 
 
 tutelary (tu'te-la-ri) , adj. protecting. 
 
 tutor (tu'ter), n. a teacher; guardian: 
 v.t. to instruct; train or discipline. 
 
 tuxedo (tuks-e'do), n. an informal 
 dinner coat; a short sack coat used 
 as a substitute for the full-dress coat. 
 
 twaddle (twod'l), n. silly talk: v.t. 
 to talk in a silly or weak manner. 
 
 twain (twan), n. & adj. two. 
 
 twang (twang), n. a sharp, quick, 
 vibrating sound; affected nasal tone 
 of voice: v.t. & v.i. to sound with a 
 sharp, vibrating noise. 
 
 tweak (twek), v.t. to pinch or pull 
 with a sudden jerk and twist: n. a 
 sudden sharp pull or pinch. 
 
 tweed (twed), n. a soft, woolly cloth 
 material. 
 
 tweezers (twe'zers), n.pl. small pinch- 
 ers for pulling out hairs. 
 
 twelfth (twelfth), adj. next in order 
 after the eleventh: n. one of twelve 
 equal parts. 
 
 twelvemo (twelv'mo), n. duodecimo. 
 
 twentieth (twen'ti-eth) , adj. the or- 
 dinal of twenty: n. one of twenty 
 equal parts. 
 
 twenty (twen'ti), adj. twice ten: n. 
 the number which is one more than 
 nineteen; a score. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
TWICE 
 
 547 
 
 TYPHOON 
 
 twice (twis), adv. two times; doubly. 
 
 twiddle (twid'l), v.t. to twirl in a 
 light manner; touch lightly: v. t. to 
 move with a quivering motion; n. 
 a twist of the fingers. 
 
 twig (twig), n. a small shoot or 
 branch: v.t. \p.t. & p.p. twigged, 
 p.pr. twigging], to notice; under- 
 stand: v.i. to comprehend. 
 
 twilight (twl'llt), n. the faint light 
 before sunrise and after sunset; 
 partial illumination: adj. obscure; 
 shaded. 
 
 twilight sleep (twl'llt slep), n. a con-, 
 dition of semi-insensibility, with free- 
 dom from pain in childbirth, attained 
 through a method of applying the 
 drugs morphine and scopolamine, 
 originated at Freiburg. 
 
 twin (twin), adj. double; closely re- 
 sembling: n. one of two born at a 
 birth — 
 
 twine (twin), v.t. to twist; wind 
 round; unite closely: v.i. to be close- 
 ly united by twisting: n. a twist; 
 strong thread. 
 
 twinge (twinj), v.t. to affect with a 
 sudden sharp pain; twitch: v.i. to 
 suffer a twinge: n. a sudden sharp 
 pain. 
 
 twinkle (twingTd), n. a quick mo- 
 tion of the eye; short, tremulous 
 light; an instant: v.i. to open and 
 shut the eyes rapidly; blink; shine 
 with a tremulous, sparkling light; 
 quiver. 
 
 twirl (twerl), v.t. to move or turn 
 round rapidly; whirl: v.i. to rotate 
 rapidly: n. a quick, circular mo- 
 tion; convolution. 
 
 twist (twist), v.t. to unite or form 
 by winding together; wind spirally; 
 interlace; writhe or contort; cause 
 to turn from a direct line: v.i. to be 
 contorted; move in a curve: n. the 
 act of twisting; convolution; man- 
 ner of twisting; cord or thread; 
 kind of tobacco roll. 
 
 twit (twit), t t>.£. [p.t. & p.p. twitted, 
 p.pr. twitting], to annoy by remind- 
 ing of a fault, &c; upbraid. 
 
 twitch (twich), v.t. to pull with a 
 sudden jerk: v.i. to contract or move 
 quickly or spasmodically: n. a sud- 
 den jerk or pull; short spasmodic 
 convulsion. 
 
 twitter (twit'er), v.i. to make a suc- 
 
 cession of small, tremulous sounds, 
 as a bird; feel a tremulous, nervous 
 motion: n. a small, tremulous noise; 
 slight nervous agitation. 
 
 two (too), adj. one and one: n. the 
 number of one and one. 
 
 two-step (tod-step), n. a dance in two- 
 two time, the first step of each mea- 
 sure, called a ' 'slide,' being longer 
 than the second. 
 
 tycoon (ti-koon'), n. the title for- 
 merly assumed by the commander- 
 in-chief of the Japanese army. 
 
 tympanum (tim'pa-num), n. the 
 membranous wall which separates 
 the internal from the external ear; 
 the drum of the ear 
 
 type (tip), v.t. to typify; reproduce 
 by a typewriter: n. an emblem, sign 
 or symbol ; figure or design stamped 
 on coin; distinguishing mark; gen- 
 eral form or structure; original de- 
 sign; a letter in metal or wood for 
 printing from. Different sizes of 
 printing types are indicated by dis- 
 tinguishing names and by means of 
 a unit of type measurement, which 
 in the United States is one-twelfth 
 of a pica. 
 
 SIZES OF TYPE 
 
 Brilliant = 3% point. 
 
 Diamond = 4 or 4^ point. 
 
 Pearl = 5 point. 
 
 Agate = hy 2 point. 
 
 Nonpareil = 6 point. 
 
 Minion = 7 point. 
 
 Brevier = 8 point. 
 
 Bourgeois = 9 point. m 
 
 Long primer = 10 point. 
 
 Small pica = 11 point. 
 
 Pica = 12 point. 
 
 English = 14 point. 
 
 Columbian = 16 point. 
 
 Great primer = 18 point. 
 typewriter (tip'ri-ter), n. a mechan- 
 ical contrivance for producing let- 
 ters by means of an inked ribbon 
 and types; a typewriting : machine; 
 an operator of a typewriting ma- 
 chine. 
 typhoid (ti'foid), adj. pertaining to, 
 or like, typhus: n. an enteric fever 
 occasioned by defective drains, &c. 
 typhoon (ti-foon'), n. a violent torna- 
 do in the Chinese and Japanese 
 seas. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 35 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
TYPHUS 
 
 548 
 
 TZIGANY 
 
 typhus (ti'fus), n. a contagious fever 
 often occurring as an epidemic. 
 
 typical (tip'i-kal), adj. figurative. 
 
 typify (tip'i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. typified, 
 p.pr. typifying], to represent by an 
 image or emblem ; foreshadow. 
 
 typist (tl'pist), n. one who operates 
 a typewriting machine. 
 
 typographical (tl-po-graf'i-kal), adj. 
 pertaining to the art of printing. 
 Also typographic. 
 
 typography (tl-pog'ra-fi) , n. the art 
 of printing. _ 
 
 typtology (tip-tol'o-ji), n. the ex- 
 planation or < interpretation of pre- 
 sumed spirit messages or rap- 
 pings. 
 
 tyrannical (ti-ran'i-kal) , adj. pertain- 
 ing to, or characteristic of, a ty- 
 rant ; despotic ; cruel. 
 
 tyrannize (tir'an-iz), v.i. to act like 
 a tyrant; rule with oppressive se- 
 verity. 
 
 tyrannous (tir'an-us), adj. arbitrary; 
 tyrannical. 
 
 tyranny (tir'an-i), n. the government 
 or conduct of a tyrant; severity; 
 absolute monarchy imperiously ad- 
 ministered. 
 
 tyrant (tl'rant), n. an oppressor; des- 
 pot. 
 
 tyro (ti'ro), n. a beginner; novice. 
 
 Tyrolese (tir-o-leV), adj. pertaining 
 to the Tyrol or its natives. 
 
 tyrotoxicon (ti-ro-tok'si-kon), n. a 
 ptomaine poison found in decom- 
 posed milk, cheese, ice-cream and 
 like substances. 
 
 Tzigany (tsig'a-ni), n. a Hungarian 
 gipsy. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
u 
 
 U, the twenty-first letter of the Eng- 
 lish alphabet. It was developed by 
 the Greeks to eke out the Phoenician 
 alphabet for Hellenic use. In Latin 
 U was the uncial and cursive form, 
 while V was the capital. About 
 1450 A.D. a distinction was made, 
 when V represented the sound that 
 we now give it, while U was the 
 vowel; but for a time, the letters 
 were used almost without recog- 
 nition of their phonetic values. In 
 English the original sound of U is 
 that in rude, truth, &c, but it has also 
 the values of yoo (as in educate), oo 
 (as in rule), short (as in rub), or e (as 
 in Turk) . As a symbol in chemistry, 
 U represents the element uranium. 
 ubiquitous (u-bik'wi-tus), adj. exist- 
 ing everywhere; omnipresent. 
 U-boat, n. a German submarine [Ger- 
 man Unterseeboot, under-sea-boat.J 
 udder (ud'er), n. the glandular organ 
 
 of a mammal which secretes milk. 
 ugh (uh), inter j. an exclamation of re- 
 pugnance or disgust. 
 ugliness (ug'li-nes), n. total absence 
 of beauty; deformity, physical or 
 moral, 
 ugly (ug'li), adj. [comp. uglier, superl. 
 ugliest], that which is offensive to 
 the eye; deformed; morally repel- 
 lent; ill-natured. 
 uhlan (u 'Ian), n. one of a kind of light 
 cavalry, or lancer, in the German 
 army. 
 ukase (u-kas'), n. a Russian imperial 
 
 decree having the f©rce of a law. 
 ulcer (ul'ser), n. a sore, attended with 
 
 a secretion of pus. 
 ulcerate (ul'ser-at), v.t to affect with 
 an ulcer: v.i. to be formed into an 
 ulcer. 
 ulceration (ul-ser-a'shun) , n. the pro- 
 cess of forming into an ulcer. 
 ulcerous (ul'ser-us), adj. ulcer-like. 
 
 ulna (ul'na), n. the larger of the two 
 bones that form the fore-arm. 
 
 ulnar (ul'ner), adj. pertaining to the 
 ulna. 
 
 ulster (ul'ster), n. a long, loose over- 
 coat of coarse cloth. 
 
 ulterior (ul-te'ri-er), adj. lying be- 
 yond or on the further side; more 
 distant ; beyond something else either 
 expressed or implied. 
 
 ultima (ul'ti-ma), n. the last syllable 
 of a word. [Latin. 1 
 
 ultimate (ul'ti-mat), adj. being the 
 last; utmost; furthest; extreme; 
 final. 
 
 ultimatum (ul-ti-ma'tum) , n. [pi. 
 ultimata, ultimatums (ul-ti-ma'ta, 
 ul-ti-ma'tumz)], (final conditions of- 
 fered as the basis of an agreement 
 prior to the declaration of hostilities. 
 
 ultimo (ul'ti-mo), adv. in the month 
 preceding the present. 
 
 ultra (ul'tra), adj. extreme._ 
 
 ultramarine (ul-tra-ma-ren'), n. a 
 beautiful, permanent, blue pigment, 
 originally obtained from lapis-lazuli. 
 
 ultramontane (ul-tra-mon'tan), adj. 
 being beyond _ the mountains (the 
 Alps); pertaining to, or character- 
 istic of, ultramontanism. 
 
 ululation (ul-u-la'shun), n. a howling 
 like a dog. 
 
 umbel (um'bel), n. a fan-like inflo- 
 rescence radiating from a common 
 center. 
 
 umbelliferous (um-bel-if'er-us), adj. 
 producing or bearing umbels. Um- 
 bellate, umbellated. 
 umber (um'ber), n. a brown pigment; 
 the grayling: adj. of an olive-brown 
 color. 
 umbilicus (um-bil-i'kus), n. the navel 
 of the human body ; a center. [Lat- 
 in.] 
 umbles (umlDlz), n.pl. a deer's en- 
 trails. 
 umbo (umTDo), n. the boss of a shield; 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book *, 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
UMBRA 
 
 550 
 
 UNCEASING 
 
 point of a bivalve-shell immediately 
 above the hinge. [Latin.] 
 
 umbra (um'bra), n. the dark cone of 
 shadow projected from a planet or 
 satellite on the side opposite to the 
 sun; the dark central part of a sun- 
 spot. 
 
 umbrage (um'braj), n. screen of trees 
 or foliage; offense. 
 
 umbrageous (um-bra/jus) , adj. shady. 
 
 umbrella (um-breFa), n. a covered 
 sliding frame carriea in the hand as 
 a screen against the rain or sun. 
 
 umlaut (oom'lout), n. the change of 
 a vowel in one syllable through the 
 influence of a vowel in the succeed- 
 ing syllable. {German.^ 
 
 umpire (um'pir), n. a third party to 
 whom a dispute is referred for set- 
 tlement; one chosen in a game to 
 see that its rules are observed: v.i. 
 to act as umpire ._ 
 
 unabated (un-a-ba'ted), adj. not di- 
 minished; not lowered. 
 
 unable (un-a'bl), adj. not having suf- 
 ficient strength, power or skill. 
 
 unabridged (un-a-brijd'), adj. not 
 shortened; complete; full. 
 
 unacquainted (un-a-kwan'ted) , adj. 
 not acquainted; having no knowl- 
 edge of (followed by with). 
 
 unadorned (un-a-dornd'), adj. not 
 adorned; plain. 
 
 unadulterated (un-a-dul'ter-a-ted) , 
 adj. unmixed; without alloy; pure. 
 
 unaffected (un-a-fek'ted), adj. simple 
 in manner; not showy. 
 
 unalloyed (un-a-loid'), adj. unmixed; 
 pure. 
 
 unanimity (u-na-nim'i-ti) , n. agree- 
 ment in opinion. 
 
 unanimous (ii-nan'i-mus) , adj. agree- 
 ing in opinion. 
 
 unanswerable (un-an'ser-a-bl) , adj. 
 impossible to answer; conclusive. 
 
 unapproachable (un-a-proch' a-bl), 
 adj. that cannot he approached or 
 attained. 
 
 unarm (un-arm'), v.t. to disarm. 
 
 unarrayed (un-a-rad'), adj. not 
 dressed; not arranged. 
 
 unassailable (un-a-sa'la-bl), adj. in- 
 contestable. 
 
 unassuming (un-a-sum'ing), adj. not 
 forward or arrogant; modest. 
 
 unattached (un-a-tachf), n. not at- 
 tached. 
 
 unattainable (un-a-tan'a-bl), adj. be- 
 yond one's reach. 
 
 unauthorized (un-aw'ther-izd) , adj. 
 without authority, or lawful per- 
 mission. 
 
 unavailing (un-a-vaTing), adj. of no 
 avail; useless. 
 
 unavoidable (un-a-void' a-bl), adj. 
 that may not be avoided; inevit- 
 able. 
 
 unawares (un-a-warz'), adv. unmind- 
 fully. 
 
 unbalanced (un-bal'anst) , adj. out 
 of poise; mentally unsound. 
 
 unbar (un-bar'), v.t. to remove a bar 
 or hindrance from; to unfasten. 
 
 unbearable (un-bar a-bl), adj. not to 
 be tolerated. 
 
 unbecoming (un-be-kum'ing) , adj. 
 unsuited; unworthy of; not be- 
 coming. 
 
 unbelief (un-be-lef ') , n. skepticism. 
 
 unbend (un-bend'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. un- 
 bent, p.pr. unbending], to free from 
 flexure; relax; unfasten from the 
 yards and spars : v.i. to become re- 
 laxed; act with freedom or conde- 
 scension. 
 
 unbiased (un-bl'ast), adj. without 
 prejudice; with no favor to one side 
 or the other of two conflicting par- 
 ties, or opinions. 
 
 unbidden (un-bid'n), adj. not in- 
 vited; not summoned. 
 
 unbleached (un-blechf), adj. not 
 bleached; yellow. 
 
 unblemished < (un-blem'isht) , adj. 
 without blemish; pure. 
 
 unblushing _ (un - blush' ing), adj. 
 shameless; impudent. 
 
 unbolt (un-bolf), v.t. to unfasten; to 
 open. 
 
 unbosom (un-booz'um), v.t. to relieve 
 by telling one's hidden thoughts. 
 
 unbounded (un-bound'ed), adj. not 
 limited. 
 
 unbridled (un-bri'dld), adj. not re- 
 strained; unruly. 
 
 unbroken (un-bro'kn), adj. whole; 
 unsubdued; undisturbed. 
 
 uncalled (un-kawkT), adj. not called 
 or invited. 
 
 uncanny (un-kan'i), adj. weird; mys- 
 terious; dangerous; unpropitious. 
 [Scotch.] 
 
 unceasing (un-se'sing), adj. continual; 
 ceaseless. 
 
 -ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
UNCERTAIN 
 
 551 
 
 UNDERGROUND 
 
 uncertain (un-ser'tn), adj. change- 
 able; doubtful; not sure. 
 
 unchain (un-chan'), v.t. to free from 
 chains or bondage. 
 
 uncharitable (un-char'i-ta-bl), adj. 
 harsh; censorious. 
 
 unchaste (un-chasf), adj. immodest; 
 not chaste. 
 
 unchecked (un-chekf), adj. unhin- 
 dered; not restrained. 
 
 uncial (un'shal), adj. pertaining to a 
 large round form of letters used in 
 ancient manuscripts. 
 
 uncivil (un-siv'il), adj. rude; dis- 
 courteous. 
 
 unclasp (un-klasp'), v.t. to loose the 
 clasp of; to undo. 
 
 uncle (ung'kl), n. the brother of one's 
 father or mother; husband of one's 
 aunt; pawnbroker. 
 
 unclean (un-klen'), adj. not clean; 
 sinful. 
 
 uncomfortable (un-kum'for-ta-bl), 
 adj. uneasy; awkwardly situated. 
 
 uncommon (un-kom'un), adj. not 
 common; unusual. 
 
 uncompromising (un - kom'pro - mi- 
 zing), adj. unyielding; obstinate. 
 
 unconcerned (un-kon-sernd'), adj. 
 not anxious; unsolicitous. 
 
 unconditional (un-kon-dish' un-al), 
 adj. absolute. 
 
 unconquerable (un-kong' ker-a-bl), 
 adj. that cannot be conquered. 
 
 unconscionable (un-kon'shun-a-bl) , 
 adj. out of all reason or expecta- 
 tion. 
 
 unconscious (un-kon'shus), adj. not 
 conscious of self; not perceiving. 
 
 unconstitutional (un - kon - sti - tu'- 
 shun-al), adj. not authorized or con- 
 trary to the constitution. 
 
 uncontrollable (un-kon-trol'a-bl) , 
 adj. not capable of being controlled. 
 
 unconventional (un-kon-ven' shun- 
 al), adj. not conventional; free in 
 one's ways. 
 
 uncouple (un-kup'l), v.t. to loose from 
 being coupled; to disconnect. 
 
 uncouth (un-kooth'), adj. awkward, 
 clumsy, grotesque. 
 
 uncover (un-kuv'er), v.t. to remove 
 the cover of; to expose. 
 
 uncrowned (un-krownd'), adj. not 
 crowned. 
 
 unction (ungk'shun), n. the act of 
 anointing as a symbol of consecra- 
 
 tion; ointment; anything soothing;, 
 sham fervor or suavity. 
 
 unctuous (ungk'shus), adj. oily;, 
 soothing; lenitive; extremely bland. 
 
 undaunted (un-dan'ted), adj. bold; 
 intrepid. 
 
 undecagon (un-dek'a-gon), n. a plane 
 figure with eleven sides or eleven 
 angles. 
 
 undeceive (un-de-seV), v.t. to free 
 from deception or mistake. 
 
 undecennary (un-de-sen'a-ri), adj. 
 eleventh; once in eleven years. Un- 
 decennial. 
 
 undecided (un-de-si'ded), adj. irreso- 
 lute. 
 
 undefiled (un-de-fild'), adj. spotless; 
 unpolluted. 
 
 undefined (un- de-find'), adj. not pre- 
 cisely explained. 
 
 undemonstrative (un-de-mon' stra- 
 tiv), adj. not showing feeling openly; 
 reserved. 
 
 undeniable (un-de-ni'a-bl), adj. not 
 to be denied; beyond a doubt. 
 
 under (un'der), prev. beneath; sub- 
 ordinate to; in subjection to; less 
 than; during the time of. 
 
 underbid (un-der-bid'), v.t. to offer 
 less than, as at an auction. 
 
 underbred (un-der-bred') , adj. lack- 
 ing refinement. 
 
 underbrush (un'der-brush), n. brush- 
 wood or shrubs growing between 
 trees; undergrowth. 
 
 underclothes (un'der-klothz), n.pl. 
 clothing worn under one's outer 
 garments. 
 
 undercurrent (un'der-kur-ent), n. a 
 current below the surface of water;, 
 any influence or feeling not apparent 
 on the surface. 
 
 undercut (un-der-kut'), v.t. to cut 
 under; to strike a heavy blow up- 
 ward. 
 
 underestimate (un-der-es'ti-mat), v.t. 
 to set too low a value on. 
 
 underfed (un-der-fed'), adj. not suffi- 
 ciently nourished. 
 
 undergo (un-der-go'), v.t. to pass 
 through or experience; suffer. 
 
 undergraduate (un-der-grad'ii-at) , n. 
 a member of a university who has 
 not taken his first degree. 
 
 underground (un'der-ground), adj. 
 situated below the surface of the 
 ground. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
UNDERHAND 
 
 552 
 
 UNEASINESS 
 
 underhand (un-der-hand') , adj. done 
 by meanness or fraud; clandestine. 
 
 underlie (un-der-li'), v.t. to lie be- 
 neath ; to be liable to. 
 
 underline (un-der-lln'), v.t. to draw a 
 line under. 
 
 underling (un'der-ling), n. an in- 
 ferior; a subordinate. 
 
 undermine (un-der-min') , v.t. to 
 weaken the base; to sap secretly. 
 
 underneath (un-der-neth'), adv. be- 
 neath; below. 
 
 underpay (un-der-pa'), v.t. to give 
 insufficient wages to. 
 
 underpin (un-der-pin'), v.t. to support 
 underneath; to prop. 
 
 underrate (un-der-ra^')> v.t. to under- 
 estimate. 
 
 undersign (un-der-sln'), v.t. to write 
 or sign one's name under or at the 
 foot of. 
 
 understand (un-der-stand'), v.t. to 
 perceive by the mind; be informed 
 of; assume or imply; know by ex- 
 perience: v.i. to have understanding; 
 be informed. 
 
 understanding (un-der-stand'ing) , n. 
 the rational faculties; intellect; in- 
 telligence; wisdom; skill. 
 
 understudy (un'der-stud-i), n. an 
 actor who studies a role so that he 
 may take the place of the actor play- 
 ing it, if necessary. 
 
 undertake (un-der-tak') , v.t. [p.t. & 
 p.p. undertook, p.pr. undertaking], to 
 take under one's management; as- 
 sume; attempt; answer for: v.i. to 
 take upon one's self; guarantee. 
 
 undertaker (un'der-tak-er), n. one 
 who undertakes to perform any office 
 or business; one who manages 
 funerals. 
 
 undertaking (un-der-tak'ing) , n. any 
 business or project a p-erson engages 
 to perform. 
 
 undertone (un'der-ton), n. a low tone 
 or color. 
 
 undertow (un'der-to), n. the flow of 
 water in a direction opposite to the 
 surface current. 
 
 undervalue (un-der-va.l'u), v.t. to 
 value below the real worth; to es- 
 teem lightly. 
 
 under- world (un' der - werld), n. 
 Hades; the lower classes of society. 
 
 underwrite (un-der-rif), v.t. [p.t. 
 underwrote, p.p. underwritten, p.pr. 
 
 underwriting], to subscribe one's 
 name to for insurance; to follow the 
 calling of an underwriter. 
 
 underwriter (un'der-rit-er), n. one 
 who insures, as subscriptions to 
 stocks, bonds, etc., or shipping. 
 
 underwriting (un'der-rlt-ing), n. the 
 calling of an underwriter; insur- 
 ance. 
 
 undesirable (un-de-zi'ra-bl), adj. not 
 to be wished for. 
 
 undignified (un-dig'ni-fid), adj. not 
 consistent with dignity. 
 
 undo (un-doo'), v.t. to reverse what 
 has been done; to open. 
 
 undress (un-dres'), v.t. to disrobe; to 
 strip: n. (un'dres), a loose dress; the 
 dress worn by soldiers when off duty : 
 adj. pertaining to ordinary dress as 
 opposed to uniform. 
 
 undue (un-du'), adj. improper; ex- 
 cessive; not legal. 
 
 undulate (un'du-lat), v.t. & v.i. to 
 wave, or move like waves; vibrate. 
 
 undulation (un-du-la/shun), n. a 
 waving motion or vibration. 
 
 undulatory (un'du-la-to-ri), adj. un- 
 dulating; vibratory. 
 
 unduly (un-du'li), adv. not according 
 to duty or propriety nor in proper 
 proportion; excessively. 
 
 undurable (un-du 'ra-bl), adj. not 
 durable; not lasting. 
 
 undutiful (un-du 'ti-fool), adj. not 
 obedient; not performing duty. 
 
 undying (un-di'ing), adj. not dying; 
 not perishing; not subject to death; 
 immortal. 
 
 unearned (un-ernd'), adj. not merited 
 by labor or services; thus the late 
 Henry George spoke of "the un- 
 earned increment, "meaning that val- 
 ue which comes to real estate from 
 the general activity and enterprise 
 of the neighboring population, while 
 the owner of the _ real estate may 
 have had no share in this activity or 
 process of enrichment. 
 
 unearth (un-erth'), v.t. to drive from 
 the earth; to uncover, as a fox. 
 
 unearthly (un-erth 'li), adj. not ter- 
 restrial. 
 
 uneasily (un-e'zi-li) , adv. with uneasi- 
 ness or pain; with difficulty; not 
 readily. 
 
 uneasiness (un-e'zi-nes) , n. a moderate 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
UNEASY 
 
 553 
 
 UNEXERCISED 
 
 degree of pain; restlessness; want of 
 ease; disquiet. 
 
 uneasy (un-e'zi), adj. feeling some 
 degree of pain; restless; disturbed; 
 unquiet; giving some pain; as, an 
 uneasy garment; disturbed in mind; 
 somewhat anxious: unquiet. 
 
 uneatable (un-e'ta-bl), adj. not eat- 
 able; not fit to be eaten. 
 
 uneaten (un-e'tn), adj. not eaten; not 
 devoured. 
 
 uneclipsed (un-e-klipst'), adj. not 
 eclipsed; not obscured. 
 
 unedifying (un-ed'i-fl-ing), adj. not 
 edifying; not improving to the 
 mind. 
 
 uneducated (un-ed'ti-ka-ted), adj. not 
 educated; illiterate. 
 
 uneffaced (un-ef-fasf), adj. not ef- 
 faced; not obliterates, 
 
 unemancipated (un - e - man'ci - pa- 
 ted), adj. not emancipated or lib- 
 erated from slavery. 
 
 unembarrassed (un-em-bar'rast), adj. 
 not embarrassed; not perplexed in 
 mind; not confused; free from pecu- 
 niary difficulties or encumbrances; 
 free from perplexing connection. 
 
 unemotional (un-e-mo'shun-al), adj. 
 not emotional; not readily giving 
 way to feeling. 
 
 unemphatic (un-em-fat'ik), adj. hav- 
 ing no emphasis. 
 
 unemployed (un-em-ploid'), adj. not 
 employed ; not occupied ; not busy ; at 
 leisure; not engaged; not being in 
 use ; as, unemployed capital or money. 
 
 unending (un-end'ing) /ari;. having ho 
 end; everlasting; eternal. 
 
 unendowed (un-en-doud'), adj. not 
 endowed; not furnished; not in- 
 vested; not furnished with funds. 
 
 unendurable (un-en-dii'ra-bl), adj. 
 not to be endured; intolerable. 
 
 unenervated (un-en'er-va-ted), adj. 
 not enervated or weakened. 
 
 unengaged (un-en-gajd'), adj. See 
 disengaged. 
 
 un-English (un-ing'glish), adj. not 
 English. 
 
 unenlightened (un-en-lit'nd), adj. 
 not enlightened; not illuminated. 
 
 unentangled (un-en-tang'gld), adj. 
 See disentangled. 
 
 unenterprising (un-en'ter-priz-ing) , 
 adj. not enterprising; indolent; slug- 
 gish. 
 
 unenumerated (un-e-nu'mer-a-ted). 
 adj. not numbered; not includea 
 among enumerated articles. 
 
 unenviable (un-en'vi-a-bl), adj. not 
 enviable; not an object of envy. 
 
 unenvied (un-en'vid), adj. not envied; 
 exempt from the envy of others. 
 
 unequal (un-e'kwal), adj. not equal; 
 not even; not of the same size, length, 
 breadth, quantity; not equal in 
 strength, talents, acquirements; not 
 equal in age or station; inferior; in- 
 sufficient; inadequate; not uniform; 
 disproportionate. 
 
 unequaled (un-e'kwald), adj. not to 
 be equaled; unparalleled: unrivaled. 
 
 unequipped (un-e-kwipt ), adj. not 
 equipped. 
 
 unequivocal (un-e-kwiv'o-kal), adj. 
 not equivocal; not doubtful; clear; 
 evident; not ambiguous nor of doubt- 
 ful signification; not admitting dif- 
 ferent interpretations. 
 
 uneradicable (un-e-rad'i-ka-bl), adj. 
 not to be eradicated; that cannot be 
 eradicated. 
 
 unerring (un-er'ing), adj. committing 
 no mistake ; incapable of error ; infal- 
 lible. 
 
 unessential (un-es-sen'shal), adj. not 
 essential; not absolutely necessary;, 
 not of prime importance; not con- 
 stituting the essence._ 
 
 unevaporated (un-e-vap'or-a-ted), 
 adj. not evaporated. 
 
 uneven (un-e vn), adj. not even; not 
 level; not equal; not of equal length. 
 
 unevenness (un-e'vn-nes), n. surface 
 not level; inequality of surface. 
 
 uneventful (un-e-vent'fool), adj. not 
 eventful. 
 
 unexaggerated (un-egz-aj ' er-a-ted) ,, 
 adj. not exaggerated. 
 
 unexampled (un-egz-am'pld), adj. 
 having no example or similar case; 
 having no precedent; unprecedented;, 
 unparalleled. 
 
 unexceptionable (un-ek-sep 'shun-a- 
 bl), adj. not liable to any exception 
 or objection; unobjectionable. 
 
 unexecuted (un-eks'e-kii-ted), adj. 
 not performed; not done; as, a task, 
 business, or project unexecuted,. 
 
 unexemplary (un-egz'em-pla-ri), adj. 
 not exemplary; not according to 
 example. 
 
 unexercised (un-eks'er-sizd), adj. not 
 
 wee, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
UNEXPECTED 
 
 554 
 
 UNFINISHED 
 
 exercised; not practiced; not dis- 
 ciplined; not experienced. 
 
 unexpected (un-ek-spek'ted), adj. not 
 expected; not looked for sudden; not 
 provided against. 
 
 unexpectedly (un-ek-spek'ted -li), adv. 
 at a time or in a manner not expected 
 or looked for; suddenly. 
 
 unexpended (un-ek-spen'ded), adj. 
 not expended; not laid out. 
 
 unexpired (un-ek-splrd'), adj. not 
 expired; not ended. 
 
 unexplained (un-ek-spland'), adj. not 
 explained; not interpreted; not il- 
 lustrated. 
 
 unexplored (un-ek-splord'), adj. not 
 explored; not searched or examined 
 by the eye ; unknown. 
 
 unexplosive (un-ek-spl5'siv), adj. not 
 explosive. 
 
 unexpressed (un-ek-spresf), adj. not 
 expressed j not mentioned or named; 
 not exhibited. 
 
 unfading (un-fad'ing), adj. not liable 
 to lose strength or freshness of col- 
 oring. 
 
 unfailing (un-fal'ing), adj. not liable 
 to fail; not capable of being ex- 
 hausted. 
 
 unfair (un-far'), adj. not honest; not 
 impartial; disingenuous; using trick 
 or artifice. 
 
 unfairly (un-far 'li), adv. not in a just 
 or equitable manner. 
 
 unfairness (un-far'nes), n. dishonest 
 or disingenuous conduct or practice; 
 use of trick or artifice. 
 
 unfaithful (un-fath'fool), adj. not 
 observant of promises, vows, alle- 
 giance, or duty; violating trust or 
 confidence; treacherous; perfidious; 
 negligent of duty. 
 
 unfaithfulness (un-fath'fool-nes), n. 
 neglect or violation of vows, prom- 
 ises, allegiance, or other duty; breach 
 of confidence or trust reposed; per- 
 fidiousness; treachery. 
 
 unfaltering (un-fawl'ter-ing), adj. not 
 faltering; not failing; not hesi- 
 tating. 
 
 unfamiliar (un-fa-mil'yar), adj. not 
 accustomed; not common; not ren- 
 dered agreeable by frequent use. 
 
 unfamiliarity (un-fa-mil-yar'i-ti), n. 
 want of familiarity. 
 
 unfashionable (un-fash'un-a-bl), adj. 
 
 not fashionable; not according to 
 the prevailing mode. 
 
 unfashionably (un-fash'un-a-bli), adv. 
 not according to the fashion. 
 
 unfasten (un-fas'tn), v.t. to loose; to 
 unfix; to unbind; to untie. 
 
 unfatherly (un-fa'f/ier-li), adj. not 
 becoming a father; unkind. 
 
 unfathomable (un-fa^'um-a-bl), adj. 
 that cannot be sounded by a line. 
 
 unfathomed (un-fa^'umd), adj. not 
 sounded; not to be sounded. 
 
 unfavorable (un-fa'ver-a-bl), adj. not 
 favorable; not propitious; not dis- 
 posed or adapted to countenance or 
 support; not propitious; not adapted 
 to promote any object; not kind; 
 not obliging; discouraging. 
 
 unf earing (un-fer'ing), adj. not fear- 
 ing. 
 
 unfeatured (un-fe'turd), adj. wanting 
 regular features; deformed. 
 
 unfed (un-fed'), adj. not fed; not sup- 
 plied with food. 
 
 unfeeling (un-fel'ing), adj. insensible; 
 void of sensibility; cruel; hard. 
 
 unfeigned (un-fand'), adj. not feigned ; 
 not counterfeit; not hypocritical; 
 real; sincere. 
 
 unfelt (un-felf), adj. not felt; not per- 
 ceived. 
 
 unfenced (un-fensf), adj. deprived of 
 a fence; not fenced; not inclosed; 
 defenseless. 
 
 unfermented (un-fer-men'ted), adj. 
 not fermented; not having undergone 
 the process of fermentation; as 
 liquor; not leavened; as bread. 
 
 unfertile (un-fer'til), adj. not fertile; 
 not rich; not having the qualities 
 necessary to the production of good 
 crops ; barren ; unfruitful ; bare ; 
 waste. 
 
 unfetter (un-fet'er), v.t. to loose from 
 fetters; to unchain; to unshackle; to 
 free from restraint; to set at liberty. 
 
 unfettered (un-fet'erd), adj. un- 
 chained; unshackled; freed from 
 restraint; not restrained. 
 
 unfilial (un-fil'yal), adj. unsuitable to 
 a son or child; undutiful; not be- 
 coming a child. 
 
 unfilled (un-fild'), adj. not filled; not 
 fully supplied. 
 
 unfinished (un-fin'isht), adj. not 
 finished; not complete; not brought 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
UNFIT 
 
 555 
 
 UNGENEROUS 
 
 to an end; imperfect; wanting the 
 last hand or touch. 
 
 unfit (un-fif), adj. not fit; improper; 
 unsuitable: unqualified. 
 
 unfit (un-fit ), v.t. to disable; to make 
 unsuitable; to deprive of the 
 strength, skill, or proper qualities 
 for anything. 
 
 unfitly (un-fit'li), adv. not properly; 
 unsuitably. 
 
 unfitness (un-fit'nes), n. want of suit- 
 able powers or qualifications, physi- 
 cal or moral; as, the unfitness of a 
 sick man for labor, or of an ignorant 
 man for office. 
 
 unfitted (un-fit'ed), p.p. rendered un- 
 suitable; disqualified. 
 
 unfitting; (un-fit 'ing), p.pr. rendering 
 unsuitable; disqualifying; improper; 
 unbecoming. 
 
 unflagging: (un-flag'ing), adj. not 
 flagging or drooping; retaining 
 strength. 
 
 unflattering (un-flat'ter-ing), adj. not 
 flattering; not gratifying with ob- 
 sequious behavior; not coloring the 
 truth to please; not affording a 
 favorable prospect; as, the weather 
 is unflattering. 
 
 unflinching (un-flinsh'ing), adj. not 
 flinching; not shrinking; determined. 
 
 unfold (un-fokT), v.t. to open folds; 
 to expand; to spread out; to open 
 anything covered or close; to lay 
 open to view or contemplation; to 
 disclose; to reveal; to declare; to tell; 
 to disclose; to display. 
 
 unforbidden (un-for-bid'n), adj. not 
 forbid; not prohibited; allowed; per- 
 mitted; legal. 
 
 unforced (un-forsf), adj. not forced; 
 not compelled; not constrained; not 
 urged or impelled; not feigned; not 
 heightened; natural; easy. 
 
 unforcible (un-for'si-bl), adj. wanting 
 force or strength. 
 
 unfordable (un-ford'a-bl), adj. not 
 fordable; that cannot be forded, 
 or passed by wading. 
 
 unforeseen (un-for-sen'), adj. not 
 foreseen; not foreknown. 
 
 unforgetful (un-for-get'fool), adj. not 
 forgetful. 
 
 unforgivable (un-for-giv'a-bl), adj. in- 
 capable of being forgiven. 
 
 unforgotten (un-for-got'n), adj. not 
 forgot; not lost to memory. 
 
 unformed (un-formd'), adj. decom- 
 posed or resolved into parts; not 
 molded into regular shape. 
 
 unforsaken (un-for-sak'n), adj. not 
 forsaken' not deserted; not entirely 
 neglected. 
 
 unfortified (un-for'ti-fld), adj. not 
 fortified; not secured from attack 
 by walls or mounds; not guarded; 
 not strengthened against tempta- 
 tions or trials. 
 
 unfortunate (un-for'tu-nat), adj. not 
 successful; not prosperous. 
 
 unf ought (un-fawf), adj. not fought. 
 
 unfounded (un-foun'ded), adj. not 
 founded; not built or established; 
 having no foundation; vain; idle. 
 
 unframed (un - framd' ), adj. not 
 formed; not constructed; not fash- 
 ioned. 
 
 unfrequented (un-fre-kwen'ted), adj. 
 rarely visited; seldom resorted to by 
 human beings. 
 
 unfriendliness (un-frend'li-nes), n. 
 want of kindness; disfavor. 
 
 unfriendly (un-frend'li), adj. not 
 friendly ; not kind or benevolent ; not 
 favorable; not adapted to promote 
 or support any object. 
 
 unfrock (un-frok'), v.t. to divest of a 
 gown; to silence a priest. 
 
 unfruitful (un-froot'fool), adj. not 
 producing fruit; barren; not pro- 
 ducing offspring; not prolific; bar- 
 ren; not producing good effects or 
 works; unproductive; not fer- 
 tile. 
 
 unfulfilled (un-fool-fild'), adj. not ful- 
 filled; not accomplished; as, a proph- 
 ecy or prediction. 
 
 unfurl (un-ferl'), adj. to loose and un- 
 fold; to expand; to open or spread. 
 
 unfurnished (un - fer' nisht), adj. 
 stripped of furniture; degarnished; 
 unsupplied with necessaries or orna- 
 ments. 
 
 ungainly (un-gan'li), adj. not expert 
 or dextrous; clumsy; awkward; un- 
 couth. 
 
 ungalled (un-gawld'), adj. unhurt; not 
 galled. 
 
 ungarrisoned (un-gar'i-sund), adj.. 
 not garrisoned; not furnished with 
 troops for defense. 
 
 ungear (un-ger'), v.t. to unharness; 
 to strip of gear. 
 
 ungenerous (un-jen'er-us), adj. not 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
UNGENTLEMANLY 
 
 556 
 
 UNHEALTHFUL 
 
 of a noble mind; not liberal; igno- 
 minious. 
 
 ungentlemanly (un-jen'tl-man-li), 
 adj. not becoming a gentleman. 
 
 ungifted (un-gift'ed), adj. not gifted; 
 not endowed with peculiar facul- 
 ties. 
 
 ungilded (un-gild'ed), adj. not gilt; 
 not overlaid with gold. 
 
 ungird (un-gerd'), v.t. to loose from a 
 girdle or band; to unbind. 
 
 ungirt (un-gert'), adj. unbound; loose- 
 ly dressed. 
 
 unglaze (un-glaz'), v.t. to strip of 
 glass; to remove the glass from 
 windows. 
 
 unglazed (un-glazd'), adj. destitute 
 of glass; not furnished with glass: 
 wanting glass windows; not covered 
 with vitreous matter. 
 
 ungloved (un-gluvd'), adj. without 
 glove or gloves. 
 
 ungodliness (un-god'li-nes), n. im- 
 piety; wickedness; disregard of God 
 and his commands, and neglect of 
 his worship; or any positive act of 
 disobedience or irreverence. 
 
 ungodly (un-god'li), adj. wicked; im- 
 pious; neglecting the fear and wor- 
 ship of God, or violating his com- 
 mands. 
 
 ungovernable (un-guv'ern-a-bl), adj. 
 that cannot be governed; that can- 
 not be ruled or restrained.. 
 
 ungoverned (un-guv'ernd), adj. not 
 being governed; not subjected to 
 laws or principles; not restrained or 
 regulated; unbridled: licentious. 
 
 ungowned (un-gound ), adj. not hav- 
 ing or not wearing a gown. 
 
 ungraceful (un-gras'fool), adj. not 
 graceful; not marked with ease and 
 dignity; wanting beauty and ele- 
 gance. 
 
 ungracious (un-gra/shus), adj. wicked; 
 odious; hateful; offensive; unpleas- 
 ing. 
 
 ungrammatical (un-gram-at'i-kal), 
 adj. not according to the established 
 and correct rules of grammar. 
 
 ungrateful (un-grat'fool), adj. not 
 grateful; not feeling thankful for 
 favors ; not making returns, or mak- 
 ing ill returns for kindness; making 
 no returns for culture; unpleasing; 
 unacceptable. 
 
 ungratified (un-grat'i-fid), adj. not 
 
 gratified; not compensated; not 
 pleased; not indulged. 
 
 ungrounded (un-ground'ed), adj. 
 without ground or basis; unreal; 
 false. 
 
 ungual (ung'gwal), adj. a term ap- 
 plied to such bones of the feet as 
 nave attached to them a nail, claw, 
 or hoof. [Latin.] 
 
 unguarded (un-gard'ed), adj. not 
 guarded; not watched; not defended; 
 having no guard; careless; negligent; 
 not attentive to danger; not cau- 
 tious; negligently said or done; not 
 done or spoken with caution. 
 
 unguent (un'gwent), n. ointment; a 
 soft composition used as a topical 
 remedy, as for sores, burns, and the 
 like. An unguent is stiffer than a 
 liniment, but softer than a cerate. 
 [Latin.] 
 
 unguided (un-gid'ed), adj. not guided; 
 not led or conducted; not regulated. 
 
 unhallowed (un-hal' od), adj. pro- 
 faned; deprived of its sacred char- 
 acter; profane; unholy; impure; 
 wicked. 
 
 unhand (un-hand'), v.t. to loose from 
 the hand; to let go. 
 
 unhandled (un-han'dld), adj. not 
 handled; not treated; not touched. 
 
 unhanged (un-hangd'), adj. not hung 
 or hanged ; not punished dv hanging. 
 
 unhtappiness (un-hap'i-nes), n. mis- 
 fortune; ill luck; infelicity; misery. 
 
 unhappy (un-hap'i), adj. unfortunate; 
 unlucky; not nappy; in a degree 
 miserable or wretched. 
 
 unharassed (un-har'ast), adj. not 
 harassed; not vexed or troubled. 
 
 unhardened (un-hard'nd), adj. not 
 hardened; not indurated.; as metal; 
 not hardened; not made obdurate. 
 
 unharmed (un-harmd'), adj. unhurt; 
 uninjured; unimpaired. 
 
 unh armful (un-harm'fool), adj. not 
 doing harm; harmless: innoxious. 
 
 unharness (un-har'nes), v.t. to strip 
 of harness; to loose from harness or 
 gear; to disarm; to divest of armor. 
 
 unhatched (un-hatchf), adj. not 
 hatched; not having left the egg; not 
 matured and brought to light; not 
 disclosed. 
 
 unheal thfui (un-helth'fool), adj. not 
 healthful; injurious to health; in- 
 salubrious; unwholesome; noxious; 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
UNHEALTHINESS 
 
 557 
 
 UNIMPRESSIVE 
 
 abounding with sickness or disease; 
 sickly. 
 
 unhealthiness (un-helth'i-nes), n. 
 want of health; habitual weakness 
 or indisposition; unsoundness; want 
 of vigor; unfavorableness to health. 
 
 unhealthy (un-helth'i), adj. wanting 
 health; wanting a sound and vigor- 
 ous state of body; habitually weak 
 or indisposed; unsound; wanting 
 vigor of growth; sickly; abounding 
 with disease; insalubrious; unwhole- 
 some; adapted to generate diseases; 
 morbid; not indicating health. 
 
 unheard (un-herd'), adj. not heard; 
 not perceived by the ear; not ad- 
 mitted to audience; not known in 
 fame; not celebrated. 
 
 unheated (un-het'ed), adj. not heated; 
 not made hot. 
 
 unheeded _(un - hed' ed), adj. not 
 heeded; disregarded; neglected. 
 
 unheedful (un-hed'fool), adj. not 
 cautious; inattentive; careless. 
 
 unhelmed (un-helmd'j, adj. deprived 
 of a helm; having no helm. 
 
 unhelmeted (un-hel'met-ed), adj. de- 
 prived or destitute of a helmet. 
 
 unhelpful (un-help'fool), adj. afford- 
 ing no aid. 
 
 unheroic (un-he-ro'ik), adj. not heroic; 
 not brave. 
 
 unhesitating (un-hez'i-tat-ing), adj. 
 not hesitating; not remaining in 
 doubt; prompt; ready. 
 
 unhewn (urn-nun'), adj. not hewn; 
 rough. 
 
 unhindered (un-hin'derd), adj. not 
 hindered; not opposed; exerting it- 
 self freely. 
 
 unhinge (un-hinj'), v.t. to take from 
 the hinges; to displace; to unfix by 
 violence; to loosen; to render un- 
 stable or wavering. 
 
 unholy (un-ho'li), adj. not holy; not 
 renewed and sanctified; profane; not 
 hallowed; not consecrated; common; 
 impious; wicked; not ceremonially 
 purified. 
 
 unhook (un-hook'), v.t. to loose from 
 a hook. 
 
 unhoped (un-hopf), adj. not hoped 
 for; not so probable as to excite hope. 
 
 unhorse (un-hors'), v.t. to throw from 
 horse; to cause to dismount. 
 
 unhurt (un-hert'), adj. not hurt* not 
 harmed; free from wound or injury. 
 
 unicorn (u'ni-korn), n. an animal with 
 one horn; the unicorn, in heraldry, 
 is the fabulous unicorn, represented 
 with the figure of a horse and a single 
 horn issuing from its forehead. 
 
 unicycle (u-ni-si'kl), n. an acrobat's 
 cycle having but one wheel. 
 
 uniform (u'ni-form), adj. having al- 
 ways the same form or manner; not 
 variable; of the same form with 
 others; consonant; agreeing with 
 each other; conforming to one rule 
 or mode; having the same degree or 
 state. 
 
 uniform, n. a dress of the same kind, 
 by which persons are purposely- 
 assimilated who belong to the same 
 body, whether military, naval, or 
 any other. 
 
 uniformity (u-ni-form'i-ti), n. con- 
 formity to a pattern or rule; resem- 
 blance. 
 
 unify (u'ni-fi), v_.t. to make into one. 
 
 unigeniture (u-ni-jen'i-tur), n. the 
 state of being the only begotten. 
 
 unilateral (u-ni-lat'er-al), adj. being 
 on one side or party only; having one 
 side. 
 
 unimaginable (un-i-maj'i-na-bl), adj. 
 not to be imagined; not to be con- 
 ceived. 
 
 unimaginative (un-i-maj' i-na-tiv), 
 adj. not imaginative^ 
 
 unimagined (un-i-maj 'ind), adj. not- 
 imagined; not conceived. 
 
 unimpaired (im-im-pard'), adj. not 
 impaired; not diminished; not en- 
 feebled by time or injury. 
 
 unimpassioned (un-im-pash'und), 
 adj. not endowed with passions; 
 calm; not violent. 
 
 unimpeachable (un-im-pech'a-bl), 
 adj. that cannot be impeached; that 
 cannot be accused; free from stain, 
 guilt, or fault. 
 
 unimpeached (un-im-pecht'), adj. 
 not impeached; not charged or ac- 
 cused; fair. 
 
 unimpeded (un-im-ped'ed), adj. not 
 impeded; not hindered. 
 
 unimportant (un-im-por'tant), adj. 
 not important; not of great mo- 
 ment. 
 
 unimposing (un-im-poz'ing), adj. not 
 imposing; not commanding respect. 
 
 unimpressive (un-im-pres'iv), adj* 
 not impressive; not forcible; not 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ;. 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
UNIMPROVED 
 
 558 
 
 UNITE 
 
 adapted to affect or awaken the 
 passions. 
 
 unimproved (un-im-proovd'), adj 
 not improved; not made better or 
 wiser; not advanced in knowledge, 
 manners, or excellence. 
 
 unincumbered (un-in-kum'berd), adj. 
 not encumbered; not burdened. 
 
 uninfluenced (un-in'flu-ensd), adj. 
 not influenced; not persuaded or 
 moved by others, or by foreign con- 
 siderations; not biased; acting 
 freely. 
 
 uninfluential (un-in-flu-en'shal), adj. 
 not having influence. 
 
 uninformed (un-in-formd'), adj. not 
 informed; not instructed; untaught. 
 
 uninhabited (un-in-hab'i-ted), adj. 
 not inhabited by men; having no 
 inhabitants. 
 
 uninjured (un-in'jo5rd), adj. not in- 
 jured; not hurt; suffering no harm. 
 
 uninspired (un-in-spird'), adj. not 
 having received any supernatural 
 instruction or illumination. 
 
 uninsured (un-in-shurd'), adj. not 
 insured; not assured against lo_ss. 
 
 unintellectual (un-in-tel-ekt 'ti-al) , 
 adj. not intellectual. 
 
 unintelligent (un-in-teri-jent), adj. 
 not having reason or consciousness; 
 not possessing understanding. 
 
 unintelligible (un-in-teri-ji-bl), adj. 
 not intelligible; that cannot be un- 
 derstood. 
 
 unintended (un-in-tend'ed), adj. not 
 intended; not designed. 
 
 unintentional (un-in-ten 'shun-al) , 
 adj. not intentional; not designed; 
 done or happening without design. 
 
 uninterested (un-in'ter-est-ed), adj. 
 not interested; not having any in- 
 terest or property in; having nothing 
 at stake. 
 
 uninteresting (un-in'ter-est-ing), adj. 
 not capable of exciting an interest, 
 or of engaging the mind or pas- 
 sions. 
 
 uninterrupted (un-in-ter-rupt'ed), 
 adj. not interrupted; not broken; 
 not disturbed by intrusion or avoca- 
 tion. 
 
 uninured (un-in-urd'), adj. not in- 
 ured; not hardened by use or prac- 
 tice. 
 
 uninvested (un-in-vest'ed), adj. not 
 invested; not converted into some 
 
 species of property less fleeting than 
 money. 
 
 uninvited (un-in-vit'ed), adj. not in- 
 vited; not requested; not solicit- 
 ed. 
 
 uninviting (un-in-vlt'ing), adj. not 
 inviting. 
 
 union (un'yun), n. the act of joining 
 two or more things into one, or the 
 junction or coalition of things thus 
 united; a trades-union. See trades- 
 union. The junction or united 
 existence of spirit and matter; among 
 painters, a symmetry and agreement 
 between the several parts of a paint- 
 ing; in architecture, harmony be- 
 tween the colors in the materials of 
 a building; States united, as the 
 United States of America are called 
 the Union. In the flag of the United 
 States, a square portion at the upper 
 left-hand corner, in which the stars 
 are united on a blue ground, denoting 
 the union of the States. 
 
 unionism (un'yun-izm),?i. see trades- 
 unionism. . 
 
 Union-jack (un'yun-jak) , n. the device 
 emblematic of union, which in a com- 
 plete national flag occupies the upper 
 left-hand corner, used alone as a flag. 
 
 unique (u-nekO, adj. sole; unequaled; 
 single in its kind or excellence. 
 [French.] 
 
 unison (u'ni-sn), n. in music, an ac- 
 cordance of sounds proceeding from 
 an equality in the number of vibra- 
 tions made in a given time by a 
 sonorous body. Sounds of very 
 different qualities and force may be 
 in unison : as the sound of a bell may 
 be in unison with a sound of a flute. 
 Unison then consists in sameness of 
 degree, or similarity in jespect to 
 gravity or acuteness 
 
 unit (u'nit), n. one; a word which de- 
 notes a single thing % or person; the 
 least whole number; in mathematics, 
 any known determinate quantity, 
 by the constant repetition of which, 
 any other quantity of the same kind 
 is measured. 
 
 Unitarian (u-ni-ta'ri-an), n. one who 
 denies the doctrine of the Trinity, 
 and ascribes divinity to God the 
 Father only. 
 
 unite (u-nir), v.t. to put together or 
 join two or more things, which make 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ,* 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
UNITE 
 
 559 
 
 UNPLACED 
 
 one compound or mixture; to join; 
 to connect in a near relation or alli- 
 ance. 
 
 unite, v.i. to join in an act; to concur; 
 to act in concert; to coalesce; to be 
 cemented or consolidated; to com- 
 bine; to grow together, as the parts 
 of a wound. 
 
 united (u-nlt'ed), adj. joined; made 
 to agree; cemented; mixed; attached 
 by growth. 
 
 unity (u'ni-ti), n. the state of being 
 one; oneness. Unity may consist 
 of a simple substance or existing 
 being, as the soul; but usually it 
 consists in a close junction of parti- 
 cles or parts, constituting a Dody 
 detached from other bodies. Unity 
 is a thing undivided itself, but sep- 
 arate from every other thing; con- 
 cord; conjunction; agreement; uni- 
 formity. 
 
 univalve (u'ni-valv), adj. having only 
 one valve or shell: n. a mollusk 
 whose shell is composed of a single 
 piece. 
 
 universal (u-ni-ver'sal), adj. in logic, 
 a universal is complex or incomplex. 
 A complex universal is either a uni- 
 versal proposition, as "every whole 
 is greater than its parts," or what- 
 ever raises a manifold conception in 
 the mind, as the definition of a rea- 
 sonable animal. An incomplex uni- 
 versal is what produces one concep- 
 tion only in the mind, and is a 
 simple thing respecting many. 
 
 universe (u'ni-vers), n. the collective 
 name of heaven and earth and all 
 that belongs to them; the whole 
 system of created things. 
 
 university (u-ni-ver'si-ti), n. an as- 
 semblage of colleges established in 
 any place, with professors for in- 
 structing students in the sciences 
 and other branches of learning, and 
 where degrees are conferred. A 
 university is properly a universal 
 school, in which are taught all 
 branches of learning in the various 
 faculties of theology, medicine, law, 
 political science, engineering, and 
 the arts. 
 
 unjust (un-jusf), adj. not just; 
 partial. 
 
 unkempt (un-kempf) , adj. uncombed; 
 rough. 
 
 unkind (un-klnd'), adj. not kind; 
 harsh; severe. 
 
 unlawful (un-law'fool), adj. not ac- 
 cording to law. 
 
 unlearned (un-lernd'), adj. ignorant; 
 illiterate. 
 
 unless (un-les'), conj. except; if not. 
 
 unlike (un-llk'), adj. not like; having 
 no resemblance. 
 
 unlikelihood (un-llk'li-hood), ft. im- 
 probability. 
 
 unlikely (un-llk'li), adj. not likely; 
 improbable. 
 
 unlimited (un-lim'i-ted), adj. not 
 limited; boundless. 
 
 unlock (un-lok'), v.t. to unfasten what 
 is locked; to open. 
 
 unloose (un-loos'), v.t. to make loose; 
 to set free. 
 
 unlucky (un-luk'i), adj. not fortunate; 
 ill-omened. 
 
 unman (un-man'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. un- 
 manned, p.pr. unmanning], to de- 
 prive of courage or fortitude; emas- 
 culate. 
 
 unmanageable (un-man'aj-a-bl), adj. 
 not easily controlled or directed. 
 
 unmannerly (un-man'er-li), adj. ill- 
 bred. 
 
 unmarried (un-mar'id), adj. not 
 married; single. 
 
 unmeaning (un-men'ing), adj. having 
 no meaning; senseless. 
 
 unmentionable (un-men'shun-a-bl), 
 adj. unworthy of mention. 
 
 unmitigated (un-mit'i-ga-ted), adj. 
 not abated' having full force. 
 
 unmoved (un-moovd'), adj. not 
 moved; firm; cclm. 
 
 unnatural (un-nat'u-ral), adj. not ac- 
 cording to nature. 
 
 unnecessary (un-nes'e-sa-ri), adj. not 
 essential; useless. 
 
 unnerve (un-nerv'), v.t. to deprive of 
 strength or power; weaken. 
 
 unobj ectionable (un-ob-j ek'shun-a- 
 bl), adj. not liable to objection. 
 
 unobservant (un-ob-zer'vant), adj. 
 inattentive. 
 
 unobtrusive (un-ob-troo'siv), adj. not 
 obtrusive or forward. 
 
 unparalleled (un-par'a-leld), adj. 
 without parallel or precedent. 
 
 unplaced (un-plasf), adj. not placed; 
 not holding a governmental office; 
 not among the first three at the end 
 of a race. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut : think, then. 
 
UNPLEASANT 
 
 560 
 
 UNSETTLE 
 
 unpleasant (un-plez'ant), adj. not 
 pleasant; disagreeable. 
 
 unpopular (un-pop'u-lar), adj. dis- 
 liked by the people. 
 
 unprecedented (un-pre'se-den-ted) , 
 adj. without precedent; unparal- 
 leled in the past. 
 
 unprejudiced (un-prej'u-dist), adj. 
 not prejudiced; impartial ._ 
 
 unpremeditated (un-pre-med'i-ta- 
 ted), adj. not planned before- 
 hand. 
 
 unprepared (un-pre-pard'), adj. with- 
 out preparation. 
 
 unprepossessing (un-pre-po-zes'ing) , 
 adj. not pleasing; not winning. 
 
 unpretentious (un-pre-ten'shus), adj. 
 not making pretense; modest. 
 
 unprincipled (un-prin'si-pld), adj. 
 without settled principles; unscru- 
 pulous. 
 
 unproductive (un-pro-duk'tiv), adj. 
 not productive; inefficient. 
 
 unprofessional (un-pro-fesh' un-al), 
 adj. haying no profession; exceeding 
 professional limits; contrary to the 
 rules or ethics of a particular pro- 
 fession. 
 
 unprofitable (un-prof'i-ta-bl), adj. 
 not profitable; serving no purpose. 
 
 unpropitious (un-pro-pish'us), adj. 
 not propitious; inauspicious. 
 
 unprovoked (un-pro-vokf), adj. not 
 having received provocation; un- 
 called for. 
 
 unpublished (un-pub'lisht), adj. not 
 made public: secret. 
 
 unqualified (un-kwol'i-fld), adj. in- 
 competent; unrestricted. 
 
 unquenchable (un-kwen'sha-bl), adj. 
 that cannot be quenched or extin- 
 guished. 
 
 unquestionable (un-kwes'chun-a-bl) , 
 adj. not to be questioned. 
 
 unravel (un-rav'l), v.t. to separate; to 
 unfold or explain. 
 
 unreadable (un-red'a-bl), adj. not to 
 be deciphered; too dull to be read. 
 
 unready (un-red'i), adj. not prepared; 
 slow; awkward. 
 
 unreal (un-re'al), adj. not real; illu- 
 sive. 
 
 unreasonable (un-re'zn-a-bl), adj. not 
 agreeable to reason; exceeding the 
 bounds of reason. 
 
 unreconciled (un-rek'n-slld), adj. not 
 reconciled; not made consistent. 
 
 unredeemable (un-re-dem'a-bl), adj. 
 not capable of being redeemed. 
 
 unregenerate (un-re-jen'er-at), adj. 
 not renewed in heart through regen- 
 eration. 
 
 unrelenting (un-re-lent'ing), adj. not 
 relenting; inflexible; cruel. 
 
 unreliable (un-re-ll'a-bl), adj. not to 
 be relied on; untrustworthy. 
 
 unremitting (un-re-mit'ing), adj. not 
 remitting; continued; incessant. 
 
 unreserved (un-re-zervd'), adj. not 
 restrained; withholding nothing. 
 
 unrest (un-resf), n. want of rest; dis- 
 quiet of mind or body. 
 
 unrestrained (un-re-strand'), adj. not 
 restrained; licentious. 
 
 unrighteous (un-rlt'yus), adj. wicked; 
 unjust. 
 
 unrivalled (un-ri'vald), adj. without 
 a rival or competitor; unique. 
 
 unroll (un-rol'), v.t. to roll down; to 
 open out: v.i. to become uncoiled or 
 opened out. 
 
 unruffled (un-ruf'ld), adj. not ruffled; 
 calm. 
 
 unruliness (un-ru'li-nes) , n. the state 
 or quality of being unruly. 
 
 unruly (un-ru'li), adj. disregarding re- 
 straint or authority; ungovernable; 
 turbulent. 
 
 unsaddle (un-sad'l), v.t. to take the 
 saddle off; to throw from the sad- 
 dle. 
 
 unsafe (un-saf), adj. not safe. 
 
 unsaid (un-sed'j, adj. not said. 
 
 unsatisfactory < (un-sat-is-fak'to-ri), 
 adj. not satisfying. 
 
 unsavory (un-sa'vor-i), adj. tasteless; 
 unpleasing. 
 
 unscathed (un-skaiM'), adj. not 
 harmed or injured. _ 
 
 unschooled (un-skoold'), adj. not 
 taught or trained. 
 
 unscrupulous (un-skroo'pu-lus), adj. 
 unprincipled. 
 
 unseal (un-sel'), v.t. to remove the 
 seal of; to open anything that is 
 sealed. 
 
 unseasonable (un-se'zn-a-bl), adj. not 
 in the proper season; untimely. 
 
 unseemly (un-sem'li), adj. not seemly; 
 not becoming; indecent. 
 
 unseen (un-sen'), adj. not seen; in- 
 visible. 
 
 unsettle (un-set'l), v.t. to make un- 
 certain: v.i. to become unfixed. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
UNSEX 
 
 561 
 
 UP 
 
 unsex (un-seks'). v.t. to deprive of the 
 
 characteristic qualities of a woman. 
 unshackle (un-shak'l), v.t. to set free. 
 unshaken (un-sha/kn), adj. not sha- 
 ken; firm; steady. 
 unsheathe (un-sheM'), v.t. to draw 
 
 from the scabbard, as a sword. 
 unshod (un-shod'), adj. without shoes; 
 
 barefoot. 
 unshorn (un-shorn'), adj. unshaven; 
 
 undipped. 
 unsightly (un-sit'li), adj. not pleasing 
 
 to the eye; ugly. 
 unskilful (un-skil'fool), adj. wanting 
 
 skill or experience; awkward. 
 unsophisticated (un-so-fis'ti-ka-ted) , 
 
 adj. genuine; simple; inexperienced; 
 
 unworldly. 
 unsought (un-sawt'), adj. not sought; 
 
 not solicited. 
 unsound (un-sound'), adj. not sound; 
 
 dishonest; erroneous. 
 unsparing (un-spar'ing), adj. not 
 
 sparing; liberal; unmerciful. 
 unspeakable (un-spek'a-bl), adj. not 
 
 capable of being spoken, uttered or 
 
 described. 
 unstable (un-sta^bl), adj. not stable; 
 
 infirm; unreliable. 
 unsteady (un-sted'i), adj. not steady; 
 
 changeable. § 
 unstudied (un-stud'id), adj. done 
 
 without premeditation; natural; 
 
 easy. 
 unsuitable (un-su'ta-bl), adj. not 
 
 adequate; not fitting; unbecom- 
 ing. 
 unsuspected (un-sus-pek'ted), adj. 
 
 not suspected; not known. 
 untamable (un-tam'a-bl), adj. not 
 
 capable of being tamed. 
 untamed (un-tamd'), adj. not tamed; 
 
 not domesticated. 
 untarnished (un-tar'nisht), adj. not 
 
 tarnished or soiled. 
 untaught (un-tawf), adj. not taught; 
 
 illiterate. 
 untenable (un-ten'a-bl), adj. not 
 
 tenable; not defensible. 
 untidy (un-tl'di), adj. not tidy or 
 
 neat. 
 until (un-til'), prep, till; to; as far as. 
 untimely (un-tmrli), adj. not timely; 
 
 unseasonable. 
 untiring (un-tir'ing), adj. unwearied. 
 unto (un'too), prep. to. 
 untold (un-told'), adj. not told. 
 
 untoward (un-to'erd), adj. not easily 
 guided; fro ward; awkward. 
 
 untried (un-trid'), adj. not yet having 
 stood trial; not tested. 
 
 untrimmed (un-trimd'), adj. not 
 adorned with trimmings. 
 
 untrodden (un-trod'n), adj. not trod- 
 den; unfrequented. 
 
 untruth (un'trooth'), n. a falsehood. 
 
 untutored (un-tu'terd) ; adj. unin- 
 structed; raw; inexperienced. 
 
 unusual (un-u'zhu-al), adj. strange; 
 out of the ordinary ; exceptional. 
 
 unutterable (un-ut'er-a-bl), adj. in- 
 capable of being uttered or expressed. 
 
 unvarnished (un-var'nisht), adj. not 
 varnished; not embellished; plain. 
 
 unveil (un-vaT), v.t. to remove a veil 
 from; to disclose; to reveal. 
 
 unwarranted (un-wor'an-ted), adj. 
 without warrant; not guaranteed. 
 
 unwary (un-wa'ri), adj. not wary; not 
 cautious. 
 
 unwearied (un-we'rid), adj. not be- 
 coming wearied; indefatigable. 
 
 unwelcome (un-wel'kum), adj. not 
 welcome; causing unhappiness. 
 
 unwell (un-wel'), adj. not well; not in 
 good health. 
 
 unwholesome (un-hol'sum), adj. not 
 wholesome; repulsive. 
 
 unwieldy (un-wei'di), adj. not easily 
 moved or handled. 
 
 unwilling (un- wiring), adj. not will- 
 ing; reluctant. 
 
 unwise (un-wiz'), adj. not wise; in- 
 judicious; foolish. 
 
 unwitting (un-wit'ing), adj. not know- 
 ing; unaware. 
 
 unwomanly (un-woom'an-li), adj. not 
 befitting or becoming a woman. 
 
 unwcnted (un-wun'ted), adj. not ac- 
 customed; uncommon. 
 
 unworldly (un-werld'li), adj. above 
 worldly or selfish considerations. 
 
 unworthy (un-wer'thi), adj. not 
 worthy; unbecoming. 
 
 unwritten (un-rit'n), n. not written; 
 not formally recognized ; formally ac- 
 cepted as " the unwritten law." 
 
 unyielding (un-yeld'ing), adj. not 
 yielding or bending; stiff; obstinate. 
 
 unyoke (un-yok'), v.t. to loose from a 
 yoke; to disjoin. 
 
 up (up), adv. on high; above the hori- 
 zon; from a lower to a higher posi- 
 tion. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, Men. 
 
UPBRAID 
 
 562 
 
 USHER 
 
 upbraid (up-brad'), v.t. to reproach. 
 
 upbringing (up'bring-ing), n. the pro- 
 cess of nourishing and training. 
 
 upbuilding (up-bild'ing), n. the act 
 of building up; edification. 
 
 upcast (up'kast), adj. directed up- 
 wards: n. the ventilating shaft of a 
 mine through which the air passes 
 after circulating below. 
 
 upheaval (up-hev'al), n. a lifting from 
 below; a lifting of strata by some 
 internal force. 
 
 upheave (up-hev'), v.t. to lift up from 
 beneath. 
 
 uphold (up-hold'), v.t. to support; 
 maintain. 
 
 upholster (up-hol'ster), v.t. to supply 
 with house-furnishings. 
 
 upholsterer (up-hol'ster-er) , n. one 
 who supplies upholstery. 
 
 upholstery (up-hol'ster-i) , n. the busi- 
 ness of an upholsterer; articles of 
 house-furnishing. 
 
 uplift (up-liff), v.t. to lift up or raise 
 aloft: n. (up'lift), the act of lifting 
 up. 
 
 upon (up-on'), prep, on; resting on the 
 top or surface; relating to; noting 
 assumption, security, or time. 
 
 upper (up'er) , adj. higher in place, 
 rank, or dignity. 
 
 uppish (up'ish), adj. arrogant; assum- 
 ing. 
 
 upright (up'rit), adj. erect; just; hon- 
 est; equitable; elevation of a build- 
 ing; timber supporting a rafter. 
 
 uprising (up-rlz'ing), n. the act of 
 rising up; ascent; any strong out- 
 burst of popular feeling. 
 
 uproar (up'ror), n. noisy disturbance; 
 bustle and clamor. 
 
 uproarious (up-ror'i-us), adj. making 
 great noise and tumult. 
 
 uproot (up-roof), v.t. to tear up by the 
 roots; to destroy. 
 
 upset (up-set'), v.t. to overthrow; put 
 out of normal condition: n. (up 'set) 
 the act of upsetting. 
 
 upshot (up 'shot), n. final result. 
 
 upstart (up 'start), n. one who < sud- 
 denly rises from a humble position to 
 wealth or influence. 
 
 uptown (up 'toun), adj. situated in, or 
 living in, the upper part of a town. 
 
 upturn (up-tern'), v.t. & v.i. to turn 
 up. 
 
 upwards (up'werdz), adv. towards a 
 
 higher place or source. Also up- 
 ward. 
 
 uranium (u-ra'ni-um) , n. a metallic 
 element. 
 
 urban (er'ban), adj. pertaining to a 
 city or town. 
 
 urbane (er-ban'), adj. polite; refined. 
 
 urbanity (er-ban'i-ti), n. politeness; 
 refinement. 
 
 urceolus (er-se'6-lus) , n. a small 
 graceful urn with oval body. [Lat- 
 
 urchin (er'chin), n. originally a hedge- 
 hog; a small boy. 
 
 urea (u're-a), n. the chief solid con- 
 stituent of the urine of mammals. 
 
 uremia (u-re'mi-a), n. poisoning of 
 the blood by the presence of urea 
 and other hurtful substances. 
 
 urge (erj), v.t. to incite; impel; pro- 
 voke: v.i. act with earnestness; in- 
 sist upon; allege proofs. 
 
 urgency (erj 'en-si), n. pressure of ne- 
 cessity; importunity. 
 
 urgent (erj'ent), adj. pressing; calling 
 for immediate attention. 
 
 urinal (u'ri-nal), n. a place of conven- 
 ience. 
 
 urine (u'rin), n. the excretion from 
 the kidneys. 
 
 urn (era), n. a roundish vessel of va- 
 rious materials bulging in the mid- 
 dle, usually with a foot or pedestal; 
 a vessel in which the ashes of the 
 dead are preserved. 
 
 ursine (er'sin), adj. pertaining to, or 
 resembling, a bear. 
 
 us (us), pron. objective of we. 
 
 usage (u'zaj), n. mode of using; treat- 
 ment; habitual or long continued 
 use or custom. 
 
 usance (ti'zans), n. the time fixed 
 for the payment of a bill of ex- 
 change. 
 
 use (us), n. the act of using; applica- 
 tion of anything to a particular pur- 
 pose; employment; custom or prac- 
 tice; treatment: v.t.^ (uz) to make 
 use of; employ; avail one's self of; 
 possess or enjoy for a time; habitu- 
 ate: v.i. to be accustomed. 
 
 useful (us'fool), adj. full of use, profit, 
 or advantage; beneficial. 
 
 useless (iis'les), adj. having, or being 
 of, no use. 
 
 usher (ush'er), n. a doorkeeper; an 
 officer who introduces strangers or 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
USUAL 
 
 563 
 
 UXORIOUS 
 
 walks before persons of rank; as- 
 sistant master [English]: v.t. to in- 
 troduce or escort (with in or forth). 
 
 usual (u'zhQ-al), adj. habitual; cus- 
 tomary. 
 
 usufruct (ii'su-frukt), n. the tempo- 
 rary use and enjoyment of lands and 
 tenements belonging to another. 
 
 usurer (u'zhur-er), n. one who lends 
 money at an exorbitant rate of in- 
 terest. 
 
 usurious (u-zhu'ri-us) , adj. practic- 
 ing usury. 
 
 usurp (u-serp'), v.t. to take possession 
 of by force, or without right; ap- 
 plied to seizure and use of office, 
 functions, powers, rights, &c. 
 
 usurper (u-serp'er), n. one who usurps. 
 
 usury (u'zhti-ri), n. interest on money 
 beyond the current rate of interest; 
 practice of lending money at exorbi- 
 tant interest. 
 
 utensil (u-ten'sil), n. an implement, 
 especially one used for domestic or 
 culinary purposes. 
 
 uterine (u'ter-in), adj. pertaining to 
 the womb ; born of the same mother, 
 but by a different father. 
 
 uterus (ii'ter-us), n. the womb. 
 
 utilitarian (u-til-i-ta'ri-an) , adj. per- 
 
 taining to, or aiming at, utility: n. 
 one who holds the doctrine of utili- 
 tarianism. 
 
 utility (u-til'i-ti), n. usefulness; in- 
 trinsic value. 
 
 utilize (Q'til-Iz), v.t. to make useful or 
 profitable. 
 
 utmost (ut'most), adj. in the great- 
 est degree; most distant; furthest; 
 extreme: n. the extreme limit or ex- 
 tent. 
 
 utter (ut'er), adj. entire; absolute; un- 
 qualified; total: v.t. to speak; pro- 
 nounce; publish abroad; circulate, 
 especially counterfeit coins or 
 notes. 
 
 utterance (ut'er-ans), n. vocal expres- 
 sion; speech; style of speaking. 
 
 uttermost (ut'er-most), adj. extreme; 
 in the furthest, greatest, or highest 
 degree: n. the furthest extent or de- 
 gree. 
 
 uvea (u've-a), n. the posterior, dark 
 colored layer of the iris. 
 
 uvula (u'vu-la), n. the fleshy, conical 
 body, attached to the soft palate, 
 hanging at the back part of the 
 tongue. 
 
 uxorious (uk-so'ri-us) , adj. foolishly 
 or excessively fond of a wife. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 36 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
V 
 
 V, the twenty-second letter of the 
 English alphabet. As to its his- 
 tory see U. It may be noted that 
 most words in English commencing 
 with v have a foreign source. As 
 a symbol, V in chemistry denotes 
 the rare chemical element, vana- 
 dium. 
 
 vacancy (va'kan-si), n. [pi. vacan- 
 cies (va'kan-siz)], state of being 
 vacant or empty; listlessness ; un- 
 occupied office; open or unoccupied 
 space. 
 
 vacant (va/kant), adj. empty; free 
 from thought or reflection; not oc- 
 cupied. 
 
 vacate (vaTcat), v.t. to make vacant; 
 annul; give up the possession of. 
 
 vacation (va-ka'shun), n. the act of 
 vacating ; intermission of a stated 
 employment, or judicial proceed- 
 ings; school holidays. 
 
 vaccinate (vak'si-nat) , v.t. to inocu- 
 late with vaccine matter as a pro- 
 tection against smallpox. 
 
 vaccine (vak'sin), adj. pertaining to, 
 or obtained from, cows ; caused by the 
 cowpox: n. a liquid taken from the 
 udder of a cow affected with cow- 
 pox. 
 
 vacillate (vas'i-lat), v.i. to fluctuate 
 in mind or opinion; be unsteady; 
 waver. [Latin.] 
 
 vacuity (va-ku'i-ti), n. emptiness; 
 vacant state of mind or expression. 
 
 vacuum (vak'u-um), n. a space devoid 
 of all matter; void. 
 
 vagabond (vag'a-bond), adj. without 
 fixed habitation; roaming; idle: n. 
 a vagrant; scamp. [Latin.] 
 
 vagary (va'ga-ry or va-ga'ri), n. [pi. 
 vagaries (va/ga- or va-ga'riz)], a 
 wild freak; whim. 
 
 vagina (va-ji'na), n. the canal which 
 leads from the external orifice to the 
 uterus; sheath. [Latin.] 
 
 vagrancy (va/gran-si) , n. a state of 
 
 wandering without a settled home; 
 habits and life of a vagrant. 
 
 vagrant (va'grant), adj. wandering 
 from place to place without a settled 
 home: n. a tramp. 
 
 vague (vag), adj. indefinite; unsettled. 
 
 vain (van), adj. [comp. vainer, su- 
 perl. vainest], empty; unreal; de- 
 ceitful; producing no good results; 
 conceited; ostentatious. [Latin.] 
 
 valance (varans), n. hanging dra- 
 pery for a bed, window, &c. 
 
 vale (val), n. a tract of low land be- 
 tween hills; valley. 
 
 valedictory (val-e-dik'to-ri), n. a part- 
 ing address: adj. bidding farewell. 
 
 valence # (va'lens), n. the degree of 
 combining power of an atom. 
 
 valentine (val'en-tin), n. a, sweet- 
 heart chosen on St. Valentine's day; 
 love missive sent on February 14th. 
 
 valet (val'a or val'et), n. a servant who 
 attends on a gentleman's person: 
 v.t. to act as valet to. 
 
 valetudinarian (val-e-tu-di-na'ri-an) , 
 adj. sickly; seeking to recover 
 health: n. an invalid. [Latin.] 
 
 valiant (val'yant), adj. brave; heroic. 
 
 valid (val'id), adj. having legal force; 
 not weak or defective; sound; well- 
 grounded. 
 
 validity (va-lid'i-ti) , n. legal force; 
 soundness; strength; justness. 
 
 valise (va-les'), n. small portman- 
 teau. [French.] 
 
 vallation (val-la'shun), n. a ram- 
 part. 
 
 valley (val'i), n. [pi. valleys (val'iz)], a 
 tract of land situated between ranges 
 of hills or mountains, usually trav- 
 ersed by a river. 
 
 valor (val'er), n. bravery; intrepid- 
 ly- 
 valorous (val'er-us), adj. brave; in- 
 trepid. 
 
 valuable (val'u-a-bl), adj. possessing 
 useful qualities; having value or 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
VALUE 
 
 565 
 
 VATICAN 
 
 worth; costly: n. a thing or posses- 
 sion of value. [Old French.] 
 
 value (val'u), n. that which renders 
 anything useful or estimable; price; 
 importance; excellence: v.t. to esti- 
 mate the worth of; appraise; es- 
 teem. 
 
 valve (valv), n. a lid or cover open- 
 ing in one direction and shutting in 
 another; one of the divisions of a 
 shell. 
 
 vamose (va-mos'e), v.i. to decamp. 
 [Spanish.] 
 
 vamp (vamp), n. the upper leather of 
 a boot or shoe 
 
 vampire (vam'plr), n. a fabled de- 
 mon or ghost that sucks the blood of 
 persons asleep; a kind of bat. 
 
 van (van), n. the front of an army or 
 fleet; a large covered wagon for 
 moving household goods, &c. 
 
 vanadium steel (van-ad 'i-urn stel); n. 
 steel containing vanadium. The ef- 
 fect of adding' vanadium to low- 
 carbon steel is to raise its tensile 
 strength. 
 
 vane (van), n. a weather-cock. 
 
 vanguard (van'gard), n. the advance 
 guard of an army. 
 
 vanilla (va-nil'a), n. the dried fruit 
 of an orchid, used for flavoring. 
 
 vanish (van'ish), v.i. to disappear. < 
 
 vanity (van'i-ti), n. [pi. vanities 
 (van'i-tiz)], love of indiscriminate 
 admiration; empty pride or conceit; 
 fruitless desire or endeavor; idle 
 show; emptiness. 
 
 vanquish (vang'kwish) , v.t. to con- 
 quer; subdue; refute in argument. 
 
 vantage (van'taj), n. advantage; in 
 lawn tennis, the first point ter 
 deuce. 
 
 vapid (vap'id), adj. dull; insipid. 
 
 vapor (va'per), n. the gas into which 
 most liquids and solids are converted 
 by heat; steam; mist; whim: pi. 
 hysteria; melancholia: v.i. to pass off 
 in vapor; bully. 
 
 vaporize (va'per-Iz), v.t. to convert 
 into vapor. 
 
 vaporous (va'per-us), adj. full of, or 
 Eke, vapor; unreal. 
 
 variable (va/ri-a-bl) , adj. changeable; 
 inconstant; fickle. 
 
 variance (va/ri-ans), n. difference; 
 quarrel. 
 
 variant (va'ri-ant), adj. variable; dif- 
 
 ferent: n. a different form of sub- 
 stantially the same thing. 
 
 variation (va-ri-a/shun), n. partial 
 change; difference; inflection; devia- 
 tion of the magnetic needle from the 
 true north; tendency in organisms 
 produced by the same parents to 
 vary slightly. 
 
 varicose (var'i-kos), adj. abnormally 
 swollen or enlarged; said of veins. 
 
 varied (va/rid), adj. altered; partially 
 changed; various. 
 
 variegate (va'ri-e-gat), v.t. to mark 
 with different colors or tints; di- 
 versify. 
 
 variety (va-ri'e-ti), n. t [pi. varieties 
 (va-ri'e-tiz) ], intermixture or suc- 
 cession of different things; variation; 
 diversity; change; subdivision or pe- 
 culiar form of a species. 
 
 variola (va-ri'o-la), n. smallpox. 
 
 variorum (va-ri-o'rum),. adj. noting 
 an edition of a book with the notes 
 of various commentators. 
 
 various (va'ri-us), adj. different; sev- 
 eral. 
 
 varlet (var'let), n. formerly a serv- 
 ant, footman, or page;_ a # scoundrel. 
 
 varnish (var'nish), n. a viscid, resinous 
 liquid used for giving a gloss to 
 wood or metal work: v.t. to cover 
 with varnish ; give a gloss to or over; 
 palliate. [French.] 
 
 vary (va'ri), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. varied, 
 P-pr. varying], to change; make of 
 different kinds; alter: v.i. to under- 
 go a change; alternate; swerve; dis- 
 agree. 
 
 vas (vas_), n. a vessel or duct. 
 
 vase (vas or vaz), n. a vessel for va- 
 rious purposes, especially one of an- 
 tique or ornamental pattern. 
 
 vaseline (vas'e-lin), n. petroleum 
 jelly. 
 
 vassal (vas'al), n. a dependent; re- 
 tainer; bondman: adj. servile. 
 [French.] 
 
 vast (vast), adj. of great extent; great 
 in number or degree; very spacious; 
 immense: n. boundless space; empty 
 waste; sea. 
 
 vat (vat), n. a large tub or vessel, es- 
 pecially one used for brewing or 
 leather making. 
 
 Vatican (vat'i-kan), n. the palace of 
 the Pope at Rome; the papal au- 
 thority. [Latin.] 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
VAUDEVILLE 
 
 566 
 
 VENGEANCE 
 
 vaudeville (vod'vil), n. a light, gay, 
 or topical song; a short drama with 
 comic songs. [French.] 
 
 vault (vawlt), n. an arched roof; cel- 
 lar; prison; cavern; tomb of ma- 
 sonry; sky; leap: v.t. to shape as 
 a vault; arch : v.i. to leap, spring, or 
 bound; exhibit feats of leaping. 
 
 vaunt (vant or vawnt), v.i. to boast: 
 v.t. to brag of; display boastfully: 
 n. a boast; vain display. 
 
 veal (vel), n. calf's fleshy 
 
 vector (vek'ter), n. a directive quan- 
 tity, as a straight line, force, or ve- 
 locity. 
 
 Veda (va'da), n. [pi. vedas (va'daz)], 
 one of the four oldest sacred books 
 or collection of hymns of the Hin- 
 dus, of great antiquity, the basis of 
 Brahmanism. 
 
 vedette (ve-det'), n. a mounted senti- 
 nel. Also vidette. 
 
 veer (ver), v.i. to change direction, as 
 the wind; wear: v.t. to turn; direct 
 to a different course. 
 
 vegetable ((yej'e-ta-bl), adj. pertain- 
 ing to, having the nature of, pro- 
 duced by, or consisting of, plants: 
 n. a plant deriving its nourishment 
 from the earth by means of roots; 
 a plant or root cultivated for the 
 table, &c. [Old French.] 
 
 vegetarian (vej-e-ta'ri-an) , n. one who 
 abstains from a meat diet and lives 
 on fruit, vegetables, or farinaceous 
 food: adj. pertaining to vegetarians 
 or vegetarianism. 
 
 vegetate (vej'e-tat), v.i. to grow as a 
 plant; live a useless, indolent life. 
 
 vegetation (vej-e-ta'shun) , n. plants 
 or vegetables collectively. 
 
 vehemence (ve'he-mens), n. impetu- 
 osity; violent ardor; animated fer- 
 vor. Also vehemency. 
 
 vehement (ve'he-ment), adj. very vio- 
 lent or forcible; passionate; ardent; 
 energetic. 
 
 vehicle (ve'hi-kl), n. any kind of car- 
 riage or conveyance; a medium. 
 
 veil (val), n. a covering more or less 
 transparent for the face; curtain or 
 covering for concealment: _ v.t.^ to 
 cover with, or as with, a veil; hide; 
 conceal. 
 
 vein (van), n. one of the vessels which 
 convey blood from the arteries to the 
 heart; branching rib of a leaf; seam 
 
 of rock rilled with metallic or mineral 
 matter; train of thought; particular 
 disposition, genius, or style: v.t. to 
 fill or cover with, or as with, veins. 
 
 veinous (van'us), adj. full of or pro- 
 vided with veins. 
 
 velar (ve'lar), adj. sounds that are 
 made by contact of the tongue with 
 the soft palate, or velum. 
 
 veldt (velt), n. open country [South 
 Africa]. Also veld. 
 
 vellum (vel'um), n. fine parchment. 
 
 velocipede (ve-los'i-ped) , n. a light 
 carriage propelled by the feet: the 
 original form of the bicycle. 
 
 velocity (ve-los'i-ti) , n. [pi. velocities 
 (ve-los'i-tiz)], speed; rate of move- 
 ment of a body. 
 
 velum (vel'um), n. the soft palate. 
 
 velvet (vel'vet), n. a silk fabric with 
 short, close, soft nap; fine down on 
 the horns of young deer. 
 
 velveteen (vel-ve-ten') , n. imitation 
 velvet. 
 
 venal (ve'nal), adj. that may be 
 bought, # or bribed; mercenary; of or 
 pertaining to the veins. 
 
 venation (ve-na/shun), n. the arrange- 
 ment of veins in a leaf, or insect's 
 wing. 
 
 vend (vend), v.t. to sell; offer for sale. 
 
 vendetta (ven-det'a), n. a kind of 
 blood-feud. 
 
 veneer (ve-ner'), v.t. to overlay with 
 a thin slice of ornamental or more 
 valuable wood: hence give a gloss 
 to: n. a thin strip of superior wood 
 for overlaying; outside show; pre- 
 tense. [French.] 
 
 venerable (ven'er-a-bl), adj. worthy 
 of being venerated or reverenced; 
 rendered sacred by religious or lofty 
 associations; title of an archdea- 
 con. 
 
 venerate (ven'er-at), v.t. to esteem as 
 sacred; regard with the highest re- 
 spect; revere. [Latin.] 
 
 veneration (ven-er-a'shun), n. the 
 highest degree of respect and rever- 
 ence; respect associated with 
 awe. 
 
 venereal (ve-ne're-al), adj. pertain- 
 ing to, or arising from, sexual inter- 
 course; aphrodisiac. [Latin.] 
 
 vengeance (venj'ans), n. the inflic- 
 tion of pain on another for an in- 
 jury received. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 *""«, hut ; think, then. 
 
