HUDSON-FULTON 
 
 CELEBRATION 
 
 12T 
 
 >■ te'V/S. ' 
 
 1609-1807-1909 
 
 HUDSON RIVEI\. from. 
 V^KST POINT 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK 
 
 EDUCATION DEPARTMENT 
 
 1909 
 
Glass, 
 Book^Ji!jl!l 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK 
 
 EDUCATION DEPARTMENT 
 
 Hudson-Fulton Celebration 
 
 September 25 to October 9, 1909 
 
 A BROCHURE FOR THE USE OF THE SCHOOLS OF THE 
 STATE COMPILED AND EDITED BY HARLAN HOYT HORNER 
 
 HENRY HUDSON'S COAT OF ARMS 
 
 ALBANY 
 
 NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT 
 1909 
 
THE HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION 
 
 BY THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION 
 J' 
 
 THE State of New York is arranging an elaborate celebration 
 in honor of the Hudson river and of the great events 
 associated with its waters and its shores. The celebra' 
 tion will begin on the 25th of September, 1909, and continue at different 
 points and with varying features to the 9th of October. NA^ednesday. 
 September 29th, will be the Educational day of the celebration. 
 
 The time chosen is the three hundredth anniversary of the first 
 exploration of the river by Captain Henry Hudson, in the little 
 sailing ship " Half Moon," sent out by the good people of Holland. 
 It is a little more than a hundred years from the time when Robert 
 Fulton, in the " Clermont," proved that steam power might be relied 
 upon to propel boats. 
 
 The Hudson river has borne many names. Some of the Indians 
 called it " Mah'i'Can'i-tuk," which meant "the place of the 
 Mohicans" ; and others, "Ca'ho'ha-ta'tea," or "river that flows from 
 the mountains." The Dutch named it the " Mauritius " in honor 
 of Prince Maurice, the great son and successor of William the Silent. 
 The French called it " La Grande river," and the Spanish, the 
 " River of the Mountains." The English more often gave it the name 
 of the " North river" (the Delaware being the South river), and by 
 that name it is frequently called nov\/. But the popular sense of 
 justice came to call it " Hudson's river," and that finally settled 
 down to the ' Hudson river." The common fairness has now been 
 confirmed by many laws. 
 
 None of its great names has been too good for it. It is a splendid, 
 deep, free'flowing stream. It is the outlet of great mountains and 
 magnificent valleys. It has tides all the way to Albany. It is 
 bordered by beautiful slopes and stately peaks ; by the Palisades, ci 
 great stone wall fifteen miles in length; and by thrifty cities and 
 splendid residences as well. In picturesqueness, in always changing, 
 and quickly changing, views, it is hardly equaled by any other river 
 in America, or in the world. 
 
 It is a river which has long been useful and dear to a great and 
 prosperous civilization. Although Hudson sailed for the Dutch, he 
 first made known his discovery to the English ; and although the 
 English king required him, an English subject, not to leave the English 
 service again, the Dutch \A/ere the first to establish trading posts and 
 
 3 
 
settlements upon the Hudson river. The Dutch were a little people, 
 but in some things they were greater than the largest. In manu- 
 factures and trade upon the seas, in fighting power, and in schools 
 of all grades and kinds, they were then the foremost nation in the 
 world. They had just had a forty years' war and had laid down 
 a hundred thousand lives for liberty. It had made them the freest 
 nation in the world. Of course, they brought their personal traits 
 and their national feeling to the Hudson. For full fifty years those 
 traits and feelings had their free opportunity in " New Amsterdam " 
 and " New Netherland " ; and of course they have a large share 
 in the foundational history of the State of New York. 
 
 Just as Hudson was exploring, and Dutch settlers were beginning 
 to locate upon the Hudson river, our Pilgrim forefathers were hunted 
 out of England by religious bigotry. They were welcomed in Holland. 
 A dozen years later they migrated to America, intending to settle 
 upon the Hudson, but were landed upon the Massachusetts coast 
 by reason of bad weather, or the captain's fraud. The Pilgrims 
 and the Dutch had common feelings and cordial relations. Neither 
 had any love for the king and the Royalists in England, who in 1664 
 sent an armed fleet and took possession of New Amsterdam and 
 called it New York. In the meantime, twenty or thirty thousand 
 English Puritans, and some Royalists, had settled in New England. 
 A few had come over into New York. They were upright, religious, 
 intolerant, autocratic, aggressive people. The English knew much, 
 very much for their day, about human rights. They had fought 
 for their rights within as well as without the kingdom. They had 
 set limits to the power of the king. They brought "Magna Charta" 
 and a good system of laws and of courts to America with them. 
 They were divided among themselves, and had, the Royalists 
 particularly, much friction with the Dutch. But by the time 
 the English Puritans and the Dutch had combined their forces and 
 overwhelmed the English government in the American War for 
 Independence, and by the time they had forced the British armies 
 to surrender, and had driven the Royalists or " Tories " out of the 
 country, they were fused into a united people. They had learned 
 to tolerate each other, and to tolerate other people also. They 
 welcomed people from all the nations. Working together, they 
 became generous- minded and made the great qualities of each even 
 greater than they were before. Out of it all came the " Empire 
 State " and other great states and the great Union of the states. 
 
 4 
 
All this and much more, in infinite detail, is associated with the 
 valley of the Hudson river, and must be made much of in our 
 celebration. There is not a point upon the river, not a stream or 
 a valley that leads into it, not a peak that looks down upon it, that 
 is without its legend and its story. NA/ar, with its horrors and its 
 heroisms, has had a large part in it. Treason left its stain upon it. 
 Learning, literature, the arts and sciences, agriculture, manufactures, 
 banking, law, politics, statesmanship, have run as freely in the Hudson 
 valley as the ever'flowing waters of the river. 
 
 The first school in the United States ; the first federal Congress ; 
 the initial and the decisive battles of the Revolution ; and the approval 
 of the federal Constitution were in sight of it. The convention that 
 framed the first state Constitution of New York was forced by the 
 British army up the river from New York to White Plains, then to 
 Harlem, then to Kingsbridge, then to Odell's in the Philipse Manor, 
 then to Fishkill, then to Poughkeepsie, and then to Kingston, where, 
 with the scales of justice in one hand and the drawn sword in the 
 other, on Sunday, April 20, 1777, it completed its splendid work, 
 only to have advancing war at once compel it to move again. 
 
 Let us think of what the names of Clinton, Tompkins, Yates, 
 NA/oodhull, Gansevoort, Schuyler, Tallmadge, Root, Scott, Livingston, 
 Duane, VanCortlandt, Van Rensselaer, particularly Hamilton and Jay, 
 and a host of others, signify in the early history of the Hudson : let us 
 think of the teachers, and preachers, and scholars, and writers, who 
 have wrought upon its shores : let us enter into the enlightened 
 policy of the State which long ago made it the greatest highway 
 of travel and commerce in the country, and let us have a share in 
 the new purpose that such it shall remain forever. 
 
 The schools may do more than any other agencies to put red 
 blood and a true spirit into the coming celebration. New York 
 has never been very generously treated — it has sometimes been 
 badly treated — by the professional writers of American history. 
 Let us enter in no haphazard or half' hearted way into a great 
 celebration which is being arranged to arouse a keener appreciation 
 of the doings of our fathers. Let the pupils read much of the 
 history which makes the Empire State so great. Let them write 
 upon it. Let the exercises upon the 29th of September be public 
 and popular, the worthy expression of a fine school system, and the 
 vital inspiration of a yet greater State. 
 
HENRY HUDSON'S QUEST 
 
 (1609) 
 
 OUT from the harbor of Amsterdam 
 The Half Moon turned her prow to sea; 
 The coast of Norway dropped behind, 
 
 Yet northward still kept she 
 Through the drifting fog and the driving snow, 
 Vv'here never before man dared to go : 
 "O Pilot, shall we find the strait that leads to the Eastern sea?" 
 "A waste of ice before us lies — we must turn back,", said he. 
 
 Westward they steered their tiny bark. 
 
 Westward through weary weeks they sped. 
 Till the cold gray strand of a stranger'land 
 
 Loomed through the mist ahead. 
 League after league they hugged the coast. 
 And their Captain never left his post : 
 " O Pilot, see you yet the strait that leads to the Eastern sea ? " 
 "I see but the rocks and the barren shore; no strait is there," quoth he. 
 
 They sailed to the North — they sailed to the South — 
 
 And at last they rounded an arm of sand 
 Which held the sea from a harbor's mouth — 
 
 The loveliest in the land ; 
 They kept their course across the bay. 
 
 And the shore before them fell away : 
 " O Pilot, see you not the strait that leads to the Eastern sea ? " 
 "Hold the rudder true 1 Praise Christ Jesu ! the strait is here," said he. 
 
 Onward they glide with wind and tide. 
 
 Past marshes gray and crags sun'kist ; 
 They skirt the sills of green-clad hills. 
 And meadows white with mist — 
 But alas I the hope and the brave, brave dream I 
 
 For rock and shallow bar the stream : 
 'O Pilot, can this be the strait that leads to the Eastern sea?" 
 ' Nay, Captain, nay ; 't is not this way ; turn back we must, " said he. 
 
 Full sad was Hudson's heart as he turned 
 
 The Half Moon's prow to the South once more ; 
 
 He saw no beauty in crag or hill. 
 
 No beauty in curving shore; 
 
 For they shut him away from that fabled main 
 
 He sought his whole life long, in vain : 
 
 ' O Pilot, say, can there be a strait that leads to the Eastern sea ? " 
 
 "God's crypt is sealed 1 'Twill stand revealed in His own good time," quoth he. 
 
 Poems of American History, Burton Egbert Stevenson 
 Houghton, Mifflin Co. 
 
 6 
 
THE HUDSON^FULTON CELEBRATION COMMISSION 
 
 Organization and plans 
 J- 
 
 THE Hudsori'Fulton Celebration Commission was incorporated 
 by chapter 325 of tine laws of 1906 of the State of New 
 York to arrange for " the public celebration or commemora' 
 tion of the tercentenary of the discovery of the Hudson river by 
 Henry Hudson in the year 1609, and of the first use of steam in 
 the navigation of said river by Robert Fulton in the year 1807, in 
 such manner and form, either permanent or temporary, as may be 
 found appropriate by said commission." 
 
 Under the provisions of the statute the officers of the commission 
 are : president. Gen. Stewart L. Woodford ; presiding vice president 
 and acting president, Mr Herman Ridder; vice presidents, Mr 
 Andrew Carnegie, Hon. Joseph H. Choate, Maj. Gen. F. D. Grant 
 U. S. A., Hon. Seth Low, Mr J. Pierpont Morgan, Hon. Levi P. 
 Morton, Hon. Alton B. Parker, Mr John E. Parsons, Gen. Horace 
 Porter, Hon. Frederick W. Seward, Mr Francis Lynde Stetson, 
 Hon. Oscar S. Straus, Mr W. B. Van Rensselaer, and Gen. James 
 Grant Wilson; treasurer, Mr Isaac N. Seligman; secretary, Mr 
 Henry W. Sackett. in accordance with the original statute and 
 amendments and by appointment by the Governor of the State and 
 Mayor of New York city the entire commission is constituted of 
 more than 300 prominent citizens of the State including the presi- 
 dents of 38 incorporated villages along the Hudson river. 
 