VENGEFUL 
 
 567 
 
 VERMUTH 
 
 vengeful (venj'fool), adj. vindictive; 
 retributive ; 
 
 venial (ve'ni-al), adj. pardonable. 
 
 venison (ven'zn), n. deer's flesh. 
 
 venom (ven'um), n. poison introduced 
 into the system by a bite or sting; 
 spite. [Old French.] 
 
 venomous ( ven 'um-us ), adj. full of 
 venom; poisonous; malignant; spite- 
 ful. 
 
 venous (ve'nus), adj. pertaining to, 
 contained in, or consisting of, veins. 
 
 vent (vent), n. a small opening for 
 the escape of air, &c; chimney-flue; 
 outlet; rectum; utterance: v.t. to 
 give an opening to. 
 
 ventilate (ven'ti-lat), v.t. to open to 
 the free passage of air; expose to 
 free discussion. [Latin.] 
 
 ventilation (ven-ti-la'shun), n. the 
 act of ventilating; state of being 
 ventilated ; . free discussion. 
 
 ventilator (ven'ti-la-ter), n. a contriv- 
 ance for regulating the free admis- 
 sion of air. 
 
 ventral (ven'tral), adj. pertaining to 
 the belly. 
 
 ventricle (ven'tri-kl), n. a small 
 cavity in an animal body. 
 
 ventriloquism (ven-tril'6-kwizm), n. 
 the act or art of speaking as from 
 another source than the voice. 
 
 venture (ven'tur), n. an undertaking 
 of chance or danger ; risk ; specula- 
 tion: v.t. to risk; send on a venture: 
 v.i. to dare. 
 
 venturesome (ven'tur-sum), adj. in- 
 trepid; rash. Also venturous. 
 
 venue (yen'u), n. the place where an 
 action in law is laid. [French.] 
 
 Venus (ve'nus), n. the daughter of 
 Jupiter and Juno; the goddess of 
 Beauty and Love. 
 
 veracious (ve-ra/shus) , adj. truth- 
 ful; true. 
 
 veracity (ve-ras'i-ti) , n. truthfulness; 
 truth. 
 
 veranda (ve-ran'da), n. a kind of cov- 
 ered balcony or open portico sup- 
 ported by light pillars. Also veran- 
 dah. 
 
 verb (verb), n. that part of speech 
 which signifies to be, to do, or to 
 suffer. 
 
 verbal (verb'al), adj. expressed in 
 words; oral; literal: n. a noun de- 
 rived from a verb. 
 
 verbatim (ver-ba'tim), adv. word for 
 word. 
 
 verbiage (ver'bi-aj), n. verbosity. 
 
 verbose (ver-bos'), adj. wordy; prolix. 
 
 verbosity (ver-bos'i-ti), n. the use of 
 more words than are necessary. Also 
 verboseness. 
 
 verdant (ver'dant), adj. green; fresh; 
 inexperienced; gullible. 
 
 verdict (ver'dikt), n. the finding of a 
 jury on a trial; judgment; decision. 
 
 verdigris (ver'di-gres), # n. the blue- 
 greeen substance which forms on 
 copper or brass: used as a pigment. 
 
 verdure (ver'dur), n. freshness of 
 vegetation. 
 
 verge (verj), n. a rod, mace, &c, car- 
 ried as an emblem of _ authority ; 
 shaft of a column; spindle of a 
 watch-balance; border or limit: v.i. 
 to approach or come near. 
 
 verger (verj'er), n. a sword or mace 
 bearer; an official who has care of 
 the interior of an English cathedral. 
 
 verification (ver-i-fi-ka/shun), n. the 
 act of proving to be true; confirma- 
 tion; state of being verified. 
 
 verify (ver'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. veri- 
 fied, p.pr. verifying], to prove to be 
 true; fulfil. 
 
 verily (ver'i-li), adv. in truth; certain- 
 ly. 
 
 verisimilitude (ver-i-si-mil'i-tud), n. 
 the appearance of truth; probability. 
 
 veritable (ver'i-ta-bl), adj. true; gen- 
 uine. 
 
 verity (ver'i-ti), n. [pi. verities (ver'- 
 i-tiz)], agreement with fact; truth; 
 reality. 
 
 verjuice (ver'joos), n. # an acid liquor 
 expressed from unripe grapes, ap- 
 ples, &c: hence sourness; tart- 
 ness. 
 
 vermicelli (ver-mi-sel'i), n. the stiff 
 paste or dough of fine flour made 
 into tubes. 
 
 vermifuge (ver'mi-fuj), n. a medicine 
 or substance to expel or destroy 
 worms from or in the body. Also 
 vermicide. 
 
 vermilion (ver-mil'yun), n. a brilliant 
 red pigment: v.t. to color or dye 
 with vermilion. 
 
 vermin ( ver'min) , n. noxious small ani- 
 mals or insects, as rats, fleas, &c; 
 low, despicable persons. 
 
 vermuth (ver'mooth), n. a liqueur of 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
VERNACULAR 
 
 568 
 
 VEXATION 
 
 absinthe, aromatic herbs, &c, for 
 creating an appetite. 
 
 vernacular (ver-nak'u-ler) , adj. per- 
 taining to, or characteristic of, one's 
 native country or language: n. na- 
 tive idiom. 
 
 vernal (ver'nal), adj. pertaining to, or 
 appearing in, the spring. 
 
 versatile (ver'sa-til), adj. turning with 
 ease from one thing, subject, or 
 opinion to another; many-sided; va- 
 riable. 
 
 versatility (ver-sa-til'i-ti) , n. quality 
 of being versatile. 
 
 verse (vers), n. a measured line of 
 poetry; stanza; poetry; short di- 
 vision of any composition, especially 
 of the chapters of the Bible; part of 
 an anthem for performance by a 
 single voice to each part. 
 
 versed (verst), adj. skilled; convers- 
 ant. 
 
 versification (ver-si-fi-ka'shun) , n. 
 the art or practice of composing 
 metrical verses. 
 
 version (ver'shun), n. a translation 
 from one language into another; 
 particular account or description. 
 
 verst (verst), n. the Russian mile = 
 3,500 English feet. 
 
 versus (ver'sus), prep, against. [Lat- 
 in.] 
 
 vertebra (ver'te-bra) , n. [pi. vertebrae 
 (ver'te-bre)], a single bone of the 
 spinal column. 
 
 vertebral (ver'te-bral) , adj. pertaining 
 to, or forming part of, the ver- 
 tebrae. 
 
 vertex (ver'teks), n. [pi. vertices (veV- 
 ti-sez)], the top, summit, or crown; 
 apex; zenith; point in any figure, 
 opposite to, and most distant from, 
 the base. 
 
 vertical (ver'ti-kal), adj. pertaining to, 
 or situated at, the vertex; directly 
 overhead ; perpendicular to the plane 
 of the horizon. 
 
 vertigo (ver'ti-go), n. giddiness. 
 
 vertu (ver'too), n. artistic skill; hence 
 works of art, curios, &c. [Italian.] 
 
 verve (verv), n. the enthusiasm which 
 animates a poet or artist; spirit; 
 energy. [French.] 
 
 very (ver'i), adj. [comp. verier, superl. 
 veriest], real; actual; true: adv. ex- 
 tremely. 
 
 vesicle (ves[i-kl), n. a bladder-like ves- 
 sel or cavity; cyst; sac. 
 
 vespers (ves'perz), n.pl. the sixth 
 hour of the Roman Breviary; eve- 
 ning songs or services generally. 
 
 vessel (ves'el), n. a utensil for holding 
 something, especially liquids; hollow 
 structure made to float on water; 
 ship; tube or canal in which the flu- 
 ids of a body are contained; instru- 
 ment; recipient. 
 
 vest (vest), n. waistcoat; body gar- 
 ment, usually with short sleeves: 
 v.t. to clothe with, or as with, a gar- 
 ment ; invest closely ; give fixed right 
 of possession. 
 
 vesta (ves'ta), n. a wax match. 
 
 Vestal (ves'tal), adj. pertaining to, or 
 sacred to, the Roman goddess Vesta; 
 chaste; pure: n. a virgin; nun. 
 
 vested (ves'ted), adj. clothed; fixed. 
 
 vestibule (ves'ti-bul), n. porch or en- 
 trance into a house ; small bony cav- 
 ity of the ear. 
 
 vestige (ves'tij), n. a mark left in pass- 
 ing; track; remains of something 
 pre-existent. 
 
 vestment (vest'ment), n. a garment, 
 especially a priestly garment; dress. 
 
 vestry (ves'tri), n. [pi. vestries (ves'- 
 triz)], a room in a church where 
 ecclesiastical vestments, &c, are 
 kept and parochial meetings held; 
 meeting of parishioners for parish 
 business. 
 
 vesture (ves'tur), n. clothing; cover- 
 ing. 
 
 vetch (vech), n. a common name for 
 leguminous plants used for green 
 fodder, as tares. [English.] 
 
 veteran (vet'er-an), adj. long exer- 
 cised or experienced, especially in 
 military life: n. one thus expe-, 
 rienced. 
 
 veterinary (vet'er-i-na-ri) , adj. per- 
 taining to the art of healing the dis- 
 eases of domestic animals, as horses, 
 &c. 
 
 veto (ve'to), n. [pi. vetoes (ve'toz)], 
 the right of stopping or preventing 
 the enactment of a law; authorita- 
 tive prohibition: v.t. to reject by 
 veto; refuse assent to; prohibit. 
 
 vex (veks), v.t. to irritate by small 
 annoyances or provocations; harass; 
 tease; agitate. 
 
 vexation (veks-a'shun) , n. the act of 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
VEXATIOUS 
 
 569 
 
 VIGOR 
 
 vexing; state of being vexed; annoy- 
 ance; worry. 
 
 vexatious (veks-a'shus), adj. causing 
 vexation; annoying; troublesome; 
 harassing. 
 
 vexed (vekst), adj. much debated or 
 contested, but not settled. 
 
 via (vl'a), adv. by way of. [Latin.] 
 
 viaduct (vi'a-dukt), n. an arched 
 structure for conveying a railway, 
 road, &c, over low ground. 
 
 vial (vi'al), n. a small glass bottleor 
 vessel ; v.t. to put in a vial. Also phial. 
 
 viands (vi'andz), n.pl. dressed meat; 
 food. 
 
 viaticum ( vi-at'i-kum) , n. the Eu- 
 charist^ administered in the Roman 
 Catholic Church to a person in dan- 
 ger of death. 
 
 vibrate (vi'brat), v.i. to move back- 
 wards and forwards ; oscillate ; shake ; 
 quiver; swing; waver: v.t. to cause to 
 quiver. 
 
 vibration (vi-bra'shun) , n. the act of 
 vibrating; oscillation; resonance. _ 
 
 vibratory (vi'bra-to-ri), adj. consist- 
 ing in, or causing, vibrations. 
 
 vicar (vik'er), n. a deputy; incumbent 
 of an appropriated benefice, who re- 
 ceives the small tithes. 
 
 vicarage (vik'er-aj), n. the benefice, or 
 residence, of a vicar. 
 
 vicarious (vi-ka/ri-us) , adj. substi- 
 tuted, or performed, in the place of 
 another. 
 
 vice (vis), n. a fault, defect, or blem- 
 ish; immoral practice or habit; de- 
 ^pravity; immorality; a vise. 
 
 vice, prefix meaning in place of, second 
 in rank. 
 
 vicegerent ( vis- je 'rent), n. one de- 
 puted by superior authority to exer- 
 cise the functions of another. 
 
 Vice-President (vis-prez'i-dent) , n. 
 the officer to succeed the President of 
 the United States in case of death or 
 incapacity; he is also President of the 
 Senate. 
 
 viceregal (vls-re'gal) , adj. pertaining 
 to a viceroy. 
 
 viceroy (vis'roi), n. a governor of a 
 country ruling in the name and by 
 the authority of the sovereign. 
 
 vice versa (vi'se ver'sa), a Latin 
 phrase meaning in the reverse order. 
 
 vicinage (vis'i-naj), n. a neighbor- 
 hood? 
 
 vicinity (vi-sin'i-ti), n. nearness in 
 place; proximity. 
 
 vicious (vish'us), adj. characterized 
 by vice or blemish ; faulty ; corrupt 
 in moral principles or conduct; un- 
 ruly; spiteful. 
 
 vicissitude (vi-sis'i-tud), n. change. 
 
 victim (vik'tim), n. a living being, usu- 
 ally some animal, sacrificed to a 
 deity; some person or thing de- 
 stroyed or injured in the pursuit of 
 some object, or by some accident; 
 dupe. 
 
 victimize (vik[tim-iz), v.t. to make a 
 victim of; swindle. 
 
 victor (vik'ter), n. conqueror; one who 
 wins or gains an advantage: Fem- 
 inine victoress.^ 
 
 victoria (vik-to'ri-a) , n. a kind of car- 
 riage for two persons. 
 
 victorious (yik-to'ri-us), adj. having 
 
 ' conquered in battle or contest; em- 
 blematic of victory; triumphant. 
 
 victory (yik'to-ri), n. [pi. victories 
 (vik'to-riz)], the defeat of an enemy 
 in battle, or an antagonist in a con- 
 test. 
 
 victual (vit'l),v.t. [p.t. & p.p. vict- 
 ualed, p.pr. victualing], to supply or 
 store with provisions for food: n.pl. 
 food; meat. 
 
 vide (vi'de), v.t. see. [Latin.] 
 
 videlicet (vi-del'i-set) , adv. to wit; 
 namely. [Latin.] 
 
 vie (vi), v.i. to strive for superiority; 
 rival; endeavor. 
 
 view (vii), v.t. to look upon; see; re- 
 gard attentively; survey mentally; 
 examine intellectually; consider: n. 
 the act of seeing; prospect; survey; 
 purpose; mental or intellectual per- 
 ception; sketch or picture; judg- 
 ment; opinion. 
 
 vigil (vij'il), n. a watching; devotion 
 in the usual hours of sleeping; eve 
 preceding a feast of the Church. 
 
 vigilance (vij'i-lans), n. watchfulness; 
 caution. 
 
 vigilant (vij'i-lant),^. attentive to 
 discover and avoid danger; alert; 
 cautious. 
 
 vignette (vin-yef), n. a small en- 
 graving not enclosed by a definite 
 border; a portrait of the head and 
 bust only. 
 
 vigor (vig'er), n. physical or mental 
 strength and energy; force. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
VIGOROUS 
 
 570 
 
 VIRILE 
 
 vigorous (vig'er-us), adj. full of physi- 
 cal or mental strength and energy; 
 robust; forcible. 
 
 viking (vi'king), n. one of the old 
 Scandinavian pirates, who (eighth 
 to tenth centuries) ravaged the 
 coasts of Europe. 
 
 vile (vll), adj. worthless; despicable; 
 morally base or impure; wicked. 
 
 vilify (vil'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. vilified, 
 
 S.pr. vilifying], to defame; debase 
 y slander. 
 
 villa (vil'a), n. a country seat; subur- 
 ban residence. 
 
 village (vil'aj), n. a small assemblage 
 of houses, less than a town but larger 
 than a hamlet. 
 
 villain (vil'in or vil'an), n. originally a 
 serf or feudal tenant of the lowest 
 class; scoundrel. 
 
 villainous (vil'an-us), adj. character- 
 ized by extreme depravity; vile; 
 mean. 
 
 villainy (yil'an-i), n. extreme deprav- 
 ity; atrocious wickedness. 
 
 villanage (vil'an-aj), n. the state or 
 condition of a serf. Also villeinage. 
 
 villi (vil'i), n.pl. long, straight, soft 
 hairs on plants; velvet-like hairs set 
 closely together. 
 
 villous (virus), adj. covered with 
 long, thin, soft hairs; downy; 
 shaggy. 
 
 vim (vim), n. energy; swift use of 
 power. [Latin. ]_ 
 
 vinaigrette (vin-a-gref), n. a small 
 perforated box of gold, &c, for hold- 
 ing aromatic vinegar or smelling- 
 salts. [French.] 
 
 vincible (vin'si-bl), adj. capable of 
 being conquered or overcome. 
 
 vinculum (ving'ku-lum), n. a bond 
 of union; tie; horizontal bar placed 
 over several algebraical quantities to 
 indicate they are to be treated as one. 
 
 vindicate (vin'di-kat), v.t. to prove 
 to be valid; defend successfully; as- 
 sert a right to; justify. 
 
 vindication (vin-di-ka/shun), n. justi- 
 fication against denial, censure, or 
 oppression; defense; support by 
 proof. 
 
 vindictive (vin-dik'tiv) , adj. given to, 
 or prompted by, revenge. 
 
 vine (vin), n. any woody, climbing 
 plant of the genus Vitis, especially 
 the common grape. 
 
 vinegar (vin'e-ger), n. an acid ob- 
 tained by fermentation from wine, 
 beer, &c. : hence anything sour, actu- 
 ally or metaphorically. 
 
 vineyard (vin'yard), n. a plantation 
 of vines producing grapes. 
 
 vinous (vi'nus), adj. pertaining to, 
 having the qualities of, or like, wine. 
 
 vintage (vin'taj), n. the yearly crop 
 or produce of the grape; wine pro- 
 duced in one season. 
 
 vintner (vint'ner), n. wine merchant. 
 
 viol (vi'ol), n. a four-stringed musical 
 instrument played with a bow. 
 
 viola (ve-6'la), n. the tenor violin. 
 
 violate (vi'o-lat), v.t. to transgress; 
 break forcibly; injure; ravish; out- 
 rage; desecrate; treat with irrever- 
 ence; disturb. 
 
 violation (vi-o-la'shun), n. the act of 
 violating, infringing, or injuring; 
 rape; outrage; act of irreverence or 
 profanation. 
 
 violence (vi'o-lens), n. physical or 
 moral force; vehemence; unjust 
 strength or power; applied to any 
 purpose; assault; outrage; crime; 
 rape; eagerness; infringement. 
 
 violent (vi'o-lent) , adj. urged or driven 
 by force; vehement; impetuous; 
 forcible; furious; severe. 
 
 violet (vl'o-let), n. a plant of the genus 
 Viola; a color like that of the violet. 
 
 violin (vi-o-lin'), n. a four-stringed 
 musical instrument, played with a 
 bow. 
 
 violoncello (ve-o-lon-chero) , n. a 
 large four-stringed instrument of 
 the viol class. 
 
 violone (ve-o-lo'na), n. a double-bass 
 viol. [Music] 
 
 viper (vl'per), n. a venomous serpent 
 of various species; a crafty, malig- 
 nant person. 
 
 virago (vl-ra'go), n. a bold, turbulent 
 woman. 
 
 virgin (veVjin), n. a woman who has 
 preserved her chastity; maiden; the 
 Virgin Mary (with the): adj. per- 
 taining to, or becoming, a virgin; 
 chaste; modest; pure; new; un- 
 mixed. 
 
 virginity (ver-jin'i-ti), n. the state of a 
 virgin; maidenhood; virgin purity. 
 
 virile (vir'il), adj. pertaining to, or 
 characteristic of, mature manhood; 
 masculine ; manly ; procreative. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl 
 
 me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
 north, not; boon, book 
 
VIRILITY 
 
 571 
 
 VIVACIOUS 
 
 virility (vir-il'i-ti), n. manhood; power 
 of procreation. 
 
 virtu, same as vertu. 
 
 virtual (ver'tQ-al), adj. in essence or 
 effect, though not in fact ; having the 
 efficacy without the material or sen- 
 sible part. 
 
 virtue (ver'tu), n. rectitude; strength; 
 efficacy; valor; chastity; legal force. 
 
 virtuoso (ver-tu-o'so), n. [pi. virtuosi 
 (ver-tu-o'se)], one skilled in the fine 
 arts, antiquities, &c. ; a skilled per- 
 former on a musical instrument. 
 
 virtuous (ver'tu-us), adj. possessing, 
 or exhibiting, virtue ; moral ; 
 chaste. 
 
 virulence (vir'u-lens), n. the state or 
 quality of being virulent; extreme 
 bitterness. 
 
 virulent (vir'u-lent) , adj. very poison- 
 ous or venomous; actively injurious 
 to life or health; bitter in enmity; 
 malignant. 
 
 virus (yi'rus), n. organic, contagious, 
 or poisonous matter, by which dis- 
 ease or poison is introduced into the 
 system; something that acts as a 
 moral poison. 
 
 vis (vis), n. power; force. [Latin.] 
 
 visage (viz'aj), n. the countenance. 
 
 vis-a-vis (ve-za-ve'), n. one who is 
 face to face with another: adv. face 
 to face. [French.] 
 
 viscera (vis'er-a), n.pl. the intestines. 
 
 viscid (vis'id), adj. sticky; glutinous. 
 
 viscount (vi'kount), n. a nobleman 
 next in rank below an earl. Fem- 
 inine viscountess. [French.] 
 
 viscous (visTois), adj. adhesive or 
 glutinous. [Latin.] 
 
 viscus (visTms), n. an entrail. 
 
 vise (vis), n. a two-jawed instrument 
 for holding work. 
 
 visible (viz'i-bl), adj. perceptible by 
 the eye, in view; oovious; apparent. 
 
 vision (vizh'un), n. the act or sense 
 of seeing; sight; object of sight; di- 
 vine revelation; apparition; creation 
 of the imagination. [French.] 
 
 visionary (vizh'un-a-ri) , adj. existing 
 only in the imagination; unreal: n. 
 an unpractical schemer. 
 
 visit (viz'it), n. the act of calling to 
 see another; brief stay of friendship, 
 courtesy, or business ; official inspec- 
 tion: v.t. to call upon; inspect offi- 
 cially; overtake or chastise: v.i. to 
 
 be in the habit of making calls; 
 maintain social intercourse. 
 
 visitant (viz'i-tant), n. a visitor. 
 
 visitation (viz-i-ta'shun), n. the act of 
 visiting; official visit; infliction of 
 good or evil; retributive affliction. 
 
 visitor (yiz'i-ter), n. one who visits; 
 official inspector. 
 
 visor, see vizor. 
 
 vista (yis'ta), n. [pi. vistas (vis'taz)], 
 a view, especially through an 
 avenue; the trees forming such an 
 avenue. 
 
 visual (vizh'u-al), adj. pertaining to, 
 or used in, sight. [Old French.] 
 
 visualize (vizh'u-al-iz), v.t. to make 
 visible; see in fancy. 
 
 vital (vi'tal), adj. pertaining to, sup- 
 porting, or necessary to, life; mor- 
 tal; essential. [Latin.] 
 
 vitality (vi-tal'i-ti) , n. vital force. 
 
 vitalize (vi'tal-iz), v.t. to endow with 
 life; animate. 
 
 vitals (\i'talz), n.pl. the organs of the 
 body essential to life, as the heart, 
 lungs, &c. 
 
 vitascope (vi'ta-skop), n. an appa- 
 ratus for projecting kinetographic 
 pictures in life size upon a canvas. 
 
 vitellus (vi-tel'us), n. the yolk of an 
 egg. 
 
 vitiate (vish'i-at), v.t. to render faulty 
 or defective; taint; deprave; annul. 
 
 vitreo, a Latin prefix meaning pertain- 
 ing to } or like glass, as w7reo-electric, 
 exhibiting positive or vitreous elec- 
 tricity. 
 
 vitreous (vit're-us), adj. consisting of, 
 like, or obtained from, glass. 
 
 vitrescent (vi-tres'ent), adj. capable 
 of being turned into or becoming like 
 glass. 
 
 vitrif action (vit-ri-fak'shun), n. the 
 art or process of vitrifying. 
 
 vitrify (vit'ri-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. vitri- 
 fied, p.pr. vitrifying], to convert by 
 heat and fusion into glass: v.i. to be 
 converted into glass. 
 
 vitriol (vit'ri-ol), n. the popular name 
 for sulphuric acid. 
 
 vituperate (vl-tu'per-at) , v.t. to cen- 
 sure 'abusively. 
 
 vituperative (vl-tu'per-a-tiv) , m adj. 
 characterized by, or containing, 
 abuse. 
 
 viva (ve'va), inter j. hurrah! [Italian.] 
 
 vivacious (vi-va'shus), adj. lively; gay. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, f/ien. 
 
VIVACITY 
 
 572 
 
 VOLUME 
 
 vivacity (vi-vas'i-ti) , n. liveliness; ani- 
 mation. 
 
 viva voce (vi'va vo'se), orally. [Latin.] 
 
 vive (vev), inter j. long life or success to! 
 [French.] 
 
 vivid (viv'id), adj. life-like; realistic; 
 forming brilliant images. 
 
 vivify (viv'i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. vivi- 
 fied, p.pr. vivifyingj, to endue with 
 life; quicken. 
 
 viviparous (vi-vip'a-rus), adj. pro- 
 ducing young alive. 
 
 vivisect (viv-i-sekt'), v.t. to dissect 
 the living body of. 
 
 vivisection (viy-i-sek'shun) , n. the dis- 
 section of a living animal for scien- 
 tific study. 
 
 vixen (viks'n), n. a female fox; quar- 
 relsome, ill-tempered woman. 
 
 viz. (viz), adv. namely. [From the 
 Latin videlicet.] 
 
 vizier (vi-zer'), n. a high officer or 
 councilor of state in Mohammedan 
 countries. 
 
 vizor (vi'zer), n. the upper movable 
 part of a helmet; the fore-piece of a 
 cap. 
 
 vocable (vo'ka-bl), n. a word; term. 
 
 vocabulary (vo-kab'ii-la-ri), n. [pi. vo- 
 cabularies (vo-kab'ii-la-riz)], a col- 
 lection of words of a language, sci- 
 ence, &c, arranged alphabetically 
 and explained; words used. 
 
 vocal (vo'kal), adj. pertaining to, full 
 of, or endowed with, voice or speech; 
 oral; having a vowel character; pro- 
 duced in the larynx. 
 
 vocalize (vo'kal-iz), v.t. to form into 
 voice; utter distinctly. 
 
 vocation (vo-ka'shun) , n. calling; oc- 
 cupation. 
 
 vocative (vok'a-tiv), adj. noting the 
 case of a noun, adjective, or pro- 
 noun in which a person or thing is 
 addressed: n. the vocative case. [In 
 Latin, the fifth case of the noun.] 
 
 vociferate (vo-sif 'er-at) , v.i. to clamor; 
 bawl: v.t. to jitter with a loud voice. 
 
 vociferous (vo-sif 'er-us) , adj. clamor- 
 ous; noisy. 
 
 vodka (vod'ka), n. a Russian intoxi- 
 cant distilled from rye. 
 
 vogue (vog), n. fashion. 
 
 voice (vois), n. sound uttered by the 
 mouth, especially by a human being; 
 utterance or mode of utterance: fac- 
 ulty of speech; language; expressed 
 
 opinions; vote or suffrage: v.t. to 
 give utterance or expression to. 
 
 voiceless (vois'les), adj. without voice; 
 speechless. 
 
 void (void), adj. empty; wanting: v.t. 
 to nullify; declare vacant; quit; to 
 emit or send out: n. a vacuum. 
 
 volant (vo'lant), adj. flying; nimble. 
 
 Volapiik (vo-la-puk'), n. a system of 
 universal language for commercial 
 intercourse. 
 
 volatile (vol'a-til), adj. easily passing 
 into tne aeriform state; diffusing 
 freely; lively; sprightly; fickle. 
 
 volatility (vol-a-til'i-ti) , n. the state or 
 quality of being volatile. 
 
 volatilize (vol'a-til-Iz), v.t. to render 
 volatile; evaporate. 
 
 volcanic (vol-kan'ik) , adj. pertaining 
 to, proceeding from, or produced by, 
 a volcano. [Italian.] 
 
 volcano_(vol-ka'no), n. [pi. volcanoes 
 (vol-ka/noz) ], a conical hill or 
 mountain from which the products 
 of volcanic action are ejected with 
 great heat in the form of lava, &c. 
 
 volition (vo-lish'un) , n. the act^ or 
 power of willing or exerting choice. 
 
 volitive (vori-tiv), adj. pertaining to, 
 or having the power of, will. 
 
 volley (vol'i), n. [pi. volleys (vol'iz) ], 
 the simultaneous discharge of a num- 
 ber of small-arms ; explosive burst ; 
 return of a ball at tennis before it- 
 reaches the ground; bowling a ball 
 full to the top of the wicket: v.t. 
 [p.t. & p.p. volleyed, p.pr. volley- 
 ing], to discharge with, or as with, a 
 volley: v.i. to be thrown out at once; 
 return a ball before it touches the 
 ground. [French.] 
 
 volt (volt), n. the sudden wheeling of a 
 horse ; sudden leap to avoid a thrust 
 in fencing; standard unit of electro- 
 motive force. 
 
 voltaic (vol-ta'ik), adj. pertaining to 
 electricity generated by chemical ac- 
 tion or galvanism. 
 
 voltameter (vol-tam'e-ter) , n. an in- 
 strument for measuring the work of 
 a voltaic current. 
 
 volubility (vol-u-bil'i-ti) , n. excessive 
 fluency of speech. 
 
 voluble (vol'u-bl), adj. fluent in 
 speech. 
 
 volume (vol'um), n. a single book; 
 space occupied, measured in cubic 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
VOLUMINOUS 
 
 573 
 
 VULVA 
 
 units; mass or bulk; quantity or full- 
 ness of voice or tone: pi. a, great 
 deal. 
 
 voluminous (vol-u'mi-nus), adj. ex- 
 tensive; copious; consisting of, or 
 having produced, many books. 
 
 voluntary (vol'un-ta-ri) , adj. acting 
 from choice or free will; spontane- 
 ous; designed; gratuitous: n. an 
 organ solo played before, during, or 
 after, a church service. 
 
 volunteer (vol-un-ter') , n. one who en- 
 ters into any service of his own free 
 will, especially military service; a 
 foreigner who gives his services in 
 exchange for board and residence: 
 v.i. to offer one's services volunta- 
 rily, especially for military service: 
 v.t. to offer or bestow without con- 
 straint or compulsion. 
 
 voluptuary (vo'lup-tti-a-ri), n. one 
 given to sensual enjoyments or lux- 
 ury: adj. devoted to luxury or 
 pleasure. [Latin.] 
 
 voluptuous (vo-lup'tu-us), adj. given 
 to the enjoyment of sensual pleas- 
 ures or luxury; sensual; exciting 
 sensual desires. 
 
 volute (vo-hif), n. a spiral scroll 
 forming the chief feature of the 
 Ionic capital. 
 
 vomer (vo'mer), n. the thin, slender 
 bone forming the partition between 
 the nostrils. 
 
 vomit (vom'it), v.i. to eject the con- 
 tents of the stomach by the mouth: 
 v.t. to throw up from the stomach; 
 discharge with violence: n. matter 
 ejected by the stomach; an 
 emetic. 
 
 voodoo (voo-d5o'), n. a system of 
 magic and superstitious rites, said 
 to be accompanied with cannibal- 
 ism and human sacrifices, prevalent 
 among certain negro races. 
 
 voracious (vo-ra'shus) , adj. greedy 
 in eating; ravenous; rapacious. 
 
 voracity (vo-ras'i-ti) , n. the quality of 
 being voracious. 
 
 vortex (vor'teks), n. [pi. vortices 
 (vor'ti-sez)], the hollow and circular 
 form assumed by a liquid when set 
 in rotation; whirlpool. 
 
 votary (vo'ta-ri), n. [pi. votaries 
 (vo^ta-riz)], one addicted to some 
 particular pursuit or condition of 
 life; one consecrated by a vow. 
 
 vote (vot), n. an expression of choice 
 or preference for candidates. 
 
 voting-machine (vot'ing-ma-shen), n. 
 a machine, related in principle of 
 operation to the cash-register and 
 counting machines, for recording and 
 counting automatically the votes at 
 an election. It usually has a vertical 
 key : board and the voter records his 
 choice by pressing a key opposite the 
 name of his candidate or party. 
 
 votive (vot'iv) , adj. given, consecrated, 
 or promised by vow. 
 
 vouch (vouch), v.t. to attest; guar- 
 antee. [Old French.] 
 
 vouchsafe (vouch-saf), v.t. to con- 
 descend to grant; concede. 
 
 vow (vou), n. a solemn promise or 
 pledge to fulfil some engagement 
 hereafter, especially _ one made to 
 God; pledge of fidelity or affection; 
 v.t. to promise solemnly; consecrate 
 to God: v.i. to make a solemn 
 promise. 
 
 vowel (vou'el), n. a simple vocal 
 sound; a letter representing such a 
 sound: adj. vocal. 
 
 voyage (voi'aj), n. a journey by 
 water from one country or place to 
 another: v.i. to make a voyage: v.t. 
 to travel or pass over. 
 
 vulcanize (vul'kan-Iz), v.t. to change 
 the properties of (india-rubber) by 
 combination with sulphur, white 
 ead, and other substances, render- 
 ing it hard and non-elastic. m 
 
 vulgar (vul'ger), adj. pertaining to, 
 characteristic of, or used by, the 
 multitude of common people; com- 
 mon; general vernacular; plebeian; 
 unrefined; coarse; mean: n. the un- 
 educated or unrefined class. 
 
 vulgarism (vul'ger : izm) , n. a vulgar 
 phrase or expression. 
 
 vulgarity (vul-gar'i-ti) , n. coarseness 
 of manners or language. 
 
 vulnerable (vul'ner-a-bl) , adj. capable 
 of being wounded; susceptible of 
 wounds or injury. 
 
 vulpine (vul'pin) , adj. pertaining to, 
 like, or characteristic of, a fox; cun- 
 ning. 
 
 vulture (vul'tur), n. a large, carmvo* 
 rous, voracious bird of prey. 
 
 vulva (vul'va), n. an entrance or 
 opening; the female generative or- 
 gan. [Latin.] 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; bo5n, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
w 
 
 W, the twenty-third letter in the 
 English alphabet, formed by writ- 
 ing two v's or u'a, to transliterate 
 the vocalic v in Latin (sounded 
 like our w) . Traces of the character 
 are found as early as the seventh 
 century; and it was generally 
 adopted in the thirteenth century. 
 As a chemical symbol it stands for 
 tungsten, the German name of which 
 is Wolframium. 
 
 wabble, same as wobble. 
 
 wad (wod), n. a mass of soft or flex- 
 ible material used for stuffing gar- 
 ments; small mass of tow, &c, used 
 for keeping the powder, &c, in place 
 in a gun; a kind of plumbago; a 
 slang term for money: v.t. [p.t. & 
 p.p. wadded, p.pr. wadding], to form 
 into, or stuff with, a wad. 
 
 wadding (wod'ing), n. a soft stuff of 
 loose texture used for stuffing gar- 
 ments, etc. 
 
 waddle (wod'l), v.i. to move from side 
 to side in walking: n. a clumsy, rock- 
 ing gait. 
 
 wade (wad), v.i. to walk through any 
 substance that yields to the feet, as 
 water, snow, etc. : v.t. to ford. 
 
 wafer (wa/fer), n. a small colored 
 paste disk for securing letters, etc.; 
 small disk of unleavened bread used 
 in the Eucharist in the Roman 
 Catholic Church. 
 
 waffle (wof'l), n. a soft indented cake, 
 baked in an iron utensil over a 
 flame or coals. 
 
 waft (waft), v.t. to bear along on a 
 buoyant medium: v.i. to float. 
 
 wag (wag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. wagged, 
 p.pr. wagging], to move backwards 
 and forwards: v.t. to cause to oscil- 
 late: n. the act of wagging; a droll, 
 humorous fellow. 
 
 wage (waj), v.t. to engage in, or 
 carry on, especially war; venture: 
 
 n. payment for service rendered; 
 hire (usually pi.). 
 
 wager (waj'er), n. a subject on which 
 bets are laid; something staked on 
 an issue: v.t. to hazard to stake: 
 v.i. to bet. 
 
 waggery (wag'er-i), n. mischievous 
 merriment; tricks of a wag; good- 
 humored sarcasm. 
 
 waggish (wag'ish), adj. humorous; 
 sportive. 
 
 waggle (wag'l), v.i. & v.t. to move 
 from side to side: n. a movement 
 from side to side. 
 
 wagon (wag'un), n. a four-wheeled 
 heavy vehicle for carrying goods, 
 agricultural produce, &c. [Dutch.] 
 
 wagonette (wag-un-ef), n. a light, 
 open, four-wheeled pleasure carriage. 
 
 waif (waf), n. anything found with- 
 out an owner; a homeless wanderer. 
 
 wail (wal), v.t. to lament: v.i. to ex- 
 press sorrow audibly: n. loud lamen- 
 tation. Also wailing. 
 
 wain (wan), n. a wagon. 
 
 wainscot (wan'skut), n. paneled wood- 
 en lining on walls: v.t. to line with 
 paneled boarding. 
 
 wain wright (wan'rit), n. a maker of 
 wagons ._ 
 
 waist (wast), n. the narrowest part 
 of the body just below the ribs; mid- 
 dle part. 
 
 waistcoat (wes'kut), n. a short, 
 sleeveless garment for men covering 
 the chest and waist. 
 
 wait (wat), v.i. to stay in expecta- 
 tion; lie in ambush; watch; remain 
 quiet; follow someone; attend: v.t. 
 to await; postpone. 
 
 waiter (wafer), n. a servant in attend- 
 ance at table; salver or tray. Fem- 
 inine waitress. 
 
 waits (watz), n.pl. nocturnal musi- 
 cians who perform in the streets of 
 an English town at Christmas- 
 tide. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
WAIVE 
 
 575 
 
 WARMTH 
 
 waive (wav), v.t. to give up a claim 
 to; forego. 
 
 wake (wak), v.i. [v.t. & p.p. waked 
 or woke, p.pr. waking], to ue awake; 
 be roused from sleep ; cease to sleep ; 
 be active: v.t. to rouse from sleep; 
 revive; watch: n. a vigil; watching 
 of a dead body prior to burial; 
 track. 
 
 wakeful (wak'fool), adj. watchful. 
 
 waken (wak'n), same as wake. 
 
 wale (wal), n. a mark left by the 
 stroke of a whip, &c; v.t. to mark 
 with a wale. 
 
 walk (wawk), v.i. to advance by al- 
 ternate steps; go at a moderate 
 pace; take exercise; go restlessly 
 about; pursue a certain course of 
 life or action: v.t. to traverse; cause 
 to walk: n. act or manner of walk- 
 ing; step or pace; road; place for 
 pedestrian exercise; course of life 
 or action; deportment; frequented 
 track. 
 
 wall (wawl), n. a structure of stone, 
 brick, &c; side of a building; ram- 
 part; means of protection: v.t. to 
 enclose with, or as with, a wall; de- 
 fend or protect. 
 
 wallet (wol'et), n. a bag or knap- 
 sack; a pocketbook. 
 
 wallop (wol'up), v.i. to /boil with a 
 continued bubbling: v.t. to beat 
 soundly: n._ablow; gallop. [Scotch.] 
 
 wallow (wol'o), v.i. to roll one's body 
 in the mire; tumble or roll in any- 
 thing soft; live in vice or filth: n. a 
 kind of rolling walk ; a place to which 
 an animal resorts to wallow. 
 
 walnut (wawrnut), n. a tree of the 
 genus Juglans, yielding an edible 
 fruit and valuable wood. 
 
 walrus (wol'rus), n. a large, carniv- 
 orous, marine mammal with power- 
 ful tusks; called by sailors, "sea- 
 hog." 
 
 waltz (wawltz), n. a kind of dance; 
 music for such a dance: v.i. to dance 
 a waltz. 
 
 wampum (wom'pum), n. beads made 
 of shells, used by the North Ameri- 
 can Indians as money and for orna- 
 mental belts. 
 
 wan (won), adj. pale; sickly. 
 
 wand (wond), n. a long, slender rod; 
 staff of authority. 
 
 wander (won'der), v.i. to ramble 
 
 about aimlessly; stroll; depart from; 
 be delirious. 
 
 wane (wan), v.i. to grow less; de- 
 crease: said of the illuminated part 
 of the moon; fail: n. the decrease of 
 the illuminated part of the moon. 
 
 want (wawnt), n. absence or scarcity 
 of what is needed or desired; defi- 
 ciency; necessity; penury: v.t. to be 
 destitute of; have need of; desire: 
 v.i. to be deficient; not to be pres- 
 ent; come short. 
 
 wanton (won'tun), adj. licentious; 
 lustful; unrestrained ;' roving ; sport- 
 ive; luxurious; trifling: n. a lasciv- 
 ious man or woman. 
 
 war (wawr),_ n. a contest between 
 states carried on by force; armed 
 conflict; state of hostility; enmity: 
 v.i. [p.t. & p.p. warred, p.pr. war- 
 ring], to make war; fight; strive 
 violently. 
 
 warble (wawr'bl), v.t. &v.i. to sing 
 in a trilling or quavering manner; 
 sing, as birds; utter musically: n. a 
 soft, sweet flow of melodious sounds; 
 carol. 
 
 warbler (wawr'bler), n. one who war- 
 bles; a singing-bird. 
 
 war-cry (wawr'cri), n. a summons to 
 battle; in politics, some catching 
 phrase that is shouted by the par- 
 tisans who approve its sentiments. 
 
 ward (wawrd), v.t. to guard; defend 
 from danger ; turn aside (with off) : 
 v.i. to be vigilant; act on the de- 
 fensive: n. guard; defense; particu- 
 lar division of a city or town; cus- 
 tody; person entrusted to the care 
 of a guardian. 
 
 warden (wawrd'en), n. a guardian; 
 keeper; head official; churchwarden. 
 
 wardrobe (wawrd'rob), n. portable 
 closet for clothes; wearing apparel. 
 
 warehouse (war'hous), n. a building 
 for storing goods: v.t. to deposit in 
 a warehouse. 
 
 wares (warz), n. merchandise; goods. 
 
 warfare (wawr'far), n. hostilities; war; 
 contest ; military life or service. 
 
 warlock (wawr'lok), n. a wizard. 
 
 warm (wawrm), adj. having heat in 
 a moderate degree; subject to heat; 
 zealous; excited; passionate; well- 
 off: v.t. to make warm; excite: v.i. 
 to become warm. 
 
 warmth (wawrm th), n. moderate 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
WARN 
 
 576 
 
 WATERPROOF 
 
 heat; earnestness or irritability; ani- 
 mation; glowing effect produced by 
 the use of warm colors. 
 
 warn (wawrn), v.t. to give notice of 
 possible danger; caution; expostu- 
 late; summon by authority. 
 
 warning (wawrn'ing), n. caution 
 against danger; previous notice; no- 
 tice to quit. 
 
 warp (wawrp), n. the threads which 
 extend lengthwise in the loom, and 
 are crossed by the woof; towing- 
 rope; a twist out of the true shape: 
 v.t. to turn or twist out of shape; 
 pervert; arrange (yarns) on a warp 
 beam ; tow or move (a vessel) with a 
 warp attached to some fixed object; 
 run, as yarn, off the winches into 
 hulks to be tarred: v.i. to swerve or 
 deviate. 
 
 warrant (wor'ant), v.t. to guarantee; 
 give assurance to; authorize; main- 
 tain ; mark as safe ; assure : n. a com- 
 mission giving authority; writ for 
 arresting a person; voucher; secur- 
 ity. 
 
 warranty (wor'an-ti), n. guarantee; 
 security. [Old French. 1 
 
 warren (wor'en), n. an enclosure for 
 protecting game or animals, espe- 
 cially rabbits; fish preserve. 
 
 warrior (wawr'i-er), n. a soldier; 
 fighter. [Old French.] 
 
 wart (wawrt), n. a dry excrescence on 
 the human skin and certain animals. 
 
 warty (wawrt'i), adj. having warts. 
 
 wary (wa/ri), adj. [comp. warier, su- 
 perl. wariest], cautious; circumspect. 
 
 was (waz), v.t. of be. 
 
 wash (wosh), v.t. to cleanse with 
 water; cover with water; overlay 
 with thin metal; cover with a thin 
 coat of color; cleanse from moral 
 pollution: v.i. to cleanse by wash- 
 ing: n. the act of washing; waste 
 liquor; alluvial matter; shallow part 
 of an arm of a sea or of a river ; bog 
 or marsh; cosmetic lotion. 
 
 washable (wosh'a-bl), adj. that can be 
 washed without injury. 
 
 washing (wosh'ing), n. the act of 
 cleansing with water ; clothes washed 
 at one time. 
 
 wash-out (wosh'out), n. a chasm or 
 deep groove made by the rushing of 
 water. 
 
 wasp (wosp), n. a winged insect with 
 
 a sharp sting; peevish, irritable per- 
 son. 
 
 wassail (wos'el), n. a merry-making 
 accompanied with drinking, especial- 
 ly at Christmas-time ; liquor of ale, 
 apples, and sugar: v.i. to carouse. 
 
 waste (wast), _ v.t. to destroy wan- 
 tonly; diminish; squander; impair: 
 v.i. to be diminished: adj. lying un- 
 used; unproductive; devastated; 
 untilled: n. the act of wasting; dissi- 
 pation of property; useless expendi- 
 ture; uncultivated country; ref- 
 use. 
 
 wasteful (wast 'fool), adj. causing 
 waste; spending property extrava- 
 gantly or uselessly. [Old French.] 
 
 wastrel (wos'trel), n. a waif; a profli- 
 gate. 
 
 watch (woch), n. close observation; 
 guard; vigilance; sentry; attendance 
 without sleep; watchman; division 
 of the night; period during which 
 part of a crew are on duty on deck 
 (4 hours); pocket timepiece: v.i. to 
 be or keep awake; keep guard; act 
 as an attendant: v.t. to tend; guard; 
 keep in view. 
 
 watchful (woch'fool), adj. vigilant; 
 wary. 
 
 watchmaker (woch'mak-er), n. one 
 who makes clocks and watches, or 
 who repairs them. 
 
 watchman (woch'man), n. aman 
 employed either by a community or 
 by private individuals to watch over 
 public or private property. 
 
 watchword (woch'werd), n. a pass- 
 word. 
 
 water (waw'ter), n. a colorless, in- 
 odorous, transparent fluid, consist- 
 ing of 2 volumes of hydrogen to one 
 of oxygen ; rain ; sea ; any collection 
 of water ; luster of a diamond ; urine : 
 v.t. to supply with water; irrigate; 
 wet with water; dilute: v.i. to get 
 or take in water; have a longing 
 desire. 
 
 watercourse (waw'ter-kors), n. a 
 course or channel for water. 
 
 waterfall (waw'ter-fawl), n. a body of 
 water falling over a precipice; a 
 cataract; a cascade. 
 
 watermain (waw'ter-man), n. a great 
 underground pipe supplying water 
 in cities. 
 
 waterproof (waw'ter-prdof), adj. per- 
 
 f.te, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met ; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
WATERSPOUT 
 
 577 
 
 WEAVE 
 
 mitting no water to enter: n. a 
 storm-coat. 
 
 waterspout (waw'ter-spout), n. a 
 great column of moving spray or 
 mist with considerable masses of wa- 
 ter in the lower parts, forming a 
 whirlwind over the sea. 
 
 watt (wot), n. an electrical unit of 
 power. 
 
 wattle (wot'l), n. a twig or flexible rod; 
 a hurdle of interwoven rods ; fleshy 
 lobe under the throat of a fowl, tur- 
 key, &c; kind of acacia: v.t. to twist 
 or interweave (twigs or rods) one 
 with another: n. bird with wattles. 
 
 waul (wawl), n. the cry of a cat. 
 
 wave (wav), n. the alternate rising 
 and falling of water above its nat- 
 ural level; undulation; state of vi- 
 bration propagated through a sys- 
 tem of particles or elastic medium: 
 v.i. to move like a wave; undulate: 
 v.t. to brandish; beckon. 
 
 waver (wav'er), v.i. to move to and fro; 
 vacillate; hesitate or be undeter- 
 mined. 
 
 wax (waks), n. beeswax; any tena- 
 cious substance like beeswax; ceru- 
 men of the ear; rage: v.t. to smear, 
 rub, or join, with wax: v.i. to in- 
 crease in size; become. 
 
 way (wa), n. a road; route; progres- 
 sion; motion; course; length of 
 space; distance; relative position or 
 motion; tendency; advance in life; 
 manner; will; plan. 
 
 wayfarer (wa/far-er), n. one who 
 travels on foot. 
 
 waylay (wa'la), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. way- 
 laid, p.pr. waylaying], to beset by 
 the road or in ambush. 
 
 wayward (wa'werd), adj. perverse; 
 fro ward. 
 
 we (we), pron., pi. of I. 
 
 weak (wek), adj. wanting strength, 
 vigor, spirit, discernment, or wis- 
 dom; feeble; soft; pliant; unforti- 
 fied; vacillating. 
 
 weaken (wek'n), v.t. to make weak; 
 reduce in quality or strength: v.i. to 
 become weak. 
 
 weakflsh (wek'fish), n. an edible 
 American fish, silvery, with streaks 
 that undulate across the body. 
 
 weakling (wek'ling), n. a person of 
 no physical or moral force. 
 
 weal (wel), n. welfare; prosperity; 
 mark of a stripe: v.t. to mark with 
 stripes. 
 
 weald (weld), n. a wood or forest; 
 wold. 
 
 wealth (welth), n. riches; affluence. 
 
 wealthy (welth'i), adj. [comp. 
 wealthier, superl. wealthiest], rich; 
 affluent. 
 
 wean (wen), v.t. to accustom and 
 reconcile to a want or deprivation of 
 the breast; alienate the affections 
 from any object or habit. 
 
 weapon (wep'n), n. any instrument 
 of offense or defense. 
 
 wear (war), v.t. [p.t. wore, p.p. worn, 
 p.pr. wearing], to impair or waste by 
 time, usage, friction, &c; carry as 
 covering on the body; put (a vessel) 
 on another tack; bear or carry: v.i. 
 to be wasted or worn by friction or 
 usage; last under use: n. the act of 
 wearing; state of being worn. 
 
 weariness (wer'i-nes), n. the state of 
 being wearied. _ 
 
 wearisome (wer'i-sum), adj. fatiguing; 
 tedious. 
 
 weary (wer'i), adj. [comp. wearier, su- 
 per!, weariest], worn out physically 
 or mentally ; having the patience ex- 
 hausted; causing weariness; irk- 
 some: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. wearied, p.pr. 
 wearying], to wear out or make 
 weary; harass by something irk- 
 some: v.i. to become weary, tired or 
 fatigued; become impatient. 
 
 weasand (we'zand), n. the wind- 
 pipe. 
 
 weasel (we'zel), n. a small carnivorous 
 animal with short legs and a long 
 body. 
 
 weather (weth'er),^ n. the state of 
 the atmosphere with respect to cold, 
 heat, wet, dryness, &c: v.t. to ex- 
 pose to, or season by exposure to, 
 the air; endure or resist bravely: v.i. 
 to undergo change by the action of 
 the weather. 
 
 weather-cock (wei/i'er-kok), n. a 
 vane. 
 
 weather-gage (we^'er-gaj), n. the 
 situation of a vessel when to the 
 windward of another. 
 
 weave (wev), v.t. to twist or inter- 
 lace, as threads, together; form, as 
 cloth, in a loom; compose or fabri- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
WEAZEN 
 
 578 
 
 WELTER 
 
 cate: v.i. to practice weaving; work 
 with a loom. 
 
 weazen (we'zn), n. sharp and thin; 
 withered. 
 
 web (web), n. texture of threads, or 
 thread-like materials ; anything care- 
 fully contrived; tissue or texture; 
 large roll of paper for newspapers; 
 membrane uniting the fingers and 
 toes in many water-birds and am- 
 phibians: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. webbed, 
 p.pr. webbing], to unite or surround 
 with, or as with, a web; entangle. 
 
 wed (wed), v.t. [p.t. & v.p. wedded 
 or wed, p.pr. wedding], to marry; 
 unite together: v.i. to contract mar- 
 riage. 
 
 wedding (wed'ing), n. marriage; nup- 
 tial ceremonies or festivities. 
 
 wedge (wej), n. a piece of wood or 
 metal, thick at one end and thin at 
 the other, used for rending or com- 
 pressing, &c; one of the mechanical 
 powers; mass of metal: v.t. to 
 cleave, force, drive, or fasten, with 
 a wedge; press closely. 
 
 wedlock (wed'lok), n. matrimony. 
 
 Wednesday (wenz'da), n. the fourth 
 day of the week. 
 
 wee (we), adj. very small. 
 
 weed (wed), n. any plant growing 
 uncultivated or noxious to cultivated 
 crops; anything useless or trouble- 
 some: pi. & widow's mourning gar- 
 ments; a cigar or tobacco: v.t. to 
 free from weeds, or anything offen- 
 sive or hurtful. 
 
 week (wek), n. a period of seven 
 days. 
 
 weekday (wek'da), n. any day of the 
 week except Sunday. 
 
 weekly (wek'li), adj. continuing for, or 
 produced within, or happening in, a 
 week: adv. once a week: n. [pi 
 weeklies (wek'liz)], a periodical is- 
 sued once a week. 
 
 ween (wen), v.i. to think; fancy. 
 
 weep (wep), v.i. to express grief by 
 shedding tears: v.t. to lament; pour 
 forth. 
 
 weevil (we'vl), n. a small beetle, the 
 larvae of which are very destructive 
 to grain, &c. 
 
 weft (weft), n. the woof or piling of 
 cloth crossing the warp. 
 
 weigh (wa), v.t. to ascertain the 
 weight of; examine by the balance; 
 
 reflect on carefully: v.i. to have 
 weight; bear heavily: n. a certain 
 quantity by weight. 
 
 weight (wat), n. the quality of being 
 heavy; gravity; quantity of matter 
 as ascertained by the balance; a 
 definite mass of metal for ascertain- 
 ing the weight of other bodies; 
 mass; something oppressive; pres- 
 sure ; power ; importance. 
 
 weighty (wat'i), adj. [comp. weightier, 
 superl. weightiest], having weight; 
 heavy; ponderous; momentous; im- 
 portant; serious. 
 
 weir (wer), n. a dam across a stream 
 to raise the level of the water; en- 
 closure of twigs, &c, for catching fish. 
 
 weird (werd), adj. pertaining to, or 
 connected with, fate or destiny; su- 
 pernatural; caused by magical influ- 
 ence: n. a spell or charm. 
 
 welch (welsh), v.i. to run off from a 
 race-course without paying one's 
 bets; to cheat out of a wager. Also 
 welsh. 
 
 welcome (wel'kum), adj. received 
 with gladness or hospitality; pro- 
 ducing gladness; free to enjoy gra- 
 tuitously: n. kind reception to a 
 guest or newcomer: v.t. to salute 
 with kindness; receive with hospi- 
 tality. 
 
 weld (weld), v.t. to unite together by 
 hammering or fusion, as two pieces 
 of heated iron. 
 
 welfare (wel'far), n. prosperity; hap- 
 piness. 
 
 welkin (wel 'kin), n. the sky. 
 
 well (wel), n. a spring or fountain; 
 shaft sunk to reach a supply of 
 water or other liquid; something re- 
 sembling a well in shape: v.i. to flow 
 or issue forth: adv. right; justly; 
 suitably ; adequately ; favorably : 
 far; not a little: adj. good in condi- 
 tion or circumstances; fortunate, 
 sound in body; healthy; safe. 
 
 well-spring (wel 'spring), n. a source 
 of water that does not fail. 
 
 welt (welt), n. a narrow strip of 
 leather around a shoe between the 
 upper leather and sole: v.t. to fur- 
 nish with a welt. 
 
 welter (welt'er), v.t. to roll in mud or 
 foul matter; wallow: v.t. to cause to 
 rise and fall, as waves: n. that in 
 which any person or animal welters: 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
WEN 
 
 579 
 
 WHETSTONE 
 
 adj. pertaining to, or noting, the 
 most heavily weighted race of a 
 meeting. 
 
 wen (wen), n. a fleshy and movable 
 tumor. 
 
 wench (wench), n. a young girl or 
 maiden: usually in an invidious or 
 bad sense; female colored servant. 
 
 wend (wend), v.i. to go; pass: v.t. to 
 direct (ones way or course). 
 
 went, p.t. of go. 
 
 wept, p.t. & p.p. of weep. 
 
 were (wer), p.t. pi. of be. 
 
 werewolf (werwoolf), n. a person 
 transformed into a wolf in form or 
 appetite, either permanently or at 
 certain periods. Also werwolf. 
 
 wert (wert), 2 per. sing, of were. 
 
 west (west), n. one of trie four cardinal 
 points, exactly opposite the east; 
 point where the sun appears to set: 
 adj. pertaining to, situated at, lying 
 toward, proceeding toward, or com- 
 ing from, the west: adv. towards the 
 west. 
 
 West, n. the Occident; country or re- 
 gion lying west of any particular 
 place. 
 
 western (west'ern), adj. tending to, or 
 passing toward, the west. 
 
 westward (west'werd), adv. towards 
 the west. Also westwards. 
 
 wet (wet), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. wetted or 
 wet, p.pr. wetting], to make wet; 
 saturate or moisten with water or 
 some other liquid: n. water; mois- 
 ture; rainy or misty weather; a 
 drink: adj. containing, consisting of, 
 or soaked with, water or some other 
 liquid; very damp; rainy or misty. 
 
 wether (weth'er), n. a castrated ram. 
 
 whack (hwak), n. a smart resounding 
 blow; large piece: v.t. to strike with a 
 smart resounding blow. 
 
 whale (hwal), n. a large mammal of 
 the Cetacea, many species of which 
 yield oil and whalebone; a fish of 
 great size. 
 
 wharf (hwawrf), n. [pi. wharfs or 
 wharves (hwawrfs, hwawrvz)], a 
 quay or erection on the shore of a 
 harbor, river, &c, for discharging or 
 taking in cargoes, passengers, &c. 
 
 what (hwot), pron. that which; the 
 thing that; how great; something: 
 adj. of what sort, character, &c. 
 
 whatnot (hwot'not), n. an article of 
 
 furniture with shelves for books, or- 
 naments, &c. 
 wheat (hwet), n. an annual cereal 
 grain from which flour is manufac- 
 tured. 
 
 wheedle (hwe'dl), v.t. to entice with 
 flattering words; cajole; coax. 
 
 wheel (hwel), n. a circular frame or 
 solid piece of wood or metal turning 
 on its own axis; any wheel-shaped 
 mechanical contrivance; an old in- 
 strument of torture; a circular re- 
 volving firework: v.t. to cause to 
 rotate; convey on wheels: v.i. to 
 turn on, or as on, an axis. 
 
 wheelbarrow (hweTbar-o), n. a bar- 
 row with one or more wheels. 
 
 wheeler (hwel'er), n. one who wheels; 
 the horse nearest to the wheels of a 
 carriage. 
 
 wheelwright (hweTrit), n. a maker of 
 wheels and wheeled carriages. 
 
 wheeze (hwez), v.i. to breathe hard 
 and audibly: n. a puffing or blowing, 
 as in labored breathing. 
 
 whelm (hwelm), v.t. to overwhelm. 
 
 whelp (hwelp), n. the young of a dog, 
 lion, fox, &c; cub: v.i. to bring forth 
 young: said of the female of certain 
 animals, as the dog. 
 
 when (hwen), adv. at, or after, the 
 time that; at what time; although. 
 
 whence (hwens), adv. from what 
 place, source, or origin; how. 
 
 where (hwar), adv. at which place or 
 places; whither. 
 
 whereabouts (hwar'a-bouts) , adv. 
 about where, inter j. or conj.'. n. an 
 indefinite place. 
 
 whereas (hwar-az'), adv. when in fact 
 or truth; since. 
 
 wherefore (hwar'for), adv. for which or 
 what reason; why. 
 
 wherry (hwer'i), n. a light, shallow 
 boat, sharp at both ends; small- 
 decked fishing-vessel; liquor made 
 from the juice of crab-apples after 
 the verjuice is expressed. 
 
 whet (hwet), v.t. _ [p.t. & p.p. whet- 
 ted, p.pr. whetting], to sharpen, es- 
 pecially by rubbing or friction; 
 stimulate. 
 
 whether (hwel'er), pron. which of 
 two: conj. which of two alterna- 
 tives (followed by or). 
 
 whetstone (hwet'st5n), n. a stone for 
 sharpening edged tools, &c. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book 
 ** hue, hut; think, then. 
 
WHEY 
 
 580 
 
 WHITE 
 
 whey (hwa), n. the thin, sweet, wa- 
 tery part of milk, after separation 
 from the curd. 
 
 which (hwich), pron. a word of in- 
 terrogation in all genders; the rela- 
 tive serving as the neuter of who. 
 
 whiff (hwif), n. a sudden breath of air, 
 . smoke, &c, as from the mouth; light 
 puff; kind of outrigged boat: v.t. to 
 puff or emit in whiffs. 
 
 whiffet (hwif'et), n. a useless trifler. 
 
 whiffle (hwif'l), v.i. to veer about like 
 the wind; be fickle or unsteady; 
 prevaricate. 
 
 whiffletree (hwif '1-tre) , sameasswin- 
 gletree. 
 
 while (hwil), n. space of time; dura- 
 tion: conj. during the time that: v.t. 
 to cause to pass; spend; usually fol- 
 lowed by away. 
 
 whilom (hwi'lom), adv. formerly; long 
 ago. 
 
 whim (hwim), n. a capricious fancy; 
 freak; notion. 
 
 whimper (hwim'per), v.t. to utter in a 
 low, whining or crying tone: v.i. to 
 cry with a low, whining, broken 
 voice. 
 
 whimsical (hwim'zi-kal) , adj. full of 
 whims; fantastical; odd in appear- 
 ance. 
 
 whin (hwin), n. a wild, prickly plant 
 of the genus Ulex; furze. 
 
 whine (hwin), v.i. to express sorrow 
 by a plaintive cry; murmur in an 
 unmanly manner: n. a plaintive 
 tone; mean or affected complaint. 
 
 whinny (hwin'i), v.i. to utter a sound 
 like the cry of a horse: n. the act of 
 whinnying: adj. abounding in whins 
 or furze. 
 
 whip (hwip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. whipped, 
 or whipt, p.pr. whipping], to strike 
 or punish with a lash or some other 
 instrument of punishment or correc- 
 tion; flog; lash with sarcasm; beat 
 into a froth; beat out; sew lightly; 
 fish in with a rod and artificial fly: 
 v.i. to move nimbly; start suddenly 
 and run: n. an instrument for 
 driving horses or other animals or 
 for correction; coachman or driver; 
 whipper-in; endless line used for 
 saving life in shipwreck; small 
 tackle with a single rope for hoist- 
 ing; a member of the British Parlia- 
 ment whose duty it is to summon 
 
 the members of his party to impor- 
 tant divisions; the summons issued. 
 
 whipper-in (hwip-er-in'), n. a hunts- 
 man who keeps the hounds in re- 
 straint. 
 
 whippoorwill (hwip'per-wil), n. a 
 small American bird, named from 
 its cry. 
 
 whir (hwer), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. whirred, 
 p.pr. whirring], to revolve quickly 
 with a whizzing noise: n. a whiz- 
 zing noise. 
 
 whirl (hwerl), v.t. to turn round 
 rapidly: v.i. to turn or move round 
 with velocity; move along swiftly: 
 n. a turning with velocity; rapid ro- 
 tation or whirling motion. 
 
 whirligig (hwerl'i-gig) , n. a child's 
 toy which is whirled or spun round. 
 
 whirlpool (hwerl'pool) , n. a body of 
 water moving with a circular mo- 
 tion forming a vortex or gulf. 
 
 whirlwind (hwerl'wind) , n. a violent 
 wind moving spirally; sudden vio- 
 lent rush. 
 
 whisk (hwisk), v.t. to sweep or stir 
 rapidly; move, or carry off, nimbly: 
 v.i. to move rapidly and nimbly: n. 
 the act of whisking; small bundle 
 of grass, hair, &c, used as a 'brush; 
 small instrument used for beating or 
 whisking, especially eggs. 
 
 whiskers (hwisk'erz), n.pl.^ the hair 
 on a man's cheeks; the bristly hairs 
 on the upper lip of a cat, &c. 
 
 whisky (hwis'ki), n. an intoxicant 
 distilled from barley, rye, &c. Also 
 whiskey. 
 
 whisper (hwis'per), v.i. to speak in a 
 low voice or as not to be overheard: 
 v.t. to say under the breath: n. a low, 
 soft tone of voice audible only to the 
 listener; suggestion or insinua- 
 tion. 
 
 whist (hwist), n. a card game: in- 
 terj. hush! 
 
 whistle (hwisl), v.i. to make a shrill 
 sound by forcing the breath through 
 the contracted lips; utter a shrill 
 sound: v.t. to call or signal by a 
 whistle: n. the shrill noise of one 
 who whistles; small wmd-instru- 
 ment; throat. 
 
 whit (hwit), n. the smallest particle. 
 
 white (hwit), adj. being without col- 
 or or of the hue of pure snow; hence 
 pure; innocent 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
WHITE BOOK 
 
 581 
 
 WIGGLE 
 
 white book (hwit book), n. a collec- 
 tion of state-papers, so-called from 
 the color of the covers, issued by 
 a government, as England or Ger- 
 many. Those containing the dip- 
 lomatic correspondence by these two 
 countries relating to the outbreak of 
 the European War in 1914 are espe- 
 cially notable. 
 
 white-feather (hwit-fetfi'er), n. cow- 
 ardice. 
 
 white- swelling (hwit'swel-ing), n. a 
 scrofulous inflammation about the 
 joints. 
 
 whither (hwith'er) , adv. to what place ; 
 to what; how far. 
 
 whiting (hwit'ing), n. pulverized 
 chalk cleansed from impurities; an 
 edible fish. 
 
 whitlow (hwit'lo), n. a sore about 
 the quick: of the nail; felon; a foot 
 disease in sheep. 
 
 whittle (hwit'l), v.t. to cut, dress, or 
 sharpen with a knife; reduce bit by 
 bit, 
 
 whiz (hwiz), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. whizzed, 
 p. pr. whizzing], to make a humming 
 or hissing noise: n. a humming or 
 hissing noise. 
 
 who (hoo), pron. referring to one or 
 more persons; used relatively and 
 interrogatively. 
 
 whoa (hwo), inter j. a word of com- 
 mand addressed to horses or cattle, 
 meaning "_stop!" 
 
 whoever (hoo-ev'er), pron. every one 
 who; whatever person. 
 
 whole (hoi), adj. containing all; 
 complete; not defective; hale and 
 sound; unbroken. 
 
 wholesale (hol'sal), n. sale of goods by 
 the piece or in large quantity: adj. 
 buying or selling in large quanti- 
 ties. 
 
 wholesome (hol'sum), adj. sound; pro- 
 moting or favoring morals, religion, 
 or prosperity; salubrious; salutary. 
 
 wholly (hol'li), adv. entirely; exclu- 
 sively. 
 
 whom (hoom), pron. objective of who. 
 
 whoop (hoop), v.i. to utter a loud, 
 shrill, and prolonged cry; shout: n. 
 a loud shout of, or as of, pursuit or 
 attack. 
 
 whooping-cough (hoop'ing-kof), n. a 
 violent, convulsive cough, character- 
 ized by its whooping sound. 
 
 whop (hwop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. whopped, 
 p.pr. whopping], to thrash or beat: 
 v.i. to fall down suddenly: n. a blow 
 or fall. 
 
 whopper (hwop'er), n. something un- 
 usually large; a monstrous lie. 
 
 whore (hor), n. a female who prosti- 
 tutes her body for hire; prostitute; 
 adulteress: v.i. to fornicate; prac- 
 tice idolatry. 
 
 whorl (hwerl or hworl), n. any set 
 of organs or appendages arranged in 
 a circle round an axis, as flowers or 
 leaves; turn of the spire of a uni- 
 valve shell; fly of a spindle. 
 
 whortleberry (hwer'tl-ber-i), n. a 
 small shrub and its edible blue fruit. 
 
 whose (hooz), pron. poss. of who or 
 which. 
 
 why (hwi), adv. for what cause, rea- 
 son, _ or purpose : inter j. used em- 
 phatically: n. the reason or cause. 
 
 wick (wik), n. the cotton or sub- 
 stance of a candle or lamp which 
 supplies the flame. 
 
 wicked (wik'ed), adj. evil in principle 
 or practice; sinful; immoral; roguish. 
 
 wickedness (wik'ed-nes), n. sin; crime; 
 vice; moral depravity. 
 
 wicker (wik'er), n. a pliant osier: adj. 
 made of plaited osiers. 
 
 wicket (wik'et), n. a small gate; the 
 three upright stumps in cricket at 
 which the ball is bowled. 
 
 wide (wid), adj. extended far each 
 way; broad; vast; very capacious; 
 failing to hit the mark: adv. to a 
 great distance; far apart \ n. a ball 
 bowled outside the bowling-crease. 
 
 widow (wid'o), n. a woman bereaved 
 of her husband and remaining un- 
 married: v.t. to bereave of a husband. 
 
 widower (wid'o-er), n. a man bereaved 
 of his wife and remaining unmarried. 
 
 width (width) , _ n. extent of a thing 
 from side to side. 
 
 wield (weld), v.t. to use or employ 
 with the hand; control or sway; 
 handle. 
 
 wife (wif), n. [pi. wives (wivz)], a 
 woman united in lawful wedlock to 
 a man; woman in some humble em- 
 ployment. 
 
 wig (wig), n. false hair worn on the 
 head. 
 
 wigging (wig'ing), n. a scolding. 
 
 wiggle, same as wriggle. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
WIGHT 
 
 582 
 
 WING 
 
 wight (wit) , n. a person, usually male. 
 The word commonly conveys a 
 shade of mirth or contempt. 
 
 wigwag (wig' wag), n. a signaling 
 flag: v.t. & v.i. to communicate by 
 means of a wigwag; to wave to and 
 fro. 
 
 wigwam (wig'wawm), n. an Indian 
 hut. 
 
 wild (wild), adj. living in a state of 
 nature; untamed; uncultivated; na- 
 tive; savage; violent; passionate; 
 unreasonable: n. a desert. 
 
 wildcat (wlld'kat), adj. unsafe; spec- 
 ulative; running without control: n. 
 a small feline carnivorous animal 
 somewhat resembling the domestic 
 cat. 
 
 wilderness (wil'der-nes) , n. a region 
 or tract of land uncultivated and un- 
 inhabited; desert. 
 
 wile (wil), n. a sly artifice; trick: v.t. 
 to cause to pass pleasantly (with 
 away) ; cajole. [Scotch.] 
 
 wilful (wil'fool), adj. governed by the 
 will without regard to reason; stub- 
 born; inflexible. 
 
 will (wil), n. the faculty of the mind 
 by which one chooses or determines ; 
 command; pleasure; divine deter- 
 mination ; choice ; desire ; feeling tow- 
 ards; legal disposition of one's 
 property at death: v.i. to exercise 
 the will; decree: v.t. to determine in 
 the mind; command; direct; be- 
 queath. 
 
 will-o'-the-wisp (wil-o-^e-wisp'), n. 
 the ignis fatuus; any deceiving per- 
 son or thing. 
 
 willow (wil'o), n. a tree of the genus 
 Salix. 
 
 wilt, 2 per. sing, of will. 
 
 wily (wi-li), adj. cunning; crafty. 
 
 wimple (wim'pl), n. a kind of silk or 
 linen headcovering formerly worn by 
 women, and still retained by 
 nuns. 
 
 win (win), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. won, p.pr. 
 winning], to gain by superiority in 
 a contest or competition; gain or 
 obtain; bring over to one's party; 
 render friendly or favorable: v.i. to 
 be successful; triumph. 
 
 wince (wins), v.i. to twist or turn as 
 in pain or uneasiness; shrink; kick: 
 n. the act of wincing. 
 
 wincey (win'si), n. linsey-woolsey. 
 
 winch (winch), n. the crank ui a 
 wheel or axle. 
 
 wind (wind), n. air in perceptible 
 motion; lungs; power of respiration; 
 breath; flatulence; anything insig- 
 nificant or light as wind ; idle words : 
 v.t. to ventilate; scent with the 
 nose as hounds; render scant of 
 breath; allow to rest, as a horse, in 
 order to let him recover breath: v.i. 
 (wind) to turn round something; 
 twist; meander: v.t. to coil or en- 
 circle. 
 
 windage (wind'aj), n. the difference 
 between the diameter of the bore of 
 a gun and of a shot or shell; deflec- 
 tion of a missile caused by the wind. 
 
 windfall (wind'fawl), n. fruit blown 
 down by the wind; unexpected good 
 fortune. 
 
 winding (wlnd'ing), n. turning; twist- 
 ing. 
 
 windlass (wind'las), n. a horizontal 
 cylinder or roller by means of which 
 heavy weights, &c, are raised. 
 
 windmill (wind'mil), n. a sort of tow- 
 er containing a grinding apparatus 
 or an arrangement for raising water, 
 the motive power being furnished by 
 the wind which drives enormous sails 
 at the top of the tower. 
 
 window (win'do), n. an aperture, usu- 
 ally glazed, in a building to admit 
 light; frame in such an opening; 
 anything resembling a window. 
 
 windpipe (wind'pip), n. the trachea. 
 
 windward (wind'werd), n. the direc- 
 tion from which the wind blows: 
 adv. toward the wind: adj. on the 
 side toward the point from which 
 the wind blows. 
 
 windy (wind'i), adj. [comp. windier, su- 
 perl. windiest], pertaining to, like, 
 or consisting of, wind; boisterous; 
 windward; exposed to the wind; 
 flatulent; empty. 
 
 wine (win), n. the fermented juice of 
 grapes; liquor made from the juice 
 of certain fruits; intoxication; wine 
 party. 
 
 wing (wing), n. one of the two an- 
 terior limbs of a bird, or insect, by 
 which it flies ; anything resembling a 
 wing; passage by the wing; flight; 
 side of a building, army, fleet, &c; 
 care or protection: v.t. to furnish 
 with, or as with, wings; transport 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
WINK 
 
 583 
 
 WITNESS 
 
 by flight; supply with side-pieces; 
 wound in the wing: v.i. to fly. 
 
 win* (wingk), v.i. to close and open 
 the eyelids with a quick motion; 
 hint by the motion of the eyelids; 
 connive; tolerate: n. act of winking; 
 hint given. 
 
 winning (win'ing), adj. adapted to 
 gain favor; attractive; charming: 
 n.pl. money gained in any contest or 
 game. 
 
 winnow (win'o), v.t. to separate and 
 drive the chaff from (grain) by the 
 wind; fan; sift or examine: v.i. to 
 separate chaff from grain. 
 
 winsome (win'sum), adj. attractive; 
 pretty. 
 
 winter (win'ter), n. the cold season of 
 the year; period or condition re- 
 sembling winter: v.i. to pass the 
 winter; hibernate: v.t. to feed or 
 maintain during the winter. 
 
 wipe (wip), v.t. to rub or dust the 
 surface of with something soft; dry 
 by rubbing; cleanse, as from abuses; 
 obliterate (with out) : n. act of 
 cleansing by rubbing; blow or crush- 
 ing repartee ; the lapwing. 
 
 wire (wir), n. a metallic thread of 
 uniform diameter; telegraph wire; 
 telegram: v.t. to bind, or snare, with 
 wire; telegraph. 
 
 wireless (wir'les), n. a wireless tele- 
 gram; a message sent without wires. 
 
 wire-pulling (wir'pool-ing) , n. secret 
 influence or intrigue, especially for 
 political purposes. 
 
 wiry (wlr'i), adj. made of, or like, wire; 
 strong and flexible ; lean and sinewy. 
 
 wisdom (wiz'dom), n. knowledge 
 practically applied to the best ends; 
 natural sagacity; prudence; skill in 
 affairs ; piety. 
 
 wise (wiz), adj. judging correctly from 
 experience; possessing wisdom; skil- 
 ful; learned; discreet; containing, or 
 directed by, wisdom: suffix denoting 
 manner or mode of acting. 
 
 wiseacre (wiz'a-ker), n. a would-be 
 wise person; pretender to learning. 
 
 wisely (wiz'li), adv. in a wise manner. 
 
 wish (wish), v.i. to have a strong de- 
 sire: v.t. to desire or long for; ex- 
 press desire for: n. strong or eager 
 desire; thing desired. 
 
 wishy-washy (wish'i-wosh'i), adj. fee- 
 ble; slovenly; weak (as of tea). 
 
 wisp (wisp), n. a handful or small 
 bundle, as of straw or hay. 
 
 wistful (wist'fool), adj. sadly long- 
 ing; pensive. 
 
 wit (wit), v.i. to know r : n. knowledge; 
 intellect or mental faculties; sagac- 
 ity; talent; ingenuity; power of 
 combining ideas with ludicrous ef- 
 fect; one who possesses wit; humor- 
 ist. 
 
 witch (wich), n. a woman supposed 
 to have formed a compact with evil 
 spirits, by whose means she possessed 
 supernatural powers; sorceress; fas- 
 cinating young woman: v.t. to be- 
 witch; enchant. 
 
 witchcraft (wich'kraft), n. the prac- 
 tice of witches; supernatural or 
 magical powers. 
 
 witchery (wich'er-i), n. witchcraft; 
 fascination. 
 
 witch-hazel (wich'ha-zel), n. a shrub 
 or small tree of the genus Hamamelis. 
 
 witching, same as bewitching. 
 
 with (wii/i), prep, denoting nearness 
 or connection : prefix meaning oppo- 
 sition, departure, privation, as with- 
 stand, ivithhold, &c. 
 
 withal (with-a\'), adv. likewise. See 
 also. 
 
 withdraw (wi£/i-draw') , v.t. to take 
 away, or apart: v.i. to retire. 
 
 withe (with), n. a tough flexible twig, 
 especially of willow; band of twigs 
 twisted together. 
 
 wither (with'er), v.t. to cause to fade 
 and become dry; decay: v.i. to be- 
 come sapless. 
 
 withers (with'erz), n.pl. the highest 
 part of a horse's back, between the 
 shoulder-blades. _ 
 
 withhold (wi^-hold'), v.t. to keep 
 back; restrain from action. 
 
 within (with-in'), prep, inside; in 
 reach of: adv. inwardly. 
 
 without (with-ouf), prep, outside 
 (of); not having: adv. on the outside. 
 
 withstand (wi£/i-stand')>. v.t. [p.t. & 
 p.p. withstood, p.pr. withstanding], 
 to stand against; to oppose; to resist.' 
 
 withy (with'i), n. a large species of 
 willow; twig: adj. flexible and tough. 
 
 witless (wit'les), adj. devoid of wit; 
 stupid; dull. 
 
 witness (wit'nes), n. attestation of a 
 fact or event; testimony; evidence: 
 n. one who sees or has personal 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
WITTICISM 
 
 584 
 
 WORD-BOOK 
 
 knowledge of anything; one who at- 
 tests: v.t. to have direct knowledge 
 of; see; give testimony to; see the 
 execution of (a document) and sub- 
 scribe it: v.i. to give evidence. 
 
 witticism (wit'i-sizm) , n. a witty re- 
 mark. 
 
 witty (wit'i), adj. [comp. wittier, su- 
 perl. wittiest], smartly or cleverly 
 facetious; characterized by, or pos- 
 sessed of, wit; satirical. 
 
 wive (wiv), v.t. to provide with a 
 wife: v.i. to marry. 
 
 wizard (wiz'erd), n. one supposed to 
 possess supernatural powers, usually 
 from the Evil One; enchanter; sor- 
 cerer; conjurer. 
 
 wizen (wiz'en), adj. dried up; shriv- 
 eled: v.i. & v.t. to dry up or shrivel. 
 
 wobble (wob'l), v.i. to sway unsteadily 
 from side to side; to rock; to vacil- 
 late: n. an unsteady motion. 
 
 woe (w5), n. sorrow; grief; misery. 
 
 woebegone (wo'be-gon), adj. dolor- 
 ous; doleful; dreary looking. Also 
 wobegone. 
 
 woeful (wo 'fool), adj. full of, or ex- 
 pressing, woe; sad; mean. Also 
 woful. 
 
 wold (wold), n. a forest or wood; 
 plain or open country: pi. a hilly 
 district. 
 
 wolf (woolf), n. [pi. wolves (woolvz)], 
 a fierce carnivorous animal of the 
 dog kind: hence a person noted for 
 rapacity or cruelty. 
 
 wolfish (woolf 'ish), adj. like a wolf; 
 ravenously hungry. 
 
 woman (woom'an), n. [pi. women 
 (wim'en)], an adult person of the 
 female sex; female attendant; 
 wife. 
 
 womanhood (woom'an-hood), n. the 
 state, character, or collective quali- 
 ties of a woman. 
 
 woman suffrage (woom'an-suf raj), n. 
 the legalized right of women to cast 
 a vote. 
 
 womb (woom), n. the uterus of a fe- 
 male; place where anything is pro- 
 duced; large or deep cavity: v.t. to 
 breed in secret. 
 
 won (wun), p.t. & p.p. of win. 
 
 wonder (wun'der), n. the state of 
 mind produced by anything new, 
 strange, unexpected, or surprising; 
 astonishment ; cause of wonder ; mar- 
 
 vel; miracle; prodigy: v.i. to feel 
 wonder; be astonished at. 
 
 wonderful (wun'der-f ool) , adj. excit- 
 ing wonder ; strange. Also wondrous. 
 
 wont (wunt), adj. used or accus- 
 tomed: n. habit or custom. 
 
 wonted (wunt'ed), adj. habitual; 
 usual. 
 
 woo (woo), v.t. to solicit in love; in- 
 vite with importunity: v.i. to 
 court. 
 
 wood (wood), n. a large and thick 
 collection of growing trees; solid 
 part of trees; trunk of trees sawn 
 for use. 
 
 woodbine (wood'bln), n. a woody 
 creeper, indigenous in Europe, now 
 common in the U. S. where it is 
 called (incorrectly) honeysuckle. 
 
 woodchuck (wood'chuk), n. the mar- 
 mot or ground-hog. 
 
 woodcock (wood'kok), n. a wild fowl 
 allied to the snipe. 
 
 woodcut (wood'kut), n. a block of 
 finely grained wood, engraved with 
 a picture or design. 
 
 wooden (wood'n), adj. made, or con- 
 sisting of, wood; produced as from 
 wood; stiff; awkward; expression- 
 less. 
 
 woodman (wood'man), n. a forest 
 officer; forester; one who fells tim- 
 ber; a hunter. 
 
 woodpecker (wood'pek-er) , n. a bird 
 that taps the trunks of trees to dis- 
 cover insects. 
 
 woof (woof), n. the weft or cross- 
 threads in weaving; texture. 
 
 wool (wool), n. the soft fine hair 
 whicn covers sheep, goats, &c; fine 
 fiber resembling wool; soft, thick 
 hair. 
 
 wool-gathering (wool'gai/i-er-ing) , 
 adj. indulgence of idle fancies. 
 
 woolsack (wool'sak), n. a sack of wool; 
 the Lord Chancellor's seat in the 
 British House of Lords. 
 
 word (werd), n. an articulate sound, 
 or combination of sounds expressing 
 an idea; constituent part of a sen- 
 tence; tidings; message or commu- 
 nication; declaration; promise: pi. 
 language; speech; conversation; dis- 
 pute: v.t. to express in words; 
 phrase. 
 
 word-book (werd'book) , n. a vocabu- 
 lary. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
WORD-BUILDING 
 
 585 
 
 WOUND 
 
 word- building (werd'bil-ding), n. the 
 formation or composition of words. 
 
 wording (werd'ing), n. the manner in 
 which anything is expressed in 
 words. 
 
 wordless (werd'les), adj. lacking words. 
 
 word-painting (werd'pant-ing), n. 
 the description of an event, &c, in 
 vivid, realistic language. 
 
 wordy (werd'i), adj. pertaining to, 
 consisting of, or containing, many- 
 words; verbose. 
 
 wore (wor), p.t. of wear. 
 
 work (werk), n. physical or intellec- 
 tual effort directed to some end ; re- 
 sult of work; labor; employment; 
 duty ; a production of an art or sci- 
 ence; causing of motion against a 
 resisting body: pi. moving parts of a 
 mechanism; industrial manufactur- 
 ing establishment; _ structures in 
 civil or military engineering; moral 
 duties as external to faith: v.i. to be 
 occupied in business or labor; per- 
 form; act; be in a state of severe 
 exertion; ferment: v.t. to make by 
 labor; influence or effect; excite; 
 manage or carry out; sew or em- 
 broider. 
 
 workhouse (werk'hous), n. a poor- 
 house; a house where convicts are 
 confined to labor. 
 
 workman (werk'man), n. one who 
 is engaged in manual labor ; a worker ; 
 in a higher sense, an artist. 
 
 world (werld), n. the earth and its 
 inhabitants; whole system of created 
 things; universe; present state of 
 existence; people generally; public 
 life or society; secular life; sphere 
 or domain; very much. 
 
 worldliness (werld'li-nes), n. the state 
 of being addicted to gain and tem- 
 poral pleasures. 
 
 worldling (werld'ling) , n. one who ia 
 devoted to the pleasures and advan- 
 tages of the present. 
 
 worldly (werld'li), adj. pertaining to, 
 or devoted to, this life and its en- 
 joyments and advantages. 
 
 worm (werm), n. any small creeping 
 animal entirely destitute of feet, or 
 having very short ones; anything 
 that gnaws or torments the mind; 
 thread of a screw; spiral pipe in a 
 still or condenser; a groveling, de- 
 based creature: v.i. to work slowly, 
 
 secretly, and gradually: v.t. to un- 
 dermine by slow and secret means. 
 
 wormwood (werm 'wood), n. the bitter 
 plant Absinthium, used as a power- 
 ful tonic; source of bitterness. 
 
 worn (worn), p.v. of wear. 
 
 worried (wur'id), adj. harassed; 
 tired. 
 
 worry (wur'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. worried, 
 p.pr. worrying], to tear or mangle 
 with the teeth; harass with anxiety 
 or care; vex or annoy; tease: v.i. to 
 feel or express undue anxiety; be 
 fretful; fight, as dogs: n. harassing 
 trouble; anxiety; perplexity. 
 
 worse (wers), adj. [pomp, of bad]: 
 n. loss; defeat; inferior state or con- 
 dition: adv. bad in a greater degree. 
 
 worship (wer'ship), n. in England, a 
 title of honor used in addressing cer- 
 tain magistrates, especially mayors; 
 act of paying divine honor to God: 
 v.t. to pay divine honors, or religious 
 service, to ; reverence with great re- 
 spect: v.i. to perform acts of hom- 
 age or adoration, especially religious 
 service. 
 
 worshipful (wer 'ship-fool), adj. claim- 
 ing or worthy of respect or honor; a 
 term of respect in England. 
 
 worst (werst), adj. superl. of bad; 
 bad or evil in the highest degree; 
 most severe or dangerous: adv. 
 worse than all others: n. the most 
 evil or calamitous state: v.t. to get 
 the advantage of in a contest; over- 
 throw; defeat. 
 
 worsted (woor'sted), n. twisted thread 
 spun out of woolen yarn: adj. made 
 of worsted. 
 
 wort (wert), n. the saccharine infu- 
 sion of malt which ferments and 
 makes beer; an herb. 
 
 worth (werth), n. value; price; moral 
 excellence: adj. equal in value to; 
 having estate or wealth to the value 
 of; deserving of. 
 
 worthless (werth'les), adj. having no 
 value, virtue, or excellence; mor- 
 ally bad; contemptible. 
 
 worthy (wer'thi), adj. [comp. worthier, 
 superl. worthiest], having worth or 
 excellence; estimable: n. a man of 
 eminent worth. 
 
 would (wood), p.t. of will. 
 
 wound (woond), n. a breach of _ the 
 skin and flesh given to an animal 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
WOVE 
 
 586 
 
 WRY 
 
 body by violence; hurt; injury: v.L 
 to make a wound in; lacerate; in- 
 jure; hurt the feeling of: p.t. & p.p. 
 of wind (wound). 
 
 wove (wov), p.t. of weave. 
 
 woven (wov'n), p.p. of weave. 
 
 wrack (rak), n. seaweed cast ashore; 
 ruin; destruction; a thin, flying 
 cloud. 
 
 wraith (rath), n. the supposed ghost 
 of a person in his exact likeness seen 
 immediately before, or at the time of, 
 his death. [Scotch.] 
 
 wrangle (rang'gl), v.i. to dispute an- 
 grily or noisily: n. an angry or noisy 
 dispute. 
 
 wrap (rap), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. wrapped 
 (wrapt), p.pr. wrapping], to roll or 
 wind together; cover with something 
 rolled around; involve; conceal by 
 enveloping: n. a wrapper, shawl, or 
 rug. 
 
 wrath (rath), n. violent anger; in- 
 dignation. 
 
 wrathful (rath 'fool), adj. violently 
 angry. 
 
 wreak (rek), v.t. to execute in venge- 
 ance or passion; inflict. 
 
 wreath (reth), n. anything curled or 
 twisted; garland or chaplet. 
 
 wreathe (reth), v.t. to twist into a 
 wreath; intertwine: v.i. to be inter- 
 woven. 
 
 wreck (rek), n. the destruction of a 
 ship by being driven ashore, or on a 
 rock, &c; ruins of a ship so de- 
 stroyed; remains of anything ru- 
 ined; destruction: v.t. to destroy or 
 cast away, as a ship, by violence; 
 ruin or destroy. 
 
 wrecker (rek'er), n. one who plunders, 
 or causes, wrecks; one who re- 
 moves the cargo from a wrecked 
 vessel. 
 
 wren (ren), n. a small perching bird. 
 
 wrench (rench), v.t. to wring or pull 
 with a twist; strain: n. a violent 
 twist; sprain; instrument for exert- 
 ing a twisting strain. 
 
 wrest (rest), v.t. to twist, wrench, or 
 force from by violence; distort; turn 
 from its natural meaning; pervert: 
 n. violent pulling or twisting; per- 
 version. 
 
 wrestle (res'l), v.i. to contend, by 
 grappling with, or striving to trip or 
 throw down, another ; strive earnest- 
 
 ly*? v.L to contend against in wrest* 
 ling: n. the act of one who wrestles; 
 struggle. Also wrestling. 
 
 wretch (rech), n. a despicable or 
 worthless person; one sunk in the 
 deepest woe. 
 
 wretched (rech'ed), adj. miserable; 
 unhappy; sunk in deep misery or 
 woe; worthless; of miserable qual- 
 ity. 
 
 wriggle (rig'l), v.i. to twist to and 
 fro: v.t. to move by, or as by, wrig- 
 gling: n. a wriggling motion. 
 [Dutch.] 
 
 wright (rit), n. one occupied in some 
 mechanical operation; artificer; car- 
 penter. 
 
 wring (ring), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. wrung, 
 p.pr. wringing], to twist; turn and 
 strain; force or compress; extort: 
 n. a forcible twist. 
 
 wrinkle (ring'kl), n. a small ridge or 
 furrow on a smooth surface; crease; 
 useful hint or idea: v.t. to form or 
 cause wrinkles; crease: v.i. to be- 
 come wrinkled. 
 
 wrist (rist), n. the joint uniting the 
 hand to the arm. 
 
 writ (rit), n. anything written; a writ- 
 ten document to enforce obedience 
 to an order of a court of justice. 
 
 write (rit), v.t. [p.t. wrote, p.p. writ- 
 ten, p.pr. writing], to form with a 
 pen or similar instrument on paper, 
 &c; express in writing; engrave; 
 produce, as an author: v.i. to form 
 letters with the pen; send letters; 
 compose books. 
 
 writhe (rith), v.t. to twist with vio- 
 lence; pervert: v.i. to contort the 
 body. 
 
 wrong (rong), adj. not morally right; 
 false; unjust; mistaken; not fit or 
 suitable; incorrect: adv. unjustly; 
 erroneously. Also wrongly. 
 
 wrongful (rong'fool), adj. contrary to 
 moral law or justice; injurious. 
 
 wrote (rot), p.t. of write. 
 
 wroth (rawth), adj. much exasper- 
 ated. 
 
 wrought (rawt), p.t. & p.p. of work. 
 
 wrung (rung), p.t. & p.p. of wring. 
 
 wry (ri), adj. distorted; twisted; 
 turned to one side; perverted; false; 
 showing distaste, disgust, impa- 
 tience, &c. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
X 
 
 X, the twenty-fourth letter of the Eng- 
 lish alphabet, derived in form from a 
 Greek variant of T, which had two 
 Bounds. That of the Western Greek 
 alphabet had the phonetic value of 
 ks, and this was taken into the 
 Latin alphabet and ultimately into 
 English. It is now of varied sound, 
 equivalent to ks, gs, gz {exact). As 
 an algebraic symbol, x is the un- 
 known variable quantity. In wire- 
 less telegraphy, x represents a local 
 disturbance causing a false signal. 
 In chemistry, x or xi stands for 
 xenon (a newly discovered element). 
 
 xanthein (zan'the-in), n. the yellow 
 coloring matter of certain plants and 
 flowers; a whitish powder, allied to 
 uric acid, obtained from urine or 
 guano. Also xanthin. 
 
 Xanthippe (zan-tip'e), n. a scolding 
 woman; from the termagant wife of 
 Socrates. 
 
 zantho, a Greek prefix, meaning 
 yellow, as xanf/iocarpous : adj. having 
 yellow fruit. 
 
 zanthophyll (zan'tho-fil), n. the yel- 
 low coloring matter of withering 
 leaves. 
 
 xanthous (zan'thus), adj. yellow; not- 
 ing races having brown, flaxen, or 
 red hair and blue eyes. 
 
 xebec (ze'bek), n. a small three-masted 
 vessel with lateen and square sails. 
 
 senium (ze'ni-um), n. in ancient 
 Greece, a present given to a guest 
 or foreign ambassador. 
 
 xeno, a Greek prefix meaning a 
 stranger, as serogenesis, heterogene- 
 sis. 
 
 xenomania (zen-6-ma'ni-a), n. a 
 mania for foreign persons or 
 things. 
 
 xenon (zen'on), n. the heaviest of the 
 five recently discovered elementary 
 substances present in gaseous form 
 in the atmosphere. 
 
 xerasia (ze-ra'si-a), n. a morbid dry- 
 ness of the hair. Also xerosis. 
 
 xeres (sher'i), n. sherry, so-called from 
 the town of Xeres in Spain, whence 
 it was first exported. [Sp. ha'ris.l 
 
 xeroderma (ze-ro-der'ma), n. a dis- 
 ease of the skin characterized by 
 dryness. 
 
 X-rays (eks'raz), n. the Roentgen rays 
 which have the peculiarity of not be- 
 ing refractive when passed through 
 water. 
 
 xylene (zi'len), n. a colorless oily 
 liquid found in coal and wood tar. 
 Also xylol. 
 
 xylite (zi'lit), n. a kind of asbestos. 
 
 xylo, a Greek prefix, meaning 
 wood. 
 
 xylograph (zi'lo-graf), n. an engrav- 
 ing on wood; an impression from 
 such an engraving. 
 
 xylography (zi-log'ra-fi), n. the art or 
 process of making prints from the 
 natural grain of wood; a kind of 
 decorative painting on wood. 
 
 xyloidin (zi-loid'in), n. an explosive 
 ccmipound produced by the action of 
 nitric acid on starch. 
 
 xylonite (zi'ld-nit), n. a kind of com- 
 pressed gun-cotton, resembling 
 ivory, used for making various arti- 
 cles, as combs, &c. 
 
 xylophone (zi'lo-fon), n. a musical in- 
 strument consisting of a graduated 
 series of wooden bars, and sounded 
 by means of small wooden ham- 
 mers. 
 
 Xyris (zl'ris), n. a genus of tropical 
 sedge-like plants. 
 
 xyst (zist), n. in Classical Antiquity, a 
 hall or covered portico used for 
 athletic exercises, chiefly in stormy 
 weather. Also xystos and xystus. 
 
 xyster (zis'ter), n. a surgical instru- 
 ment for scraping bones. 
 
 xystos (zis'tos), n. in surgery, scraped 
 lint. Also xystus. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
Y 
 
 Y, the twenty-fifth letter in the Eng- 
 lish alphabet, derived in its form 
 from the (capital) Greek letter T 
 (ypsilon), which in turn was the 
 Phoenician vau. Y was not an orig- 
 inal character of the Latin al- 
 phabet, but was adopted in trans- 
 lating Greek words that contained 
 ypsilon, previously represented by 
 V. Hence U, V, and W all come 
 from a like source. As a symbol in 
 chemistry, Y stands for the element 
 yttrium. In algebra, y is the second 
 of the two variable unknown quan- 
 tities, of which x is the first. 
 
 yacare (yak'a-ra), n. a South Amer- 
 ican crocodile. 
 
 yacca-wood (yak'a-wood) , n. the 
 wood of a tree of Jamaica, used for 
 cabinet-work. 
 
 yacht (yot), n. a light, and quick- 
 sailing vessel used for pleasure or 
 racing: v.i. to sail or cruise about 
 in a yacht. 
 
 yachting (yot'ing), adj. pertaining 
 to a yacht: n. the practice of sailing 
 a yacht. 
 
 yachtsman (yots'man), n. [pi. 
 yachtsmen (yot s 'men)], the owner or 
 sailer of a yacht. 
 
 yager, same as jager. 
 
 yahoo (ya-hoo'), n. a savage: from a 
 race of brutes in "Gulliver's Travels." 
 Any loathsome creature ; man-shaped. 
 
 yak (yak), n. a species of ox found in 
 Central Asia, with long silky hair 
 fringing the shoulders, sides and tail. 
 [Tibetan.] 
 
 yak- lace (yak'las), n. a coarse lace. 
 
 yaksha (yak'sha), n. a Hindu gnome. 
 
 yam (yam), n. a large edible tuber of 
 various climbing plants of the genus 
 Dioscorea. 
 
 yank (yangk), v.t. to jerk or twist: 
 'v.i. to work cleverly and pushingly: 
 n. a jerk or twist. 
 
 Yankee (yank'e), n. the popular name 
 
 of New England Americans: used 
 generally for citizens of the United 
 
 States: adj. pertaining to, or charac- 
 teristic 
 
 States. 
 
 : aaj. 
 j of, 
 
 citizens of the United 
 
 Yankee-Doodle (yank'e-doo'dl), n. 
 a popular melody of the United 
 States, derived, however, from a 
 rustic English ditty, first sung in 
 Yorkshire about 1625. 
 
 Yankeeism (yank'e-izm) , n. a Yankee 
 idiom, practice, or custom. 
 
 yanking (yank'ing), adj. active; push- 
 ing. 
 
 yanolite (yan'6-lit), n. a kind of gar- 
 net. 
 
 yaourt (yourt), n. a fermented liquor 
 prepared from milk, similar to kou- 
 miss. 
 
 yap (yap), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. yapped, 
 p.pr. yapping], to yelp or bark, as a 
 dog: n. a yelp or bark; a foolish 
 noisy person. 
 
 yapock (yap'uk), n. a South Ameri- 
 can aquatic opossum. 
 
 yapon (yaw'pun), n. a kind of holly, 
 the leaves of which are used as tea. 
 South Sea tea. 
 
 yard (yard), n. a standard measure 
 of length = 3 ft.; a long piece of 
 timber on a mast for spreading 
 square sails; an enclosure adjoining 
 or attached to a house, or where 
 some manufacture is carried on. 
 
 yard-arm (yard'arm), n. either end 
 of a ship's yard. 
 
 yardstick (yard'stik), n. a stick three 
 feet in length, used for measuring. 
 
 yarn (yarn), n. spun thread; one of 
 the threads of a rope; a sailor's 
 story, especially one of doubtful ve- 
 racity: v.i. to tell a story. 
 
 yashmak (yash'mak), n. the double 
 veil worn by Moslem women in pub- 
 lic. [Arabian.] 
 
 yataghan (yat'a-gan), n. a dagger- 
 like, double-curved saber. [Turkish. 1 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
YAUP 
 
 YODEL 
 
 yaup (yawp), n. the blue titmouse. 
 
 yaw (yaw), v.i. to steer wildly; devi- 
 ate from the right course: said of a 
 ship; rise in blisters or white froth. 
 
 yawl (yawl), n. a light, decked, two- 
 masted boat; jolly-boat: v.i. to 
 howl. [Dutch.] 
 
 yawn (yawn), n. an involuntary open- 
 ing of the jaws through drowsiness, 
 &c: v.i. to gape involuntarily. 
 
 yawning (yawn'ing), adj. gaping; 
 drowsy. 
 
 yawp (yawp), n. a loud boisterous 
 hoot as uttered by a vagabond 
 or person of bad manners. 
 
 yaws (yawz), n. a contagious skin 
 disease prevalent in tropical coun- 
 tries. 
 
 yclad (e-klad'), adj. clothed. 
 
 ycleped (e-klepf), adj. called. Also 
 yclept. 
 
 ye (ye), pron.; nom. pi. of thou. 
 
 yea (ya), adv. yes; truly. 
 
 yean (yen), v.t. & v.i. to lamb. 
 
 yeanling (yen'ling), n. a lamb. 
 
 year (yer) , n. the period during which 
 the earth makes one complete rev- 
 olution round the sun (365 ^ days): 
 pi. age; old age. 
 
 yearbook] (yer 'book), n. a book which 
 is practically an annual cyclopedia, 
 giving information for the previous 
 year. 
 
 yearling (yer'ling), n. a young ani- 
 mal (colt or calf) more than one 
 year and less than two years old. 
 
 yearly (yer'li), adv. happening every 
 year; lasting a year. 
 
 yearn (yern), v.i. to feel an earnest 
 desire; be filled with eager longing 
 or desire. 
 
 yeast (yest), n. the barm or ferment 
 of beer or other liquor in fermenta- 
 tion; froth; any preparation for 
 raising dough. 
 
 yeastiness (yest'i-nes), n. the state or 
 quality of being yeasty. 
 
 yeggman (yeg'man), n. a desperate 
 burglar; a safe breaker. 
 
 yelk, same as yolk. 
 
 yell (yel), n. a sharp, discordant cry, 
 as of agony: v.t. to scream: v.i. to 
 utter a sharp, discordant cry. 
 
 yellow (yel'o), adj. of a bright, pure 
 color resembling gold; jaundiced. 
 
 yellow book (yel'5-book), n. a collec- 
 tion of diplomatic documents issued 
 
 by the French government, in par- 
 ticular the correspondence relating 
 to the outbreak of the European War 
 in 1914, so called from the color of 
 the covers. 
 
 yelp (yelp), v.i. to utter a sharp 
 bark : n. a sharp bark. 
 
 yeoman (yo'man), n. [pi. yeomen 
 (yo'men)], in England, a man pos- 
 sessed of a small landed estate; 
 farmer; freeholder; an officer of the 
 Royal household; in the United 
 States navy, a petty officer in charge 
 of stores. 
 
 yeomanry (yo'man-ri), n. yeomen 
 collectively; volunteer cavalry. 
 
 yerba (yer'ba), n. an herb of the 
 pepper family, said to be a remedy 
 for rheumatism. The original name 
 of San Francisco was Yerba Buena. 
 [Spanish.] 
 
 yerk (yerk), v.t. to jerk; thrust sud- 
 denly; lash [Scotch]: v.i. to kick: 
 n. a sudden, smart thrust. 
 
 yes (yes), adv. yea: opposed to no. 
 
 yesterday (yes'ter-da), n. the day last 
 past; recent time: adv. on the day 
 last past. 
 
 yet (yet), adv. in addition; still; 
 moreover: conj. nevertheless; how- 
 ever. 
 
 yew (yoo), n. a large evergreen tree 
 of the genus Taxus: adj. pertaining 
 to yew trees. 
 
 yewen (yoo'en), adj. made of yew. 
 
 Yiddish (yid'ish), n. a kind of com- 
 posite m language spoken by foreign 
 Jews in England and the # U. S. 
 It is a jargon made up chiefly of 
 Hebrew and German, but often 
 with a marked strain of Russian 
 and Polish. 
 
 yield (yeld), v.t. to submit; produce; 
 concede: v.i. to assent; comply; give 
 way; cease opposition; give a return 
 or produce: n. product; return. 
 
 yielder (yeld'er), n. one who yields. 
 
 yielding (yeld'ing), adj. inclined to 
 give way or comply; accommodat- 
 ing: n. the act of producing; sub- 
 mission; compliance. 
 
 yl, a Greek suffix, meaning basis: used 
 as a # characteristic termination of 
 chemical radicals. 
 
 Y-level (wi'lev-el), n. an instrument 
 for measuring heights and distances. 
 
 yodel (yo'del), yodle, v.t. and v.i. to 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
YOGI 
 
 590 
 
 YUTU 
 
 sing, changing quickly from a natu- 
 ral tone to falsetto and back, as in 
 the Tyrolese melodies: n. a song or 
 refrain, sung in this manner to mean- 
 ingless syllables or merely vocalized. 
 
 yogi (yo'ge), n. an ascetic who follows 
 the Yoka philosophy and in India 
 is supposed to have power of heal- 
 ing. [Sanskrit.] 
 
 yojan (yo'jan), n. in the East Indies, 
 a measure of length = five miles. 
 
 yoke (yok), n. a piece of hollowed 
 timber for connecting two draught 
 oxen together; a frame of wood fitted 
 to a person's shoulders for carrying 
 a pail, &c, suspended to each end; 
 bond, tie, or link; pair or couple; 
 service; mark of slavery; bar at- 
 tached to the rudder-head to which 
 the steering lines are fastened: v.t. 
 to join together; couple; place a 
 yoke upon; enslave; confine. 
 
 yokel (yo'kl), n. a rustic. 
 
 yolk (yok), n. yellow part of an egg; 
 vitellus, the oily secretion from the 
 skin of a sheep which renders the 
 wool soft and pliable. 
 
 yonder (yon'der), adj. at a distance, 
 but in view: adj. being at a distance, 
 but in view. Also yon. 
 
 yore (yor), adv. in old time; long ago. 
 
 you (u), pron. nom. & obj.pl. of thou: 
 now used for thou and thee. 
 
 young (yung), adj. being in the early 
 part of life or growth; inexperi- 
 enced; not matured; raw; vigorous; 
 fresh; pertaining to youth; of youth- 
 ful appearance: n. offspring collec- 
 tively. 
 
 youngish (yung'ish), adj. somewhat 
 young. 
 
 youngster (yung'ster), n. a young 
 person; lad. 
 
 younker (yung'ker), n. a young fel- 
 low; stripling. 
 
 your (yoor), pron. poss. pi. of thou or 
 you. Also yours. 
 
 yourself (yoor-self ') , pron. [pi. your- 
 selves (yoor-selvz')], you in your own 
 person. 
 
 yourts (yoorts), n. the underground 
 dwellings of the Eskimaux. 
 
 youth (yooth), n. [pi. youths (yooths)], 
 early life; a young person; young 
 
 persons collectively; condition of 
 being young. 
 
 youthful (yooth'fool), adj. pertaining 
 to youth or the early part of life; 
 fresh; vigorous. 
 
 youthfully (yooth 'foo-li), adv. in a 
 youthful manner. 
 
 yowl (youl), n. a howl as of a dog or 
 wolf: v.i. to howl or yell._ 
 
 yponomeutidae (i-pon-o-mu'ti-de), n. 
 pi. ermine moths. 
 
 ypsiliform (ip-sil'i-f orm) , adj. formed 
 like the Greek capital letter upsilon, 
 T. 
 
 ytterbium (i-ter'bi-um), n. a rare 
 chemical element discovered by the 
 spectroscope. 
 
 yttria (it'ri-a), n. the oxide of yttri- 
 um. 
 
 yttrium (it'ri-um), n. the metallic 
 base of yttria ; an element discovered 
 by Gadolin in 1794. It is a metal, 
 usually in the form of a grayish 
 powder. 
 
 yttrocerite (it-ro-se'rit), n. a mineral 
 of violet-blue color. 
 
 yucca (yuk'a), n. a sub-or apical Amer- 
 ican plant characterized by its stiff 
 lanceolate leaves; Adam's needle. 
 
 yuck (yuk), v.t. to snatch forcibly; 
 to scratch: to itch. 
 
 yucker (yuk'er), n. the flicker bird. 
 
 yufts (yufts), n. a kind of Russian 
 leather. 
 
 yuga (yoo'ga), n. one of the Hindu 
 ages of the world. Also yug. [San- 
 skrit.] 
 
 yulan (yoo'lan), n. a Chinese mag- 
 nolia with snow-white flowers. 
 
 Yule (yool), n. Christmas. 
 
 Yule-log (yool 'log), n. a large block of 
 wood formerly put upon the hearth 
 on Christmas eve to form the basis 
 of the Christmas fire. 
 
 Yule-tide (yool'tid), n. Christmas- 
 tide. 
 
 yunx (yunx), n. a wryneck bird. 
 
 yurga (yur'ga), n. the Afghan yabu, 
 or ambling mountain pony. 
 
 Yurucari (yu'ru-ca'ri), n. a linguis- 
 tic stock of South American In- 
 dians. 
 
 yutu (yu'tu), n. the Peruvian tina- 
 mou bird. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut; think, then. 
 
z 
 
 Z, the twenty-sixth and last letter of 
 the English alphabet, sometimes 
 called zed [English rustic]. It is 
 in form, and nearly in sound, the 
 Greek zeta (Z). The Romans bor- 
 rowed it, as they did T, and in 
 English, as an initial letter it usually 
 indicates a foreign origin. In alge- 
 bra it denotes the third unknown 
 quantity. 
 
 zaffre (zaf'er), n. impure oxide of co- 
 balt, of jan intensely blue color, used in 
 enameling, pottery, &c. Also zaffer. 
 
 zamouse (za-moos'), n. a West Afri- 
 can buffalo, with hair-fringed ears 
 and without a dewlap. 
 
 zander (tsan'der), n. the European 
 pike-perch. [German.] 
 
 zanella (tsa-nel'a), n. a mixed twilled 
 fabric for covering umbrellas. 
 
 zany (za'ni), n. a buffoon; merry- 
 andrew. 
 
 zaptiah (zap'ti-a), n. a Turkish po- 
 liceman. 
 
 zariba (za-re'ba), n. a stockade such 
 as is constructed in the Soudan; a 
 fortified camp. 
 
 zeal (zel), n. intense interest; 
 enthusiasm for a cause. 
 
 zealot (zel'ot), n. an enthusiast; fa- 
 natic. [Greek.] 
 
 Zealot, n. one of a fanatical sect of 
 Jews which carried on a desperate 
 struggle with the Romans until the 
 fall of Jerusalem (70 A. D.). 
 
 zealous (zel'us), adj. ardent in the pur- 
 suit of an object; enthusiastic. 
 
 zebec, same as xebec. 
 
 zebra (ze'bra), n. a wild animal of 
 Africa of the genus Equus, with 
 black and white stripes; a wood 
 much used in cabinet-making. 
 
 zebu (ze'bti), n. the Indian ox or cow, 
 with long pendulous ears, and large 
 prominent hump on the shoulders. 
 
 Zeitgeist (tslt'glst), n. the spirit of the 
 age ; the drift of thought. [German.] 
 
 Zemstvo (zems'tvo), n. a Russian 
 
 provincial assembly, elective, and 
 composed of landed proprietors, the 
 artisans and traders. 
 
 zenana (ze-na'na), n. in India, the 
 women's apartments; the East- 
 Indian harem. 
 
 Zend (zend), n. the Iranian language 
 of ancient Persia. [Old Persian.] 
 
 Zend-Avesta (zend-a-ves'ta), n. the 
 sacred writings of the Zoroastrians, 
 ascribed to Zoroaster. 
 
 zendik (zen'dik), n. in the East, a 
 name for an unbeliever. 
 
 zenith (ze'nith), n. the point in the 
 heavens directly over the head of the 
 spectator; greatest height. 
 
 zeolite (ze'o : lit), n. an extensive 
 group of minerals, consisting of hy- 
 drated silicates: so called from their 
 frothing when under the blowpipe. 
 
 zephyr (zef'er), n. the west wind; 
 soft, gentle breeze. [Greek.] 
 
 Zeppelin (zep'pe-lin), n. a type of Ger- 
 man dirigible balloon invented by 
 Count Zeppelin. 
 
 zero (ze'ro), n. a cipher; nothing; 
 neutral point (°) between any as- 
 cending or descending scale or series. 
 
 zest (zest), n. relish; keen enjoyment. 
 
 zeugma (ztig'ma), n. a figure in 
 grammar by which a verb, adjective, 
 or other part of speech, relating to 
 one noun, is referred to another. 
 
 Zeus (zus), n. the same as Jupiter. 
 m [Greek.] _ 
 
 zibeline (zib'e-lin), adj. pertaining to 
 the sable: n. the fur of the sable. 
 
 zigzag (zig'zag), adj. having short, 
 sharp turns: n. something with 
 short, sharp turns. 
 
 zillah (zil'a), n. a governmental dis- 
 trict in India. [Hindu.] 
 
 zinc (zingk), n. a bluish-white 
 metal. 
 
 zincode (zingk'od), n. the negative 
 pole of a voltaic battery. 
 
 zincograph (zingk'o-graf ) , n. an im- ' 
 pression from a zinc plate. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ZINCOID 
 
 592 
 
 ZYMOGEN 
 
 zincoid (zingk'oid) , adj. zinc-like. 
 
 Zingaro (thing-ga'ro), n. a Gipsy. 
 [Spanish.] 
 
 Zion (zi'un), n. a hill in Jerusalem, 
 the royal residence of King David 
 and his successors : hence the Church 
 of God. 
 
 zircon (zer'kon), n. a heavy, hard, 
 sparkling mineraj. 
 
 zirconium (zer-ko'ni-um), n. a rare 
 metallic element. 
 
 zither (zith'er), n. a stringed musical 
 instrument, consisting of a sounding 
 box and 28 to 31 strings. _ 
 
 zoanthropy (zo-an'thro-pi), n. a kind 
 of mania, in which the patient be- 
 lieves himself to be transformed into 
 an animal. [Greek.] 
 
 zodiac (zo'di-ak), n. an imaginary 
 broad belt in the heavens, containing 
 the twelve constellations or signs of 
 the zodiac which the sun traverses 
 annually. 
 
 zoetic (zo-et'ik), adj. vital. 
 
 zoetrope (zo'e-trop), n. an optical in- 
 strument by means of which figures, 
 &c, on a circular card appear to 
 be in active motion when viewed 
 through slots in the upper side. 
 
 zollverein (tsol'fer-in), n. the Ger- 
 man customs union, formed 1827 
 and further extended in 1867 to 
 establish uniform rates; a customs 
 union ._ 
 
 zone (zon), n. one of the five great 
 belts into which the surface of the 
 earth is divided with respect to lati- 
 tude and temperature; that belt or 
 district within which certain animal 
 or plant forms of life are confined; a 
 girdle or belt: v.t. to encircle with, 
 or as with, a zone. 
 
 zoo, a Greek prefix meaning animal, as 
 zoo-chemistry, animal chemistry. 
 
 zoo (zoo), n. a park or other large in- 
 closure in which live animals are 
 kept for public exhibition ; zoological 
 garden. 
 
 zoogeography (zo-o-je-og'ra-fi), n. the 
 study of the geographical distribu- 
 tion of animals. 
 
 zoqgraphy (zo-og'ra-fi) , n. the descrip- 
 tion of animals, their forms and habits. 
 
 zooid (zo'oid), n. an animal in one of 
 its inferior stages of development; 
 an individual of a compound or co- 
 lonial animal organization. 
 
 zoolatry (zo-ol'a-tri), n. animal-wor- 
 ship. 
 
 zoological (zo-o-loj'i-kal), adj. pertain- 
 ing to zoology. 
 
 zoology (zo-ol'o-ji), n. that part of bi- 
 ology that treats of animals, their 
 structure, classification, habits, and 
 distribution. 
 
 zobmorphism (zo-o-mor'fizm), n. the 
 representation of a deity in the form, 
 or with_the attributes, of an animal. 
 
 zoon (zo'on), n. an animal which is the 
 sole product of a single ovum. 
 
 zoopathy (zo-op'a-thi), n. animal 
 pathology. 
 
 zoophilist (zo-of'i-list), n. a lover of 
 animals. 
 
 zoophysiology (zo-o-fiz-i-ol/o-gi) , n. 
 physiology _of the lower animals. 
 
 zoophyte (zo'o-flt), n. an animal of 
 low organization, bearing some ex- 
 ternal resemblance to a plant. 
 
 zoosperm (zo'o-sperm), n. the male 
 seed-cell. _ 
 
 zoospore (zo'o-spor), n. theactivespores 
 of certain algae endowed with motion 
 by means _of ciliated processes. 
 
 zootomy (zo-ot'o-mi), n. the dissection 
 or anatomy of animals. 
 
 Zoroastrianism (zo-ro-as'tri-an-izm) , 
 n. the religious system, contained in 
 the Zend-Avesta, said to have been 
 founded by Zoroaster (Zarathustra) , 
 the legislator and prophet of ancient 
 Persia. 
 
 zouave (zoo-av'), n. a soldier of a light 
 infantry corps of the French army, 
 wearing an Arab dress. 
 
 Zulu (zoo'loo), n. one of a warlike 
 tribe o_f_ Kaffirs, north of Natal. 
 
 Zuni (zoo'nye), n. one of a tribe of 
 Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. 
 
 Zweibund (tsvl-boont}, n. a dual alli- 
 ance; the sympathetic union of two 
 nations, as of France and Russia in 
 1897 and later. 
 
 zygoma (zig-o'ma), n. the cheek-bone. 
 
 zygosis (zig-o'sis), < n. coalescence; 
 junction ; conjugation. 
 
 zygospore (zig'o-spor), n. the conju- 
 gated spore of two gametes. 
 
 zyme (zim), n. the germ supposed to 
 be the poisonous cause of zymotic 
 diseases. 
 
 zymic (zim'ik), adj. produced by fer- 
 mentation. 
 
 zymogen (zl'mo-jen), n. any sub- 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
ZYMOLOGY 
 
 593 
 
 ZYTHUM 
 
 stance that by internal changes gives 
 rise to a ferment. Also zymo- 
 gene. 
 
 zymology (zl-mol'6-ji), n. the doc- 
 trine of fermentation. Also zu- 
 mology. 
 
 zymometer (zi-mom'e-ter), n. an in- 
 strument for ascertaining the degree 
 of fermentation in different liquids. 
 Also zymosimeter. 
 
 zymophyte (zi'mo-fit), n. a bacteroid 
 ferment. 
 
 zymoscope (zi'mo-scop), n. an instru- 
 ment invented by Zenneck to meas- 
 
 ure the degrees of fermenting 
 power. 
 
 zymosis (zl-mo'sis), n. a fermentation. 
 
 zymotic (zl-mot'ik), adj. producing 
 fermentation, or a disease in which a 
 virus works through the body like a 
 ferment, as cholera. 
 
 zymurgy (zi'mer-ji), n. that branch 
 of industrial chemistry which deals 
 with the processes of fermentation 
 in brewing, wine-making, &c. 
 
 zythum (zi'thum), n. an ancient bev- 
 erage resembling beer, made from 
 malt and wheat. 
 
 ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
 hue, hut ; think, then. 
 
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 ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES USED IN BALTIMORE TUNNEL 
 
 ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES 
 
A REFERENCE 
 LIBRARY 
 
 Containing 
 A Veritable Treasury of Often-sought-for Facts 
 
 For Table of Contents, See Next Page 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 Synonyms and Antonyms 
 
 Foreign Words, Phrases, Maxims and Quotations 
 
 A Dictionary of Commercial and Legal Terms 
 
 Glossary of Aviation Terms 
 
 Glossary of Automobile Terms 
 
 The Wealth of the World 
 
 Money in Circulation in the United States 
 
 Electoral Vote 
 
 Time Difference 
 
 The Armies of the World 
 
 The Armies of the United States 
 
 The Navies of the World 
 
 "National Insurance" 
 
 Warship Tonnage, Various Nations 
 
 American (Volunteer) System Military Service 
 
 Business Men's Camps 
 
 Students' Camps 
 
 Boy Scouts Movement in the United States 
 
 United States Naval Advisory Board 
 
 The Swiss System Military Service 
 
 The German System Military Service 
 
 The Australian System 
 
 Boy Scouts in Foreign Countries 
 
 Presidents of the United States 
 
 The Names of the States and Their Meanings 
 
 The Nicknames of the States and the Reason 
 
 Nicknames of Famous Personages 
 
 The Decisive Battles of the World and their Result 
 
 Metric System of Weights and Measures 
 
 Value of Foreign Coins 
 
 Facts about the Earth 
 
 Wedding Anniversaries 
 
 Legal Holidays in the Various States 
 
 United States Census 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 Collected and Arranged 
 By LILIAN H. DU BOIS 
 
 Instructor in the Wharton Combined School, Philadelphia 
 
 Over Twelve Thousand Words of Similar and Contrasted Meanings 
 
 IN order to make use of the English 
 Language with exactness and at the 
 same time with variety, one should 
 be thoroughly acquainted, not merely 
 with words which compose its vo- 
 cabulary, but also with the words in 
 groups which show the likeness and un- 
 likeness of both sets. Words of simi- 
 lar meaning, though of entirely dif- 
 ferent form, are called Synonyms; their 
 direct opposites, which contain ideas 
 contrasted with the others, are called 
 Antonyms, and when used to bring out 
 the vivid antithesis, they admit of 
 very striking figures of speech. m 
 
 No people ever studied their own 
 language so minutely as the French. 
 From their earliest school-days, French 
 children are taught to speak and write 
 with the most careful choice of words, 
 so that when they grow older they be- 
 come familiar with the most delicate 
 shades of meaning, and the most 
 exquisite variations between one word 
 and another. Gustave Flaubert, the 
 
 great novelist and scholar, claimed that 
 for every thought there was some 
 special word which exactly gave the 
 meaning as no other word could do; 
 and he would spend hours, when he 
 wrote, in searching for such a word 
 which he styled le mot juste, the unique 
 expression of the idea in its relation to 
 the rest of the sentence. This is so 
 true, as to give weight to the French 
 proverb: "What is not clear is not 
 French." 
 
 The English language deserves to 
 be studied with the same minuteness 
 as the French, since it is a far richer 
 language, and one to which the whole 
 world has contributed. Therefore, 
 a collection of Synonyms and Anto- 
 nyms gives one who masters it, felicity 
 and facility of diction, and opens up 
 a whole vista of collateral ideas. The 
 following collection of contrasted words, 
 while not exhaustive, is comprehensive; 
 and by cross-reference it will be found 
 to answer almost all requirements. 
 
 abandon, leave, forsake, desert, re- 
 nounce, relinquish, quit, forego, let 
 go, waive. (Keep, cherish.) 
 
 abandoned, deserted, forsaken, wick- 
 ed, reprobate, dissolute, profligate, 
 flagitious, corrupt, depraved, vicious. 
 (Cherished, virtuous, upright.) 
 
 abandonment, leaving, desertion, 
 dereliction, renunciation, defection. 
 (Protection, maintenance, support.) 
 
 abasement, degradation, fall, degen- 
 eracy, humiliation, abjection, debase- 
 ment, servility. (Honor, exaltation.) 
 
 abash, bewilder, disconcert, discom- 
 pose, confound, confuse, shame. 
 (Embolden, encourage, hearten.) 
 
 abbreviate, shorten, abridge, curtail, 
 contract, condense, reduce. (Extend, 
 expand, enlarge, amplify.) 
 
 abdicate, give up, resign, renounce, 
 abandon, forsaken, relinquish, quit, 
 forego. (Persist, persevere.) 
 
 abet, help, encourage, instigate, in- 
 cite, stimulate, aid, assist. (Resist, 
 oppose, hinder.) 
 
 abettor, assistant, accessory, accom- 
 plice, promoter, instigator, particeps 
 criminis, coadjutor, associate, com- 
 panion, co-operator. (Opponent, 
 antagonist.) 
 
 abhor, dislike intensely, view with 
 horror, hate, detest, abominate, 
 loathe, nauseate. (Love, like, adore.) 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 ability, capability, talent, faculty, 
 capacity, qualification, aptitude, apt- 
 ness, expertness, skill, efficiency, ac- 
 complishment, attainment. (Incom- 
 petency, inefficiency, helplessness.) 
 
 abject, groveling, low, mean, base, ig- 
 noble, worthless, despicable, servile, 
 vile, contemptible. (Noble, high, 
 worthy.) 
 
 abjure, recant, forswear, disclaim, 
 recall, revoke, retract, renounce. 
 (Maintain, hold.) 
 
 able, strong, powerful, muscular, stal- 
 wart, vigorous, athletic, robust, 
 brawny, skillful, adroit, competent, 
 efficient, capable, clever, self-quali- 
 fied, telling, fitted. (Weak, feck- 
 less, futile, feeble.) 
 
 abode, residence, habitation, dwelling, 
 domicile, home, quarters, lodging. 
 
 abolish, quash, destroy, revoke, abro- 
 gate, annul, cancel, annihilate, exr 
 tinguish, vitiate, invalidate, nullify. 
 (Establish, enforce.) 
 
 abominable, hateful, detestable, odi- 
 ous, vile, execrable. (Lovable, ami- 
 able, gracious, delightful, pleasing.) 
 
 abortive, fruitless, ineffectual, idle, 
 inoperative, vain, futile. (Effect- 
 ual, competent.) 
 
 about, concerning, regarding, relative 
 to, with regard to, as to, respecting, 
 with respect to, referring to, around, 
 nearly, approximately. (Irrelevant, 
 not pertinent.) 
 
 abscond, run off, steal away, decamp, 
 bolt. (Remain.) 
 
 absent, a., inattentive, abstracted, not 
 attending to, listless, dreamy. (Pres- 
 ent, alert, attentive.) 
 
 absolute, entire, complete^ uncondi- 
 tional, unqualified, unrestricted, des- 
 potic, arbitrary, tyrannous, imper- 
 ative, authoritative, imperious. 
 (Limited, controlled.) 
 
 absorb, engross, swallow up, engulf, 
 imbibe, consume, merge. (Eject.) 
 
 absurd, silly, foolish, preposterous, 
 ridiculous, irrational, unreasonable, 
 nonsensical, inconsistent. m (Wise, 
 dignified, weighty, impressive.) 
 
 abuse, v., asperse, revile, vilify, re- 
 proach, calumniate, detame, slander, 
 scandalize, malign, traduce, dispar- 
 age, depreciate, ill-use. (Praise, 
 eulogize.) 
 
 abuse, n., scurrility, ribaldry, con- 
 tumely, obloquy, opprobrium, foul 
 invective, vituperation, ill-usage. 
 (Praise, eulogy.) 
 
 accede, assent to, consent, acquiesce, 
 comply with, agree, coincide, con- 
 cur, approve. (Protest, oppose.) 
 
 accelerate, hasten, hurry, expedite, 
 forward, quicken, despatch. (Re- 
 tard, hinder, block.) 
 
 accept, receive, take, admit. (Re- 
 fuse, reject.) 
 
 acceptable, agreeable, pleasing, grat- 
 ifying, pleasurable, welcome. (Dis- 
 pleasing, undesirable.) 
 
 accident, casualty, incident, contin- 
 gency, adventure, chance. (Plan, 
 design.) 
 
 accommodate, serve, oblige, adapt, 
 adjust, fit, suit. (Disoblige, impede.) 
 
 accomplice, confederate, accessory, 
 abettor, coadjutor, assistant, ally, 
 associate, particeps criminis. (Ad- 
 versary, opponent, enemy.) 
 
 accomplish, do, effect, finish, exe- 
 cute, achieve, complete, perfect, con- 
 summate. (Baffle, defeat, destroy, 
 frustrate, mar, ruin, spoil.) 
 
 accomplishment, attainment, qual- 
 ification, acquirement. (Defect, dis- 
 ability.) 
 
 accord, grant, allow, admit, concede. 
 (Deny, refuse.) 
 
 accost, salute, address, speak to, stop, 
 greet. (Cut, snub.) 
 
 account, narrative, description, nar- 
 ration, relation, detail, recital, mon- 
 eys, reckoning, bill, charge. 
 
 accountable, punishable, answerable, 
 amenable, responsible, liable. (Ir- 
 responsible, unreliable.) 
 
 accumulate, bring together, amass, 
 collect, gather. (Scatter, dissi- 
 pate.) 
 
 accumulation, collection, store, 
 mass, congeries, concentration. 
 
 accurate, correct, exact, precise, 
 nice, truthful. (Erroneous, care- 
 less, faulty, slip-shod.) 
 
 achieve, do, accomplish, effect, fulfill, 
 execute, gain, win. (Fail, lose.) 
 
 achievement, feat, exploit, accom- 
 plishment, attainment, performance, 
 acquirement, gain. _ (Failure, fiasco.) 
 
 acknowledge, admit, confess, own, 
 avow, grant, recognize, allow, con- 
 cede. (Deny.) 
 
 acquaint, inform, enlighten, apprise, 
 make aware, make known, notify, 
 communicate. (Deceive, delude.) 
 
 acquaintance, familiarity, intimacy, 
 cognizance, fellowship, companion- 
 ship, knowledge. (Unfamiliarity, 
 ignorance.) 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 acquiesce, agree, accede, assent, com- alternating, intermittent, inter- 
 ply, consent, give way, coincide with. rupted. (Continual, constant.) 
 (Protest, resist, oppose.) ambassador, envoy, plenipotentiary, 
 
 acquit, pardon, forgive, discharge, set minister. 
 
 free, clear, absolve. (Condemn, con- amend, improve, correct, better, 
 vict.) mend. (Impair, injure.) 
 
 act, do, operate, make, perform, play, anger, ire, wrath, indignation, resent- 
 enact. ment. (Good nature, poise, self- 
 
 action, deed, achievement, feat, ex- control.) 
 
 ploit, accomplishment, battle, en- appropriate, assume, ascribe, arro- 
 gagement, agency, instrumentality. gate, usurp. (Yield, render, sur- 
 ( Inaction.) _ render.) 
 
 active, lively, sprightly, alert, agile, argue, debate, dispute, reason upon, 
 nimble, brisk, quick, supple, prompt, arise, flow-, emanate, spring, proceed, 
 vigilant, laborious, industrious. rise, issue. (Sink, fall.) 
 (Lazy, passive, indolent.) artful, disingenuous, sly, tricky, in- 
 
 actual, real, positive, genuine, cer- sincere. (Candid, straight-forward, 
 tain. (Fictitious, imaginary.) frank, sincere.) 
 
 acute, shrewd, intelligent, penetrat- artifice, trick, stratagem, finesse, 
 ing, piercing, keen. (Dull, obtuse, association, combination, company, 
 stupid.) partnership, society. 
 
 adapt, accommodate, suit, fit, con- attack, assail, assault, encounter, 
 form. (Defend, protect.) 
 
 addicted, devoted, wedded, attached, audacity, boldness, effrontery, hardi- 
 given up to, dedicated. (Free, de- hood. (Meekness, humility.) 
 tached, untrammeled.) austere, rigid, rigorous, severe, stern. 
 
 addition, increase, accession, aug- (Dissolute, dissipated.) 
 
 mentation, reinforcement. (Subtrac- avaricious, niggardly, miserly, parsi- 
 tion, separation.) monious. (Generous, free-handed.) 
 
 address, speech, discourse, appeal, aversion, antipathy, dislike, hatred, 
 oration, tact, skill, ability, dexter- repugnance. (Affection.) 
 ity, deportment, demeanor. (Clum- awe, dread, fear, reverence. (Famil- 
 siness, gaucherie.) iarity.) 
 
 adhesion, adherence, attachment, fi- awkward, clumsy. (Graceful.) 
 
 delity, devotion. (Aversion, antip- axiom, adage, aphorism, apothegm, 
 athy, alienation, aloofness.) byword, maxim, proverb, saying, 
 
 adjacent, near to, adjoining, contig- saw. (Fallacy.) 
 uous, conterminous, bordering, neigh- 
 boring. (Distant, remote.) 
 
 adjourn, defer, prorogue, postpone. B 
 
 (Continue.) 
 
 adjunct, appendage, appurtenance, babble, chatter, prattle, prate. 
 
 appendency, dependency. (Au- bad, wicked, evil. (Good, excellent.) 
 tonomy.) baffle, confound, defeat, disconcert. 
 
 adjust, set right, fit, accommodate, (Aid, abet.) 
 
 adapt, arrange, settle, regulate, or- base, vile, mean. (Noble, worthy.) 
 ganize. (Confuse, disorganize.) battle, action, combat, engagement. 
 
 admirable, striking, surprising, won- bear, carry, convey, transport, 
 derful, astonishing. (Detestable, bear, endure, suffer, support, 
 abominable, horrible, hideous.) beastly, brutal, sensual, bestial. (Hu- 
 
 admit, allow, permit, suffer, tolerate. mane, kindly, gentle.) 
 
 (Deny, prohibit.) beat, defeat, overpower, overthrow, 
 
 advantageous, beneficial. (Hurtful, rout. 
 
 noxious, harmful.) beautiful, fine, handsome, pretty. 
 
 affection, love. (Aversion, distaste, (Homely, ugly, unsightly.) 
 
 hatred.) becoming, decent, fit t> seemly, suit- 
 
 affectionate, fond, kind. (Harsh, able. (Incongruous, improper.) 
 cold, unfeeling.) beg, beseech, crave, entreat, implore, 
 
 agreeable, pleasant, pleasing, charm- solicit, supplicate. (Give, confer, 
 ing. (Rude, curt, gruff, unpleasant.) donate.) 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 behavior, carriage, conduct, deport- 
 ment, demeanor. 
 
 belief, credit, faith, trust. (Doubt.) 
 
 beneficent, bountiful, generous, libe- 
 ral, munificent. (Covetous, mis- 
 erly.) See avaricious. 
 
 benefit, favor, advantage, kindness, 
 civility. (Injury, harm.) 
 
 benevolence, beneficence, benignity, 
 humanity, kindness, tenderness. 
 (Malevolence, malignity, brutality, 
 inhumanity.) 
 
 blame, censure, condemn, reprove, re- 
 proach, upbraid. (Praise, laud, eu- 
 logize.) 
 
 blemish, flaw, speck, spot, stain. 
 (Ornament, adornment, embellish- 
 ment.) 
 
 blind, sightless, heedless. (Far-sight- 
 ed, prudent.) 
 
 blot, cancel, efface, expunge, erase, 
 obliterate. 
 
 bold, brave, daring, fearless, intrepid, 
 undaunted. (Timid, fearful.) 
 
 border, brim, brink, edge, margin, rim, 
 verge, boundary, confine, frontier. 
 
 bound, circumscribe, confine, limit, 
 restrict. (Free, liberated.) 
 
 brave, dare, defy. (Cringe, cower.) 
 
 bravery, courage, valor. (Coward- 
 ice.) 
 
 break, bruise, crush, pound, squeeze. 
 (Mend, restore.) 
 
 breeze, blast, gale, gust, hurricane, 
 storm, tempest. 
 
 bright, clear, radiant, shining, brilliant. 
 (Dull, muggy, murky, stupid.) 
 
 brittle, fragile, breakable. (Solid, 
 strong.) 
 
 burial, interment, sepulture. (Res- 
 urrection.) 
 
 business, vocation, employment, en- 
 gagement, occupation, art, profes- 
 sion, trade. (Avocation.) 
 
 bustle, stir, tumult, fuss. (Quiet, re- 
 pose.) 
 
 calamity, disaster, misfortune, mis- 
 chance, mishap. (Good fortune, 
 wind-fall, luck.) 
 
 calm, collected, composed, placid, se- 
 rene. (Stormy, unsettled.) 
 
 capable, able, competent. (Incom- 
 petent, shiftless.) 
 
 captious, fretful, cross, peevish, pet- 
 ulant. (Equable, well-balanced.) 
 
 care, anxiety, concern, solicitude, 
 heed, attention. (Heedlessness, neg- 
 ligence, indifference.) 
 
 caress, kiss, embrace. (Spurn, buf- 
 fet, rebuff.) 
 
 carnage, butchery, massacre, slaugh- 
 ter. 
 
 cause, motive, reason. (Effect, con- 
 sequence.) 
 
 cease, discontinue, leave off, end. 
 (Continue.) 
 
 censure, animadvert, criticise. 
 (Praise, approve, commend.) 
 
 certain, secure, sure. (Doubtful, hes- 
 itating.) 
 
 cessation, intermission, rest, stop. 
 (Continuance.) 
 
 chance, fate, fortune. (Design, plan.) 
 
 change, barter, exchange, substitute. 
 
 changeable, fickle, inconstant, muta- 
 ble, variable. (Steadfast, depend- 
 able.) 
 
 character, reputation, repute, stand- 
 ing. 
 
 charm, captivate, enchant, enrapture, 
 fascinate. (Repel, disgust.) 
 
 chastity, purity, continence, virtue. 
 (Lewdness, immorality.) 
 
 cheap, inexpensive, inferior, common. 
 (Dear, expensive, costly.) 
 
 cheerful, gay, merry, sprightly. 
 (Mournful, sad, doleful.) 
 
 chief, chieftain, head, leader. (Sub- 
 ordinate.) 
 
 circumstance, fact, happening, inci- 
 dent. 
 
 class, degree, order, rank, caste. 
 
 clear, bright, lucid, vivid, transparent. 
 (Opaque.) 
 
 clever, adroit, dexterous, expert, skill- 
 ful. (Stupid, unskilled.) 
 
 clothed, clad, dressed. (Naked.) 
 
 coarse, rude, rough, unpolished. 
 (Fine, well-bred, high-minded.) 
 
 coax, cajole, fawn, wheedle. 
 
 cold, frigid, wintry, unfeeling, stoical. 
 (Hot, fiery, impetuous, impulsive.) 
 
 color, dye, stain, tinge. 
 
 colorable, ostensible, plausible, spe- 
 cious. 
 
 combination, cabal, conspiracy, plot. 
 
 command, injunction, order, precept. 
 
 commodity, goods, merchandise, 
 ware. 
 
 common, mean, ordinary, vulgar. 
 (Exceptional, extraordinary.) 
 
 compassion, sympathy, pity, clem- 
 ency. (Cruelty, severity.) 
 
 compel, force, oblige, necessitate. 
 (Coax, lead, induce.) 
 
 compendium, compend, abridgment, 
 abstract. (Enlargement.) 
 
 compensation, amends, recompense, 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 remuneration, requital, reward. (In- 
 jury, loss.) 
 
 complain, lament, murmur, regret, 
 repine. (Rejoice.) 
 
 comply, accede, conform, submit, 
 yield. (Refuse, reject, oppose.) 
 
 compound, complex. (Simple, un- 
 mixed.) 
 
 comprehend, comprise, include, em- 
 brace, grasp, understand, perceive. 
 (Exclude, mistake.) 
 
 comprise, comprehend, contain, em- 
 brace, include. (Exclude.) 
 
 conceal, hide, secrete. (Uncover, re- 
 veal, divulge.) 
 
 conceive, comprehend, understand. 
 
 conclusion, inference, deduction. 
 
 condemn, censure, blame, disapprove. 
 (Justify, exonerate.) 
 
 conduct, direct, guide, lead, govern, 
 regulate, manage. 
 
 confirm, corroborate, approve, attest, 
 (Contradict, combat.) 
 
 conflict, combat, contest, contention, 
 struggle. (Peace, quiet.) 
 
 confute, disprove, refute, oppugn, 
 impeach. (Approve, second.) 
 
 conquer, overcome, subdue, sur- 
 mount, vanquish, defeat. (Cede, 
 fly, resign, retire, surrender, yield.) 
 
 consequence, effect, event, issue, re- 
 sult. (See cause.) 
 
 consider, reflect, ponder, weigh. (Dis- 
 regard, forget, ignore, neglect.) 
 
 consistent, constant, compatible. 
 (Inconsistent, shifting, self-contra- 
 dictory.) 
 
 console, comfort, solace. (Harrow, 
 worry, harass.) 
 
 constancy, firmness, stability, stead- 
 iness. (Fickleness, flight iness.) 
 
 contaminate, corrupt, defile, pollute, 
 taint. (Purify, ennoble.) 
 
 contemn, despise, disdain, scorn. 
 (Esteem, honor.) _ * 
 
 contemplate, meditate, muse. 
 
 contemptible, despicable, paltry, pit- 
 iful, vile, mean. (Noble, worthy.) 
 
 contend, contest, dispute, strive, 
 struggle, combat. (Succumb.) 
 
 continual, constant, continuous, per- 
 petual, incessant. (Intermittent.) 
 
 continuance, continuation, duration, 
 (Cessation, pause.) 
 
 continue, persist, persevere, pursue, 
 prosecute. (Cease, stop, halt.) 
 
 contradict, deny, gainsay, oppose. 
 (Confirm, strengthen.) 
 
 cool, collected, tranquil. (Warm, dis- 
 turbed.) 
 
 correct, rectify, reform. (Muddle.) 
 
 cost, charge, expense, price. 
 
 covetousness, avarice, cupidity. (Be- 
 neficence.) 
 
 cowardice, fear, timidity, pusillan- 
 imity. (Courage, intrepidity.) 
 
 crime, sin, vice, misdemeanor. (Vir- 
 tue, rectitude.) 
 
 criminal, convict, culprit, felon, male- 
 factor. (Benefactor.) 
 
 crooked, bent, curved, oblique. 
 (Straight, direct, upright.) 
 
 cruel, barbarous, brutal, inhuman, 
 savage. (Kind, gentle, humane.) 
 
 cultivation, culture, refinement. 
 (Barbarism, boorishness.) 
 
 cursory, desultory, hasty, slight, 
 (Thorough, painstaking.) 
 
 custom, fashion, manner, practice, 
 habit. (Unconventionality.) 
 
 danger, hazard, peril. (Safety, se- 
 curity.) 
 
 dark, dismal, opaque, obscure, dim. 
 (Light, bright, clear.) 
 
 deadly, _ fatal, _ destructive, mortal. 
 (Life-giving, immortal.) 
 
 dear, beloved, precious, costly, ex- 
 pensive. (Despised, cheap.) 
 
 death, departure, decease, demise. 
 (Life.) 
 
 decay, decline, consumption. (Growth, 
 increase.) 
 
 deceit, cheat, imposition, trick, delu- 
 sion, guile, beguilement, treachery, 
 sham. (Truthfulness, sincerity, can- 
 dor.) 
 
 deceive, delude, impose upon, over- 
 reach, gull, dupe, cheat. (Enlight- 
 en, inform.) 
 
 decide, determine, settle, adjudicate, 
 terminate, resolve. (Vacillate.waver.) 
 
 decipher, read, spell, interpret, 
 solve. 
 
 decision, determination, conclusion, 
 resolution, firmness. (Vacillation.) 
 
 declamation, oratory, elocution, ha- 
 rangue, effusion, debate. 
 
 declaration, avowal, manifestation, 
 statement, profession. 
 
 decrease, diminish, lessen, wane, de- 
 cline, retrench, curtail, reduce. 
 (Grow, increase, expand, wax.) 
 
 dedicate, devote, consecrate, offer, 
 set, apportion. 
 
 deed, act, action, commission, achieve- 
 ment, instrument, document. 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 deem, judge, estimate, consider, think, 
 suppose, conceive. 
 
 deep, profound, subterranean, sub- 
 merged, designing, abstruse, learned. 
 (Shallow, superficial.) 
 
 deface, mar, spoil, injure, disfigure. 
 (Beautify, improve.) 
 
 default, lapse, forfeit, omission, ab- 
 sence, want, failure, neglect. (At- 
 tention, assiduity, diligence, effort.) 
 
 defect, imperfection, flaw, fault, blem- 
 ish. (Beauty, perfection.) 
 
 defend, guard, protect, justify. (Be- 
 tray, abandon.) 
 
 defense, excuse, plea, vindication, 
 bulwark, rampart. (Desertion.) 
 
 defer, delay, postpone, put off, pro- 
 rogue, adjourn. (Hasten, expedite.) 
 
 deficient, short, wanting, inadequate, 
 scanty, incomplete. (Complete, ade- 
 quate, sufficient.) 
 
 defile, pollute, corrupt, sully, con- 
 taminate, spoil, stain. (Purify, 
 cleanse, hallow, sanctify.) 
 
 define, fix, settle, determine, limit, 
 circumscribe. (Dilate, distend.) 
 
 defray, meet, liquidate, pay, dis- 
 charge. (Repudiate.) 
 
 degree, grade, extent, measure. 
 
 deliberate, v., consider, meditate, 
 consult, ponder, debate. 
 
 deliberate, adj., purposed, intentional, 
 designed, determined. (Hasty, rash, 
 ill-considered.) 
 
 delicacy, nicety, daintiness, refine- 
 ment, tact, softness, modesty. (Boor- 
 ishness, indecency.) 
 
 delicate, tender, fragile, dainty, re- 
 fined. (Coarse, rough, clownish.) 
 
 delicious, sweet, palatable. (Nau- 
 seous.) 
 
 delight, enjoyment, pleasure, happi- 
 ness, transport, ecstasy, gladness, 
 rapture, bliss. (Annoyance.) 
 
 deliver, liberate, free, rescue, pro- 
 nounce, give, hand over. (Retain, 
 hold.) 
 
 demonstrate, prove, show, exhibit, 
 illustrate. (Hide, conceal, obscure.) 
 
 depart, leave, quit, decamp, retire, 
 withdraw, vanish, levant. (Remain, 
 abide, stay.) 
 
 deprive, strip, bereave, despoil, rob, 
 divest. (Endow, donate, bestow.) 
 
 depute, appoint, commission, charge, 
 intrust, delegate, authorize, accredit. 
 
 derision, scorn, contempt, contumely, 
 disrespect. (Respect, deference.) 
 
 derivation, origin, source, beginning, 
 cause, etymology, root. 
 
 describe, delineate, portray, explain, 
 illustrate, define, picture. 
 
 desecrate, profane, secularize, mis- 
 use, abuse, pollute. (Consecrate, 
 sanctify.) See defile. 
 
 deserve, merit, earn, justify, win. 
 
 design, delineation, sketch, draw- 
 ing, cunning, artfulness, contriv- 
 ance. (Chance, accident.) 
 
 desirable, expedient, advisable, valu- 
 able, acceptable, proper, judicious, 
 beneficial, profitable, good. (De- 
 testable, obnoxious.) 
 
 desire, n., longing, affection, craving. 
 (Aversion.) 
 
 desist, cease, stop, discontinue, drop, 
 abstain, forbear. (Continue, per- 
 sist, persevere.) 
 
 desolate, bereaved, forlorn, forsaken, 
 deserted, wild, waste, bare, bleak, 
 lonely. (Contented, happy, fre- 
 quented.) 
 
 desperate, wild, daring, audacious, 
 determined, reckless. (Calm, un- 
 moved.) 
 
 despised, degraded, worthless. (Ad- 
 mired.) 
 
 destiny, fate, decree, doom, end. 
 
 destructive, detrimental, hurtful, 
 noxious, injurious, deleterious, bale- 
 ful, baneful, subversive. (Creative.) 
 
 desuetude, disuse, discontinuance. 
 (Continuance.) _ 
 
 desultory, rambling, discursive, loose, 
 unmethodical, superficial, unsettled, 
 erratic, fitful. (Thorough, pains- 
 taking, systematic.) 
 
 detail, n., particular, specification, 
 minutiae. (Generalities.) 
 
 detail, v., particularize, enumerate, 
 specify. (Generalize.) 
 
 deter, warn, stop, dissuade, terrify, 
 scare, dishearten. (Encourage.) 
 
 detriment, loss, harm, injury, dete- 
 rioration. (Benefit, help.) 
 
 develop, unfold, amplify, expand, en- 
 large. (Stunt, dwarf, stultify.) 
 
 device, artifice, expedient, contriv- 
 ance. 
 
 devoid, void, wanting, destitute, un- 
 endowed, unprovided. (Full, com- 
 plete.) 
 
 devoted, attached, fond, absorbed, 
 dedicated. (Indifferent.) 
 
 dictate, prompt, suggest, enjoin, or- 
 der, command. 
 
 dictatorial, imperative, imperious, 
 domineering, arbitrary, tyrannical, 
 overbearing. (Submissive, meek.) 
 
 die, expire, depart, perish, decline, 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 languish, wane, sink, fade, decay, disgrace, v., debase, degrade, defame, 
 
 (Live, grow, flourish.) discredit. (Exalt.) 
 
 diet, food, victuals, nourishment, nu- disgust, dislike, distaste, loathing, 
 
 triment, sustenance, fare. abomination, abhorrence. (Admira- 
 
 diflerence, separation, disagreement, tion.) 
 
 discord, dissent, estrangement, vari- dishonest, unjust, fraudulent, unfair, 
 
 ety. (Consonance, agreement, har- deceitful, cheating, deceptive, wrong- 
 
 mony.) ful. (Honest, upright.) 
 
 different, various, manifold, diverse, dismay, v., terrify, frighten, scare, 
 
 unlike, separate, distinct. (Similar, daunt, appal, dishearten. (Encour- 
 
 like, congruous.) age.) 
 
 difficult, hard, intricate, involved, dismay, n., terror, dread, fear, fright, 
 
 perplexing, obscure, unmanageable. (Assurance, confidence.) 
 
 (Easy, simple, plain, clear.) dismiss, send off, discharge, discard, 
 
 diffuse, discursive, prolix, diluted, co- banish. (Retain, keep.) 
 
 pious. (Concise, condensed.) _ dispel, scatter, drive away, disperse, 
 
 dignify, aggrandize, elevate, invest, dissipate. (Collect, gather.) 
 
 exalt, advance, promote, honor, display, show, spread out, exhibit, 
 
 (Degrade, dishonor.) expose. (Hide, conceal.) 
 
 dilate, stretch, widen, expand, swell, dispose, arrange, array, place, order, 
 
 distend, enlarge, descant, expatiate. (Confuse, disarrange.) 
 
 (Contract, shrink.) # dispute, v., argue, contest, contend, 
 
 dilatory, tardy, procrastinating, be- question, impugn. (Assent.) 
 
 hindhand, lagging, dawdling, linger- dispute, n., argument, debate, con- 
 ing, slack. (Prompt, nimble, quick, troversy, quarrel, disagreement, 
 precipitate, swift, headlong.) (Harmony, agreement.) 
 
 diligence, care, assiduity, attention, dissent, disagree, differ, vary. (As- 
 
 heed, industry. (Negligence.) sent.) 
 
 diminish, lessen, reduce, contract, distinct, clear, plain, obvious, dif- 
 
 curtail, retrench. (Increase.) ferent, separate. (Dim, obscure.) 
 
 disability, _ unfitness, incapacity, distinguish, perceive, discern, mark 
 
 (Power, ability, fitness.) out, divide, discriminate. See discern. 
 
 discern, descry, observe, recognize, distinguished, famous, glorious, far- 
 see, discriminate, separate, perceive. famed, noted, illustrious, eminent, 
 (Confuse, blend, mingle, confound, celebrated. (Obscure, unknown, or- 
 involve.) dinary.) 
 
 discipline, _ order, _ strictness, train- distract, perplex, bewilder. (Calm, 
 
 ing, coercion, punishment, organiza- soothe, reassure.) 
 
 tion. (Confusion, demoralization.) distribute, allot, share, dispense, ap- 
 
 discover, make known, find, invent, portion, deal. (Collect.) 
 
 contrive, expose, reveal. (Conceal, disturb, derange, discompose, agitate, 
 
 cover, secrete, lose, miss.) _ rouse, interrupt, confuse, trouble, 
 
 discreditable, shameful, disgraceful, annoy, vex, worry. (Pacify, 
 
 scandalous, disreputable. (Honor- quiet.) 
 
 able, creditable.) disuse, discontinuance, abolition, des- 
 
 discreet, cautious, prudent, wary, ju- uetude. (Use.) 
 
 dicious, considerate, politic, provi- divide, part, separate, distribute, deal 
 
 dent. (Foolish, thoughtless, un- out, sever, sunder. (Unite, combine, 
 
 wary.) m _ associate.) 
 
 discrepancy, disagreement, differ- divine, godlike, holy, heavenly, sacred, 
 
 ence, variance. (Agreement, con- (Fiendish, diabolical, devilish.)- 
 
 sonance, similarity.) _ do, effect, make, perform, accomplish, 
 
 discrimination, acuteness, discern- finish, transact. 
 
 ment, judgment, caution. (Ob- docile, tractable, teachable, compliant, 
 
 tuseness, gullibility.) tame. (Stubborn, mulish, unruly, 
 
 disease, complaint, malady, disorder, intractable, pig-headed.) 
 
 ailment, sickness. (Health, whole- doctrine, tenet, article of belief, creed, 
 
 someness.) _ dogma, teaching. (Action, conduct, 
 
 disgrace, n., disrepute, reproach, dis- deed, performance, practice.) 
 
 honor, shame, odium. (Honor.) doleful, dolorous, woebegone, rueful, 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 dismal, piteous. (Joyous, happy, 
 cheerful, merry.) 
 
 doom, sentence, verdict, judgment, 
 fate, lot, destiny. (Salvation, ac- 
 quittal.) 
 
 doubt, uncertainty, suspense, hes- 
 itation, scruple, ambiguity. (Cer- 
 tainty, belief, faith.) 
 
 draw, pull, haul, drag, attract, inhale. 
 (Repel, exhale.) 
 
 dread, n., fear, horror, terror, alarm, 
 dismay, awe. (Boldness, assurance, 
 confidence.) 
 
 dreadful, fearful, frightful, shocking, 
 awful, horrible, horrid, terrific. (At- 
 tractive, pleasing, desirable.) 
 
 dress, n., clothing, attire, apparel, 
 garments, costume, garb, livery. 
 (Nakedness, nudity.) 
 
 drift, purpose, meaning, scope, aim, 
 tendency, direction, intent. 
 
 droll, funny, laughable, comic, whim- 
 sical, queer, amusing. (Solemn, 
 grave, mirthless.) 
 
 drown, inundate, swamp, submerge, 
 overwhelm, engulf. (Emerge, float.) 
 
 dry, a., arid, parched, lifeless, dull, te- 
 dious, uninteresting, tiresome. (Wet, 
 moist, damp, juicy.) 
 
 due, owing to, attributable to, Just, 
 fair, proper. (Exorbitant, unjust.) 
 
 dull, stupid, gloomy, sad, dismal, com- 
 monplace. (Bright, interesting, en- 
 tertaining.) 
 
 dunce, simpleton, fool, ninny, idiot. 
 (Sage, philosopher.) 
 
 durable, lasting, permanent, abiding, 
 continuing. (Ephemeral, perishable.) 
 
 dwell, stay, stop, abide, sojourn, lin- 
 ger, tarry. (Stray, wander.) 
 
 dwindle, pine, waste, diminish, de- 
 crease, fall off. (Grow, increase, 
 augment.) 
 
 E 
 
 eager, hot, ardent, impassioned, for- 
 ward, impatient. (Diffident, list- 
 less, indifferent, detached.) 
 
 earn, acquire, obtain, win, gain, 
 achieve. (Lose, forfeit.) 
 
 earnest, a., ardent, serious; grave, 
 warm. (Trifling, flippant, frivolous.) 
 
 earnest, n., pledge, pawn. 
 ise, n., comfort, rest. (Worry, dis- 
 comfort, unrest.) 
 
 ise, v., calm, alleviate, allay, miti- 
 gate, appease, assuage, pacify, dis- 
 burden, rid. (Annoy, worry, dis- 
 turb, vex.) 
 
 easy, light comfortable, unconstrained. 
 (Difficult, hard.) 
 
 eccentric, irregular, anomalous, sin- 
 gular, odd, abnormal, wayward, 
 meticulous, fussy, strange. (Regu- 
 lar, ordinary, normal.) 
 
 economical, sparing, saving, provi- 
 dent, thrifty, frugal, careful. (Waste- 
 ful, prodigal, lavish.) 
 
 edge, border, brink, rim, brim, mar- 
 gin, verge. (Middle, centre.) 
 
 efface, blot out, expunge, obliterate, 
 wipe out, cancel, erase. (Preserve, 
 insert.) 
 
 effect, n., consequence, result, issue, 
 event, execution, operation. (Cause, 
 origin, source.) 
 
 effect, v., accomplish, fulfill, realize, 
 achieve, execute, operate, complete. 
 (Fail, fall short, yield.) 
 
 effective, efficient, operative, service- 
 able. (Vain ; ineffectual, footless.) 
 
 efficacy, efficiency, energy, agency, 
 instrumentality. (Futility.) 
 
 efficient, effectual, effective, compe- 
 tent, capable, able, fitted. (Futile, 
 feckless, inefficient.) 
 
 eliminate, drive out, expel, thrust 
 out, eject, cast out, oust, dislodge, 
 banish, proscribe. (Invite, wel- 
 come.) 
 
 eloquence, oratory, rhetoric, declama- 
 tion. 
 
 elucidate, make plain, explain, clear 
 up, illustrate. (Muddle, perplex, 
 confuse.) 
 
 elude, evade, escape, avoid, shun. 
 (Encounter, confront.) 
 
 embarrass, perplex, entangle, abash, 
 distress, trouble. (Assist, help.) 
 
 embellish, adorn, decorate, bedeck, 
 beautify, deck. (Disfigure, deface, 
 mar.) 
 
 embolden, inspirit, animate, encour- 
 age, cheer, urge, impel, stimulate. 
 (Discourage, dishearten, deter.) 
 
 eminent, distinguished, signal, con- 
 spicuous, noted, prominent, elevated, 
 renowned, famous, glorious, illustri- 
 ous. (Low, obscure, unknown, un- 
 important). 
 
 emit, give out, throw out, exhale, dis- 
 charge, vent. (Admit, inhale.) > 
 
 emotion, perturbation, agitation, 
 trepidation, tremor, mental conflict. 
 (Poise, repose, calm.) 
 
 employ, occupy, busy, use, engross. 
 (Dismiss, discharge.) 
 
 employment, business, vocation, en- 
 gagement, office, function, trade, 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 profession, occupation, calling. (Lei- 
 sure, idleness.). 
 
 encompass, encircle, surround, gird, 
 beset. (Avoid, withdraw.) 
 
 encounter, attack, conflict, combat, 
 assault, onset, engagement, battle, 
 action. (Retreat, flight.) 
 
 encourage, countenance, sanction, 
 support, foster, cherish, inspirit, em- 
 bolden, animate, cheer, incite, urge, 
 impel, stimulate. (Daunt, deject, 
 depress.) See embolden. 
 
 end, n., aim, object, purpose, result, 
 conclusion, upshot, close, expiration, 
 termination extremity, sequel. (Be- 
 ginning, commencement, introduc- 
 tion, incipiency.) 
 
 endeavor, attempt, try, essay, strive, 
 aim. (Relax, shirk.) 
 
 endurance, fortitude, patience, resig- 
 nation. (Weakness, cowardice.) 
 
 endure, v., last, continue, support, 
 bear, sustain, suffer, brook, submit 
 to, undergo. (Perish, succumb.) 
 
 enemy, foe, antagonist, adversary, 
 opponent.. (Friend, comrade.) 
 
 energetic, industrious, effectual, effi- 
 cacious, powerful, forcible, nervous. 
 (Lazy, idle, indolent, passive, slug- 
 gish, slothful.) 
 
 engross, absorb, take up, occupy, en- 
 gage, monopolize. (See engulf.) 
 
 engulf, swallow up, absorb, imbibe, 
 drown, submerge, bury, entomb, 
 overwhelm. (Cast out, disgorge, dis- 
 perse, dissipate, eject, emit, exude.) 
 
 enjoin, order, ordain, appoint, pre- 
 scribe. (Accept, follow, obey, yield, 
 submit.) 
 
 enjoyment, pleasure, gratification. 
 (Pain, sorrow, sadness.) 
 
 enlarge, increase, extend, augment, 
 broaden, swell. (Diminish, con- 
 tract.) 
 
 enlighten, illumine, illuminate, in- 
 struct, inform. (Obscure, perplex, 
 confuse.) 
 
 enliven, cheer, vivify, stir up, ani- 
 mate, inspire, exhilarate. (Deaden, 
 benumb, dispirit.) 
 
 enmity, animosity, hostility, ill-will, 
 maliciousness. (Friendliness, good- 
 will.) 
 
 enormous, gigantic, colossal, huge, 
 vast, immense, prodigious. (Insig- 
 nificant, little, small, petty.) 
 
 enough, sufficient, plenty, abundance. 
 (Want, lack, paucity, poverty.) 
 
 enrage, infuriate, madden. (Pacify, 
 soothe, quiet.) 
 
 enrapture, enchant, fascinate, charm, 
 captivate, bewitch. (Repel, revolt.) 
 
 enroll, enlist, list, register, record. 
 (Disrate, disqualify.) 
 
 enterprise, undertaking, endeavor, 
 venture. 
 
 enthusiasm, earnestness, devotion, 
 zeal, ardor, fervor, intensity, ve- 
 hemence. (Ennui, indifference, cau- 
 tion, coldness, wariness.) 
 
 enthusiast, fanatic, visionary. (In- 
 differentist.) 
 
 equal, same, even, like, alike, uniform. 
 (Disparate, dissimilar, different.) 
 
 eradicate, root out, extirpate, exter- 
 minate, annihilate. (Implant, incul- 
 cate, instil.) 
 
 erroneous, incorrect, inaccurate, 
 faulty, inexact. (Exact, correct.) 
 
 error, 'blunder, mistake. (Accuracy, 
 precision.) 
 
 especially, chiefly, particularly, prin- 
 cipally^ (Generally.) 
 
 essay, dissertation, tract, treatise. 
 
 establish, build up, confirm, strength- 
 en. (Overthrow, demolish, destroy.) 
 
 esteem, regard, respect, deference. 
 (Contempt, scorn.) 
 
 estimate, appraise, compute, rate. 
 
 estrangement, _ abstraction, aliena- 
 tion. (Reconciliation.) 
 
 eternal, endless, everlasting. (Finite, 
 limited.) _ 
 
 evade, equivocate, prevaricate, elude, 
 baffle. (Confront, meet, encounter.) 
 
 even, level, plane, smooth. (Uneven, 
 rough, jagged.) 
 
 event, accident, adventure, incident, 
 occurrence. 
 
 evil, ill, harm, mischief, misfortune. 
 (Good.). 
 
 exact, nice, particular, punctual. 
 (Careless, slip-shod.) 
 
 exalt, ennoble, dignify, raise. (Hum- 
 ble, debase, degrade.) 
 
 examination, investigation, inquiry, 
 research, search, scrutiny. 
 
 exceed, excel, outdo, surpass, tran- 
 scend. (Fall short.) 
 
 exceptional, uncommon, rare, ex- 
 traordinary. (Usual, commonplace.) 
 
 excite, awaken, provoke, rouse, stir 
 up. (Lull ; quiet, soothe.) 
 
 excursion, jaunt, ramble, tour, trip. 
 
 execute, fulfill, perform. (See effect.) 
 
 exempt, free, cleared. (Subject, in- 
 culpated, incriminated.) 
 
 exercise, practice. 
 
 exhaustive, thorough, complete. (Cur- 
 sory, superficial.) 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 exigency, emergency. 
 
 experiment, proof, trial, test. 
 
 explain, expound, interpret, illustrate, 
 elucidate. (See elucidate.) 
 
 express, declare, signify, utter, tell. 
 
 extend, stretch, elongate. (Abridge, 
 abbreviate, shorten.) 
 
 extravagant, lavish, profuse, prodigal. 
 (Parsimonious, economical, niggard- 
 ly-) 
 
 fable, apologue, novel, romance, tale. 
 
 face, visage, countenance. 
 
 facetious, pleasant, jocular, jocose, 
 witty. (Serious, grave.) 
 
 factor, agent. 
 
 fail, to fall short, be deficient. (Suc- 
 ceed, accomplish.) 
 
 faint, feeble, languid. (Forcible, 
 strong.) 
 
 fair, clear. (Stormy.) 
 
 fair, equitable, honest, reasonable. 
 (Unfair, dishonest.) 
 
 faith, creed, orthodoxy. (Disbelief, 
 infidelity, heterodoxy.) 
 
 faithful, true, loyal, constant. (Faith- 
 less, treacherous, perfidious.) 
 
 fall, drop, droop, sink, tumble. (Rise.) 
 
 fame, renown, reputation. (Ignominy, 
 disgrace.) 
 
 famous, celebrated, renowned, illus- 
 trious. (Obscure, unknown, incon- 
 spicuous.) 
 
 fanciful, capricious, fantastical, whim- 
 sical. (Practical, unimaginative.) 
 
 fancy, imagination. (Common-sense.) 
 
 fast, rapid, quick, fleet, expeditious. 
 (Slow, sluggish.) 
 
 fatigue, weariness, lassitude. (Vivac- 
 ity.) 
 
 fear, timidity, timorousness. (Bravery, 
 courage.) 
 
 feeling, sensibility, susceptibility. (In- 
 sensibility.) 
 
 ferocious, fierce, savage, wild, bar- 
 barous. (Mild, gentle, tame.) 
 
 fertile, fruitful, prolific, plenteous, 
 productive. (Sterile, barren.) 
 
 fiction, falsehood, fabrication. (Fact, 
 truth.) 
 
 figure, allegory, emblem, metaphor, 
 symbol, picture, type. 
 
 find, descry, discover, espy. (Lose, 
 overlook.) 
 
 fine, a., delicate, nice. (Coarse.) 
 
 fine, n., forfeit, forfeiture, mulct, pen- 
 alty. (Gift, donation.) 
 
 fire, glow, heat, warmth. (Cold.) 
 
 firm, constant, solid, steadfast, fixed, 
 
 stable. (Weak, yielding.) 
 first, foremost, chief, earliest, para- 
 mount. (Last, subordinate.) 
 
 fit, accommodate, adapt, adjust, suit. 
 
 fix, determine, establish, settle, limit. 
 
 flame, blaze, flare, flash, glare. 
 
 flat, level, even. (Hilly, rugged.) 
 
 flexible, j>liant, pliable, ductile, sup- 
 ple. (Rigid, inelastic, stiff, unbend- 
 ing.) 
 
 flourish, prosper, thrive. (Decay, 
 decline, cfegenerate.) 
 
 fluctuating, wavering, hesitating, 
 oscillating, vacillating, changing. 
 (Firm, steadfast, decided, resolute, 
 stable.) 
 
 fluent, flowing, glib, voluble, unem- 
 barrassed, ready. (Hesitating, halt- 
 ing.) 
 
 folks, persons, people, individuals. 
 
 follow, succeed, ensue, imitate, copy, 
 pursue. (Precede, originate, create.) 
 
 follower, partisan, disciple, adherent, 
 retainer, pursuer, successor. (Pre- 
 decessor, leader, superior.) 
 
 folly, silliness, foolishness, imbecility, 
 weakness. (Wisdom, sanity, reason- 
 ableness.) 
 
 fond, enamored, attached, affection- 
 ate, loving, tender, devoted. (Dis- 
 tant, irresponsive.) 
 
 fondness, affection, attachment, kind- 
 ness, love. (Aversion, dislike, hate.) 
 
 foolhardy, venturesome, incautious, 
 hasty, adventurous, rash. (Cau- 
 tious, careful, provident.) 
 
 foolish, simple, silly, irrational, brain- 
 less, imbecile, crazy, absurd, pre- 
 posterous, ridiculous, nonsensical. 
 (Wise, discreet, sensible.) 
 
 fop, dandy, dude, beau, coxcomb, pup- 
 py, jackanapes. (Gentleman.) 
 
 forbear, abstain, refrain, _ withhold. 
 
 force, n., strength, vigor, dint, might, 
 energy, power, violence. (Weak- 
 ness, feebleness.) 
 
 force, v., compel. (Persuade.) 
 
 forecast, forethought, foresight, pre- 
 meditation, prognostication. (After- 
 thought.) 
 
 forego, quit, relinquish, let go, waive. 
 (Insist.) 
 
 foregoing, antecedent, anterior, pre- 
 ceding, previous, prior, former. (Fol- 
 lowing, succeeding, latter.) 
 
 forerunner, herald, harbinger, pre- 
 cursor. (Successor.) 
 
 forge, coin, invent, frame, feign, fab- 
 ricate, counterfeit. 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 forgive, pardon, condone, remit, ab- 
 solve, acquit, excuse, except. (Con- 
 demn, accuse, punish.) 
 
 forlorn, forsaken, abandoned, de- 
 serted; desolate, lone, lonesome. 
 (Cherished, beloved.) 
 
 form, n., ceremony, solemnity, observ- 
 ance, rite, figure, shape, conforma- 
 tion, fashion, appearance, represen- 
 tation, semblance. (Vagueness.) 
 
 form, v.j make, create, produce, con- 
 stitute, arrange, fashion, mould. 
 (Destroy, demolish.) 
 
 formal, ceremonious, precise, exact, 
 stiff, methodical, affected. (Informal, 
 natural, unconventional, careless.) 
 
 forthwith, immediately, directly, in- 
 stantly, instantaneously. (Anon, 
 bye and bye, presently.) 
 
 fortitude, endurance, resolution, fear- 
 lessness, dauntlessness, strength, 
 courage. (Weakness.) 
 
 fortunate, lucky, happy, auspicious, 
 prosperous, successful. (Unfortu- 
 nate, luckless.) 
 
 fortune, chance, fate, luck, doom, 
 destiny, property, possession, riches. 
 (Misfortune, poverty.) 
 
 foster, cherish, nurse, tend, harbor, 
 nurture. (Neglect, disregard.) 
 
 foul, impure, nasty, filthy, dirty, un- 
 clean, defiled. (Pure, clean.) 
 
 fractious, cross, captious, petulant, 
 touchy, testy, peevish, fretful, splen- 
 etic. (Tractable, gentle, submissive, 
 pliant.) 
 
 fragile, brittle, frail, delicate, feeble. 
 (Strong, sturdy, solid.) 
 
 fragments, pieces, scraps, chips, 
 leavings, remains, remnants. (Enti- 
 ties, wholes, solids, masses. ) 
 
 frailty, weakness, failing, foible, im- 
 perfection, fault, blemish. (Strength, 
 perfection.) 
 
 frame, construct, invent, coin, fabri- 
 cate, forge, mold, feign, make, 
 compose. (Sunder, destroy, dis- 
 solve, rend.) 
 
 franchise, right, exemption, immu- 
 nity, privilege, freedom, suffrage. 
 
 frank, artless, candid, sincere, free, 
 easy, familiar, open, ingenuous, 
 plam. (Tricky, insincere, wily, 
 shifty.) 
 
 frantic, distracted, mad, furious, rav- 
 ing, frenzied. (Quiet, subdued, calm, 
 peaceful, sane, normal.) 
 
 fraud, deceit, deception, duplicity, 
 guile, cheat, imposition. (Honesty, 
 straight-forwardness, fairness.) 
 
 freak, fancy, humor, vagary, whim, 
 caprice, crotchet. (Purpose, resolu- 
 tion, consistency.) 
 
 free, a., liberal, generous, bountiful, 
 bounteous, munificent, frank, art- 
 less, candid, familiar, open, inde- 
 pendent, unconfined, unreserved, un- 
 restricted, exempt, clear, loose, easy, 
 careless. (Bound, slavish, stingy, 
 artful.) 
 
 free, v., release, set free, deliver, 
 rescue, liberate, enfranchise, af- 
 franchise, emancipate, exempt. (En- 
 slave, bind, imprison.) 
 
 freedom, liberty, independence, un- 
 restraint, familiarity, license, fran- 
 chise, exemption, privilege. (Slav- 
 ery, bondage, serfdom.) 
 
 frequent, often, common, usual, gen- 
 eral. (Rare, unique, exceptional.) 
 
 fret, gall" chafe, agitate, irritate, vex. 
 (Please, appease, soothe.) 
 
 friendly, amicable, social, sociable. 
 (Distant, reserved., cool.) 
 
 frightful, fearful, dreadful, dire, dire- 
 ful, terrific, awful, horrible, horrid. 
 (Pleasing, gentle.) _ 
 
 frivolous, trifling, trivial, petty. (Seri- 
 ous, earnest.) 
 
 frugal, provident, economical, saving. 
 (Wasteful, extravagant, prodigal.) 
 
 fruitful, fertile, prolific, productive, 
 abundant, plentiful, plenteous. (Bar- 
 ren, sterile 
 
 fruitless, vain, useless, idle, abortive, 
 bootless, unavailing, without avail. 
 (Fruitful, profitable, valuable, suc- 
 cessful.) 
 
 frustrate, defeat, foil, balk, disap- 
 point. (Assist, help, satisfy.) 
 
 fulfill, accomplish, effect, complete. 
 (Bungle, fail.) 
 
 fully, completely, abundantly, per- 
 fectly. (Partially, partly.) 
 
 fulsome, coarse, gross, sickening, of- 
 fensive, rank. (Moderate.) 
 
 furious, violent, boisterous, vehe- 
 ment, dashing, sweeping, rolling, im- 
 petuous, frantic, distracted, stormy, 
 angry, raging, fierce. (Calm, re- 
 strained, placid^ quiet. ) # 
 
 futile, trifling, trivial, frivolous, use- 
 less. (Effective, < apable.) 
 