 The general program for the celebration as tentatively announced 
 by the commission is briefly as follows : 
 
 Religious service days: Saturday and Sunday, September 25 and 26, 1909 
 Reception day: Monday, September 27th 
 The people of Holland under royal auspices are building a repro' 
 duction of the Half Moon to be presented to the commission 
 manned with a crew in the costumes o^ the period of Henry 
 Hudson. The facsimile of the Half Moon will be formally received 
 on Monday, September 27th and will take her place in line for the 
 journey up the river. A facsimile of the Clermont, being built by 
 the commission, will start from the original site with appropriate 
 exercises and take her place in line. Public and private buildings will 
 be decorated, visiting guests will be received, and exhibits of paintings, 
 prints, books, models, relics etc. will be opened in libraries and museums 
 in New York city and in similar institutions throughout the State. 
 
 Historical day: Tuesday, September 28th 
 On Tuesday, September 28th, there will be an historical parade in 
 New York city, composed of floats and moving tableaux representing 
 
 7 
 
the principal events in the history of the city and State. The official 
 
 literary exercises will be held in the evening at different places in 
 
 New York city at which orations "will be delivered by prominent men. 
 
 General commemoration day: Wednesday, September 2(,th 
 
 Wednesday, September 29th, will be devoted to the dedication 
 of parks and memorials along the Hudson river and to general 
 commemorative exercises in the schools, colleges, universities and 
 other educational institutions and societies throughout the State. 
 Other features of the day include a reception to visiting guests at 
 West Point and an official banquet in honor of distinguished guests 
 in New York city in the evening. 
 
 Military parade day: Thursday, September 30th 
 
 On Thursday, September 30th, will occur the military parade, 
 participated in by the United States Army, the United States Navy 
 and Marine Corps, the National Guard and the Naval Militia. it 
 is expected that there will be 25,000 troops in line. 
 Hudson River day: Friday, October ist 
 
 It is planned on Friday, October 1st, to have a parade of vessels 
 of the navy, merchant marine, excursion boats and pleasure craft 
 go from New York to Newburgh taking with them the facsimiles 
 of the Half Moon and the Clermont. Simultaneously with the ad' 
 vance of the south Hudson division it is proposed to have a counter^ 
 procession from Albany to Newburgh, the two divisions meeting 
 and holding appropriate ceremonies there. 
 
 Carnival day: Saturday, October 2d 
 
 Saturday, October 2d, will be the Children's day in all the cities, 
 devoted to fetes in public and private parks and playgrounds. The 
 celebration \a/'\\\ culminate in New York city in the evening in a 
 carnival parade, with moving allegorical tableaux, participated in by 
 all nationalities represented in the city. it is also designed to have 
 a chain of signal fires from mountain tops and other eligible sites 
 along the whole river lighted simultaneously at 9 p. m. 
 
 Upper Hudson week: beginning Sunday, October 3d 
 
 It is planned to devote the week beginning Sunday, October 3d 
 to celebrations in the communities along the upper Hudson. The 
 naval parade with the Half Moon and the Clermont will proceed 
 up the river and will participate in celebrations as follows : 
 
 Dutchess County day, Monday, October 4th, at Poughkeepsie ; 
 Ulster County day, Tuesday, October 5th, at Kingston; Greene 
 County day, Wednesday, October 6th, at Catskill ; Columbia County 
 day, Thursday, October 7th, at Hudson; Albany County day, 
 Friday, October 8th, at Albany; and Rensselaer County day, Satuf' 
 day, October 9th, at Troy. 
 
OBSERVANCE IN THE SCHOOLS 
 
 AS noted in the plans of the Hudson- Fulton Celebration Com- 
 mission, Wednesday, September 29th, has been set apart for 
 the observance of the celebration in all the educational 
 institutions of the State. A General Commemorative Exercises Com- 
 mittee, of which Pres. Jacob G. Schurman of Cornell University is 
 chairman, has charge of this work for the Commission. At a meeting 
 on March 3, 1909 of the executive committee of the General Com- 
 memorative Exercises Committee, of which the Commissioner of 
 Education is a member, it was voted that the work of extending 
 information to the schools of the State be devolved upon that officer.' 
 The Commissioner of Education therefore very earnestly urges all 
 school authorities in the State to plan to hold commemorative exercises 
 on Wednesday, September 29, 1909. 
 
 Medals for essays 
 
 In order to aid the Commissioner of Education in arousing interest 
 in the schools in the real significance of the celebration, the Hudson- 
 Fulton Celebration Commission, through its General Commemorative 
 Exercises Committee, offers two medals to each high school 
 and to each academy in the State for the best essays on the dis- 
 covery of the Hudson river or of the application of steam to 
 navigation thereon, one medal to be awarded to a boy and one to 
 a girl in each school. Announcement has already been made in a 
 circular issued to the schools on April 15. These essays are to be 
 not more than 3000 words in length and are to be presented in 
 the handwriting of the author to the principal of the school. The 
 principal is to determine the award and certify the names of the 
 winners to the Commissioner of Education not later than September 
 25, 1909. it is suggested that public announcement of the winners 
 be made at the exercises on Wednesday, September 29th. 
 
 Subjects for essays 
 
 Pupils should be urged to select definite and specific topics for 
 their essays, to study the subject thoroughly and then to write an 
 original paper and not to make a mere compilation. The following 
 topics touching upon the whole general question may be found 
 helpful for essays in the prize contest and in the general composi- 
 
 9 
 
tion work in the schools : Henry Hudson and the Half Moon ; 
 Hudson's Journey up the River; An Imaginary Letter from Henry 
 Hudson to a Friend in England Telling of his Reception by the 
 Indians; Hudson's Last Voyage; Instruments Used in Navigation in 
 Hudson's Time; The Relation of the Hudson River to the History 
 of the State; The Scenery of the Hudson River; Legends of the 
 Hudson River ; The Industries on the Banks of the Hudson ; Wash' 
 ington at Newburgh; History of Location of the Capital of the 
 
 State; The Settlement of [insert the name of^ town in which 
 
 writer lives] ; Robert Fulton's Career ; Fulton's Disappointments ; 
 Fulton's Debt to Other Inventors ; The Growth of Steam Naviga' 
 tion in 100 Years; A Description of the Clermont; Brief History 
 of the Erie Canal; Description of an Ocean Voyage in 1609, 1809 
 and 1909 respectively. 
 
 Subjects for debates 
 
 1 That the Hudson river has been more important in the history 
 
 of the United States than the Mississippi 
 
 2 That Europe is more indebted to Spain for its knowledge of 
 
 the New World than to France, Holland or England 
 
 3 That the settlement of the New World by Europeans would 
 
 have been impossible without the use of gunpowder and the 
 invention of printing 
 
 4 That the Dutch took an unfair advantage of the Indians in 
 
 purchasing Manhattan island for $24 worth of trinkets 
 
 5 That the United States was better protected during the War 
 
 of 1812 by the fame of Fulton than by the American navy 
 
 6 That the introduction of steam navigation was more influential 
 
 in the growth of the State of New York than the Erie canal 
 
 7 That it would not be possible for the present city of Greater 
 
 New York to exist without the steamboat and railroad 
 
 8 That the Five Nations were in some respects more civilized 
 
 than the white people who came among them 
 
 9 Thai Hudson's last voyage v^as a foolish waste of human life 
 
 10 That the capture of New Amsterdam by the English in 1664 
 
 can not be justified 
 
 1 1 That the two greatest American inventions were brought into 
 
 practical use by men who had been educated as artists 
 
 12 That Robert Livingston should share equally with Robert Fulton 
 
 the credit for the introduction of the steamboat 
 
 10 
 
Suggested maps and charts 
 
 1 Map of NeVi/ York showing locations with names of the prin^ 
 
 cipal Indian tribes in 1609 
 
 2 Map of New York in relief showing the old Indian trails and 
 
 travel routes 
 
 3 Map of New York showing the principal cities and villages in 
 
 1810 with population of each, then and now 
 
 4 Chart showing titles and names of authors of 50 good books 
 
 relating to the early history of the State of New York 
 
 5 Chart showing the titles and authors of 25 works of fiction 
 
 touching on the early history of the State of New York 
 
 6 Graphic chart showing the growth of New York city, Albany 
 
 and other Hudson river cities according to censuses from 
 1800 to 1900 
 
 7 Chart showing increase in Hudson river shipping from 1800 to 
 
 1900 
 
 8 Chart showing relative size and tonnage of the Clermont and 
 
 the Lusitania 
 
 9 Chart showing relative horsepower of ordinary tugboat, the new 
 
 Hudson river steamer Robert Fulton and the Mauretania 
 
 Constructive work 
 
 The sand tables in the lower grades and the hand work of the 
 upper grades should serve to present very clearly to pupils the full 
 meaning of the Hudson- Fulton celebration. The evolution of water 
 transportation can be worked out. The smaller children can whittle 
 out swimming logs, dugouts and rafts, and shape boats of bark, skin 
 and reeds. The older children with the use of simple tools can make 
 a model of the Clermont with its paddle wheels, stack and rudder, 
 while ambitious boys in the manual training schools can make an 
 almost exact model of the boat which can be used in all the grades 
 to excite interest in the meaning of the celebration. Subjects for such 
 constructive work are as follows : the Clermont, the Half Moon, a 
 birch canoe, a canal boat, a canal lock, an Indian wigwam, a block- 
 house, Dutch colonial house, colonial fireplace, a water wheel and 
 
 mai. 
 
 11 
 
Tableaux ' 
 
 It is difficult to make suggestions for tableaux which will be 
 applicable to all parts of the State, to the different conditions under 
 which they are to be given and to the varying resources of the 
 participants. Tableaux can be given out of doors with natural 
 surroundings which can not be given indoors ; and effects can be 
 produced in a theater or a large auditorium Vv^hich can not be had 
 in a schoolroom. Each community must be guided largely by its own 
 history, and each company by its ovv/n facilities. 
 
 While the primary object of the Hudson^ Fulton celebration is to 
 commemorate the achievements of Hudson and Fulton, it is designed 
 also to stimulate the study of the local history of all the communities 
 of the State. Therefore, any important or picturesque or interesting 
 event in the annals of a town or city may appropriately be represented. 
 
 There are no more picturesque subjects than those relating to the 
 Indians. If purely aboriginal life is to be represented, scenes may be 
 given representing passages in the " Legend of Hiawatha, " which is 
 supposed to depict the origin of the Iroquois. If there is any local 
 Indian legend, it may likewise afford material. Scenes in Indian 
 domestic life ; the making of pottery, wooden dishes, bows and arrows, 
 etc.; the stringing of wampum ; an Indian meal ; the gathering of corn ; 
 the pounding of corn; Indian games, etc. are admirable subjects for 
 purely Indian characters. 
 
 Then there is a range of subjects, as wide as the State, dealing 
 with the contact between the Indians and the white men. The 
 settlers of New York were usually very scrupulous to buy their 
 land from the Indians, even if the price paid was small, so that 
 from the purchase of Manhattan island by Peter Minuit in 1626 to 
 the Big Tree Treaty on the Genesee by which the Senecas parted 
 with most of their land, there were innumerable incidents of that 
 sort. There v^ere a great many councils with the Indians like that 
 on Bowling Green, New York; that between Stuyvesant and the 
 Indians at Albany (Fort Orange) ; those of Sir William Johnson at 
 Johnstown; those under the Council tree at Geneva, etc. The 
 dealings of the fur traders with the natives are susceptible of simple 
 and effective representation. Cooper's " Leatherstocking Tales" will 
 suggest several picturesque scenes. Scenes of captivity may also be 
 represented, and an incident like Mary Jemison's arrival in the 
 
 ^ Reprinted from a bulletin prepared by Edward Hagaman Hall L.H.M. L.H.D., and issued by the 
 Hudson-Fulton Celebration Cotnmission. 
 