 G 
 
 gain, n., profit, emolument, advan- 
 tage, benefit, winnings, earnings. 
 (Loss, failure.) 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 gain, v., get, acquire, obtain, attain, (Steady, reliable, poised, well-bal- 
 
 procure, earn, win, achieve, reap, anced, dependable.) 
 
 realize, reach. (Lose, fail.) gift, donation, benefaction, grant, 
 
 gallant, brave, bold, courageous, gay, alms, gratuity, boon, present, facul- 
 
 fine, showy, intrepid^ heroic, fear- ty, talent. (Purchase.) 
 
 less. (Cowardly, timid, shrinking, gigantic, cplossal, # huge, enormous, 
 
 fearful, timorous.) vast, prodigious, immense. (Dimin- 
 
 galling, chafing, irritating, vexing. utive, little, tiny, small, wee.) 
 
 (Soothing.) give, grant, bestow, confer, yield, im- 
 
 game, play, pastime, diversion, sport, part. (Take, absorb.) 
 
 amusement. (Work, toil, drudgery.) glad, pleased, cheerful, joyful, glad- 
 gang, band, horde, company, troop, some, gratified, cheering. (Sad, de- 
 crew. (Individual.) spondent, melancholy, depressed.) 
 
 gap, breach, chasm, hollow, cavity, gleam, glimmer, glance, glitter, shine, 
 
 cleft, crevice, rift, chink. flash. 
 
 garnish, embellish, adorn, beautify, glee, gayety, merriment, mirth, jovial- 
 deck, decorate. (Pollute, deface, ity, joy, hilarity. (Sorrow, despon- 
 defile.) dency, sadness.) 
 
 gather, pick, cull, assemble, muster, glide, slip, slide, run, roll on. 
 
 infer, collect. (Scatter, disperse.) glimmer, v., gleam, flicker, glitter. 
 
 gaudy, showy, flashy, tawdry, gay, glimpse, glance, look, glint. 
 
 glittering ; bespangled. (Sombre, glitter, gleam, shine, glisten, glister, 
 
 dark, plain.) e radiate. 
 
 gaunt, emaciated, scraggy, skinny, gloom, cloud, darkness, dimness, 
 
 meagre, lank, attenuated, spare, blackness, dullness, sadness. (Light, 
 
 lean, thin. (Well-fed, plump, stout.) brightness, joy.) 
 
 gay, cheerful, merry, lively, jolly, gloomy, lowering, lurid, dim, dusky, 
 
 sprightly, blithe. (Solemn, funereal, sad, glum. (Bright, clear, gay, 
 
 doleful, dismal.) merry.) 
 
 generate, form, make, beget, produce, glorify, magnify, celebrate, adore, ex- 
 generation, formation, race, breed, alt. (Debase, overthrow, ruin, dis- 
 stock, kind, age, era. honor, disgrace.) 
 
 generous, beneficent, noble, honor- glorious, famous, renowned, distin- 
 
 able, bountiful, liberal, free. _ (Nig- guished, noble, exalted. (Infamous.) 
 
 gardly, close, parsimonious, miserly.) glory, honor, fame, renown, splendor, 
 
 genial, cordial, hearty, festive, joy- grandeur. (Infamy, shame, dishonor, 
 
 ous. (Distant, cold.) ' disgrace.) 
 
 genius, intellect, invention, talent, glut, gorge, stuff, cram, cloy, satiate, 
 
 taste, nature, character, adept. (Dul- block up. (Starve, empty.) 
 
 ness, stupidity, imbecility.) < go, m depart, proceed, move, budge, 
 
 genteel, refined, polished, fashion- stir. 
 
 able, polite, well-bred. (Boorish, God, Creator, Lord, Almighty, Jeho- 
 
 clownish, rude, uncultivated.) vah, Omnipotence, Providence. (Beel- 
 
 gentle, placid, mild, bland, meek, zebub, Lucifer, Satan, the Devil.) 
 
 tame, docile. (Rough, uncouth, boi- godly, righteous, devout, holy, pious, 
 
 sterous, obstreperous.) m religious. (Wicked, godless, impi- 
 
 genuine, real, true, unaffected, sin- ous.) 
 
 cere. (False, deceptive.) good, benefit, weal, advantage, profit. 
 
 gesture, attitude, action, posture. boon. (Evil, mischief, harm, loss.) 
 
 get, obtain, earn, gain, attain, pro- good, a., virtuous, righteous, upright, 
 
 cure, achieve. (Lose, fail.) just, true. (Wicked, bad.) 
 
 ghastly, pallid, wan, hideous, grim, gorge, glut, fill, cram, stuff, satiate, 
 
 shocking. (Florid, high-colored, hec- (Empty, starve.) 
 
 tic, radiant.) gorgeous, superb, grand, magnificent, 
 
 ghost, spectre, sprite, apparition, splendid. (Mean, squalid.) 
 
 shade, pnantom. govern, rule, direct, manage, com- 
 
 gibe, scoff, sneer, flout, jeer, mock, mand, mold, rule, sway. (Comply, 
 
 taunt, deride. (Cheer, encourage, obey, submit, yield.) 
 
 applaud, approve.) government, rule, state, control, 
 
 giddy, unsteady, flighty, thoughtless. sway. (Anarchy.) 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 graceful, becoming, comely, elegant, 
 beautiful. (Awkward, ungainly, 
 clumsy.) 
 
 gracious, merciful, kindly, beneficent. 
 (Haughty, disdainful^ curt.) 
 
 gradual, slow, progressive. (Sudden.) 
 
 grand, majestic, stately, dignified, 
 lofty, elevated, exalted., splendid, 
 gorgeous, superb, magnificent, sub- 
 lime, pompous. (Shabby, poor, 
 mean.) 
 
 grant, bestow, impart, s give, yield, 
 cede, allow, confer, invest. (Ab- 
 sorb, assume, engross, take.) 
 
 grant, gift, boon, donation. 
 
 graphic, forcible, telling, picturesque, 
 vivid, pictorial. (Vague, maunder- 
 ing, illusive.) 
 
 grasp, catch, seize, gripe, clasp, grap- 
 ple. (Loose, let go, surrender.) 
 
 grateful, agreeable, pleasing, welcome, 
 thankful. (Harsh, ungrateful, thank- 
 less.) 
 
 gratification, enjoyment, pleasure, 
 delight, reward. (Disappointment.) 
 
 grave, a., serious, sedate, solemn, 
 sober, pressing, heavy. (Giddy, friv- 
 olous, nighty.) 
 
 grave, n., tomb, sepulchre, vault. 
 
 great, big, huge, large, majestic, vast, 
 grand, noble, august. (Small, petty, 
 unimportant.) 
 
 greediness, avidity, eagerness, vorac- 
 ity. (Generosity.) 
 
 grief, affliction, sorrow, trial, woe, 
 tribulation. (Joy, gladness, mirth, 
 pleasure.) 
 
 grieve, mourn, lament, sorrow, pain, 
 hurt, wound., bewail ._ (Rejoice.) 
 
 grievous, painful, afflicting, heavy, 
 baleful, unhappy. (Pleasant, de- 
 lightful, enjoyable.) 
 
 grind, crush, oppress, grate, harass, 
 afflict. (Bless, help.) 
 
 grisly, terrible, hideous, grim, ghastly, 
 dreadful. (Pleasing, beautiful.) 
 
 gross, coarse ; outrageous, unseemly, 
 shameful, indelicate. (Delicate, 
 
 fine.) 
 
 group, assembly-, cluster, collection, 
 clump, order, class. 
 
 grovel, crawl, cringe, fawn, sneak. 
 
 grow, increase, expand, advance. (De- 
 cay, diminish, decrease, shrink.) 
 
 growl, grumble, snarl, complain, 
 croak, find fault, murmur, repine. 
 (Approve, applaud, rejoice.) 
 
 grudge, malice, rancor, spite, pique, 
 hatred, aversion. 
 
 gruff, rough, rugged, blunt, rude, 
 
 harsh, surly, bearish. (Pleasant, 
 agreeable ; amiable, polite.) 
 guile, deceit, fraud. (Candor.) 
 guiltless, harmless, innocent. (Guilty, 
 harmful, sinful, criminal, noxious.) 
 
 habit, custom, practice. 
 
 hail, accost, address, greet, salute, 
 welcome. (Cut, snub.) 
 
 happiness, beatitude, blessedness, 
 bliss, felicity. (Unhappiness, sad- 
 ness, sorrow.) 
 
 harbor, haven, port.^ 
 
 hard, firm, solid. (Soft, yielding.) 
 
 hard, arduous, difficult. (Easy.) 
 
 harm, injury, hurt, wrong, infliction. 
 (Benefit, favour, kindness. )_ 
 
 harmless, safe, innocuous, innocent. 
 (Hurtful, noxious, poisonous.) 
 
 harsh, rough, rigorous, severe, gruff, 
 morose. (Gentle, mild.) 
 
 hasten, accelerate, dispatch, expedite, 
 speed. (Delay, hinder, impede.) 
 
 hasty, hurried," ill-advised. (Delib- 
 erate, slow.) 
 
 hateful, odious, detestable. (Lov- 
 able.) 
 
 hatred, enmity, ill-will, rancor. 
 (Friendship, love.) 
 
 haughtiness, arrogance, pride. (Mod- 
 esty, meekness, humility.) 
 
 haughty, arrogant, disdainful, super- 
 cilious, proud. (Meek, humble.) 
 
 hazard, risk, venture, chance, con- 
 tingency, fortuity, peril. (Certainty, 
 assurance, security, safety.) 
 
 healthy, salubrious, salutary, whole- 
 some. (Lnhealthy, injurious.) 
 
 heap, accumulate/ amass, pile up. 
 (Disperse, scatter.) 
 
 hearty, a., cordial, sincere, warm. 
 (Insincere, cool.) 
 
 heavy, burdensome, ponderous, 
 weighty. (Light.) 
 
 heed, care, attention. (Heedlessness, 
 unconcern.) 
 
 heighten, enhance, exalt, elevate, 
 raise. (Debase, lower.) 
 
 heinous, atrocious, flagitious, flagrant. 
 (Venial, trifling.) 
 
 help, aid, assist, relieve, succor. 
 (Hinder, block, check, counteract, 
 embarrass, impede, retard.) 
 
 heretic, sectary, sectarian, schismatic, 
 dissenter, non-conformist. 
 
 hesitate, falter, stammer, stutter. 
 
 hideous, grim, ghastly, grisly, fright- 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 ful. (Beautiful, lovely, entranc- illegal, unlawful, illicit, contraband, 
 
 ing.) illegitimate. (Legal, legitimate.) 
 
 high, lofty, tall, elevated. (Deep.) illimitable, boundless, immeasurable, 
 hinder, impede, obstruct, prevent. unlimited, infinite. (Limited, fin- 
 
 (See help.) ite.) 
 
 hint, allude, refer, suggest, intimate, illiterate, unlette ed, unlearned, un- 
 
 insinuate. m _ taught, uninstructed. (Learned, ed- 
 
 hold, detain, keep, retain. (Let ucated.) 
 
 go.) ill-tempered, crabbed, sour, surly, 
 
 holiness, sanctity, piety, sacredness. acrimonious. (Good-natured, ami- 
 
 (Wickedness, impiety.) able.) 
 
 holy, devout, pious, religious, saintly, illusion, fallacy, deception, phan- 
 
 blessed, sacred. (Cursed, impure, tasm. 
 
 polluted, abominable, worldly.) illusory, imaginary, chimerical, vision- 
 
 homely, plain, ugly, coarse. (Beauti- ary. (Real, actual, tenable.) 
 
 ful.) illustrate, explain, elucidate, clear. 
 
 honesty, integrity, probity, upright- (See elucidate.) 
 
 ness. (Dishonesty, fraud.) illustrious, celebrated, noble, cmi- 
 
 honor, respect, reverence, e teem. nent, famou , renowned. (Obscure, 
 
 (Dishonor, ignominy.) unknown.) 
 
 hope, confidence, expectation, trust, ill-will, enmity, hatred, antipathy. 
 
 (Despair.) # # (Good-will, benevolence.) 
 
 hopeless, desperate, pessimistic, image, likeness, picture, representa- 
 
 (Buoyant, hopeful, optimistic.) tion, effigy. 
 
 hot, ardent, burning, fiery. (Cold.) imaginary, ideal, fanciful, illusory. 
 however, nevertheless, notwithstand- (Real, actual, tangible.) 
 
 ing, yet. imagine, conceive, fancy, apprehend, 
 
 humble, modest, _ submissive, plain, think, presume. 
 
 unostentatious, simple. (Haughty, imbecility, silliness, senility, dotage. 
 
 overbearing, supercilious.) imitate, copy, ape, mimic, mock, 
 
 humble, degrade, humiliate, mortify, counterfeit. (Originate, invent.) 
 
 abase. (Exalt, promote, raise.) ' immaculate, unspotted, spotless, un- 
 humor, mood, temper. sullied, stainless. (Soiled, spotted, 
 
 hunt, seek, chase. defiled, bedraggled.) 
 
 hurtful, noxious, pernicious. (Bene- immediate, pressing, instant, next, 
 
 ficial.) proximate, contiguous. (Distant, 
 
 husbandry, cultivation, tillage. far, future, remote.) 
 
 hypocrite, dissembler, imposter, can- immediately, instantly, forthwith, 
 
 ter. directly, presently. 
 
 hypothesis, theory, supposition. immense, vast, enormous, huge, pro- 
 
 digious, monstrous. (Tiny, diminu- 
 tive.) 
 I immunity, privilege, prerogative, ex- 
 
 emption. m (Responsibility.) 
 idea, thought, imagination. impair, injure, diminish, decrease. 
 
 ideal, imaginary, fancied. (Actual, (Increase, build up, perfect.) 
 
 real.) impart, reveal, divulge, disclose, dis- 
 
 idle, indolent, lazy. (Industrious, cover, bestow, afford. 
 
 busy.) impartial, just, equitable, unbiased. 
 
 ignominious, shameful, scandalous. (Partial, prejudiced, interested.) 
 
 infamous. ( rT onorable, noble.) impassioned, glowing, burning, fiery, 
 
 ignominy, shame, disgrace, obloquy, vehement, intense. (Cool, unre- 
 
 infamy, reproach. (See honor.) ' sponsive.) 
 
 Ignorant, unlearned, illiterate, unin- impeach, accuse, charge, arraign, 
 
 formed, uneducated. (Learned, censure. (Acquit, condone, dis- 
 
 erudite, well-informed.) charge, excuse, forgive, overlook, 
 
 111, n., evil, wickedness, misfortune, pardon, release.) 
 
 mischief, harm.. (Good, blessing.) impede, hinder, retard, obstruct, pre- 
 ill, a., sick, indisposed, unwell, dis- vent. (Help, aid, assist.) 
 
 eased. (Well, sound, healthy.) impediment, obstruction, hindrance, 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 obstacle, barrier. (Aid, assist 
 ance.) 
 
 Impel, animate, induce, incite, insti- 
 gate, embolden. (Retard, check.) 
 
 Impending, imminent, threatening. 
 (Distant, remote.) 
 
 imperative, commanding, despotic, 
 authoritative, dogmatic^ domineer- 
 ing, overbearing. (Complaisant, 
 compliant, docile, mild, submissive, 
 yielding.) 
 
 imperfection, fault, blemish, defect, 
 vice. (Beauty, perfection.) 
 
 imperil, endanger, hazard, jeopardize. 
 (Rescue, save, deliver.) 
 
 imperious, commanding, dictatorial, 
 authoritative, imperative, lordly, 
 domineering, overbearing. (See im- 
 perative.) 
 
 impertinent, intrusive, meddling, of- 
 ficious, rude, saucy, impudent, inso- 
 lent. (Courteous, suave, polite.^ 
 
 impetuous, violent, impulsive, bois- 
 terous, furious, vehement. (Calm, 
 temperate, sell-controlled.) 
 
 impious, profane, irreligious, godless. 
 (Reverent, pious.) 
 
 implicate, involve, entangle, embar- 
 rass, compromise. (Exonerate, 
 clear, exculpate.) 
 
 imply, involve, comprise, infold, im- 
 port, denote, signify. 
 
 importance, signification, signifi- 
 cance, avail, consequence, weight, 
 gravity, moment. (Insignificance, 
 triviality, pettiness.) 
 
 imposing, impressive, striking, ma- 
 jestic, august, noble, grand. (In- 
 significant, trivial.) 
 
 impotence, weakness, incapacity, in- 
 firmity, frailty, feebleness. (Power, 
 strength, vigor.) 
 
 impotent, weak, feeble, helpless, en- 
 feebled, nerveless, infirm. (Strong, 
 capable, effectual.) 
 
 impressive, stirring, forcible, exciting, 
 affecting, moving. (See imposing.) 
 
 imprison, incarcerate, shut up, im- 
 mure, confine. (Liberate, set free.) 
 
 imprisonment, captivity, durance. 
 (Freedom, liberty.) 
 
 improve, amend, better, mend, re- 
 form, rectify, ameliorate, apply, use, 
 employ. _ (Deteriorate, aggravate, 
 corrupt, impair, injure, mar, vitiate.) 
 
 improvident, careless, incautious, im- 
 prudent, prodigal, wasteful, reckless, 
 rash. (Thrifty, careful, prudent, 
 provident.) 
 
 Impudence, assurance, impertinence, 
 
 confidence, insolence, rudeness. (Po- 
 liteness, good breeding.) 
 
 impudent, saucy, brazen, bold, im- 
 pertinent, forward, rude, insolent, 
 immodest, shameless, aggressive. 
 (Gentle, polite, decorous.) 
 
 impulse, incentive, incitement, mo- 
 tive, instigation. 
 
 impulsive, rash, hasty, forcible, vio- 
 lent. (Deliberate.) 
 
 imputation, blame, censure, reproach, 
 cnarge, accusation. 
 
 inadvertency, error, oversight, blun- 
 der, inattention, carelessness, negli- 
 gence. 
 
 incentive, motive, inducement, im- 
 pulse. (Deterrent.) 
 
 incite, instigate, excite, provoke, stim- 
 ulate, encourage, urge, impel. (Deter, 
 dishearten, discourage.) 
 
 inclination, leaning, slope, disposi- 
 tion, tendency, bent, bias, affection, 
 attachment, wish, liking, desire. 
 (Aversion, distaste, dislike, repug- 
 nance.) 
 
 incline, v., slope, lean, slant, tend, 
 bend, turn, bias, dispose. 
 
 inclose, surround, shut in, fence in. 
 cover, wrap. (Exclude, debar, eject.) 
 
 include, comprehend^ comprise, con- 
 tain, embrace, take in. (See inclose.) 
 
 incommode, annoy, plague, molest, 
 disturb, inconvenience, trouble. (Ac- 
 commodate.) 
 
 incompetent, incapable, unable, in- 
 adequate, insufficient. (Competent, 
 capable, effective.) 
 
 increase, v., extend, enlarge, aug- 
 ment, dilate, expand, amplify, raise, 
 enhance, aggravate, magnify, grow. 
 (Diminish, dwindle, shrink.) 
 
 increase, n., augmentation, accession, 
 addition, enlargement, extension. 
 (Decrease, diminution, shrinkage.) 
 
 incumbent, obligatory. 
 
 indefinite, vague, uncertain, unset- 
 tled, loose, lax. (Definite, precise, 
 exact, fixed.) 
 
 indicate, point out, show, mark. 
 
 indifference, apathy, carelessness, 
 listlessness, insensibility. (Applica- 
 tion, assiduity.) 
 
 indigence, want, neediness, penury, 
 
 Eoverty, destitution, privation. (Af- 
 uence, wealth, plenty.) 
 indignation, anger, wrath, ire, re- 
 sentment. 
 indignity, insult, affront, outrage, 
 obloquy, opprobrium, reproach, ig- 
 nominy. (See honor.) 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 indiscriminate, promiscuous, indis- 
 tinct, chance, confused. (Select, 
 chosen, picked.) 
 
 indispensable, essential, necessary, 
 requisite, expedient. (Unnecessary, 
 supernumerary.) 
 
 indisputable, undeniable, undoubted, 
 incontestable, > indubitable^ unques- 
 tionable, sure, infallible. (Uncertain, 
 questionable, erroneous, mistaken.) 
 
 indorse, ratify, confirm, superscribe. 
 (Repudiate, abandon, abjure.) 
 
 indulge, foster, cherish, fondle. 
 (Deny, refuse.) 
 
 ineffectual, vain, useless, unavailing, 
 fruitless, abortive, inoperative. (Ef- 
 fective.) 
 
 inequality, disparity, disproportion, 
 dissimilarity, _ unevenness. (Equal- 
 ity, purity/ similarity.) 
 
 inevitable, unavoidable, certain. 
 (Doubtful, unlikely.) 
 
 infamous, scandalous, shameful, ig- 
 nominious, opprobrious, disgraceful. 
 (Honorable, noble.) 
 
 inference, deduction, corollary, con- 
 clusion, consequence. 
 
 infernal, diabolical, fiendish, devilish, 
 hellish. (Saintly, heavenly.) 
 
 infest, annoy, plague, harass, disturb, 
 haunt, beset. 
 
 infirm, weak, feeble, enfeebled. (Ro- 
 bust, sturdy, vigorous, strong.) 
 
 inflame, anger, i.ritate, enrage, chafe, 
 incense, nettle, aggravate embitter, 
 exasperate. (Allay, soothe.) 
 
 influence, v., bias, sway, prejudice, 
 prepossess. 
 
 influence, n., credit, favor, reputa- 
 tion, character weight, authority, 
 sway, ascendency. 
 
 infringe, invade, intrude, contravene, 
 break, transgress, violate. 
 
 ingenuous, artless, candid, generous, 
 open, frank, plain, sincere. (Crafty, 
 sly, cunning.) 
 
 inhuman, cruel, brutal, savage, bar- 
 barous, ruthless, merciless, ferocious. 
 (Humane, kind, gentle.) 
 
 iniquity, injustice, wrong, griev- 
 ance. 
 
 injure, damage, hurt, deteriorate, 
 wrong, aggrieve, harm, spoil, mar, 
 sully. (Benefit, help.) 
 
 injurious, hurtful, baneful, perni- 
 cious, deleterious, noxious, prejudi- 
 cial, wrongful, damaging. (Benefi- 
 cial, helpful.) 
 
 injustice, wrong, iniquity, grievance. 
 (Right, probity, righteousness.) 
 
 innocent, guiltless, sinless, harmless, 
 inoffensive, innoxious. (Guilty.) 
 
 innocuous, harmless, safe, innocent. 
 (Hurtful, injurious.) 
 
 inordinate, intemperate, irregular, 
 disorderly, excessive, immoderate. 
 (Moderate, temperate, orderly.) 
 
 inquiry, investigation, examination, 
 research, scrutiny, disquisition, ques- 
 tion, query, interrogation. 
 
 inquisitive, prying, peeping, curious, 
 peering. 
 
 insane, mad, deranged, delirious, de- 
 mented. (Seme, healthy, sound, 
 normal.) 
 
 insanity, madness, mental aberra- 
 tion, lunacy, delirium. (Sanity.) 
 
 insinuate, hint, intimate, suggest, in- 
 fuse, introduce, ingratiate. 
 
 insipid, dull, flat, mawkish, tasteless, 
 vapid, inanimate, lifeless. (Bright, 
 sparkling.) 
 
 insolent, rude, saucy, pert, imperti- 
 nent, abusive, scurrilous, opprobri- 
 ous, insulting, offensive. (Courteous.) 
 
 inspire, animate, exhilarate, enliven, 
 cheer, breathe, inhale. (Depress.) 
 
 instability, ut ability, fickleness, 
 ir.utableness, wavering. (Stability, 
 firmness.) 
 
 instigate, stir up, persuade, animate, 
 incite, _ urge, stimulate, encourage. 
 (Abstain, depress, dishearten.) 
 
 instil, implant, inculcate, infuse, insin- 
 uate. (Deter, uproot, deaden, dull.) 
 
 instruct, inform, teach, educate, en- 
 lighten, initiate. 
 
 instrumental, _ conducive, assistant, 
 helping, ministerial. (Hindering, 
 impedimental.) 
 
 insufficiency, inadequacy, incompe- 
 tency, incapability, deficiency, lack. 
 
 insult, affront, outrage, indignity, 
 blasphemy. (Honor, respect, es- 
 teem.) 
 insulting, insolent, rude, saucy, im- 
 pertinent, abusive. (Polite, well- 
 mannered, gentle.) 
 integrity, uprightness, honesty, pro- 
 bity, entirety, entireness, complete- 
 ness, rectitude, purity. (Dishon- 
 
 intellect, understanding, sense, brains, 
 mind, intelligence, ability, talent, 
 genius. (Body, brute force, matter, 
 sense.) 
 
 intellectual, mental, ideal, meta- 
 physical. (Physical, real, actual.) 
 
 intelligible, clear, obvious, plain, 
 distinct. (Abstruse.) 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 intemperate, immoderate, excessive, 
 drunken, nimious, inordinate. (Tem- 
 perate, moderate.) 
 
 intense, ardent, earnest, glowing, fer- 
 vid, burning, vehement. (Indiffer- 
 ent, cold, inert, uninterested.) 
 
 intent, design, purpose, intention, 
 drift, view, aim, purport, meaning. 
 
 intercourse, commerce, connection, 
 intimacy, acquaintance. (Isolation, 
 separation, aloofness, detachment.) 
 
 interdict, forbid, prohibit, inhibit, 
 proscribe, debar, restrain from. 
 (Allow, permit.) 
 
 interfere, meddle, intermeddle, inter- 
 pose. (Avoid, retire, stand off, 
 withdraw.) 
 
 interminable, endless, interminate, 
 infinite, unlimited, illimitable, 
 boundless, limitless. (Brief, con- 
 cise, limited.) 
 
 interpose, intercede, arbitrate, medi- 
 tate, interfere, meddle. (See inter- 
 fere.) 
 
 interpret, explain, expound, eluci- 
 date, unfold, decipher. (Confuse, 
 distort, involve, misinterpret, per- 
 plex.) 
 
 intimate, hint, suggest, insinuate, ex- 
 press, signify, impart, toll. 
 
 intimidate, dishearten, alarm, fright- 
 en, scare, appal, daunt, cow, brow- 
 beat. (Encourage, cheer, counte- 
 nance, embolden, inspire, promote.) 
 
 intolerable, insufferable, unbearable, 
 insupportable, unendurable. (Bear- 
 able, supportable, tolerable.) 
 
 intrepid, bold, brave, daring, fear- 
 less, dauntless, undaunted, coura- 
 geous, valorous, valiant, heroic, gal- 
 lant, chivalrous, doughty. (Cow- 
 ardly, faint-hearted.) 
 
 Intrigue, plot, cabal, conspiracy, 
 combination, artifice, ruse, amour. 
 
 intrinsic, real, true, genuine, sterl- 
 ing, native, natural. (Extrinsic.) 
 
 invalidate, quash, cancel, overthrow, 
 vacate, nullify, annul. (Confirm, 
 sustain, strengthen.) 
 
 Invasion, incursion, irruption, in- 
 road, aggression, raid, fray. 
 
 invective, abuse, reproach, railing, 
 censure, sarcasm, satire. (Praise, 
 encouragement, eulogy.) 
 
 invent, devise, contrive, frame, find 
 out, discover, design. (See discover.) 
 
 investigation, examination, search, 
 inquiry, research, scrutiny. 
 
 inveterate, confirmed, chronic, malig- 
 nant. (Inchoate, incipient.) 
 
 invidious, envious, hateful, odious, 
 malignant. (Benevolent, charitable, 
 generous, kindly, humane.) 
 
 invigorate, brace, harden, nerve, 
 strengthen, fortify. (Enervate, weak- 
 en, enfeeble.) 
 
 invincible, unconquerable, impregna- 
 ble, insurmountable. (Weak, vul- 
 nerable.) 
 
 invisible, unseen, imperceptible, im- 
 palpable, unperceivable. (Visible, 
 tangible, actual.) 
 
 invite, ask, call, bid, request, allure, 
 attract, solicit. (Cut, discard, expel, 
 ignore, repel.) 
 
 invoke, invocate, call upon, appeal, 
 refer, implore, beseech. (Avoid, 
 dodge, elude, shun.) 
 
 involve, implicate, entangle, compro- 
 mise, envelop. (Disconnect, dis- 
 entangle, remove, separate.) 
 
 irksome, wearisome, tiresome, tedious, 
 annoying. (Pleasant, delightful.) 
 
 irony, sarcasm, satire, ridicule, rail- 
 lery. 
 
 irrational, foolish, silly, imbecile, 
 brutish, absurd, ridiculous. (Ra- 
 tional, sensible, sane, sound.) 
 
 irregular, eccentric, anomalous, in- 
 ordinate, intemperate. (Regular, es- 
 tablished, fixed, formal, methodical.) 
 
 irreligious, profane, godless, impi- 
 ous, sacrilegious, desecrating. (Holy, 
 pious, saintly, godly.) 
 
 irreproachable, blameless, spotless, 
 irreprovable. (Blame-worthy, cul- 
 pable, faulty.) 
 
 irresistible, resistless, irrepressible. 
 (See imperative.) 
 
 irresolute, wavering^ undetermined, 
 undecided, vacillating. (Deter- 
 
 mined, firm, persistent, resolute.) 
 
 irritable, excitable, irascible, sus- 
 ceptible. (Calm, omposed, placid.) 
 
 irritate, aggravate, worry, embitter, 
 madden, exasperate. (Soothe, com- 
 fort.) 
 
 issue, v., emerge, rise, proceed, flow, 
 spring, emanate. 
 
 issue, n., end, upshot, effect, result, 
 offspring, progeny. 
 
 jade, harass, weary, tire, worry. 
 
 (Cheer, relieve, soothe, help.) 
 jangle, wrangle, conflict, disagree. 
 
 (Quiet, agree, assuage.) 
 jarring, conflicting, discordant, in- 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 consonant, inconsistent. (Harmoni- 
 ous, consistent.) 
 
 jaunt, ramble, excursion, trip. 
 
 Jealousy, suspicion, envy. (Confi- 
 dence, trust.) 
 
 jeopard, hazard, peril, endanger. 
 (Safeguard, protect.) 
 
 jest, joke, sport, diversion. (Gravity, 
 seriousness, sobriety.) 
 
 journey, travel, tour, passage. 
 
 joy, gladness, mirth, delight. (Grief, 
 sadness, sorrow.) 
 
 joyful, glad, rejoicing, exultant. 
 (Mournful, sorrowful, despondent.) 
 
 judge, justice, referee, arbitrator. 
 
 judgment, discernment, discrimina- 
 tion, understanding. 
 
 justice, equity, right. Justice is right 
 as established by law ; equity accord- 
 ing to the circumstances of each par- 
 ticular case. (Injustice, wrong.) 
 
 justness, accuracy, correctness. (Er- 
 ror, fallacy.) 
 
 keep, preserve, save. (Abandon.) 
 
 Mil, assassinate, murder, slay. (Save, 
 protect.) 
 
 kindred, affinity, consanguinity, rela- 
 tionship. (Alien, foreign.) 
 
 knowledge, erudition, learning, sci- 
 ence. (Ignorance, folly.) 
 
 labor, toil, work, effort, drudgery. 
 (Idleness, indolence, rest, leisure.) 
 
 lack, need, deficiency, scarcity, insuf- 
 ficiency. (Plenty, abundance.) 
 
 lament, mourn, grieve, weep. (Re- 
 joice, exult, triumph.) 
 
 language, dialect, idiom, speech, 
 tongue. 
 
 lascivious, loose, unchaste, lustful, 
 lewd, lecherous. (Chaste, modest.) 
 
 last, final, latest, ultimate. (First.) 
 
 laudable, commendable, praiseworthy. 
 (Blamable.) 
 
 laughable, comical, droll, ludicrous. 
 (Serious, grave. )_ 
 
 lawful, legal, legitimate, licit. (Il- 
 legal, lawless, ungovernable, in- 
 equitable.) 
 
 lead, conduct, guide. (Follow.) 
 
 lean, meager. (Fat.) 
 
 learned, erudite, scholarly. (Igno- 
 rant.) 
 
 leave, v., quit, relinquish, abandon. 
 
 (Cherish, shelter, nurture, harbor, 
 foster, entertain.) 
 
 leave, r?., liberty, permission, license. 
 (Prohibition.) 
 
 life, existence, animation, spirit, vi- 
 ^ vacity. (Death.) _ 
 
 lifeless, dead, inanimate, inert, slug- 
 m gish. (Vigorous, lively, animated.) 
 
 lift, erect, elevate, exalt, raise. 
 (Lower, depress.) 
 
 light, clear, bright. (Dark.) 
 
 lightness, flightiness, frivolity, giddi- 
 ness, levity, volatility. (Seriousness, 
 gravity.) 
 
 likeness, resemblance, similarity, sim- 
 ilitude. (Difference, variation, un- 
 likeness.) 
 
 linger, lag, loiter, tarry, saunter. 
 (Hasten, expedite, urge, quicken.) 
 
 little, diminutive, small. (Great.) 
 
 livelihood, living, maintenance, sub- 
 sistence, support. 
 
 lively, jocund, merry, sportive, 
 sprightly, vivacious. (Slow, lan- 
 guid, sluggish.) 
 
 long, extended, extensive. (Short, 
 brief, concise.) 
 
 look, appear, seem, behold, scan, sur- 
 vey, watch, view, regard. 
 
 lose, miss, forfeit. (Gain, obtain, se- 
 cure, achieve.) 
 
 loss, detriment, damage, deprivation. 
 (Gain, advantage, profit.) m 
 
 loud, clamorous, high-sounding, noisy. 
 (Low, quiet, subdued.) 
 
 love, affection. (Hatred.) 
 
 low, abject, mean. (High, lofty, 
 noble.) 
 
 lunacy, derangement, insanity, mania, 
 madness. (Sanity.) 
 
 luster, brightness, brilliancy, splendor. 
 (Dullness, gloom.) 
 
 luxuriant, exuberant. (Sparse, mea- 
 ger.) 
 
 M 
 
 machination, plot, intrigue, cabal, 
 conspiracy. (Artlessness, directness, 
 candor.) 
 
 mad, crazy, delirious, insane, rabid, 
 violent, frantic. (Sane, rational, 
 quiet.) 
 
 madness, insanity, fury, rage, fren- 
 zy. (Sanity.) 
 
 magisterial, august, dignified, ma- 
 jestic, pompous, stately. (Pitiful, 
 wretched.) 
 
 make, form, cause, constitute, con- 
 struct, create, establish, execute, 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 fashion, frame, produce, shape. 
 (Annihilate, abolish, break, demol- 
 ish, destroy.) 
 
 malediction, anathema, curse, im- 
 precation, execration. (Benedic- 
 tion, blessing.) 
 
 malevolent, malicious, virulent, ma- 
 lignant. (Benevolent, kindly.) 
 
 malice, spite, rancor, ill-feeling, 
 grudge, animosity, ill-will. (Be- 
 nignity, good- will.) 
 
 malicious. See malevolent. 
 
 manacle, shackle, fetter, chain. 
 (Free, liberate.) 
 
 manage, contrive, concert, direct. 
 (See govern.) 
 
 management, direction, superinten- 
 dence, care, economy. (Neglect, 
 remissness.) 
 
 mangle, tear, lacerate, mutilate, crip- 
 ple, maim, rend. (Heal, mend, se- 
 cure, unite, weld.) 
 
 mania, madness, insanity, lunacy. 
 (Sanity.) 
 
 manifest, a., clear, plain, evident, 
 open, apparent, visible. (Hidden, 
 occult.) 
 
 manifold, several, sundry, various, 
 divers, numerous, complex, many. 
 (Homogeneous, plain, simple, un- 
 combined, uniform.) 
 
 manly, masculine, vigorous, coura- 
 geous, brave, heroic. (Effeminate, 
 weak.) 
 
 manner, habit, custom, way, air, look, 
 appearance. 
 
 manners, morals, habits, behavior, 
 carriage, 
 
 mar, injure, spoil, ruin, disfigure. 
 (Ameliorate, improve.) 
 
 march, tramp, tread, walk, step, 
 pace. (Halt, stop.) 
 
 margin, edge, rim, border, brink, 
 verge. (Middle, centre.) 
 
 mark, n. } sign, note, symptom, token, 
 indication, trace, vestige, track, 
 badge, brand. (Avoidance, neglect.) 
 
 mark, v., impress, print, stamp, en- 
 grave, note, designate. 
 
 marriage, wedding, nuptials, matri- 
 mony, wedlock. (Divorce.) 
 
 martial, military, warlike, soldier 
 like. (Peaceful, civil.) 
 
 marvel, wonderful, miracle, prodigy. 
 
 marvelous, wondrous, wonderful, 
 amazing, miraculous. (Common- 
 place, usual.) 
 
 massive, bulky, heavy, weighty, pon- 
 derous, solid, substantial. (Flimsy, 
 light.) 
 
 mastery, dominion, rule, sway, as- 
 cendancy, supremacy. 
 
 matchless, unrivaled, unequaled, un- 
 paralleled, peerless, incomparable, 
 inimitable, surpassing. (Common, 
 ordinary, usual.) 
 
 material, a., corporeal, bodily, physi- 
 cal, temporal, momentous, impor- 
 tant. (Spiritual, immaterial, ethe- 
 real.) 
 
 maxim, adage, apothegm, dictum, 
 proverb, saying, by-word, saw, tru- 
 ism. (Absurdity, demonstration, 
 paradox, sophism.) 
 
 meager, poor, lank, emaciated, bar- 
 ren, dry, uninteresting. (Rich, abun- 
 dant, fruitful.) 
 
 mean, adj., stingy, niggardly, low, ab- 
 ject, vile, ignoble, degraded, con- 
 temptible, vulgar, despicable. (Gen- 
 erous, not>le.) 
 
 mean, v., design, purpose, intend, 
 contemplate, signify, denote, indi- 
 cate. 
 
 meaning, drift, signification, import, 
 acceptation, sense, purport. 
 
 medium, organ, channel, instrument, 
 means. 
 
 medley, hodge-podge, mixture, vari- 
 ety, diversity, miscellany. 
 
 meek, unassuming, mild, gentle. 
 (Proud, haughty, arrogant.) 
 
 melancholy, low-spirited, dispirited, 
 dreamy, sad. (Jolly, buoyant.) 
 
 mellow, ripe, mature, soft. (Imma- 
 ture, unripe.) 
 
 melodious, tuneful, musical, silver, 
 dulcet, sweet. (Discordant, deson- 
 ant, grating, harsh.) 
 
 memorable, signal, distinguished, 
 marked. (Unimportant, insignifi- 
 cant.) 
 
 memorial, annals, archives, monu- 
 ment, memento, commemoration. 
 
 memory, remembrance, recollection. 
 (Forgetfulness, oblivion.) 
 
 menace, n., threat. 
 
 mend, repair, amend, correct, better, 
 ameliorate, improve, rectify. (See 
 improve.) 
 
 mention, tell, name, communicate, 
 impart, divulge, reveal, disclose, in- 
 form, acquaint. 
 
 merciful, compassionate, lenient, cle- 
 ment, tender, gracious, kind. (Cruel, 
 brutal, unfeeling, merciless.) 
 
 merciless, hard-hearted, cruel, un- 
 merciful, pitiless, remorseless, unre- 
 lenting. (See preceding. 1 ) 
 
 merriment, mirth, joviality, jollity, 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 hilarity. (Sorrow, sadness, melan- 
 choly.) 
 
 merry, cheerful, mirthful, joyous, 
 gay, lively, sprightly, hilarious, jo- 
 vial, blithe, blithesome, sportive, 
 jolly. (Sad, mournful, morose.) 
 
 metaphorical, figurative, allegorical, 
 symbolical, tropical. 
 
 method, way, manner, mode, process, 
 order, rule, regularity, system. 
 (Chaos, confusion, disorder, irregu- 
 larity.) 
 
 mien, air, behavior, look, manner, 
 aspect, appearance. 
 
 migratory, roving, strolling, wander- 
 ing, vagrant. (Settled, sedate, per- 
 manent, fixed, stationary.) 
 
 mimic, imitate, ape, mock. (Change, 
 distort, transform, vary.) 
 
 mindful, observant, attentive, heed- 
 ful, careful, thoughtful. (Heedless, 
 inattentive, careless.) 
 
 miscellaneous, promiscuous, indis- 
 criminate, mixed. (Homogeneous.) 
 
 mischief, injury, harm, damage, evil, 
 hurt, ill. (Advantage, benefit, bless- 
 ing, boon, remedy, service, utility.) 
 
 miscreant, caitiff, villain, ruffian. 
 (Benefactor, philanthropist.) 
 
 miserable, unhappy, wretched, dis- 
 tressed, afflicted. (Happy, gay.) 
 
 miserly, stingy, niggardly, avaricious, 
 gripping. (Generous, open handed.) 
 
 misery, wretchedness, woe, destitu- 
 tion, penury, privation, beggary. 
 (Happiness, good fortune.) 
 
 misfortune, calamity, disaster, mis- 
 hap, catastrophe. (Good luck, wind- 
 fall.) 
 
 miss, omit, lose, fail, miscarry. (Grasp, 
 accomplish, understand.) 
 
 mitigate, alleviate, relieve, diminish, 
 abate. (Aggravate, increase.) 
 
 moderate, temperate, abstemious, 
 sober, abstinent. (Immoderate, reck- 
 less.) 
 
 modest, chaste, virtuous, bashful, re- 
 served. (Immodest, bold, forward, 
 impudent.) 
 
 moist, wet, damp, dank, fertile, 
 humid, marshy, swampy. (Arid, 
 dry, parched.) 
 
 monotonous, unvaried, dull, undiver- 
 sified, tiresome. (Diverse, va- 
 ried.) 
 
 monstrous, flagrant, shocking, dread- 
 ful, horrible, huge, immense. (Ex- 
 cellent, superior, transcendent.) 
 
 monument, memorial, record, remem- 
 brancer, cenotaph. 
 
 mood, humor, disposition, vein, tem- 
 per. 
 
 morbid, sick, ailing, sickly, diseased, 
 corrupted. (Normal, sound, healthy.) 
 
 morose, gloomy, sullen, surly, fretful, 
 crabbed, crusty. (Joyous, merry, 
 gay.) 
 
 mortal, deadly, fatal, human. (Im- 
 mortal, eternal, everlasting.) 
 
 motion, proposition, proposal, move- 
 ment. (Quiescence, quiet, repose, 
 rest, stillness.) 
 
 motionless, still, stationary, torpid, 
 stagnant. (Active, moving.) 
 
 mount, arise, rise, ascend, soar, tower, 
 climb, scale. (Descend, fall.) 
 
 mournful, sad, sorrowful, lugubrious, 
 grievous, doleful, heavy. (Happy, 
 joyous, hilarious.) 
 
 move, actuate, impel, induce, prompt, 
 instigate, persuade, stir, agitate, pro- 
 pel, push. (Arrest, halt, stop.) 
 
 multitude, crowd, throng, host, mob, 
 swarm. (Few, handfuL) 
 
 murder, v., kill, assassinate, slay, 
 massacre, dispatch. 
 
 muse, v., meditate, contemplate, re- 
 flect, think, cogitate, ponder. 
 
 music, harmony, melody, symphony. 
 (Discord, noise.) 
 
 musical, tuneful, melodious, harmo- 
 nious, dulcet, sweet. (Discordant, 
 noisy, harsh.) 
 
 musty, stale, sour, fetid. (Fresh, 
 sweet.) 
 
 mute, dumb, silent, speechless. (Lo- 
 quacious, talkative.) 
 
 mutilate, maim, cripple, disable, dis- 
 figure. 
 
 mutinous, insurgent, seditious, tu- 
 multuous, turbulent, riotous. (Obe- 
 dient, orderly.) 
 
 mutual, reciprocal, interchanged, cor- 
 relative. (Disconnected, separate, 
 unrequited, unshared.) 
 
 mysterious, dark, obscure, hidden, 
 secret, dim, mystic, enigmatical, un- 
 accountable. (Open, clear, plain.) 
 
 mystify, confuse, perplex, puzzle. 
 (Clear, explain.) 
 
 naked, nude, bare, uncovered, rude, 
 unclothed, rough, simple. (Covered, 
 clad, clothed.) 
 
 name, v., denominate, entitle, style, 
 designate, term, call, christen. 
 
 name, n., appellation, designation, 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 denomination, title, cognomen, repu- noble, exalted, elevated, illustrious, 
 tation, character, fame, credit, re- great, grand, lofty. (Low, mean, 
 pute. vile.) 
 
 narrate, tell, relate, detail, recount, noise, cry, outcry, clamor, row, din, 
 describe, enumerate, rehearse, re- uproar, tumult. (Quiet, silence.) 
 cite. (Deny, hide, hush up, suppress, nonsensical, irrational, absurd, silly, 
 withhold.) foolish. (Sensible, rational, sane.) 
 
 nasty, filthy, foul, dirty, unclean, in- notable, plain, evident, remarkable, 
 decent, impure, gross, vile. (Pure, signal, striking, rare. (Obscure, in- 
 good, proper, seemly.) significant.) 
 nation, people, community, realm, note, token, symbol, mark, sign, 
 
 state. indication, remark, comment. 
 
 native, indigenous, inborn, vernacu- noted, distinguished, remarkable, re- 
 lar. (Foreign, alien.) nowned, eminent. (Obscure, un- 
 
 natural, original, regular, normal, known.) 
 
 spontaneous, bastard. (Unnatural, notice, n : , advice, notification, intelli- 
 forced.) m m gence, information. (Disregard, ig- 
 
 near, nigh, neighboring, close, adja- nore, overlook, slight.) 
 
 cent, contiguous, intimate. (Dis- notice, v., mark, note, observe, at- 
 tant, remote.) tend to, regard, heed. 
 
 necessary, needful, expedient, essen- notify, publish, acquaint, apprise, 
 tial, requisite, indispensable. (Abor- inform, declare. (Bury, conceal, 
 tive, bootless, futile, ineffectual, hide, suppress, withhold.) 
 nugatory, vain, valueless, worth- notion, conception, idea, belief, opin- 
 less.) ion, sentiment. 
 
 necessitate, compel, force, oblige, notorious, open, obvious, ill-famed. 
 (Dissuade, hinder, impede, inhibit, (Mysterious, secret, unknown.) 
 prevent, restrain.) nourish, nurture, cherish, foster, sup- 
 
 necessity, need, occasion, exigency, ply. (Starve, famish.) 
 
 emergency, urgency, requisite, nourishment, food, diet, sustenance, 
 (Choice ? fortuity, option, possibility, nutrition. 
 
 uncertainty.) > _ novel, modern, new, fresh, recent, un- 
 
 need, n., necessity, distress, poverty, used, strange, rare. (Old, ancient, 
 indigence, want, penury. (See pre- old-fashioned.) 
 
 ceding.) noxious, hurtful, deadly, poisonous, 
 
 need, v., require, want, lack. deleterious, baneful. (Beneficial, 
 
 neglect, v., disregard, slight, omit, helpful, advantageous.) 
 
 overlook. (Cherish, nourish, foster.) nullify, annul, vacate, invalidate, re- 
 neglect, n., omission, failure, default, peal, quash, cancel. (Confirm, estab- 
 negligence, remissness, carelessness, lish.) 
 
 slight. (Care, watchfulness.) nutrition, food, diet, nutriment, 
 
 neighborhood, environs, vicinity, ad- nourishment, 
 jacency, nearness, proximity. (Dis- q 
 
 tance, remoteness.) 
 nervous, timid, timorous, shaky. (Con- obdurate, hard, callous, hardened, 
 fident, brave.) unfeeling, insensible. (Yielding, 
 
 new, fresh, recent, novel. (Old, trite, tractable, docile.) 
 
 worn-out.) < obedient, compliant, submissive, duti- 
 
 news, tidings, intelligence, informa- ful, respectful. (Obstinate, stub- 
 
 tion. born, disobedient.) 
 
 nice, exact, accurate, good, particular, obese, corpulent, fat, fleshy. (Attenu- 
 precise, fine, delicate. (Careless, ated, slender, thin.) 
 coarse, unpleasant.) . obey, conform, comply, submit, yield. 
 
 nimble, active, brisk, lively, alert, (Rebel, disobey.) 
 
 quick, agile, prompt. (Clumsy, dil- object, n., aim, end, purpose, design, 
 atory, heavy, inert, sluggish, un- mark, butt. (Heedlessness, neglect, 
 ready.) negligence, oversight.) 
 
 nobility, aristocracy, greatness, gran- object, v., oppose, except to, contra- 
 deur, peerage. (Smallness, mean- vene, impeach, deprecate. (Assent, 
 " "•) agree, uphold.) 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 obnoxious, offensive, objectionable. 
 (Agreeable, pleasant.) 
 
 obscure, undistinguished, unknown. 
 (Distinguished.) 
 
 obstinate, contumacious, headstrong, 
 stubborn, obdurate. (Yielding.) 
 
 occasion, opportunity. 
 
 offense, affront, misdeed, misdemea- 
 nor, transgression, trespass. (See 
 antonyms of umbrage.) 
 
 offensive, insolent, abusive, obnoxious. 
 (Admirable, beautiful, charming, 
 sweet, worthy.) 
 
 office, charge, function, place. 
 
 offspring, issue, progeny. 
 
 old, aged, superannuated, ancient, an- 
 tique, antiquated, obsolete, old- 
 fashioned. (Young, new, modern.) 
 
 omen, presage, prognostic. 
 
 opaque, dark. (Bright, transparent.) 
 
 open, candid, unreserved, clear, fair. 
 (Hidden, dark.) 
 
 opinion, notion, view, judgment, be- 
 lief, sentiment. 
 
 opinionated, conceited, egotistical. 
 (Decorous, modest, unassuming, un- 
 pretentious.) 
 
 oppose, resist, withstand, thwart. 
 (Give way, yield, succumb.) 
 
 option, choice. (See necessity.) 
 
 order, method, rule, system, regular- 
 ity. (Disorder, misrule, anarchy.) 
 
 origin, cause, occasion, source, begin- 
 ning. (Conclusion, end.) 
 
 outlive, survive. 
 
 outward, external, outside, exterior. 
 (Inner, interior, internal.) 
 
 over, above. (Under, beneath.) 
 
 overbalance, outweigh, preponderate. 
 
 overbear, bear down, overwhelm, 
 overpower, subdue. 
 
 overbearing, haughty, proud, arro- 
 gant. (Gentle.) 
 
 overflow, inundation, deluge. 
 
 overrule, supersede, suppress. 
 
 overspread, overrun, ravage. 
 
 overturn, invert, overthrow, reverse, 
 subvert. (Establish, fortify.) 
 
 overwhelm, crush, defeat, vanquish. 
 (Extricate, maintain, raise, rescue, 
 restore, support, uphold.) 
 
 pain, suffering, qualm, pang, agony, 
 anguish. (Amusement, comfort, 
 happiness, pleasure.) 
 
 pallid, pale, wan. (Florid, rubicund, 
 flushed.) 
 
 part, division, portion, share, fraction. 
 (Aggregate, amount, entirety, mass, 
 sum, total, whole.) 
 
 particular, exact, distinct, singular, 
 odd, strange. (General.) 
 
 patient, passive, submissive, meek. 
 (Hasty, irascible.) 
 
 peace, calm, quiet, tranquillity. (War, 
 riot, trouble, turbulence.) 
 
 peaceable, pacific, peaceful, quiet. 
 (Troublesome, riotous.) 
 
 penetrate, bore, enter, pierce, per- 
 forate, stab, transfix. (Depart, 
 leave, issue, vacate.) 
 
 penetration, acuteness, sagacity. 
 (Dullness, stupidity.) 
 
 people, nation, clan, tribe, race. 
 
 perceive, note, observe, discern, dis- 
 tinguish. (Ignore, lose, misappre- 
 hend, miss, overlook.) 
 
 perception, conception, notion, 
 idea. 
 
 perfume, fragrance. (Reek, stench.) 
 
 peril, danger, pitfall, snare. (Safety.) 
 
 permit, allow, tolerate. (Forbid, in- 
 terdict.) 
 
 persuade, allure, entice, prevail upon. 
 (Deter, discourage, dissuade, re- 
 strain.) 
 
 physical, corporeal, bodily, material. 
 (Mental, spiritual.) 
 
 picture, engraving, print, representa- 
 tion, illustration, image. 
 
 piteous, doleful, woeful, rueful. 
 (Cheerful, gay, genial, happy, joy- 
 ous, merry, mirthful.) 
 
 pitiless, see merciless. 
 
 pity, compassion, sympathy. (Cruel- 
 ty, brutality.) 
 
 place, n., spot, site, position, post, 
 situation, station. 
 
 place, v., arrange, order, dispose. 
 (Confuse, derange, mislay, perturb, 
 unsettle.) 
 
 plain, open, manifest, evident, overt. 
 (Secret, hidden.) 
 
 play, game, sport, amusement. (Work, 
 toil, drudgery.) 
 
 please, gratify, pacify. (Displease.) 
 
 pleasure, charm, delight, joy. (Pain.) 
 
 plentiful, abundant, ample, copious, 
 plenteous. (Rare, scanty, scarce.) 
 
 poise, balance, equilibrium, equipoise. 
 (Instability.) 
 
 positive, absolute, peremptory, de- 
 cided, certain. (Negative.) 
 
 possessor, owner, proprietor. 
 
 possible, practical, practicable. (Im- 
 possible, visionary.) 
 
 poverty, penury, indigence, need, 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 want. (Wealth, plenty, abundance, prominent, eminent, marked, impor- 
 
 riches, affluence.) tant, conspicuous, leading. (Obscure, 
 
 power, authority, force, strength, do- inconspicuous.) 
 
 minion. (Weakness, futility.) promiscuous, mixed, unarranged, het- 
 
 powerful, mighty, potent. (Futile, erogeneous, indiscriminate, mingled, 
 
 trivial, useless, weak.) (Select, choice, exclusive.) 
 
 praise, commend, extol, laud. (Blame.) prompt. See punctual. 
 
 prayer, entreaty, petition, request, suit, prop, bolster, orace, buttress, main- 
 pretense, n., pretext, subterfuge. tain, sustain, support, stay. 
 
 (Actuality, candor, openness, reality, propagate, spread, circulate, diffuse, 
 
 fact, truth.) disseminate, extend, breed, increase. 
 
 prevailing, predominant, prevalent, (Suppress, decrease.) 
 
 general. (Isolated, sporadic.) proper, legitimate, right, just, fair, 
 
 prevent, obviate, preclude. equitable, honest, suitable, fit, de~ 
 
 previous, antecedent, introductory, cent, meet, becoming, benefitting, 
 
 preparatory, preliminary. (Subse- adapted, pertinent, appropriate, 
 
 quent, following.) # _ (Wrong, unseemly.) 
 
 pride, vanity, conceit. (Humility, prosper, flourish, succeed, grow rich, 
 
 meekness.) thrive, advance. (Fail, lose.) 
 
 principally, chiefly, mainly, essen- prosperity, well-being, weal, welfare, 
 
 tially. (Secondarily.) happiness, good luck. (Poverty, 
 
 principle, ground, reason, motive, failure.) 
 
 impulse, maxim, rule, rectitude, in- proxy, agent, representative, substi- 
 
 tegrity. (See doctrine.) tute, delegate, deputy. 
 
 privilege, immunity, advantage, favor, prudence, carefulness, judgment, dis- 
 
 prerogative, exemption, right, claim. cretion, wisdom. (Indiscretion, reck- 
 
 (Damage, detriment, drawback, loss, lessness, heedlessness.) 
 
 obstacle, obstruction.) prurient, itching, craving, hankering, 
 
 probity, rectitude, uprightness, hon- longing. (Pure-minded.) 
 
 esty, integrity, sincerity, soundness, puerile, youthful, juvenile, boyish, 
 
 (Dishonesty, fraud, deceit.) childish, infantile, trifling, weak, 
 
 problematical, uncertain, doubtful, silly. (Mature, strong, vigorous.) 
 
 dubious, questionable, disputable, punctilious, nice, particular, formal, 
 
 suspicious. (Certain, sure, undoubt- precise. (Negligent, careless.) 
 
 ed, proven.) punctual, exact, precise, nice, p°rtic- 
 
 prodigious, huge, enormous, vast, ular, prompt, timely. (Dilatory, 
 
 amazing, astonishing, remarkable, tardy.) 
 
 astounding, surprising, wonderful, putrefy, rot, decompose, corrupt, de- 
 
 (Insignificant, small.) cay. (Disinfect, embalm, freshen, 
 
 profession, business, trade, occupa- preserve, purify.) 
 
 tion, vocation, offiee, employment, puzzle, perplex, confound, embar- 
 
 engagement, avowal. rass, bewilder, confuse, pose, mys- 
 
 proffer, volunteer, offer, propose, ten- tify. (Enlighten, explain, clarify.) 
 der. (Obey, submit, yield.) 
 
 profligate, abandoned, dissolute, de- 
 praved, vicious, degenerate, corrupt, Q 
 demoralized. (Virtuous, good, up- 
 right, honorable.) quack, imposter, pretender, fakir, 
 
 profound, deep, fathomless, penetra- charlatan, empiric, mountebank, 
 
 ting, solemn, abstruse, recondite. (Adept, expert, master, savant.) 
 
 (Shallow, slight, superficial.) quaint, artful, curious, far-fetched, 
 
 profuse, extravagant, prodigal, lav- fanciful, odd, singular. (Conven- 
 
 ish, improvident, excessive, copious, tional, customary, usual.) 
 
 plentiful. (Miserly, niggardly, eco- qualified, competent, fitted, adapted, 
 
 nomical.) (Incompetent, ineligible.) 
 
 prolific, productive, generative, fertile, quality, attribute, rank, distinction, 
 
 fruitful, teeming. (Barren, sterile.) (Being, essence, nature, substance.) 
 
 prolix, diffuse, long, prolonged, te- querulous, doubting, complaining, re- 
 
 dious, tiresome, wordy, verbose, pro- pining, fretting. (Long-suffering, 
 
 saic. (Concise, brief, succinct.) patient, resigned.) 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 question, query, inquiry, interroga- 
 tory. (Answer, reply.) 
 
 quibble, cavil, evade, equivocate, pre- 
 varicate, shuffle. 
 
 quick, lively, brisk, expeditious, im- 
 petuous, adroit, fleet, rapid, swift, 
 sweeping, dashing, clever, sharp, 
 ready, prompt, alert, nimble, agile, 
 active. (Deliberate, slow.) 
 
 quote, note, repeat, cite, adduce. 
 
 rabid, mad, furious, raging, frantic. 
 (Rational, sane, reasonable.) 
 
 race, course, match, pursuit, career, 
 family, cl n, house, ancestry, line- 
 age, pedigree. 
 
 rack, agonize, wring, torture, excru- 
 ciate, distress, harass. (Soothe, com- 
 fort, console.) 
 
 racy, spicy, pungent, smart, spirited, 
 lively, vivacious. (Dull, insipid.) 
 
 radiance, splendor, brightness, bril- 
 liance, brilliancy, lustre, glare. (Dull- 
 ness, obscurity.) 
 
 radical, organic, innate, fundamental, 
 uncompromising, original, constitu- 
 tional, inherent, complete, entire. 
 (Superficial, conservative, moderate.) 
 
 rancid, fetid, rank, stinking, sour, 
 tainted, reasty. (Fresh, sweet.) 
 
 rancor, malignity, hatred, hostility, 
 antipathy, animosity, enmity, ill- 
 will, spite. (Forgiveness, gentleness, 
 mildness, clemency.) 
 
 rank, order, degree, dignity, nobility, 
 consideration. 
 
 ransack, rummage, pillage, overhaul, 
 explore, plunder. 
 
 ransom, emancipate, free, unfetter. 
 (Imprison, chain, fetter.) 
 
 rant, oombast, fustian, cant. (Sin- 
 cerity, truth.) 
 
 rapacious, ravenous, greedy, vora- 
 cious, grasping. (Generous.) 
 
 rapt, ecstatic, transported, ravished, 
 entranced, charmed. (Distracted.) 
 
 rapture, ecstasy, transport, delight, 
 bliss. (Dejection, despair.) 
 
 rare, scarce, singular, uncommon, 
 unique. (Common, ordinary, usual.) 
 
 rascal, scoundrel, rogue, knave, vaga- 
 bond, scamp. 
 
 rash, hasty, precipitate, foolhardy, 
 adventurous, needless, reckless, care- 
 less. (Deliberate, reasoned.) 
 
 rate, value, compute, appraise, esti- 
 mate, chide, abuse. 
 
 ratify, confirm, establish, substan- 
 tiate, sanction. (Protest, oppose.) 
 rational, reasonable, sagacious, judi- 
 cious, wise, sensible, sound. (Un- 
 reasonable, mad, insane.) 
 ravage, overrun, overspread, desolate, 
 despoil, destroy. (Beautify, improve, 
 build up.) 
 ravish, enrapture, enchant, captivate, 
 charm, delight. (Disenchant, dis- 
 gust, nauseate, repel.) 
 raze, demolish, destroy, overthrow, 
 ruin, dismantle. (Build up, strength- 
 en.) 
 reach, touch, stretch, attain, gain, 
 
 arrive at. (Miss, fall short.) 
 ready, prepared, ripe, apt, prompt, 
 
 adroit, handy. (Slow, dilatory.) 
 real, actual, literal, practical, posi- 
 tive, certain, genuine, true. (Un- 
 real, imaginary, mythical.) 
 realize, accomplish, achieve, effect, 
 gain, get, acquire, comprehend. (See 
 antonyms of accomplish.) 
 reap, gain, get, acquire, obtain. (Sow, 
 
 scatter.) 
 reason, n., motive, design, end, proof, 
 
 cause, ground, purpose. 
 reason, v., deduce, draw from, trace, 
 
 infer, conclude. 
 reasonable, rational, wise, honest, 
 fair, right, just. (Unreasonable, 
 foolish, perverse.) 
 rebellion, anarchy, insurrection, re- 
 volt. (Authority, control, domina- 
 tion, government, law, order, or- 
 ganization, rule, sovereignty.) 
 recant, recall, abjure, retract, revoke. 
 recede, retire, retreat, withdraw, ebb. 
 
 (Advance, uphold.) 
 receive, accept, take, admit, enter- 
 tain. (Give, bestow.) 
 reception, receiving, levee, m receipt, 
 admission. (Egress, exclusion, exit, 
 repulse.) 
 recess, alcove, retreat, depth, niche, 
 vacation, intermission. (Advance- 
 ment, projection.) 
 recreation, sport, pastime, amuse- 
 ment, play, game, fun. (Work, vo- 
 cation.) 
 redeem, ransom, recover, rescue, de- 
 liver, save, free. (Condemn, be- 
 tray.) 
 redress, remedy, repair, remission, 
 abatement, relief, cure. (Oppression, 
 injury.) 
 reduce, abate, lessen, decrease, lower, 
 shorten, conquer. (Increase, en- 
 large, amplify, lengthen.) 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 refined, polite, courtly, polished, cul- 
 tured, genteel, purinea. (Boorish, 
 ill-bred, bourgeois.) 
 
 reflect, consider, cogitate, think, pon- 
 der, muse, censure. (See antonyms 
 of consider.) 
 
 refo m, amend, correct, better, re- 
 store, improve. (Corrupt, de- 
 base.) 
 
 reformation, improvement, reform, 
 amendment. (Corruption, ruin.) 
 
 refuge, asylum, protection, harbor, 
 shelter, retreat. 
 
 refuse, v., deny, reject, repudiate, de- 
 cline, withhold. (Accept, avow, 
 acknowledge.) 
 
 refuse, n., dregs, dross, scum, rub- 
 bish, leavings, remains. 
 
 refute, disprove, falsify, negative. 
 (Affirm, accept.) 
 
 regard, v., mind, heed, notice, behold, 
 view, consider, respect. (Disregard, 
 slight.) 
 
 regret, n., grief, sorrow, lamentation, 
 repentance, remorse. (Satisfaction, 
 complacency, delight.) 
 
 regular, orderly, uniform, customary, 
 ordinary, stated. (Irregular, dis- 
 orderly, confused.) 
 
 regulate, methodize, arrange, adjust, 
 organize, govern, rule. (Disorder, 
 confuse.) 
 
 reimburse, refund, repay, satisfy, in- 
 demnify. 
 
 relevant, fit, proper, suitable, appro- 
 priate, pertinent, apt. (Irrelevant.) 
 
 reliance, trust, hope, # dependence, 
 confidence. (Suspicion, distrust, 
 doubt.) 
 
 relief, succor, aid, help, redress, alle- 
 viation. (Injury, hurt, harm.) 
 
 relinquish, give up, forsake, resign, 
 surrender, quit, leave, forego. (Re- 
 tain.) 
 
 remedy, help, relief, redress, cure, 
 specific, reparation. (Embarrass- 
 ment, hindrance, interference, ob- 
 struction, opposition.) 
 
 remorseless, pitiless, relentless, mer- 
 ciless, cruel, ruthless, barbarous. 
 (Merciful, humane.) 
 
 remote, distant, far, secluded, indi- 
 rect. (Near, adjacent, approximate.) 
 
 reproduce, propagate, imitate, repre- 
 sent, copy. t 
 
 repudiate, disown, discard, disavow, 
 renounce, disclaim. (Acknowledge, 
 avow, admit.) 
 
 repugnant, antagonistic, distasteful. 
 (Agreeable, acceptable.) 
 
 repulsive, forbidding, odious, ugly, 
 disagreeable, revolting. (Attractive, 
 charming.) 
 
 respite, reprieve, interval, stop. (Com- 
 pletion, consummation, execution, 
 performance.) 
 
 revenge, vengeance, retaliation, re- 
 quital, retribution. (Forgiveness.) 
 
 revenue, produce, income, proceeds, 
 fruits, wealth, assets. (Liabilities, 
 debts, outgo.) 
 
 reverence, n., honor, respect, awe, 
 veneration, deference, homage, wor- 
 ship. (Execration.) 
 
 revise, review, reconsider. (Reject, 
 turn down.) 
 
 revive, refresh, renew, renovate, ani- 
 mate, resuscitate, vivify, cheer, com- 
 fort. (Depress, dishearten.) 
 
 rich, wealthy, affluent, opulent, copi- 
 ous, ample, abundant, exuberant, 
 plentiful, fertile, fruitful, superb, 
 gorgeous. (Poor, needy, destitute.) 
 
 rival, antagonist, opponent, com- 
 petitor. (Accomplice, ally, friend,, 
 helper, supporter.) 
 
 road, way, highway, route, course, 
 path, pathway, anchorage. 
 
 roam, ramble, rove, stray, wander, 
 stroll. (Abide, remain.) 
 
 robust, strong, lusty, vigorous, sin- 
 ewy, stout, sturdy, stalwart, able- 
 bodied. (Puny, weak.) 
 
 rout, discomfit, beat, defeat, over- 
 throw, scatter. (See antonyms of 
 conquer.) 
 
 route, road, course, march, way, path, 
 journey, direction. 
 
 rude, rugged, rough, uncouth, unpol- 
 ished, harsh, gruff, impertinent, im- 
 pudent, saucy ; flippant, insolent, 
 churlish. (Polished, polite, well- 
 bred, gentle.) 
 
 rule, sway, method, system, law, max- 
 im, precept, guide, formula, regula- 
 tion, government, standard, test. 
 (See rebellion.) 
 
 rumor, hearsay, talk, fame, report, 
 bruit. 
 
 ruthless, cruel, savage, barbarous,, 
 inhuman, merciless, remorseless, re- 
 lentless, unrelenting. (Considerate, 
 kind, merciful.) 
 
 S 
 
 sacred, holy, hallowed, divine, conse- 
 crated, dedicated, devoted. (Pro- 
 
 fane, secuiar.) 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 safe, secure, harmless, trustworthy, 
 reliable. (Perilous, dangerous.) 
 
 sanction, confirm, countenance, en- 
 courage, support, ratify, authorize. 
 (Disapprove, oppose.) 
 
 sane, sooer, lucid, sound, rational. 
 (Crazy, mad, insane.) 
 
 saucy, "impertinent, rude, impudent, 
 insolent, flippant, . forward. (Mod- 
 est, respectful, polite.) 
 
 scandalize, shock, disgust, offend. 
 (Please, commend one's self.) 
 
 scanty, bare, pinched, insufficient, 
 slender, meager. (Ample, sufficient, 
 adequate.) 
 
 scatter, strew, spread, disseminate, 
 disperse, dissipate, dispel. (Col- 
 lect, gather, unite.) 
 
 secret, clandestine, concealed, hidden, 
 sly, underhand, latent, private. 
 (Open, public.) 
 
 seduce, allure, attract, decoy, entice, 
 abduct, inveigle, deprave. (Save, 
 convert.) 
 
 sense, discernment, appreciation, per- 
 ception, view, opinion, feeling, sen- 
 sibility, susceptibility, thought, sig- 
 nification, jucfgment, import, signifi- 
 cance, meaning, purport, wisdom. 
 (Folly, thoughtlessness, nonsense.) 
 
 sensible, wise, intelligent, reasonable, 
 sober, sound, conscious, aware. 
 (Foolish, stupid, senseless.) 
 
 settle, arrange, adjust, regulate, con- 
 clude, determine. (Disarrange, up- 
 set.) 
 
 several, sundry, divers, many, vari- 
 ous. (Analogous, homogeneous, 
 same, similar.) 
 
 severe, harsh, stern, stringent, un- 
 mitigated, rough, unyielding. (Len- 
 ient, gentle, mild.) 
 
 shake, tremble, shudder, shiver, quiv- 
 er, quake. (Calm, compose, pacify, 
 quiet, soothe.) 
 
 shallow, superficial, flimsy, slight. 
 (Deep, thorough.) 
 
 shame, disgrace, dishonor. (Honor.) 
 
 shameful, degrading, scandalous, dis- 
 graceful, outrageous. (Honorable, 
 noble, upright.) 
 
 shameless, immodest, impudent, in- 
 decent, indelicate, brazen. (Be- 
 coming, seemly, fitting.) 
 
 shape, form, fashion, mold, model. 
 
 share, portion, lot, division, quantity, 
 quota, contingent. (See antonyms 
 of part.) 
 
 sharp, acute, keen. (Dull, obtuse.) 
 
 shine, glare, glitter, radiate, sparkle. 
 
 short, brief, concise, succinct, sum- 
 mary. (Long, diffuse.) 
 
 show, indicate, mark, point out, 
 exhibit, display. (Hide, conceal.) 
 
 sick, diseased, sickly, unhealthy, mor- 
 bid . (Healthy, well, normal , sound . ) 
 
 sickness, illness, indisposition, dis- 
 ease, disorder. (Health, soundness.) 
 
 significant, expressive, material, im- 
 portant. (Insignificant, slight, negli- 
 gible.) 
 
 signification, import, sense, meaning. 
 
 silence, speechlessness, dumbness. 
 (Noise, clamor, outcry.) 
 
 silent, dumb, mute, speechless. (Talk- 
 ative, noisy.) 
 
 simile, comparison, similitude. 
 
 simple, single, uncompounded, plain, 
 artless. (Complex, compound, ab- 
 struse.) 
 
 simulate, dissimulate, dissemble, pre- 
 tend. _ (Exhibit, expose, manifest, 
 proclaim, show, vaunt.) 
 
 sincere, candid, hearty, honest, pure, 
 genuine, real. (Insincere, affected.) 
 
 situation, condition, plight, predica- 
 ment, state, position. 
 
 size, bulk, greatness, magnitude, di- 
 mension. (Littleness, pettiness.) 
 
 slander, v., calumniate, vilify, malign, 
 traduce, defame, vilipend. (Com- 
 mend, eulogize, extol, flatter, glorify, 
 honor.) 
 
 slander, n., calumny, libel, vilification, 
 defamation. (Praise, commenda- 
 tion, applause.) 
 
 slavery, servitude, enthrallment, 
 thralldom. (Freedom, liberty.) 
 
 sleep, doze, drowse, nap, slumber. 
 (Toil, wake, watch, work.) 
 
 sleepy, somnolent. (Vigilant, wake- 
 ful.) 
 
 slow, dilatory, tardy. (Fast, rapid.) 
 
 smell, odor, scent. 
 
 smooth, even, level, mild. (Rough.) 
 
 soak, drench, imbrue, steep. (Desic- 
 cate, drain, dry.)^ 
 
 social, sociable, friend.y, hospitable, 
 communicative. (Hostile, inimical, 
 unkind, unsocial.) 
 
 soft, gentle, meek, mild. (Cruel, 
 exacting, flinty, hardened, harsh, 
 obdurate, unyielding.) 
 
 solicit, importune, urge. 
 
 solitary, sole, only, single. (Manifold, 
 multitudinous, many, numerous.) 
 
 sorry, grieved, poor, paltry, insignifi- 
 cant. (Glad, respectable.) 
 
 soul, mind, spirit. (Soul is opposed 
 to body, mind to matter.) 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 sound, a., healthy, sane. (Diseased, 
 rotten.) 
 
 sound, n., tone, noise. (Silence.) 
 
 space, place, room, site, station. 
 
 sparse, scanty, thin. (Luxuriant, 
 abundant.) 
 
 speak, converse, talk, say, tell, con- 
 fer. 
 
 special, particular, specific. (Gene- 
 ral.) 
 
 spend, expend, exhaust, consume, dis- 
 sipate, waste, squander. (Save.) 
 
 sporadic, isolated, rare. (General, 
 prevalent.) 
 
 spread, disperse, diffuse, e pand, dis- 
 seminate, scatter. (Check, con- 
 dense, confine, restrain.) 
 
 spring, fountain, source. 
 
 staff, prop, support, stay. 
 
 stagger, reel, totter. 
 
 stain, soiL discolor, spot, sully, tar- 
 nish. (See antonyms of blemish.) 
 
 state, commonwealth, realm. 
 
 sterile, barren, unfruitful. (Fertile.) 
 
 stifle, choke, suffocate, smother. 
 
 stormy, rough, boisterous, tempestu- 
 ous. (Calm, peaceful, tranquil.) 
 
 straight, direct, right. (Crooked.) 
 
 strait, a., narrow, confined. (Broad.) 
 
 stranger, alien, foreigner. (Friend, 
 comrade, associate.) 
 
 strengthen, confirm, fortify, invig^ 
 orate. (Abrogate, annul, cancel, 
 destroy, weaken.) 
 
 strong, robust, sturdy, powerful. 
 (Brittle, delicate, feeble, tender, 
 weak.) 
 
 stupid, dull, foolish, obtuse, witless. 
 (Clever, intelligent.) 
 
 subject, adj., exposed to, liable, ob- 
 noxious. (Exempt, immune.) 
 
 subject, n., inferior, subordinate. 
 (Superior.) 
 
 subsequent, succeeding, following. 
 (Previous, preceding, antecedent.) 
 
 substantial, solid, durable. (Un- 
 substantial, flimsy.) 
 
 suit, accord, pgree. (Disagree.) 
 
 superficial, flimsy, shallow, untrust- 
 worthy. (Thorough.) 
 
 superfluous, unnecessary, excessive. 
 (Necessary, essential.) 
 
 surround, embrace, encircle, encom- 
 pass, environ. (Exclude, shut out.) 
 
 sustain, maintain, support. 
 
 symmetry, proportion. (Deformity, 
 disproportion, shapelessness.) 
 
 sympathy, commiseration, compas- 
 sion, condolence. (See antonyms of 
 benevolence.) 
 
 system, method, plan, order. 
 systematic, orderly, regular, method- 
 ical. (Chaotic, confused.) 
 
 take, accept, receive. (Give, bestow,, 
 donate.) 
 
 talkative, garrulous, communicative, 
 loquacious. (Silent, taciturn.) 
 
 taste, flavor, relish, savor. (Taste- 
 lessness, insipidity.) 
 
 tax, custom, duty, impost, excise, toll. 
 
 tax, assessment, rate. 
 
 tease, taunt, tantalize, torment, vex. 
 (Comfort, soothe.) 
 
 temporary, a., fleeting, transient, 
 transitory. (Permanent, lasting, 
 stable.) 
 
 tenacious, cohesive, pertinacious, 
 retentive. (See antonyms of 
 strong.) 
 
 tendency, aim, drift, scope. 
 
 tenet, position, view, conviction, be- 
 lief. 
 
 term, boundary, limit, period, time. 
 
 territory, dominion, domain. 
 
 thankful, grateful, obliged. (See be- 
 low.) < . 
 
 thankless, ungracious, profitless, un- 
 grateful, unthankful. 
 
 thaw, melt, dissolve, liquefy. (Freeze, 
 congeal.) 
 
 theatrical, dramatic, showy, cere- 
 monious, meretricious. 
 
 theft, robbery, depredation, spolia- 
 tion. 
 
 theme, subject, topic, text, essay. 
 
 theory, speculation, scheme, plea, hy- 
 pothesis, conjecture. 
 
 therefore, accordingly, consequently,, 
 hence. 
 
 thick, dense, close, compact, solid, co- 
 agulated, muddy, turbid, misty, fog- 
 gy; vaporous. (See following.) 
 
 thin, gaunt, meagre, slim, slender,, 
 slight, flimsy, attenuated, lean,, 
 scraggy. _ (Fat, obese, rotund.) 
 
 think, cogitate, consider, reflect, pon- 
 der, contemplate, meditate, muse, 
 conceive, fancy, imagine, apprehend, 
 hold, esteem, reckon, consider, re- 
 gard, deem, believe, opine. 
 
 thorough, accurate, correct, trust- 
 worthy, reliable, complete. (Super- 
 ficial, inaccurate. 
 
 thought, idea, conception, imagina- 
 tion, fancy, conceit, notion 2 supposi- 
 tion, care, provision, consideration, 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 opinion, view, sentiment, reflection, veritable, real, veracious, authentic, 
 
 deliberation. exact, accurate, correct. (False, un- 
 
 thoughtful, considerate, careful, re- founded, dubious.) 
 
 fleet ive, cautious, heedful, contem- tumultous, turbulent, riotous, dis- 
 
 plative, provident, pensive, dreamy. orderly, disturbed, confused, unruly. 
 
 (See following.) (Orderly, peaceful, quiet, reposeful, 
 
 thoughtless, inconsiderate, rash, im- tranquil.) 
 
 provident, precipitate, heedless. tune, tone, air, melody, strain. 
 
 tie, v., bind, restrain, restrict, oblige, turbid, foul, thick, muddy, impure, 
 
 secure, unite, join. (Free, loose, un- unsettled. (Limpid, clear, pure.) 
 
 bind, untie.) type, emblem, symbol, figure, sign, let- 
 tie, n., band, ligament, ligature. ter, sort, kind. 
 time, duration, season, period, era, tyro, novice, beginner, learner. 
 
 age, date, span, spell. (Eternity.) (Adept.) 
 
 tolerate, allow, admit, receive, suffer, tt 
 
 permit, let ; endure, abide. (Dis- 
 
 allow, forbid, prohibit, refuse.) ugly, unsightly, plain, homely, ill- 
 top, summit, apex, head, crown, sur- favored, hideous. (Beautiful, at- 
 
 face. (Bottom, base, foundation.) tractive.) 
 
 torrid, burning, hot, parching, scorch- umbrage, offense, dissatisfaction, dis- 
 
 ing, sultry. (Icy, freezing.) pleasure, resentment. (Acknowl- 
 
 tortuous, twisted, winding, crooked, edgment, confession, defense, excuse, 
 
 indirect. (Straight, direct.) justification, plea, vindication.) 
 
 torture, torment, anguish, agony, umpire, referee, arbitrator, judge, ar- 
 
 (See antonyms of pain.) biter. 
 
 touching, tender, affecting, moving, unanimity, accord, agreement, unity, 
 
 pathetic. (See antonyms of piteous.) concord. (Discord.) 
 
 tractable, docile, manageable, amen- unanimous, agreeing, like-minded. 
 
 able. (Obstinate, stubborn.) (Dissentient, disagreeing.) 
 
 trade, traffic, commerce, dealing, oc- unbridled, wanton, licentious, disso- 
 
 cupation, employment, office. lute, loose, lax. (Self-controlled, re- 
 traditional, apocryphal, oral, un- strained.) 
 
 certain, legendary, transmitted, un- uncertain, doubtful, dubious, ques- 
 
 verified. (Certainty, fact, history, tionable, fitful, equivocal, ambigu- 
 
 truth, verity.) ous, indistinct, variable, fluctuating. 
 
 traffic, trade, exchange, commerce, in- (Certain, dependable.) 
 
 tercourse. uncivil, discourteous, disrespectful, 
 
 trammel, fetter, shatter, clog, bond, disobliging, rude. (Civil, well-be- 
 
 chain, impediment, hindrance. haved, courteous.) 
 
 tranquil, still, unruffled, peaceful, unclean, dirty, foul, filthy, sullied. 
 
 quiet, hushed. (Noisy, boisterous.) (Clean, immaculate, spotless.) 
 
 transaction, negotiation, occurrence, uncommon, rare, strange, scarce, 
 
 proceeding, affair. singular, choice. (Common, ordi- 
 
 trash, nonsense, twaddle, trifles. nary.) . 
 
 travel, trip, ramble, peregrination, ex- unconcerned, careless, mdinerent, 
 
 cursion, journey, tour, voyage. apathetic. (Anxious.) 
 
 treacherous, traitorous, treasonable, uncouth, strange, odd, clumsy, un- 
 
 disloyal, faithless, false-hearted, per- gainly. (Graceful.) m 
 
 fidious, sly, false. (Trustworthy, uncover, reveal, strip, expose, lay 
 
 faithful, true.) bare, divest. (Hide, conceal.) 
 
 trite, stale, old, ordinary, common- under, below, underneath, beneath, 
 
 place, hackneyed. (Novel, unusual.) subordinate, lower, inferior. (Above, 
 
 triumph, achievement, ovation, vie- over, superior.) . 
 
 tory, conquest, jubilation. (Failure, understanding, knowledge, intellect, 
 
 defeat.) intelligence, faculty, comprehension, 
 
 trivial, trifling, petty, small, frivo- mind, reason, brains. (Body, mate- 
 
 lous, unimportant, insignificant. (Im- rial, matter, substance.) 
 
 portant, weighty.) undertake, engage in, embark in, 
 
 true, genuine, actual, sincere, true- agree, promise. (Abandon, dismiss, 
 
 hearted, unaffected, honest, upright, drop, neglect, omit.) 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 undo, annul, frustrate, untie, unfasten, 
 destroy. (Unite, bind.) 
 
 uneasy, restless, disturbed, unquiet, 
 stiff, awkward. (Quiet, composed, 
 equable, calm.) 
 
 unequal, uneven, not alike, irregular, 
 insufficient. (Equal, even.) 
 
 unequaled, matchless, unique, novel, 
 new, unheard of. (Common, habit- 
 ual, normal.) 
 
 unfair, wrongful, dishonest, unjust. 
 (Fair, right, equitable.) 
 
 unfit, adj., improper, unsuitable, in- 
 consistent, untimely, incompetent. 
 (Fit, seemly, proper.) 
 
 unfit, v., disable, disqualify, incapaci- 
 tate. (Fit, enable, qualify.) 
 
 unfortunate, calamitous, ill-fated, 
 unlucky, wretched, unhappy, miser- 
 able. (Fortunate, happy.) 
 
 ungainly, clumsy, awkward, lumber- 
 ing, uncouth. (Pretty, graceful.) 
 
 unhappy, miserable, wretched, dis- 
 tressed, afflicted, painful, disastrous, 
 drear, dismal. (Happy, fortunate.) 
 
 uniform, regular, symmetrical, even, 
 equal, alike, unvaried. (Irregular, 
 varied, unlike.) 
 
 uninterrupted, continuous, perpet- 
 ual, unceasing, incessant, endless. 
 (Intermittent, recurrent.) 
 
 union, junction, combination, alli- 
 ance, confederacy, league, coalition, 
 agreement, concert. (Disunion, sep- 
 aration.) 
 
 unique, unequal, uncommon, rare, 
 choice, matchless. (Common, ordi- 
 nary.) 
 
 unite, join, conjoin, combine, concert, 
 add, attach, incorporate, embody, 
 clench, merge. (Separate, disrupt, 
 sunder.) 
 
 universal, general, ail, entire, total, 
 catholic. (Sectional, limited.) 
 
 unlimi ted, absolute, boundless, un- 
 defined, infinite. (Limited, finite.) 
 
 unreasonable, foolish, silly, absurd, 
 immoderate. (Certain, logical, ra- 
 tional, sagacious, undeniable, wise.) 
 
 unrivaled, unequaled, unique, unex- 
 ampled, incomparable, matchless. 
 (Mediocre.) 
 
 unroll, unfold, open, discover. (See 
 antonyms of discover.) 
 
 unruly, ungovernable, unmanageable, 
 refractory. (Tractable, docile.) 
 
 unusual, rare, unwonted, singular, 
 uncommon, remarkable, strange, ex- 
 traordinary. (Common, usual.) 
 
 uphold, maintain, defend, sustain, 
 
 support, vindicate. (Desert, aban- 
 don.) 
 
 upright, vertical, perpendicular, just, 
 erect, equitable, fair, pure, honor- 
 able. (Prone, horizontal, iniqui- 
 tous.) 
 
 uprightness, honesty, integrity, fair- 
 ness, goodness, probity, honor, vir- 
 tue. (Dishonesty, vice.) 
 
 urge, incite, impel, push, drive, insti- 
 gate, stimulate, press, solicit, in- 
 duce. (Impede, hold back, discour- 
 age.) 
 
 urgent, cogent, pressing, important, 
 imperative, immediate, serious, 
 wanted. (Feeble, inconclusive, pow- 
 erless, weak.) 
 
 usage, custom, fashion, practice, pre- 
 scription. (Anomaly, exception.) 
 
 use, n., usage, practice, habit, custom, 
 avail, advantage, utility, benefit, ap- 
 plication. (Disuse, desuetude.) 
 
 use, v., employ, exercise, occupy, ac- 
 custom, practice, inure. (Abuse.) 
 
 useful, advantageous, serviceable, 
 available, helpful, beneficial, good. 
 (Bootless, futile, null, unavailing, un- 
 serviceable, vain, worthless.) 
 
 useless, unserviceable, fruitless, idle, 
 profitless. (See above.) 
 
 usual, ordinary, common, accustomed, 
 habitual, wonted, customary, gen- 
 eral, (unusual, exceptional.) 
 
 usurp, arrogate, seize, appropriate, 
 assume. (See antonyms of appro- 
 priate.) 
 
 utmost, farthest, remotest, uttermost, 
 greatest. (Nearest, next.) 
 
 utter, adj., extreme, excessive, sheer, 
 mere, pure. (Moderate, palliative, 
 partial, superficial.) 
 
 utter, v. speak, articulate, express, 
 pronounce, issue. (Conceal, hide.) 
 
 utterly, totally, completely, wholly, 
 quite, altogether, entirely. (Incom- 
 pletely, partially.) 
 
 vacant, empty, unfilled, unoccupied, 
 thoughtless, unthinking. (Occupied, 
 tenanted.) 
 
 vagrant, wanderer, beggar, tramp, 
 vagabond, rogue. 
 
 vague, unsettled, undetermined, un- 
 certain, pointless, indefinite. (Def- 
 inite, precise.) 
 
 vain, useless, fruitless, empty, worth- 
 less, inflated, proud, conceited, un- 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 real, unavailing, vapid. (Effectual, guilt, iniquity, crime. (GoocL_. 
 
 humble, real.) holiness, integrity, morality, virtue.)' 
 
 valiant, brave, bold, valorous, cour- vicious, corrupt, depraved, debased, 
 
 ageous, gallant. (Cowardly, cring- malicious, bad, contrary, unruly, de- 
 
 ing, timorous.) moralized, profligate, faulty. (Vir- 
 
 valid, weighty, strong, powerful, ef- tuous, good, pure.) 
 
 ficient, sound, binding. (Invalid, victim, sacrifice, food, prey, sufferer, 
 
 void.) dupe, gull. 
 
 valor, courage, gallantry, boldness, victuals, viands, bread, meat, repast, 
 
 bravery, heroism. (Cowardice.) provisions, fare, food. 
 
 value, appraise, assess^ reckon, ap- view, prospect, survey. (Oversight.) 
 
 preciate, estimate, prize, treasure, violent, boisterous, furio^, impetu- 
 
 esteem. (Despise, scorn, contemn.) ous, vehement. (Gentle, quiet.) 
 
 vanish, disappear, fade, melt, dis- virtuous, upright, honest, moral. 
 
 solve. (Appear, emerge.) (See vicious.) 
 
 vanity, emptiness, conceit, self con- vision, apparition, dream, ghost, phan- 
 
 ceit. affectedness. (Fullness, humil- torn, specter. (Fact, reality, realiza- 
 
 ity.) tion, verity.) 
 
 vapid, dull, flat, insipid, stale, tame, voluptuary, epicure, sensualist. (Stoic, 
 
 (Sparkling, brilliant.) moralist.) 
 
 vapor, fume, smoke, mist, fog, steam, vote, suffrage, voice. 
 
 variable, changeable, unsteady, shift- vouch, affirm, asseverate, aver, as- 
 
 ing, inconstant, wavering, fickle, fit- sure. (Deny.) 
 
 ful, restless. (Constant, changeless, TO 
 
 stable.) w 
 
 variety, difference, diversity, change, wag, humorist, jester, joker, wit, 
 
 diversification, mixture, medley, mis- (Dullard, butt.) 
 
 cellany. (Sameness, monotony.) wages, pay, salary, hire, compensation, 
 
 vast, spacious, boundless, mighty, im- stipend, earnings. 
 
 mense, enormous, colossal, gigantic, wait, await, expect, look for, wait for. 
 
 huge, prodigious. (Confined, lim- (Abandon, avoid, reject, shun.) 
 
 ited.) m wakeful, sleepless, vigilant, wary, 
 
 vaunt, boast, brag, display, flaunt, watchful. (Drowsy, dreamy, sleepy, 
 
 puff, hawk, advertise, flourish, par- somnolent.) 
 
 ade. (Cover, entomb, overwhelm.) wander, range, ramble, roam, rove, 
 
 venerable, grave, sage, wise, old, rev- stroll. 
 
 erend. (Frivolous, flighty, fool- want, lack, need. (Abundance, plenty.) 
 
 ish.) warlike, bellicose, hostile, inimical, 
 
 venial, pardonable, excusable, justifi- military. (Friendly, peaceful.) 
 
 able. (Grave, serious.) > wary, circumspect, cautious. (Fool- 
 venom, poison, virus, spite, malice, hardy, reckless, intrepid.) 
 
 malignity. (Antidote, corrective, wash, clean, rinse, wet, moisten, tint, 
 
 cure, remedy.) stain. 
 
 venture, n., speculation, chance, peril, waste, v., squander, dissipate, lavish, 
 
 stake. (See antonyms of hazard.) destroy, decay, dwindle, wither. 
 
 venture, v., dare, adventure, risk, (Horde, save, accumulate.) 
 
 hazard, jeopardize. wasteful, # extravagant, profligate. 
 
 veracity, truth, truthfulness, credi- (Economical, frugal.) 
 
 bility, accuracy. (Falsehood, fraud, wave, breaker, billow, surge. 
 
 lie, untruth.) waver, fluctuate, flicker, quiver, flut- 
 
 verbal, oral, spoken, literal, parole, ter, vacillate. (Abide, hold fast, 
 
 unwritten. (Written.) stay, stick.) 
 
 verdict, judgment, finding, decision, way, method, plan, system, means, 
 
 answer. manner, mode, form, fashion, course, 
 
 vexation, chagrin, mortification. process, road, route, track, path, 
 
 (Pleasure, gratification.) habit, practice. 
 
 vibrate, oscillate, swing, sway, wave, weak, feeble, infirm. (Strong, sturdy, 
 
 undulate, thrill. able, efficient.) 
 
 vice, vileness, corruption, depravity, weaken, debilitate, enfeeble, enervate, 
 
 pollution, immorality, wickedness, invalidate. (Strengthen, confirm.) 
 
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 
 
 weariness, exhaustion, languor, lassi- 
 tude, fatigue. (Buoyancy, vigor.) 
 
 wearisome, tedious, tiresome. (In- 
 teresting, entertaining.) 
 
 weary, harass, jade, tire, fatigue. 
 (Refresh, inspire.) 
 
 weight, gravity, heaviness, burden, 
 load. (Lightness.) 
 
 welcome, acceptable, agreeable, grati- 
 fying, pleasant, satisfying. (Dis- 
 appointing, distressing, hateful, 
 rrelancholy, mournful, painful, woe- 
 ful, wretched.) 
 
 well-being, happiness, prosperity, wel- 
 fare. (Adversity, poverty.) _ 
 
 whole, entire, complete, total, integral. 
 (Part.) 
 
 wicked, iniquitous, nefarious. (Vir- 
 tuous.) 
 
 will, determination, resolution, voli- 
 tion, wish, desire. 
 
 willingly, spontaneously, voluntarily. 
 (Unwillingly , grudgingly.) 
 
 win, get, obtain, gain, procure, effect, 
 realize, accomplish, achieve. (Lose, 
 fail.) 
 
 winning, attractive, charming, fasci- 
 nating, bewitching, enchanting, daz- 
 zling, brilliant. (Disagreeable, hate- 
 ful, repulsive, unlovely.) 
 
 wisdom, prudence, foresight, sagacity, 
 far-sightedness. (Foolishness, im- 
 providence, ignorance.) 
 
 wit, humor, satire, fun, raillery. (Dull- 
 ness, solemnity, stolidity, stupidity.) 
 
 wonder, v., admire, amaze, astonish, 
 surprise. 
 
 wonder, n., marvel, miracle, prodigy. 
 (Common-place, truism.) 
 
 word, n., expression, term. 
 
 work, achievement, action, business, 
 drudgery, employment, labor, oc- 
 cupation, performance, task, toil. 
 (Ease, idleness, leisure, play, recrea- 
 tion, repose, rest.) 
 
 worship, adore, honor, revere. (Curse, 
 execrate.) 
 
 worthless, abject, base, cheap, cor- 
 rupt, degraded, ignoble, low, mean, 
 vile. (Esteemed, exalted, honorable, 
 honored, noble, pure, worthy.) 
 
 writer, amanuensis, author, clerk, 
 penman, scribe, secretary. 
 
 written, penned ? inscribed, tran- 
 scribed. (Traditional, verbal.) 
 
 wrong, dishonesty, injustice, injury, 
 
 partiality, unfairness, untruth. 
 (Equity, fairness, integrity, law, 
 justice, rectitude, right, truth, 
 virtue.) 
 wry, askew, crooked, distorted, twisted. 
 (Straight, true.) 
 
 yawn, gape, open wide. (Close, snap.) 
 
 yearn, hanker after, long for, desire, 
 crave. (Avoid, turn from.) 
 
 yell, bellow, cry out, scream. 
 
 yellow, golden, saffron-like. 
 
 yelp, bark, sharp cry. howl. 
 
 yeoman, farmer, freeholder, com- 
 moner. (Esquire, gentleman.) 
 
 yet, besides, nevertheless, however, ul- 
 timately, notwithstanding, still, at 
 last, so far, thus far. 
 
 yield, bear, give, afford, impart, com- 
 municate, confer, bestow, abdicate, 
 resign, cede, surrender, relinquish, 
 relax, quit, forego, give up, let go, 
 waive, comply, accede, assent, ac- 
 quiesce, succumb, submit. (Decline, 
 demur, object, oppose, protest, re- 
 fuse.) 
 
 yielding, supple, pliant, bending, un- 
 resisting, compliant, submissive. 
 (Obstinate, resolute, stubborn.) 
 
 yoke, associate, couple, join, link, con- 
 nect, unite. (Alienate, detach, discon- 
 nect, disjoin, divide, part, separate, 
 sever.) 
 
 yore, long ago, long since. (Now.) 
 
 young, juvenile, inexperienced, igno- 
 rant, youthful. (Old, ancient, tried.) 
 
 youth, boy, lad, minority, adolescence, 
 juvenility. (Majority, senility, age.) 
 
 youthful, young, juvenile, boyish, 
 girlish, puerile. (Old, senile.) 
 
 zeal, energy, fervor, ardor, earnest- 
 ness, enthusiasm, eagerness. (In- 
 difference, detachment, apathy.) 
 
 zealous, warm, ardent, fervent, en- 
 thusiastic, anxious. (Careless, in- 
 different, unconcerned.) _ 
 
 zenith, top, apex, summit, pinnacle, 
 climax. (Bottom, nadir.) 
 
 zest, relish, gusto, flavor. (Disgust, 
 distaste, dislike.) 
 
FOREIGN 
 
 WORDS, PHRASES, MAXIMS AND QUOTATIONS 
 
 FREQUENTLY OCCURRING IN 
 
 LITERATURE AND CONVERSATION, 
 
 WITH THEIR 
 
 ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. 
 
 COLLECTED AND REVISED BT 
 
 FREDERIC TABER COOPER, LL.B., Ph.D. 
 
 Note.— L. Latin; Fr. French; Ger. German; It. Italian; Sp. Spanish; Gr. Greek. 
 
 a bas. [Fr.] Down; down with; a 
 bas le traitre, down with the 
 traitor. 
 
 a cheval. [Fr.] On horseback. 
 
 a centre coeur. [Fr.] Unwillingly. 
 
 a fortiori. [L.] With stronger rea- 
 son. 
 
 a la bonne heure. [Fr.] At the 
 lucky moment, good, well timed. 
 
 a la Francaise, l'Anglaise, l'Alle- 
 mande, 1'Italienne, etc. [Fr.] In 
 the French, English, German, Italian 
 manner, etc. 
 
 a la mode. [Fr.] In fashion. 
 
 a la lettre. [Fr.] To the letter, lit- 
 erally. 
 
 a mensa et toro. [L.] From bed 
 and board; legal formula of divorce. 
 
 a merveille. [Fr.] Wonderfully, to 
 perfection. 
 
 a outrance. [Fr.] To the bitter 
 end. 
 
 a posteriori. [L.] From the effect 
 to the cause. 
 
 a priori. [L.] From the cause to 
 the effect. 
 
 a propos. [Fr.] To the point, a 
 propos de bottes, apropos of noth- 
 ing, by the way, to change the sub- 
 ject. 
 
 a rebours. [Fr.] To the right 
 about. 
 
 a vinculo matrimonii. [L.] From 
 the bond of marriage. 
 
 a votre sante. [Fr.] To your good 
 
 health. 
 ab initio. [L.] From the beginning. 
 ab ovo usque ad mala. [L.] From 
 
 the egg to the apples; from begin- 
 ning to end. 
 ab uno disce omnes. [L.] From 
 
 one learn all; from a single case infer 
 
 the whole. 
 absente reo. [L.] In the absence of 
 
 the defendant. 
 absit omen. [L.] May this bring no 
 
 evil omen. 
 abusus non tollit usum. [L.] Abuse 
 
 is no argument against the proper 
 
 use of anything. 
 ad astra per ardua. [L.] To the 
 
 stars through difficulties; to achieve 
 
 fame in spite of obstacles. 
 ad infinitum. [L.] To infinity. 
 ad interim. [L.] In the meanwhile. 
 ad Kalendas Graecas. [L.] At the 
 
 Greek Kalends; never (the Greeks 
 
 having no Kalends). 
 ad libitum. [L.] At pleasure. 
 ad majorem Dei gratiam. [L.] 
 
 For the greater glory of God. 
 ad nauseam. [L.] To the point of 
 
 disgust. 
 ad valorem. [L.] According to 
 
 value. 
 adscriptus glebae. [L.] Attached by 
 
 law to the soil; after the manner of 
 
 aequo animo. [L.] With equanim- 
 ity. 
 
FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS 
 
 affaire <T amour. [Fr.] A love 
 affair. 
 
 affaire d'honneur. [Fr.] An affair 
 of honor, a duel. 
 
 Agnus Dei. [L.] The Lamb of God. 
 
 ale a jacta est. [L.] The die is cast 
 (The words of Julius Caesar after 
 crossing the Rubicon). 
 
 al fresco. [It.] In the open air. 
 
 alis volat propriis. [L.] She flies 
 with her own wings (the motto of 
 Oregon). 
 
 alibi. [L.] Elsewhere; in law, a plea 
 that the defendant was in some place 
 other than that named in the charge. 
 
 allegro. [It.] Sprightly, lively; title 
 of a poem by Milton. 
 
 all ons. [Fr.] Come on; let us be 
 going. 
 
 alma mater. [L.] Foster mother; 
 name given by graduates to their 
 own college or university. 
 
 alter ego. [L.] Another self. 
 
 alto rilievo. [It.] High relief; sculp- 
 ture in which the figures stand out 
 from the plain surface. 
 
 amende honorable. [Fr.] A satis- 
 factory apology; reparation. 
 
 amour-propre. [Fr.] Self-esteem. 
 
 ancien regime. [Fr.] The old order 
 of things; the rulers of the ante- 
 Revolution period. 
 
 anno Christi. [L.] In the year of 
 Christ. 
 
 anno Domini. [L.] In the year of 
 our Lord. 
 
 anno mundi. [L.] In the year of 
 the world. 
 
 anno urbis conditae. [L.] In the 
 year after the founding of Rome. 
 
 ante bellum. [L.] Before the war. 
 
 ante meridiem. [L.] Before noon. 
 
 apres nous le deluge. [Fr.] After 
 us the deluge (attributed to Madame 
 de Pompadour, in reference to signs 
 of an approaching revolution). 
 
 aqua fortis. [L.] Nitric acid (strong 
 water). 
 
 aqua regia. [L.] Nitric and muriatic 
 acid mixed; "regal water," so called 
 because it dissolves gold and plati- 
 num. 
 
 aqua vitae. [L.] Brandy; spirits; 
 alcohol. 
 
 arbiter elegantiarum. [L.] An au- 
 thority on matters of good taste. 
 
 argot. [Fr.] The slang of the street; 
 thieves' jargon. 
 
 argumentum ad absurdum. [L.] 
 An argument intended to prove the 
 
 absurdity of an opponent's argu- 
 ment. 
 
 argumentum ad hominem. [L.] 
 An argument deriving its force from 
 the situation of one's opponent. 
 
 argumentum ad ignorantiam. [L.] 
 An argument founded on the op- 
 ponent s ignorance of the facts. 
 
 argumentum ad verecundiam. [L.] 
 An argument appealing to one's 
 sense of decency. 
 
 arriere pensee. [Fr.] A mental 
 reservation. 
 
 artium magister. [L.] Master of 
 Arts. 
 
 au contraire. [Fr.] On the con- 
 trary. 
 
 au courant. [Fr.] Fully acquainted 
 with the circumstances. 
 
 au fait. [Fr.] Well informed ; master 
 of. 
 
 au fond. [Fr.] To the bottom, thor- 
 oughly. 
 
 au grand serieux. [Fr.] In deadly 
 earnest. 
 
 au jour le jour. [Fr.] From hand 
 to mouth. 
 
 au revoir. [Fr.] Good-bye until our 
 next meeting. 
 
 au secours! [Fr.] Help! To the 
 rescue! 
 
 auf wiedersehen. [Ger.] Au revoir; 
 to our next meeting. 
 
 aurea mediocritas. [L.] The golden 
 mean. 
 
 auri sacra fames. [L.] Accursed 
 greed for gold. 
 
 aut Caesar aut nullus. [L.] The 
 ambition to be either Caesar or no- 
 body. 
 
 avanti. [It.] Come in. 
 
 avant-propos. [Fr.] Prelude; pro- 
 logue. 
 
 bagatelle. [Ft.] A trifle. 
 
 bambino. [It.] A little boy; more 
 especially, the Christ-child. 
 
 bas-bleu. [Fr.] A bluestocking. 
 
 basso rilievo. [It.] Low relief; sculp- 
 ture in which the figures stand out 
 very slightly from the ground. 
 
 battre la campagne. [Fr.] To scour 
 the country; to go on a fool's errand. 
 
 beau monde. [Fr.] The world of 
 fashion. 
 
 beaute du diable. [Fr.] That tran- 
 sient type of beauty doomed to 
 fade early with loss of the glow of 
 youth. 
 
FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS 
 
 beaux esprits. [Fr.] Men of wit 
 and humor. 
 
 beaux yeux. [Fr.] Pretty eyes; fem- 
 inine charms. 
 
 beaux yeux de sa cassette. [Fr.] 
 Her money is her attraction. 
 
 bel esprit. [Fr.] A brilliant mind. 
 
 bella donna. [It.] A pretty woman. 
 
 belles-lettres. [Fr.] Refined litera- 
 ture. 
 
 ben trovato. [It.] Well discovered; 
 a happy thought. 
 
 bersaglieri. [It.] Italian light infan- 
 try; sharpshooters. 
 
 bete noire. [Fr.] A bugbear; a spe- 
 cial abomination. 
 
 bewahre Gott! [Ger.] God forbid! 
 
 bien entendu. [Fr.] It is under- 
 stood; certainly; of course. 
 
 billet doux. [Fr.] A love letter. 
 
 bis dat qui cito dat. [L.] He gives 
 twice who gives quickly. 
 
 bis pueri senes. [L.] Old men are 
 twice children. 
 
 bitte, bitte sehr. [Ger.] If you 
 please. 
 
 blague. [Fr.] Boastful talk; an in- 
 credible story. 
 
 blase. [Fr.] Surfeited; world-weary. 
 
 blut und eisen. [Ger.] Blood and 
 iron. 
 
 bona fide. [L.] In good faith. 
 
 bon gre, mal gre. [Fr.] Whether 
 you will or no. 
 
 bon chien chasse de race. [Fr.] A 
 good dog hunts from instincts; blood 
 will tell 
 
 bonhomie. [Fr.] Good nature; cre- 
 dulity. 
 
 bon marche. [Fr.] A bargain. 
 
 bon mot. [Fr.] A witticism; a pun. 
 
 bonne- houche. [Fr.] A dainty mor- 
 sel; a tit-bit. 
 
 bonnet- de-nuit. [Fr.] A nightcap. 
 
 bon ton. [Fr.] The dictates of fash- 
 ion. 
 
 bon voyage! [Fr.] A pleasant jour- 
 ney to you! 
 
 bordereau. [Fr.] A marginal note; 
 a mermorandum. 
 
 bouillabaisse. [Fr.] A kind of fish 
 chowder for which Marseilles is 
 famous. 
 
 Boul'-Mich'. [Fr.] A familiar cor- 
 ruption of the Boulevard St. Michel, 
 a famous street in. the Latin Quarter 
 of Paris. 
 
 bourgeoisie. [Fr.] The substantial 
 body of citizens; the shopkeeping 
 class. 
 
 brochure. [Fr.] A pamphlet. 
 bruler ses vaisseaux. [Fr.] To burn 
 
 one's ships. 
 bummelzug. [Ger.] A way train. 
 
 cacoethes. [L.] An evil habit; i. e., 
 loquendi, scribendi, a rage for 
 speaking, for scribbling. 
 
 caetera desunt. [L.] The remainder 
 is wanting. 
 
 caeteris paribus. [L.] Other things 
 being equal. 
 
 calembour. [Fr.] A pun. 
 
 ca m'est egal. [Fr.] It is all the 
 same to me. 
 
 canaille. [Fr.] The rabble. 
 
 canard. [Fr.] A false story; a hoax. 
 
 capias. [L.] You may take: a writ 
 for arresting a debtor. 
 
 carpe diem. [L.] Enjoy the present 
 day. 
 
 carte blanche. [Fr.] Full powers. 
 
 casus belli. [L.] The cause or 
 justification of a war. 
 
 caveat emptor. [L ] Let the pur- 
 chaser buy at his twn risk. 
 
 cause celebre. [Fr.] A court trial 
 of wide popular interest. 
 
 cave canem! [L.] Beware of the 
 dog! 
 
 cela saute aux yeux. [Fr.] That is 
 self-evident. 
 
 cela va sans dire. [Fr.] That goes 
 without saying; it is obvious. 
 
 certiorari. [L.] To be made more 
 certain; i. e., a writ to call up the 
 records of an inferior court. 
 
 chacun a son gout. [Fr.] Every 
 man to his own taste. 
 
 chapeau has! [Fr.] Hats off! 
 
 charge d'affaires. [Fr.] One en- 
 trusted with state affairs at a for- 
 eign court; especially, one acting as 
 substitute for an absent ambassador 
 or minister. 
 
 chateaux en espagne. [Fr.] Castles 
 in the air. 
 
 chef-d'oeuvre. [Fr.] Masterpiece. 
 
 cherchez la femme. [Fr.] Look 
 for the woman; a woman is usually 
 at the bottom of a scandal. 
 
 chere amie. [Fr.] A dear friend; a 
 
 chevalier d'industrie. [Fr.] An 
 
 adventurer; a swindler. 
 chic. [Fr.] Modish, smart, up-to- 
 date. 
 
FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS 
 
 chronlque scandaleuse. [IV.] A 
 
 scandalous story. 
 
 ci-git. [Fr.] Here lies buried. 
 
 claqueur. [Fr.] One paid for ap- 
 plauding at a theatre. 
 
 comme il faut. [Fr.] Just as one 
 should be; in good taste. 
 
 commune bonum. [L.] The com- 
 mon good. 
 
 componere lites. [L.] To settle dis- 
 putes. 
 
 compos mentis. [L.] In possession 
 of one's faculties. 
 
 comte rendu. [Fr.] An account 
 rendered. 
 
 con amore. [It.] With love; earn- 
 estly; zealously. 
 
 concordat. [L.] An agreement made 
 between the Pope and a reigning 
 sovereign. 
 
 confrere. [Fr.] A colleague. 
 
 contretemps. [Fr.] An awkward mis- 
 chance. 
 
 contra bonos mores. [L.] Contrary 
 to the moral law. 
 
 coram nobis. [L.] Before the court. 
 
 coram non judice. [L.] Before an 
 irregular tribunal. 
 
 coram populo. [L.] Publicly. 
 
 corps-de-garde. [Fr.] A guard- 
 room. 
 
 corpus delicti. [L.] The substance 
 or foundation of an offense. 
 
 corrigenda. [L.] Typographical er- 
 rors to be corrected. 
 
 coup d'etat. [Fr.] A stroke of policy 
 in affairs of state. 
 
 coup de grace. [Fr.] A finishing 
 stroke. 
 
 coup de maitre. [Fr.] A master 
 stroke. 
 
 coup de soleil. [Fr.] A sun-stroke. 
 
 coup de theatre. [Fr.] An unex- 
 pected event; a startling surprise. 
 
 coute que coute. [Fr.] At any cost. 
 
 creme de la creme. [Fr.] The pink 
 of perfection. 
 
 crescite et multiplicamini. [L.] 
 Increase and multiply; the motto 
 of Maryland. 
 
 crimen falsi. [L.] The charge of 
 perjury. 
 
 crimen laesae majestatis. [L.] 
 The charge of high treason. 
 
 crux criticorum. [L.] The puzzle 
 of critics. 
 
 cui bono? [L.] For whose benefit? 
 Coloquially but inaccurately, What 
 good will it do? 
 
 cul-de-sac. [Fr.] A blind alley. 
 
 cum grano sails. [L.] With a 
 grain of salt; with reservations. 
 
 cum privilegio. [L.] With privilege. 
 
 currente calamo. [L.] With a 
 rapid or fluent pen. 
 
 d'accord. [Fr.] In harmony; agreed. 
 
 da capo. [It.] Repeat from the be- 
 ginning. 
 
 dal segno. [It.] Repeat from the 
 sign. 
 
 danser sur un volcan. [Fr.] To 
 dance on a volcano; to be blind to 
 the danger of one's position. 
 
 damnum absque injuria. [L.] Los3 
 without legal injury. 
 
 de bon augure. [Fr.] _ Propitious. 
 
 de facto. [L.] In fact, in reality. 
 
 de gustibus non est disputandum. 
 [L.] There is no disputing about 
 tastes. 
 
 de jure. [L.] By right of law. 
 
 de mortuis nil nisi bonum. [L.] 
 Let nothing but good be said about 
 the dead. 
 
 de nihilo nihil fit. [L.] Nothing 
 comes from nothing. 
 
 de novo. [L.] Anew, afresh. 
 
 de profundis. [L.] Out of the 
 depths. 
 
 de trop. [Fr.] Superfluous; in the 
 way; one too many. 
 
 dehors. [Fr.] Outside. 
 
 Dei gratia. [L.] By the grace of 
 God. 
 
 dejeuner a la fourchette. [Fr.] 
 Breakfast with a fork, i. e., substan- 
 tial midday breakfast. 
 
 delenda est Carthago. [L.] Car- 
 thage must be destroyed. 
 
 demi-bouteille. [Fr.] A pint bottle. 
 
 demi-monde. [Fr.] m The "half- 
 world;" women outside the social 
 pale. 
 
 demi-solde. [Fr.] Half pay. 
 
 demi-tasse. [Fr.] An after-dinner 
 cup of black coffee. 
 
 Deo gratias. [L.] God be thanked. 
 
 Deo favente. [L.] With the help of 
 God. 
 
 Deo volente. [L.] God willing. 
 
 dernier cri. [Fr.] The latest fash- 
 ionable fad. 
 
 dernier ressort. [Fr.] The last re- 
 source. 
 
 desipere in loco. [L.] To unbend 
 on occasion. 
 
FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS 
 
 desunt caetera. [L.] The rest is 
 wanting; the citation is incomplete. 
 
 Deus ex machina. [L.] The God 
 from the machine; the person who 
 unexpectedly saves the situation. 
 
 dies faustus. [L.] A lucky day. 
 
 dies infaustus. [L.] An unlucky 
 day. 
 
 dies irae. [L.] The day of wrath; 
 the opening words of a well known 
 Latin hymn. 
 
 dies non. [L.] A day on which the 
 juages do not sit. 
 
 Dieu et mon droit. [Fr.] God and 
 my right; the motto of English sov- 
 ereigns. 
 
 dirigo. [L.] I direct or guide; the 
 motto of Maine. 
 
 distingue. [Fr.] Distinguished; emi- 
 nent. 
 
 distrait. [Fr.] Absent-minded. 
 
 dolce far niente. [It.] The pleas- 
 ure of idleness. 
 
 Dominus vobiscum. [L.] The Lord 
 be with you. 
 
 dos-a-dos. [Fr.] Back to back. 
 
 double entente. [Fr.] A double 
 meaning. 
 
 dossier. [Fr.] A packet of papers; 
 the documents in a legal case. 
 
 douceur. [Fr.] Sweetness; a bribe; 
 a fee. 
 
 dramatis personae. [L.] The char- 
 acters in a play. 
 
 doux yeux. [Fr.] Soft glances. 
 
 drole de corps. [Fr.] A drole of 
 odd fellow. 
 
 dulce et decorum est pro patria 
 mori [L.] It is sweet and honor- 
 able to die for one's country. 
 
 dum spiro, spero. [L.] While I 
 live I hope. (Part of motto of South 
 Carolina.) 
 
 dum vivimus, vivamus. [L.] While 
 we live let us enjoy life. 
 
 dummkopf. [Ger.] A blockhead. 
 
 durante beneplacito. [L.] During 
 your good pleasure. 
 
 durante vita. [L.] During life. 
 
 dux femina facti. [L.] The leader 
 of the deed a woman. 
 
 e pluribus unum. [L.] One out 
 
 of many. 
 eau de vie. [Fr.] Water of life; 
 
 brandy. 
 ecce Homo. [L.] Behold the Man; 
 
 applied chiefly to paintings of 
 Christ wearing the crown of thorns. 
 
 ecce signum. [L.] Behold the sign. 
 
 editio princeps. [L.] A first edi- 
 tion. 
 
 edition d'amateur. [Fr.] A spe- 
 cial, or "de luxe" edition. 
 
 egalite. [Fr.] Equality. 
 
 ein Mann, ein Wort. [Ger.] An 
 honest man's word is his bond. 
 
 eisenbahn. [Ger.] A railway. 
 
 elixir vitae. [L.] Elixir of life. 
 
 eloignement. [Fr.] Estrangement. 
 
 embarras de richesse. [Fr.] Over- 
 supply of material. 
 
 embonpoint. [Fr.] Plumpness; 
 stoutness ; corpulence. 
 
 emeute. [Fr.] A riot. 
 
 empressement. [Fr.] Eagerness. 
 
 en arriere. [Fr.] In the rear, back- 
 ward. 
 
 en avant. [Fr.] Forward. 
 
 en bon train. [Fr.] In a fair way, 
 on the road to success. 
 
 en deshabille. [Fr.] In undress. 
 
 en eflet. [Fr.] In effect; just so; 
 really. 
 
 en famille. [Fr.] Within the family 
 circle; without ceremony. 
 
 en grande tenue. [Fr.] In full 
 dress. 
 
 en masse. [Fr.] In a body. 
 
 en passant. [Fr.] In passing. 
 
 en plein jour. [Fr.] In broad day- 
 light. 
 
 en rapport. [Fr.] In touch; well 
 versed in a subject. 
 
 en regie. [Fr.] According to rule. 
 
 en route. [Fr.] On the way. 
 
 enceinte. [Fr.] Pregnant. 
 
 enfant gate. [Fr.] A spoiled child. 
 
 enfants perdus. [Fr.] A forlorn 
 hope. 
 
 enfant terrible. [Fr.] A child that 
 is always making inopportune and 
 embarrassing remarks. 
 
 enfln. [Fr.] At last. 
 
 ennui. [Fr.] Boredom. 
 
 Ense petit placidam sub libertate 
 quietam. [L.] With the sword 
 sne seeks quiet peace under lib- 
 erty. (Motto of Massachusetts.) 
 
 entente cordiale. [Fr.] A cordial 
 and complete understanding: ex- 
 pressions of mutual good will ex- 
 changed between the sovereigns of 
 two countries. 
 
 entr'acte. [Fr.] Between the acts. 
 
 entre nous. [Fr.] Between our- 
 selves. 
 
FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS 
 
 entremet. [Fr.] A dainty side dish. 
 
 entrepot. [Fr.] A warehouse. 
 
 ergo. [L.] Therefore. 
 
 erinnerung. [Ger.] A remembrance, 
 a souvenir. 
 
 esprit de corps. [Fr.] Loyalty to 
 one's comrades; the spirit of solidar- 
 ity. 
 
 esprit des lois. [Fr.] The spirit of 
 the law. 
 
 est modus in rebus. [L.] There 
 is moderation in all things. 
 
 et caetera. [L.] And so forth. 
 
 et id genus omne. [L.] And every- 
 thing of the sort. 
 
 et tu, Brute! [L.] And thou also, 
 Brutus! 
 
 etat d'ame. [Fr.] A state of mind. 
 
 etat- major. [Fr.] Officers forming 
 the general's council. 
 
 etourderie. [Fr.] Giddy conduct; 
 an imprudent caprice. 
 
 eureka. [Gr.] I have found it. (The 
 motto of California.) 
 
 ex animo. [L.] Heartily. 
 
 ex cathedra. [L.] From the bench; 
 with authority. 
 
 ex officio. [L.] By virtue of one's 
 office. 
 
 ex parte. [L.] One one side only. 
 
 ex pede Herculem. [L.] To judge 
 of the whole from a part. 
 
 ex post facto. [L.] After the deed 
 is done; a retroactive law. 
 
 ex tempore. [L.] Without prepara- 
 tion; off-hand. 
 
 Excelsior. [L.] Higher; the motto of 
 New York. 
 
 excerpta. [L.] Extracts. 
 
 exempli gratia. [L.] By way of 
 example. 
 
 exeunt, exeunt omnes. [L.] They 
 go out, they all go out (stage direc- 
 tions). 
 
 experto crede. [L.] Trust one who 
 has had experience. 
 
 F 
 
 facade. [Fr.] The front of a build- 
 ing. 
 
 facon de parlor. [Fr.] A manner of 
 speaking. 
 
 facile princeps. [L.] Easily the 
 first: the acknowledged leader. 
 
 faire bonne mine. [Fr.] To put a 
 good face on a thing. 
 
 faire la noce. [Fr.] To have a gay 
 time; to make a night of it. 
 
 fait accompli. [Fr.] An accom- 
 plished fact; something over and 
 done with. 
 
 faites vos jeux. [Fr.] Place your 
 stakes (at roulette, etc.). 
 
 far fiasco. [It.] To make a failure. 
 
 faux pas. [Fr.] A false step, a 
 blunder. 
 
 faubourg. [Fr.] A suburb. 
 
 fauteuil. [Fr.] An easy chair; an 
 orchestra seat. 
 
 fayete Unguis. [L.] Avoid uttering 
 ill-omened words; maintain silence. 
 
 felo de se. [L.] A suicide. 
 
 femme couverte. [Fr.] A married 
 woman. 
 
 femme de chambre. [Fr.] A cham- 
 bermaid. 
 
 ferae naturae. [L.] Of a wild na- 
 ture. 
 
 festina lente. [L.] Make haste 
 slowly. 
 
 f Ste champetre. [Fr.] A rural festi- 
 val. 
 
 feu de joie. [Fr.] A bonfire; fire- 
 works. 
 
 feuilleton. [Fr.] The lower part of 
 the page in French newspapers, 
 devoted to fiction j the continued 
 story itself, occupying this space. 
 
 fiacre. [Fr.] A public hack. 
 
 fiat justitia, ruat coelum. [L.J 
 Let justice be done though the 
 heavens fall. 
 
 fides Punica. [L.] Carthaginian 
 faith; i. e., treachery. 
 
 fidus Achates. [L.] Faithful Acha- 
 tes; i. e., a true friend. 
 
 fieri facias. [L.] Cause it to be done; 
 a writ empowering the sheriff to 
 levy execution on a debtor's goods. 
 
 Alius nullius. [L.] The son of no- 
 body; illegitimate. 
 
 Alius terrae. [L.] A son of the soil; 
 of low birth. 
 
 fllle de chambre. [Fr.] A cham- 
 bermaid. 
 
 fille de joie. [Fr.] A prostitute. 
 
 fin de siecle. [Fr.] The end of the 
 century; a phrase much used in the 
 year 1900, to express what was ex- 
 tremely up to date. 
 
 flagrante bello. [L.] During hos- 
 tilities. 
 
 flagrante delicto. [L.] While com- 
 mitting the crime; caught in the act. 
 
 flaneur. [Fr.] A lounger. 
 
 fleur de lis. [Fr.] The lily; arms of 
 the French monarchy. 
 
 flitterwoch. [Ger.] A honeymoon.^ 
 
FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS 
 
 forsan et haec olim memlnlsse 
 juvabit. [L.l Perhaps sometime 
 it will be pleasant to remember 
 even these things. 
 
 f ortiter in re. [L.] With firmness 
 in action. 
 
 franco. [It.] Post free. 
 
 fuit Ilium. [L.] Troy once stood; 
 i. e., Troy is no more. 
 
 functus officio. [L.] Having per- 
 formed his office; his official service 
 being ended. 
 
 fusillade. [Fr.] The simultaneous 
 discharge of fire-arms. 
 
 gaiant'uomo. [It.] A man of hon- 
 or; a gentleman. 
 
 gallice. [L.] In French. 
 
 garcon. [Fr.] A boy; a waiter. 
 
 gasconnade. [Fr.] A boastful, brag- 
 ging speech. 
 
 garde de corps. [Fr.] A body 
 
 guard. 
 
 genius loci. [L.] The genius of the 
 place; the guardian spirit. 
 
 genus irritabile vatum. [L.] The 
 irritable race of poets. 
 
 germanice. [L.] In German. 
 
 Gesundheit! [Ger.] Your health. 
 
 gloria in excelsis Deo. [L.] Glory 
 to God in the highest. 
 
 gluckliche Reise. [Ger.] A pleasant 
 journey; bon voyage. 
 
 gnothi seauton. [Gr.] Know thy- 
 self. 
 
 gosse. [Fr.] Street slang for "child," 
 "infant." Compare "kid," "kid- 
 die," and the Irish "gossoon." 
 
 Gott mit uns. [Ger.] God with us; 
 the motto of Prussia. 
 
 Gott sei dank! [Ger.] Thank 
 God! 
 
 grisette. [Fr.] A young working 
 girl. 
 
 guet-a-pens. [Fr.] An ambush. 
 
 gutta cavat lap idem non vi sed 
 saepe cadendo. [L.] Constant drop- 
 ping wears away the stone; per- 
 sistence will accomplish more than 
 force. 
 
 hacienda. [Sp.] A country estate. 
 haricots- verts. [Fr.] String beans. 
 hausfrau. [Ger.] Lady of the house; 
 a housewife; a home body. 
 
 haud passibus aequis. [L.] With 
 unequal steps. 
 
 haute nouveaute. [Fr.] The latest 
 novelty. 
 
 helm web.. [Ger.] Homesickness. 
 
 herein. [Ger.] Come in. 
 
 hie jacet. [L.] Here lies. 
 
 hoc tempore. [L.] At this time. 
 
 hoch soil er leben! [Ger.] Long 
 life to him! 
 
 homme d' esprit. [Fr.] A man of 
 talent or wit. 
 
 homme de lettres. [Fr.] A man 
 of letters. 
 
 honi soit <mi mal y pense. [Fr.] 
 Evil to him who evil thinks; motto 
 of the Order of the Garter. 
 
 hors de combat. [Fr.] Disabled; 
 out of condition to fight. 
 
 hors de concours. [Fr.] Not en- 
 tered for competition. 
 
 hors de propos. [Fr.] Not to the 
 purpose; irrelevant. 
 
 hors-d'oeuvres. [Fr.] A side dish, 
 a relish. 
 
 hotel garni. [Fr.] Furnished lodg- 
 ings. 
 
 hotel de ville. [Fr.] Town hall. 
 
 hotel Dieu. [Fr.] A hospital. 
 
 humanum est errare. [L.] To err 
 is human. 
 
 Ich dien. [Ger.] I serve; motto of 
 
 the Prince of Wales. 
 id est. [L.] That is. 
 id genus omne. [L.] All of that 
 
 sort. 
 ignorantia legis neminem excusat 
 
 [L.] Ignorance of the law is no ex 
 
 cuse. 
 ignis fatuus. [L.] Will-o'-the-wisp 
 imprimatur. [L.] Let it be printed 
 
 i. e., a license to print a book, etc. 
 improwisatore, improvvisatrice 
 
 [It.] An impromptu poet or poetess 
 in aeternum. [L.] Forever. 
 in articulo mortis. [L.] At the 
 
 point of death. 
 in curia. [L.] In court. 
 in esse. [L.] In a state of being. 
 In extenso. [L.] In full; unabridged. 
 in extremis. [L.] In extreme diffi- 
 culties; at the last gasp. 
 in hoc signo vinces. IL.] In this 
 
 sign, or under this standard thou 
 
 shalt conquer. 
 In loco parentis. [L.] In the place 
 
 of a parent. 
 
FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS 
 
 In medias res. [L.] Into the midst 
 
 of things. 
 In memoriam. [L.] In memory of. 
 In perpetuum. [L.] Forever. 
 In propria persona. [L.] In per- 
 
 son. 
 In purls naturalibus. [L.] In a 
 
 state of nudity. 
 In re. [L.] In the matter (or estate) 
 
 of. 
 In situ. [L.] In its original situation. 
 in statu quo. [L.] In the former 
 
 state. 
 in toto. [L.] As a whole ; entirely. 
 in transitu. [L.] During transit. 
 in vacuo. [L.] In a vacuum. 
 in vino Veritas. [L.] In wine there 
 
 is truth; a drunkard tells the truth. 
 Infanta. [Sp.] A princess of the 
 
 blood royal in Spain or Portugal. 
 infra dignitatem. [L.] Beneath 
 
 one's dignity. 
 insouciance. [Fr.] Unconcern, in- 
 difference. 
 inter alia. [L.] Among other things. 
 inter nos. [L.] Between ourselves. 
 inter pocula. [L.] Between drinks; 
 
 over a glass. 
 ipse dixit. [L.] He, the master, said 
 
 it; an authoritative assertion. 
 ipso facto. [L.] In the fact itself; 
 
 obvious from the facts of the case. 
 Ipso jure. [L.] By unquestioned 
 
 right. 
 ite missa est. [L.] Go, the service 
 
 is finished; the Mass has been cele- 
 brated. 
 
 jacta est alea. [L.] The die is cast. 
 
 jar din des plantes. [Fr.] Botani- 
 cal garden. 
 
 je ne sals quoi. [Fr.] I don't know 
 what; i. e., indeterminate, indescrib- 
 able. 
 
 jettatura. [It.] The possession of 
 the "evil eye;" the power of exerting 
 a malign influence over an enemy. 
 
 jeu de mots. [Fr.] A play on 
 words; a pun. 
 
 jeu d'esprit. [Fr.] A witticism. 
 
 jeunesse doree. [Fr.] Gilded youth. 
 
 jus divinum. [L.] Divine law. 
 
 jus civile. [L.] Civil law. 
 
 jus gentium. [L.] Law of nations. 
 
 juste milieu. [Fr.] The golden 
 
 j'y suis, j'y reste. [Fr.] Here I am, 
 here I stay; attributed to Marshal 
 McMahon in the Crimean Redan. 
 
 kellner. [Ger.] Waiter. 
 
 labor omnia vincit. [L.J Labor 
 
 conquers all things. 
 lacrima Chris ti. [L.] Tears of 
 
 Christ; a famous Neapolitan wine. 
 laissez faire. [Fr.] Let matters 
 
 alone; the policy of non-interference. 
 lapsus linguae. [L.] A slip of the 
 
 tongue. 
 lasciate ogni speranza, vol ch'en- 
 
 trate. [It.] Who enter here, leave all 
 
 hope behind. (The inscription over 
 
 the gate of Dante's Inferno.) 
 latet anguis in herba. [L.] A 
 
 snake lurks in the grass. 
 laudator temporis acti. [L.] One 
 
 who praises bygone times. 
 laus Deo. [L.] Praise be to God. 
 lese-majeste. [Fr.] High treason. 
 le roi est mort, vive le roi! [Fr.] 
 
 The king is dead, long live the 
 
 king. 
 l'etat, c'est moi. [Fr.] The state, 
 
 I am the state; a saying attributed 
 
 to Louis XIV. 
 l'etoile du nord. [Fr.] The north 
 
 star. (Motto of Minnesota.) 
 les affaires sont les affaires. [Fr.] 
 
 Business is business. 
 lettre de cachet. [Fr.] A sealed 
 
 letter; a warrant of arrest. 
 lettre de marque. [Fr.] A letter, 
 
 or warrant of reprisal. 
 lex non scripta. [L.] The common, 
 
 or unwritten law. 
 lex scripta. [L.] Statute law. 
 lex talionis. [L.] The law of re- 
 prisal. 
 Thomme propose, et Dieu dispose. 
 
 [Fr.] Man proposes, and God dis- 
 poses. 
 liaison. [Fr.] An illicit attachment. 
 lingua Toscana in bocca Romana. 
 
 [It.] The Tuscan speech on Roman 
 
 lips; i. e., the most correct Italian. 
 lite pendente. [L.] During trial. 
 loco citato. [L.] In the place cited. 
 locum tenens. [L.] One holding 
 
 another's place; a deputy, a proxy. 
 lucus a non lucendo. [L.] A false 
 
 etymology, assuming that lucus, a 
 
 dark grove, is so called because of 
 
 the absence of lux, light; any false 
 
 or illogical deduction. 
 
FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS 
 
 lune-de-mlel. [Fr.] Honey-moon. 
 
 lustspiel. [Ger.] Comedy. 
 
 lusus naturae. [L.] A freak of 
 
 nature. 
 lupus in fabula. [L.] The wolf in 
 
 the fable; long looked for, come at 
 
 last. 
 
 macte vlrtute. [L.] Increase in vir- 
 tue. 
 
 ma foil [Fr.] On my faith! bless me! 
 
 magnum opus. [L.J A great work. 
 
 maison de sante. [Fr.] A lunatic 
 asylum. 
 
 maitre d'hotel. [Fr.] A house 
 steward. 
 
 Majestatsbeleidigung. [Ger.] High 
 treason. 
 
 mal a propos. [Fr.] Ill-times; out 
 of place. 
 
 mal de mer. [Fr.] Sea-sickness. 
 
 mala fide. [L.] In bad faith. 
 
 mal'occhio. [It.] The evil eye. 
 
 malade imaginaire. [Fr.] One who 
 fancies himself sick; a Hypochondriac. 
 
 maladie du pays. [Fr.] Home-sick- 
 ness. 
 
 malgre sol. [Fr.] In spite of oneself. 
 
 malum in se. [L.] A thing in- 
 herently wrong. 
 
 malum prohibitum. [L.] A thing 
 prohibited by law, although not 
 necessarily wrong morally. 
 
 mandamus. [L.] "We command;" 
 a writ from a superior to an inferior 
 court. 
 
 mare clausum. [L.] A sea closed 
 to commerce. 
 
 materia medica. [L.] Collectively, 
 substances used in the art of healing. 
 
 mauvais gout. [Fr.] Bad taste. 
 
 mauvaise quart d'heure. [Fr.] A 
 bad quarter of an hour; an awkward 
 or uncomfortable experience. 
 
 mauvais sujet. [Fr.] A rascal. 
 
 mauvaise honte. [Fr.] False shame. 
 
 memento mori. [L.] Remember 
 death. 
 
 mens sana in corpore sano. [L.] 
 A sound mind in a sound body. 
 
 mesalliance. [Fr.] A marriage with 
 one of lower station. 
 
 mirabile dictu. [L.] Wonderful to 
 relate. 
 
 mise en scene. [Fr.] A stage set- 
 ting; a scenic effect. 
 
 mieuz vaut tard que jamais. [Fr.] 
 Better late than never. 
 
 mittimus. [L.] "We send;" a war- 
 rant of commitment to prison. 
 
 modus operandi. [L.] A method of 
 working. 
 
 modus vivendi. [L.] A method of 
 living; a compromise agreement be- 
 tween two or more disputants, to 
 secure at least temporary harmony. 
 
 montani semper liberi. [L.] Moun- 
 taineers are always freemen. (Motto 
 of West Virginia.) 
 
 multum in parvo. [L.] Much in 
 little. 
 
 mutatis mutandis. [L.] The neces- 
 sary changes being made. 
 
 mutato nomine. [L.l The name 
 being changed. 
 
 naivete. [Fr.] Native simplicity. 
 
 neglige. [Fr.] Undress. 
 
 ne plus ultra. [L.] Nothing fur- 
 ther. 
 
 nee. [Fr.] Born so-and-so: i. e., her 
 maiden name being so-and-so. 
 
 necessitas non habet legem. [L.] 
 Necessity knows no laws. 
 
 nemo me impune lacessit. [L.] No 
 one wounds me with impunity; the 
 motto of Scotland. 
 
 nil admirari. [L.] To be disturbed at 
 nothing. 
 
 nil desperandum. [L.] Never de- 
 spair. 
 
 n'importe. [Fr.] It does not matter. 
 
 noblesse oblige. [Fr.] Noble birth 
 imposes the obligation of noble con- 
 duct. 
 
 nolens volens. [L.] Whether he will 
 or no. 
 
 noli me tangere. [L.] Do not 
 touch me. 
 
 nolle prosequi. [L.] To be unwill- 
 ing to prosecute; discontinuance of 
 an action by plaintiff or the State. 
 
 nom de guerre. [Fr.] An assumed 
 name; a pen name. 
 
 non compos mentis. [L.] Of un- 
 sound mind. 
 
 non constat. [L.] It has not been 
 shown; no evidence is before the 
 Court. 
 
 non omnia possumus omnes. [L.] 
 We cannot all do all things. 
 
 non omuls moriar. [L.] I shall not 
 wholly die. 
 
 non sequitur. [L.] It does not fol- 
 low. 
 
 nosce telpsum. [L.] Know thyself. 
 
FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS 
 
 nota bene. [L.] Mark well. 
 
 nudum pactum. [L.j An agree- 
 ment lacking a consideration; an in- 
 valid contract. 
 
 nuit blanche. [Fr.] A sleepless 
 night. 
 
 nunc aut nunquam. [L.] Now or 
 never. 
 
 nulla dies sine linea. [L.] No day 
 without a line. 
 
 obiit. [L.] He, or she, died. 
 
 obiter dictum. [L.] A passing re- 
 mark; such part of a judge's opinion 
 as is aside from or beyond the point 
 at issue, and therefore not binding 
 as a precedent. 
 
 oeil de boeuf. [Fr.] A bull's eye. 
 
 omnia vincit amor. [L.] Love con- 
 quers all things. 
 
 on dit. [Fr.] They say; it is rumored. 
 
 onus proband!. [L.] The burden of 
 proof. 
 
 oraesempre. [It.] Now and always. 
 
 ora pro nobis. [L.] Pray for us. 
 
 otium cum dignitate. [L.] Ease 
 with dignity. 
 
 oubliette. [Fr.] A dungeon. 
 
 oui dire. [Fr.] Hearsay. 
 
 outre. [Fr.] Extravagant, in bad 
 taste. 
 
 ou sont les neiges d' an tan? [Fr.] 
 Where are the snows of yesteryear? 
 
 papier mache. [Fr.] A hard sub- 
 stance made from a pulp of rags or 
 paper. 
 
 par exemple. [Fr.] For example; 
 for instance. 
 
 par excellence. [Fr.] Eminently; 
 the very ideal. 
 
 pari passu. [L.] With equal pace; 
 side by side. 
 
 Paris vaut bien une messe. [Ft.] 
 Paris is well worth a mass ; attributed 
 to Henry IV. 
 
 parole d'honneur. [Fr.] Word of 
 honor. 
 
 particeps criminis. [L.] An ac- 
 complice. 
 
 partie carree. [Fr.] A party of four, 
 consisting of two men and two 
 women. 
 
 parvenu. [Fr.] A person of low 
 origin; an upstart. 
 
 pas a pas. [Fr.] Step by step. 
 
 pas seul. [Fr.] A dance performed 
 by one person. 
 
 passe. [Pr.] Out of date, faded, worn 
 out. 
 
 passe-partout. [Fr.] A master-key. 
 
 Pater noster. [L.] Our Father; the 
 Lord's prayer. 
 
 pater patriae. [L.] The father of 
 his country. 
 
 pax vobiscum. [L.] Peace be with 
 you. 
 
 Pays de Cocagne. .[Fr.] The land 
 of Cockayne, an imaginary coun- 
 try in which everything is to be had 
 in abundance and without labor. 
 
 pays latin. [Fr.] The Latin country, 
 a name given to the students' quar- 
 ter in Paris, in the neighborhood of 
 the Sorbonne. 
 
 peccavi. [L.] I have sinned. 
 
 pendente lite. [L.] Pending the 
 suit. 
 
 per annum. [L.] By the year. 
 
 per capita. [L.] By the head. 
 
 per centum. [L.] By the hundred. 
 
 per diem. [L.] By the day. 
 
 persiflage. [Fr.] Chaff, banter. 
 
 persona grata. [L.] A person in 
 favor; a welcome guest. 
 
 personnel. [Fr.] The staff of an 
 establishment. 
 
 petit bleu. [Fr.] Blue folding slips 
 used in Paris for sending messages 
 through pneumatic tubes. 
 
 petit- maitre. [Fr.] A dandy; a fop. 
 
 peu de chose. [Fr.] A trifle. 
 
 piece de resistance. [Fr.] The prin- 
 cipal course of a dinner. 
 
 pioupiou. [Fr.] A private soldier; 
 the French "Tommy Atkins." 
 
 pis aller. [Fr.] A last resort. 
 
 pleno jure. [L.] With full power. 
 
 place aux dames. [Fr.] Make way 
 for the ladies. 
 
 poeta nascitur, non fit. [L.] A 
 poet is born, not made. 
 
 point d'appui. [Fr.] The point of 
 support. 
 
 polisson. [Fr.] A rascal. 
 
 pollice verso. [L.] With thumb 
 turned down ; the decree of death in 
 the Roman gladiatorial contests. 
 
 pons asinorum. [L.] The bridge of 
 asses; the fifth proposition in Euclid. 
 
 posse comitatus. [L.] The power 
 of the county; a body of men ap- 
 pointed by the sheriff for special 
 service. 
 
 post mortem. [L.] After death. 
 
FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS 
 
 post obit. [L.] A bond payable 
 
 after death. 
 poste restante. [Fr.] Department 
 
 in a post-office where letters are held 
 
 until called for. 
 pot au feu. [Fr.] A vegetable soup, 
 
 a staple food of the French peas- 
 antry. 
 pot-pourri, [Fr.] A hotch-potch, a 
 
 medley. 
 pour encourager les autres. [Fr.] 
 
 To encourage the others; Voltaire's 
 
 comment on the motives of the Eng- 
 lish in executing Admiral Byng for 
 
 cowardice. 
 prima facie. [L.] At first sight, on 
 
 first consideration. 
 pro bono publico. [L.] For the 
 
 public good. 
 pro forma. [L.] For the sake of 
 
 form. 
 pro rata. [L.] In proportion. 
 pro tempore. [L.f For the time; 
 
 temporarily. 
 proces verbal. [Fr.] A summary 
 
 of the charge and evidence against 
 
 an accused. 
 profanum vulgus. [L.] The vulgar 
 
 crowd. 
 prosit! [Ger.] Good luck to you! 
 prosit neu jahr! [Ger.] Happy New 
 
 Year! 
 punica fides. [L.] Carthaginian faith, 
 
 treachery. 
 
 quantum libet. [L.] As much as 
 
 you please. 
 quantum sumcit. [L.] As much 
 
 as suffices. 
 quelque chose. [Fr.] Something, a 
 
 trifle. 
 quid pro quo. [L.] One thing for 
 
 another; an equivalent; tit for tat. 
 qu'importe? [Fr.] What does it 
 
 matter? 
 qui s'excuse, s'accuse. [Fr.] He 
 
 who excuses himself, accuses him- 
 self. 
 qui transtulit, sustinet. [L.] He 
 
 who transplanted, still sustains. 
 
 (Motto of Connecticut.) 
 qui vive? [Fr.] Who goes there? 
 
 hence, on the qui vive, on the alert. 
 qui vivra, verra. [Fr.] Who lives 
 
 will see. 
 quo animo? [L.] With what mind 
 
 or intention? 
 quo jure? [L.] By what right? 
 
 quod erat demonstrandum. [L.] 
 
 Which was to be demonstrated. 
 quod erat faciendum. [L.] Which 
 
 was to be done. 
 quod vide. [L.] WTiich see. 
 quos Deus vult perdere, prius de- 
 
 memtat. [L.] Those whom God 
 
 wishes to destroy, he first makes 
 
 mad. 
 
 raison d'etre. [Fr.] Reason for 
 existence. 
 
 ranz des vaches. [Fr.] Swiss mel- 
 odies played as cow-calls. 
 
 rara avis. [L.] A rare bird, a strange 
 prodigy. ' 
 
 rathhaus. [Ger.] A town hall. 
 
 recueil. [Fr.] A collection. 
 
 redacteur (en chef). [Fr.] An edi- 
 tor (in chief). 
 
 reductio ad absurdum. [L] Re- 
 ducing an argument to an absurdity. 
 
 regnant populi. [L.] The people 
 reign. (Motto of Arkansas.) 
 
 re infecta. [L.] The business being 
 unfinished. 
 
 rendez-vous. JFr.] A place of meet- 
 ing, an appointment. 
 
 renommee. [Fr.] Fame, renown. 
 
 requiescat in pace. [L.] May he 
 rest in peace. 
 
 respice finem, [L.] Look to the 
 end. 
 
 resume. [Fr.] A summing up. 
 
 resurgam. [L.] I shall rise again. 
 
 ricordo. [It.] A souvenir, a keep- 
 sake. 
 
 rien ne va plus. [Fr.] The betting 
 is closed. 
 
 robe de chambre. [Fr.] A dress- 
 ing-gown. 
 
 revenons a nos moutons. [Fr.] Let 
 us return to our sheep; i. e., to the 
 point at issue. 
 
 rus in urbe. [L.] The country in 
 town. 
 
 S 
 
 salle-a-manger. [Ft.] A dining 
 
 room. 
 Salus populi suprema est lex. [L.] 
 
 The welfare of the people is the 
 supreme law. (Motto of Missouri.) 
 
 sanctum sanctorum. [L.] The holy 
 of holies. 
 
 sang-froid. [Fr.] Cold blood; self- 
 possession; indifference. 
 
FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS 
 
 sans ceremonie. [Fr.] Without cere- 
 mony. 
 
 sans culottes. [Fr.] Ragged men; 
 the lower classes during the French 
 revolution. 
 
 sans facon. [Fr.] Without cere- 
 mony.' 
 
 sans gene. [Fr.] Without embar- 
 rassment. 
 
 sans peur et sans reproche. [Fr.] 
 Without fear and without reproach. 
 
 sartor resartus. [L.] The tailor 
 retailored. 
 
 sauve qui peut. [Fr.] Let him save 
 himself who can. 
 
 savoir faire. [Fr.] Ability, skill. 
 
 savoir vivre. [Fr.] Good, breeding. 
 
 schlafen Sie wohl! [Ger.] Sleep 
 well! 
 
 schnellzug. [Ger.] Express train. 
 
 scire facias. [L.] Cause it to be 
 known. 
 
 semper fidelis. [L.] Always faith- 
 
 semper paratus. [L.] Always pre- 
 pared. 
 
 sesquipedalia verba. [L.] Words a 
 foot and a half long. 
 
 sic itur ad astra. [L.] Such is the 
 way to immortality. 
 
 Sic semper tyrannis. [L.] So al- 
 ways to tyrants. (The motto of Vir- 
 ginia.) 
 
 sic transit gloria mundi. [L.] So 
 passes away earthly glory. 
 
 sic vos non vobis. [L.]. Thus you 
 do not labor for yourselves. 
 
 similia similibus curantur. [L.] 
 Like things are cured by like. 
 
 sine die. [L.] Without an appointed 
 day. 
 
 sine qua non. [L.] An indispen- 
 sable condition. 
 
 si quaeris peninsulam amoenam, 
 circumspice. [L.] If thou seekest a 
 beautiful peninsula, behold it here; 
 motto of Michigan. 
 
 si non e vero, e ben trovato. [It.] 
 If it is not true, it is very ingenious. 
 
 siste viator! [L.] Halt, traveller! — 
 a frequent inscription on graves. 
 
 sit tibi terra levis. [L.] May the 
 earth rest lightly on you. 
 
 sobriquet. [Fr.] A nickname. 
 
 souvent femme varie, bien fol est 
 qui s'y fie. [Fr.] Woman often 
 changes, and very foolish is he who 
 trusts her. 
 
 statu quo ante. [L.] Tn the same 
 state as before. 
 
 stet. [L.] Let it stand. 
 sub judice. [L.] Under considera- 
 tion. 
 sturm und drang. [Ger.] Storm 
 
 and stress. 
 sub rosa. [L.] Under the rose; 
 
 secretly. 
 succes d'estime. [Fr.] A success 
 
 only in the eyes of the enlightened 
 
 few. 
 sui generis. [L.] Of its own kind. 
 sui juris. [L.] In one's own right. 
 summum bonum. [L] The chief 
 
 good. 
 sur le tapis. [Fr.] On the carpet; 
 
 under consideration. 
 
 table d'hote. [Fr.] The regular 
 
 course dinner. 
 tabula rasa. [L.] A blank tablet. 
 tant pis. [Fr.] So much the worse. 
 tant soit peu. [Fr.] Never so little. 
 tempora mutantur, et nos muta- 
 
 mur in illis. [L.] The times are 
 
 changed, and we are changed with 
 
 them. 
 tempus edas rerum. [L.] Time, 
 
 the devourer of all things. 
 tempus fugit. [L.] Time flies. 
 terrae films. [L.] A son of the soil. 
 terra cotta. [It. 
 
 kind of pottery. 
 terra firma. [L.] Solid earth; a 
 
 safe footing. 
 terra incognita. [L.] An unknown 
 
 country. 
 tertium quid. [L.] A third some- 
 thing; the result of the union or 
 
 collision between two opposing 
 
 forces. 
 tete-a-tete. [Fr.] Head to head; i. e., 
 
 a conversation between two people. 
 tiers-etat. [Fr.] The third estate; 
 
 commons, commonalty. 
 to kalon'. [Gr.j The beautiful; the 
 
 chief good. 
 
 Baked clay; a 
 
 to ties quo ties. [L.] As often as. 
 
 tour de force. _ [Fr.] A feat of 
 strength; a piece of sheer clever- 
 ness. 
 
 toujours perdrix. [Fr.] Always par- 
 tridge; i. e., everlastingly the same 
 thing. 
 
 tout- a- fait. [Fr.] Entirely; alto- 
 gether. 
 
 tout-a-1'heure. [Fr.] Presently. 
 
 tout au contraire. [Fr.] Quite the 
 contrary. 
 
FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS 
 
 tout d© memo. [Fr.] All the same. 
 
 tout ensemble. [Fr.] The whole 
 taken together. 
 
 trauerspiel. [Ger.l A tragedy. 
 
 traumerei. [Ger.] Reverie, day- 
 dreams. 
 
 trink-geld. [Ger.] A gratuity, a 
 pourboire. 
 
 U 
 
 ubi supra. [L.] Where above-men- 
 tioned. 
 ultima ratio regum. [L.] The last 
 
 argument of kings; i. e., war. 
 ultima thule. [L.] The furthest 
 
 land or limit. 
 ultra vires. [L.] In excess of one's 
 
 legal powers. 
 una voce. [L.] With once voice; 
 
 unanimously. 
 unter den linden. [Ger.] Under 
 
 the lime-trees, a famous street in 
 
 Berlin. 
 unter vier augen. [Ger.] Between 
 
 four eyes; i. e., tete-a-tete, 
 usque ad aras. [L.] To the very 
 
 altars; to the last extremity. 
 usque ad nauseam. [L.] To the 
 
 point of disgust. 
 ut infra. [L.j As below. 
 ut supra. [L.] As above. 
 
 vade mecum. [L.] "Go with me;" 
 i. e., a guide or handbook, indis- 
 pensable to the traveller. 
 
 vae victis. [L.] Woe to the con- 
 quered. 
 
 rale. [L.] Farewell. 
 
 venl, vidi, vici. [L.] I came, I saw, 
 I conquered. 
 
 ventre-a-terre. [Fr.l At full gallop; 
 at break-neck speed. 
 
 verbum sat sapient!. [L.] A word 
 to the wise is sufficient. 
 
 vetturino. [It.] A hackman. 
 
 via media. [L.] A middle course. 
 
 vice versa. [L.] The terms being 
 exchanged; the reverse. 
 
 vide ut supra. [L.] See what is 
 stated above. 
 
 vient de paraitre. [Fr.] Just pub- 
 lished, or, just out. 
 
 vi et armis. [L.] By force and 
 arms; by main force. 
 
 villegiatura. [It.] A summer vaca- 
 tion. 
 
 vedi Napoli e poi mori. [It.] See 
 Naples and then die. 
 
 vincit omnia Veritas. [L.] Truth 
 conquers all things. 
 
 vinculum matrimonii. [L.] The 
 bond of matrimony. 
 
 vis-a-vis. [Fr.] Opposite; face to 
 face. 
 
 vive la bagatelle! [Fr.] Success to 
 trifles! Trifling forever! 
 
 vogue la galere. [Fr.] Let come 
 what may. 
 
 voila tout. [Fr.] That is all. 
 
 voir rouge. [Fr.] To see red; to be 
 in an ungovernable rage. 
 
 W 
 
 wagon-lit. [Fr.] A sleeping-car. 
 wanderjahr. [Ger.] A wander-year; 
 
 a year of travel. 
 wanderlust. [Ger.] The love of 
 
 travel; the nomadic instinct. 
 Wacht am Rhein. [Ger.] The Watch 
 
 on the Rhine. 
 wie gewohnlich. [Ger.] As usual. 
 wohlgeboren. [Ger.] Well born; of 
 
 good birth. 
 
 zeit 1st geld. [Ger.] Time is money. 
 zeltung. [Ger.] Newspaper. 
 
A Dictionary of Commercial and 
 Legal Terms. 
 
 Edited by 
 
 ROBERT ARROWSMITH, PhJX 
 
 Formerly Professor in Teachers' College, Columbia University. 
 
 A 
 
 A. On endorsements = Audited, Ac- 
 cepted, or Approved. 
 a, @. == at • as 5 yds. @ 24 cts. 
 
 Ai. Originally a symbol used by 
 Lloyd's Register of British Shipping, 
 in which the hull is rated by letters, 
 the equipment by figures. 
 
 Abandonment. In marine insurance, 
 the giving up to the insurers of prop- 
 erty partly destroyed, with the pur- 
 pose of claiming full insurance. 
 
 Abatement. An amount deducted; a 
 discount; removal of a nuisance. 
 
 Abeyance. Suspense, as an unsettled 
 estate held in abeyance. 
 
 Abrogate. To repeal, annul; abolish; 
 destroy. 
 
 Abstract. Abridgment or summary of 
 a document. 
 
 Acceptance. Agreement to terms 
 proposed; engagement to pay, made 
 by the person on whom a draft, bill 
 of exchange, or other order is drawn. 
 The order when it has been accepted. 
 
 Acceptance supra Protest or for 
 Honor. Agreement to pay a note 
 or bill protested to preserve the 
 honor of the maker or endorser. 
 
 Acceptor. The one who accepts a 
 draft, bill of exchange or other order. 
 
 Accession. Acquiring. 
 
 Accessory. One who instigates, abets, 
 or aids the offense of another. 
 
 Accident Insurance. Insurance 
 against personal injury by accident. 
 
 Accommodation Endorser. One 
 who endorses accommodation 
 paper. 
 
 Accommodation Paper. Commer- 
 cial paper not founded on an actual 
 
 trade transaction but drawn in order 
 to be discounted for the benefit of 
 one or all of the drawers, acceptors 
 or endorsers. 
 
 Accord and Satisfaction. Settle- 
 ment of a claim by agreement to ac- 
 cept one thing in place of the origin- 
 ally claimed. 
 
 Account (Acct., qfc). A statement of 
 business dealings between individ- 
 uals or firms. 
 
 Account Current. A running ac- 
 count; a statement of transactions 
 between firms or individuals, gener- 
 ally in the form of a summary of 
 debits and credits. 
 
 Account Sales. The itemized state- 
 ment of a broker or commission 
 agent to his principal, showing the 
 quantity of goods sold, prices, 
 charges, commissions and net pro- 
 ceeds. 
 
 Accountant. An expert examiner or 
 adjuster of accounts. 
 
 Accroach. To attempt to use power 
 without authority. 
 
 Accrue. To increase; be due. 
 
 Acknowledge. To admit the receipt 
 of correspondence, remittance or 
 order. 
 
 Acknowledgment. A receipt. A 
 formal declaration made before a 
 competent officer by one who exe- 
 cutes an instrument that it is his 
 voluntary act. 
 
 Acquittance. A written receipt or 
 discharge from all claims in full. 
 
 Act. A formal writing expressing what 
 has been done. The enactment by a 
 legislative body or court. 
 
 Act of God. A physical cause of in- 
 jury which cannot be prevented by 
 
COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 
 
 human means, such as tempest, 
 lightning, earthquake, etc. 
 
 Action. A suit or process at law. 
 
 Adjudicate. To settle by legal pro- 
 cess. 
 
 Adjustment. Settlement of legal 
 claims and disputed accounts. 
 
 Ad Litem. [Lat.] For a law suit. 
 A term applied to a guardian or rep- 
 resentative of a widow or other per- 
 son not competent to appear per- 
 sonally before a court. 
 
 Administer. To settle an estate. 
 
 Administrator (Admr.), Adminis- 
 tratis (Admx.). An officer ap- 
 pointed by the court to settle the 
 estate of an intestate or in the ab- 
 sence of a qualified executor. 
 
 Admiralty Court. A court having 
 jurisdiction in maritime questions. 
 
 Ad Valorem. [Lat.] According to 
 value. Ad Valorem duties are esti- 
 mated on the basis of the value of 
 the imported article, not according 
 to weight, measure, etc. (specific 
 duties). 
 
 Advance. Rise in value. To pay or 
 furnish money before it is due. 
 
 Adventure. A speculation. The 
 shipment of goods on shipper's own 
 account. 
 
 Adventure, Bill of. A declaration 
 signed by the master of a ship which 
 carries goods at the owner's risk. 
 
 Adventure in Co. Shipment of goods 
 at joint risk of shipper and consignee. 
 
 Adverse Possession. The holding of 
 real property contrary to the claim 
 of another. 
 
 Advice. Commercial notice sent by 
 letter, called Letter of Advice. 
 
 Affiant. One who makes an affidavit. 
 
 Affidavit. A written declaration un- 
 der oath. 
 
 Affiliation. The determining of the 
 paternity of a child. 
 
 Affinity. Relationship by marriage. 
 
 Affreightment. The hiring a ship for 
 transportation of goods. 
 
 Age of Consent. The age at which 
 minors may enter into a valid con- 
 tract of marriage. 
 
 Agency. The relation to his principal 
 of one authorized to act for another. 
 
 Agent. One who acts for another. 
 
 Aggravation. A circumstance which 
 enhances crime or increases danger. 
 
 Agio. [Ital.] Difference in value be- 
 tween current and standard moneys, 
 as between bank notes and gold. 
 
 Agiotage. Speculation on the fluctua- 
 tion of public securities. 
 
 Agrarian. Relating to land or its 
 tenure. 
 
 Agreement. A contract or bargain. 
 
 Alias. [Lat.] Otherwise. An as- 
 sumed name. 
 
 Alien. One of foreign birth not natu- 
 ralized in the country of his residence 
 and owing allegiance to a foreign 
 power. 
 
 Alienate. To transfer property. 
 
 Alienation. Conveyance of title. 
 
 Alienation Clause. In fire insurance 
 policies, a clause rendering the policy 
 void if the property insured is sold 
 or transferred. 
 
 Alimony. In divorce law, a provision 
 made by the court from her hus- 
 band's income or estate for the sup- 
 port of a wife. 
 
 Aliquot Part. A number contained 
 an exact number of times in a larger 
 number. 
 
 Allegation. A statement of what a 
 party undertakes to prove. The 
 charge undertaken to be proved. 
 
 Allegiance. The obligation due from 
 a citizen to his government. 
 
 Allonge. [Fr.] A slip of paper at- 
 tached to a note or bill of exchange 
 to allow space for more endorse- 
 ments. 
 
 Allotment Ticket. An order for the 
 payment of a specific portion of a 
 seaman's wages to his family at 
 stated intervals during a voyage. 
 
 Allow. To concede, discount, deduct. 
 
 Allowance. Deduction from weight 
 or amount. Sailor's rations. 
 
 Alloy. [Fr.] Baser metal compounded 
 with a finer. The union of different 
 metals. In coinage, gold is alloyed 
 with silver or copper; silver with 
 nickel, brass or copper. 
 
 Alluvium. The gradual increase of 
 the shore of a stream formed by de- 
 posits carried by the water. 
 
 Amotion. A turning away or re- 
 moval. 
 
 Amount Gross. The sum total or 
 aggregate. 
 
 Amount Net. The sum total less de- 
 ductions for expenses, discount, or 
 charges. 
 
 Ancestor. In law the term includes 
 collaterals as well as lineals. 
 
 Anchorage. A spot where ships may 
 anchor safely. A toll or fee for 
 anchoring. 
 
COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 
 
 Ancillary. Auxiliary. 
 
 Anker. A foreign liquid measure of 
 about ten gallons. 
 
 Annex. To take for permanent hold- 
 ing* fixtures are annexed to the 
 realty. 
 
 Annuity. A sum of money paid 
 yearly or at fixed intervals. 
 
 Annul. To make void. 
 
 Answer. To reply; be responsible for. 
 In law, a reply to a charge. 
 
 Antedate. To date] before the true 
 time. 
 
 Appeal. In law, to apply for a review 
 of a cause. 
 
 Appearance. In law, the coming into 
 court or formal submitting to a 
 court's jurisdiction by a person sum- 
 moned. 
 
 Appellate Court. A court having 
 power to review the decisions of 
 lower courts. 
 
 Apply. To dispose of, as to apply 
 funds in payment of a note. 
 
 Appraise. To place a value on prop- 
 erty. 
 
 Appraiser. One who appraises. A 
 government officer who fixes the 
 value of dutiable articles. 
 
 Appreciate. To increase in value. 
 
 Apprentice. One legally bound out 
 to another to learn a trade. 
 
 Appropriation. A government grant 
 of money for a specific purpose. 
 
 Approval. A sale on approval is con- 
 ditional on the approval of the pur- 
 chaser, who may return the goods if 
 not satisfactory. 
 
 Appurtenance. In law, a thing or 
 right that goes with the land, as a 
 right of way. 
 
 Arbitration. The adjustment of dis- 
 puted points by disinterested per- 
 sons chosen by the contending par- 
 ties. 
 
 Arbitration of Exchange. Compu- 
 tation of the difference in rates of 
 exchange among bankers in three or 
 more countries, to discover whether 
 it is more profitable to forward 
 money directly or indirectly. 
 
 Arrest. To take a person or property 
 into legal custody. 
 
 Arson. The malicious burning of a 
 building or of a ship. 
 
 Article. A single piece of goods. A 
 written agreement or contract, as 
 articles of co-partnership. Division 
 of a document. 
 
 Articles of War. A code of rules and 
 41 
 
 regulations for the government of 
 army and navy. 
 
 Assault. A civil and criminal offense, 
 consisting in the attempt or offer to 
 do bodily hurt. 
 
 Assay. To test the proportion of alloy 
 in metals. 
 
 Assess. To value; to fix a rate; to levy 
 a tax or share of expenses. 
 
 Assets. Resources available for the 
 payment of debts; opposed to liabil- 
 ities. 
 
 Assign. To transfer or make over 
 property or rights to another. 
 
 Assignee. One to whom an assign- 
 ment is made. A trustee for £he 
 creditors of a bankrupt estate or in- 
 solvent debtor. 
 
 Assignment. A transfer of property 
 to an assignee. 
 
 Assignor. One who assigns property. 
 
 Assizes. [Eng.] The sessions of a 
 court for jury trials held periodically 
 in the various counties of England. 
 
 Association. A body of men. A busi- 
 ness or stock company. 
 
 Assortment. A quantity of goods 
 varying in quality. 
 
 Assumpsit. _ An undertaking based 
 on a consideration. An action to 
 recover damages for breach of con- 
 tract. 
 
 Assurance. See insurance. 
 
 Attachment. A seizure made by 
 order of a court to bring property 
 or a person into its custody. 
 
 Attest. To certify, witness by sig- 
 nature. 
 
 Attorn. To agree to become tenant 
 to one not the original landlord but 
 who claims the reversion. 
 
 Attorney. An agent legally appointed 
 by another. An officer of the court. 
 A counselor. 
 
 Attorney, Power of. Written au- 
 thority empowering one person to 
 act for another. 
 
 Attorney General. The chief law 
 officer of the government. 
 
 Attorney in Fact. One acting under 
 power of attorney. 
 
 Auction. Public sale of property to 
 the highest bidder. 
 
 Audit. To examine and certify ac- 
 counts and vouchers. 
 
 Auditor. One authorized to examine 
 accounts. An officer of the United 
 States Treasury. 
 
 Aver. To declare or assert formally. 
 
 Average. Mean value or quality. A 
 
COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 
 
 fair sample. Equitable distribution 
 of expense or loss. Formerly a 
 charge in addition to freight paid 
 
 - by the shipper to the ship's master 
 for care of the goods. 
 
 Average, General. In marine in- 
 surance, a proportionate charge on 
 ship and goods to cover the necessary 
 sacrifice of a part. 
 
 Average, Particular. The loss sus- 
 tained by partial damage of ship 
 alone, or of cargo alone, arising from 
 ordinary wear and tear or mishaps 
 and not involving the general safety. 
 
 Average, Petty. Small charges, such 
 as pilotage, port charges, and the 
 like, borne in part by ship and in part 
 by cargo. 
 
 Average of Payments. The method 
 of determining the time when the 
 payment of one sum may be made of 
 several sums due at different dates 
 without loss to either party. 
 
 Avoid. In law, to nullify, annul. 
 
 AvulsSon. Lands removed by the 
 suci4en action of water from one 
 estate and added to another. 
 
 Award. A decision by arbitration. 
 
 Bail. To set free by becoming surety 
 
 for the appearance in court of the 
 
 person to be tried. The amount 
 
 pledged. 
 Bailee. One to whom goods are de- 
 livered under a contract of bailment. 
 Bailment. The delivery of goods to 
 
 another in trust for some purpose. 
 Bailor. One who delivers goods under 
 
 a contract of bailment. 
 Balance (Bal.). Difference necessary 
 
 to make the two sides of an account 
 
 equal. Weighing scales. 
 Balance Account. An account made 
 
 up of balances of different accounts. 
 
 A brief summary of the condition of 
 
 a business. 
 Balance Sheet. A paper showing a 
 
 summary of open accounts. 
 Balance of Trade. The difference in 
 
 value between the total exports and 
 
 imports of a country. 
 Ballast. Weight used to steady a ship. 
 
 To load with ballast instead of cargo. 
 Bale. A corded package of goods for 
 
 transportation. 
 Banco. In some parts of Europe, the 
 
 difference between bank value and 
 
 depreciated current value of 
 money. 
 
 Bank. An institution for the deposit, 
 discount and circulation of money. 
 
 Bankable. Receivable at par at a 
 bank. 
 
 Bank Bill or Note. A promissory note 
 printed by the government and is- 
 sued by national banks, used as 
 money, and payable on demand. 
 
 Bankbook. Passbook of a bank in 
 which deposits are recorded and paid 
 checks entered. 
 
 Bank Draft. A bill of exchange drawn 
 by one bank on another bank. 
 
 Bank Hours. Usually from 9 or 10 
 A.M. to 3 P.M. 
 
 Bankrupt. One unable to pay his 
 debts. One who fails in business. 
 
 Bankruptcy. The condition of being 
 adjudged oankrupt by the court. 
 
 Bank Stock. Shares in a banking 
 company. Paid up capital of a bank 
 divided into shares. 
 
 Bar. A final defense. A plea defeat- 
 ing an action. The whole body of 
 licensed lawyers. The legal profes- 
 sion. 
 
 Bargain. A stipulation. An agree- 
 ment of sale. 
 
 Barratry. In maritime law, breach of 
 duty or trust by master or crew, as 
 against owners or insurers. In com- 
 mon law, the malicious encourage- 
 ment of litigation. 
 
 Barrel. A measure of capacity, con- 
 taining 313^2 gallons, wine measure; 
 30 gallons, beer measure; 32 gallons, 
 ale measure; 196 pounds of flour; 224 
 pounds of butter; 200 pounds of pork 
 or beef. The dry barrel is not a 
 legalized measure. 
 
 Barrel Bulk. In freight measurement, 
 5 cubic feet. 
 
 Barrister. The title of a lawyer prac- 
 ticing in the higher courts of England 
 and Ireland. 
 
 Barter. To exchange goods for 
 another kind of goods instead of 
 money. 
 
 Base Court. An inferior court, not 
 one of record. 
 
 Battery. The actual doing of the 
 personal hurt attempted by assault. 
 
 Bear. A speculator who strives to 
 depress the price of stocks. 
 
 Bearer. One who holds and presents 
 a note, bill, check or draft for pay- 
 ment. Negotiable paper drawn pay- 
 able to bearer need not be endorsed. 
 
COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 
 
 Bench. The seat for judges. The 
 court. The whole body of judges as 
 distinguished from the bar. 
 
 Bench Warrant. A warrant issued 
 by a superior court judge. 
 
 Beneficiary. The person to whom a 
 life insurance policy is made pay- 
 able. The person for whose benefit 
 another holds title to real estate. 
 
 Bequeath. To give by will. 
 
 Bequest. The act of giving by will. 
 The thing given by will. 
 
 Bill. A statement of accounts due. 
 A general term for negotiable paper. 
 In law, the statement of particulars. 
 
 Bill Book. An account kept in book- 
 keeping of notes, drafts, and bills of 
 exchange. 
 
 Billhead. A printed form of bills, 
 with business address. 
 
 Bill of Discovery. Application to a 
 court of equity to compel a party to 
 an action to disclose facts or docu- 
 ments in his possession. 
 
 Bill of Entry. An account of goods 
 entered at the custom-house for im- 
 portation or exportation. 
 
 Bill of Exceptions. A written state- 
 ment of exceptions to the decision 
 of a court. 
 
 Bill of Exchange. A written order 
 for the payment of money, usually 
 drawn on a person living in a foreign 
 country. 
 
 Bill, Domestic or Inland. A bill of 
 exchange payable in the country 
 where drawn; usually termed draft. 
 
 Bill of Lading. A written statement 
 of goods received for transportation. 
 signed by the carrier's agent, and 
 given to the shipper. 
 
 Bill of Parcels. An account given 
 by seller to buyer of the value of 
 goods bought. Sometimes used for 
 invoice. 
 
 Bill of Particulars. A document de- 
 tailing the demands for which an 
 action is brought. 
 
 Bill of Sale (B/S). A written agree- 
 ment under seal transferring owner- 
 ship of personal propertv. 
 
 Bills Payable. Bills Receivable. 
 Commercial paper called bills receiv- 
 able by the holder, and bills payable 
 by the one who is to pay them. 
 
 Blackmail. Extortion of money by 
 threats. 
 
 Blank- Credit. Authorization to draw 
 money on account without limita- 
 tion of the amount. 
 
 Blank Endorsement. Endorsement 
 which does not specify the person to 
 whom payment is to be made. 
 
 Blockade. To obstruct an enemy's 
 port. 
 
 Board of Trade. An association of 
 business men for the regulation and 
 advancement of commercial in- 
 terests. 
 
 Bona Fide. [Lat.] In good faith. 
 
 Bond. A legal document by which a 
 person binds himself to pay money 
 or perform a certain > act under 
 penalty of paying a specified sum. 
 