 12 
 
Genesee country with her Indian babe on her back could be easily 
 and strikingly portrayed. 
 
 Henry Hudson may be represented as signing his contract with 
 the directors of the Dutch East India Company ; or studying his 
 globe and charts in the cabin of the Half Moon; or debating with 
 his unruly crew near Nova Zembia whether he shall return to 
 Holland or sail for America; or welcomed by the friendly Hudson 
 river Indians. The famous feast, between Hudson city and Albany, 
 when the Indians broke their bows and arrows to show their friend' 
 ship, would make a striking scene. If facilities are available, a scene 
 based on Collier's painting of " Hudson's Last Voyage," would be 
 effective. 
 
 Any phase of Dutch colonial life would be good. A Dutch 
 youth and maiden promenading together, or with the youth on his 
 knees before his sweetheart, would represent a Dutch courtship. 
 The rattle' watch — a darkened stage, with a watchman, going about 
 with a lantern and whirling his wooden ratchet — could be easily 
 produced. Men bowling at tenpins; or a Dutch school scene; or 
 features of domestic life, such as spinning, weaving, threshing with 
 a flail, churning by hand, polishing the pewter dishes, and cooking 
 at the old fireplace, are good material to work upon. 
 
 \A/hat has just been said about the Dutch period is equally applic' 
 able to the English colonial period. A tea party of either colonial 
 period could be made very pretty. 
 
 In preparing for the presentation of historical scenes, the first essential 
 is to read the local history of the town and pick out its leading events. 
 Some incident connected with the first permanent settlement of each 
 town is particularly recommended. In New York city, the purchase 
 of Manhattan island in 1626, as mentioned above, would repre- 
 sent the beginning of the Dutch period; the surrender of Fort 
 Amsterdam by Peter Stuyvesant in 1 664, the beginning of the English 
 period; and the reading of the Declaration of Independence to the 
 Continental Army, July 9, 1776, the beginning of the American period. 
 The trial and acquittal of John Peter Zenger (1735) establishing 
 the freedom of the press; citizens signing the nonimportation agree- 
 ment (1765); citizens burning the British stamps (1765); Washing- 
 ton giving instructions to Nathan Hale (1776); Washington's 
 farewell to his officers (1783) are suggestive of many others relating 
 to colonial and revolutionary times. NA/here events are of national 
 or state-wide importance there is no reason why one community 
 
 13 
 
should not borrow subjects from another. Washington refusing the 
 crown at Newburgh, the adoption of the Constitution at Kingston, 
 the capitulation of Burgoyne at Saratoga, and the making of the 
 first American flag flown in battle at Fort Stanwix (Rome) are 
 events in the latter class. 
 
 Almost every community has had one preeminent historical char^ 
 acter, like Peter Stuyvesant, George Clinton, Peter Schuyler, Kiliaen 
 Van Rensselaer, Horatio Seymour, William H. Seward, or scores 
 of others who could be named. Such a character, represented in 
 his most famous attitude or act, would make a tableau by itself. 
 Oftentimes a local statue will convey a helpful suggestion in this 
 direction. " Living statuary " representing a soldier and sailor, would 
 symbolize the Civil War. Robert Fulton's life suggests several sub' 
 jects, such as taking painting lessons from Benjamin West; working 
 on a steamboat model ; making mechanical drawings ; conferring with 
 eX' President Jefl^erson, President Madison and others when he 
 explained his torpedo plans, etc. Irving's " Sketch Book " can be drawn 
 on for legends of the Hudson river, foremost among which is that of 
 Rip Van Winkle and Henry Hudson's crew in the Catskills. 
 
 Sunnyside," Irving's home on the Hudson 
 14 
 
HUDSON AND THE RIVER 
 
 J- 
 
 ¥ ESS is known of Henry Hudson than of 
 I other explorers of America in the 1 7th 
 
 century ; and all that is known of him 
 is included \A/ithin four years — from the May 
 day in 1607 when he sailed from Gravesend 
 for Greenland, until the fatal day of June in 
 1611, when he was cast adrift by his mutin' 
 ous crew in the far northern James bay, 
 and so passed forever into the unknov^n. 
 We know nothing of his youth, his educa^ 
 tion, his associations, his personal appear' 
 ance, his vocational training or experience, 
 or anything about him, prior to his first re^ 
 corded voyage, when he looms into view; 
 but the years of which we do know are 
 sufficient to reveal him as a man of large 
 intelligence and enterprise, of abiding courage 
 and indomitable will, which lift him into fame 
 as conspicuous among those who opened the 
 new world to the old, and especially as the pathfinder for the 
 commerce and civilization of the Empire State. In the agreement 
 with the Dutch merchants in 1609 he is described as " Henry Hudson, 
 Englishman." This doubtless settles the country of his birth. It 
 is suggested that he was a grandson of another Henry Hudson, 
 who was an incorporator of the Muscovy Company, but this is 
 a mere conjecture based upon the identity of the Christian name of 
 each and the interest of other Hudsons in the company. It is said 
 by some that he had been a master of Dutch vessels, and by others 
 that he was with the Muscovy Company before he was sent by the 
 latter on his arctic voyage, but it may fairly be stated that he was 
 then a skilled seaman. He was about 40 years old and was married, 
 for he had a son who accompanied him in his expeditions and per- 
 ished with him, and there is reference to other children in the 
 subsequent contract with the Dutch East India Company. 
 
 The Muscovy Company, trading in Russia, was anxious to find a 
 northwest passage to China. This was the dream that entranced 
 many hardy mariners of the day. It was the dream of Hudson, 
 
 15 
 
who was willing to brave dangers and mischances that he might 
 realize it. So the company hired him, and on May 1, 1607 he 
 set out from Gravesend in a craft of 80 tons, the Hopevv/ell, 
 with a crew of 1 1 men, some of whom were turbulent and 
 worthless fellows, as was the case also with his succeeding crews. 
 in six weeks he reached Greenland and named the first land 
 seen Young's cape after one of his men, a name it still retains. 
 Thence he headed north to 72^ on the coast and steered for SpitZ' 
 bergen, touching 80° 23' and holding the record for "farthest 
 north" until Captain Phipps in 1773 went 25' further north. He 
 perplexed himself in vain about a northwest passage, and by this time 
 his men had become restive and even rebellious and clamored for 
 home. He was obliged to yield to them, and turning his prow east- 
 ward put into Tilbury docks on the 1 5th of September, having been 
 plagued throughout a large part of his course by thick fogs and 
 tempests and pounding ice floes. The voyage was a disappointment. 
 Nothing had been accomplished except the high northern mark. 
 Other adventurers had preceded him in their visits to the arctic region. 
 But he still had his stout heart. 
 
 Hudson's second voyage was under the same support and probably 
 in the same small but stanch vessel as the first. It was an effort to 
 find at the northeast that which had baffled him at the northv\/est — 
 communication with China and the Indian ocean. He left St Kathc' 
 rine's docks on the 22d of April 1608, coasted v^'estern Norway, 
 rounded Cape North on the 3d of June, and after much buffeting by 
 the ice rested in a quiet cove of Nova Zembla on the 1st of July. 
 He was soon satisfied that further search at that time v^ould be 
 useless, and "being void of hope," as he says, "the wind stormy and 
 against us and with much ice driving, we weighed anchor and set sail 
 west." He was back on the Thames on the 26th of August, to be 
 coolly received and even scolded by the company for his failure, and 
 his relations With it ended. His own ardor, however, was not 
 eclipsed by his rebuff. The dream still possessed him. There were 
 other v^ays to try and other patrons to ask. 
 
 Like "soldiers of fortune" with their swords drawn at any bidding, 
 a number, if not a majority, of the discoverers and explorers of America 
 were aided by governments and associations other than those of their 
 own nationality. Some tramped from court to court, cap in hand. 
 Columbus, a Genoese, was commissioned by Isabella of Spain ; Cabot, 
 an Italian, by Henry VII of England; Verrazano, a Florentine, by 
 
 16 
 
Francis I of France; Gomez, a Portuguese, by Charles V, the 
 German Emperor ; and Americus Vespucius was in the employ of both 
 Spain and Portugal. It is not singular that the English Hudson, doubt' 
 less angry with the Muscovy Company, should make terms for his 
 third and most memorable voyage with the Amsterdam Chamber of 
 the great Dutch East India Company at a time when the Netherlands, 
 despite the exhausting v^ar for her liberties in which she had been 
 engaged with Spain, was pushing to the front as a world trader, when 
 the scepter of commerce was passing from the Rialto to the Zuyder 
 Zee. After considerable delay an agreement v^as concluded by which 
 the company was to furnish a vessel of about 60 tons burden (the 
 
 ■i/' I'oj-f >}7e.iin> t^'linffcrdani np J,^ M<i n/t af a i 
 
 ^^■^agff?- ^■^?*'^^S3J»- 
 
 < i \ \ ' 
 
 A „ I 
 
 
 
 "^ ^"^1 i%ij^-z^i^~^ *" 
 
 .>-^:Mi^ii_ 
 
 First view of New Amsterdam 
 
 Half Moon) in which Hudson was to sail " by the north around the 
 north side of Nova Zembla, thence by a southerly course to the latitude 
 of 60°," still to seek the fabled passage to the East, and the injunction 
 was strict that no other route should be attempted. For his personal 
 outfit and the support of his family he was to receive $320 and $80 
 additional was to be paid to his wife in case of his death, with a pro^ 
 vision for further compensation at the discretion of the directors — a 
 paltry sum and an indefinite promise suggesting a secret understanding 
 and an option as to the course he should pursue. His crew was 
 again a motley one — Dutch, English and Asiatics — less than 20 in all, 
 unruly and unmanageable, men meaning to be masters. As has been 
 seen it was always his fate to have such a crew. 
 
 17 
 
He left Amsterdam April 4, 1 609 ; in about a month he was off 
 the North cape again, but Nova Zembla \A/as not reached; the 
 ice was obstinate, some of the cre\A/ were sick, others were 
 doing double duty, and all were dissatisfied. So the choice was 
 given them to point for America at about 40°, or to try to reach 
 India by way of Davis strait at the north. The latter was selected, and 
 Hudson, disregarding the company's instructions, made the Newfound' 
 land banks, July 2 ; thence he coasted southward to Penobscot bay, to 
 Cape Cod, by New York harbor, to James river, to South Carolina, 
 and then back to the Chesapeake, with a run up the Delaware ; and on 
 the 2d of September the Half Moon cast anchor in " a great lake of 
 water, as we could judge it to be," with high hills to the northward — 
 " a very good land to fall in with and a pleasant land to see," as runs 
 the quaint chronicle. For about 1 days Hudson remained in the lower 
 bay of New York, taking soundings and having intercourse, both 
 friendly and otherwise, with the Indians who crowded about the ship. 
 On the 12th of September he went up the bay to the Battery and 
 entered the river, yet with the thought that it might be a channel that 
 led the way to the coveted spices and precious stones of the East. 
 The story of the ascent and descent of the river is a familiar one and 
 needs here to be but briefly told. On the 1 3th he was at Spuyten 
 Duyvil ; the 1 4th at the Highlands ; the 1 5th within view of the CatS' 
 kills ; the 1 8th opposite the site of Hudson city ; on the 1 9th he was 
 trading with the natives, a few miles below Albany; on the 20th a 
 small boat was sent north to prospect, the Half Moon riding at 
 anchor; on the 22d the boat returned to report that it had gone about 
 27 miles, probably to Waterford, that the river narrowed and shal' 
 lowed all the way, and that the dream of the northwest passage, by 
 this stream, must be abandoned. On the 23d the descent began, and 
 after various adventures and some serious encounters with the Indians 
 the bay was again seen on the 3d of October. The next day with 
 fair weather and a favoring breeze the Half Moon trimmed her sails 
 for the East, and was the first ship which left the port of New York 
 direct for Europe. How many thousands have followed in her wake I 
 The original destination was Ireland, whence further American explo-' 
 ration was to be made, so determined by a compromise with the crew, 
 which was as usual of a mutinous spirit, sullenly refusing to return to 
 Holland. But, either accidentally or by design of the master. Dart' 
 mouth in Devon was the port arrived at on the 7th of November. 
 There both vessel and captain were detained by the English authorities ; 
 
 18 
 
the former, however, was subsequently released, and returning to 
 Holland \A/as wrecked in East Indian waters a few years later, while 
 the latter, as an English subject, was forbidden to leave the country. 
 Hudson's career may now be speedily followed to its close. In 
 1610 certain members of the Muscovy Company, Sir Thomas Smith 
 and Sir Dudley Digges being among them, fitted out for him the ship 
 Discoverer, with which according to the Rev. Samuel Purchas, who 
 wrote much concerning Hudson, he was " to try if through any of the 
 passages which Davis saw, any passage might be found to the other 
 ocean called the South sea." The dream persists. On the 17th of 
 April he sailed from London with an especially ugly crew of 20 men, 
 touched the southern end of Greenland, and on the I hh of July 
 anchored at Baffin land on Hudson strait; thence entering Hudson bay 
 
 ^m^^^^is^C^^3^ - 
 
 f6so. 
 
 
 he rested in James bay at its southern extremity some time in September. 
 Therein he was icebound and the winter was spent with much of 
 idleness, bickering and complaint by the crew, and the final shattering 
 of his hope of penetrating to China. He had met with his fourth 
 failure in his zealous pursuit. On the 1 8th of June 1611 he began his 
 homeward trip, but now mutiny was openly declared against him, and 
 measures for his "taking off" were planned. The severity of his dis' 
 cipline was alleged as his chief offense, in part accounting for but not 
 excusing the tragedy that ensued. Four days later with the sick and 
 lame, his son John and the ship's carpenter, faithful to the last — eight 
 in all — he was thrown into a shallop and the ship bore away. 
 The crime was one of peculiar atrocity. The curtain falls upon the 
 mystery of his fate, but rises upon his imperishable renown. 
 
 19 
 
What did Henry Hudson accomplish? Broadly it may be stated 
 that he discovered the bay and explored the river to each of which his 
 name is attached. Not many years passed before he was followed to 
 the bay by Button and Fay and Cox, and half a century after his death 
 the Yankee captain, Zachariah Gillam, led an expedition thither which 
 resulted in the building of the first fort on its shore and in the organiza^ 
 tion of the famous Hudson's Bay Company, whose colossal operations 
 have lasted more than two centuries. \A/hen the controversy between 
 England and France for the possession of the immense territory that 
 surrounds it became acute, it was upon the exploit of Hudson that 
 England based her claim to priority of title. But it is in his relation to 
 the river and its features, associations and history that we are chiefly 
 interested. Of it in the strictest sense he can not be said to be the 
 discoverer. Others had previously seen it. Verrazano in 1524 beheld 
 the "Grandissima riviera" at its mouth, as probably did Gomez in 1525, 
 who named it "Rio de Sanet Antonio," and it is thus indicated on a 
 map drawn by Alonzo Chaves, a Spanish cartographer, in 1537. 
 Stephen Bellinger, a Frenchman, in 1583 coasted southwesterly from 
 Cape Breton, 600 miles, " and had trafique with the people in tenne 
 or twelve places." The shore of the river may have been one of 
 these. And there are vague accounts of both French and Dutch 
 visitations prior to 1609, but Hudson saw, observed and investigated 
 from tide water to the head of navigation. 
 
 The Dutch immediately assumed title to the river and to lands 
 westward of it by right of Hudson's exploration — not an uncontested 
 and at the last a voided title — for the English claimed by virtue of 
 Cabot's discoveries all lands on the North American coast north 
 of Florida, and the English crown made grants accordingly. They 
 also claimed, because of Hudson's nationality as superior to his Dutch 
 engagement. The Indian name of the river was Shatemuc ; Hudson 
 called it the Mauritius, after Prince Maurice; the early colonists, the 
 North, by which it is still sometimes known; but eventually it was 
 properly named the Hudson, in their first operations the Dutch were 
 not materially molested by any other povv'er. Trade with the Indians 
 for furs began at once. In 1610 the fur merchants of Amsterdam 
 dispatched for that purpose a vessel with Hudson's former mate. Van 
 Kampen, as master, the venture being a profitable one. In 1611 Hen' 
 drick Christiaensen took to Holland two Indian boys, the sons of a 
 Manhattan chief. In 1611 five ships were sent out from Holland, 
 and certain famous sailors, Christiaensen, Block and May, appeared 
 
 20 
 
upon the scene, driving lucrative bargains and making some notable 
 discoveries in adjacent waters as well. NA/ithin a few years several 
 forts or bastions were erected, Nassau, a mile or two south of Albany, 
 and one, perhaps two, on Manhattan being among them; and settle^ 
 ment, as yet wholly for traffic with the Indians, may be said to have 
 begun, in 1614 that eminent buccaneer, Samuel Argall, compelled 
 the Dutch at all their forts to lower their own and raise the English 
 flag, and then sailed away, the English flag being promptly pulled 
 down after he left. In the same year the States General of the 
 United Netherlands gave a charter for a limited number of voyages 
 to the New Netherland Company to trade exclusively in the newly 
 
 New York harbor 
 
 discovered lands between the 40th and 45th degrees of north latitude 
 — that is, between New France and Virginia, so expressed — and 
 specifically describing the region as New Netherland. In 1618 a 
 notable compact was made by the command at Fort Nassau with the 
 Iroquois on a hill at the mouth of the Tawasentha — Norman's kill — 
 a few miles below Albany for the exchange of peltries and weapons 
 of war. It was the basis of a warm and enduring friendship of the 
 Iroquois and Dutch, to which the English succeeded, that was of 
 immense benefit to the latter and of serious harm to the French and 
 Algonquins. In 1621 the States General issued the celebrated charter 
 to the Dutch West India Company, with its enormous jurisdiction and 
 
 21 
 
extraordinary franchises ; and two years thereafter the company sent 
 out the ship New Netherland with thirty Walloon families ; a part of 
 them settled in what is now the borough of Brooklyn, and a part at 
 Fort Orange on the site of Albany. Colonization \A/as a fact. In 
 1626 Peter Minuit was made Director General Wnh residence in New 
 York, and purchased Manhattan island from the Indians for 60 
 guilders — $24. Thus Dutch estates, usages and institutions were 
 introduced into New Netherland, and these remained even after the 
 English conquest in 1 664. Their influence is still felt in New York. 
 
 It would be beyond the limits of this article to enlarge upon the influ' 
 ence of the Dutch in molding our State. A few words must suflice. 
 First of all it is to be noted that New Netherland was the child of the 
 Dutch Republic, then the most intelligent, the freest and the most enter- 
 prising nation of Europe. The founders of the nes/v state brought 
 with them the principles of the old ; and they also opened wide the 
 door to the refugees of all nations from either political or religious 
 persecution. New Amsterdam was cosmopolitan from the beginning. 
 It is said that 18 languages were spoken there before 1650. The 
 Swedes came to Manhattan, the Waldenses to Staten island, the WaJ' 
 loons and English to Long island and the Huguenots to Ulster county. 
 The Dutch originated the vital principles of our institutions, municipal and 
 township organizations, and the idea of local self-government. To 
 these they held firmly in their representative bodies — the " twelve men " 
 and the "eight men." They uniformly opposed arbitrary taxation. 
 Above all else, it is to be remembered that on the Hudson in 1633 the 
 first public school in the land was established. If it be said that 
 the feudal powers granted to the patroons on their manorial estates did 
 not correspond with the general prevalence of popular government, it 
 may be replied that for these the West India Company, and not the 
 States General, was responsible; that in 1638 and 1640 the prerogatives 
 of the patroons were materially restricted and the rights of free settlers 
 materially enlarged, and that wherever the numbers in the settlements 
 were sufficient the company was bound to guarantee them local self- 
 government. 
 
 The Hudson, the second of any river of considerable size on the 
 continent to be explored, the St Lawrence being the first, is 300 miles 
 in length, and is navigable by vessels of the first class for about 150 
 miles. Its general direction is southerly — due south in its navigable 
 portion. It drains an area of about 30,000 square miles above the 
 entrance of the Mohawk. Among its tributaries are the Schroon, 
 
 22 
 
Batten kill, Hoosic, Wappingers and Croton on the east, and the 
 Sacandaga, Mohawk, \A/allkill and Esopus creek from the v/est. 
 There are longer rivers in the land, but few with fuller flow. There 
 are those along which nature is tossed into more weird and awful 
 shapes, with deeper chasms and loftier cataracts, but there is none 
 upon which there is a greater variety of scenery, from the beautiful to 
 the sublime, as there is none more serviceable. During its entire course 
 there is no spot which is not invested with interest, either natural, 
 legendary or historical, from the silken skeins of mist and the bubbling 
 springs at its sources in the Adirondacks, to the magnificent bay upon 
 which the navies of the world may ride, where the queenliest of cities 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^M^^^k^^;.^-::^-:-':^^-^...^-::-^.-.- ■■ • - 
 
 — . •■*r.M^ 
 
 Storm King 
 
 receives tribute from the commerce of all the zones. Especially notable 
 are the series of rapids and cascades at Glens Falls, the water rushing 
 over ragged masses of black marble through a descent of 80 feet; the 
 Catskills, a wonderful procession of peaks and slopes, and recesses ; 
 the picturesque Highlands ; the solitary grandeur of Storm King and 
 Cro' Nest; the majesty of the Palisades, battlements rock-ribbed and 
 perpendicular, sheer from the water's edge to hights of 250 to 500 
 feet; the broad expanse of the Tappan Zee, and the noble sweep 
 into the Atlantic. The Hudson is a peerless stream. It is often com- 
 pared with the Rhine, but the Rhine is not so uniformly fascinating in 
 its natural features as the Hudson, and is admired less for these than 
 for the castles and ruins on its banks. The Hudson is lined by princely 
 
 23 
 
estates, thriving villages and prosperous cities. OF the latter there are 
 in New York State eight — Cohoes, Albany, Hudson, Kingston, New^ 
 burgh, Poughkeepsie, Yonkers and New York, already the second 
 and soon to be the first market place in the world ; and in New Jersey 
 are Hoboken, Jersey City and other populous communities. Over 
 5,000,000 people reside on, or contiguous to, the banks of the Hudson 
 — a multitudinous host, an imperial domain. 
 
 There is no section of the country that is of larger historical signifi' 
 cance than that of the Hudson. It has witnessed its own exploration 
 and colonization by one people and its surrender to another ; a portion 
 of the conflict between two great European nations for the pos' 
 session of the continent ; the first congress of the colonies for mutual 
 protection ; the provincial struggles for popular rights ; the battles of 
 the Revolution most intimately related to its successful issue; the 
 organization of the federal government; and the evolution politically 
 and economically of the foremost commonwealth of the United States. 
 Some of these events have already been referred to and but a glance 
 at others may be indulged in. 
 