 Bond Creditor. A creditor whose 
 debt is secured by a bond. 
 
 Bond Debt. A debt contracted under 
 obligation of a bond. 
 
 Bonded Goods. Goods stored in 
 bonded warehouses or bonded cars, 
 on which bonds instead of cash have- 
 been given for import duties or in- 
 ternal revenue. 
 
 Bonded Warehouse. A building 
 owned by approved persons who 
 have given bonds or guarantee for 
 the strict observance of the revenue 
 laws; used for storing dutiable mer- 
 chandise until the duties are paid 
 or the goods re-shipped without 
 entry. 
 
 Bondsman. One who gives security 
 for another. 
 
 Bonus. A premium given on a loan 
 or for a favor shown. 
 
 Book Debts. Accounts charged on 
 the books. 
 
 Bookkeeper. One in charge of mer- 
 cantile accounts. 
 
 Bookkeeping, Single Entry. A sim- 
 ple system of bookkeeping which 
 requires only one entry for a single 
 transaction. Used chiefly in retail 
 business. 
 
 Bookkeeping, Double Entry. The 
 system of bookkeeping which re- 
 quires for every transaction two- 
 entries, one on the debit and one on 
 the credit side. 
 
 Borough. An incorporated village or 
 town not a city. 
 
 Bottomry. The act of pledging a 
 vessel for sums advanced for the use 
 of the ship. If the ship is lost, the 
 lender loses the whole amount of his 
 loan. 
 
 Bought and Sold Notes. Memo- 
 randa given by a broker to his prin- 
 cipal announcing particulars of the 
 purchase or sale of commodities for 
 
COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 
 
 the account of the principal. m 
 
 Bounty. A bonus or premium given 
 to encourage a special industry or as 
 an inducement to enter public ser- 
 vice. 
 
 Brand. A mark of designation; a 
 trade-mark, device, or name; a par- 
 ticular class of goods. 
 
 Breach. Violation of an agreement- 
 
 Breadstuffs. Any kind of grain, 
 corn or meal from which bread is 
 made. 
 
 Breakage. The allowance made by a 
 shipper for loss caused by the de- 
 struction of fragile wares. 
 
 Breaking Bulk. _ Opening packages 
 
 of goods in transit- 
 Breaking in. In law, any violent act 
 technically constituting burglary. 
 
 Brief. A concise legal summary or 
 statement of a client's case, or of a 
 law argument. 
 
 Broker. An agent or factor; a middle- 
 man paid by commission. 
 
 Bull. A speculator who strives to 
 raise the value of stocks. 
 
 Bullion. Uncoined gold or silver. 
 
 Burden of Proof. The obligation 
 resting on a person asserting a fact 
 to prove it. 
 
 Burglary. Breaking into a house at 
 night with felonious intent. 
 
 Bushel. A dry measure, 183^ inches 
 in diameter and 8 inches deep inside; 
 its' capacity is 2,150.42 cubic 
 inches. 
 
 By-Bidder. In auctions, one em- 
 ployed to make bids in order to 
 raise the price of articles to be sold. 
 
 By-Laws. Private regulations made 
 by a corporation or municipality for 
 its government. 
 
 Cabinet. The advisory council of a 
 sovereign or president. The body of 
 ministers who direct the govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Calculate. To determine by reckon- 
 ing. 
 
 Call. A demand for payment of instal- 
 ments due on stock or unpaid con- 
 tributions. A request to holders 
 of bonds drawn for redemption to 
 present them for payment on a cer- 
 tain date, after which interest ceases. 
 In the Stock Exchange, the privi- 
 lege to claim delivery of a specified 
 
 amount of stock at a time and price 
 fixed. 
 
 Cancel. To cross out, obliterate any- 
 thing written (often by stamp or 
 punch) ; to annul, set aside. 
 
 Canon. A rule of ecclesiastical law. 
 
 Capias. [Lat.] A writ commanding 
 an officer of the law to take into 
 custody the person named in the 
 writ- 
 Capital. Money or property invested 
 in business; amount of assets. 
 
 Capitalist. One having property to 
 invest ; a man of wealth. 
 
 Capital Offense. An offense punish- 
 able by death. 
 
 Capital Stock. The aggregate a- 
 mount of funds or property invested 
 in a corporation. The total value 
 of stock at par. 
 
 Capitation. A poll tax. 
 
 Carat, Karat. A measure of weight 
 ( = 3^5 grains) for gold and precious 
 stones. The measure of the pro- 
 portionate fineness of gold, pure 
 gold being rated at 24 carats. 
 
 Cargo. Merchandise laden on a ship 
 for transportation. 
 
 Carrier. One who transports goods 
 or persons for hire. 
 
 Cartage. The amount paid for cart- 
 ing goods. 
 
 Carte Blanche. [Fr.] Free or un- 
 limited powers. 
 
 Case. A box for holding goods or 
 merchandise ; the amount of its con- 
 tents. In law, an action or suit. 
 
 Case, Action on the. A general com- 
 mon law form of action. 
 
 Cash. Ready money; gold, silver, 
 bank-notes, usually including checks 
 and drafts. 
 
 Cash Book. _ A book registering 
 money paid in and out. 
 
 Cash Sales. Sales for cash in dis- 
 tinction to sales on credit. 
 
 Cashier. One in charge of the money 
 of a business house or bank. 
 
 Cassation. [Fr.] Annulling, reversal. 
 
 Casualty Insurance. Accident in- 
 surance. 
 
 Caveat. [Lat.] A legal notice filed 
 to prevent a proceeding except after 
 notice. In patent law a^ caveat en- 
 titles an inventor to notice of com- 
 peting applications for patents dur- 
 ing one year. 
 
 Caveat Emptor. [Lat.] Let the 
 buyer beware. A phrase embodying 
 the principle that a purchaser buys 
 
COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 
 
 at his own risk, except for the ordi- 
 nary legal protection. 
 
 Certificate. A writing testifying to 
 some fact. A voucher, as, a cer- 
 tificate of deposit, a certificate of 
 stock. 
 
 Certified Check. A check accepted 
 as valid by the bank on which it is 
 drawn. The amount represented 
 by a certified check is withdrawn 
 from the depositor's account and 
 held to meet payment of the check. 
 
 Cestui que Trust. [Fr.] One having 
 the equitable interest in property 
 legally held by a trustee. 
 
 Challenge. An objection made by 
 the defense or plaintiff to a juror. 
 
 Chamber of Commerce. An asso- 
 ciation of merchants for the en- 
 couragement of commercial interests. 
 
 Champerty. An agreement on the 
 part of a person to aid in carrying 
 on a suit in which he has no legal 
 interest in return for a share in the 
 thing sued for. 
 
 Chancellor. A judge of a Court of 
 Chancery. 
 
 Chancery. In England, a court of 
 equity forming a division of the 
 High Court of Justice. In the United 
 States, a Court of Equity. 
 
 Charge. A statement by a judge to a 
 jury instructing them in regard to 
 the legal principles involved in the 
 case. 
 
 Charter. A government grant em- 
 powering a corporation to do busi- 
 ness and defining its rights and 
 privileges. The letting or hiring of 
 a vessel. 
 
 Charter Party. A written contract 
 for the hire of a vessel for a given 
 voyage. 
 
 Chattel. Any kind of property except 
 real estate. 
 
 Chattel Mortgage. A mortgage of 
 property other than real property 
 to secure a payment. 
 
 Check, Cheque. An order on a bank 
 by a depositor for payment of money. 
 
 Check Book. A printed book of 
 blank checks. 
 
 Check Clerk. One who examines ac- 
 counts of other clerks. A bank 
 clerk who enters up checks. 
 
 Chose. In law, personal property. 
 
 Chose in Action. Personal property 
 to which one has a right enforceable 
 by legal process, but not actual pos- 
 session. 
 
 Chose in Possession. Personal prop- 
 erty of which one has actual pos- 
 session. 
 
 Circuit. A judicial district for the 
 administration of law by visiting 
 judges. 
 
 Circuit Court. A court sitting suc- 
 cessively in different places in its 
 circuit. 
 
 Circular. An advertising notice. 
 
 Circular Note. A note or letter of 
 credit issued by bankers for the ac- 
 commodation of travelers, request- 
 ing correspondents at different places 
 to pay money on demand. 
 
 Circumstantial Evidence. Evidence 
 establishing facts which in common 
 experience tend to prove another 
 fact indirectly. 
 
 Civil Action. One involving private 
 rights, not a criminal proceeding. 
 
 Civil Court. A court for the trial of 
 civil actions. 
 
 Civil Death. The legal status of a 
 living person who has by law for- 
 feited his civil rights, as a convict. 
 
 Civil Law. The body of law of a state 
 regulating the civil rights and rela- 
 tions of citizens, as distinguished 
 from military law. The whole sys- 
 tem of Roman law. The body of 
 private law developed from the 
 Roman law. 
 
 Civil Marriage. One performed by a 
 civil officer, and not by a clergyman. 
 
 Civil Rights Act. An act of Congress 
 in 1875 providing for equal enjoy- 
 ment by all persons, without regard 
 to race, of hotels, public convey- 
 ances, etc. 
 
 Civil Rights Bill. A bill passed by 
 Congress in 1866 securing equal civil 
 and political rights to all citizens, 
 irrespective of race and previous 
 condition of slavery. 
 
 Civil Service. That performed for a 
 state, other than military, naval, 
 legislative and judicial. 
 
 Civil Service Act. An act of 1871 
 under which the President has power 
 to fix qualifications and rules for 
 entering the civil service. 
 
 Civil Service Commission. A com- 
 mission of three members appointed 
 by the President to control appoint- 
 ments to the civil service. 
 
 Claims, Court of. A court for the 
 settlement of claims against the 
 state. 
 
 Clearance. A Custom House cer- 
 
COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 
 
 tificate that a ship has been 
 cleared. 
 
 Clearing. Entering a ship at the 
 Custom House and obtaining per- 
 mission to sail, and the necessary- 
 legal papers. In banking, exchange 
 of checks and settling balances. 
 
 Clearing House. A banking ex- 
 change for the convenience of daily 
 settlements. Drafts and checks are 
 exchanged without presentation at 
 each of the banks represented and a 
 balance is struck, which alone is 
 paid in cash. 
 
 Closed Shop. One in which non- 
 union workers are not employed. 
 
 C. O. D. Cash or collect on delivery; 
 a method of payment for goods not 
 paid for when purchased. 
 
 Code. A systematized body of statute 
 law, as the civil code, penal code. 
 A system of signals or abbreviations. 
 
 Collateral. Of the same ancestry but 
 not in lineal descent. A grandson is 
 of lineal, a nephew of collateral 
 descent. 
 
 Collateral Security, or Collateral. 
 Pledges of stock, notes, or chattels, 
 as security for payment of indebt- 
 edness. 
 
 Collector. One authorized to receive 
 money for another. The chief officer 
 of a Custom House. _ 
 
 Commerce, The business of exchang- 
 ing commodities. Mercantile busi- 
 ness in general. In a restricted sense, 
 the shipping belonging to a country. 
 
 Commerce, Court of. A court es- 
 tablished # in 1910 to adjudicate 
 causes arising from the action of the 
 Interstate Commerce Commission. 
 
 Commercial Law. The body of law 
 relating to commerce. 
 
 Commercial Paper. Bills of ex- 
 change, drafts, and notes given in the 
 course of trades. 
 
 Commission. A percentage given 
 for the sale or purchase of goods, or 
 for the transaction of business. The 
 authority by which one person 
 transacts business for another. The 
 certificate conferring military or 
 naval rank. A body of men author- 
 ized to perform a certain work. 
 
 Commission Broker. An agent who 
 buys or sells on commission. 
 
 Commissioner. One holding a com- 
 mission. 
 
 Commissioner of Deeds. An attor- 
 ney or notary authorized to take 
 
 acknowledgment and administer 
 oaths. 
 
 Commitment. Sending to prison. 
 The court order directing the im- 
 prisonment of a person. 
 
 Common Carrier. One who, as a 
 business, conveys goods or passen- 
 gers. 
 
 Common Law. The ordinary law of 
 a community. Unwritten law, based 
 upon the precedent of usage, as dis- 
 tinguished from written or statute 
 law. 
 
 Common Law Marriage. One en- 
 tered into by consent of a man and 
 woman without civil or ecclesiastical 
 sanction. 
 
 Common Pleas, Court of . In some 
 states, a court having jurisdiction in 
 ordinary civil suits. 
 
 Common Stock. Ordinary stock not 
 participating in the special advan- 
 tages of preferred stock. 
 
 Company. An association in business. 
 A joint stock concern. A term used 
 in a firm name to designate other 
 partners not specifically named. 
 
 Competency. In law, fitness to be 
 heard in court. Authority of a legal 
 officer. 
 
 Complaint. A formal statement of 
 charges in a legal action. 
 
 Composition Adjustment. Settle- 
 ment of a debt by payment of a cer- 
 tain percentage. 
 
 Compound. To settle a claim by re- 
 ceiving or paying only part of the 
 amount. To undertake, for a con- 
 sideration, not to prosecute an 
 offender. 
 
 Compound Interest. Interest on 
 principal and accrued interest. 
 
 Compromise. To agree upon a set- 
 tlement based on mutual concessions. 
 
 Condition Prece'dent. In law, a pro- 
 vision to be fulfilled before an in- 
 strument takes effect. 
 
 Condition Subsequent. A provision 
 contemplating the extinguishment 
 of a right established in an instru- 
 ment because of some possible future 
 event. 
 
 Consideration. Value received; an 
 equivalent for the act of another. 
 
 Consign. To send goods to another 
 for sale or for his own use, or to be 
 cared for. 
 
 Consignee. One to whom goods are 
 sent. 
 
 Consignment. Goods sent to another- 
 
COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 
 
 Consignor. One who sends goods to 
 another. 
 
 Consols. The funded government 
 securities of England. 
 
 Constitution. A document embody- 
 ing the principles and fundamental 
 rules of a nation, state, or society. 
 
 Constitutional Law. The body of 
 law concerned with the interpreta- 
 tion of constitutions. 
 
 Consul. A government agent of one 
 country residing in a city of a foreign 
 country to guard trade interests and 
 the rights of citizens of his country. 
 
 Contempt of Court. Disobedience 
 to the rules or orders of a court. 
 Disrespect of court. 
 
 Contra. [Lat.] On the opposite side. 
 
 Contraband. Prohibited goods or 
 merchandise. Smuggled. t 
 
 Contraband of War. Articles which 
 by international law may not be pro- 
 vided to belligerents, as munitions 
 or arms. 
 
 Contract. An enforceable agreement. 
 A bargain. 
 
 Contractor. One who engages to do 
 certain work or furnish goods at 
 fixed rates. A public supply agent. 
 
 Contributory Negligence. In law, 
 such negligence on the part of one 
 injured as to form part of the cause 
 of injury. 
 
 Conversion. In law, appropriation or 
 unauthorized assumption of rights 
 over another's property. The change 
 from real to personal or personal to 
 real property. 
 
 Conveyance. Transference of prop- 
 erty. The written instrument by 
 which property is transferred. 
 
 Cooperage. Charge for cooper's work 
 on casks or barrels. 
 
 Copartnership. The same as part- 
 nership. 
 
 Copyright. The right granted by 
 government to an author to control 
 the publication of his work. 
 
 Corner. The buying up of a large 
 quantity of a commodity to raise the 
 price. 
 
 Coroner. A municipal or county offi- 
 cial charged with the investigation 
 of deaths apparently due to violence. 
 
 Corporation. A group of persons 
 considered in law as a single individ- 
 ual. 
 
 Costs. Expenses of litigation imposed 
 by the court, usually on the losing 
 party to a suit. 
 
 Counsel. A legal adviser in charge 
 of the conduct of a case. 
 
 Count. An individual complete charge 
 in a pleading. 
 
 Counter Claim. A claim introduced 
 by the defendant as an offset to the 
 claim of the plaintiff. 
 
 Counter Entry. An entry in a con- 
 trary sense. 
 
 Counterfeit. A forgery. A spurious 
 bank bill. 
 
 County Court. A court having juris- 
 diction within the limits of a county. 
 
 Coupon. [Fr.] A certificate of in- 
 terest attached to bonds or stock, 
 to be detached when due. 
 
 Course of Exchange. The sums paid 
 by merchants for bills of exchange 
 in order to make remittances to 
 another country. 
 
 Court Martial. A court of officers for 
 the trial of military or naval offenses. 
 
 Covenant. A promise contained in a 
 sealed instrument. 
 
 Coverture. The legal status of a 
 married woman. 
 
 Credentials. Testimonials giving au- 
 thority. 
 
 Credit (Cr.). Trust. The reputation 
 for reliability in meeting obligations; 
 financial standing. The time given 
 for payment for purchases made on 
 trust. In accounts, acknowledgment 
 of value received or transferred, the 
 opposite of debit. 
 
 Creditor (Cr.). One to whom money 
 or value is owed. One giving credit. 
 
 Criminal Law. m The body of law re- 
 lating to criminal cases, as opposed 
 to Civil Law. 
 
 The Curbstone (or Curb). A place 
 where brokers who have not seats 
 in the Stock Exchange transact their 
 business in the open street. 
 
 Curbstone Broker. A broker who is 
 not a member of the regular Stock 
 Exchange. 
 
 Currency. The circulating medium 
 of a country; that which passes for 
 money. 
 
 Current. Of money, circulating freely. 
 Of accounts, now running. 
 
 Curtesy. The estate of a husband in 
 the lands of his deceased wife if a 
 living child has been born to them. 
 
 Custom House. A building where 
 duties are paid and ships entered 
 and cleared. 
 
 Customs. Duties imposed on goods 
 exported or imported. 
 
COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 
 
 Damages. Money compensation for 
 injury received. 
 
 Date. Day of the month and year. 
 
 Day book. A book for recording daily 
 transactions. 
 
 Days of Grace. The time, usually 
 three days, allowed for payment of 
 notes or bills after the time specified 
 has elapsed. 
 
 Debase. To lessen in value; as, a 
 debased coinage. 
 
 Debenture. A Custom House certifi- 
 cate entitling an exporter to a draw- 
 back on duties paid. 
 
 Debit (Dr.). To make debtor. The 
 opposite of credit. A charge entered. 
 
 Debtor (Dr.). One who owes; the 
 opposite of creditor. 
 
 Declaration. In law, the full state- 
 ment of the plaintiff's claim. A 
 statement accepted from a witness 
 instead of an oath. 
 
 Declare. To announce (a dividend). 
 To make a statement of dutiable or 
 taxable property. 
 
 Decline. To decrease in value. 
 
 Decree. A decision or judgment given 
 by a court of equity, probate, divorce 
 or admiralty. 
 
 Deed. A sealed legal instrument, 
 transferring property, usually land. 
 
 De Facto. [Lat.]. In fact; actual. 
 
 Defalcation. Misappropriation of 
 money; embezzlement. 
 
 Default. Failure to pay a debt. Fail- 
 ure to appear in court when called. 
 Judgment by default may be entered 
 against a defendant who neglects to 
 appear. 
 
 Defeasance. A condition the fulfill- 
 ment of which renders a contract 
 void. 
 
 Defendant. The one against whom a 
 suit or action is made. 
 
 Defense. The defendant's answer to 
 the plaintiff's action. 
 
 Deficiency Bill. A legislative act pro- 
 viding funds to meet a deficiency. 
 
 Deficit. [Lat.] A lack of funds to 
 balance accounts. A falling short. 
 
 De Jure. [Lat.] By right or legal 
 title, as distinguished from de 
 facto. 
 
 Del Credere. [Ital.] An extra com- 
 mission given an agent in considera- 
 tion of his guaranteeing the solvency 
 of those with whom he deals on 
 credit. 
 
 Delivery. The act of putting prop- 
 erty legally in another's possession. 
 
 De Lunatico Inquirendo. [Lat.] A 
 writ providing for the investigation 
 of the mental condition of one al- 
 leged to be mentally unsound. 
 
 Demand. Presentation of a claim for 
 payment. 
 
 Demise. To convey an estate in real 
 property by will or lease. 
 
 Denial. In law, the contradiction of 
 the allegations of the opposing party. 
 
 Demurrage. Detention of a vessel 
 beyond the time allowed by a 
 charter party. The payment made 
 by the shipper for such detention. 
 
 Demurrer. In law, a pleading which 
 grants the truth of the facts alleged, 
 but denies that they are sufficient, or 
 alleges some defect. 
 
 Deponent. One who makes oath as 
 to the truth of a written statement. 
 
 Deposit. To place in the care of an- 
 other, especially to leave money 
 with a bank subject to order. Pay- 
 ment on account. 
 
 Deposition. Testimony, especially 
 in written form, under oath, to be 
 used in place of oral testimony. 
 
 Depot. A place of storage. A ware- 
 house for goods, etc. . A railway sta- 
 tion. 
 
 Depreciate. To decrease in value. 
 
 Derelict. Property, especially a ship 
 or cargo, abandoned by the owner. 
 
 Deteriorate. To decrease in value. 
 
 Deviation. The voluntary departure 
 without necessity of a ship from the 
 regular course of the voyage insured. 
 
 Devise. To grant by will, especially 
 of real estate. 
 
 Direct Evidence. Evidence which 
 proves a fact directly, as the testi- 
 mony of an eye-witness. 
 
 Director. One of the managers of a 
 company or corporation. 
 
 Disability. Lack of qualification. 
 Incapacity to perform a legal act. 
 
 Disaffirmance. Canceling a voidable 
 contract. 
 
 Discharge. To execute or perform a 
 duty. To pay a debt. To unload a 
 ship. 
 
 Discontinuance. The abandonment 
 of a legal proceeding by the plaintiff 
 or through his neglect. 
 
 Discount. A deduction from or allow- 
 ance on a price or account. Payment 
 of interest in advance. Bank dis- 
 count is the interest on the face of 
 
COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 
 
 a bill or note from the date of dis- 
 count until maturity. True dis- 
 count is the interest which added to 
 the present worth equals the face 
 value. 
 
 Discount Broker. One who dis- 
 counts commercial paper. 
 
 Discount Day. The special day of 
 the week appointed by a bank for 
 discounting notes. 
 
 Disfranchise. To deprive of citizen's 
 rights. To dispossess a member of a 
 corporation. 
 
 Dishonor. Failure to pay a draft or 
 obligation when due. 
 
 Dissolution. Breaking up of a part- 
 nership. 
 
 Dissolve. In law, to discharge, re- 
 lease, annul. 
 
 Distrain. To levy a distress. 
 
 Distress. The seizing of personal 
 property to enforce payment of an 
 obligation. 
 
 District Court. A subordinate court 
 with jurisdiction in special cases. 
 
 Dividend. Proportional payment of 
 profits to a stockholder. Payment 
 to creditors out of a bankrupt 
 estate. 
 
 Divisible Contract. One in which 
 certain _ agreements are valid and 
 others invalid. 
 
 Divorce. The legal separation of hus- 
 band and wife. 
 
 Dockage. Charges for the use of a 
 dock. Docking facilities. 
 
 Docket. A digest or abstract. A list 
 of cases before a court. 
 
 Domestic. Not foreign. Of home 
 production. 
 
 Domicile. A place of permanent and 
 legal residence. 
 
 Dormant. Suspended, not acted on, 
 as a title. 
 
 Double-Eagle, a twenty-dollar gold 
 piece. 
 
 Dower. The right of a widow to a 
 life interest in one-third of all real 
 estate owned by her husband at any 
 time after marriage. 
 
 Draft. An order to pay money. A 
 rough copy. A deduction from gross 
 weight. The number of feet a ship 
 sinks in the water. 
 
 Draw. To make a draft. To call for 
 funds. 
 
 Drawback. An allowance or return 
 of money paid, especially of duties. 
 
 Drawee. The one on whom a draft or 
 bill is drawn. 
 
 Drawer. The maker of a draft or bill 
 of exchange. 
 
 Drayage. Cartage. 
 
 Drummer. A traveling salesman; 
 commercial traveler. 
 
 Dry Goods. Textile fabrics. 
 
 Due. Owing. 
 
 Due Bill. A written acknowledgment 
 of debt, not negotiable. 
 
 Dun. To press for payment. 
 
 Dunnage. Loose material laid on the 
 fopttom of a ship's hold or stowed be- 
 tween barrels and cases to prevent 
 injury to cargo. 
 
 Duplicate. A copy. A second article 
 of the same kind. In law, a repro- 
 duction of an instrument having the 
 validity of an original. 
 
 Duress. Personal restraint, compul- 
 sion, confinement. 
 
 Duty. Government tax on exports or 
 imports. 
 
 E 
 
 Eagle. A ten dollar gold piece. 
 
 Earnest. A payment made by the 
 buyer to bind a bargain. 
 
 Easement. The right to the use of 
 another's land. 
 
 E. & O. E. Abbreviation for "Errors 
 and Omissions Excepted." 
 
 Effects. Personal property. 
 
 Ejectment. Dispossession, eviction. 
 An action to recover possession of 
 real property. 
 
 Emancipation Proclamation. The 
 proclamation issued on Jan. 1, 1863, 
 by President Lincoln declaring the 
 freedom of slaves within the terri- 
 tory in rebellion. 
 
 Embargo. An order of a government 
 forbidding ships to enter or leave its 
 ports. 
 
 Embezzle. To appropriate fraudu- 
 lently money entrusted to one's 
 care. 
 
 Emblements. Growing crops which 
 have been sown or planted, and their 
 profits. 
 
 Eminent Domain. The right of a 
 government to take private prop- 
 erty for public use, with compen- 
 sation to the owner. 
 
 Employer's Liability Insurance. 
 Insurance against loss caused by in- 
 jury to an employee. 
 
 Emporium. A place of trade, com- 
 mercial centre. 
 
 Enabling Act. A statute making law- 
 ful an act otherwise not lawful. 
 
COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 
 
 Enact. To make valid as a law. 
 
 Endorse, Indorse. To sign one's 
 name on the back of a commercial 
 or legal paper for the purpose of 
 certifying, guaranteeing, or trans- 
 ferring. 
 
 Endorsee. One in whose favor en- 
 dorsement is made. 
 
 Endorsement in Blank. See Blank 
 Endorsement. 
 
 Endorsement in Full. See Full En- 
 dorsement. 
 
 Endowment. Property or funds set- 
 tled on an institution for its support. 
 
 Endowment Insurance. A form of 
 life insurance under which a fixed 
 sum is paid after a specified term. 
 
 Engross. To copy in manuscript. 
 
 Engrosser. One who obtains con- 
 trol of the market in a commodity 
 by purchasing the whole or a large 
 part of the supply. 
 
 Enjoin. To forbid by judicial order. 
 
 Entail. To limit the succession of real 
 property to certain descendants. 
 
 Entire Contract. One under which 
 all the agreements must be per- 
 formed to fulfill the contract. 
 
 Entrepot. A place where goods in 
 transit are deposited without paying 
 duty. 
 
 Entry. Making a record. An item. 
 Taking legal possession of real prop- 
 erty. Entering feloniously, which, 
 with breaking, constitutes burglary. 
 Depositing a ship's papers with the 
 Custom House. 
 
 Equitable Estate. Interest in prop- 
 erty legally held by trustees. 
 
 Equity. A branch of jurisprudence, 
 supplementing the common law. 
 The interest retained by a mortgagor 
 in property mortgaged by him. An 
 equitable right. 
 
 Equity of Redemption. The right 
 of a mortgagor to redeem forfeited 
 property within a given time. 
 
 Escheat. The lapsing of lands to the 
 state in default of legal heirs. 
 
 Escrow. A deed or bond given to a 
 third person to be delivered to the 
 grantee when a certain condition 
 has been fulfilled. 
 
 Estate. An interest in property. 
 
 Estoppel. A rule of law barring the 
 assertion of a fact or the performance 
 of an act inconsistent with previous 
 acts or declarations. 
 
 Evict. To eject legally. 
 
 Evidence. Testimony submitted in a 
 
 legal investigation and accepted as a 
 proper means of ascertaining a 
 fact. 
 
 Examiner. A Custom House officer 
 who compares goods with invoices. 
 
 Exchange. The process of remitting 
 money values by means of bills and 
 drafts. The discount or premium 
 arising from the purchase or sale of 
 different classes of values. A place 
 where merchants meet to transact 
 business. 
 
 Exchange Broker. One who deals in 
 bills of exchange. 
 
 Exchequer. A treasury. Finances. 
 
 Excise. Internal revenue tax. 
 
 Execution. Finishing. Signing and 
 sealing a legal instrument. A writ- 
 ten direction given to an officer 
 authorizing him to enforce a judg- 
 ment. 
 
 Executor, fern. Executrix. A person 
 appointed in a will to carry out its 
 provisions. 
 
 Executory. To be performed in the 
 future. 
 
 Exhibit. A voucher or document pre- 
 sented in court and marked to be 
 used as evidence. 
 
 Ex parte. [Lat.] In legal proceedings, 
 on one side only. In the absence of 
 one party, or without his knowledge. 
 
 Export. To send goods abroad in the 
 course of trade. 
 
 Exports. Goods exported. 
 
 Ex post facto. [Lat.] Retroactive. 
 An ex post facto law is one which 
 makes criminal an act performed 
 previously and which was innocent 
 when performed. In the United 
 States such laws are unconstitu- 
 tional. 
 
 Express. Definitely stated; not im- 
 plied. 
 
 Express. The business of transport- 
 ing goods and money by a common 
 carrier with greater care and rapidity 
 than by freight. 
 
 Extension. A further allowance of 
 time given by a creditor to a debtor 
 for payment. 
 
 Extradition. The delivery by one 
 government or authority of a per- 
 son accused of crime to another hav- 
 ing jurisdiction over him. 
 
 Face. The amount for which a note 
 
 is drawn. 
 Fac-simile. [Lat.] An exact copy. 
 
COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 
 
 Fact, Question of. In law, a ques- 
 tion of the reality of any occurrence 
 or condition, usually left to the jury, 
 in distinction to questions of law, 
 decided by the court. 
 
 Factor. A mercantile agent; a com- 
 mission merchant; a consignee. 
 
 Factorage. The commission of a 
 factor. 
 
 Facture. An invoice or bill of goods. 
 
 Fail. To become bankrupt; to sus- 
 pend payment. 
 
 Fall. Decrease in value. 
 
 False Imprisonment. Interference 
 with personal liberty contrary to 
 law. 
 
 False Pretenses. Misstatements in 
 regard to past facts made with intent 
 to defraud. 
 
 Fancy Goods. Light fabrics, ribbons, 
 laces, etc. 
 
 Farthing. The fourth part of an 
 English penny, worth half a cent. 
 
 Fee. An estate in the inheritance of 
 land. A charge legally fixed for the 
 services of a public official. Charge 
 of a professional man. 
 
 Fee Simple. Absolute ownership of 
 real estate. 
 
 Fee Tail. An estate in land limited 
 to specified heirs. 
 
 Felony. An offense graver than a mis- 
 demeanor, as burglary, homicide, 
 rape, etc. 
 
 Fidelity Insurance. Insurance 
 against loss by the dishonesty of 
 an employee. 
 
 Fiduciary. Holding in trust. A 
 trustee. 
 
 File. A collection of papers arranged 
 in an orderly manner. To deliver 
 any paper to a legal officer. To 
 place on file. 
 
 Finance. Funds. Public money. 
 Revenue. 
 
 Financier. One skilled in money 
 matters. 
 
 Fire Insurance. Insurance of fire 
 risks. 
 
 Firm. The title under which two or 
 more persons carry on business. A 
 partnership. 
 
 First Mortgage. The first of two or 
 more mortgages on the same prop- 
 erty, constituting a lien that must 
 be satisfied before a second mort- 
 gage is. 
 
 Fiscal. Pertaining to the public 
 treasury or revenue, or to finances 
 in general. The fiscal year is the 
 
 year by which accounts are reck- 
 oned. 
 
 Five-Forties. United States Bonds, 
 issued during the Civil War, re- 
 deemable at any time after five years, 
 payable at not more than forty 
 years after date, bearing 6 per cent, 
 interest. 
 
 Five- Twenties. United States Bonds, 
 redeemable any time after five years, 
 payable twenty years from date, 
 bearing 6 per cent, interest. 
 
 Fixture. Anything of an accessory 
 nature annexed to real estate. Any- 
 thing forming a legal part of real 
 estate. 
 
 Flat. Inactive; depressed; dull. 
 
 Flat Value. Value without interest or 
 discount. 
 
 Floating Debt. An unfunded debt. 
 
 Flotsam. Wreckage or goods found 
 floating on the sea. 
 
 F. O. B. "Free on board"; delivered 
 free to a carrier, but not including 
 transportation and shipping charges. 
 
 Folio. A page number. In book- 
 keeping, a page of an account book. 
 An established number of words, in 
 the United States generally 100, 
 taken as a unit of measurement or 
 reference. 
 
 Footing. The amount of a column of 
 figures. 
 
 Force majeure. [Fr.] Superior force. 
 An inevitable accident. 
 
 Forced Sale. A compulsory fore- 
 closure or sale of property. 
 
 Foreclose. To take possession of 
 property under the conditions of a 
 mortgage. 
 
 Foreclosure. The act of foreclosing. 
 
 Foreign Bill. A bill of exchange 
 drawn in one country and payable 
 in another. 
 
 Forfeiture. Loss of property, etc., as 
 a punishment for negligence or an 
 unlawful act. 
 
 Forge. To imitate, counterfeit, or 
 fraudulently fabricate, especially a 
 signature or writing. 
 
 Forwarder. One who transmits or 
 forwards goods. 
 
 Fractional. Of an amount smaller 
 than the unit. 
 
 Fractional Currency. Coin or paper 
 money worth less than the monetary 
 unit. 
 
 Franc. The French monetary unit, 
 containing 100 centimes; value 19.3 
 cents. 
 
COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 
 
 Franchise. A statutory right. A 
 right or privilege enforced by gov- 
 ernment grant. 
 
 Franking. The privilege of sending 
 letters free of charge. 
 
 Fraud. In law, any intentional de- 
 ception or concealment by which 
 another is legally damaged. 
 
 Free Goods. Goods admitted without 
 an import tax. 
 
 Freehold. An estate of inheritance or 
 life estate in real property. 
 
 Free Port. A port where ships may 
 load and unload free from duties, 
 or where the duties are the same for 
 all nations. 
 
 Free Trade. Trade not restricted by 
 tariff duties or regulations. 
 
 Freight. Payment for transportation 
 of goods or hire of a ship; the goods 
 carried. 
 
 Full Endorsement. One which speci- 
 fies the person to whom payment 
 is to be made. 
 
 Fund. To make a short time-loan or 
 several loans into a permanent loan 
 bearing interest. 
 
 Fundible. Interchangeable. That 
 may be substituted for equal a- 
 mounts of another thing, as money, 
 grain, etc. 
 
 Funds. Ready money; resources. 
 Public securities. 
 
 Garble. Dust, filth, or refuse removed 
 from spices, drugs, etc. 
 
 Garnishee. One on whom a writ of 
 garnishment is served. 
 
 Garnishment. A legal notice at- 
 taching the property of one person 
 in the hands of another. 
 
 Gauge (gaj) . To measure the capacity 
 or contents of a cask; a measure 
 or standard. 
 
 General Agent. One whose powers 
 are defined by the general nature of 
 his business. 
 
 General Average. See Average. 
 
 General Court. In Massachusetts 
 and New Hampshire, the legisla- 
 ture. 
 
 General Delivery. Delivery of mail 
 at a post-office when called for. 
 
 General Endorsement. Blank En- 
 dorsement. 
 
 General Order Store. A place of 
 storage for foreign goods not de- 
 
 livered to a consignee within a 
 specified time. 
 
 General Ship. A vessel carrying 
 freight on a particular voyage for 
 any one who may apply. 
 
 Good Consideration. One involving 
 only natural love or affection, as 
 opposed to valuable consideration. 
 
 Goods. Merchandise. Movable prop- 
 erty. 
 
 Good Will. The reputation and pat- 
 ronage of an established business. 
 
 Grace. See Days of Grace. 
 
 Grain. The collective name for 
 cereals. 
 
 Grand Jury. A body of citizens sum- 
 moned to inquire into violations of 
 law and to determine whether the 
 evidence is sufficient to warrant an 
 indictment. 
 
 Grant. A written conveyance of prop- 
 erty. The land or other value so 
 conveyed. 
 
 Grantee. One to whom a grant is 
 made. 
 
 Grantor. One who makes a grant. 
 
 Great Gross. Twelve gross; 1,728 
 articles. 
 
 Greenbacks. Non - interest - bearing 
 United States notes, as distinct from 
 national bank notes. 
 
 Gross. Total, entire, without de- 
 ductions, as opposed to net. Twelve 
 dozen. 
 
 Gross Profit. The gross receipts after 
 deducting expenses of manufacture 
 or purchase. 
 
 Gross Ton. 2,240 pounds. 
 
 Gross Weight. The weight of mer- 
 chandise including case or wrapping. 
 
 Guarantee. To become responsible 
 for, to answer for. A security. The 
 one to whom a guaranty is made. 
 
 Guarantor. One who makes a guar- 
 anty. 
 
 Guaranty. Security. Surety. An 
 undertaking for the payment of 
 money to another or for the fulfill- 
 ment of a contract. 
 
 Guardian. One who has by nature or 
 by legal appointment the custody 
 of the person or property of another 
 who is actually or legally incom- 
 petent to act for himself, as a minor 
 or insane person. 
 
 Gunny Bag. A coarse jute sack used 
 for coffee, etc. 
 
COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 
 
 Habeas Corpus. [Lat.] A writ call- 
 ing for the production of a person in 
 court, particularly for the purpose of 
 inquiring into the lawfulness of im- 
 prisonment. 
 
 Habendum. [Lat.] The clause in a 
 deed defining the grantee's estate in 
 the property granted. 
 
 Hague Tribunal. A court of arbitra- 
 tion for the settlement of inter- 
 national disputes established at The 
 Hague in 1899. 
 
 Harbor Dues. Charges made for use 
 of a harbor. 
 
 Harbor Master. An officer respon- 
 sible for the execution of harbor 
 regulations. 
 
 Health Insurance. Insurance in- 
 demnifying the insured for loss by 
 sickness. 
 
 Hogshead. A large cask, of variable 
 capacity. 
 
 Hold. To be in possession of. 
 
 Holder. One in possession of a note or 
 bill. 
 
 Holding Company. One holding 
 securities of other companies. 
 
 Holdings. Any kind of property 
 owned, but particularly stocks and 
 bonds. 
 
 Hollow Ware. The trade name for 
 hollow metal or china vessels. 
 
 Homestead. Real estate occupied by 
 the owner as a home. 
 
 Homestead Act. An act of 1862 un- 
 der which a settler may occupy not 
 more than 160 acres of public land 
 and acquire title in five years upon 
 the fulfillment of certain condi- 
 tions. 
 
 Homestead Law. A state law ex- 
 empting the whole or a portion of a 
 homestead from seizure for debt. 
 
 Homicide. The killing of a human 
 being. Felonious homicide embraces 
 murder and manslaughter; justifiable 
 and excusable homicide include kill- 
 ing in defense of life, by accident, or 
 from necessity. 
 
 Honor. To accept or pay a note, 
 draft, or bill. 
 
 Husbandage. The compensation of a 
 ship's husband. 
 
 Hypothecate. To pledge as security 
 without transfer of title. 
 
 Immovables. Land, houses, and fix- 
 tures; real estate. 
 
 Impanel. To select a body of persons 
 to serve as jurors. 
 
 Implied. Inferred, not expressed. 
 
 Import. To bring in merchandise 
 from another country, especially in 
 the course of trade. 
 
 Importer. One who imports goods. 
 
 Imports. Goods brought from a for- 
 eign country. 
 
 Impost. The government tax on 
 imports. To classify imports for 
 the purpose of assigning the duty. 
 
 Inchoate. Incomplete. 
 
 Income. Total amount of receipts 
 from all sources; yearly gains. 
 
 Income Tax. _ A tax on the whole in- 
 come of individuals or corporations, 
 or on the portion in excess of a cer- 
 tain amount. 
 
 Incompetent. Not legally qualified. 
 
 Incorporate. To form into a corpora- 
 tion. 
 
 Indemnify. To make good a loss; to 
 secure against damages. 
 
 Indemnity. Exemption from loss; 
 immunity from punishment; free- 
 dom; compensation for loss or 
 damages. 
 
 Indenture. A mutual agreement or 
 contract between two or more 
 parties. An official document. 
 
 Index. An alphabetical list of titles 
 or accounts. 
 
 Indictment. The formal accusation 
 of a criminal offense made by a 
 grand jury. 
 
 Indorse. See Endorse, etc. 
 
 Indulgence. Extension of time for 
 payment or performance of an act 
 granted as a favor. 
 
 Infant. One not of full age; a minor. 
 
 Information. A criminal charge 
 made usually by a prosecuting offi- 
 cer, not by a grand jury. 
 
 Infringe. To trespass upon, violate, 
 make unlawful use of. 
 
 Injunction. The act of enjoining. 
 A writ or process requiring a person 
 to do, or restraining him from doing, 
 a specified act. 
 
 Inland Bill. One drawn on a person 
 in the same state or country. 
 
 Inquest. A judicial inquiry, par- 
 ticularly one made by a jury, as a 
 coroner's inquest. 
 
 Inquiry, Court of. A court for the 
 
COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 
 
 investigation of charges against 
 officers or privates of the army. 
 
 Inquisition. An inquiry made before 
 a jury to ascertain facts or fix re- 
 sponsibility. 
 
 In re. [Lat.] In the matter of. 
 
 Insolvent. Unable to pay outstand- 
 ing liabilities; bankrupt. 
 
 Installment. A part payment of a 
 sum divided into portions. A part 
 delivery of goods. 
 
 Instant (Inst.). Of the present 
 month, as, the 12th inst. 
 
 In statu quo. [Lat.] In the same 
 state (as before). 
 
 Instrument. A legal document ex- 
 pressing some act, as a deed or con- 
 tract. 
 
 Insurable Interest. An interest in 
 the thing insured which would suffer 
 damage if the event insured against 
 should occur. 
 
 Insurance (Ins.). A contract in 
 which one party agrees to pay a 
 specified sum on the death of the 
 insured, or to indemnify him for loss 
 by fire, marine risks, or other 
 causes. 
 
 Insurance Broker. One who secures 
 insurance for another. 
 
 Interest (Int.). A rate per cent, of 
 money paid for the use of money; a 
 right or share in the ownership of a 
 thing. 
 
 Interest Account. In bookkeeping, 
 an account of sums paid and received 
 as interest. 
 
 Interlocutory. Intermediate, pre- 
 liminary, not final, as an interlocu- 
 tory decree. 
 
 Internal Revenue. Government rev- 
 enue derived from domestic 
 sources. 
 
 International Code. A code of sig- 
 nals by means of 26 flags and a 
 pennant adopted in 1902 for com- 
 munication between vessels at 
 sea. 
 
 International Law. The system of 
 laws governing the relations of na- 
 tions. 
 
 International Peace Conference. 
 A conference held in 1899 at The 
 Hague, resulting in the establish- 
 ment of the Hague Tribunal. 
 
 Interstate Commerce Act. An act 
 of Congress passed on Feb. 4, 1887, 
 for the regulation of commerce car- 
 ried on by railroads between differ- 
 ent states. 
 
 Interstate Commerce Commission. 
 
 A commission of seven members ap- 
 pointed by the President, empowered 
 to call for information from carriers, 
 to fix rates, and to prosecute for vio- 
 lations of the law. 
 
 Intestate. Not having made a valid 
 will; not disposed of by a valid will. 
 One who dies without a will. 
 
 In Transitu (In trans.). [Lat.] In 
 transit; on the road. 
 
 Invalid. Without legal force. 
 
 Inventory. A schedule of goods or 
 assets with values. An itemized 
 enumeration of articles; annual ac- 
 count of stock. 
 
 Investment. The placing of money 
 in business or securities for the pur- 
 pose of obtaining profit. 
 
 Invoice (Inv.). An account of mer- 
 chandise shipped to a consignee with 
 prices and charges. The merchan- 
 dise so sent. 
 
 Invoice Book. A book for entering 
 copies of invoices. 
 
 Involuntary Bankrupt. One who 
 has been adjudged bankrupt on the 
 petition of his creditors. 
 
 Involved. Embarrassed by debt. 
 
 I. O. U. (I owe you). An acknowl- 
 edgment of indebtedness. 
 
 Irrelevant. In law, without bearing 
 on the question. 
 
 Issue. The first delivery of a negoti- 
 able instrument. The quantity sent 
 forth. A legal point to be decided. 
 Offspring, descendant. 
 
 J/A. Joint account. 
 
 Jetsam. Goods thrown into the sea 
 to^lighten a vessel in distress. 
 
 Jettison. Throwing goods overboard 
 to save a vessel in distress. 
 
 Jobber. A wholesaler who buys from 
 importers or manufacturers and sells 
 to retailers; a middleman. 
 
 Job- lot. An odd assortment of left 
 over goods. 
 
 Joint. Shared by two or more per- 
 sons, as a joint account, joint note, 
 joint estate. 
 
 Joint Stock. That held in company; 
 stock formed by the union of several 
 companies. 
 
 Joint Stock Company. A form of 
 partnership under which each share- 
 holder may transfer his stock with- 
 out the consent of the others. 
 
COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 
 
 Joint Tenant. One who has unity 
 of possession, title, or interest with 
 others. The survivor takes the 
 whole. 
 
 Journal. A book intermediate be- 
 tween Day-Book and Ledger, con- 
 taining a condensed statement of 
 daily accounts. 
 
 Judgment. A judicial decree or de- 
 cision. 
 
 Judgment Debtor. A debtor against 
 whom a judgment has been ob- 
 tained. 
 
 Judgment Note. One on which the 
 holder is empowered to enter judg- 
 ment without notification to the 
 maker. 
 
 Jurat. A certificate added to an affi- 
 davit stating when and before whom 
 it was acknowledged. 
 
 Jurisdiction. Power to exercise judi- 
 cial authority. 
 
 Jury. A body of men sworn to try a 
 question of fact and render a ver- 
 dict. 
 
 Lame Duck. Stock-brokers' slang 
 for one unable to meet his liabilities. 
 
 Landlord. One who leases land or 
 buildings to a tenant. 
 
 Law Merchant. The body of rules 
 and principles relating to commer- 
 cial usages. Commercial law. 
 
 Lay Days. Days allowed in a charter- 
 party for unloading and loading a 
 vessel. 
 
 Lay Down. The total cost of mer- 
 chandise, including charges and 
 freight to place of shipment. 
 
 Leakage. A percentage allowance for 
 waste by leaking of casks. 
 
 Lease. An agreement for letting lands 
 or other property for a specified term 
 or at will. 
 
 Legacy. A gift of property by will. 
 A bequest. 
 
 Legal Tender. Currency or coin 
 authorized by a government for 
 payment of debts. 
 
 Legal Tender Bond. A bond payable 
 in any kind of legal tender. 
 
 Legatee. One to whom a legacy is 
 bequeathed. 
 
 Lessee. One to whom a lease is made. 
 
 Lessor. One who makes a lease. 
 
 Letter of Advice. A letter giving 
 notice of a business transaction. 
 
 Letter of Credit (L/C). A letter, 
 
 usually addressed to foreign bank- 
 ing houses, authorizing the holder 
 to receive credit to a certain amount. 
 
 Letter of License. A writing by 
 which creditors extend the period for 
 payment of a debtor's obligations. 
 
 Letter of Marque. A commission 
 given by a government to a private 
 vessel to seize ships and property of 
 the enemy. 
 
 Letters of Administration. The 
 authority under which an adminis- 
 trator acts. 
 
 Letters Patent. An instrument 
 granting power and authority to do 
 some act or enjoy some right. 
 
 Letters Testamentary. An instru- 
 ment authorizing a person to act as 
 executor of an estate. 
 
 Levy. To collect, exact, or impose. 
 To seize by legal authority. Legal 
 seizure of property to satisfy an 
 execution. 
 
 Levy Court. In some states a board 
 of officers corresponding to county 
 commissioners, supervisors, etc. 
 
 Liability. Debts; pecuniary obliga- 
 tions. 
 
 Libel. The unjustified publication of 
 a derogatory or defamatory state- 
 ment or representation concerning 
 another. The plaintiff's statement 
 in writing of his cause of complaint. 
 
 License. A formal permission to 
 carry on a trade or perform an act. 
 
 Lien. The right to hold or detain 
 another's property to secure pay- 
 ment of a debt. A legal charge on 
 property. 
 
 Life Estate. An estate continuing 
 only for the term of the holder's life. 
 
 Life Insurance. Insurance against 
 loss by the death of another. 
 
 Lighterage. Payment for unloading 
 ships by lighters. 
 
 Limitation. See Statute of Limita- 
 tions. 
 
 Limited Liability Company. One 
 in which each stockholder's liability 
 is limited to the amount of his stock 
 or to a guaranteed amount. 
 
 Liquidation. Legal determination 
 of claims. Settlement or adjustment 
 of liabilities. 
 
 List Price. The published price. 
 
 Litigation. Carrying on a judicial 
 contest. A suit at law. 
 
 Lloyds'. A corporation of English 
 marine underwriters, so named from 
 its former meeting place, Lloyds' 
 
COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 
 
 Coffee House in London. The com- 
 pany possesses complete records of 
 everything pertaining to marine 
 matters. To rate on Lloyds' books 
 as Al is accepted as conclusive 
 evidence of excellence. 
 
 Lloyds' Register. A yearly register 
 of tonnage, age. build, character, 
 and condition 61 ships of over 200 
 tons, issued by the Lloyds. 
 
 Loan. Property especially furnished 
 for temporary use. 
 
 Loan Office. An office where loans 
 are negotiated. 
 
 Log Book or Log. A book in which 
 the daily progress of a vessel, weather 
 notes, and all incidents are re- 
 corded. 
 
 Long. Having a supply of. Expect- 
 ing an advance in the market. 
 
 Long Price. The full retail price with- 
 out discounts. 
 
 Longshoremen. Laborers who load 
 and unload vessels. 
 
 L. S. [Lat., locus sigilli], the place of 
 
 M 
 
 Maintenance. Intermeddling in a 
 suit between other persons, and as- 
 sisting either party with means to 
 carry on the suit. See Champerty. 
 
 Maker. The signer of a note. 
 
 Majority. The age at which a person 
 is permitted to exercise the rights of 
 citizenship, usually twenty-one years. 
 
 Malfeasance. The doing of an illegal 
 or wrongful act. See Misfeasance. 
 
 Malice. The state of intending to 
 commit an illegal act. 
 
 Malice Aforethought or Prepense. 
 The state of intending to commit an 
 illegal act without a justifying or 
 extenuating cause. 
 
 Malicious Mischief. Injury done to 
 another's property wantonly or from 
 malice. 
 
 Malicious Prosecution. A prosecu- 
 tion undertaken maliciously, without 
 probable cause. An action for dam- 
 ages by the person so prosecuted. 
 
 Mandamus. [Lat.] A writ issued by 
 a superior to an inferior court, or to 
 a person, commanding the perform- 
 ance of some act. 
 
 Manifest. A schedule or invoice of a 
 ship's cargo and passengers. 
 
 Manslaughter. The unlawful kill- 
 ing, without previous malice, of a 
 
 human being, done intentionally un- 
 der stress of passion (voluntary 
 manslaughter), or unintentionally 
 in the commission of an unlawful act 
 or through negligence (involuntary 
 manslaughter). 
 
 Manufactures. Articles made from 
 raw materials by some process, usu- 
 ally by machinery. 
 
 Marine Insurance. Insurance against 
 loss of vessels and cargo. 
 
 Mark. A letter, figure, or device by 
 which goods and prices are dis- 
 tinguished. 
 
 Market. A public place of sale for 
 commodities. A body of persons 
 dealing in values, or in readiness to 
 deal at a certain price. On the 
 market for sale. 
 
 Maturity. The date fixed for pay- 
 ment of commercial paper. Be- 
 coming due. 
 
 Maximum. The highest price or 
 quantity. 
 
 Measurement Goods. Goods of 
 large bulk and small weight on which 
 freight is charged by measurement. 
 
 Memorandum. An informal note, 
 statement, or communication. A 
 brief legal instrument. 
 
 Mercantile Agency. A commercial 
 agency. A concern which procures 
 and furnishes information as to the 
 financial standing and credit of busi- 
 ness firms. 
 
 Mercantile Paper. Negotiable notes 
 or bills issued by merchants for 
 goods bought or consigned. 
 
 Merchandise. All goods dealt in by 
 merchants. 
 
 Merchant. One who buys and sells 
 commodities; generally applied to 
 wholesalers or large dealers. 
 
 Merchantable. Fit for market; in 
 sound condition. 
 
 Merger. Absorption of a smaller by 
 a greater estate, obligation, or of- 
 fence. The control of a number of 
 corporations by a single corporation 
 through the issue of stock of the 
 controlling corporation in lieu of a 
 majority of stock of the corporations 
 merged. 
 
 Metric System. A decimal system 
 of weights and measures, first estab- 
 lished in France; now required in 
 Europe, and permitted in English- 
 speaking countries. 
 
 Minimum. Lowest price. Least 
 quantity possible. 
 
COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 
 
 Minor. Same as Infant. 
 
 Mint. A place for coining money, 
 usually under government authority. 
 
 Misdemeanor. An indictable offence 
 of a lower degree than felony. 
 
 Misfeasance. The doing of a lawful 
 act or exercise of lawful authority 
 in an unlawful manner. 
 
 Misrepresentation. A false state- 
 ment knowingly made by a party 
 to a contract. 
 
 Misuser. The abuse or unlawful use 
 of a right. 
 
 Mitigation. Reduction of a penalty 
 or fine; that which in part excuses. 
 
 Mittimus. [Lat.] A warrant com- 
 mitting a person to prison. 
 
 Mixed Fabrics. Those composed of 
 more than one kind of fibre, as wool 
 and cotton. 
 
 Money. The measure of value and 
 medium of exchange; especially 
 metal coined by a government. 
 Bank notes and checks. 
 
 Money Broker. A money changer. 
 One who deals in loans. 
 
 Money Market. The general market 
 for capital. The exchange of differ- 
 ent kinds of currency. 
 
 Money Order. An order, not trans- 
 ferable, requesting one person to 
 pay money to another. A post- 
 office order. 
 
 Monopoly. The exclusive power of 
 dealing in certain classes of goods. 
 Exclusive control. 
 
 Moot Court. A mock court, for 
 practice in legal procedure. 
 
 Moral Hazard. In fire insurance, the 
 risk involved in the honesty or dis- 
 honesty of the person insured. 
 
 Mortgage. A conditional conveyance 
 of property, to become void upon 
 fulfillment of the condition. 
 
 Mortgage Deed. A deed of the nature 
 of a mortgage. 
 
 Mortgagee. One to whom property 
 is mortgaged. 
 
 Mortgagor. One who gives a mort- 
 gage. 
 
 Mortuary Tables. In life insurance, 
 tabulations of the average length of 
 life, for the determination of the 
 amounts of premiums. 
 
 Movables. Personal property. Prop- 
 erty not fixed. 
 
 Municipal Court. A court having 
 civil or criminal jurisdiction within 
 the limits of a municipality. 
 
 Municipal Law. The body of laws 
 42 
 
 regulating the relations of a state 
 with those under its jurisdiction, 
 and of its members among them- 
 selves. 
 
 Murder. Intentional killing of an- 
 other by a sane person with malice 
 aforethought. 
 
 Mutual Insurance. That in which 
 policy holders form the insuring 
 company. 
 
 N 
 
 National Banks. _ Banks organized 
 under the conditions of an Act of 
 Congress with power to issue bank 
 notes only to the amount of United 
 States Bonds deposited in the United 
 States Treasury. 
 
 National Debt. The debt, especially 
 the funded debt, of a nation to indi- 
 viduals. 
 
 Natural Guardian. A guardian by 
 right of relationship. 
 
 Natural Rights. Rights belonging 
 to a person by the law of nature, as 
 the right to life, liberty, and prop- 
 erty. 
 
 Naturalization. The act of confer- 
 ring the rights of citizenship on an 
 alien. 
 
 Negotiable Paper. Commercial pa- 
 per which may be transferred by 
 endorsement or delivery. 
 
 Negotiate. To confer with a view of 
 agreeing upon a transaction. 
 
 Net. Clear of all charges and deduc- 
 tions. To gain as clear profit. 
 
 Net Proceeds. The proceeds of a sale 
 or business after deduction of all 
 expenses. 
 
 Net Profit. Clear Profit, after deduct- 
 ing losses and all incidental charges. 
 
 Net Weight. The weight of mer- 
 chandise without the container. 
 
 Nisi. [Lat.] Unless. A decree nisi 
 becomes effective at a specified time 
 unless modified. 
 
 Nisi Prius. [Lat.] Unless before. A 
 phrase applied to a trial of a civil 
 action before a judge and jury. 
 
 Nolle Prosequi. [Lat.] To be un- 
 willing to prosecute. A declaration 
 by the plaintiff or, in criminal cases, 
 by the prosecutor, that he will not 
 prosecute the case or some part of it. 
 
 Nolo Contendere. [Lat.] I will not 
 contend. A plea in criminal law 
 subjecting the defendant to the pun- 
 ishment without admitting the truth 
 
COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 
 
 of the charge. Usually Non Vult 
 when the plea is entered by counsel. 
 
 Nominal. In name only; very small; 
 as, a nominal price. 
 
 Nominal Damages. Damages given 
 when no actual loss has resulted from 
 the violation of a right. 
 
 Non-delivery. Failure to deliver. 
 
 Non-disclosure. Suppression of a 
 material known fact. 
 
 Non-feasance. Failure to do what 
 ought to be done. 
 
 Non- suit. A judgment against a 
 plaintiff who fails to establish his 
 suit. 
 
 Non- user. Failure to use a right or 
 privilege. 
 
 Non Vult. See Nolo Contendere. 
 
 Notary, or Notary Public. A public 
 officer, appointed by the governor 
 of the state, who attests or certifies 
 to acknowledgment of deeds and 
 other papers, takes affidavits, pro- 
 tests notes and bills, etc. 
 
 Notarial. Of or done by a notary 
 public. 
 
 Note. A written undertaking to pay 
 (promissory note, note of hand). A 
 bank note. 
 
 Note Book. A book in which notes of 
 hand are recorded. 
 
 Notice of Protest. A notice given 
 by the holder to the drawer or en- 
 dorser of a note that the notice has 
 been protested for non-payment or 
 non-acceptance. 
 
 Nuisance. Anything that legally 
 damages a person by disturbing him 
 in the enjoyment of his property or 
 rights. 
 
 policy which covers varying risks, 
 each object insured being endorsee! 
 on the policy as the shipments are 
 made. 
 
 Open Shop. One in which no dis- 
 crimination is made between union 
 and non-union workers. 
 
 Option. The privilege of demanding 
 fulfillment of a contract within a 
 specified time, at a given price. 
 
 Oral. Spoken, not written. 
 
 Order. Any command of a court. A 
 commission to buy, selL or deliver 
 goods or pay money. On commer- 
 cial paper, the direction by which 
 the person to whom payment is to 
 be made is indicated. 
 
 Order Book. One in which orders re- 
 ceived are entered. 
 
 Ordinance. A law or regulation 
 enacted by a public, especially by a 
 local, authority. 
 
 Organic Law. The legal principles 
 or system forming the basis of a 
 state. A written constitution. 
 
 Orphans 9 Court. In Delaware, Penn- 
 sylvania, New Jersey and Maryland 
 the title of the courts of probate. 
 
 Outlawed Debt. One which has run 
 beyond the time when the law will 
 enforce its payment. 
 
 Outstanding. Of accounts, not yet 
 collected. 
 
 Overdraw. To draw more money 
 than is on deposit to one's credit. 
 
 Overdue. More than due, and unpaid. 
 
 Overt Act. An open act manifesting 
 intention. 
 
 Oyer and Terminer. [Old Fr.] Hear 
 and determine. The title of criminal 
 courts in several states. 
 
 Oath. An affirmation appealing to 
 God for the truth of the statement 
 or promise. 
 
 Obligation. A binding engagement. 
 A bond with condition annexed. 
 Acknowledgment of a liability. 
 
 Offer. Putting forward for sale. 
 
 O. K. All correct. 
 
 On Sale. On the market ; to be sold. 
 
 Open Account. An unsettled run- 
 ning account on a merchant's books. 
 
 Opening. The display of a new stock 
 of goods for sale. 
 
 Open Policy. A policy in which the 
 value of the object is not fixed and 
 must be proved by the insurer in 
 case of loss. In marine insurance, a 
 
 Package (Pkg.). A bundle, parcel, 
 bale, box, crate, cask, etc., of goods. 
 
 Panel. The list of persons summoned 
 for jury duty. The persons so sum- 
 moned. 
 
 Panic. A financial crisis caused by ap- 
 prehension and producing monetary 
 pressure. 
 
 Paper. A document. A writing show- 
 ing authorization or identity. Nego- 
 tiable evidence of indebtedness. 
 
 Paper Money. Bills of banks or a 
 government passing current as 
 money. 
 
 Par. Equality of Value. The nominal 
 
COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 
 
 or face value, without premium or 
 discount. The fixed value of the 
 unit of one country's coinage ex- 
 pressed in that of another's. 
 
 Paramount. Superior; that will pre- 
 vail in law. 
 
 Parol. Oral. Executed by writing 
 not under seal. 
 
 Partner. An associate in business; 
 member of a partnership. 
 
 Partnership. The joining of two or 
 more persons into one firm for the 
 purpose of carrying on any business 
 or enterprise. 
 
 Part Owner. One of several owners 
 in common. 
 
 Party. One sharing or interested in a 
 matter. The plaintiff and the de- 
 fendant in a law suit. 
 
 Party Wall. A dividing wall common 
 to two adjoining properties. 
 
 Pass Book. A customer's book in 
 which entries of purchases are made. 
 A bank book showing deposits and 
 withdrawals. 
 
 Passport. A formal permission from 
 a government to travel, with identi- 
 fication and certificate of nationality. 
 
 Patent. A government license, _ se- 
 curing to an inventor the sole right 
 to manufacture an article for a term 
 of years. The invention so pro- 
 tected. 
 
 Pawn. A pledge of chattels or money 
 delivered as security for the payment 
 of money. 
 
 Pawnbroker. One who as a business 
 lends money at interest on security 
 of personal property deposited with 
 him. 
 
 Payable. To be paid. That may be 
 paid. Due. 
 
 Payee. The person in whose favor a 
 note, bill, or draft is drawn. 
 
 Penalty. Punishment for a legal of- 
 fence. The sum to be forfeited for 
 non-performance of an agreement. 
 
 Per. [Lat.] By. 
 
 Per Annum. [Lat.] By the year. 
 
 Per Cent. (%). [Lat.] By the hun- 
 dred; especially of rate of interest, 
 discount, etc. 
 
 Per Centage. [Lat.] A rate per cent. 
 A part. A commission. 
 
 Per Contra. [Lat.] To the opposite 
 side of an account. 
 
 Peremptory Challenge. One made 
 without the assignment of reasons. 
 
 Perils of the Sea. In insurance, risks 
 arising from navigation. 
 
 Perjury. A wilfully false statement 
 made under oath, especially in a 
 judicial proceeding and in relation 
 to a matter material to the point in 
 question. 
 
 Permit. A written license or per- 
 mission given by a proper authority 
 to perform a certain act. 
 
 Personal Property. All property ex- 
 cept real estate. 
 
 Petit Jury. A jury of twelve for the 
 decision of questions of fact in a 
 cause before the court. 
 
 Petition. A written application to a 
 court for an order. 
 
 Petty Cash. Money received or ex- 
 pended in small amounts. 
 
 Piracy. An act of depredation or rob- 
 bery committed on the high seas. 
 The unlawful reproduction of the 
 production of another. 
 
 Plaintiff. One who brings a personal 
 action against another. 
 
 Plea. A lawsuit. The statement of a 
 cause. A defendant's answer to a 
 charge. 
 
 Pleadings. The statements by which 
 the parties to a suit present their 
 claims and defense. 
 
 Pledge. A bailment of personal prop- 
 erty to secure the performance of an 
 agreement. 
 
 Police Court. A court for the trial of 
 minor offences against order. 
 
 Policy. The instrument by which the 
 contract of insurance is made. 
 
 Poor Debtor. One who may obtain 
 exemption from imprisonment by 
 taking the Poor Debtor's oath of 
 poverty. 
 
 Port. A harbor for vessels. A com- 
 mercial city. 
 
 Port of Call. A customary stopping 
 place of vessels for repairs, to take 
 on coal, transship cargo, etc. 
 
 Port of Discharge. In insurance, a 
 port where a vessel without necessity 
 discharges her cargo or a portion of 
 it. 
 
 Port of Entry. A place designated for 
 the entry of imports. A port of entry 
 may be an inland locality. 
 
 Post. [Lat.] To transfer from day- 
 book or journal to ledger. To com- 
 plete the record. 
 
 Post-date. To date after the actual 
 time. 
 
 Post Mortem. [Lat.] An examina- 
 tion of a body made after death. 
 
 Post Obit. A promise to pay effective 
 
COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 
 
 after the death of some person, espe- 
 cially to repay a loan out of a rever- 
 sion. 
 
 Power of Attorney. A written in- 
 strument giving one person authority 
 to act for another. 
 
 Practice. The form and manner of 
 conducting legal proceedings. 
 
 Preferred Creditor. One who has 
 prior claim to payment. 
 
 Prefect's Court. In New Mexico the 
 title of the probate court. 
 
 Preferred Stock. Stock on which a 
 dividend is declared before any is 
 declared on common stock, or which 
 has priority over common stock in a 
 distribution of assets. 
 
 Premise. In law, the portion of a 
 deed reciting the names of the par- 
 ties, the consideration and the sub- 
 ject matter. Plur., The property 
 conveyed. In general, land and 
 buildings. 
 
 Premium. A sum in addition to par 
 value. The excess in value of one 
 form of money over another. The 
 consideration given for an insurance 
 contract. 
 
 Prepense. Aforethought. 
 
 Prescription. A right derived from 
 immemorial usage, or acquired by 
 the required period of possession. 
 
 Presentment. _ Action or statement 
 by a grand jury from their own 
 knowledge in regard to an offence. 
 
 Present Worth. The amount which 
 with the true discount equals the 
 face value. 
 
 Presumption. In law, an inference 
 as to the truth of a fact, based on 
 knowledge of another fact or on ex- 
 perience. 
 
 Presumptive Evidence. Evidence 
 which is sufficient if not contradicted. 
 
 Price Current. A statement showing 
 the prevailing prices of merchandise, 
 stock, or securities. 
 
 Price List. A list of articles with 
 prices attached. 
 
 Prima Facie. [Lat.] At first view. 
 Prima facie evidence is evidence suf- 
 ficient to prove a fact unless re- 
 butted. 
 
 Prime. Of high quality; superior. 
 
 Principal. One with controlling au- 
 thority. A head. One who employs 
 another person to act for him. The 
 sum on which interest is paid. 
 
 Probate. Proof of the genuineness of 
 a will before a competent officer. 
 
 Probate Courts. Civil courts with 
 jurisdiction over probate; surrogate's 
 court, orphans' court, etc. 
 
 Probation Officer. A court officer 
 appointed by a municipal magistrate 
 to have supervision over an offender 
 under suspended sentence. 
 
 Proceeds. The amount realized by a 
 transaction. 
 
 Procuration. Agency. Power of 
 attorney. 
 
 Produce. Farm products. 
 
 Profit. The excess of returns over 
 cost or investment. 
 
 Profit and Loss. An account in which 
 gains and losses are balanced. 
 
 Promissory Note. A written promise 
 to pay a certain sum of money at a 
 specified time or on demand to the 
 order of a specified person or to 
 bearer. 
 
 Property. The legal right of owner- 
 ship. An estate in any valuable 
 thing. 
 
 Pro Rata. [Lat.] In proportion, ac- 
 cording to share. 
 
 Prosecute. To proceed against legally. 
 
 Protect. To see that commercial 
 paper is paid at maturity. 
 
 I Protection. The system of encourag- 
 ing home industries by discouraging 
 foreign competition through the im- 
 position of restrictive or prohibitive 
 taxes on imported products. 
 
 Protective Tariff. A tariff designed 
 to encourage domestic manufactures 
 as contrasted with a tariff for rev- 
 enue. 
 
 Protest. A formal notice made by a 
 notary of the non-payment of a note 
 or the non-acceptance or non-pay- 
 ment of a draft. 
 
 Proximo (prox.). [Lat.] Of next 
 month. 
 
 Proxy. Authorization to act, par- 
 ticularly to vote, for another. A 
 writing conveying such authority. 
 A person so authorized. 
 
 Q 
 
 Quantum Meruit. [Lat.] As much 
 as he deserves. In legal procedure, 
 a count founded on a promise to pay 
 the full value of a service rendered. 
 
 Quarantine. Restraint of intercourse 
 to which a ship, dwelling, or town is 
 subjected on suspicion of infection. 
 The place of such restraint. 
 
COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 
 
 Quash. To annul, set aside, as an in- 
 dictment. 
 
 Quasi. [Lat.] As if, similar to, re- 
 sembling. 
 
 Qui Tarn. [Lat.] Who as much. An 
 action under a penal statute in which 
 the penalty goes in part to the person 
 bringing the action, in part to the 
 state. 
 
 Quit Claim. A form of deed in the 
 nature of a release, generally con- 
 taining a provision covenanting 
 against others who may claim under 
 the grantor. 
 
 Quitrent. A fixed rent paid by tenant 
 of a freehold, discharging him from 
 other rent. 
 
 Quotation. The _ published current 
 prices of commodities or stocks, rates 
 of exchange, etc. 
 
 Quo Warranto. [Lat.] A writ re- 
 quiring a person to show by what 
 authority he acts. 
 
 R 
 
 Ratify. To sanction, confirm (an act, 
 treaty, or contract). 
 
 Real Covenant. One which runs 
 with the land. 
 
 Real Estate, Real Property, Realty. 
 Land, houses, and fixtures; all im- 
 movable property. 
 
 Rebate. A deduction, abatement, or 
 discount made for prompt payment 
 or other reasons. The returning of 
 part of a sum already paid. 
 
 Receipt, Receiving. A written ack- 
 nowledgment of tne delivery of goods 
 or money. To make such written 
 acknowledgment. 
 
 Receivable. The opposite of payable. 
 
 Receiver. A person appointed by a 
 court to hold in trust and administer 
 property in litigation, of an in- 
 solvent,' or of a corporation on its 
 dissolution. 
 
 Reciprocity. The exchange of special 
 trade privileges between two coun- 
 tries, established by treaty. 
 
 Record. To register officially as evi- 
 dence, as a mortgage or deed. 
 
 Record. A memorandum of court 
 proceedings. A copy of the official 
 papers of a case. 
 
 Recorder. Especially in New York, 
 the chief judge having jurisdiction 
 in a municipality. 
 
 Recoupment. A form of counter 
 
 claim reducing the amount of a claim 
 on account of defects in performance, 
 etc. 
 
 Rectification. Repeated distillation 
 of alcoholic liquors. 
 
 Redelivery. The return of a chattel 
 to the bailor on completion of the 
 service required by the bailment. 
 
 Redemption. The recovery of mort- 
 gaged property upon fulfillment of 
 the terms of the mortgage. 
 
 Referee. A person, generally an at- 
 torney, appointed by the court to 
 determine a matter in dispute. 
 
 Reference. Referring a matter to a 
 referee. The consent of the parties 
 is not necessary. 
 
 Register. A public officer authorized 
 to record deeds, etc. A ship's paper, 
 issued by the Custom House, stating 
 description, name,_ tonnage, nation- 
 ality, and ownership. 
 
 Re-insurance. Transfer of part of 
 the contract of insurance from one 
 insurer to another. 
 
 Release. A discharge from an obliga- 
 tion. Surrender of claim. 
 
 Remainder. In law, an estate arising 
 only after the termination of a prior 
 estate. 
 
 Remedy. The legal means for secur- 
 ing compensation, redress, or a right. 
 
 Remittance. The act of transferring 
 funds from one place to another. 
 The values so transferred. 
 
 Renew. To continue in force, as a 
 lease. To extend time for payment 
 of a note. 
 
 Rent. Compensation given for the use 
 of real estate or other property. 
 
 Replevin. The action or writ by 
 which a person whose goods are 
 wrongfully detained may obtain 
 possession of them, under security 
 to try the case and to restore the 
 goods if the case is decided against 
 him. 
 
 Reply. The answer made by the 
 plaintiff to the plea of the defendant. 
 
 Repository. A place for safekeeping; 
 a warehouse or storehouse. 
 
 Reprisal. Retaliation. Resort to 
 force to obtain redress. The seizure 
 of ships or property to indemnify for 
 unlawful seizure or detention. 
 
 Residence. In law, a place of estab- 
 lished and actual abode. 
 
 Residuary Legatee. One to whom 
 the residue of an estate is be- 
 queathed. 
 
COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 
 
 Residue. That portion of an estate 
 which remains after particular leg- 
 acies and debts have Been paid. 
 
 Resources. Available money, prop- 
 erty, or claims that can be converted 
 into property. 
 
 Respondentia. A loan secured by the 
 cargo of a ship, payable only on safe 
 arrival. 
 
 Restraint of Trade. Contracts in 
 restraint of trade are those held to 
 interfere unjustly with competition 
 and therefore illegal. 
 
 Retail. To sell in small quantities. 
 
 Retainer. The engaging by a client 
 of an attorney to maintain his in- 
 terests in legal proceedings. The 
 fee paid to secure the services of 
 counsel. 
 
 Return. In law, the giving back of a 
 writ to the court after service. 
 
 Returns. The profit derived from an 
 undertaking or investment. 
 
 Revenue. Income, particularly the 
 income of a state from taxes re- 
 ceived. 
 
 Revenue Cutter. A small govern- 
 ment vessel used in enforcing the 
 revenue laws and preventing smug- 
 gling. 
 
 Revert. To return into the possession 
 of the former owner or of his heirs. 
 
 Revoke. To recall, take back, annul 
 (authority, a will, etc.). 
 
 Right of Action. A right entitling 
 the holder to institute legal proceed- 
 ings for infringement. 
 
 Right of Survivorship. The right 
 of the survivor or survivors to take 
 the interest of their deceased joint 
 tenant, which otherwise would go to 
 his heirs. 
 
 Right of Way. The legal right pos- 
 sessed by one person to pass over the 
 land of another. 
 
 Royalty. An agreed compensation 
 paid to an author or inventor for 
 each article or work sold, or for each 
 article manufactured, or for the use 
 of a patent. 
 
 Ruling. A decision made by a court 
 on a point of law. 
 
 Sale. The transfer of property for a 
 consideration. 
 
 Salvage. The act of saving a ship or 
 cargo from loss. The property 
 saved. The compensation allowed 
 
 by law for such saving. In fire in- 
 surance, the goods saved; their value; 
 their proceeds if sold. 
 
 Sample. A small portion of merchan- 
 dise taken as a specimen of quality. 
 
 Sans Recours. [Fr.] Without re- 
 dress. 
 
 Satisfaction. Discharge, settlement 
 of a claim or judgment. 
 
 Scrip. Certificate issued to a sub- 
 scriber after allotment of stock. 
 
 Seal. A device impressed in wax or 
 other material or any mark made 
 for the purpose of authenticating 
 a signature or ratifying an instru- 
 ment. 
 
 Sealer. A United States officer 
 charged with the certification of 
 weights and measures. 
 
 Sea Letter. A document given to a 
 vessel certifying her nationality and 
 describing the character and destina- 
 tion of her cargo, and other par- 
 ticulars. 
 
 Seaworthy. Fit and properly e- 
 quipped for a voyage. 
 
 Security. A pledge. A surety. A 
 document evidencing a right to 
 property. 
 
 Seize. To take legal possession of. 
 
 Seized and Possessed of. In pos- 
 session of. 
 
 Seizin or Seisin. Ownership, pos- 
 session. 
 
 Sell. To make a sale; to transfer for 
 a consideration. 
 
 Serve. To deliver in legal form, as a 
 writ. 
 
 Sessions, Courts of. Various state 
 criminal courts, as General Sessions, 
 Special Sessions. 
 
 Set- Off. A counter claim made by a 
 debtor, arising from a distinct 
 claim. 
 
 Several. Independent of others. In- 
 dividual. 
 
 Severalty. Exclusive or individual 
 ownership or right. 
 
 Severance. Destroying unity, divi- 
 sion of rights, etc. 
 
 Share. The interest owned by one of " 
 a number. One of several equal 
 parts. The unit of the division of 
 stock. 
 
 Ship. To give to a carrier for trans- 
 portation. To agree to serve on a 
 vessel. 
 
 Shipment. Delivery to a carrier for 
 transportation. The goods dis- 
 patched. 
 
COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 
 
 Shipper. One who dispatches goods 
 by vessel or other conveyance. 
 
 Shipping. A collective term for a 
 number of vessels. 
 
 Shipping Articles. An agreement 
 between captain and seamen fixing 
 wages, period of service, etc. 
 
 Shipping Clerk. One who oversees 
 the forwarding of merchandise. 
 
 Ship's Husband. A representative 
 of a ship-owner who manages re- 
 ceipts and expenses and attends to 
 the requisite repairs of a ship while 
 in port. 
 
 Ship's Papers. Papers which a vessel 
 is required to carry; sea-letter, log- 
 book, bill of health, shipping articles, 
 etc. 
 
 Ship's Stores. Provisions, fuel, ca- 
 bles, extra spars, etc. 
 
 Short Exchange. Bills of exchange 
 payable at sight or in a few days. 
 
 Short Of. Not in possession of secur- 
 ities or produce that one has sold. 
 To "sell short" is to sell for future 
 delivery what one has not, with the 
 expectation that prices will fall. 
 
 Shorts. Dealers who have sold short. 
 
 Short Ton. 2000 pounds. 
 
 Shrinkage. Reduction in bulk, meas- 
 urement, weight, or value. 
 
 Sight Draft. One payable when pre- 
 sented. 
 
 Signature. The name of a person 
 written by himself. 
 
 Silent, Sleeping, or Dormant Part- 
 ner. One who furnishes capital but 
 has no voice in a business. 
 
 Simple Interest. Interest paid only 
 on principal. 
 
 Sinking Fund. A fund set apart from 
 revenue to pay a public or corpora- 
 tion debt. 
 
 Slander. Malicious oral utterance of 
 false statements to the detriment of 
 reputation. 
 
 Sleeping Partner. See Silent Part- 
 ner. 
 
 Smart Money. Exemplary damages; 
 punitive in their character. 
 
 Smuggle. To take goods into or out 
 of a country without paying duties. 
 
 Solvent. Able to meet all liabilities. 
 
 Special Partner. One whose liability 
 is limited. 
 
 Specialty. A contract under seal. 
 
 Specie. Coin. 
 
 Specification. A written description 
 and enumeration of particulars. In 
 patent law, a detailed description of 
 
 the invention and a statement of the 
 inventor's claim. 
 
 Specific Duty. One imposed on a 
 given class of articles without regard 
 to value. 
 
 Specific Performance. Actual per- 
 formance of the conditions of a 
 contract in distinction from the 
 payment of damages in lieu of per- 
 formance. 
 
 Speculate. To engage in a business 
 venture the returns from which are 
 conjectural. 
 
 Stamp Duty. A tax.. Stamps affixed 
 to checks and proprietary articles. 
 
 Staple. The principal commodity of 
 a country or district. 
 
 Statement. A list of resources and 
 liabilities. A report of an agent's 
 transactions. An itemized list of the 
 debits and credits of a personal ac- 
 count. 
 
 Stationers' Hall. The building of 
 the Stationers' Guild in London 
 where registration of English copy- 
 right is made. 
 
 Statute. A law enacted by a legis- 
 lative body. An act of legislature 
 
 Statute Law. The body of laws es- 
 tablished by legislative enactments 
 as opposed to unwritten or common 
 law. 
 
 Statute of Frauds. A statute requir- 
 ing written memoranda to validate 
 a contract. 
 
 Statute of Limitations. A statute 
 prescribing the period after which a 
 legal action can not be brought. 
 
 Sterling. .The standard money of 
 Great Britain. The legal standard 
 of fineness of silver is 725 parts 
 of silver to 75 of copper. 
 
 Stock. Transferable shares in the 
 capital of corporations. Supply of 
 goods on hand. 
 
 Stock Broker. One who deals in 
 stocks on commission. 
 
 Stock Exchange. A place where 
 shares of stock are bought and sold 
 under established regulations 
 
 Stockholder. One who owns shares 
 of the stock of a corporation. 
 
 Stock Jobber. A speculator in 
 stocks. 
 
 Stoppage in Transitu. The right of 
 a seller to stop goods on their passage 
 if the purchaser has become insol- 
 vent. 
 
 Storage. The safe keeping of goods. 
 The amount paid for storing goods. 
 
COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 
 
 Subagent. An agent employed by 
 an agent. 
 
 Subcontract. One made under an 
 existing contract. 
 
 Sublet. To let by a lessee. 
 
 Subpoena. [Lat.] Under penalty, a 
 writ commanding a witness to appear 
 in court. 
 
 Subpoena duces tecum. [Lat.] A 
 subpoena requiring a witness to pro- 
 duce certain papers. 
 
 Subrogation. Putting one thing or 
 person in the place of another. Sub- 
 stituting one creditor for another. 
 
 Sue. To prosecute, bring an action 
 against. 
 
 Summary Proceedings. Statutory 
 legal remedies without the bringing 
 of an action. 
 
 Summons. In law, a notice to appear 
 in court as defendant or witness. 
 
 Sundries. Unclassified articles. 
 
 Supercargo. An agent who accom- 
 panies and manages cargo. 
 
 Supplementary Proceedings. Legal 
 proceedings to discover the assets of 
 a judgment debtor. 
 
 Surety. One who makes himself re- 
 sponsible for the contract or act of 
 another. 
 
 Surrogate. In certain States the title 
 of the judicial officer charged with 
 the probate of wills, appointment 
 of guardians, etc. 
 
 Surveyor. A customs officer ap- 
 pointed to determine the value, 
 quantity, etc., of imports. An agent 
 of an insurance company to report 
 on applications for insurance. 
 
 Suspend. To cease operations. To 
 stop payment. 
 
 Suspense Account. An account 
 made of doubtful balances to ascer- 
 tain probable profit or loss. 
 
 Sutler. A dealer who accompanies an 
 army to sell goods. 
 
 Suttle Weight. The weight of mer- 
 chandise after deduction of tare. 
 
 Syndicate. A combination of capital- 
 ists or other persons for the purpose 
 of conducting a large financial or in- 
 dustrial enterprise. 
 
 Tacit. Implied, not expressed. 
 
 Tale Quale [Lat.] or Tel Quel. [Fr.]. 
 Such as; used to denote that cargo 
 is presumed to correspond with 
 
 sample, and that buyer takes the 
 risk of deterioration. 
 
 Tally. An account kept by checking 
 off. A score. A label. To count. 
 To correspond. 
 
 Tare. An allowance made for the 
 weight of barrels, boxes, or coverings 
 of merchandise. Actual tare is 
 determined by weighing each con- 
 tainer; average tare by weighing one 
 or more containers as samples: esti- 
 mated tare by allowing a fixed per- 
 centage. 
 
 Tariff. A schedule of prices or charges. 
 A schedule of duties. 
 
 Teller. An officer appointed to count 
 votes. A bank officer who receives 
 or pays out money. 
 
 Tenant. One who holds real estate 
 by any form of legal right; especially, 
 one who occupies another's property 
 under lease. 
 
 Tenant in Common. One holding 
 a property in common with another. 
 
 Tender. An offer. An offer of money 
 or service in satisfaction of an ob- 
 ligation. 
 
 Ten-Forties. The popular name lor 
 certain United States Government 
 bonds in 1864, which could be re- 
 deemed in ten years or allowed to run 
 forty. 
 
 Tenor. Intent, nature. In law, an 
 exact copy. 
 
 Term. 
 
 Testator, fern. Testatrix. One who 
 has made a will. 
 
 Testimony. 
 
 Textile. Woven. 
 
 Ticker. An instrument telegraph- 
 ically recording stock quotations. 
 
 Tickler. A reminder. A book or set 
 of sheets containing a memorandum 
 of notes due, debts, etc. 
 
 Time. The hour fixed (2.15 P.M.) on 
 the New York Stock Exchange when 
 securities on the day's contracts 
 must be delivered. On time = on 
 credit. 
 
 Time Bargain. A contract for de- 
 livery or for an option for a specified 
 period. 
 
 Time Draft. A draft or bill payable 
 at a fixed date. 
 
 Title. The legal right of ownership. 
 
 Tonnage. The capacity or weight of 
 a ship in tons. The displacement of 
 a vessel. A canal tax on vessel or 
 cargo. 
 
 Tort. A private or civil injury, except 
 
COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 
 
 one arising from breach of contract, 
 for which damages may be had. 
 
 Trade. Business or occupation; buy- 
 ing and selling; commerce; traffic; 
 barter. 
 
 Trade Discount. A discount from 
 list prices made to dealers. 
 
 Trade Mark. A distinguishing mark, 
 protected by law, used to mark the 
 product of a manufacturer. 
 
 Trade Price. That allowed by whole- 
 salers to retailers. 
 
 Trade Sale. An auction by and for 
 the trade; especially of book- 
 sellers. 
 
 Trades Union. A combination formed 
 by working men or women for the 
 protection of their rights and im- 
 provement of their condition. 
 
 Traffic. Trade. Commerce. The 
 amount of business done by a rail- 
 road or other carrier. 
 
 Transit Duty. Tax imposed on goods 
 for passing through a country. 
 
 Transportation. Conveying goods 
 from one place to another. 
 
 Transshipment. The transfer of 
 goods from one conveyance to an- 
 other. 
 
 Traveler. A commercial agent; a 
 drummer. 
 
 Treason. The waging of war against 
 the United States or giving aid or 
 comfort to their enemies. 
 
 Treasury Note. A note or bill issued 
 by the government and passing cur- 
 rent as money. 
 