 The Dutch held sway in New York for about 50 years, the last 
 Dutch governor being Peter Stuyvesant, a very hard-headed and hot' 
 headed, one-legged man, v^ho stumped New Amsterdam in unavailing 
 rage when on August 29, 1664 Richard Nicolls sailed up the bay and 
 demanded in the name of his sovereign, Charles II of England, then at 
 war with Holland, the surrender of the "towns situated on the island 
 commonly known by the name of Manhattoes, with all the parts there' 
 unto belonging." English rule began September 8th, the transferred 
 province being renamed New York after the Duke of York, subsC' 
 quently James II, and continued with an interval from August 1673, 
 when the Dutch under Captain Colve seized it and administered its 
 affairs, until November 1674, when it reverted to England under the 
 treaty of Westphalia. From 1674 until 1683 Sir Edmund Andros, 
 the ablest and most energetic of the crown governors, was at the helm, 
 returning in 1688 as governor in chief and captain general of all the 
 northern colonies. He strengthened defenses, increased trade, aug' 
 mented the revenues and beautified the city. In 1683, Thomas Dongan 
 being governor, the "Charter of Liberties" was declared, by which 
 the supreme legislative power was vested in a governor, council and 
 the people met in a general assembly — the first recognition of the 
 people in any American constitution. In the same year the first 1 
 counties, six of which — Albany, Dutchess, Nev^ York, Orange, Ulster 
 
 24 
 
FROM A REcE.M PHuTuoRAP 
 
 Schuyler Mansion 
 
 Erected at Albany by Gen. Philip Schuyler in 1761. Here, on Dec. 14, 1780, Alexander Hamilton and 
 Elizabeth Schuyler were married. 
 
 FROM PHOTOGRAPH IN POSSESSION OF MRS LAUKA VAN RENSSELAER, ALBANr 
 
 Van Rensselaer Mansion 
 
 Erected at Albany by Stephen Van Rensselaer in 1765 ; remodeled in 1843 and removed to Sigma Phi 
 place at Williams College in 1893. 
 
 25 
 
and \A/estchester — are on the Hudson, were erected. Kings on the 
 East river may also be classed as within the territory of the Hudson, 
 while the remaining counties — Queens, Richmond and Suffolk ■ — it may 
 not be proper to claim, in 1 735 the liberty of the press was vindicated 
 in New York in the celebrated case of John Peter Zenger, acquitted 
 on a charge of libel by the eloquent plea of Andrew Hamilton. 
 In 1754 a congress of the northern colonies was held in Albany, at 
 which a plan of union drafted by Benjamin Franklin was adopted. 
 It was not carried, but it was the herald of their future cooperation. 
 On the 1 8th of October 1 764 the New York Assembly authorized a 
 correspondence with other colonies concerning the acts of Parliament 
 relative to trade and upon the danger of being taxed unreasonably by 
 the mother country — the first official proposition in behalf of American 
 union for American interests, anticipating by two years the action of 
 Massachusetts at the instance of Samuel Adams, to the same purpose. 
 The Hudson bore the brunt of the Revolution, it was the scene of 
 its most stirring incidents, of its crucial conflict, and of the evacua' 
 tion of the country by British troops, November 25, 1783. There 
 NA/ashington revealed his consummate military genius by withdrawing 
 his shattered troops in the face of overwhelming numbers to win the 
 victories of Trenton and Princeton, On its lower shores was the 
 debatable ground where patriot and tory were in constant feud. 
 On the 17th of October 1777 at Schuyler ville Burgoyne surrendered, 
 as the outcome of the battles of Bemis Heights, generally known as the 
 field of Saratoga. The story is a familiar one — the scheme to separate 
 New England from the other colonies by uniting the troops of Burgoyne 
 and Howe on the upper Hudson ; the failure of Howe to ascend ; the 
 advance of Burgoyne by way of Lake Champlain ; the well devised 
 plans of Schuyler to meet the invasion ; his cruel retirement from com' 
 msoid and the succession of Gates ; the fall of Ticonderoga ; the retreat 
 from Fort Edward to an advantageous position ; the breaking of British 
 communication with the Canadian base; the cordon drawn about 
 Burgoyne; the sharp engagements and the laying down of arms. 
 Nowhere on American soil is there a spot more sacred than that of 
 Saratoga. There was the signal American triumph, and there the signal 
 British discomfiture, presaging ultimate British defeat. " The Revolution," 
 says Senator Lodge, " was saved at Trenton : it was established at 
 Saratoga." On the 1 5th of July 1779 "Mad Anthony" Wayne 
 captured Stony Point, the "Gibraltar of the Highlands," as Irving calls 
 it — one of the most brilliant exploits of the war, distinguished alike for 
 
 26 
 
its difficulty and daring. It is in sharp contrast witii the infamy of West 
 Point, a year later, when Benedict Arnold, the dashing fighter of 
 Quebec, Vaicour and Saratoga, the beloved and trusted lieutenant of 
 \A/ashington, harassed with debt and smarting at the neglect of Con' 
 gress, tried to betray the fortress into British hands for British gold; 
 and, thwarted in this, sneaked down the Hudson leaving the British 
 emissary, the gifted and noble Andre, to be executed as a spy, for his 
 (Arnold's) treason. 
 
 
 C^^iC^-^-^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ;^<^ 
 
 /^^^^-^ *-v^.- /. 
 
 '% 
 
 
 O ' ^ 
 
 i '/^^-.T-i^. 
 
 f-^. ^,,^^ , >^ , "|V^.v .^ 
 
 ^^^■7^^ ^jt-T < -"r 
 
 Reproduction of pass in Arnold's handwriting found with other papers in Maior Andre's boots when 
 he was captured. The Andre papers were acquired by the State of Ne>A' York with the George Clinton 
 papers in 1853 and are now in the State Library. 
 
 Washington's headquarters at Newburgh 
 27 
 
On April 20, 1777, at Kingston, New York declared itself an 
 independent state and adopted a constitution; and on the 9th of 
 July George Clinton, soldier and statesman, became the first governor, 
 serving as such continuously until 1804, save for the intervening term of 
 John Jay — 1795 to 1801. Driven from Kingston by the incursion 
 of the enemy and the burning of the place, the Legislature held its 
 second session in 1788 at Poughkeepsie, and for the next six years 
 wandered from Poughkeepsie to Kingston and Albany, as the fortunes 
 of war determined its safety. In 1 784 it met in New York and there 
 remained until 1786 v/ith the exception of holding sessions at Pough' 
 keepsie in 1788 and 1795 and at Albany in 1789 and 1794. in 1797 
 the capital was located permanently at Albany. At his headquarters 
 in Newburgh in 1782 Washington could have founded a kingdom 
 and become its king. Royal state was pressed upon him, but he 
 indignantly refused its proffer and sternly rebuked the devoted officers 
 who made it ; and at Newburgh in 1 783 he disbanded the continental 
 army. In 1788 at Poughkeepsie, New York ratified the federal 
 Constitution, mainly by the persuasion of Alexander Hamilton, her 
 great constructive statesman; and on the 30th of April 1789, George 
 NA/ashington on the balcony of Federal Hall in Wall street, took the 
 oath of office as President of the Republic he had created. New York 
 remaining the seat of the general government until December 1790. 
 Thus, on the Hudson, statehood was ordained, the monarchy rejected, 
 the national Constitution confirmed, and the nation itself established. 
 Of the 36 governors the State has had, 20 have hailed from the 
 Hudson ; and it has given to the Union four presidents — Van Buren, 
 Arthur, Roosevelt, and Cleveland as he entered upon his second term. 
 
 It will be impossible to detail the history that has been made upon 
 the Hudson since New York became a state, or even to mention the 
 names of many of her citizens who within the period indicated have 
 guided her progress or contributed to her prestige and power ; but a 
 few may be alluded to. The 11th of July 1804 was perhaps the 
 saddest day in the annals of the State, when at W^eehawken on 
 the Hudson, Aaron Burr fatally wounded Alexander Hamilton in a 
 duel, leaving Hamilton's memory sacred as a martyr, as he was 
 already exalted as a statesman. On the 7th of August 1807 Robert 
 Fulton steered the Clermont from New York to Albany — the first 
 successful attempt at steam navigation, the second illustrious ascent of 
 the Hudson, fitly commemorated in connection with the first. At the 
 mouth of the Hudson on the 26th of October 1825 DeWitt Clinton, 
 
 28 
 
«^d-^--j, ^H i.wfWf-Tf^fr^r-w*!' 
 
 '1 
 
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 C/0 
 
 3 
 
 ^IS 
 
 
 Oo 
 
 29 
 
as the happy phrase says, "married Lake Erie to the Atlantic," and 
 the great artificial channel which crosses the State from west to east 
 and empties into the Hudson at Cohoes was opened to the commerce 
 of the continent. In 1 784 the Regents of the University met in New 
 York and granted a charter to Columbia College; in his message 
 of 1795 Governor George Clinton recommended the establishment 
 of common schools and annual appropriations for their maintenance 
 ensued, and in 1812 the Legislature at Albany organized the State 
 common school system which, in its principal features, has been adopted 
 by nearly every American state. And throughout, while credit is 
 to be given to the representatives from all sections for the 1 30 years 
 of legislation promotive of the common weal, it is not to be for' 
 gotten that all legislation has been enacted on the Hudson. The 
 business energies of the State have there also had their utmost con^ 
 spicuous expression. It has both the capital and the metropolis. 
 
 in the harbor of New York stands the typical figure of " Liberty 
 enlightening the world." It symbolizes also the intellectual supremacy 
 of New York where Bryant sang and Irving wrote and Morse 
 invented. The empire of mind there declares itself in letters and 
 science and the arts, in the multitudinous sheets of the daily press, 
 in museums and galleries and observatories and universities, in prO' 
 fessional standards and rewards, in the acquisition and diffusion of 
 knowledge. The story of the Hudson is here told as fully, if not 
 as adequately, as space permits. In the charm of its scenery, in its 
 legends as told by Irving and other writers, in its history, in its political 
 rank and martial glory, in its growth and commerce and wealth, in 
 all the appointments of civilization, where is its superior ? Henry 
 Hudson explored better than he knew when he sought the gems of 
 the east and held the promise of the west. 
 
 Charles Elliott Fitch 
 
 30 
 
George Washington : took the oath of office as the first President 
 of the United States on April 30, 1 789 on the open balcony of Federal 
 Hall in New York city within view of the mouth of the Hudson river. 
 
 /^rCn^-C'.^^Cc^ '^ 
 
 Horatio Gates : general in the United States army. C-ommanding 
 officer at the battle of Saratoga, October 7, 1777. Member of the 
 New York Legislature in 1800. 
 
 m 
 
 Philip Schuyler : soldier and statesman ; promoter of the Erie 
 canal ; born at Albany in 1733 and died there in 1804 ; for many years 
 conspicuous public leader in the valley of the Hudson. 
 
 Robert Morris : patriot and statesman ; financier of the Revolution. 
 
 % 
 
 Gideon Hawley : first Superintendent of Common Schools in New 
 York State and in the country ; elected January 14, 1813 ; Secretary of 
 the Board of Regents ; Regent of the University of the State of New 
 York from 1842 to 1870. 
 
 Links of iht fci^at ^.laii, .,ii^i^lied across the Hudson river at West Point in 1778 to keep British war vessels 
 from ascending the river. Three links presented to the State Library in 1858 by Gen. Franklin Townsend of Albany, 
 a great grandson of the maker. The above autographs are reproduced from documents in the State Library. 
 
 31 
 
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 <t. •/'■: 
 
 
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 32 
 
C/&£^cy</i^/?j ■ 
 
 
 
 Signatures of members of the Convention of the 
 State of New York assembled at Poughkeepsie in 
 June and July 1788 to ratify the proposed Consti- 
 tution of the United States. The original pro- 
 ceedings are in the archives of the State Library. 
 
 33 
 
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 ^•^^l4£^'X^2i^^'.;i5;^^,iD -C.i:^i^' c:Z<Z''-':^S^t:x-^--'<i^ yvCz^ «ii-,ja^^siT_,(Z-5< cr;2f^a.^^ 
 
 
 
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 Washington's opinions of the surviving generals of the Revolution 
 
 The facsimiles show the first two pages of a paper prepared by Washington in the winter of 1791-92 after the defeat of Gen. Arthur St Clair 
 by the Indians in the autumn of 1791 in Ohio, in anticipation of the necessity of appointing some one to succeed him in the command of the army. 
 Twenty-three officers are mentioned in the series and V^ashington gives his opinion of the qualifications of sixteen of them for the office in question. 
 
 34 
 
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 viz. of Generals Lincoln, Steuben. Moultrie. Mcintosh. Wayne, Weeden. Hand. Scott. Huntington. Wilkinson. Gist. Irvine. Morgan. 
 Putnam. Pinckney and Gov. H. Lee. This document with other Washington memorials in the State Library came into the possession of the 
 State of New York by purchase from Mrs Ella Bosset Washington in 1871. 
 
 35 
 

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 36 
 
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 The autographs on pages 36 and 37 are from original documeTiIs in the State Library. In the order of 
 arrangement they are as follows ; 
 
 Johannes de Laet: author of dc Nieuwe Wereldl, a scholarly work printed in 1625. which gives one of 
 the earliest descriptions of New Netherland and the first full account of the Hudson river ; a director of the 
 Dutch West India Company and a partner in the colony of Rensselaerswyck. Taken from the instructions to 
 Gerrit Swart, schout of the colony of Rensselaerswyck, May 8, 1652. 
 
 Kiliaen Van Rensselaer: first patroon of the colony of Rensselaerswyck. Taken from instructions to 
 Arent van Curler and Pieter Wyncoop, regarding the purchase of the land at Katskill, September 10, 1643. 
 
 Adam Roelants Groent from Dokkum, in Friesland. first schoolmaster of New Netherland. Taken from 
 a power of attorney to Jacob Tysen. to take charge of his children during his absence in the West Indies, 
 December 4, 1649. 
 
 Johannes Megapolensis (Greek for Grootstadtl : minister of the colony of Rensselaerswyck, 1642-49, and 
 the first minister along the Hudson river outside of what is now the city of New York. Taken from deed from 
 the Indians for the land at Katskill, dated May 24, 1649. 
 
 Adriaen van der Donck: schout, or sheriff-, of the colony of Rensselaerswyck. 1641-46. afterwards a bold 
 champion of civic liberty and one of the leading opponents of Stuyvesant. Taken from an agreement to pay the 
 balance of his debt to Thomas Chambers, dated May 3, 1646. This is the first reproduction of his real 
 signature. 
 
 Peter Minuil: Director General of New Netherland. Taken from the certificate of purchase from the 
 Indians of land along the Delaware river, from Cape Henlopen to the mouth of the river, for the behoof of 
 Samuel Godyn and Samuel Blommaert, both directors of the Dutch West India Company, dated July 15, 1630. 
 
 Wouter van Twiller: Director General of New Netherland. 1633-38. Taken from a contract with 
 George Rapaelje, respecting the use of two cows, June 4, 1638. 
 
 Pieter Stuyvesant: Director General of New Netherland. 1647-64. Taken from a pass to Jeremias van 
 Rensselaer, the third son of the first patroon, to sail to Holland in the ship " Beaver." October 28, 1655. 
 
 Richard Nicolls: first English governor of the Province of New York. Taken from agreement with the 
 Esopus Indians, relative to the sale of their lands west and southwest of the river called Kahanckson, October 
 7, 1665. 
 
 37 
 

 
 Religious freedom made the earliest progress in New York because it was the necessity of a mixed population. It is recog- 
 nized in the early chirters, and in the Instructions to the governors, both Dutch and English. The Dutch exacted and the English 
 conceded it at the conquest of 1664. It was frequently asserted in both the primary and representative assemblages. The first 
 General Assembly of the colony, in New York city in 1683, was undoubtedly the first Legislature in the world to put the pledge 
 of complete religious freedom into a written constitution. The first Constitution of the State, framed in 1777, on the very firing 
 line of the Revolution, by a duly authorized convention, provided in the 33d article for the complete separation of state and church, 
 and in the 38th article for absolute religious toleration. The 38th article is here reproduced from the original document in the 
 State Library. 
 
 38 
 
FRuM BRONZE PANEL IN ASSEMBLY PARLOR, STATE CAPITOL ^ 
 
 Hudson trading with the Manhattoes 
 THE BIRTH OF THE HUDSON 
 
 NATURE did not just happen to make the Hudson river and 
 leave it for the Dutchmen to find. Its lines were laid down 
 far in the remote past of the earth and it had long passed 
 the climax of its greatness and its beauty before the Half Moon's keel 
 had turned its waters. As the French came in from the north along 
 the lines of great wounds in the earth's crust, the St Lawrence and 
 the Champlain valleys, so the Hudson valley represents another such 
 rupture in the rocks, where the outflowing land waters, finding the 
 line of least resistance, made this their path to the sea. This ancient 
 day dates back to the time when the great Appalachian mountain 
 system began to form by the folding up of the rocks under the shove 
 and stress of the weight of Atlantic ocean waters. This irresistible 
 force from the sea, pressing the soft limestones, shales and sandstones 
 of the eastern continent border against the stiff unyielding granites 
 which compose the Canadian shield, twisted and folded the more 
 yielding strata or broke them asunder and pushed them in great masses 
 over each other. And in this way the belt of country occupied by 
 this great Hudson valley was broken down to a line of crushed and 
 downfallen rocks which is still a line of foreboding weakness in the 
 structure of our continent. On every hand its ancient scars are to be 
 seen, though most of them lie buried beneath the waters of the river. 
 Today the great river is half drowned by the waters of the ocean. 
 
 39 
 
It is in fact an estuary from Albany southward, the sandbars near its 
 mouth are the overslaughs below Castleton which have obstructed 
 navigation from the days of the Dutchmen to this day. At except 
 tionally high tides or in long drought the salt water wedges in under 
 the fresh almost as far north as the city of Hudson. The low and 
 rounded valley from Albany northward has for long, long ages been 
 the seat of shallow waters, often spreading out into extensive lakes, 
 and what is commonly termed the Upper Hudson is only the accessory 
 headwaters of what was once a majestic trunk stream. Southward 
 the river hugs its ancient deep cut channel, the more as it gets closer 
 in between the steep walls of the Highlands, and even though it 
 spreads out at places still farther south, there it lies upon and buries 
 its ancient banks. 
 
 In one of the later phases of the river's history the continent stood 
 far higher above the sea than it does today and the valley ran 1 00 
 miles out beyond the point of Manhattan island. Then its waters, 
 passing in tremendous volume through a majestic gorge which they 
 had themselves cut out, projected themselves over the novy buried 
 edge of the continent into the waters of the Atlantic in a stupendous 
 cataract, just as, on an infinitely smaller scale, the waters of the 
 Montmorency precipitate themselves over the cliffs below Quebec 
 into the St Lawrence river. Then the earth's crust in this region 
 began one of those rhythmic oscillations which carry it up or down 
 in obedience to physical laws still unexplained, and continued till the 
 lower reaches of the ancient valley were slowly carried down beneath 
 the ocean level and the sea rushed in to take the place where the fresh 
 waters had flowed so long and freely. 
 
 If the Half Moon had arrived on its voyage of discovery in the year 
 1609 of the Postglacial period its skipper would have tied up far out 
 beyond the outermost reaches of New York bay and beheld the 
 amazing spectacle of this outpouring tide of the river precipitating itself 
 over the edge of the continent and there he must have rested, excluded 
 from all entrance to the river above his head. The way was not yet 
 open, the flood gates not yet let down. Far up the stream from the 
 Highlands down, the river vv/as flowing through a profound gorge in 
 the rocks a thousand feet deeper than at the Highlands today. There 
 where the engineers are now trying to carry a gigantic aqueduct 
 beneath the river from the west shore to the east, no rock bottom to 
 the canyon has yet been found at a depth of more than 600 feet 
 beneath the present bottom of the stream. 
 
 All this elevated stream must be depressed to let the Dutchmen in 
 and the earth was not yet prepared for the opening of this passage 
 into its western lands. Indeed there was no Dutchman about in 
 those days. 
 
 40 
 
To the same ultimate causes which gave birth to the St LaxArence 
 river and Lake Champlain is due the valley of the Hudson, but the 
 course of its history has been somewhat different though not more 
 varied than theirs. Once when the glacial ice stood over the St 
 Lawrence and blocked the flow of its waters all the drainage from the 
 Great Lakes flowed out into New York bay by way of the Mohawk 
 and to the greater volume of this stream we owe the -rounded slopes 
 of the upper valley and the deeper gorges of the lower. 
 
 As the valley became the scene of human history the commanding 
 highlands of the narrow thoroughfare were found to be the natural 
 military key to the control of the country north and south and when 
 issues were joined between one party in control of the northern region 
 and another in possession of the southern, whether between French 
 and British or between the colonists and the English, it was inevitable 
 that those issues should have been fought to their solution where the 
 waterways at the north controlled by the one opened out into the 
 lands about the head of the waterway controlled by the other. 
 
 In the contour and altitude of crag and hill, the rock-directed course 
 of the streams, the retreats of shores, the jutting headlands and islands, 
 whose shapes are due to the geological forces which acted on them, 
 are to be found the unconscious guiding influences in the development 
 of the train of human events in this region so pregnant with large 
 records on the pages of our history. 
 
 John M. Clarke 
 
 41 
 
A SCENE ON THE BANKS OF THE HUDSON 
 
 J- 
 
 COOL shades and dews are round my way. 
 And silence of the early day ; 
 Mid the dark rocks that watch his bed. 
 Glitters the mighty Hudson spread, 
 Unrippled, save by drops that fall 
 From shrubs that fringe his mountain wall ; 
 And o'er the clear still water swells 
 The music of the Sabbath bells. 
 
 Ail, save this little nook of land. 
 
 Circled with trees, on which I stand ; 
 
 All, save that line of hills which lie 
 
 Suspended in the mimic sky, — 
 
 Seems a blue void, above, below. 
 
 Through which the white clouds come and go ; 
 
 And from the green world's farthest steep 
 
 I gaze into the airy deep. 
 
 Loveliest of lovely things are they. 
 On earth, that soonest pass away. 
 The rose that lives its little hour 
 Is prized beyond the sculptured flower. 
 Even love, long tried and cherished long, 
 Becomes more tender and more strong. 
 At thought of that insatiate grave 
 From which its yearnings cannot save. 
 
 River 1 in this still hour thou hast 
 Too much of heaven on earth to last ; 
 Nor long may thy still waters lie. 
 An image of the glorious sky. 
 Thy fate and mine are not repose. 
 And ere another evening close. 
 Thou to thy tides shall turn again. 
 And 1 to seek the crowd of men. 
 