 Treaty. An agreement or compact be- 
 tween two or more nations. 
 
 Tret. Allowance for waste of 4 lbs. in 
 104 lbs., after deduction tare. 
 
 Triplicate. To make three identical 
 copies of a paper. The third copy. 
 
 Trustee Process. The same as Gar- 
 nishment. 
 
 Ullage. What a cask lacks of being 
 full. 
 
 Ultimo (ult.). [Lat.] Of the last 
 month. 
 
 Ultra Vires. [Lat.] Beyond power. 
 Applied to acts done in excess of the 
 legal powers possessed. 
 
 Unclaimed Goods. Goods in govern- 
 ment storehouses unclaimed three 
 years after importation, subject to 
 sale at auction. 
 
 Undersell. To sell below the trade 
 price or the price of a competitor. 
 
 Underwrite. To assume an insurance 
 risk. 
 
 Usury. Interest in excess of the high- 
 est legal rate. 
 
 Valid. Binding ; legally executed ; hav- 
 ing legal force. 
 
 Valuable Consideration. One in- 
 volving money, services, or any- 
 thing of value. 
 
 Value. To estimate. Worth. Pur- 
 chasing power. 
 
 Value Received. A phrase used in 
 notes to show the receipt of a con- 
 sideration. 
 
 Vendee. One to whom something is 
 sold. 
 
 Vendor. A seller. 
 
 Vendue. A public or auction sale. 
 
 Venture. A mercantile speculation or 
 investment. 
 
 Void. Without legal effect or force; 
 not binding. 
 
 Voidable. That may become of no 
 legal effect if proper steps are taken. 
 
 Voucher. Any paper or other docu- 
 ment establishing the occurrence of 
 some transaction or the truth of 
 accounts. 
 
 W 
 
 Waive. To relinquish (a right). 
 
 Waiver. Relinquishment of a legal 
 right or privilege. 
 
 Warehouse. To place in a bonded 
 warehouse. 
 
 Warranty. Guaranty that a fact is 
 as represented, or that some con- 
 dition of a contract is or will be ful- 
 filled. 
 
 Wastage. Loss in handling or by de- 
 cay; shrinkage. 
 
 Waste. Damage to property per- 
 mitted or done by a tenant. 
 
 Way Bill. A list and description of 
 goods transported by common car- 
 rier. 
 
 Wharfage. Fees paid for the use of a 
 wharf. 
 
 Wholesale. The sale of goods in 
 quantity, in unbroken or whole 
 packages. 
 
 Without Recourse. A formula by 
 which the endorser of commercial 
 paper transfers it with assuming re- 
 sponsibility. 
 
 Wreckage. Merchandise saved from a 
 wreck. 
 
Glossary of Aviation Terms 
 
 By ALFRED V. LARSON, 
 
 EDITOR OF "AIRCRAFT" 
 
 aeroboat (a-e'ro-boat), a combination 
 boat and aeroplane. 
 
 aerocar (a-e'ro-car), an enclosed pas- 
 senger-carrying flying machine. 
 
 aerodonetics (a-e-ro-do-net'iks), the 
 science of gliding or soaring flight. 
 
 aerodrome (a-e'ro-drom), (1) a flying 
 race-course; (2) a structure for 
 housing aerial vehicles; (3) a name 
 proposed for flying machines and 
 used by Prof. S. P. Langley for his 
 tandem-planed machine (1896), now 
 entirely superseded in this sense by 
 the word aeroplane 1 
 
 aerodynamics (a-e-ro-di-nam'ics), the 
 science of the air, of gaseous fluids 
 and their forces. 
 
 aerofoil (a-e'ro-foil), a thin plane or 
 curved structure suited to motion in 
 the air; the sustaining member of 
 the aeroplane; an experimental plane 
 surface of varying shape, used on 
 the whirling table for ascertaining 
 the most efficient outlines and forms 
 for use in_ aeroplanes and propellers. 
 
 aeronaut (a-e'ro-nawt) , a navigator of 
 the air, particularly a balloonist or 
 pilot of a lighter-than-air flying 
 machine. 
 
 aeronautics (a-e-ro-nawt'iks) , the en- 
 tire science of aerial navigation. See 
 aviation. 
 
 aeroplane (a-e'ro-plan), a self -propelled 
 heavier-than-air flying vehicle hav- 
 ing fixed sustaining planes or sur- 
 faces, supported dynamically by its 
 movement through the air, also 
 known by the names aerodyne, aero- 
 drome, flying machine, aeromobile, 
 etc. 
 
 aerostatics (a-e-ro-stat'iks), the sci- 
 ence of buoyancy in the air by means 
 of displacement. 
 
 aerostation (a-e'ro-sta-shun), that 
 part of aerial navigation dealing with 
 gas-borne or lighter-than-air ma- 
 chines. 
 
 aileron (a'le-ron), an auxiliary plane, 
 
 flap or wing tip, placed near the 
 extremity of the main wing of the 
 aeroplane, on either side, and operat- 
 ed so as to prevent overturning 
 sideways, and to assist in steering. 
 
 aircraft (ar'kraft), (1) any human de- 
 vice that flies or floats in the air or 
 pertaining to the construction there- 
 of ; (2) the aeronautical industry. 
 
 airship (ar'ship), a self-propelled 
 lighter-than-air vessel for navigating 
 the air; a dirigible, distinguished 
 from an aeroplane or other heavier- 
 than-air flying machine. 
 
 alighting- gear (a-lit'ing-ger), the por- 
 tion of an aeroplane used in landing, 
 including wheels, skids, underbody, 
 shock-absorbers, _etc. 
 
 anemometer (a-ne-nom'e-ter), an in- 
 strument for measuring the forces 
 of the wind, velocity, pressure, etc. 
 
 angle (ang'gl), (1) "of entry," the angle 
 which the tangent to the leading 
 convex edge of the surface of a plane 
 makes with the chord; as, "an angle 
 of entry of 45 degrees;" (2) "of in- 
 cidence," the upward inclination of 
 the planes of an aeroplane entering 
 the air, when flying horizontally, 
 usually from five to twelve degrees; 
 also angle of the chord of the rib 
 with the horizontal. 
 
 ascension (as-sen'shun), the act of 
 ascending in a lighter-than-air de- 
 vice. 
 
 ascent (as-senf), to ascend in a lighter- 
 than-air vehicle. See flight. 
 
 aspect-ratio (as'pekt-ra'sni-o), pro- 
 portion of fore and aft dimension to 
 transverse span; as, "1:6," the pro- 
 portion of five feet of depth to thirty 
 feet of width of the plan of the plane 
 of an aeroplane. 
 
 aviation (a-vi-a'shun) or (av-i-a/- 
 shun), the art, act, practice or science 
 of mechanical flight in heavier-than- 
 air machines; distinguished from 
 aeronautics, which refers more to the 
 
GLOSSARY OF AVIATION TERMS 
 
 science of ascension in lighter-than- 
 air machines and balloons. Aero- 
 nautics includes, in a certain sense, 
 aviation, but is becoming more 
 definitely differentiated and re- 
 stricted to the latter meaning, avia- 
 tion being the dominant word in 
 reference to aeroplanes and aero- 
 planing. 
 aviator (a'vi-a-tor) or (av'i-a-ter), a 
 navigator of the air, in heavier-than- 
 air machines, an aeroplane driver, 
 also called airman, aeroman, bird- 
 man, flyer, pilot. 
 Avion _ (av'i-on) ? name of the first 
 heavier-than-air flying machine, in- 
 vented by Ader and flown in France 
 1897, with two steam engines. 
 balancing- plane (bal'ans-ing-plan) , 
 a surface, flap, web or other member 
 for maintaining equilibrium. 
 balloonet (ba-loon-nef), a cell or sub- 
 sidiary small balloon making up with 
 others the interior of a larger balloon 
 or dirigible, some of which usually 
 contain air, so that in rising temper- 
 atures, the opening of the air bal- 
 loonets gives room for the expansion 
 of gas in the gas balloonets. 
 banking (bank'ing), making a turn 
 with the inner side of the aeroplane 
 downward. 
 barograph (bar'o-graf), a form of 
 barometer which automatically reg- 
 isters the altitude reached by an 
 aeroplane and makes a record on a 
 continuous^ strip of paper of the 
 variations in altitude. 
 beam (bem), the principal transverse 
 member of the plane or wing to 
 which the ribs are attached; front 
 beam — rear beam, 
 biplane (bl'plan), an aeroplane having 
 two main planes usually of equal 
 size, one above the other. Stag- 
 gered biplane (stag'erd), one with 
 S lanes offset, fore-and-aft manner. 
 'andem biplane (tan Mem), one 
 with two main planes on the same 
 level, one some distance behind the 
 other. 
 camber (kam'ber), the concavity or 
 arch of an aeroplane wing as seen 
 from the side of the machine when 
 looking at the end of the wing; the 
 fore and after curvature: the Phil- 
 lip's curve, imitative of the con- 
 cavity of the underside of a bird's 
 wing, the application of which to 
 aeroplanes proved one of the great- 
 
 est elements of progress ever intro- 
 duced; in biplanes, usually of a 
 depth of one-twentieth of the span. 
 cavitation (ka-vi-ta'shun), the for- 
 mation of a partial vacuum in the 
 zone of a rapidly revolving propeller 
 due to its velocity. 
 center (sen'ter), center of flying 
 gravity; center of gravity of air- 
 craft when in flight. Center of 
 pressure or resistance, the point 
 at which the resistance balances; or 
 at which, if concentrated, it would 
 have the same effect as when dis- 
 tributed. 
 center of thrust or pull, the point at 
 which the driving force may be 
 assumed to act. In an aeroplane 
 flying in a normal state the centers 
 of gravity, resistance and thrust form 
 an equilibrated couple. 
 chassis (shas'si), the main framework 
 of an aeroplane to which the essen- 
 tial members are attached; the 
 understructure. 
 control (kon-trol), front control 
 (frunt), the elevator or auxiliary plane 
 forward and its attachments for ver- 
 tical direction of an aeroplane. Later- 
 al control (lat'er-al), apparatus for 
 regulating the list of the aeroplane. 
 control- lever (kon-tr5l 'le v-er) , a lever 
 for steering an aeroplane either up 
 or down or from side to side, or for 
 maintaining lateral balance. 
 cross-country flight (kros-kun'tri 
 flit), a flight over open or unpre- 
 pared fields. 
 cruising radius (kruz'ing ra'di-us), 
 the distance frcm a given point 
 which marks the radius of a circle 
 over which an aerial vehicle may 
 conduct cruising operations. 
 curtain (ker'tin), a fixed vertical sur- 
 face located on the ends between the 
 main-planes. See vertical plane. 
 deflector (de-flek'ter), a plane or other 
 surface for changing course of an 
 aerial vehicle. 
 demountable (de-mount'a-bl), capa- 
 ble of being readily taken apart to 
 the extent necessary for transporta- 
 tion; as, a "demountable military 
 aeroplane." 
 dihedral (di-he'dral) ; dihedral an- 
 gle, the inclination of the wings of 
 an aeroplane to each other, usually 
 in the form of a flat V, the outer 
 ends high, when viewed From the 
 front, a form giving stability but 
 
GLOSSARY OF AVIATION TERMS 
 
 dangerous in side winds if the ma- 
 chine banks. Mostly used on mono- 
 planes. 
 
 dirigible (dir'ij-i-bl), steerable; also 
 a self-propelled balloon, an airship, 
 as Zeppelin's dirigible, usually cigar- 
 shaped and of great size. 
 
 distance-piece (dis'tans-pes), a piece 
 holding other parts at required in- 
 tervals: as, "distance-pieces between 
 ribs." 
 
 double-decker (dub-1-dek/er), an aero- 
 plane with two sustaining surfaces 
 superposed; a biplane, as a "Farman 
 double-decker." 
 
 double- surfaced (dub-1-ser'fast), a 
 plane covered on both the upper and 
 under side of the ribs. 
 
 ©dge (ej), entering edge (en 'ter-ing), 
 the front edge of the planes of an 
 aeroplane; trailing (tral) edge, the 
 rear or leaving edge of the plane. 
 
 elevator (el'e-va-ter), a horizontal 
 
 Elane, either fore or aft of any 
 ying device, used to steer it in an 
 upward or downward direction. m 
 
 equalizer (e'kwal-iz-er) , an auxiliary 
 plane or device for lateral stability. 
 
 fln (fin), a small plane, flipper or blade 
 for purposes of ensuring greater 
 equilibrium'; mostly on dirigibles. 
 
 flight (flit), rise and passage of an 
 aeroplane through the air, distin- 
 guished from ascent, the rising of a 
 balloon. 
 
 flying- machine (fli'ing-ma-shen'), an 
 apparatus or vehicle for navigating 
 the air, including all kinds of heavier- 
 than-air machines; any flying vehicle 
 or device. 
 
 fuselage (fu-si-laj'), (1) the frame- 
 work of an aeroplane or dirigible; 
 (2) that portion of a monoplane ex- 
 tending from the main body to the 
 tail. 
 
 glider (gll'der), an apparatus without 
 power for aerial gliding, constructed 
 of planes, designed to carry an 
 operator, his balance being main- 
 tained by shifting his position; as 
 Lilianthal's glider. Biplane- glider, 
 the type perfected Dy Chanute, 
 which, when improved and fitted 
 with an engine by the Wrights, be- 
 came the biplane. 
 
 gliding-angle (glld'ing-ang'gl), the 
 angle at which an aeroplane travels 
 when the power is cut off. 
 
 gyroscope (ji'ro-skop), a device in 
 which the axis of a heavy rotating 
 
 body is also free to rotate in any 
 direction and may be acted on by 
 couples of forces. Numerous efforts 
 have been made to utilize the resist- 
 ance of a gyroscope to deflection 
 from its plane as a means of main- 
 taining lateral balance in aero- 
 planes. 
 
 hangar or hanger (hang'gar), (hang'- 
 ger), a structure for housing aerial 
 vehicles ; aeroplane shed . (The term 
 is derived, through the French, from 
 an old Persian word for a post- 
 station.) 
 
 headless (hed'les), without a head; a 
 biplane having no front elevator, 
 such as the Wright headless. 
 
 head resistance (hed re-zist'ens), that 
 
 gortion of the resistance encountered 
 y an aerial vehicle in flight which 
 cannot be utilized to assist in its sup- 
 port; dead resistance. 
 
 helicopter (heri-kop-ter), or (heli- 
 kop-ter), an aerial vehicle sustained 
 and propelled by the action of the 
 Bcrews, propeller or rotating planes 
 
 ( and without supporting planes; a 
 form advocated by many scientists 
 but not yet perfected mechanically. 
 
 hydroaeroplane (hi-dro-a-e'ro-plan) , 
 an aeropiane capable of alighting on 
 and rising from the water (such as 
 Curtis' hydroaeroplane), distin- 
 guished from an aerohydroplane. a 
 hydroplane with wings, not capable 
 of rising entirely free of the water. 
 
 ignition (ig-nish'un), the means of 
 exploding the mixture in an internal 
 combustion motor, usually an elec- 
 tric spark from a magneto. 
 
 knock-down (nok'doun), a # flying 
 machine as dismantled for shipment, 
 or its collected parts prior to erec- 
 tion. 
 
 lacing (las'ing), cord or string used in 
 fastening the cloth covering of planes 
 together, and to the ribs and beams. 
 
 landing- chassis (land-ing - shas'si), 
 the landing framework or under body 
 of an aerial vehicle. 
 
 launching (launching) ; launching 
 derrick (der'ik), a catapult for 
 starting a flying machine; launch- 
 ing rail (ral), a track or bar for 
 launching into the air. 
 
 lifting propeller (lift'ing pro-pel'er), 
 a propeller for raising flying machines 
 without forward movement. : 
 
 list (list), careen or incline sideways 
 of an aerial vehicle; banking. 
 
GLOSSARY OF AVIATION TERMS 
 
 lubrication (lu-bri-ka'shun), splash 
 lubrication, oiling of internal parts 
 of motor by working parts splashing 
 in a sump of oil. 
 
 mast (mast), upright part, usually 
 extending upward from the center 
 of a monoplane for support of guy 
 and truss wires and controls. A 
 vertical upright in either the main or 
 supplementary planes. 
 
 monoplane (mon'o-plan), an aero- 
 plane with a single main sustaining 
 surface, or with a single wing on 
 either side of the body. Tandem 
 monoplane (tan 'd em), a mono- 
 
 f)lane with two main planes, one in 
 ront of the other, not superposed. 
 A biplane (bi'plan) has two planes, 
 a triplane (trl'plan), three planes, 
 and a multiplane (mul'tr-plan), a 
 greater number. _ 
 
 ornithopter (6r-ni-thop'ter), a heav- 
 ier-than-air aerial vehicle with flap- 
 ping wings, imitative of bird flight. 
 
 outrigger (out'rig-er), framework ex- 
 tending to the front or the rear to 
 support the elevator or tail. 
 
 Phillips' m curve (fiTips kerv), the 
 curve similar to the underside of a 
 bird's wing applied by Phillips to 
 the aeroplane. See camber. 
 
 phugoid (m'goid), phugoid curve, a 
 curve showing the flight-path of an 
 aerofoil. 
 
 pitch (pitch), the distance through 
 which a given point of a propeller 
 advances during one revolution, 
 parallel to the axis, in a solid nut. 
 
 plane (plan), a supporting surface of 
 an aeroplane. 
 
 pocket (pok'et), a loop formed either 
 in the end of the cloth surface or by 
 sewing on an additional strip; pro- 
 vided for the ribs and beams of a 
 single-surfaced plane to lessen skin 
 friction. 
 
 power-plant (pow'er-plant), the en- 
 tire apparatus for generating power 
 on an aeroplane, including motor, 
 propeller, radiator, gasolene tank, 
 etc. 
 
 propeller (pro-pel 'er), a device with 
 two or more olades set at a pitch 
 which translates rotary force into 
 straight line motion; a screw; 
 tractor propeller (trak'tor) , a pro- 
 peller on the front of an aeroplane, 
 drawing the machine forward, as on 
 the Bleriot monoplane. 
 
 pterygoid (ter'i-goid), having the 
 
 shape of a wing, as, "pterygoid 
 aspect." 
 
 pylon (pe-long), a mark in the course 
 of an aerodrome. 
 
 rib (rib), a longitudinal horizontal 
 member of an aeroplane wir.g, to 
 which the covering is attached, and 
 whose shape determines the curve 
 of the wing. Laminated rib, a 
 rib built up of laminations of wood, 
 glued together to enable it to hold 
 its shape. 
 
 rudder (rud'er), an auxiliary plane or 
 surface either at front or rear of an 
 aerial vehicle for steering; also 
 called vertical rudder (ver'ti-kl). 
 The horizontal rudder (hor-i-zon'- 
 tal) is for steering up or down, and 
 the stabilizing rudder or aileron for 
 maintaining equilibrium. 
 
 running-gear (run'ing-ger), that part 
 of a flying machine which enables it 
 to travel on the earth. 
 
 shock-absorber (shok'ab-sorb-er), an 
 apparatus for deadening the impact 
 of an aeroplane upon alighting. 
 
 single- surfaced (sing'gl-ser'fast), a 
 plane covered on only one side. 
 
 skid (skid), a sled-like runner, part of 
 the running gear of an aeroplane. 
 
 skin-friction (skin'frik-shun), the 
 friction between the surface of the 
 planes and other parts of the flying 
 machine, and the passing air; dis- 
 tinguished from the head resistance 
 due to displacement of the air; much 
 less for smooth surfaces than for 
 rough ones; skin resistance. 
 
 slip (slip), the loss of efficiency of a 
 propeller, the difference between its 
 theoretical advance and the real 
 advance in practice. See pitch. 
 
 soaring (sor'ing) , flight without power, 
 effected by taking advantage of 
 rising, or unequal currents of air. 
 
 spread (spred), distance from tip to 
 tip of wings of an aeroplane, as the 
 spread of a Curtis is 28 feet/' 
 
 stability (sta-bil'i-ti), steadiness in 
 flight ; automatic stability (aw-to- 
 mat'ik), maintenance of equilibrium 
 in automatic manner. Longitu- 
 dinal stability (lon-gi-tu'di-nal), 
 steadiness in a fore-and-aft direction ; 
 horizontal or lateral stability 
 (lat'er-al), steadiness from side to 
 side. 
 
 stabilizer (sta'bl-Iz-er), a plane or 
 other device for securing steadiness. 
 
 staggered (stag'erd), arranged in steps 
 
GLOSSARY OF AVIATION TERMS 
 
 or offset; zig-zag, said of planes of 
 aeroplane. 
 
 stanchion (stan'shun), an upright 
 between the planes of a biplane, a 
 post, a strut. < 
 
 steering (ster'ing), guidance of an 
 air-craft in flight, vertical steer- 
 ing, up and down as distinguished 
 from lateral or right and left 
 steering. 
 
 stream- line- form (strem'lin-form), 
 that form of a body which enables it 
 to pass through liquid or gas with 
 the best possible resistance; ichthy- 
 oid, or fish-like form. 
 
 strut (strut), a brace or support under 
 compression stress; an upright be- 
 tween planes. 
 
 tail(tal), rear portion of an aerial vehi- 
 cle used for steering and balancing. 
 
 tetrahedral cell (tet-ra-he'dral sel), 
 a tetrahedron whose sides are four 
 equilateral triangles, open front and 
 rear, the sides oeing surfaces. A 
 large number of such cells when 
 built up acting as a sustaining sur- 
 face, as in the tetrahedral aeroplane 
 of Prof. Alexander Graham Bell. 
 
 thrust (thrust), the push or traction 
 exerted by the propeller; as, "the 
 propeller developed 350 pounds 
 thrust," i. e. showed on a scale 350 
 pounds pull to hold the aeroplane 
 motionless. 
 
 torque (tork), moment of twisting 
 force; the force tending to overturn 
 an aeroplane sideways, due to the 
 reaction of the propeller in turning 
 in the opposite direction, overcome 
 by having two propellers operating 
 in opposite directions or making the 
 wing on one side slightly larger than 
 the other. 
 
 turnbuckle (ternTDuk-l) , a connection 
 for tightening wires, rods, etc., con- 
 sisting of right and left hand 
 threaded eyelets or swivels in < a 
 sleeve, the turning of which varies 
 its length. 
 
 velocity (ve-los'i-ti) ; natural veloc- 
 
 ity (nat'u-ral), the speed at which 
 an aeroplane will continue to glide 
 indefinitely without power. 
 
 volplane (vol'plan), to glide or coast 
 without power in an aeroplane. 
 
 wake (wak), track or stream of dis- 
 turbed air following the course of an 
 aeroplane. 
 
 war plane (wawr' plane), an aeroplane 
 designed for use in warfare. 
 
 wash (wash), the disturbed air im- 
 mediately behind an aerial vehicle; 
 dead air. 
 
 web (web), wooden or other material 
 used" as distance pieces between the 
 ribs of a sustaining plane. 
 
 whirling- table (hwherl'ing-ta-bl), an 
 apparatus comprising a vertical axis 
 and a horizontal arm for revolving 
 planes or aerofoils and determining 
 their effects and efficiency. The use 
 of the whirling-table led to the ex- 
 perimental determination of numer- 
 ous aerial laws and directly to the 
 perfection of the aeroplane. 
 
 wind- pressure (wind'presh-ur) ; co- 
 efficient of wind pressure (ko-ef- 
 fish'ent), the numerical constant of 
 the pressure of the wind against a 
 stationary object, or of the resist- 
 ance of the air to a moving object. 
 
 wing (wing), one of the pair of sus- 
 taining planes of a monoplane; a 
 sustaining surface. 
 
 wing-spread (wing'spred), area of 
 surface of wings; distance from tip 
 to tip. 
 
 wing-surface (wing'ser-fas), wing 
 area, surface measurement of wing. 
 
 wing- tip (wing'tip), the outer ex- 
 tremity of the wings of a mono- 
 plane; an aileron or other movable 
 surface at end of wing. 
 
 wing- warping (wing'wawrp-ing), de- 
 flection of a portion of an aeroplane 
 wing; as the Wrights' warping wings; 
 the bending of the rear outer corners 
 of the wing on one end in an opposite 
 direction from those of the other 
 end, attaining lateral equilibrium. 
 
Glossary of Automobile Terms 
 
 By JULIAN CHASE, Ph&. 
 
 EDITOR OF " MOTOR " 
 
 accelerator pedal (ak-sel'er-a-ter 
 ped'l), a pedal for increasing motor 
 speed. 
 
 acetylene generator (a-set'e-len jen'- 
 er-a-ter), apparatus for generating 
 acetylene gas from water and cal- 
 cium carbide, for lighting purposes. 
 
 after- firing (arter-flr'ing), a violent 
 explosion in the muffler caused by 
 failure of motor to fire gases in cyl- 
 inders, their accumulation in the 
 muffler and ignition therein from 
 heated walls or firing cylinders. Thia 
 is the terrific report so often mistaken 
 for a bursting tire; barking. See 
 back firing. 
 
 apron (a'prun), a covering for the 
 underside of the motor mechanism; 
 a dust apron or pan. 
 
 armature (ar'ma-tur), the part of a 
 magneto which transforms rotary 
 motion into electrical energy, or the 
 part of a motor which transforms 
 electrical energy into rotary motion. 
 
 automobile (au to-mo-bel), any self- 
 propelled road vehicle. 
 
 axle (ak'sl), a transverse beam, to 
 carry a wheel on either end; dead- 
 axle (ded'ak-sl), one which does not 
 rotate; live-axle (liv'ak-sl), one 
 which rotates with the_ wheels, or 
 is fitted with shafts which revolve 
 within a housing and drive the 
 wheels. 
 
 back-fire (bak'fir), premature explo- 
 sion of charge in motor cylinder, 
 causing motor to stop or reverse. 
 When motor is run on advanced 
 spark, the explosion occurs before 
 the crank has passed the dead center 
 on the compression stroke, but the 
 momentum carries it over. In 
 starting, unless the spark is retarded 
 before cranking, a back-fire will re- 
 sult, often breaking the arm of the 
 one cranking the motor. Back-fire 
 is also produced by glowing bits of 
 
 carbon or other heated condition of 
 the interior of the cylinder. 
 
 back-lash (back'lash), lost motion 
 between working parts; as the 
 amount that a pinion may be turned 
 back without moving the driven 
 wheel. 
 
 battery (bat'er-i), electrical cells sup- 
 plying energy for sparking; storage- 
 battery (stor'aj-bat'er-i), electrical 
 cells adapted to receive a charge of 
 electric current and subsequently 
 
 five off the energy as required, the 
 asis of the electric automobile. 
 
 bearing (bar'ing), the support in 
 which a rotating part turns; ball- 
 bearing (bawl'Dar-ing), a bearing 
 containing a race of balls, to reduce 
 friction; roller-bearing (rol'er-bar- 
 ing), a, bearing in which rollers are 
 used instead of balls. 
 
 boiler (boil'er), apparatus for generat- 
 ing steam by heating water; flash- 
 boiler (flash 'boil-er), a boiler in 
 which the tubes are so arranged that 
 the water is instantly converted into 
 steam upon being pumped in. 
 
 bonnet (bon'et), a case or covering, 
 usually sheet metal, placed over the 
 motor; a hood. 
 
 bore (bor), internal diameter of motor 
 cylinder, the "stroke" being length 
 of piston travel. The power of the 
 motor is figured for comparative 
 ratings on the bore, stroke and rev- 
 olutions per minute. 
 
 brake (brak), a mechanism for reduc- 
 ing speed; operated by hand or foot, 
 and generally consisting of a fixed 
 member adapted to be pressed into 
 close contact with a revolving mem- 
 ber. 
 
 cable (ka^bl), a heavily insulated wire 
 or set of wires, for transmitting elec- 
 trical energy to the spark plug. 
 
 cam (kam), a disc with a nose or shade 
 or a depression on the periphery 
 
AUTOMOBILE TERMS 
 
 which, when revolved, drives the 
 push-rod up for a certain interval 
 each revolution; exhaust cam (egz- 
 awsfkam), a cam shaped to lift the 
 exhaust valve push-rod; inlet cam 
 (in 'let kam), a cam shaped to lift the 
 inlet valve push-rod. 
 
 cam- roller (kam'rol-er), a small steel 
 wheel fitted to the lower end of the 
 push-rod to diminish wear and fric- 
 tion with the cam head. 
 
 cam-shaft (kam'shaft), the shaft 
 upon which the cams are mounted, 
 the rotation of which causes the 
 cams in their proper order to open 
 and close through the push-rods and 
 rocker arms, the valves of the cyl- 
 inders. 
 
 carbide (karlDid), calcium carbide, 
 which, with water, produces acet- 
 ylene gas. 
 
 carburetter (kar / bu-ret-er), a device 
 for vaporizing gasolene or other 
 liquid fuel: usually a spray of gaso- 
 lene is sucked through a needle hole 
 mingling with t an incoming current 
 of air, producing vapor in the pro- 
 portion of one of gasolene to 12or 14 of 
 air which is exploded in the cylinder 
 under pressure, by the spark, im- 
 parting motion to the piston; float 
 carburetter (not karlm-ret-er), one 
 in which a float automatically cuts 
 off supply of gasolene to prevent 
 flooding. 
 
 case (kas), metallic box or form; crank 
 case, the case in which the crank 
 shaft revolves. 
 
 cell (sel), apparatus for producing 
 electric energy from decomposition 
 of a metal, usually zinc; dry cell, 
 one in which the liquid is held by 
 absorption in blotting paper or 
 other medium. 
 
 chain (chan), a series of metal links 
 adapted to transmit power from one 
 sprocket wheel to another; chain 
 drive, the transmission of power 
 from jack shaft, motor or engine to 
 the road wheels. 
 
 change- speed- lever (chan j-sped-le v'- 
 er), lever for changing from one gear 
 reduction to another in a motor 
 vehicle. 
 
 charge (charj), (1) the mixture of gas 
 and air in a motor cylinder; (2) the 
 amount of electricity in a storage 
 battery. 
 
 chassis (shas'si), the entire automobile 
 exclusive of the body. 
 
 chauffeur (sho'fer), a professional 
 automobile driver, originally the 
 word meant a stoker or fireman. 
 
 circuit (ser'ket), the wires and appa- 
 ratus forming a complete path for a 
 current of electricity to and from its 
 source; short circuit, a path other 
 than the intended one, taken by the 
 current; circuit breaker, a device 
 for automatically breaking a circuit. 
 
 clincher (klinch'er), incurved part of 
 a wheel rim into which the tire beads 
 expand when the tire is inflated. 
 
 clutch (klutch), a device for connect- 
 ing moving parts ; coneclutch (kon), 
 in which two nesting conical sur- 
 faces are brought into contact; ex- 
 panding or contracting clutch 
 (eks-pand'ing or kon-trakt'ing), in 
 which one member is expanded or 
 contracted; disc clutch, in which re- 
 volving discs are pressed together; 
 clutch pedal (ped'l), a pedal for 
 operating the clutch. 
 
 coil (koil), an electrical device for 
 raising voltage by induction, trans- 
 forming a low pressure current into 
 a high pressure one which will pro- 
 duce a spark; induction coil, trans- 
 former. 
 
 combustion - chamber (kom-bust'- 
 yun-cham-ber), the space in the 
 cylinder in which the gas compressed 
 by the piston is exploded. 
 
 commutator (kom'mu-ta-ter) , the 
 part of an armature which rotates 
 in contact with the brushes. 
 
 compression (kom-presh'un), the 
 pressure within an explosive engine 
 just before the explosion takes place. 
 As a compression of 60 pounds to 
 the sq. inch; compression stroke 
 (strok) , the stroke of the piston dur- 
 ing which fresh gas is compressed 
 prior to its explosion. 
 
 condenser (kon-dens'er), a device of 
 layers of tin foil, alternately con- 
 nected, with layers of > insulation be- 
 tween to reduce sparking at vibrator 
 and increase it at spark plug6. 
 
 connecting rod (kon-nekt ing rod), a 
 rod or arm connecting the piston 
 and crank, having a reciprocal mo- 
 tion and transmitting the explosion 
 energy from the piston to the crank 
 shaft. 
 
 contact-breaker (kon'takt-brak-er), 
 a device for interrupting an electric 
 current at selected intervals to pro- 
 duce sparks; a timer. 
 
AUTOMOBILE TERMS 
 
 controller (kon-trol'er), a device for 
 regulating the speed of an electric 
 motor vehicle, by absorbing varying 
 amounts of the currents in a rheostat 
 and by connecting the cells in 
 "series and "series-multiple." 
 
 crank arm (krank' arm), the portion 
 of a crank shaft extending from the 
 shaft pin to the crank pin. 
 
 cranking (krank'ing), rotating the 
 crank shaft to produce compression 
 in starting, as gasolene motors are 
 hot self starting. 
 
 cranking handle (krank'ing hand-1), 
 a crank for manually cranking the 
 motor; starting handle. 
 
 crank- pin (krank'pin), a circular 
 portion of the crank shaft which 
 rests in the bearing; bearing pin. 
 
 crank-shaft (kranlr shaft), a shaft 
 with arms at right angles to its axis 
 carrying crank pins parallel to its 
 axis for the reception of connecting 
 rods, and adapted to be rotated for 
 the purpose of translating reciprocal 
 into rotative motion* single throw 
 crank-shaft (sing'gl thro), a shaft 
 to receive only one connecting rod; 
 four throw crank-shaft (for thro), 
 a shaft to receive four connecting rods. 
 
 cup priming (kup prim'ing), a cup 
 with a cock for admitting a small 
 quantity of gasolene to the explosion 
 chamber to supplement the car- 
 buretter in startmg. 
 
 cycle (si'kl), see motor. 
 
 cylinder (sil'in-der), a tube or cylin- 
 drical member closed at one end, in 
 which the piston travels and the 
 explosions of the mixture, admitted 
 by valves, occur. 
 
 dead center (ded sen'ter), the point 
 at which the crank passes the me- 
 dian, when it is in the same straight 
 line with the connecting rod and the 
 latter is motionless, being between 
 a forward and a backward movement 
 and therefore incapable of imparting 
 motion to the crank. 
 
 distributor (dis-trib'u-ter), a device 
 for distributing electric current to 
 the spark plugs of the different cyl- 
 inders in the proper sequence. 
 
 dynamometer (dl-na-mom'e-ter), ap- 
 paratus for ascertaining the horse- 
 power of a motor. 
 
 electric automobile (e-lek'trik au'- 
 to-mo-bel), a self-propelled road 
 vehicle the motive power of which is 
 electricity. 
 AS 
 
 exhaust (egz-awsf), (1) the period 
 during which the burnt gases are 
 escaping; (2) the burnt gases them- 
 selves. 
 
 exhaust stroke (strok) ,the stroke of the 
 piston which expells the burnt gases. 
 
 exhaust valve (valv), the valve which 
 allows the exhaust to escape. The 
 exhaust is a series of reports, silenced 
 by the muffler into a purring or 
 chugging sound. 
 
 fan (fan), a rotary bladed helix, driven 
 by the motor for cooling itself 
 directly or indirectly through cool- 
 ing the water in the radiator. 
 
 fender (fend'er), a mud guard. 
 
 flange (flanj), any flat projecting rim, 
 as on motor cylinders to assist cool- 
 ing by radiation, or on pipes for 
 coupling. 
 
 frame (fram), the part of an auto- 
 mobile carried by the wheels, to 
 which the motor, body, etc., are 
 attached. 
 
 friction drive (frik'shun driv) ? a sys- 
 tem of transmission in which the 
 driving is done and the necessary- 
 reductions obtained through wheels 
 with friction surfaces pressed to- 
 gether rather than through gears. 
 
 garage (ga-razh'), an automobile 
 stable, storage or repair place. 
 
 gas (gas), mixture of air and gasolene 
 vapor. 
 
 gauge (gaj), a device for indicating 
 pressure or volume of contents in a 
 container. 
 
 gear (ger), speed changing (sped 
 chang'ing), a series of gears which 
 may be shifted to change the rates 
 of speed between the motor and 
 the road wheels; differential gears 
 (dif-er-en'shal), an arrangement to 
 permit the wheels to turn at differ- 
 ent speeds as in rounding a corner; 
 planetary gears (plan'e-ta-ri), small 
 gears inside a large internal gear for 
 effecting forward and reverse speeds; 
 reversing gear (re-vers'ing), for 
 changing direction of roadwheels. 
 
 generator (jen'e-ra-ter), (1) a device 
 for producing acetylene gas; (2) an 
 electrical dynamo. 
 
 goggles (goe'lz), spectacles set in 
 cloth or other collars, to keep dust 
 out of the eyes. 
 
 governor (gov'er-ner) , an apparatus 
 for regulating the motor speed, by 
 cutting off the gas supply. 
 
 hood (hood). See bonnet. 
 
AUTOMOBILE. TERMS 
 
 hydrocarbons (hi-dro-car'bonz), or- 
 ganic compounds of hydrogen and 
 carbon, as petroleum, gasolene, 
 acetylene, benzene, turpentine, india 
 rubber, gutta percha, etc. 
 
 ignition (ig-ni'shun), the means or 
 apparatus for igniting the explosive 
 mixture, either name, hot tube, both 
 now disused; coil and battery, make- 
 and-break or magneto; the last 
 named being the method now most 
 generally used. 
 
 interchangeable (in-ter-chan j 'a-bl) , 
 capable of being interchanged, said 
 of the parts of a mechanism when a, 
 given part, on one machine, is 
 exactly similar to the like part on 
 another machine, and can be sub- 
 stituted therefor without refitting. 
 
 interrupter (in-ter-up'ter), a device 
 for rapidly making-and-breaking an 
 electrical circuit; trembler. 
 
 lamp (lamp), illuminating device, aa 
 head, side, and tail lamps. 
 
 link (link), drag link (drag), a trans- 
 verse rod connecting the two steering 
 arms of a motor vehicle. 
 
 little end (lit'l end), the piston end of 
 a connecting rod, the crank end 
 being called the "big end." 
 
 load (lod), the work which a motor haa 
 to do, or the resistance encountered 
 aside from its ownjriction. 
 
 magneto (mag-ne'to), a mechanism 
 for producing a high tension or a low 
 tension current for sparking by 
 means of an armature revolved 
 within the field of a pair of perma- 
 nent magnets. 
 
 manifold (man'i-fold), a tube to dis- 
 tribute gas, air, steam or water, 
 having flanges or connections; in- 
 take manifold (in'tak), for distrib- 
 uting gas from carburetter to cylin- 
 ders; exhaust manifold (egs-awsf), 
 for conveying burnt gases to the 
 exhaust outlet or muffler. 
 
 mixture (miks'tur), vapor of a hydro- 
 carbon and air, suitable for explo- 
 sion; rich mixture, one with defi- 
 ciency of air; poor mixture, one 
 with an excess of air. 
 
 motor (mo'ter), electric (e-lek'trik), 
 a machine for transforming electric 
 energy into motion; internal com- 
 bustion (in-ter'nal kom-bust'yun), 
 a machine for utilizing the explosive 
 force of hydrocarbon vapors. In this 
 form of motion, the one most used in 
 motor vehicles, the mixture is ex- 
 
 ploded under compression, imparting 
 energy to the piston which causes the 
 crank to rotate and perform its work; 
 four cycle motor (for sl'kl) , one in 
 which the piston makes four sweeps 
 for each explosion, two in each direc- 
 tion, as exhaust, intake, compression 
 and explosion strokes, the exhaust 
 and compression strokes being to- 
 wards the cylinder head; two cycle 
 motor (too sl'kl), one in which the 
 piston makes two sweeps for each 
 explosion, the compression and ex- 
 plosion strokes, the exhaust escap- 
 ing and the intake being forced in at 
 the bottom of the explosion stroke; 
 four cylinder motor (for sil'in- 
 der), one with four cylinders and 
 pistons, the most commonly used; 
 rotary motor (ro'ta-ri), one in 
 which the cylinders revolve; double 
 opposed motor (dub'l op-pozd'), 
 one in which the cylinders are op- 
 posite each other, used largely on 
 trucks; V-type motor (ve'tlp), one 
 in which the cylinders are inclined 
 in either direction, off the vertical. 
 
 muffler (muf'ler), a device for silenc- 
 ing the exhaust gases by passing 
 them through a labyrinth of pass- 
 ages, reducing their velocity; a 
 silencer, an exhaust box; muffler 
 cut-out, means for discharging 
 from the motor, exhaust directly 
 into the air instead of first into the 
 muffler ; often used in starting, or to 
 learn from its sound the condition 
 of the motor. 
 
 non-skids (non'skids), any means of 
 preventing side slipping of auto- 
 mobile wheels, including indenta- 
 tions and projections in the tires, 
 chains, ancf separate coverings over 
 the tires. 
 
 packing (pak'ing), any compressible 
 material used as a filler in joints to 
 make them tight. 
 
 pedal (ped'l), a lever worked by the 
 foot; Drake pedal, for disconnecting 
 clutch and applying brakes; regu- 
 lator pedal (reg'u-la-ter), for regu- 
 lating power and velocity of motor. 
 
 piston (pis'tun), a cup-shaped mem- 
 ber adapted to work reciprocally in 
 the cylinder, receiving successively 
 the shock of the explosions and 
 transmitting them through the con- 
 necting rod to the crank-shaft; 
 piston pin (pin), a pin extending 
 across the piston to carry the small 
 
AUTOMOBILE TERMS 
 
 end of the connecting rod; wrist pin, 
 gudgeon pin; piston rings, expan- 
 sible rings set in grooves in the piston 
 and pressing against the cylinder 
 walls, to make a close fit, the oil 
 film between the rings and the cyl- 
 inder and the rings and the piston 
 grooves acting as a packing to pre- 
 vent escape of gases. 
 
 pitting (pit'ing), minute cavities in 
 valves and valve seats due to action 
 of gases. 
 
 port (port), an opening for the passage 
 of gas or steam. 
 
 power (pow'er), horse- power, the 
 power required to do 33,000 foot 
 pounds of work per minute. A horse 
 for a slight interval can do six times 
 as much work, while a man can also 
 temporarily exert a horse power, 
 though the horse ordinarily exerts 
 the power of six men. 
 
 power plant (plant), the motor, 
 transmission and accessories^ 
 
 power transmission (tranz-mish'un), 
 see transmission. 
 
 pump (pump), water pump (waw'- 
 ter), for circulating w r ater in cooling 
 system; oil pump (oil), for lubrica- 
 tion; gear pump (ger), rotary 
 pump (ro'ta-ri), centrifugal pump 
 (sen-trif'u-gal), eccentric pump 
 (ek-sen'trik), are so called, from their 
 mechanical construction. 
 
 push-rod (push 'rod), one of a series 
 of rods lifted by the cams which 
 actuate the rocker arms, opening 
 the valves in sequence. 
 
 radiator (ra'di-a-ter) , a system of fine 
 tubing through w T hich water is forced 
 for cooling. 
 
 reversing lever (re-vers'inglev'er), a 
 lever to reverse the direction of the 
 automobile. 
 
 rheostat (re-o-staf), an t electrical 
 device for increasing or diminishing an 
 electric current by varying resistance. 
 
 rocker arm (rok'er arm), a lever at 
 the top of the cylinder which de- 
 presses the valve. 
 
 roller (rol'er), a small steel wheel on 
 the end of the push-rod to reduce 
 friction with the cam. 
 
 scale (skal), an incrustation deposited 
 in the interior of water jackets, and 
 other water containers, which carry 
 heated water. 
 
 seizing (sez'ing), the* binding of opera- 
 ting parts through failure of lubrica- 
 tion, or overheating. 
 
 shock-absorber (shok'ab-sorb-er), a 
 device for dampening the rebound 
 of springs and reducing vibration 
 due to rough roads, as friction 
 check (frik'shun chek), pneumatic 
 (noo-mat'ik), hydraulic (hi-draw'- 
 lik), and auxiliary spring (awg-zil'- 
 i-a-ri), shock absorber. 
 
 sight feed (sit'fed), a system of 
 lubrication in w T hich the oil may 
 be seen in circulation at the sight 
 point. 
 
 skidding (skid'ing), see non-skid. 
 
 spark plug (spark' plug), a device 
 having two fixed electrodes between 
 w r hich an electric "jump spark" is 
 produced by the magneto or battery 
 adapted to be screwed into the cyl- 
 inder; or such a plug adapted to 
 separate its electrodes mechanically, 
 as a "make-and-break" spark. The 
 spark ignites the compressed gas in 
 the cylinder at the proper moment, 
 the resulting explosion generating 
 the motor's power; spark advance 
 (ad -vans'), when the spark occurs 
 near or before the upward dead 
 center, thus increasing speed and 
 power, if not carried too far to the 
 point of preignition, or back-fire; 
 spark retard (re-tard'), delay of 
 spark after dead center. 
 
 sprocket (sprock'et), a smaH toothed 
 wheel, driven by a link chain. 
 
 starter (start'er), self- or automatic 
 (self- or aw-to-mat'ik), a device for 
 automatically cranking the motor. 
 
 steam-car (stem'kar), an automobile 
 driven by a steam engine, now almost 
 superseded by gasolene and electric 
 motor cars. 
 
 steel (stel),iron through which, when 
 molten, air has been forcea, the 
 Bessemer process. Modern steels 
 are of great variety due to mixture 
 of other metals, as chrome nickel 
 steel (krom nik'l), manganese 
 steel (man'ga-nez), vanadium 
 steel (va-na'di-um) . 
 
 steering knuckle (ster'ing nuk'l), a 
 joint in the steering gear at the 
 front axle. 
 
 steering post (ster'ing post), a post 
 for steering, usually obliquely placed, 
 on which is mounted the steering 
 wheel, and the small levers working 
 on semicircular ratchets for control- 
 ling the spark and the carburetter 
 throttle. 
 
 suction stroke (suk'shun strok), the 
 
AUTOMOBILE TERMS 
 
 outward sweep of the piston during 
 which a fresh change is drawn in; the 
 intake. 
 
 suspension (sus-pen'shun),. three- 
 point suspension (thre-poinf), at- 
 tachment of the power plant to the 
 frame at three points to avoid road 
 strains. 
 
 tank (tank), a reservoir for carrying 
 fuel, gasolene, oil, etc. 
 
 tappet rod (tap'et rod), see push-rod. 
 
 taxicab (taks'i-kab), an automobile 
 hack provided with an automatic 
 time and distance measuring device, 
 called a taximeter, which may also 
 show fare due. 
 
 terminal (ter'mi-nal), an attachment 
 at the end of a wire for enabling it 
 to be readily connected to a binding 
 post. 
 
 thermo- syphon (ther'mo-sl'fon), cir- 
 culation of water in water-jackets 
 and radiator through its own heat, 
 the warm water at the top of the 
 radiator working its way down as 
 cooled and rising through the heat 
 it absorbs from the cylinders. 
 
 throttle (throt'l), a valve for regu- 
 lating the supply of air to a car- 
 buretter. 
 
 tinier (tim'er), see distributor. 
 
 tire (tir), a band or rim around a 
 wheel; pneumatic tire, a rubber 
 tire containing air under pressure. 
 
 tonneau (tun'o), an open automobile 
 with seats for two in front and a 
 large rear seat for three or more. 
 
 track (trak), distance between centrea 
 of tires on the same axle, usually 
 56^ inches, the railroad standard; 
 the gauge (gag), the tread (tred). 
 
 transmission (tranz-mish'un) , the 
 apparatus for transmitting the high 
 speed motor power to low speed 
 
 road wheels, including clutch, re- 
 ducing and planetary gears, or chain 
 drive. 
 
 under slung (under-slung'), a form of 
 construction in which the frame 
 hangs below the springs and axles 
 instead of being above them. 
 
 valve (valv), mechanism for closing an 
 opening to regulate or stop the 
 passage of a fluid or gas; poppet 
 valve (pop'et), in which a mushroom- 
 shaped valve fills the opening and is 
 lifted in and out; rotary valve (ro'ta- 
 ri), which rotates in the opening; 
 slide valve (slid), which slides across 
 the opening; inlet valve (in 'let), 
 through which the gas is admitted; 
 exhaust valve (egz-awsf), through 
 which the burnt gases are emitted; 
 needle valve (ne dl), a small car- 
 buretter valve closed by a needle 
 point; hutterfly valve (but'er-fli), 
 in which a leaf turns in a tube. 
 
 water-jacket (waw'ter-jak-et), a cas- 
 ing around the cylinder through 
 which water is circulated to keep 
 the cylinder walls cool, often a part 
 of the cylinder casting itself. In 
 air-cooled motors, the cylinder has 
 a series of flanges to assist in radia- 
 tion of the heat. 
 
 wheel (hwhel), artillery wheel, auto- 
 mobile wheel of wood with heavy 
 spokes wedging together at center 
 and with a hub of steel plates. 
 
 wheel-base (hwhel-bas), the distance 
 between the front and rear wheels, 
 on the same side where they touch 
 the road. 
 
 wiring (wir'ing), wires leading to 
 spark plugs from magneto, or bat- 
 teries, etc. 
 
 wrist pin (risf pin), see piston pin; 
 also called gudgeon pin. 
 
THE WEALTH OF THE WORLD 
 
 (According to the Bureau of Statistics, Department of Commerce and Labor.) 
 
 WEALTH OF NATIONS. 
 
 These are the latest estimates. The European War has changed some of these estimates. 
 
 United States $187,739,000,000 
 
 Great Britain and Ireland . 
 
 Germany 
 
 France 
 
 Russia 
 
 Austria-Hungary . 
 Italy 
 
 85.000.000.000 
 80,000,000.000 
 50,000.000.000 
 40.000.000.000 
 25.000,000,000 
 20.000.000.000 
 
 India. 
 Belgium .... 
 
 Canada 
 
 Spain 
 
 Netherlands. 
 Switzerland . 
 Portugal 
 
 $15,000,000,000 
 9,000.000,000 
 7,000,000,000 
 5,400,000,000 
 5.000.000.000 
 4.000.000.000 
 2.500,000.000 
 
 MONEY IN CIRCULATION IN THE UNITED STATES 
 
 STATEMENT SHOWING THE AMOUNTS OF GOLD AND SILVER COINS AND CERTIFI- 
 CATES, UNITED STATES NOTES, AND NATIONAL BANK NOTES IN 
 CIRCULATION OCTOBER 1, 1915. 
 
 Classification. 
 
 General 
 
 Stock of 
 
 Money in the 
 
 United 
 
 States. 
 
 Held in 
 Treasury as 
 
 Assets of 
 the Govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Comparison, Actual 
 Money in Circulation 
 
 IN THE U. S. 
 
 
 Oct. 1. 1915. 
 
 Oct. 1. 1915. 
 
 Oct. 1, 1915. 
 
 Oct. 1, 1914. 
 
 Gold coin (Including bullion in Treas- 
 
 $2,141,782,259 
 
 $199,505,255 
 
 26,018,270 
 
 9,451,123 
 
 9,847,473 
 
 24,730,213 
 
 3.840 
 
 8,966,535 
 
 7,594.725 
 
 $615,977,722 
 
 1,172,277,599 
 
 65,092,532 
 
 481,666.527 
 
 162,097,370 
 
 2.210,160 
 
 337,714,481 
 
 132,765,275 
 
 $657,944,193 
 
 Gold certificates 
 
 931,390,259 
 
 
 568.271,655 
 
 70,724,311 
 
 
 482,892,121 
 
 
 186,827,583 
 
 161,565,114 
 
 
 2,388.789 
 
 
 346,681,016 
 140,360,000 
 
 336.974,240 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 786.736,460 
 
 26,233,368 
 
 760,503.092 
 
 1.050,869,169 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 $4,170,658,973 
 
 $312,350,802 
 
 $3,730,304,758 
 
 $3,694,748,196 
 
 
 
 ELECTORAL VOTE 
 
 The following is the electoral vote of the States as based upon the Reapportionment Act of 1911 . 
 
 States. 
 
 Elect'l 
 Votes 
 
 States. 
 
 Elect'l 
 Votes 
 
 States. 
 
 Elect'l 
 Votes 
 
 States. 
 
 Elect'l 
 Votes 
 
 Alabama. . . . 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 29 
 
 IS 
 
 13 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 18 
 
 IS 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 New Hampshire 
 New Jersey .... 
 New Mexico. . . 
 
 New York 
 
 North Carolina. 
 North Dakota.. 
 Ohio 
 
 4 
 14 
 
 3 
 45 
 12 
 
 s 
 
 24 
 
 10 
 s 
 
 38 
 
 s 
 
 9 
 
 s 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 12 
 
 
 Utah 
 
 4 
 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Washington. . . . 
 West Virginia . . 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 Total 
 
 Colorado.. . . 
 Connecticut . 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Massachusetts . 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Mississippi. . . . 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Montana 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 Nevada 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 Florida 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Oklahoma 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Pennsylvania . . 
 Rhode Island. . . 
 South Carolina . 
 South Dakota. . 
 
 13 
 3 
 
 531 
 
 Electoral votes necessary to a choice of President and Vice-President, 266. 
 
TIME DIFFERENCE 
 
 BETWEEN THE CITY OF NEW YORK AND THE PRINCIPAL FOREIGN CITIES, 
 
 Antwerp 5 13.5 
 
 Berlin 5 49.5 
 
 Bremen. 5 31.0 
 
 Brussels 5 13.4 
 
 Buenos Ayres ... 1 2.4 
 
 Calcutta 10 49.2 
 
 Constantinople . . 6 51.9 
 
 LATER THAN NEW YORK 
 H. M. 
 
 Dublin 4 30.5 
 
 Edinburgh 4 43.2 
 
 Geneva 5 20.5 
 
 Hamburg 5 35.8 
 
 Liverpool 4 43.6 
 
 London 4 55.9 
 
 Madrid 4 41.1 
 
 H. M. 
 
 Paris 5 5.2 
 
 Rio de Janeiro. . 2 3.2 
 
 Rome 5 45.8 
 
 St Petersburg . . 6 57.1 
 
 Valparaiso 9.3 
 
 Vienna 6 1.2 
 
 Halifax 41.5 
 
 EARLIER THAN 
 NEW YORK 
 
 H. M. 
 
 Havana 33.5 
 
 Hong Kong 1127.6 
 
 Melbourne 9 24.2 
 
 Mexico, City of. . 140.5 
 
 Panama 22.2 
 
 Yokohama 9 45.5 
 
 THE ARMIES OF THE WORLD 
 
 COUNTRIES 
 
 PEACE 
 STRENGTH 
 
 RESERVES 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 WAR 
 
 STRENGTH 
 
 AVAILABLE 
 
 FOR DUTY 
 
 UNORG. 
 
 
 620,000 
 
 600,000 
 
 1,200,000 
 
 387,000 
 
 225,000 
 
 257,000 
 
 450,000 
 
 80,000 
 
 40,000 
 
 34,000 
 
 13,000 
 
 28,000 
 
 18,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 52,500 
 
 35,000 
 
 70,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 375,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 90,000 
 
 26,600 
 
 28,000 
 
 17,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 4,000 
 
 5,600 
 
 3,000 
 
 5,000 
 
 7,000 
 
 4,300 
 
 3,000 
 
 3,000 
 
 4,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 3,380,000 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 3,300,000 
 
 1,413,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 543,000 
 
 1,050,000 
 
 420,000 
 
 125,000 
 
 68,000 
 
 57,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 95,000 
 
 90,000 
 
 297,500 
 
 140,000 
 
 250,000 
 
 54,000 
 
 350,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 58,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 223,000 
 
 132,000 
 
 46,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 45,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 40,000 
 
 18,000 
 
 27,000 
 
 36,000 
 
 4,000,000 
 
 2,100,000 
 
 4,500,000 
 
 1,800,000 
 
 525,000 
 
 800,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 500,000 
 
 165,000 
 
 102,000 
 
 70,000 
 
 328,000 
 
 113,000 
 
 120,000 
 
 350,000 
 
 175,000 
 
 320,000 
 
 254,000 
 
 725,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 190,000 
 
 84,600 
 
 53,000 
 
 240,000 
 
 147,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 80,600 
 
 53,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 57,000 
 
 44,300 
 
 21,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 40,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 Russia 
 
 5,200,000 
 
 
 1,600,000 
 
 Italy 
 
 1,200,000 
 
 
 1,700,000 
 
 
 1,300,000 
 
 
 780,000 
 
 
 350,000 
 
 
 200,000 
 
 
 125,000 
 
 
 200,000 
 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 200,000 
 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 90,000 
 
 
 175,000 
 
 
 50,000 
 
 Turkey 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 
 200,000 
 
 
 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 
 500,000 
 
 Chile 
 
 250,000 
 
 Peru 
 
 75,000 
 
 
 300,000 
 
 
 125,000 
 
 
 200,000 
 
 
 50,000 
 
 
 50,000 
 
 
 40,000 
 
 
 20,000 
 
 
 40,000 
 
 Haiti 
 
 60,000 
 
 
 IJNote. — The above figures represent the situation preceding the European War. Changes 
 brought about by this war have been so swift and are likely to continue to occur so 
 constantly until the war ends, as new forces are being mobilized and great losses sus- 
 tained, that it seemed inadvisable to change the figures while conditions are in this 
 state of flux. 
 
THE ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 The army as organized under three acts of Congress (1901, 1907 and 1908), comprises 15 
 regiments of cavalry, 765 officers and 14,148 enlisted men; 6 regiments of field artillery, 252 
 officers and 5,541 enlisted men; a coast artillery corps, 170 companies, 715 officers and 19,019 
 enlisted men; 30 regiments of infantry, 1,530 officers and 35,339 enlisted men; 3 battalions of 
 engineers, 1,942 enlisted men, commanded by officers detailed from the corps of engineers; the 
 Porto Rico Regiment of Infantry, 32 officers and 599 enlisted men; staff corps, Service School 
 detachments, Military Academj', Indian scouts, recruits, etc., 7 officers and 10,039 enlisted men, 
 and a provisional force of 52 companies of native scouts in the Philippines, 182 officers and 
 5,733 enlisted men. The total number of commissioned officers, staff and line, on the active 
 list, is 4,827 (including 91 first lieutenants Medical Reserve Corps on active duty, 60 dental 
 surgeons, and 229 additional and detached line officers), and the total enlisted strength, staff and 
 line, is 87,248, exclusive of the provisional force and the Hospital Corps, and Quartermaster 
 Corps. The law provides that the total enlisted strength of the Army shall not exceed at any 
 one time 100,000. 
 
 THE NAVIES OF THE WORLD 
 
 POWERS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 M 
 
 PQ 
 
 0> 
 
 a 
 
 >> 
 
 
 
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 O 
 
 
 03 
 
 03 
 
 A 
 
 h 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 153 
 
 116 
 
 84 
 
 40 
 
 33 
 
 35 
 
 116 
 
 70 
 
 14 
 
 58 
 
 48 
 
 14 
 
 83 
 
 150 
 
 88 
 
 33 
 
 75 
 
 19 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 
 87 
 
 74 
 
 37 
 
 6 
 
 51 
 29 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 
 '"6 
 
 ii 
 
 
 "2 
 
 
 :: l 
 
 a 
 
 _ a 
 
 5 <n 
 
 a m 
 
 o o 
 
 PhO 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 United States 
 
 Germany 
 
 Japan 
 
 Prance 
 
 Italy 
 
 Austria-Hungary . 
 
 Russia 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Norway 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 Spain 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Greece 
 
 Turkey 
 
 Argentina 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Chile 
 
 China 
 
 Siam 
 
 Mexico 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 
 126,272 
 
 51,296 
 
 35,500 
 
 40,000 
 
 30,599 
 
 29,941 
 
 12,899 
 
 60,000 
 
 4,000 
 
 1,130 
 
 4,000 
 
 8,572 
 
 5,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 4,000 
 
 30,800 
 
 5,000 
 
 8,000 
 
 8,000 
 
 ' 5,ii6 
 1,160 
 
 [Note. — This table shows the naval situation as it existed before the European War. This war 
 has not only made continual changes in the navies of the belligerent countries but has 
 made the naval programmes of neutral states subject to rapid modification. Accord- 
 ingly it did not seem advisable to attempt to give here figures for the period of the wax 
 subject as they are to such important and swift changes. 
 
"NATIONAL INSURANCE" 
 
 COST OF MAINTAINING LEADING NAVIES COMPARED 
 
 The cost of maintenance of the U. S. navy as compared to the naval 
 expenditures of foreign powers is presented in the table below prepared 
 by the U. S. Navy Department at the end of the year 1915. 
 
 RATIO OF NAVAL EXPENDITURES TO WEALTH. 
 
 Naval Fiscal Per- 
 
 Wealth. Year. Expenditures. Year. centage 
 
 Continental U. S $107,104,192,410 (a) 1904 $116,655,826 1905 .001089 
 
 Continental U. S 187,739,071,090 (a) 1912 133,559,071 1912 .000711 
 
 United Kingdom 72,997,500,000 (b) 1903 173,548,058 1903 .00238 
 
 British Empire 108,279,625,000 (b) 1903 173,548,058 1903 .001602 
 
 France 46,798,500,000 (b) 1910 74,102,439 1910 .00158 
 
 Germany 77,864,000,000 (b) 1908 69,133,500 1908 .00088 
 
 NAVAL EXPENDITURES PER CAPITA. 
 
 Naval Fiscal Per Capita 
 
 Population. Year. Expenditures. Year. Cost 
 
 Continental U. S 100,399,318 (c) 1915 $142,959,092 1915 $1 .423 
 
 Continental U. S., Alaska, 
 
 and outlying territory... 110,745,334 (c) 1915 142,959,092 1915 1.29 
 
 United Kingdom 45,370,530 (d) 1911 211,596,296 1911 4.663 
 
 British Empire 417,268,000 (d) 1911 211,596,296 1911 .50709 
 
 France 39,601,509 (d) 1911 80,371,109 1911 2.029 
 
 Germany 64,925,993 (d) 1910 103,302,773 1910 1 . 591 
 
 In commenting on this table Secretary of the Navy Daniels, in a 
 prepared statement, said: 
 
 "The angle from which the subject is approached is, of course, that 
 of national insurance, and the figures show that the premium paid by 
 the United States is .00071, or $1.42 per capita, and in the case of Ger- 
 many .00088, or $1.59 per capita. It should be noted that the compari- 
 sons could not be made for precisely identical periods of time." 
 
 WARSHIP TONNAGE VARIOUS NATIONS 
 
 These figures are those of July 1, 1914- 
 From the last official Statement of the United States Office of Naval Intelligence. 
 
 Tonnage Completed and Building. 
 
 Great Britain 2,714,106 
 
 Germany 1,306,577 
 
 France 899,915 
 
 United States 894,889 
 
 Japan 699,916 
 
 Russia 678,818 
 
 Italy 497,815 
 
 Austria 347,508 
 
 Tonnage Completed. 
 
 Great Britain 2,157,850 
 
 Germany 951,713 
 
 United States 765,133 
 
 France 688,840 
 
 Japan 519,640 
 
 Italy 285,460 
 
 Russia 270,861 
 
 Austria-Hungary 221,526 
 
 AIRCRAFT LEADING NATIONS 
 
 While the strength in air-craft of the nations engaged in the Euro- 
 pean War must necessarily remain during the continuance of the conflict 
 more or less a matter of speculation for purposes of comparison, an offi- 
 cial estimate submitted by the United States Navy Department to the 
 Naval Committee of Congress is significant. This shows the following 
 comparative strengths: France 1,400 aeroplanes, 30 dirigibles; Ger- 
 many 1,400 aeroplanes, 60 dirigibles; Great Britain 900 aeroplanes, 12 
 dirigibles; Russia 1,000 aeroplanes, 2 dirigibles; Austria-Hungary, 600 
 aeroplanes, 8 dirigibles; Italy 300 aeroplanes, 4 dirigibles; Belgium 60 
 aeroplanes; Japan 20 aeroplanes, 2 dirigibles. For the United States 
 the figures made public in 1915 were: 23 aeroplanes, no dirigibles. 
 
THE AMERICAN (VOLUNTARY) SYSTEM 
 OF MILITARY SERVICE 
 
 AS IT PREVAILED AT THE BEGINNING OF 1916 
 
 From the first the regular American army has been a volunteer 
 force. In war-time the regular army has formed the nucleus of large 
 armies raised "for the war." In 1861, at the beginning of the Civil War, 
 the whole regular force amounted to 15,300 men; 1,117,000 volunteers 
 were called out in the first year and then resort had to be had to 
 conscription. A levy of 300,000 was ordered in October 1863, one of 
 500,000 in February 1864, and two amounting to 500,000 men in 1865 
 which were not fully carried out owing to the war coming to a close. 
 The total number called under arms between April 1861 and April 1865 
 was 2,759,049, of whom 2,656,053 were actually embodied in the Northern 
 armies. 
 
 The United States military forces consist of the federal Regular 
 Army, obtained by voluntary enlistment; of the National Guard, belong- 
 ing to the different states and also made up of volunteers, this con- 
 stituting "the organized militia;" and of the "reserve militia," which is 
 unorganized. The Militia law reads, as amended in May 1908: "The 
 militia shall consist of every able-bodied male citizen of the respective 
 States . . . and every able-bodied male of foreign birth who has declared 
 his intention to become a citizen, who is more than 18 and less than 
 45 years of age, and shall be divided into two classes — the organized 
 militia, to be known as the National Guard ... or by such other desig- 
 nations as may be given them by the laws of the respective States or 
 Territories, the remainder to be known as the reserve militia." 
 
 Enlistment in the Regular Army is for seven years, the first four 
 in active service with the colors, and the remaining three "on furlough," 
 without pay, attached to the "Army Reserve." Men may enlist for a 
 second term of seven years, under certain prescribed conditions. First 
 enlistments are limited to men between 18 and 35 years of age and the 
 minimum height is nominally 5 feet, 4 inches, and the chest measure- 
 ment 32 inches, but a certain degree of relaxation of standards is per- 
 mitted. 
 
 The monthly pay during the first enlistment is from $15 to $18 for 
 privates. Additional pay of from $1.00 to $4.00 is allowed reenlisted 
 men and there are special rates of pay for men selected as qualified for 
 expert or technical duties, such as electricians, gun-pointers, sharpshoot- 
 ers, etc. All soldiers receive in addition to their pay, rations, clothing,, 
 bedding, and medical attendance while in active service. 
 
 BUSINESS MEN'S CAMPS 
 
 In 1915 the idea of such instruction camps was applied on an ex- 
 tended scale in the form of "business men's camps," one of which was 
 located at Plattsburgh, N. Y., and was received with great enthusiasm 
 and acted upon by many men in all lines of civil life, including business 
 men of nation wide prominence. 
 
STUDENTS' CAMPS 
 
 As a step in national preparedness for defense "Students' Military- 
 Instruction Camps" have been established under the auspices of the 
 United States Government — the first two having been organized in 1913 
 — in which young men between the ages of 18 and 30 in universities, 
 colleges, and the graduating classes at high-schools received some in- 
 struction, both theoretical and practical in the elements of the military 
 profession. The War Department, in a bulletin describing these camps, 
 says: "The object of the camps is to give the young men of the country 
 opportunity for a short course in military training, the better to fit 
 them to discharge their military duty should their country ever stand 
 in need of their services. The summer vacation period is selected to 
 enable the students to attend with the least inconvenience and greatest 
 instructional advantage." 
 
 The subjects taught include: (a) the theoretical principles of tac- 
 tics, including advance and rear guards, patrols, outposts, and combat; 
 (b) military map making and road sketching; (c) the proper handling 
 and use of the rifle; (d) physical drill, marching, camping, tent-pitching, 
 etc. (by practice) ; (e) use and duties of the different arms and branches 
 of the service (infantry, field artillery, cavalry, engineers, signal troops, 
 and the medical corps). 
 
 THE BOY SCOUTS MOVEMENT IN THE U. S. 
 
 In the United States the Boy Scout movement is chiefly identified 
 with the organization incorporated under the title, "The Boy Scouts 
 of America." Any boy over 12 years of age is eligible to membership. 
 Upon joining he takes the scout oath and learns the scout salute, sign, 
 and laws, and as he grows in proficiency in the Scout duties, advances 
 from Tenderfoot to Second-Class and then to First-Class Scout. Scout- 
 craft covers practical knowledge of first aid, life saving, tracking, sig- 
 nalling, cycling, nature study, seamanship, campcraft, woodcraft and 
 various useful handicrafts. The movement aims at the development, 
 in out-door life and by systematic training, of character and the ability 
 to act effectively in emergencies that gives self-reliance. As fostered by 
 this organization it does not make for militaristic accomplishments so 
 much as for capacity for humanitarian service and efficient citizenship. 
 
 The Scouts are organized in patrols and troops. A patrol, under a 
 patrol-leader, consists of eight boys and a troop is made up of three 
 patrols. The troop is under the leadership of an adult Scout Master. 
 Local councils drawn from men interested in boys' work are chartered 
 by the national body and regulate Boy Scout activities in their districts, 
 with authority to pass on Scout Masters' applications. A Scout Execu- 
 tive may be engaged by the local council to assist in and supervise the 
 work of the Scout Masters in instruction, etc., and to coordinate the 
 work in the community, as in arranging for inter-troop meets, games 
 and camps. More than 6,000 Scout Masters are registered with the na- 
 tional organization of "The Boy Scouts of America," representing about 
 300,000 boys. Work has been started in nearly all cities of the country 
 having a population of 4,000 or over, and in Porto Rico, the Philippines 
 and Guam. 
 
THE UNITED STATES NAVAL ADVISORY 
 
 BOARD 
 
 To develop inventions and give the United States Navy the benefit 
 of the best scientific and technical suggestions for its improvement the 
 Naval Advisory Board was organized in 1915 by the Secretary of the 
 Navy. Thomas A. Edison, at the request of the Secretary, became chair- 
 man of the Board and upon recommendation by eleven of the leading 
 engineering and scientific societies of the country two members of each 
 of these societies were appointed to constitute its personnel. 
 
 The following were made chairmen of the committees named to take 
 up problems in special fields relating to the navy: 
 
 W. R. Whitney — Chemistry 
 and Physics. 
 
 Henry A. Wise Wood — Aero- 
 nautics (including aero mo- 
 tors) 
 
 Andrew L. Riker — Internal 
 Combustion Motors. 
 
 Frank J. Sprague — Electricity. 
 
 Elmer A. Sperry — Alines and 
 Torpedoes. 
 
 William Le Roy Emmet — Sub- 
 marines. 
 
 Hudson Maxim — Ordnance 
 and Explosives. 
 
 P. C. Hewitt — Wireless and 
 Communications 
 
 Benjamin B. Thayer — Trans- 
 portation. 
 
 Howard E. Coffin — Produc- 
 tion, Organization, Man- 
 ufacture, and Standardiza- 
 tion. 
 
 Frank J. Sprague — Ship Con- 
 struction. 
 
 Andrew M. Hunt — Steam En- 
 gineering and Ship Propul- 
 sion 
 
 Spencer Miller — Life-Saving 
 Apparatus. 
 
 Elmer A. Sperry — Aids to Nav- 
 igation. 
 
 L. H. Baekeland — Food and 
 Sanitation. 
 
 Alfred Craven — Public Works, 
 Yards, and Docks. 
 
 THE SWISS SYSTEM OF MILITARY 
 SERVICE 
 
 The Swiss Army is essentially a national militia. Service is uni- 
 versal and compulsory. Exemptions are practically limited to physical 
 disability. Actual service commences at the age of 20 and liability to 
 military duty extends from the 17th to the end of the 48th year. Sol- 
 diers in the first 12 years of service obligation comprise the first line, 
 or "Auszug," those in the next 8 years the Landwehr, or first reserve; 
 and those in the next 12 years the Landsturm, or second reserve. 
 
 Training is begun in so-called "recruits' schools" in periods of 65 
 days for infantry, engineers, and foot artillery; 75 days for field artil- 
 lery, and 90 days for cavalry. After this initial period of actual service 
 there follow "repetition courses" of 11 days annually, seven annual 
 courses (8 in the case of cavalry) being required, further attendance 
 being excused for all under the rank of sergeant. The Landwehr men 
 are called out but once for training, for a period of 11 days. 
 
 The citizen soldier keeps his rifle, uniform and full equipment in 
 his own home when not on actual service and is responsible for keeping, 
 it in good order, replacing it when necessary. 
 
GERMAN SYSTEM OF MILITARY SERVICE 
 
 The German system of military service since 1870-71 has been the 
 model for practically all countries which maintain large standing armies, 
 such as France and Russia. Liability to service is universal, drawing 
 into the army all, or nearly all, the men of military age for a continuous 
 period of short service. It begins at the age of seventeen and ends at 
 forty-five, but actual service begins at twenty. The term of service in 
 the first-line or active army is seven years, two in the ranks and five in 
 the reserves, except in the cavalry and horse-artillery, where the periods 
 are three and four years; during reserve service the soldier is regarded 
 as belonging to his corps and joins it twice in the five (or four) years 
 for six weeks' training. 
 
 After completion of service in the first-line army, the soldier serves 
 five years (cavalry and horse artillery three years) in the first "ban" 
 of the Landwehr, or second-line army; in this period he is called twice 
 for training, each time for eight to fourteen days; Landwehr cavalry are 
 not called for training in peace times. Next the soldier goes with the 
 second "ban" until the completion of his thirty-ninth year. There is 
 no training in this period. 
 
 Finally the soldier passes into the reserve body, the Landsturm, and 
 remains liable to call under it until he reaches forty-five. This .force 
 is intended exclusively as a home defense force, though in the European 
 War in 1914-1916 it apparently saw service in the field in foreign coun- 
 tries. 
 
 Young men of good education are admitted into the German army 
 as "one-year volunteers," serving for one year only and paying all their 
 own expenses. These supply almost all the Reserve and Landwehr 
 officers. 
 
 THE AUSTRALIAN MILITARY SYSTEM 
 
 The defense scheme adopted by the Australian government was 
 based on recommendations of Lord Kitchener. Under it the country is 
 divided up into 93 recruiting districts, each providing 1 battalion, besides 
 other troops. The scheme imposes a system of compulsory training, be- 
 ginning with cadets of 12 to 18 years of age (junior and senior), fol- 
 lowed by 1 year in the Citizen Forces as recruits. After this the men 
 remain as soldiers for 7 years. Liability ceases with the completion of 
 the 26th year, but the men are expected to join rifle clubs and keep up 
 their shooting. The period of actual training is short. The young citi- 
 zen soldier of 18 to 26 undergoes a training of only 16 days, or their 
 equivalent, of it in each year. Eight of these days must be of con- 
 tinuous training in camps. 
 
 BOY SCOUTS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 About one million Boy Scouts, it is estimated, are enrolled through- 
 out the world under various organizations. In Great Britain, where the 
 work was chiefly promoted by Sir Robert S. S. Baden-Powell, the enroll- 
 ment rapidly grew to hundreds of thousands. In certain Boy Scout 
 organizations greater emphasis is laid on training of a military char- 
 acter, — and Boy Scouts in England were utilized to some extent in the 
 European War for semi-military purposes, such as the hunting down 
 of spies, acting as guides, assisting in ambulance work, etc. The move- 
 ment has made considerable headway in Germany, France, Italy and 
 even in Turkey. 
 
PANAMA CANAL STATISTICS 
 
 Cost — Total estimated cost approximately, $375,000,000. Total cred- 
 its by United States Treasury to March 31, 1915, $374,070,100, including: 
 Congressional appropriations to August 1, 1914, .$362,019,275; fortifica- 
 tions, $12,050,825. Paid to the French Canal Company and to the Re- 
 public of Panama for property and franchises, $50,000,000. Expended 
 for sanitation, $20,053,000. 
 
 Dimensions — Length, from deep water in the Caribbean Sea to deep 
 water in the Pacific Ocean, about 50 miles, from shore line to shore 
 line about 4iy 2 miles; minimum depth, 41 feet; average bottom width of 
 the channel, 649 feet; minimum width, 300 feet, maximum, about 1,000 
 feet; summit elevation, 85 feet above sea level. 
 
 Gattjn Dam — Length along crest, including the spillway, 8,000 feet; 
 maximum width, 2,100 feet; elevation of crest, 115 feet above sea-level, 
 30 feet above normal level of Gatun Lake; width of crest 100 feet, width 
 85 feet above sea-level (the normal water level of the lake) is about 
 388 feet. 
 
 HOW THE CANAL HAS SHORTENED OCEAN VOYAGES 
 
 Distances 
 
 By Former 
 By Panama All-water 
 
 Canal Route 
 
 New York to San Francisco 5,262 miles 13,135 miles 
 
 New York to Hawaii 7,000 " 12,800 « 
 
 New York to Manila 12,000 « 17,800 " 
 
 Liverpool to Callao 5,910* ■ 10,230 ■ 
 
 Liverpool ^Valparaiso 7,187** « 8,998 u 
 
 New York to Callao 3,779 ■ 9,769 « 
 
 * Saving about 14 days' time. ** Saving about 6 days. 
 
 Traffic — In the period from August 14, 1914, to July 1, 1915, % of a 
 year, 530 vessels, 2,125,735 cargo tons, passed through the canal east- 
 bound, and 558 vessels, 2,844,057 cargo tons, westbound, a total for the 
 10% months of 1,088 vessels, 4,969,792 cargo tons. These included 471 
 American vessels; 464 British; 41 Norwegian; 35 Chilean; 24 Danish; 
 18 Swedish; 7 Dutch; 6 Japanese; 6 Russian; 4 Peruvian; 3 French; 
 3 Honduran; 2 Italian; 2 Nicaraguan; 2 Panamaian. 
 
 Earnings — For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, tolls levied 
 were $4,343,383.69, exclusive of $80,872.79 levied on vessels of the 
 United States Government; expenses for operation and maintenance 
 $4,112,550.48; excess of toll earnings over expenses, $230,833.21. 
 
 Toll Rates — 1. On merchant vessels carrying passengers or cargo, 
 one dollar and twenty cents ($1.20) per net vessel ton — each one hun- 
 dred (100) cubic feet — of actual earning capacity. 
 
 2. On vessels in ballast without passengers or cargo, forty (40) 
 per cent, less than the rate of tolls for vessels with passengers or cargo. 
 
 3. Upon naval vessels, other than transports, colliers, hospital ships 
 and supply ships, fifty (50) cents per displacement ton. 
 
 4. Upon Army and Navy transports, colliers, hospital ships and 
 supply ships, one dollar and twenty cents ($1.20) per net ton, the vessels 
 to be measured by the same rules as are employed in determining the 
 net tonnage of merchant vessels. 
 
PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
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THE NAMES OF THE STATES AND 
 THEIR MEANING 
 
 Alabama — Indian; "Here we rest." 
 
 Alaska — Eskimo; Alakshak or Ala- 
 yeksa; "The main land." 
 
 Arizona — Indian; Arizonac: "Small 
 Springs" or "Few Springs. 
 
 Arkansas — Indian; Kansas; "Smoky 
 Water;" and French prefix "arc;" 
 "bow" or "bend"; hence, "The 
 Bow in the Smoky Water." 
 
 California — Spanish ; Caliente For- 
 nalla; "Hot Furnace." 
 
 Colorado — Spanish; Colorado; "col- 
 ored;" from the red color of the 
 Colorado river. 
 
 Connecticut — Indian; Quonektakut, 
 the present Connecticut river; "Long 
 River." 
 
 Delaware — After Lord De la Warr, 
 one of the early proprietors. Dela- 
 ware, however, remained^ a part of 
 Pennsylvania until the time of the 
 Revolution. 
 
 Florida — Spanish Pascua de Flores; 
 "Feast of Flowers;" because dis- 
 covered on Easter Day. 
 
 Georgia — After George II of Eng- 
 land, who chartered it as a colony 
 in 1732. 
 
 Hawaii— Native name; called by 
 Captain Cook the "Sandwich Isl- 
 ands" after Lord Sandwich. 
 
 Idaho — Indian; "Gem of the Moun- 
 tains." 
 
 Illinois — Indian iUini and French 
 suffix ois; "Tribe of Men." 
 
 Indiana — Latin; "Indians' Land." 
 
 Iowa — Indian; "Beautiful Land." 
 
 Kansas — Indian; "Smoky Water." 
 
 Kentucky — Indian; "At Head of the 
 River," or "The Dark and Bloody 
 Ground." 
 
 Louisiana — After Louis XIV of 
 France. 
 
 Maine — After the province of Maine, 
 France. 
 
 Maryland — After Queen Henrietta 
 Maria, wife of King Charles I, of 
 England. 
 
 Massachusetts — Indian; "Place of 
 Blue Hills." 
 
 Michigan — Indian; "Fish Weir." 
 
 Minnesota — Indian; "Sky - tinted 
 Water." 
 
 Mississippi — Indian; "Great Father 
 of Waters." 
 
 Missouri — Indian; "Muddy (river)." 
 
 Montana — Latin; fern, of montanus; 
 "Mountainous." 
 
 Nebraska — Indian; "Water Valley," 
 or "Black Water." 
 
 Nevada — Spanish ; "Snow-Covered." 
 
 New Hampshire — After Hampshire, 
 a county in England. In its terri- 
 torial days, a part of it was called 
 Laconia. 
 
 New Jersey — After Sir George Car- 
 teret, governor of the island of 
 Jersey. Jersey was originally Coe- 
 serea, or Caesar's Land. 
 
 New Mexico — So named because it 
 formerlv belonging to old Mexico. 
 
 New York— After the Duke of York, 
 to whom his brother, Charles II, 01 
 England, ceded it as a province. 
 
 North and South Carolina — Origi- 
 nally Carolina; after Charles IX 
 (Carolus) of France. 
 
 North and South Dakota — Indian 
 Dakota; /'Allies." 
 
 Ohio — Indian; "Beautiful River." 
 
 Oklahoma — Indian; "Home of the 
 Red Men." 
 
 Oregon — Spanish oregano — the wild 
 marjoram, abundant on the coast. 
 
 Pennsylvania — Latin; "Penn's Wood- 
 land." 
 
 Philippine Islands — Spanish Islas 
 Filipinos; after King rhilip. [Fi- 
 lippo.] 
 
 Porto Rico — Spanish Puerto Rico; 
 "Rich Harbor." 
 
 Rhode Island — After the island of 
 Rhodes. 
 
 Tennessee — Indian; "River with the 
 Great Bend." 
 
 Texas — Very old Indian, in different 
 forms; "Friends." 
 
 Utah — After the Utah or Ute Indian 
 tribe. 
 
THE NICKNAMES OF THE STATES 
 
 Vermont — French; "Green Moun- 
 tain." 
 
 Virginia— After Elizabeth, the "Virgin 
 Queen" of England. 
 
 Washington — After George Wash- 
 ington. 
 West Virginia — So named because 
 
 formerly the western part of Vir- 
 ginia. It became an independent 
 State in December 31, 1862, it having 
 seceded from Virginia and shown 
 its loyalty to the Union. 
 
 Wisconsin — Indian; "Gathering of 
 the Waters." 
 
 Wyoming — Indian; "Great Plains." 
 
 THE NICKNAMES OF THE STATES 
 AND THE REASON 
 
 Alabama— "The Cotton State," from 
 its chief production. 
 
 Alaska— "The Eldorado of the North." 
 
 Arizona — No nickname. 
 
 Arkansas — "The Bear State." be- 
 cause bears swarmed in its bayous 
 during its early history. 
 
 California— "El Dorado," or "Golden 
 Land." 
 
 Colorado— "The Centennial State/' 
 as being admitted into the Union in 
 1876, the Centennial Year. 
 
 Connecticut — "The Nutmeg State," 
 because its people were humorously 
 said to have been so enterprising 
 as to have made nutmegs out of 
 wood, and. then palming them off on 
 unsuspecting purchasers. 
 
 Delaware— "The Blue Hen State." 
 During the Revolution the com- 
 mander of a brigade in Delaware 
 was a veteran cock-fighter, who al- 
 ways bet on "The blue hen's chick- 
 ens." Thence, the name came to 
 be applied to the members of his 
 brigade, and finally to the State 
 itself. Also, "The Diamond State," 
 as small and precious. 
 
 Florida— "The Gulf State;" but of- 
 tener "The Flowery State," from 
 its name. 
 
 Georgia— "The Cracker State," from 
 the "crackers" or poor whites who 
 inhabited it before its present pros- 
 perity. 
 
 Hawaii — (Territory) . 
 
 Idaho— "The Gem of the Mountains." 
 
 Illinois— "The Sucker State," so 
 called in derision by the Missouri- 
 ans. 
 
 Indiana— "The Hoosier State," from 
 the word "hoosher," a word applied 
 
 by the merchants of New Orleans 
 to Indiana boatmen because of their 
 boisterous manners and perpetual 
 bragging. [Creole-French.J 
 
 Iowa — "The Hawkeye State," so 
 named from an Indian Chief, Black 
 Hawk, who figured in its early his- 
 tory. 
 
 Kansas — Known as "The Central 
 State" from its geographical posi- 
 tion, and also because in the history 
 of the Union the Kansas struggle 
 hastened the climax in politics; also 
 "The Prairie State," and "The Sun- 
 flower State." 
 
 Kentucky— "The Blue Grass State," 
 because of its magnificent pastures. 
 
 Louisiana — "The Creole State," be- 
 cause of the large number of Creoles 
 among its population. 
 
 Maine — Is generically known as 
 "Down East," and is also called 
 "The Lumber State" from its ex- 
 tensive forests; or, more poetically, 
 "The Pine Tree State." 
 
 Maryland — Because in Colonial Days 
 it refused to alter its boundaries to 
 please Lord Baltimore and William 
 Penn, it received the nickname of 
 "The Old Line State." 
 
 Massachusetts — Was called "The 
 Old Bay Colony" in very early 
 times. Hence after it became a 
 State it was styled "The Old Bay 
 State." 
 
 Michigan— "The Lake State," be- 
 cause of its geographical position. 
 
 Minnesota — "The Gopher State " as 
 containing so many of these little 
 animals. 
 
 Mississippi — "The Bayou State," 
 from the numerous bayous or chan- 
 
THE NICKNAMES OF THE STATES 
 
 nels which enter it from the Gulf of 
 Mexico. 
 
 Missouri— "The Bullion State," § a 
 name which it received when ita 
 most eminent Senator, Thomaa H. 
 Benton, himself known as "Old 
 Bullion," contended vigorously for 
 the adoption of gold and silver cur- 
 rency. 
 