 William. Cullen Bryant 
 
 J- 
 
 The Catskills to the northward rise. 
 
 With massive swell and towering crest, — 
 
 The old' time "mountains of the skys," 
 The threshold of eternal rest 1 
 
 Wallace Bruce 
 
 42 
 
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 43 
 
AUTOGRAPHS OF GOVERNORS OF NEW YORK STATE 
 
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 44 
 
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 45 
 
CATSKILL MOUNTAINS 
 
 A ND, lo ! the Catskills print the distant sky, 
 I V And o'er their airy tops the faint clouds driven. 
 So softly blending, that the cheated eye 
 Forgets or which is earth or which is heaven, — 
 Sometimes, like thunder-clouds, they shade the even. 
 Till, as you nearer draw, each wooded height 
 Puts off the azure hues by distance given : 
 And slowly break upon the enamored sight. 
 Ravine, crag, field, and wood, in colors true and bright. 
 
 Mount to the cloud'kissed summit. Far below 
 Spreads the vast champaign like a shoreless sea. 
 Mark yonder narrow streamlet feebly flow. 
 Like idle brook that creeps ingloriously ; 
 Can that the lovely, lordly Hudson be, 
 Stealing by town and mountain ? Who beholds, 
 At break of day, this scene, when, silently. 
 Its map of field, wood, hamlet, is unrolled. 
 While, in the east, the sun uprears his locks of gold. 
 
 Till earth receive him never can forget. 
 Even when returned amid the city's roar. 
 The fairy vision haunts his memory yet. 
 As in the sailor's fancy shines the shore. 
 Imagination cons the moment o'er. 
 When first-discovered, awe-struck and amazed. 
 Scarce loftier Jove — whom men and gods adore — 
 On the extended earth beneath him gazed. 
 Temple, and tovv'er, and town, by human insect raised. 
 
 Blow, scented gale, the snowy canvas swell. 
 And flow, thou silver, eddying current, on. 
 Grieve we to bid each lovely point farewell. 
 That, ere its graces half are seen, is gone. 
 By woody bluff we steal, by leaning lawn. 
 By palace, village, cot, a sweet surprise. 
 At every turn the vision breaks upon ; 
 Till to our wondering and uplifted eyes 
 The highland rocks and hills in solemn grandeur rise. 
 * * * 
 
 Theodore S. Fay 
 
 46 
 
THE HUDSON 
 
 J- 
 
 /' I 'WAS a vision of childhood that came with its dawn, 
 I Ere the curtain that covered life's day-star was drawn ; 
 
 The nurse told the tale when the shadows grew long. 
 And the mother's soft lullaby breathed it in song. 
 
 "There flows a fair stream by the hills of the west," — 
 
 She sang to her boy as he lay on her breast ; 
 " Along its smooth margin thy fathers have played ; 
 
 Beside its deep waters their ashes are laid." 
 
 1 wandered afar from the land of my birth, 
 I saw the old rivers, renowned upon earth, 
 But fancy still painted that wide-flowing stream 
 With the many-hued pencil of infancy's dream. 
 
 I saw the green banks of the castle-crowned Rhine, 
 
 Where the grapes drink the moonlight and change it to wine ; 
 
 I stood by the Avon, whose waves as they glide 
 
 Still whisper his glory who sleeps at their side. 
 
 But my heart would still yearn for the sound of the waves 
 
 That sing as they flow by my forefathers' graves ; 
 
 If manhood yet honors my cheek with a tear, 
 
 I care not who sees it, — no blush for it here ! 
 
 Farewell to the deep-bosomed stream of the West 1 
 
 1 fling this loose blossom to float on its breast : 
 
 Nor let the dear love of its children grow cold, 
 
 Till the channel is dry where its waters have rolled I 
 
 Oliver Wendell Holmes 
 
 47 
 
Statue of Fulton in the Capitol at Washington 
 
 48 
 
M 
 
 FULTON AND THE CLERMONT 
 
 J- 
 
 ORE than a century ago, an English poet, Erasmus Darwin, 
 the grandfather of the illustrious scientist, Charles Darwin, 
 made this prophecy : 
 
 Soon shall thy arm, unconquered steam, afar 
 Drag the slow barge, or drive the rapid car ; 
 Or, on wide-waving wings expanded, bear 
 The flying chariot through the fields of air. 
 
 It was generally thought that this verse was the product of a 
 disordered imagination, but its predictions have all been fulfilled, in 
 1807 Robert Fulton solved the problem of steam navigation; in 1827 
 Robert Stevenson built the first steam locomotive; and in 1909 the 
 Wright brothers and others with their aeroplanes are subduing the 
 air. There have been innumerable inventions, and a vast multitude 
 of inventors : but the great inventors, they who have revolutionized 
 scientific processes or made new application of the forces of nature to 
 the progress of mankind, have been very few. Of these Robert Fulton 
 was eminently one. He was a mechanical genius of the highest 
 order, as he was also a rarely gifted man in various lines of achieve- 
 ment. His enduring fame, hovv'ever, rests upon his ascent of 
 the Hudson with the Clermont in the fall of 1807. This was both a 
 scientific and an economic success — the forerunner of the keels which 
 have cut the rivers and the fleets which have whitened the oceans 
 for over 100 years. For this his name will be remembered through 
 the ages. 
 
 He was born in Little Britain township (now Fulton) near Lancaster, 
 Pa., November 14, 1765. His father, Robert, was a farmer in 
 moderate circumstances, who died when his son was but 3 years old. 
 His early schooling was in Lancaster under a Quaker by the name of 
 Johnson, who thought him a dull scholar and not infrequently reproved 
 him for his idleness. But he was busy outside, if not inside, the school- 
 room. He frequented the shops, in which he was a favorite, 
 and shewed decided skill both in dravi/ing and mechanics. Many 
 stories are told of his youthful inventions and of the projects, some 
 visionary and some practical, of which his head was full. He 
 resolved to be an artist and at the age of 17 went to Philadelphia 
 to study his profession, in which he at once showed talent, and 
 was faithful and industrious in its pursuit. He painted a number 
 
 49 
 
of portraits and landscapes of more than ordinary merit, and 
 made many friends during the next four years, among them 
 Benjamin Franklin, who encouraged him in his work and doubtless 
 talked with him about his own discoveries and inventions, possibly 
 giving him a bent toward the vocation he afterward adopted. 
 Another serviceable friend was Benjamin West, then at the hight 
 of his reputation as an artist, with whom he frequently corres' 
 ponded and upon whose advice he went to England in 1786. 
 He was engaged in his profession in London for over 10 years, 
 producing many excellent pictures, being well paid therefor, and 
 receiving the constant counsel and good offices of West. During his 
 residence in England, however, he became well acquainted with men 
 of high scientific attainments. Sir John Sinclair, president of the Board 
 of Agriculture, and the Duke of Bridgewater, the founder of the canal 
 system of Great Britain, being among them. It is said that the latter 
 named nobleman induced Fulton to abandon art and take to the 
 study of mechanical science. He certainly was very active along the 
 new line during the latter portion of his stay in England. He published 
 a treatise on canal navigation, included in which were suggested 
 improvements in bridges and aqueducts, and he built on the ShrewS' 
 bury canal at Long and across the river Dee in Scotland aqueducts 
 upon his plan. So early as 1 793 he conceived the idea of propelling 
 vessels by steam. In 1 794 he obtained a patent for a double-inclined 
 plane for raising and lowering boats in canal locks, and also patents for 
 several minor devices. About this time he sent copies of his work on 
 canals to Governor George Clinton and Albert Gallatin, Secretary of 
 the Treasury, accompanied by earnest arguments for the construction 
 of canals in the United States; and it is claimed that in 1807 he made 
 the first public appeal in behalf of a canal from Lake Erie to the 
 Hudson. He was afterward one of the commission appointed to 
 superintend the construction of the Erie canal. 
 
 Late in 1797 Fulton went to Paris, which was his principal place of 
 residence until his return to his own country in 1806. There he 
 became intimate with Joel Barlow, afterward the United States 
 Minister to France and the well known author of " Hasty Pudding," 
 the 'Columbiad" dedicated to Fulton, and other patriotic poems. 
 They were mutually interested in poetry, painting and mechanics. 
 There also he was brought into close relations with Robert R. 
 Livingston, who, while chancellor of the New York Court of 
 Chancery, administered the oath of office to President Washington, 
 
 50 
 
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 51 
 
and \A/as Minister to France from 1801 till 1804. Livingston was a 
 student in mechanics and science and was deeply interested in steam 
 navigation. Many consultations between the two resulted in the 
 building of an experimental boat, at their joint expense, in 1803, 
 which was successfully launched upon the Seine. She was 66 
 feet long and 8 feet wide and moved by wheels, but did not 
 meet expectations as to speed. But Fulton and Livingston then and 
 there determined to build a larger and more powerful vessel for the 
 Hudson, and Livingston had already secured from the Legislature 
 of New York exclusive privileges for the navigation by steam of the 
 waters of the State. During his stay in France Fulton devoted 
 much attention to experiments in submarine gun explosives and diving 
 boats, his blowing up of the Dorothea in Walmar Roads near 
 Deal, in 1805 in the presence of NA/illiam Pitt, the English prime 
 minister, being his most notable exhibition in this regard. He continued 
 his experiments with torpedoes and his efforts to obtain governmental 
 sanction for their use, and in 1813 took out a United States patent " for 
 several improvements in the art of maritime warfare and means of 
 injuring and destroying ships and vessels by igniting gunpowder under 
 water "; but he does not seem materially to have profited by his inven' 
 tions in submarine warfare. Its development was reserved until a 
 later day than his. 
 
 Fulton returned to America in October 1806 to build his steamboat, 
 and made his home thereafter in New York city. It would be perti' 
 nent to describe a few of the efforts made by others prior to Fulton's 
 supreme success, but only a passing allusion may be indulged in. Some 
 who tried came very near to winning the laurels which he bore away, 
 but they just missed inventing the special devices or commanding the 
 resources that brought him honor. The idea of steam navigation 
 was in the air for many years and the list of those who sought 
 to give it expression is a long one. As early as 1690 a German 
 by the name of Papin published a work in which he proposed 
 steam as a universal motive power, but the thought died with its 
 utterance. In 1763 William Henry is said to have put a model 
 steamboat on the Canastoga in Chester county, Pennsylvania. There 
 follow the experiments of James i\umsey on the Potomac in 
 1784 and on the Thames in 1792; those of John Fitch on the 
 Delaware in 1787 and on Collect pond. New York, in 1796. His 
 boats were propelled by oars or paddles at the sides, and he is 
 conceded to have come nearer to attaining success than any one 
 
 52 
 
FROM PAINTING BY BENJAMIN WEST IN POSSESSION OF FULTON'S GRANDSON, MR ROBERT FULTON 
 LUDLOW OF CLAVERACK, N. Y. 
 
 Robert Fulton 
 
 else before Fulton. Other attempts are those of Nathan Read at 
 Danvers, Mass. in 1789; of Elijah Ormsbee at Providence in 1792; 
 of Samuel Morey on the Connecticut between 1 790 and 1 794 ; and of 
 Colonel John Stevens of Hoboken on the Hudson in 1804. it would 
 require too many technical terms and occupy too much space to detail 
 the points of these and other inventions, and in the comparison it is 
 sufficient in defining the superiority of Fulton to quote the following 
 from his biography by Reigart : " In none of those who have attempted 
 this great object were united those qualities and acquirements to which 
 Mr Fulton owed his success : that is to say, a genius for invention, 
 mathematical and philosophical science, mechanical knowledge, and, 
 what is rare in combination with these, considerable practice." 
 