 Montana — "The Mountain State." 
 
 Nebraska— "The Black Water State," 
 from its Indian name. 
 
 Nevada — Is variously known as "The 
 Battle State," because it was ad- 
 mitted into the Union during the 
 Civil War; "The Silver State, 7 ' be- 
 cause of its immense yield of silver 
 at one time, and finally "The Sage- 
 Brush State." 
 
 New Hampshire — "The Granite 
 State" from its great mountains of 
 granite, which are supposed to 
 typify the strength, ana nardiness 
 of its people. 
 
 New Jersey— "The Red Mud State" 
 because of the color of much of its 
 soil. In 1817 its legislature allowed 
 Joseph Bonaparte, the ex-king of 
 Spain and an alien, to hold real 
 estate. This led to a gibe in other 
 States, to the effect that New Jersey 
 had left the Union to be under the 
 rule of a king; hence, for a while it 
 was called "The Dominion." 
 
 New Mexico— "The Adobe State." 
 
 New York — Long known as "The 
 Empire State," because of its com- 
 mercial supremacy and political 
 importance. It is also known as 
 "The Excelsior State" from the 
 motto on its coat-of-arms. 
 
 North Carolina— Called "The Old 
 North State" as distinguishing it 
 from South Carolina. 
 
 North Dakota— "The Cyclone State." 
 
 (Ohio — "The Buckeye State," because 
 it abounds in horse-chestnut trees, 
 locally known as "buckeves." 
 
 Oklahoma — "The Boomer State," 
 from its rapid growth and energy. 
 
 Oregon— "The Beaver State," from 
 the early fur-trade first carried on 
 by John Jacob Astor. 
 
 Pennsylvania- "The Keystone 
 State," because in early days, when 
 
 there were only thirteen States, a 
 popular wood-cut represented the 
 States in the form of an arch, in 
 which Pennsylvania occupied the 
 position of the keystone. 
 
 Philippine Islands — (Dependency) . 
 
 Puerto Rico — (Territory). 
 
 Rhode Island — Somewhat fondly 
 called "Little Rhody," because it 
 is the smallest State in the Union. 
 
 Tennessee — "Big ijend State"; name 
 of Cherokee Indian origin, applied 
 to several early settlements of that 
 tribe; meaning long lost. 
 
 South Carolina — "The Palmetto 
 State," because its coat-of-arms 
 bears a palmetto tree. 
 
 South Dakota — "The Blizzard 
 State," because of its terrific storms. 
 
 Texas — "The Lone-Star State," from 
 the single star on its coat-of-arms. 
 
 Utah — "The Mormon State," because 
 it was so long controlled by the 
 Mormon Church and its leaders. 
 
 Vermont — "The Green_ Mountain 
 State," from its mountain ranges. 
 
 Virginia — This State has many nick- 
 names. Its first was _ "Old Vir- 
 ginia," to distinguish it from the 
 New England Colonies which were 
 in colonial times often styled "New 
 Virginia." The State documents 
 sent by the King of England to the 
 Governor were headed: "To the 
 Colony and Dominion of Virginia," 
 so that "Old Dominion" became a 
 frequent term for this colony and is 
 still often used. As Virginia was 
 the first of the original States to be 
 settled, it was also styled "The 
 Mother of States;" and later, after 
 it had given seven Presidents to the 
 nation, it was called "The Mother 
 of Presidents." 
 
 Washington — No nickname. 
 
 West Virginia — "The Panhandle 
 State," because of its peculiar con- 
 figuration between the Ohio River 
 and Pennsylvania. 
 
 Wisconsin — "The Badger State," 
 from the number of badgers which 
 swarmed within its limits before it 
 was inhabited; also "The Wolverine 
 State." 
 
 Wyoming. — No nickname. 
 
NICKNAMES OF FAMOUS PERSONAGES 
 
 Abdul II. of Turkey: "Abdul the 
 Damned." 
 
 Adams, John: "The Duke of Brain- 
 tree," because of his overbearing 
 and rather haughty manners. 
 
 Adams. Samuel: "The American 
 Cato." 
 
 Alexander the Great: "The Madman 
 of Macedonia." 
 
 Alexander II. of Russia: "The 
 Liberator." 
 
 Allen, Senator William: "The Ohio 
 Gong" ; "Earthquake Allen" ; "Green- 
 back Bill." 
 
 Angelico, Fra. See Giovanni da 
 Fiesole. 
 
 Anne I. of England: "Good Queen 
 Anne"; "Brandy Nose." 
 
 Aquinas, Thomas: "The Angelic 
 Doctor" ; "The Angel of the Schools". 
 
 Arthur, Chester A.: While he was 
 Vice-President he was called, "The 
 Prince of Wales"; by his intimates 
 he was known as "Chet." 
 
 Attila: "The Scourge of God." 
 
 Balfour, A. J.: "Miss Alice." 
 Banks, Gen. N. P.: "The Bobbin 
 
 Boy." 
 Barnum, P. T.: "The Greatest Show- 
 man on Earth." 
 Barnum, William H.: "Seven Mule 
 
 Barnum." 
 Bayard, Pierre du Terrail: "The 
 
 Chevalier without Fear and without 
 
 Reproach." 
 Beaconsfield, Lord. See Disraeli. 
 
 Benjamin. 
 Benton, Thomas H.: "Old Bullion." 
 Bismarck, Otto von: "The Iron 
 
 Chancellor"; "The Man of Blood 
 
 and Iron." 
 Blaine, James G.: "Nosey Blaine"; 
 
 "Blaine of Maine"; "The Tattooed 
 
 Man"; "The Plumed Knight"; 
 
 "The Rupert of Debate," and "Jim 
 
 the Penman," alluding to the 
 
 Mulligan Letters. 
 
 Bland, Richard P.: "The Father of 
 Free Silver"; "Silver Dick." 
 
 Bliicher, Gebhard von: "0)& For- 
 ward," (V or warts) from his indomi- 
 table courage, which made him always 
 urge his soldiers on to battle, even 
 though he himself was wounded. 
 Another name for him was "Old 
 Raw-Head and Bloody Bones." 
 
 Bonaparte, Napoleon: "The Heir 
 of the Republic"; "The Man of 
 Destiny." 
 
 Boone, Daniel: "Long Knife" (from 
 the terror which he inspired in the 
 Indians). 
 
 Borde, Andrew: (Physician to Henry 
 VIII.) "Merry Andrew." 
 
 Boswell, James: "Bozzy." 
 
 Bradley, Justice Joseph: "Aliunde 
 Joe," because in the Electoral 
 Commission of 1877 he decided that 
 certain points of issue were aliunde 
 or irrelevant. 
 
 Brown, John: "Ossawatomie Brown." 
 
 Browne, C. F.: "Artemus Ward." 
 
 Brownlow, William G. : An ignorant 
 and coarse fanatic during the Civil 
 War on the side of the North. He 
 afterwards became Governor and 
 Senator from Tennessee. Because 
 he had once been a Methodist min- 
 ister, he was widely known as 
 "Parson Brownlow." 
 
 Brummell, George: "Beau Brum- 
 mell." 
 
 Bryan, William Jennings: "The 
 Boy Orator of the Platte"; "The 
 Rabbit's Foot Statesman." 
 
 Buchanan, James: Mr. Buchanan 
 was a candidate for the Presidency 
 with Senator Breckenridge as his 
 "running mate." The two were 
 popularly called "Buck and Breck." 
 After the election. President Bu- 
 chanan was styled ^Old Buck"; also 
 "The Old Public Functionary." 
 
 Bunyan, John: "The Bedford 
 Tinker." 
 
 Burns, Robert: "Oor Rab"; "The 
 Excise Poet"; "The Laureate of 
 Scotland"; "The Ploughman Poet." 
 
 Butler, Gen. B. F.: "Old Spoons"; 
 
NICKNAMES OF FAMOUS PERSONAGES 
 
 "Beast Butler"; "Cock-eyed But- 
 ler"; "Bottled-up Butler." 
 
 Carlyle, Thomas: "The Sage of 
 Chelsea." 
 
 Carnegie, Andrew: "The Laird of 
 Skibo." 
 
 Catherine II. of Russia: "The 
 Semiramis of the North." (A name 
 also given to Queen Christina of 
 Sweden.) 
 
 Cenci, Beatrice: "The Beautiful 
 Parricide." 
 
 Chamberlain, Joseph: "Brummagem 
 Joe"; "Shifty Joe"; "Pushful Joe." 
 
 Charles (Crowned Emperor 800 A.D., 
 and first head of the Holy Roman 
 Empire): "Carolus Magnus," "Char- 
 lemagne." 
 
 Charles, last Duke of Burgundy: 
 "The Bold" (Le Temeraire). 
 
 Charles I. of England: His enemies 
 called him "The Man of Blood"; 
 to his devoted followers, the Cava- 
 liers, he was "The Martyr King." 
 
 Charles II. of England: called, from 
 his gaiety and lively manners, "The 
 Merry Monarch"; and also "Old 
 Rowley." This last nickname came 
 from a fancied resemblance of Charles 
 to one of his hunting horses named 
 Rowley. 
 
 Charles I. of France: "The Bald" 
 (Le Chauve). 
 
 Charles II. of France: "The Fat" 
 (Le Gros). 
 
 Charles III. of France: "The Simple" 
 (LeSot). 
 
 Charles IV. of France: "The Hand- 
 some" (Le Bel). 
 
 Charles V. of France: "The Wise" 
 (Le Sage). 
 
 Charles II. of Navarre: "The Bad" 
 (Le Mechant). 
 
 Charles XII. of Sweden: "The Mad- 
 man of the North." 
 
 Chatterton, Thomas: "The Mar- 
 vellous Boy." 
 
 Chaucer, Geoffrey: "The Father of 
 English Poetry." 
 
 Churchill, Lord Randolph: "Our 
 Randy." 
 
 Clay, Henry: "The Great Com- 
 promiser" — this in the latter part 
 of his life. As a high-spirited, 
 youthful politician, he was known as 
 "Harrv of the West"; and "The 
 Mill-boy of the Slashes." 
 
 Cleveland, Grover: called by his 
 
 enemies "The Perpetual Candidate"; 
 
 and "The Stuffed Prophet." 
 Cobden, Richard: "The Apostle 
 
 of Free Trade." 
 Cockran, W. Bourke: "The Mulligan 
 
 Guard Demosthenes." 
 Cody, William F.: "Buffalo Bill." 
 Crichton, James: "The Admirable 
 
 Crichton." 
 Croker, Richard: "Shifty Dick." 
 Cromwell, Oliver: "Old Noll"; and 
 
 "The Protector." 
 
 Dana, Chas.-A.: "The Nestor of the 
 Press." 
 
 Dare, Jeanne: "The Maid of Or- 
 leans." 
 
 Democritus: "The Laughing Philos- 
 opher." 
 
 Devil, The: "Old Nick"; "Old 
 Scratch"; "The Old Harry." 
 
 Dickens, Charles: "Boz." The il- 
 lustrator of his early novels, H. K. 
 Browne, was styled "Phiz." 
 
 Disraeli, Benjamin: (Lord Beacons- 
 field) "Dizzv." 
 
 Douglas, Stephen A.: "The Little 
 Giant." 
 
 E 
 
 Edison, Thos. A.: "The Wizard of 
 
 Menlo Park." 
 Edward, Prince of Wales, son of 
 
 Edward in.: "The Black Prince." 
 Edward VII. of England: "Tummy." 
 Elizabeth of England: "Good Queen 
 
 Bess"; and "The Virgin Queen." 
 Elliott, Ebenezer: "The Corn-Law 
 
 Rhymer." 
 Emerson, R. W.: "The Sage of Con- 
 cord." 
 Ethelred (Saxon King of England): 
 
 "The Unready." 
 Eugenie, Empress of the French: 
 
 "The Spaniard." 
 Evans, Robley D.: "Fighting Bob." 
 
 Fairbanks, Charles W.: "Icebanks." 
 Ferdinand, King of Naples: "King 
 
 Bomba" (from his cruelty in shelling 
 
 some of his cities and towns). 
 Foraker, Joseph B.: "Fire-alarm 
 
 Foraker." 
 Forrest, Edwin: "The Roscius of the 
 
 Bowery." 
 
NICKNAMES OF FAMOUS PERSONAGES 
 
 Foster, Secretary Charles: "Calico 
 Charley." 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin: "Poor Rich- 
 ard." In France, he was styled 
 "Le Bonhomme Richard." 
 
 Frederick the Great of Prussia: 
 "Old Fritz" (Alter Fritz). 
 
 Frederick II., Emperor of Ger- 
 many: "Our Fritz" ( Unser Fritz). 
 
 Fremont, John C: "The Path- 
 finder." 
 
 Garfield, James A.: "The Canal 
 Boy." 
 
 Garibaldi, Giuseppe: "The Red 
 Shirt Hero." 
 
 Garrick, David: "The British Ros- 
 cius." 
 
 George I. of England: "The Han- 
 overian Rat." 
 
 George II. of England: "Dutch 
 George." 
 
 George III. of England: "Farmer 
 George." 
 
 George IV. of England: "The First 
 Gentleman in Europe"; "Gentle- 
 man George." 
 
 Giovanni da Fiesole: "Fra Angelico." 
 
 Gladstone, W. E.: "The Grand Old 
 Man"; also "The People's William." 
 By his opponents he was styled, 
 "The Grand Old Woman." 
 
 Goldsmith, Oliver: "Poor Noll." 
 
 Grant, U. S.: "Unconditional Sur- 
 render Grant"; "United States 
 Grant"; "The Butcher." 
 
 "Great": A title of honor given to 
 many monarchs by their subjects. 
 Time has eliminated the title in a 
 great number of instances; but his- 
 tory still applies it to Alexander 
 the Great of Macedon; to Pope Greg- 
 ory the Great; to Charles the Great 
 (Charlemagne) of the Holy Roman 
 Empire; to Alfred the Great of 
 Saxon England; to Peter the Great 
 of Russia; to Frederick the Great of 
 Prussia; and to Napoleon the Great 
 of France. (See Louis XIV.) 
 
 Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden: 
 "The Lion of the North." 
 
 in Parliament but made in all his 
 career only one speech. This, how- 
 ever, was remarkably eloquent, full 
 of close reasoning and persuasive- 
 Hancock, Winfleld S. : "The Superb." 
 Hanna, Marcus A.: "The Business 
 
 Man in Politics"; "Uncle Mark." 
 Harris, Joel Chandler: "Uncle 
 
 Remus." 
 Harrison, Benj.: "Little Ben." 
 Hayes, Rutherford B.: "His Fraud- 
 ulency"; "The Bread - Poultice 
 President." 
 Heenan, John C: "The Benicia 
 
 Boy." 
 Henry I. of England: "Fine Scholar" 
 
 (Beauclerc). 
 Henry V. of England: "Prince Hal." 
 Eenry Vffl. of England: "Bluff 
 King Hal"; "Defender of the Faith." 
 Heraclitus: "The Weeping Philoso- 
 pher." 
 Herodotus: "The Father of History." 
 Hippocrates: "The Father of Medi- 
 cine." 
 Hogg, James: "The Ettrick Shep- 
 
 he?d." 
 Holman, W. H.: "The Watch-dog of 
 
 the Treasury." 
 Hooker, Gen. Joseph E.: "Fighting 
 Joe." 
 
 I 
 Isabel of Castillo and Aragon; 
 
 "Isabel the Catholic." 
 Ivan II. of Russia: "The Terrible." 
 
 Hamilton, Alexander: "Alexander 
 
 the Coppersmith" (1793). 
 Hamilton, W. G.: "Single-Speech 
 Hamilton." An English statesman 
 of the eighteenth century sat long 
 
 Jackson, Andrew: "Old Hickory." 
 Jackson, Gen. T. J.: "Stonewall 
 
 Jackson." 
 Johnson, Andrew: "Our Andy." 
 Johnson, Samuel: "The Great Cham 
 
 of Literature." 
 
 Kelly, John: "Honest John." 
 Kelly, William H.: "Pig-iron Kelly." 
 Kemble, Fanny: "Pretty Fanny." 
 Kipling, Rudyard: "The Man from 
 
 Nowhere." 
 Knox, Philander C: "Sleepy Phil." 
 Kruger, Paul: "Oom Paul" (Uncle 
 
 Paul). 
 
 Landon, Letitia E.: "L. E. L." 
 Laynez, Don Roderigo: "The Cid." 
 Lee, Nathaniel: "The Mad Poet." 
 
NICKNAMES OF FAMOUS PERSONAGES 
 
 Lee, Robert E.: "Uncle Robert" (by N 
 
 his soldiers); "Massa Bob" (by the 
 
 negroes). Napoleon I.: "The Little Corporal"; 
 
 Lincoln, Abraham: "Honest Abe"; <r N T ap" (in England); "Boney" (in 
 
 "Old Abe"; "Father Abraham"; England); "The Nightmare of 
 
 "The Great Emancipator"; "The Europe." 
 
 Railsplitter"; "The Martyred Presi- Napoleon II.: "The Eaglet." 
 
 dent/' Napoleon III.: "Badingue." (The 
 
 Lincoln, Robert T.: "The Prince of name of the workman in whose 
 
 Rails." garments Napoleon escaped from 
 
 Lind, Jenny: "The Swedish Nightin- the Castle of Ham.) 
 
 gale." Napoleon IV. (The Prince Imperial): 
 
 Logan, John A.: "Black Jack." "Loulou." 
 
 Louis Philippe of France: "The Napoleon, Prince (J. C. Bonaparte): 
 
 Citizen King" (Le Roi Citoyen). "Plon-Plon." The Prince was said 
 
 Louis I. of France: "The Debon- to have shown the white feather in 
 
 nair" (gallant), or "The Pious." the Crimean War- and the French. 
 
 Louis IV. of France: "The Foreign- therefore, named him "Plon-Plon, 
 
 er," (Le d'Outremer) because he was supposed to represent the sound of 
 
 educated in England. cannon. 
 
 Louis V. of France: "The Sluggard" Nelson, Admiral Horatio: "The 
 
 (Le Faineant). Hero of Trafalgar." 
 
 Louis VI. of France: "The Fat" (Le Neville, Richard (Earl of Warwick): 
 
 Gras). "The King-Maker." (See War- 
 Louis VIII. of France: "The Lion" wick.) 
 
 (Le Lion). Ney, Marshal Michel: "The Bravest 
 
 Louis XI. of France: "The Fox" . of the Brave" (Le plus brave des 
 
 (Le Renar d). braves). 
 
 Louis XIV. of France: "The Great Nightingale, Florence: "The Angel 
 
 Kin g" (L e Grand Monarque). of the Crimea." 
 Louis XVI. of France: "The Joiner" 
 
 (Le Charpentier), because of hia O 
 
 fondness for carpentry and mechan- 
 ics; also "The Baker," being held O'Connell, Daniel: "The Liberator." 
 
 responsible for the food supply. 
 
 P 
 
 M Palmerston, Lord: "Old Pam." 
 
 Peel, Sir Robert: "Corn Law Bobby"; 
 
 McClellan, Gen. G. B.: "The Young and "Orange Peel" (from his anti- 
 Napoleon"; "Little Mac." Catholic policy). 
 
 McKinley, William: "The Advance Pitt, William, Duke of Chatham: 
 
 Agent of Prosperity." "The Great Duke." 
 
 Marie Antoinette, Queen of Piatt, Thomas C: "Me Too"; "The 
 
 France: "The Austrian." Easy Boss." 
 
 Mary I. of England: "Bloody Mary." Pope, Alexander: "The Wasp of 
 
 Meissonier, Jean Louis: "The Great Twickenham." 
 Painter of Little Pictures." 
 
 Melanchthon, Philip: "The Pre- R 
 ceptor of Germany. 
 
 Meyer, Gen. H. J.: "Old Probs," Reed, Thomas B.: "Czar Reed.". 
 
 because he established the Weather Richard I. of England: "The Lion 
 
 Bureau at Washington. Heart" (Caeur deLion). 
 
 Miller, Joaquin: "The Poet of the Riley, James Whitcomb: "The 
 
 Sierras." Hoosier Poet." 
 
 Moltke, Helmuth von: "Father Robert, the First Duke of Nor- 
 
 Moltke." mandy: "Robert the Devil." 
 
 Monmouth, Duke of (the natural Roosevelt, Theodore: "Teddy"; 
 
 son of King Charles II. of England): "Terrible Teddy"; "The Bronco- 
 
 "The Protestant Duke." Buster"; "Teddy the First"; "T. 
 
NICKNAMES OF FAMOUS PERSONAGES 
 
 R."; "Our Teddy"; "The Hero of Tilman, Benjamin R.: "Pitchfork 
 
 San Juan"; "The Trust Slayer"; Tilman." 
 
 "Toothful Teddy"; "Teddy the Tyler, John: "The Renegade." 
 
 Smiler"; "The Man Who Would Be 
 
 King." v 
 
 g Van Buren, Martin: "Little Matty"; 
 "The Fox of Kinderhook." 
 
 St. John: "The Beloved Disciple." Victoria, ^ Queen of England: "The 
 
 St. Stephen: "The Proto-Martyr." _ Widow. 
 
 Salisbury, Lord: "A Lath Painted Voorhees, Darnel W.: "The Tall 
 to Look Like Iron." Sycamore of the Wabash." 
 
 Scott, Sir Walter: "The Wizard of 
 
 the North" ; "The Border Minstrel" ; W 
 
 "The Great Unknown." __ . _ _ , „ . 
 
 Scott, Gen. Winfield: "Old Fuss and W £^ ck ,V Earl of ( see Neville, 
 Feathers," from his fondness for ^H. c V arci )- „ „™ ^ , 
 
 military display. It is he who is in- Waf^g^on, George: "The Father 
 
 voked in the exclamation, "Great „ T ot Hls S^ ountl T- ^ «*, ■, . 
 
 Scott " Wayne, Gen. Anthony: "Mad An- 
 
 Sewall, Arthur: "The Lone Fisher- ^hony." 
 
 man of Bath " Webster, Daniel: "Black Dan"; 
 
 Shakespeare, William: "The Bard '' T H Ex P° under of th e Constitu- 
 of Avon"; "The Swan of Avon"; tion. .-«-■- (t ™ T 
 
 "The Divine William." Wellington, the Duke of: "The Iron 
 
 Sheridan, Gen. Philip: "Little Phil"; ^uke. 
 
 "Piegan Phil," from the Piegan In- Wheeler. Gen. Joseph: "Fighting 
 
 dians whom he annihilated. miP-l heele £ . . COT - ~ - , ~ 
 
 Sheridan, Richard Brinsley: Whitman, Walt: "The Good Grey 
 "Sherry " Poet." 
 
 Sherman, Gen. William Te- Whittier, John G.: "The Quaker 
 
 cumseh: "Uncle Billy"; "Old _ P°. et - T , . , , -_ ., , , , 
 
 Tecump " William I. (of the Netherlands): 
 
 Simpson,Jerry: "Sockless Simpson"; -J^^ 1 ^^ fi ent f « (( n 7 . 1 , 
 
 "Uncle Jerry " William (King of Scotland) : "W llham 
 
 Smith, Gen. J.': "Hell-Roaring Jake." tjj? Lion." 
 
 Stevens, Thaddeus: "The Great William I. of England: "The Con- 
 Commoner " queror. 
 
 Stone, Gov. William L.: "Gum-shoe William H. of England: "The Red " 
 
 gill h William III. of England: "The 
 
 Stratton, Charles H.: "Tom tir J?^ tchma £f" , ,, , A „™ 
 
 Thumb William IV. of England: "The 
 
 Stuart, 'Prince Charles Edward: bailor King"; "Silly Billy." 
 
 "The Young Chevalier"; "The W i ha ^ L » of German y : "William 
 
 Young Pretender" (1720-88). _g}5 Wls £ , „ c<wnr 
 
 v ' William II. of Germany: "William 
 
 the Bagman"; "William the Pre- 
 
 T vious"; "William the War-Lord. " 
 
 Williams, Eleazar: "Louis XVII." 
 
 Taylor, Zachary: "Old Rough and (Williams claimed that he was the 
 
 Ready." son of Louis XVI., and had not died 
 
 Thurman, Allen G.: "The Old in prison.) 
 
 Roman"; "Old Bandanna." Willis, N. P.: "Natty Nat." 
 
 Tilden, Samuel J.: "Co-parcener Wilson, Henry (Vice-President): 
 
 Tilden," from his alleged relations "The Natick Cobbler." 
 
 with unscrupulous financiers. Woodruff, Timothy L.: "Tiny Tim." 
 
THE DECISIVE BATTLES OF THE 
 WORLD AND THEIR RESULTS 
 
 By DONALD L. CLARK, A.B., DE PAUW UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Marathon (mar'a-thon), 490 B.C. 
 The Greeks (11,000) under Miltiades 
 defeated the Persians (100,000) un- 
 der Datis and Artaphernes. The 
 victory ended Darius s invasion of 
 Greece. 
 
 Thermopylae (ther-mop'i-li) , 480 B.C. 
 The Greeks (300 Spartans and 700 
 Thespians) under Leonidas were 
 annihilated by the huge < army of 
 Xerxes. Showed the patriotic tem- 
 per of the Greeks. 
 
 Salamis (sal'a-mis), 480 B.C. The 
 Greek fleet under Themistocles and 
 Eurybiades defeated the Persian 
 fleet under Xerxes. Saved Greece 
 from the second and last Persian 
 invasion. 
 
 Syracuse (sy'ra-kus), 413 B.C. Un- 
 successfully besieged by the Athe- 
 nians under Nicias and Demosthenes. 
 This defeat marked the decline of 
 Athenian imperialism and protected 
 Rome from Greek conquest. 
 
 Cunaxa, 401 B.C. A battle fought at 
 Cunaxa, 60 miles from Babylon, 
 between the armies of King Arta- 
 xerxes Mnemon (250,000) and that 
 of Cyrus the Younger (100,000) . In 
 the army of Cyrus were 10,000 Greek 
 mercenaries whose valor and dis- 
 cipline routed the vast army of 
 Artaxerxes. This battle taught the 
 Greeks the inherent weakness of the 
 Persians, and led to the later con- 
 quest of Persia by Alexander. 
 
 Arbela (ar-be'la), 331 B.C. The 
 Macedonians (47,000) under Alex- 
 ander the Great defeated the Per- 
 sians (1,000,000) under Darius III. 
 Led to the final overthrow of the 
 Persian Empire. 
 
 Metaurus (me-taw'rus), 207 B.C. 
 The Romans (7,000) under Livius 
 and Nero defeated the Carthaginians 
 under Hasdrubal, almost annihilat- 
 ing them. Resulted in the over- 
 throw of Hannibal and the aggrand- 
 izement of Rome. 
 
 Actium (ak'shi-um), 31 B.C. Octa- 
 vius Augustus (200 light ships) de- 
 feated the combined fleets of Antony 
 and Cleopatra (200 heavier ships). 
 Resulted m the establishment of the 
 imperial power of the Caesars. 
 
 Teutoburgerwald (toi-to-bo5r'ger- 
 valt), 9 A.D. The Germans under 
 Hermann (Arminius) annihilated a 
 Roman army under Varus. Checked 
 Roman expansion in the North, and 
 marked the beginning of the influ- 
 ence of the Germanic tribes. 
 
 Chalons (cha'long), 451. The Romans 
 and Visigoths under Aetius and 
 Theodoric routed the Huns under 
 Attila, with a reputed loss to the 
 Huns of 162,000 dead. Saved West- 
 ern Europe from Mongolian savag- 
 ery. 
 
 Soissons (swa-song'), 486. The Mero- 
 vingian Franks, under Clovis, de- 
 feated the Romans under Syagrius. 
 Gaul lost to Rome, and Frankish 
 power established. 
 
 Testri (tes'tre), 687.. The Austrasian 
 Franks under Pepin of Heristal de- 
 feated the Mero wings of Neustria. 
 United the kingdoms of the Franks 
 and marked the beginnings of 
 Carolingian power. 
 
 Tours (toor), 732. The Franks under 
 Charles Martel defeated the Sara- 
 cens under Abd-el-Rahman. Saved 
 Christian Europe from Moham- 
 medan conquest. 
 
 Ethandun (eth-an-doon'), 878. The 
 West Saxons under Alfred the Great 
 defeated the invading Danes. Re- 
 sulted in the preservation of a uni- 
 fied English state. 
 
 Senlac (Hastings), Oct. 14, 1066. 
 The Normans, under William the 
 Conqueror, defeated the Saxons 
 under their king, Harold, who was 
 killed. Effected the Norman con- 
 quest of England. 
 
 Legnano (len-yan'o), May 29, 1176. 
 The Lombard League defeated Fred- 
 
DECISIVE BATTLES OF THE WORLD 
 
 erick Barbarossa, the German Em- 
 peror. Crippled German influence 
 in Italy and preserved the integrity 
 of the democratic Free Cities. 
 
 Bouvines (bod-ven'), July 27, 1214. 
 The French (37,000) under Philip 
 Augustus defeated the German, 
 Flemish and English forces (46,000) 
 under Otto IV. Marked the begin- 
 nings of France as a nation. Sig- 
 nificant in rise of democracy, be- 
 cause the militia of the Free Cities 
 showed their superiority to the 
 German feudal levies. 
 
 Sempach (zem-pakh), July 9, 1386. 
 The Swiss defeated the Austrians 
 (20,000) under Duke Leopold III. 
 Secured the independence of the 
 Swiss Confederation. 
 
 Orleans (or-la'ang), May 7, 1429. 
 The siege raised by an assault of the 
 French under Jeanne Dare on the 
 besieging English army under the 
 Duke of Bedford. Marked the end 
 of English Plantagenet rule in 
 France. 
 
 Bosworth Field, Aug. 22, 1485. The 
 Earl of Richmond (who became 
 Henry VII.) defeated Richard III. 
 Ended the English Wars of the 
 Roses and instituted the Tudor 
 dynasty. 
 
 Lepanto (la-pan'to), Oct. 7, 1571. 
 Italian and Spanish fleet (200 gal- 
 leys) under Don John of Austria 
 defeated the Turks (273 lighter gal- 
 leys) under Ali. Turks lost 20,000; 
 the Christians, 8000. Shattered the 
 naval power of the Turks and put 
 an end to their aggression in the 
 Eastern Mediterranean. 
 
 Spanish Armada, 1588. The Eng- 
 lish fleet (197 small ships) under 
 Lord Howard of Effingham defeated 
 the Armada (132 huge ships) under 
 the Duke of Medina Sidonia at 
 Calais and Gravelines. Over half 
 the Spanish fleet was destroyed by 
 storm while attempting to escape 
 through the North Sea. Marked trie 
 failure of Philip II. to make the 
 House of Hapsburg supreme in 
 Europe. 
 
 Luetzen (lutz'en). Nov. 16, 1632. The 
 Swedes (18,000) under Gustavus 
 Adolphus defeated the Imperialists 
 (20,000) under Wallenstein. Pre- 
 served the integrityof the Protestant 
 States of Central Europe. 
 
 Naseby (naz'by), June 14, 1645. The 
 
 forces of Parliament (11,000) under 
 Fairfax and Cromwell defeated the 
 Royalists (11,000) under Charles I. 
 ana Prince Rupert. The deciding 
 battle of the English Civil War, re- 
 sulting in the Protectorate under 
 Cromwell. 
 
 Blenheim (blen'him), Aug. 13, 1704. 
 The English and Austrians (52,000) 
 under the Duke of Marlborough 
 and Prince Eugene defeated the 
 French and Bavarians (60,000) under 
 Tallard and Marsin. Allies lost 
 11,000 and the French, 40,000. 
 Humbled Louis XIV. and made pos- 
 sible the colonial greatness of Eng- 
 land through the Treaty of Utrecht. 
 
 Pultowa (pool-to'va), June 27, 1709. 
 The Russians (70,000) under Peter 
 the Great defeated the Swedes 
 (25,000) under Charles XII. Marked 
 the rise of Russia as a European 
 power. 
 
 Rossbach (ros^bakh), Nov. 5, 1757. 
 The Prussians (22,000) under Fred- 
 erick the Great defeated the French 
 under Soubise, and the Imperialists 
 under Prince of Saxe-Hildburg- 
 hausen (43;000). Result is seen at 
 Leuthen. 
 
 Leuthen (loi'ten), Dec. 5, 1757. The 
 Prussians (30,000) under Frederick 
 the Great defeated the Austrians 
 (80,000) under Prince Charles. These 
 two actions mark the rise of Prussia 
 as the leader of the German States. 
 
 Saratoga, Oct. 6, 1777. The Ameri- 
 cans (14,000) under Gates defeated 
 the British (7000) under Burgoyne, 
 and took 6000 prisoners ten days 
 later. The decisive battle of the 
 American Revolution. 
 
 Yorktown, Oct. 19, 1781. The Amer- 
 icans and French under Washington 
 and Rochambeau and the French 
 fleet under De Grasse forced the sur- 
 render of the British (8,000) under 
 Cornwallis. Virtually ended the 
 American Revolution. 
 
 Valmy (val'me), Sept. 20, 1792. The 
 French (36,000) under Kellermann 
 defeated the Prussians (34,000) un- 
 der the Duke of Brunswick. Loss 
 of 180 and 700 respectively. Pre- 
 served the integrity of the newly 
 formed French Republic. 
 
 Trafalgar (traf-al'gar; Spanish traf- 
 al-gar'), Oct. 31, 1805. The British 
 fleet (31 ships) under Nelson de- 
 feated the French-Spanish fleet (38 
 
DECISIVE BATTLES OF THE WORLD 
 
 ships) under Villeneuve, Gravina 
 ana Alva. Nelson was killed. 
 Ended the sea-power of Napoleon. 
 
 Austerlitz (ow'ster-litz), Dec. 2, 1805. 
 The French (65,000) under Napo- 
 leon defeated the Austrians and 
 Russians (82,000) under Kutusoff. 
 Resulted in peace of Presburg. 
 
 Leipzig (lip'tsij), Oct. 16-19, 1813. 
 The Prussians, Russians, Austrians 
 and Swedes (300,000) under Schwar- 
 zenherd defeated the French (180,- 
 000) under Napoleon. Killed and 
 wounded for Allies 54,000, for French 
 40,000. Secured liberation of Ger- 
 many and the first abdication of 
 Napoleon. Called the "Battle of 
 the Nations." 
 
 Waterloo, June 18, 1815. The British, 
 Dutch and Germans (67,000) under 
 Wellington and later the Prussians 
 (50,000) under Blucher defeated the 
 French (72,000) under Napoleon. 
 The end of the Napoleonic Wars and 
 a reversion to feudalism in Europe. 
 
 Sebastopol (se-bas'to-pol ; Russian 
 pron. se-bas-top'ol), Sept. 8, 1854. 
 The French and English under 
 Pelisser took the Russian fort de- 
 signed by Totleben and commanded 
 by Gortchakoff. In the siege the 
 Russians lost 102,670 and the Allies 
 a larger number. Ended the Cri- 
 mean W T ar and temporarily destroyed 
 Russia's Mediterranean power. 
 
 Monitor and Merrimac, March 9, 
 1862. The Federal "Monitor" un- 
 der Lieut. Worden defeated the Con- 
 federate "Merrimac" under Captain 
 Franklin Buchanan in a battle in 
 Hampton Roads. Revolutionized 
 naval construction by introducing 
 armored vessels. Prevented the 
 "Merrimac" from destroying the 
 Federal fleet. 
 
 Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863. Federal 
 forces (75,000) under Meade de- 
 feated the Confederates (75,000) 
 under Lee. Losses 23,186 and 31,621 
 respectively. Decisive battle of the 
 American Civil war by ending Con- 
 federate invasions. 
 
 Sedan (sa-dang'), Sept. 1, 1870. The 
 Germans (250,000) under William I. 
 defeated the French (84,000) under 
 Napoleon III. and Marshal Mac- 
 Manon. Decided Franco-Prussian 
 War. Led to the overthrow of the 
 French Empire and the establish- 
 ment of the third Republic. 
 
 Falu (ya-loo') River, Sept. 17, 1894. 
 The Japanese fleet under Ito de- 
 feated the Chinese fleet under Ting. 
 Four Chinese ships sunk. First 
 battle fought with modern ar- 
 mored ships. Reorganization of 
 Japan. 
 
 Santiago (san-ti-a'go), July 3, 1898. 
 The American fleet (11 ships) under 
 Sampson and Schley destroyed the 
 Spanish fleet (6 ships) under Cervera. 
 .Resulted in Spanish loss of Cuba, 
 Porto Rico and Philippines. 
 
 Paardeberg (pawr 'de-berg) , Feb. 27, 
 1899. Large English forces under 
 Lord Roberts defeated a smaller 
 force of Boers under Cronje. Re- 
 sulted in English annexation of 
 Orange Free State in May and of 
 the Transvaal in October, 1900. 
 
 Port Arthur, Jan. 1, 1905. The 
 Japanese land forces under Nogi and 
 fleet under Togo captured the fort 
 commanded by Stoessel <after a 148- 
 days' siege. Russian losses, 28,200; 
 Japanese, 57,780. Resulted in the 
 elevation of Japan to the position of 
 a world-power and the establishment 
 of parliamentary forms in the Rus- 
 sian Duma. 
 
 Adrianople, 1913. The Balkan States 
 against Turkey, resulting in a read- 
 justment of boundary lines. 
 
 Marne (marn), Sept. 6-10, 1914. 
 French and English under Joffre and 
 French threw back the German army 
 of invasion from the Marne river 
 to the fortified line of the Aisne. 
 Believed to have saved Paris from 
 capture. 
 
 Falkland Islands, Dec. 8, 1915. Brit- 
 ish squadron under Sturdee of greatly 
 superior strength destroyed practic- 
 ally entire German squadron under 
 von Spee. Ended danger of German 
 commerce raiders to allied vessels. 
 
 Dardanelles, Jan. 10, 1916. Turks 
 with German cooperation forced final 
 abandonment of attempt to capture 
 forts on Gallipoli Peninsula by Eng- 
 lish and French after campaign be- 
 ginning with bombardment on Feb. 
 28, 1915. Allies lost six battleships 
 and 200,000 men (estimated; casual- 
 ties officially announced by British, 
 to Dec. 24, 114,555) . Assured Turks 
 and Central Powers control of the 
 Straits. 
 
THE METRIC SYSTEM 
 OF 
 
 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES' 
 
 LENGTH. 
 
 METRIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. 
 
 Myriameter 10,000 meters 
 
 Kilometer 1,000 meters 
 
 Hectometer 100 meters 
 
 Dekameter 10 meters' 
 
 Meter 1 meter 
 
 Decimeter . tS of a meter 
 
 Centimeter T oo of a meter 
 
 Millimeter TD l oo of a meter 
 
 EQUIVALENTS IN CUSTOMARY UNITS. 
 
 ..6.2137 miles. 
 
 . .0.62137 mile, or 3280 feet and 10 inches. 
 
 328 feet and 1 inch. 
 
 393.7 inches. 
 
 .39.37 inches. 
 
 . .3.937 inches. 
 
 . .0.3937 inch. 
 
 . .0.0394 inch. 
 
 AREA. 
 
 METRIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. 
 
 Hectare 10,000 square meters 
 
 Are ^ 100 square meters 
 
 Deciare 10 square meters 
 
 Centare 1 square meter 
 
 Milliare 1 square centimeter 
 
 EQUIVALENTS IN CUSTOMARY UNITS. 
 
 . . . .2.471 acres. 
 
 . .119.6 square yards. 
 
 .. .11.96 square yards. 
 
 . 1,550 square inches. 
 
 . . . .0.1550 square inches. 
 
 CAPACITY AND VOLUME. 
 
 METRIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. 
 
 EQUIVALENTS IN CUSTOM ARY^ UNITS. 
 
 Names. 
 
 No. of 
 
 liters. 
 
 Cubic Measure. 
 
 Dry Measure. 
 
 Liquid or Wine 
 Measure. 
 
 Kiloliter, or Stere 
 Hectoliter 
 
 1,000 
 
 100 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 rV 
 
 1 
 TUC 
 
 TOOC 
 
 1 cubic meter ....... 
 
 X0 of a cubic meter . . . 
 10 cubic decimeters. . . 
 
 1 cubic decimeter. . . . 
 i 1 ;, of a cubic decimeter 
 10 cubic centimeters. . 
 
 1 cubic centimeter. . . 
 
 1.3079 cubic yards 
 
 2 bushels and 3.35 pecks. . 
 9.081 quarts 
 
 264.17 gallons. 
 26.417 gallons. 
 2.6417 gallons. 
 
 
 0.9081 quart 
 
 1.05668 quarts. 
 
 Deciliter 
 
 Centiliter 
 
 Milliliter 
 
 6.1022 cubic inches 
 
 0.6102 cubic inch 
 
 0.845 gill. 
 0.3381 fluid oz. 
 0.2705 fluid dram. 
 
 
 
 
 METRIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. 
 
 EQUIVALENTS IN 
 
 CUSTOMARY UNITS. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Number 
 of grams. 
 
 Weight of what quan- 
 tity of water at 
 maximum density. 
 
 Avoirdupois 
 Weight. 
 
 Troy Weight. 
 
 Millier or Tonneau. 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 100 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 f° 
 
 TOD 
 
 Tnnn 
 
 1 cubic meter 
 
 2,204.62 pounds 
 
 220.462 pounds . . . 
 22.0462 pounds . . 
 
 2.20462 pounds.. 
 
 3.5274 ounces. . . 
 
 0.3527 ounce . . . 
 15.4327 grains . . . 
 
 1.5432 grains. . . 
 
 0.1543 grains. . . 
 
 0.0154 grains . . . 
 
 2,679.23 pounds. 
 267.923 pounds. 
 
 Myriagram 
 
 Kilogram or Kilo . . 
 
 10 liters 
 
 1 liter 
 
 26.7923 pounds. 
 2.67923 pounds. 
 
 Hectogram 
 
 
 3.215 ounces. 
 
 Dekagram 
 
 Gram 
 
 10 cubic centimeters . . 
 
 1 cubic centimeter . . . 
 tb of a cubic centimeter 
 10 cubic millimeters. . 
 
 1 cubic millimeter . . . 
 
 0.3215 ounces. 
 0.03215 ounces. 
 1.54324 grains. 
 
 Centigram 
 
 Milligram 
 
 0.15432 grains. 
 0.01543 grains. 
 
 "The International Metric System of Weights and Measures." Bureau of Standards, 1906. 
 
VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS IN UNITED 
 STATES MONEY. 
 
 (These figures are those which prevailed before the European War.) 
 
 CouNTEr 
 
 Standard 
 
 Monetary Unit 
 
 Value in 
 
 U. S. Gold 
 
 Dollar 
 
 Coins 
 
 
 Gold.... 
 Gold.... 
 
 Gold.... 
 
 Silver. . . 
 Gold.... 
 
 Gold.... 
 Silver. . . 
 Gold.... 
 
 Silver. . . 
 Silver. . . 
 Gold.... 
 Gold.... 
 
 Gold.... 
 
 Silver.. . 
 
 Gold.... 
 
 Gold.... 
 Gold.... 
 Gold.... 
 Gold.... 
 
 Gold.... 
 
 Gold.... 
 Gold.... 
 Gold.... 
 
 Silver. . . 
 
 Gold.... 
 
 Gold.... 
 Gold.... 
 Gold.... 
 Gold.... 
 Gold.... 
 
 Gold.... 
 Gold.... 
 Gold.... 
 Gold.... 
 Gold.... 
 Gold.... 
 
 Peso 
 
 $0.96.5 
 .20.3 
 
 .19.3 
 .40.8 
 .54.6 
 
 1.00 
 .40.8 
 .40 
 
 .60.2 
 .63.9 
 .65.7 
 .40.8 
 
 .46.5 
 
 .92.6 
 
 .26.8 
 
 .48.7 
 
 4.94.3 
 
 .19.3 
 
 .23.8 
 
 4.86.6H 
 
 .19.3 
 
 .96.5 
 
 4.85.6H 
 .19.3 
 .49.8 
 
 .45 
 
 .40.2 
 1.01.4 
 
 .26.8 
 
 .40 
 1.08 
 
 .51.5 
 
 .19.3 
 
 .26.8 
 .19.3 
 .04.4 
 1.03.4 
 .19.3 
 
 Gold; argentine ($4.82.4) and Yi argentine. 
 
 Silver: peso and divisions. 
 Gold: former system — 4 florins (SI. 92.9) 8 florins 
 
 
 
 Belgium . 
 
 Franc 
 
 ($3.85.8) ducat ($2.28.7) and 4 ducats ($9.14.9). 
 Silver: 1 and 2 florins. Gold: present system — 
 20 crowns ($4.05.2) and 10 crowns ($2.02.6). 
 Gold: 10 and 20 francs. Silver: 5 francs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gold: 5 10, anH 20 milreis. Silver; U 1 ; and 2 
 
 
 Dollar 
 
 milreis. 
 
 
 Pesof 
 
 
 Chile 
 
 Peso 
 
 Gold: escudo ($1.82.5) doubloon ($3.65) and 
 
 China 
 
 ( Shanghai . . 
 Taelt ^Tientsin... 
 
 { Canton 
 
 Peso 
 
 condor ($7.30). Silver: peso and divisions. 
 
 Costa Rica.. 
 
 
 Silver: peso. 
 Gold: 2, 5, 10, and 20 colons ($9.30.7). Silver: 
 
 Cuba 
 
 Peso 
 
 5, 10, 25, and 50 centimos. 
 Gold: doubloon ($5.01.7); Alfonso ($4.82.3). 
 
 Ttenmark 
 
 
 Silver: peso. 
 Gold: 10 and 20 crowns. 
 
 
 
 Gold: 10 sucres ($4.86.65). Silver: sucre and 
 
 Egypt 
 
 Pound (100 piasters) 
 
 divisions. 
 Gold: pound (100 piasters) 5, 10, 20, and 50 
 
 piasters. Silver: 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 piasters. 
 Gold: 6, 10, 20, 50, and 100 frs. Silver: 5 frs. 
 
 
 Mark 
 
 Gold: 6, 10, and 20 marks. 
 
 Gt. Britain.. 
 
 Pound sterling 
 
 Gold: sovereign (pound sterling) and Y 2 sovereign. 
 Gold: 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 drachmas. Silver: 
 
 Hayti 
 
 
 5 drachmas. 
 Gold: 1, 2, 5, and 10 gourdes. Silver: gourde 
 
 India. 
 
 Italy 
 
 Pound sterling§ 
 
 L ira 
 
 and divisions. 
 Gold: sov. ($4.86.65). Silver: rupee and divisions. 
 Gold: 6, 10. and 20 lire. Silver: 5 lire. 
 Gold: 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 yen. Silver: 10, 20, and 
 
 
 Dollar 
 
 50 sen. 
 Gold: dollar ($0.98.3), 2H, 5, 10. and 20 dollars. 
 
 
 
 Silver: dollar (or peso) and divisions. 
 Gold: 10 florins. Silver: Y 2 , 1, and V/i florins. 
 
 
 Dollar 
 
 Gold: 2 dollars ($2.02.7). 
 
 
 
 Gold: 10 and 20 crowns. 
 
 Peru 
 
 Sol 
 
 Gold: libra ($4.86.65). Silver: sol and divisions. 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Milreis 
 
 Ruble 
 
 Gold: 1, 2, 5, and 10 milreis. 
 
 Gold: imperial ($7.71.8) and Yz imperial, 7J4 
 
 
 
 rubles ($3.86). Silver: Y, Y. and 1 ruble. 
 Gold: 25 pesetas. Silver: 5 pesetas. 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Crown 
 
 Gold: 10 and 20 crowns. 
 
 Gold: 6, 10, and 20 frs. Silver: 5 frs. 
 
 Turkey 
 
 Piaster 
 
 Gold: 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 piasters. 
 Gold: peso. Silver: peso and divisions. 
 
 
 
 Gold: 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 bolivars. Silver: 
 
 
 
 5 bolivars. 
 
 * The coins of silver-standard countries are valued by their pure silver contents at the average market 
 price of silver for the three months preeeding the date of this circular, t Not including Costa Rica, t The 
 British dollar has the same value as the Mexican at Hong Kong and the Straits Settlement. § The sovereign 
 is the standard coin of India but the rupee ($0.32.4) is the money of account, current at 15 to the sovereign. 
 
VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS— Continued 
 
 TABLE SHOWING THE VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS AND PAPER NOTES 
 
 IN AMERICAN MONEY BASED UPON THE VALUES EXPRESSED 
 
 IN THE ABOVE TABLE 
 
 Number 
 
 British £ 
 
 German 
 
 French 
 
 Franc, 
 
 Italian Lira 
 
 Chinese 
 
 Tael, 
 
 (Shanghai) 
 
 Dutch 
 
 Indian 
 
 Russian 
 
 Austrian 
 
 Sterling 
 
 Mark 
 
 Florin 
 
 Rupee 
 
 Gold Ruble 
 
 Crown 
 
 1 
 
 S4.86.6J 
 
 $0.23.8 
 
 $0.19.3 
 
 $0.60.2 
 
 $0.42.0 
 
 $0.32.4 
 
 $0.51.5 
 
 $0.20.3 
 
 2 
 
 9.73.3 
 
 0.47.6 
 
 0.38.6 
 
 1.20.4 
 
 0.80.4 
 
 0.64.8 
 
 1.03 
 
 0.40.6 
 
 3 
 
 14.59.9J 
 
 0.71.4 
 
 0.57.9 
 
 1.80.6 
 
 1.20.6 
 
 0.97.2 
 
 1.54.5 
 
 9.60.9 
 
 4 
 
 19.46.6 
 
 0.95.2 
 
 0.77.2 
 
 2.40.8 
 
 1.60.8 
 
 1.29.6 
 
 2.06 
 
 0.81.2 
 
 5 
 
 24.33.21 
 
 1.19 
 
 0.96.5 
 
 3.01 
 
 2.01 
 
 1.62 
 
 2.57.5 
 
 1.01.5 
 
 6 
 
 29.19.9 
 
 1.42.8 
 
 1.15.8 
 
 3.61.2 
 
 2.41.2 
 
 2.04.4 
 
 3.09 
 
 1.21.8 
 
 7 
 
 34.06.5J 
 
 1.66.6 
 
 1.35.1 
 
 4.21.4 
 
 2.81.4 
 
 2.36.8 
 
 3.60.5 
 
 1.42.1 
 
 8 
 
 38.93.2 
 
 1.90.4 
 
 1.54.4 
 
 4.81.6 
 
 3.21.6 
 
 2.59.2 
 
 4.12 
 
 1.62.4 
 
 9 
 
 43.79.8J 
 
 2.14.2 
 
 1.73.7 
 
 5.41.8 
 
 3.61.8 
 
 2.91.6 
 
 4.63.5 
 
 1.82.7 
 
 10 
 
 48.66.5 
 
 2.38 
 
 1.93 
 
 6.02.2 
 
 4.02 
 
 3.24 
 
 5.15 
 
 2.03 
 
 20 
 
 97.33 
 
 4.76 
 
 3.86 
 
 12.04 
 
 8.04 
 
 6.48 
 
 10.30 
 
 4.06 
 
 30 
 
 145.99.5 
 
 7.14 
 
 5.79 
 
 18.06 
 
 12.06 
 
 9.72 
 
 15.45 
 
 6.09 
 
 40 
 
 194.66 
 
 9.52 
 
 7.72 
 
 24.08 
 
 16.08 
 
 12.96 
 
 20.60 
 
 8.12 
 
 50 
 
 243.32.5 
 
 11.90 
 
 19.65 
 
 30.10 
 
 20.10 
 
 16.20 
 
 25.75 
 
 10.15 
 
 100 
 
 486.65 
 
 23.80 
 
 9.30 
 
 60.20 
 
 40.20 
 
 32.40 
 
 51.50 
 
 20.30 
 
 FACTS ABOUT THE EARTH. 
 
 Shape and Size op the Earth: The earth 
 is very nearly an oblate spheroid, whose 
 shorter axis coincides with its axis of rotation 
 passing through the two poles. 
 
 According to Colonel Clarke's calculations, 
 its major axis measures 41,852,124 feet, or 
 7,926.5 statute miles; its minor axis 41,710,242 
 feet, or 7,899.5 statute miles; its circumference 
 along the Equator measures 24,902 statute 
 miles, or 21,600 geographical miles; its total, 
 area 196,940,400 statute square miles; and its 
 volume 259,880 million cubic miles. 
 
 Of this total area, 8.4 percent. (16,464,700 sq. 
 m.) are within the Arctic and Antarctic regions ; 
 51.6 per cent. (102,244,654 sq. m.) within the 
 two temperate regions; 40 per cent. (78,231,046 
 sq. m.) within the Tropics. 
 
 The Land: The land covers 54,807,420 sq.m., 
 on the assumption that 250,000 sq. m. of land 
 remain to be discovered within the Arctic 
 Regions, and that the supposed Antarctic 
 continent, or " Antarctis," has an extent of 
 2,500,000 sq. m. within the Antarctic Circle. 
 
 The Oceans: The oceans, including the 
 inland seas connected with them, cover 
 142,132,980 sq. m., or 72 percent, of the total 
 surface of the earth. There are 2.59 sq. m. 
 of ocean to every sq. m. of land. This area 
 is distributed over the different areas as follows: 
 Arctic Ocean, including Hudson Bay, 5,785,000 
 sq.m.; Atlantic Ocean, 34,301,400 sq. m.; 
 Indian Ocean, 28,615,600 sq.m.; Pacific Ocean, 
 67,699,630 sq.m.; Antarctic Ocean, 5,731,350 
 sq. m. 
 
 Heights and Depths: The mean height 
 of the land has been estimated at 2,440 feet; 
 the mean depth of the sea 1 1 ,470 feet (Karstans). 
 The highest mountain (Mt. Everest) rises to 
 a height of 29,000 feet; the greatest depth of 
 the ocean as yet discovered (in the Pacific, 
 between Guam and Midway) is 31,614 feet. 
 If the whole of the solid crust of the earth 
 were to be levelled, so as to form a spheroid, 
 it would still be covered bv an ocean of a 
 uniform depth of 8,000 feet (Prof. Penck). 
 
 WEDDING ANNIVERSARIES. 
 
 First — Cotton. 
 
 Second — Paper. 
 
 Third — Leather. 
 
 Fourth — Fruit and Flowers. 
 
 Fifth— Wooden. 
 
 Sixth — Sugar. 
 
 Seventh — Woollen. 
 
 Eighth — India Rubber. 
 Ninth— Willow. 
 Tenth— Tin. 
 Eleventh — Steel. 
 
 Fifteenth — Crystal. 
 Twentieth — China. 
 Twenty-fifth— Silver. 
 Thirtieth— Pearl. 
 
 Twelfth — Silk and Fine Linen. Fortieth— Ruby. 
 
 Thirteenth — Lace. 
 Fourteenth — Ivory. 
 
 Fiftieth — Golden. 
 Seventy-fifth — Diamond. 
 
LEGAL HOLIDAYS IN THE VARIOUS STATES 
 
 January 1. New Year's Day: In all 
 
 States (including D. C. and Alaska), 
 except Kans. and Mass. (In Me. a 
 bank holiday only legally.) 
 
 January 8. Anniversary of the 
 Battle of New Orleans: In La. 
 
 January 19. Lee's Birthday: In Fla., 
 Ga., N. C, S. C, Va., Ala., and Ark. 
 
 February. Mardi-Gras (Shrove Tues- 
 day) : In the parish of Orleans, La. 
 
 February 12. Georgia Day: In Ga. 
 
 February 12. Lincoln's Birthday: 
 In Cal y Colo v Conn., Del., 111., la., 
 Ind., Kans., Mich., Minn., Mont., 
 Nev., N. J., N. Y., N. D., Penn., S. 
 D., Ut., Wash., W. Va., and Wyo. 
 
 February 22. Washington's Birth- 
 day: In all the States, District of 
 Columbia and Alaska. 
 
 March (Third Tuesday). Primary 
 Election Day: (every Presidential 
 year) in North Dakota. 
 
 March 2. Anniversary of Texan 
 Independence: In Texas. 
 
 March 4. Inauguration Day: In 
 D. C. in years when a President of 
 the U. S. is inaugurated. 
 
 April (First Monday). Annual Spring 
 Election: In Michigan. 
 
 April 12. Halifax Independence 
 Resolutions: In North Carolina. 
 
 April 13. Thomas Jefferson's Birth- 
 day: In Alabama. 
 
 April 5, 1912. Good Friday: In 
 Ala., Conn., Del., Fla., La., Md., 
 Minn., N. J., Penn., Tenn. 
 
 April 19. Patriots' Day: In Maine 
 and Massachusetts. 
 
 April 21. Anniversary of the Battle 
 of San Jacinto: In Texas. 
 
 April 26. Confederate Memorial 
 Day: In Ala., Fla., Ga., and Miss. 
 
 May 10. Confederate Memorial 
 Day: In N. C. and S. C. 
 
 May (Second Friday). Confederate 
 Day: In Tennessee. 
 
 May 20. Anniversary of the Sign- 
 ing of the Mecklenburg Declara- 
 tion of Independence: In N. C. 
 
 May 30. Decoration Day: In all the 
 States (and D. C. and Alas.), except 
 Fla., Ga., La., Miss., N. C, S. C, 
 Tenn., and Tex. 
 
 June 3. Jefferson Davis's Birthday: 
 In Fla., Ga., Ala., Miss., Tenn., Tex. 
 and S. C. In La., known as "Con- 
 federate Memorial Day." In Va., 
 in public schools. 
 
 Sundays and Fast Days are legal holidays in 
 There ia no national holiday, 
 
 June (Last Wednesday). Primary 
 
 Election Day: In North Dakota. 
 July 4. Independence Day: In all 
 
 the States, and D. C. and Alas. 
 
 July 10. Admission Day: In Wyo. 
 
 July 24. Pioneers' Day: In Utah. 
 
 July (Fourth Saturday) Primary 
 Election Day: In Texas. 
 
 August. Primary Election Day: In 
 Mo. In Mich, (last Tuesday pre- 
 ceding every general Nov. election). 
 
 August 1. Colorado Day: In Colo. 
 
 August 16. Bennington Battle 
 Day: In Vermont. 
 
 September. Labor Day (First Mon- 
 day) : In all the States (and D. C. 
 and Alas.). In La., observed in Or- 
 leans Parish. In Wyo. by procla- 
 mation of the Governor. 
 
 September Primary Election Dayt 
 In Wis., First Tuesday. In Ore., 
 even years. 
 
 September 9. Admission Dayt In 
 California. 
 
 September 12. Old Defenders' 
 Day: In Baltimore, Md. 
 
 October 12. Columbus Dayt In 
 Ark., Cal., Colo., Conn., Del., Ida., 
 111., Ind., Kans., Ky., Md., Mass., 
 Mich., Mo., Mont., N. J., N. Y., 
 Okla., Penn., R. I., Tex., Vt., Wash. 
 
 October 31. Admission Day: In 
 Nevada. 
 
 November 1. All Saints' Day: In La. 
 
 November (first Friday). Pioneer 
 Day: In Mont., observed in public 
 schools. 
 
 November — General Election Dayt 
 In Ariz., Cal., Colo., Del., Fla., Ida., 
 111. (in Cairo, Chicago, Danville. 
 East St. Louis, Galesburg, Rockford 
 and Springfield), Ind., Ia., Ky., La., 
 Me., Md., Mich., Minn., Mo., Mont., 
 Nev., N. H., N. J., N. Mex., N. Y., 
 N. C, N. D., O. (from 5.30 A.M. to 9 
 A.M. only), Okla., Ore., Penn., R. I., 
 S. C, S. D., Tenn., Tex., Va., W. Va., 
 Wash., Wis., and Wyo., in the years 
 when elections are held therein. 
 
 November — Thanksgiving Day 
 (usually the last Thursday in No- 
 vember) : Is observed in all the States, 
 and in the D. C. and Alas., though in 
 some States it is not a statutory holi- 
 day. 
 
 December 25. Christmas Day: In 
 all the States (except Kans.), and 
 D. C. and Alas. 
 
 all the States which designate them as suoh. 
 not even the Fourth of July. 
 
Principal Cities of the United States 
 
 1910 CENSUS 
 
 The following list names approximately all cities in the United States having 
 ten thousand or more inhabitants and the capitals of States and Territories 
 (indicated with an asterisk [*]). The numerals at extreme right of column are 
 the 1910 census figures. 
 
 Aberdeen, S. Dak 10,753 
 
 Aberdeen, Wash 13,660 
 
 Adams, Mass 11,900 
 
 Adrian, Mich 10,763 
 
 Akron, Ohio 69,067 
 
 Alameda, Cal 23,383 
 
 Albany, N. Y.* 100,253 
 
 Albuquerque, N. M 11,020 
 
 Alexandria, La 11,213 
 
 Alexandria, Va 15,329 
 
 Allentown, Pa 51,913 
 
 Alliance, Ohio 15,083 
 
 Alpena, Mich 12,706 
 
 Alton, 111 17,528 
 
 Altoona, Pa 52,127 
 
 Amsterdam, N. Y 31,267 
 
 Anaconda, Mont 10,134 
 
 Anderson, Ind 22,476 
 
 Annapolis, Md.* 8,609 
 
 Ann Arbor, Mich 14,817 
 
 Anniston, Ala 12,794 
 
 Ansonia, Conn 15,152 
 
 Appleton, Wis 16,773 
 
 Argenta, Ark 11,138 
 
 Asbury Park, N. J 10,150 
 
 Asheville, N. C 18,762 
 
 Ashland, Wis 11,594 
 
 Ashtabula, Ohio 18,266 
 
 Atchison, Kan 16,429 
 
 Athens, Ga 14,913 
 
 Atlanta, Ga.* 154,839 
 
 Atlantic City, N. J 46,150 
 
 Attleboro, Mass 12,400 
 
 Auburn, Me 15,064 
 
 Auburn, N. Y 34,668 
 
 Augusta, Ga 41,040 
 
 Augusta, Me.* 13,211 
 
 Aurora, 111 29,807 
 
 Austin, Tex.* 29,860 
 
 Bakersfield, Cal 12,727 
 
 Baltimore, Md 558,485 
 
 Bangor, Me 24,803 
 
 Barre, Vt 10,734 
 
 Batavia, N. Y 11,613 
 
 Baton Rouge, La.* 14,897 
 
 Battle Creek, Mich 25,267 
 
 Bay City, Mich 45,166 
 
 Bayonne, N. J 55,545 
 
 Beaumont, Tex 20,640 
 
 Beaver Falls, Pa 12,191 
 
 Bellaire, Ohio 12,946 
 
 Belleville, 111 21 ,122 
 
 Bellingham, Wash 24 ,298 
 
 Beloit, Wis 15,125 
 
 Berkeley, Cal 40,434 
 
 Berlin, N. H 11,780 
 
 Bessemer. Ala 10,864 
 
 Bethlehem, Pa 12,837 
 
 Beverly, Mass 18,650 
 
 Biddef ord, Me 17,079 
 
 Billings, Mont 10,031 
 
 Binghamton, N. Y 48,443 
 
 Birmingham, Ala 132,685 
 
 Bismarck, N. Dak.* 5,443 
 
 Bloomfield, N. J 15,070 
 
 Bloomington, 111 25,768 
 
 Bluefield, W. Va 11,188 
 
 Boise, Idaho* "....17,358 
 
 Boone, Iowa 10,347 
 
 Boston, Mass.* 670,585 
 
 Braddock, Pa 19,357 
 
 Bradford, Pa 14,544 
 
 Bridgeport. Conn 102,054 
 
 Bridgeton, N. J 14,209 
 
 Brockton, Mass 56,878 
 
 Brookline, Mass 27,792 
 
 Brownsville, Tex 10,517 
 
 Brunswick, Ga 10,182 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y 423,715 
 
 Burlington, Iowa 24,324 
 
 Burlington, Vt 20,468 
 
 Butler, Pa 20,728 
 
 Butte, Mont 39,165 
 
 Cairo, 111 14,548 
 
 Calumet, Mich 30,000 
 
 Cambridge, Mass 104,839 
 
 Camden, N. J 94,538 
 
 Canton, 111 10,453 
 
 Canton, Ohio 50,217 
 
 Carbondale, Pa 17,040 
 
 Carlisle, Pa 10,303 
 
 Carnegie, Pa 10,009 
 
 Carson City, Nev.* 2,466 
 
 Cedar Rapids, Iowa 32,811 
 
 Central Falls, R. 1 22,754 
 
 Chambersburg, Pa 11 ,800 
 
 Champaign, 111 12,421 
 
 Charleston, S. C 58,833 
 
 Charleston, W. Va.* 22,996 
 
 Charlotte, N. C 34,014 
 
 Chattanooga, Tenn 44,604 
 
 Chelsea, Mass 32,452 
 
 Chester, Pa 38,537 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyo.* 11,320 
 
 Chicago, 111 2,185,283 
 
 Chicago Heights, 111. .. .14,525 
 
 Chickasha, Okla 10,32D 
 
 Chicopee, Mass 25,401 
 
 Chillicothe, Ohio 14,508 
 
 Cicero, 111 1 4,557 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio 363,591 
 
 Cleburne. Tex 10,364 
 
 Cleveland. Ohio 560 ,663 
 
 Clinton, Iowa 25,577 
 
 Clinton, Mass 13,000 
 
 Coatesville, Pa 11,084 
 
 Coffey ville, Kan 12,687 
 
 Cohoes. N. Y 24,709 
 
 Colorado Springs, Colo.. 29 ,078 
 
 Columbia, Pa 11,454 
 
 Columbia, S. C* 26,319* 
 
 Columbus, Ga 20,554 
 
 Columbus, Ohio* 181,511 
 
 Concord, N. H.* 21,497 
 
 Connellsville, Pa 12,845 
 
 Corning, N. Y 13,730 
 
 Cortland, N. Y 11,504 
 
 Council Bluffs, Iowa... .29,292 
 
 Covington, Ky 53,270 
 
 Cranston. R. 1 21,171 
 
 Cumberland, Md 21,839 
 
 Dallas, Tex 92,104 
 
 Danburv, Conn 20,234 
 
 Danville, 111 27,871 
 
 Danville, Va 19,020 
 
 Davenport. Iowa 43,028 
 
 Dayton, Ohio 116,577 
 
 Decatur, 111 31,140 
 
 Denison, Tex 13,632 
 
 Denver, Colo. * 213,381 
 
 Des Moines, Iowa* 86,368 
 
 Detroit, Mich 465,766 
 
 Dover, Del.*.: 3,720 
 
 Dover, N. H 13,247 
 
 Dubois, Pa 12,623 
 
 Dubuque, Iowa 38,494 
 
 Duluth, Minn 78,466 
 
 Dunkirk, N. Y 17,221 
 
 Dunmore, Pa 17,615 
 
 Duquesne, Pa 15,727 
 
 Durham, N. C 18,241 
 
 East Chicago, Ind 19,098 
 
 East Liverpool, Ohio... .20,387 
 
 Easton, Pa 28,523 
 
 East Orange, N. J 34,371 
 
 East Providence, R. I... 13,500 
 
 East Saint Louis. Ill 58,547 
 
 Eau Claire, Wis 18,310 
 
 Elgin, 111 25,976 
 
 Elizabeth, N. J 73,409 
 
 Elkhart, Ind 19,282 
 
 Elmira, N. Y 37,176 
 
 El Paso, Tex 39,279 
 
 Elwood, Ind 11,028 
 
 Elvria, Ohio 14,825 
 
 Enid, Okla 13,799 
 
 Erie, Pa 66,525 
 
 Escanaba, Mich 13,194 
 
PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE U. S.— Continued. 
 
 Eureka, Cal 11,845 
 
 Evanston, 111 24,978 
 
 Evansville, Ind 69,64* 
 
 Everett. Mass 33,484 
 
 Everett, Wash 24,814 
 
 Fall River, Mass 119,295 
 
 Fargo, N. Dak 14,331 
 
 Findlay, Ohio 14,858 
 
 Fitchburg. Mass 37,826 
 
 Flint, Mich 38,550 
 
 Fond du Lac, Wis 18,797 
 
 Fort Dodge, Iowa 15,543 
 
 Fort Scott, Kan 10,463 
 
 Fort Smith, Ark 23,975 
 
 Fort Wavne, Ind 63,933 
 
 Fort Worth, Tex 73,312 
 
 Frankfort, Ky.* 10,465 
 
 Frederick, Md 10,411 
 
 Freeport, 111 17,567 
 
 Fresno, Cal 24,892 
 
 Fulton, N. Y 10,480 
 
 Gadsden, Ala 10,557 
 
 Galesburg, 111 22,089 
 
 Galveston, Tex 36,981 
 
 Gardner, Mass 13,910 
 
 Garfield, N. J 10,213 
 
 Garv, Ind 16,802 
 
 Geneva, >\ Y 12,446 
 
 Glens Falls, N. Y 15,243 
 
 Gloucester, Mass 24,398 
 
 Gloversville, N. Y 20,642 
 
 Grand Forks, N. Dak. .. .12,478 
 
 Grand "Island, Neb 10,326 
 
 Grand Rapids, Mich 112,571 
 
 Great Falls, Mont 13,948 
 
 Green Bay, Wis 25,236 
 
 Greensboro, N. C 15,895 
 
 Greensburg, Pa 13 ,01 2 
 
 Greenville, S. C 15,741 
 
 Guthrie, Okla.* 11,654 
 
 Hackensack, N. J 14,050 
 
 Hagerstown, Md 16,507 
 
 Hamilton, Ohio 35,279 
 
 Hammond, Ind 20,925 
 
 Hannibal, Mo 18,341 
 
 Harrisburg, Pa.* 64,186 
 
 Harrison, N. J 14,498 
 
 Hartford, Conn.* 98,915 
 
 Hattiesburg, Miss 11,733 
 
 Haverhill, Mass 44,115 
 
 Hazleton, Pa 25,452 
 
 Helena, Mont.* 12,515 
 
 Henderson, Ky 11,452 
 
 Hoboken, N. J 70,324 
 
 Holland, Mich 10,490 
 
 Holvoke, Mass 57,730 
 
 Homestead, Pa 18,713 
 
 Hornell, N. Y 13,617 
 
 Hot Springs, Ark 14,434 
 
 Houston, Tex 78,800 
 
 Hudson, N. Y 11,417 
 
 Huntington, Ind 10,272 
 
 Huntington, W. Va 31,161 
 
 Hutchinson, Kan 16,364 
 
 Hyde Park, Mass 14,507 
 
 Independence, Kan 10.4SO 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind.* 233,650 
 
 Iowa Citv, Iowa 10,091 
 
 Ironton, Ohio 13,147 
 
 Ironwood, Mich 12,821 
 
 Irvington, N. J 11,877 
 
 Ishpeming, Mich 12,448 
 
 Ithaca, N. Y 14,802 
 
 Jackson, Mich 31,433 
 
 Jackson, Miss.* 21,262 
 
 Jackson, Tenn 15,7 1 9 
 
 Jacksonville, Fla 57,699 
 
 Jacksonville, 111 15,326 
 
 Jamestown, N. 1" 31,297 
 
 Janesville, Wis 13,894 
 
 Jefferson City, Mo.* 11,850 
 
 Jeff ersonville, Ind 10,412 
 
 Jersey Citv, N. J 267,779 
 
 Johnstown, N. Y 10,447 
 
 Johnstown, Pa 55,482 
 
 Joliet, 111 34,670 
 
 Joplin, Mo 32,073 
 
 Kalamazoo, Mich 39,437 
 
 Kankakee, 111 13,986 
 
 Kansas Citv, Kan 82,331 
 
 Kansas Citv, Mo 248,381 
 
 Kearnv, X. J 18,659 
 
 Keene", N. H 10,068 
 
 Kenosha, Wis 21,371 
 
 Keokuk, Iowa 14,008 
 
 Key West, Fla 19,945 
 
 Kingston, N. Y 25,908 
 
 Knoxville, Tenn 36,346 
 
 Kokomo, Ind 17,010 
 
 Lackawanna, N. Y 14,549 
 
 Laconia, N. H 10,183 
 
 La Crosse, Wis 30,417 
 
 Laf avette, Ind 20,081 
 
 Lake Charles, La 11,449 
 
 Lakewood, Ohio 15,181 
 
 Lancaster, Ohio 13,093 
 
 Lancaster, Pa 47,227 
 
 Lansing, Mich.* 31,229 
 
 Laporte, Ind 10,525 
 
 Laredo, Tex 14,855 
 
 La Salle, 111 11,537 
 
 Lawrence, Kan 12,374 
 
 Lawrence, Mass 85,892 
 
 Leavenworth, Kan 19,363 
 
 Lebanon, Pa 19,240 
 
 Leominster, Mass 14,910 
 
 Lewiston, Me 26,247 
 
 Lexington, Ky 35,099 
 
 Lima, Ohio 30,508 
 
 Lincoln, 111 10,892 
 
 Lincoln, Neb.* 43,973 
 
 Little Falls, N. Y 12,273 
 
 Little Rock, Ark.* 45,941 
 
 Lockport, N. Y 17,970 
 
 Logansport, Ind 19,050 
 
 Longbeach, Cal 17,809 
 
 Long Branch, N. J 13,298 
 
 Lorain, Ohio 28,883 
 
 Los Angeles, Cal 319,198 
 
 Louisville, Ky 223,928 
 
 Lowell, Mass 106,294 
 
 Lvnchburg, Va 29,494 
 
 Lvnn, Mass 89,336 
 
 McAlester, Okla 12,054 
 
 McKeesport, Pa 42,694 
 
 McKees Rocks, Pa 14,702 
 
 Macon, Ga 40,665 
 
 Madison, Wis.* 25,531 
 
 Mahanov Citv, Pa 15,936 
 
 Maiden, Mass 44,404 
 
 Manchester, N. H 70,063 
 
 Manchester, Va 12,200 
 
 Manistee, Mich 12,381 
 
 Manitowoc, Wis 13,027 
 
 Mankato, Minn 10,365 
 
 Mansfield, Ohio 20,768 
 
 Marietta, Ohio 12,923 
 
 Marinette, Wis 14,610 
 
 Marion, Ind 19,359 
 
 Marion, Ohio 18,232 
 
 Marlboro, Mass 14,579 
 
 Marquette, Mich 11,503 
 
 Marshall, Tex 11,452 
 
 Marshalltown, Iowa 13,374 
 
 Martinsburg, W. Va 10,698 
 
 Mason City, Iowa 11,250 
 
 Massillon, Ohio 13,879 
 
 Mattoon, 111 11,456 
 
 Meadville, Pa 12,780 
 
 Medf ord, Mass 23,150 
 
 Melrose, Mass 15,715 
 
 Memphis, Tenn 131,105 
 
 Menominee, Mich 10,507 
 
 Meriden, Conn 27,265 
 
 Meridian, Miss 23,285 
 
 Michigan City, Ind 19,027 
 
 Middletown, Conn 11,851 
 
 Middletown, N. Y 15,313 
 
 Middletown, Ohio 13,152 
 
 Milford, Mass 12,910 
 
 Millville, N. J 12,451 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis 373,857 
 
 Minneapolis, Minn 301,408 
 
 Mishawaka, Ind 11,886 
 
 Missoula, Mont 12,869 
 
 Moberly, Mo 10,923 
 
 Mobile, Ala 51,521 
 
 Moline, 111 24,199 
 
 Monessen, Pa 11,775 
 
 Monroe, La 10,209 
 
 Montclair, N. J 21,550 
 
 Montgomery, Ala.* 38,136 
 
 Montpelier, Vt.* 7,856 
 
 Morristown, N. J 12,507 
 
 Mt. Carmel, Pa 17,532 
 
 Mt. Vernon, N. Y 30,919 
 
 Muncie, Ind 24,005 
 
 Muscatine, Iowa 16,178 
 
 Muskegon, Mich 24,062 
 
 Muskogee, Okla 25,278 
 
 Nanticoke, Pa 18,877 
 
 Nashua, N. H 26,005 
 
 Nashville, Tenn.* 110,364 
 
 Natchez, Miss 11,791 
 
 Naugatuck, Conn 12,722 
 
 New Albany, Ind 20,629 
 
 Newark, N. J 347,469 
 
 Newark, Ohio 25,404 
 
 New Bedford, Mass 96,652 
 
 New Britain, Conn 43,916 
 
 New Brunswick, N. J... 23,388 
 
 Newburgh, N. Y 27,805 
 
 Newburvport, Mass 14,949 
 
 New Castle, Pa 36,280 
 
 New Haven, Conn 133,605 
 
 New London, Conn 19,659 
 
 New Orleans, La 339,075 
 
 Newport, Ky 30,309 
 
 Newport, R. 1 27,149 
 
 Newport News, Va 20,205 
 
 New Rochelle, N. Y.... 28,867 
 
 Newton, Mass 39,806 
 
 New York, N. Y 4,776,883 
 
 Niasrara Falls, N. Y 30,445 
 
 Norfolk, Va 67,452 
 
 Norristown, Pa .27,875 
 
PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE U. S.— Continued. 
 
 North Adams, Mass 22,019 
 
 Northampton, Mass 19,431 
 
 North Braddock, Pa 11,824 
 
 North Tonawanda, N. Y.. 11,955 
 North Yakima, Wash. ...14,082 
 
 Norwich, Conn 20,367 
 
 Norwood, Ohio 16,185 
 
 Oakland, Cal 150,174 
 
 Oak Park, 111 19,444 
 
 Ogden, Utah 25,580 
 
 Ogdensburg, N. Y 15,933 
 
 Oil City, Pa 15,657 
 
 Oklahoma, Okla 64,205, 
 
 Oldforge, Pa 11,324 
 
 Olean, N. Y 14,743 
 
 Olympia, Wash.* 6,996 
 
 Omaha, Neb 124,096 
 
 Orange, N. J 29,630 
 
 Oshkosh, Wis 33,062 
 
 Ossining. N. Y 11,480 
 
 Oswego, N. Y 23,368 
 
 Ottumwa, Iowa 22,012 
 
 Owensboro, Ky 16,011 
 
 Paducah, Ky 22,760 
 
 Palestine, Tex 10,482 
 
 Paris, Tex 11,269 
 
 Parkersburg, W. Va.... 17,842 
 
 Parsons, Kan 12,463 
 
 Pasadena, Cal 30,291 
 
 Passaic, N. J 54,773 
 
 Paterson, N. J 125,600 
 
 Pawtucket, R. 1 51,622 
 
 Peabody, Mass 14,910 
 
 Peekskill, N. Y 15,245 
 
 Pensacola, Fla 22,982 
 
 Peoria, 111 66,950 
 
 Perth Amboy, N. J 32,121 
 
 Peru, Ind 10,910 
 
 Petersburg, Va 24,127 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa 1,549,008 
 
 Phillipsburg, N. J 13,903 
 
 Phoenix, Ariz.* 11,134 
 
 Phoenixville, Pa 10,743 
 
 Pierre, S. Dak.* 3,656 
 
 Pineblufl, Ark 15,102 
 
 Piqua, Ohio 13,388 
 
 Pittsburg, Kan 14,755 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa 533,905 
 
 Pittsfield, Mass 32,121 
 
 Pittston, Pa 16,267 
 
 Plainfield, N. J 20,550 
 
 Plattsburg, N. Y 11,138 
 
 Plymouth, Mass 11,200 
 
 Plymouth, Pa 16,! 
 
 Pomona, Cal 10,207 
 
 Pontiac, Mich 14,532 
 
 Port Chester, N. Y 12,809 
 
 Port Huron, Mich 18,863 
 
 Portland, Me 58,571 
 
 Portland, Ore 207,214 
 
 Portsmouth, N. H 11,269 
 
 Portsmouth, Ohio 23,481 
 
 Portsmouth, Va 33,190 
 
 Pottstown. Pa 15,599 
 
 Pottsville, Pa 20,236 
 
 Poughkeepsie, N. Y 27, 
 
 Providence, R. I.* 224,326 
 
 Pueblo, Colo 44,395 
 
 Quincv, 111 36,587 
 
 Quincv, Mass 32,642 
 
 Racine, Wis 38,002 
 
 Raleigh, N. C*. 19,218 
 
 Reading, Pa 96,071 
 
 Redlands, Cal 10,449 
 
 Reno, Nev 10,867 
 
 Rensselaer, N. Y 10,711 
 
 Revere, Mass 18,219 
 
 Richmond, Ind 22,324 
 
 Richmond, Va.* 127,628 
 
 Riverside, Cal 15,212 
 
 Roanoke, Va 34,874 
 
 Rochester, N. Y 218,149 
 
 Rockford, 111 45,401 
 
 Rock Island, 111 24,335 
 
 Rome, Ga 12,099 
 
 Rome, N. Y 20,497 
 
 Rutland, Vt 13,546 
 
 Sacramento, Cal.* 44,696 
 
 Saginaw, Mich 50,510 
 
 St. Cloud, Minn 10,600 
 
 St. Joseph, Mo 77,403 
 
 St. Louis, Mo 687,029 
 
 St. Paul, Minn.* 214,744 
 
 Salem, Mass 43,697 
 
 Salem, Ore.* 14,094 
 
 Salt Lake City, Utah*. . .92,777 
 
 San Angelo, Tex 10,321 
 
 San Antonio, Tex 96,614 
 
 San Bernardino, Cal 12,779 
 
 San Diego, Cal 39,578 
 
 Sandusky, Ohio 19,989 
 
 San Francisco, Cal 416,912 
 
 San Jose, Cal 28,946 
 
 Santa Barbara, Cal 11,659 
 
 Santa Cruz, Cal 11,146 
 
 Santa Fe, N. M.* 5,072 
 
 Saratoga Springs, N. Y.. 12,693 
 Sault Ste. Marie, Mich.. 12,615 
 
 Savannah, Ga 65,064 
 
 Schenectady, N. Y 72,826 
 
 Scranton, Pa 129,867 
 
 Seattle, Wash 237,194 
 
 Sedalia, Mo 17,822 
 
 Selma, Ala 13,649 
 
 Shamokin, Pa 19,588 
 
 Sharon, Pa 15,270 
 
 Shawnee, Okla 12,4>4 
 
 Sheboygan, Wis 26,398 
 
 Shenandoah, Pa 25,774 
 
 Sherman, Tex 12,412 
 
 Shreveport, La 28,015 
 
 Sioux City, Iowa 47; 
 
 Sioux Falls, S. Dak 14,094 
 
 Somerville, Mass 77,236 
 
 South Bend, Ind 53,684 
 
 South Bethlehem, Pa.... 19,973 
 
 Southbridge, Mass 10,210 
 
 South Omaha, Neb 26,259 
 
 South Sharon, Pa 10,190 
 
 Spartanburg, S. C. ...... .17,517 
 
 Spokane, Wash 104,402 
 
 Springfield, 111.* 51,678 
 
 Springfield, Mass 88,926 
 
 Springfield, Mo 35,201 
 
 Springfield, Ohio 46,921 
 
 Stamford, Conn 25,138 
 
 Staunton, Va 10,604 
 
 Steelton, Pa 14,246 
 
 Steubenville, Ohio 22,391 
 
 Stillwater, Minn 10,198 
 
 Stockton, Cal 23,253 
 
 Streator, 111 14,253 
 
 Sunbury, Pa 13,770 
 
 Superior, Wis... 40,384 
 
 Syracuse, N. Y 137,249 
 
 Tacoma, Wash 83,743 
 
 Tallahassee, Fla.* 5,018 
 
 Tamaqua, Pa 9,462 
 
 Tampa, Fla 37,782 
 
 Taunton, Mass 34,259 
 
 Temple, Tex 10,993 
 
 Terre Haute, Ind 58,157 
 
 Tiffin, Ohio 11,S94 
 
 Toledo, Ohio 168,497 
 
 Topeka, Kan.* 43,684 
 
 Torrington, Conn 15, t&J 
 
 Traverse City, Mich 12,115 
 
 Trenton, N. J.* 96,815 
 
 Trinidad, Colo 10,204 
 
 Troy, N. Y 76,813 
 
 Tucson, Ariz 13,193 
 
 Tulsa, Okla 18,182 
 
 Tyler, Tex 10,400 
 
 Union, N. J 21,023 
 
 Uniontown, Pa 13,344 
 
 Utica, N. Y 74,419 
 
 Vallejo, Cal 11,340 
 
 Vicksburg, Miss 20,814 
 
 Vincennes, Ind 14,895 
 
 Virginia, Minn 10,473 
 
 Waco, Tex 26,425 
 
 Wakefield, Mass 11,310 
 
 Walla Walla, Wash 19,364 
 
 Waltham, Mass 27,834 
 
 Warren, Ohio 11,081 
 
 Warren, Pa 11,080 
 
 Washington, D. C 331,069 
 
 Washington, Pa 18,778 
 
 Waterbury, Conn 73,141 
 
 Waterloo, Iowa 26,693 
 
 Watertown, Mass 12,800 
 
 Watertown, N. Y 26,730 
 
 Waterville, Me 11,458 
 
 Watervliet, N. Y 15,074 
 
 Waukegan, 111 16,069 
 
 Wausau, Wis 16,560 
 
 Waycross, Ga 14,485 
 
 Webb City, Mo 11,817 
 
 Webster, Mass 10,210 
 
 Weehawken, N. J 11,228 
 
 West Chester, Pa 11,767 
 
 Westfield, Mass 15,000 
 
 West Hoboken, N. J 35,403 
 
 West New York, N. J.... 13,560 
 
 West Orange. N. J 10,980 
 
 Wheeling, W. Va 41,641 
 
 White Plains, N. Y 15,949 
 
 Wichita, Kan 52.450 
 
 Wilkes Barre, Pa 67,105 
 
 Wilkinsburg, Pa 18,924 
 
 Williamsport, Pa 31,860 
 
 Willimantic, Conn 11,230 
 
 Wilmington, Del 87,411 
 
 Wilmington, N. C 25,748 
 
 Winona, Minn 18,583 
 
 Winston Salem, N. C 22,700 
 
 Winthrop, Mass 10,132 
 
 Woburn, Mass 15,308 
 
 Woonsocket, R. 1 38,125 
 
 Worcester, Mass 145,986 
 
 Yonkers, N. Y 79.803 
 
 York, Pa 44,750 
 
 Youngstown, Ohio 79,066 
 
 Zanesville, Ohio 28,026 
 
 tf> 
 
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