 53 
 
Fulton's boat was built in the spring of 1807 and named the Cler^ 
 mont after the estate of Chancellor Livingston on the Hudson. She 
 was 150 feet long, 13 feet wide and 7 feet deep, and measured 160 
 tons. The engine was 24 inches diameter of cylinder with 3 feet 
 stroke. The boiler was of the low pressure pattern, 20 feet long, 
 7 feet deep and 8 feet broad. Her side wheels were 15 feet in 
 diameter with buckets 4 feet wide dipping 2 feet into the water. She 
 started on her first trip from New York to Albany on the 1 1 th of 
 August 1807 at 1 o'clock p. m. with Fulton, a few friends and 
 mechanics, and six passengers on board, and with an incredulous and 
 jeering crowd witnessing her departure. She was met by wondering 
 spectators on the shores and on the crafts of the river throughout her 
 passage, to many of whom she appeared as a monster breathing 
 flames and smoke, for using only pine wood for fuel she sent high a 
 column of ignited vapor, and sparks flew thick and fast. The trip 
 is best described by Fulton himself in a letter to the "American 
 Citizen," as follows : 
 
 To the Editor of the "American Citizen " : 
 
 Sir : 1 arrived this afternoon, at four o'clock, in the steamboat from 
 Albany. As the success of my experiment gives me great hopes that 
 such boats may be rendered of great importance to my country, to 
 prevent erroneous opinions and give some satisfaction to the friends 
 of useful improvements, you will have the goodness to publish the 
 following statement of facts : 
 
 I left New York on Monday at one o'clock and arrived at Clermont, 
 the seat of Chancellor Livingston, at one o'clock; time, 24 hours, 
 distance, 1 1 miles. On Wednesday I departed from the Chan^ 
 cellor's at nine in the morning, and arrived at Albany at five in the 
 afternoon; distance, 40 miles, time, 8 hours. The sum is 150 miles 
 in 32 hours, equal to near five miles an hour. 
 
 On Thursday, at nine o'clock in the morning, 1 left Albany, and 
 arrived at the Chancellor's at six o' clock in the evening. 1 started 
 from thence at seven and arrived at New York at four in the after- 
 noon ; time, 30 hours, space run through, 1 50 miles, equal to five miles an 
 hour. Throughout my whole way, both going and returning, the wind 
 was ahead ; no advantage could be derived from my sails : the whole 
 has, therefore, been performed by the power of the steam-engine. 
 1 am. Sir, your obedient servant, 
 
 ROBERT FULTON 
 
 Thus modestly does its author announce one of the most stupendous 
 events in human history. His words are golden now. In a subse- 
 quent letter to his friend. Barlow, he as modestly, as confidently, 
 predicts some of the results of his undertaking. He says : 
 
 54 
 
Having employed much time, money and zeal in accomplishing this 
 work, it gives me, as it will you, great pleasure to see it fully answered 
 my expectations. It will give a quick and cheap conveyance to the 
 merchandise on the Mississippi, Missouri, and other great rivers, which 
 are now laying open their treasures to the enterprise of our country^ 
 men; and, although the prospect of personal emolument has been 
 some inducement to me, yet I feel infinitely more pleasure in reflecting 
 on the immense advantage my country vv'ill derive from the 
 invention. 
 
 Eight years of life remained to Robert Fulton after his crowning 
 triumph. They were years of incessant activity — of improving his 
 great invention and conceiving new ones ; of the building of many 
 boats for the Hudson and of ferry boats for the East river ; of 
 infringements of his patent, which he was obliged to protect in the 
 courts ; of constant attacks upon his franchises ; of unia^A/ful compe^ 
 tition and ceaseless vexation. He failed to secure due pecuniary 
 returns for his enterprise, was harassed by litigation, and at the end 
 he v^as insolvent. In his last year, when the United States v^as at 
 war with Great Britain and New York was threatened by a hostile 
 fleet, he built by direction of the government a steam war vessel — the 
 first of its kind, it was named Fulton the First, and was launched 
 on the East river October 29, 1814. Fulton died on the 23d of 
 February 1815 at the age of 49 years. His death was attended 
 by extraordinary demonstrations of public esteem. There 'A'ere 
 glowing eulogies and symbols of sorrow in the press ; sermons and 
 orations were pronounced in his honor ; the corporation of the city, 
 literary institutions and scientific societies paid tribute to his worth; 
 the Legislature of the State wore mourning badges for one who, 
 although never holding public office, had done more than any other 
 citizen for the economic welfare of the State. And the funeral pro- 
 cession was remarkable for its numbers, its quality and its dignity, 
 including representatives of the national, state and municipal govern- 
 ments, and of learned and civic associations. He was buried from 
 Trinity Church on the 25th of February, and his body rests in its 
 historic ground, in the vault of the Livingston family into which family 
 he married. On the south wall of the church is the tablet to his 
 memory placed there by the American Society of Mechanical 
 Engineers in 1901. By it rushes the mighty, never- ebbing tide of 
 the activities of Broadway, and not far distant is the majestic flow 
 of the river upon Vv'hich he ordained a revolution in navigation. 
 
 55 
 
EXTRACT FROM ROBERT JUET'S LOG-BOOK ^ 
 
 THE fifteenth," in the morning was misty, untill the sunne arose : 
 then it cleered. So wee weighed with the wind at south, 
 and ran up into the river twentie leagues, passing by high 
 mountaines. Wee had a very good depth, as sixe, seven, eight, nine, 
 ten, twelve, and thirteene fathomes, and great store of salmons in the 
 river. This morning our two savages got out of a port and swam 
 away. After wee were under sayie, they called to us in scorne. At 
 night we came to other mountaines, which lie from the rivers side. . . 
 
 The sixteenth, faire and very hot weather. In the morning our 
 boat went againe to fishing, but could catch but few, by reason their 
 canoes had beene there all night. This morning the people came 
 aboord, and brought us eares of Indian corne, and pompions, and 
 tabacco: which wee bought for trifles. Wee rode still all day, 
 and filled fresh water ; at night wee weighed and went two leagues 
 higher, and had shoald water : so wee anchored till day. 
 
 The seventeenth, faire sun^ shining weather, and very hot. In the 
 morning, as soone as the sun was up, we set sayle, and ran up sixe 
 leagues higher, and found shoalds in the middle of the channel!, and 
 small ilands, but seven fathoms water on both sides. . . 
 
 The eighteenth, in the morning, was faire weather, and we rode 
 still. In the after 'noone our masters mate went on land with an old 
 savage, a governor of the countrey, who carried him to his house, and 
 made him good cheere. The nineteenth was faire and hot weather : 
 at the floud, being neere eleven of the clocke, wee weighed, and ran 
 higher up two leagues above the shoalds, and had no lesse v^ater than 
 five fathoms; wee anchored, and rode in eight fathomes. . . 
 
 The twentieth, in the morning was faire weather. Our masters 
 mate with foure men more went up with our boat to sound the river, 
 and found two leagues above us but two fathomes water, and the 
 channell very narrow ; and above that place, seven or eight fathomes. 
 Toward night they returned : and we rode still all night. The one 
 and twentieth was faire weather, and the NA'ind all southerly : we 
 determined yet once more to go farther up into the river, to trie what 
 depth and breadth it did beare ; but much people resorted aboord. . . 
 
 The two and twentieth was faire weather : in the morning our 
 masters mate and foure more of the companie went up with our boat 
 to sound the river higher up. . . This night, at ten of 
 the clocke, our boat returned in a showre of raine from sounding 
 of the river ; and found it to bee at an end for shipping to goe in. . . 
 
 ' Juet was a companion of Hudson on the Half Moon and kept his journal. 
 
 ^September 15, 1609. It is supposed that the Half Moon came about as far north as the site of Albany 
 and that the small boats reached the place where Waterford now stands. 
 
 56 
 
Fulton monument in Trinity churchyard 
 
 THE GATES OF THE HUDSON 
 
 J' 
 
 So bright the day, so clear the sky. 
 So grand the scene before me, 
 My meaner life my sou! puts by. 
 And a better mood comes o'er me. 
 
 From under trees whose rustling leaves 
 Wear ail their autumn glory, 
 
 1 watch the brown fields far below. 
 
 And the headlands, gray and hoary. 
 
 1 see the beetling Palisades, 
 
 Whose wrinkled brows forever. 
 
 In calms and storms, in lights and shades. 
 Keep watch along the river. 
 
 Such watch, of old. the Magi kept 
 Along the sad Euphrates : — 
 
 Our eyeless ones have never slept. 
 And this their solemn fate is : 
 
 God built these hills in barrier long. 
 
 And then he opened through them 
 
 These gates of granite, barred so strong 
 He only might undo them ; 
 
 Through them he lets the Hudson flov>/ 
 
 For slowly counted ages. 
 The while the nations fade and grow 
 
 Around the granite ledges. 
 
 He bids these warders watch and wait. 
 Their vigil ne'er forsaking, 
 
 Forever standing by the gate. 
 
 Not moving and not speaking. 
 
 So, all earth's day, till night shall fall. 
 When God shall send his orders. 
 
 And summon at one trumpet-call 
 The grim and patient warders. 
 
 The guards shall bow, the gates shall close 
 
 Upon the obedient river. 
 And then no more the Hudson flows. 
 
 Forever and forever. 
 
 William Osborn Stoddard 
 
 57 
 

 
 
 
 ^'■'••■-W^V ,'-C'' <-*■ 4 1 -^ C^-! 1^ *'< 
 
 ;?-<t<-..'iWfc>'j( 
 
 .,.^<^. 
 
 '"C 
 
 "-*.»<?■ 
 
 -■» >^v, , v-v- <i:^ 
 
 
 ,.''>-■'— --5^'4inw> 
 
 • - i -- ->C- -;S^2^- ' 
 
 This Fulton letter in the possession of Mr Benj. Myer Brink, Kingston, N. Y. is reproduced 
 through his courtesy. ^^^ York, Oct. 9th, 1 807. 
 
 Captain Brink, 
 
 "inclosed is the number of voyages which is intended the Boat should run this season. You 
 may have them published in the Albany papers. 
 
 As she is strongly manned and every one except Jackson under your command, you must 
 insist on each one doing his duty or turn him on shore and put another in his place. Everythmg 
 must be kept in order, everything in its place, and all parts of the Boat scoured and clean. It is not 
 
 58 
 
-dL*-^-/Z* 
 
 d~-^^U , ^^- --<i . .-^.:.-^<j€^ /^ 
 
 (_. ■iyU.-j.-»9- '<f-i'tf '2<-'^ >*<i-&^ •-?*^ 
 
 
 /A^.^^ ^ -^i.^^^C^'S^^ 
 
 -^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 —•^ 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 *-V^;^C<£-^i 
 
 ^**^- 
 
 
 sufficient to tell men to do a thing but stand over them and make them do it. One pair of quick 
 and good eyes is worth six pairs of hands in a commander. If the Boat is dirty or out of order, 
 the fault shall be yours. Let no man be idle when there is the least thing to do, and make them 
 move quick. 
 
 Run no risques of any kind when you meet or overtake vessels beating or crossing your way. 
 Always run under their stern if there be the least doubt that you cannot clear their head by 50 yards 
 or more. Give in the accounts of Receipts and expenses every week to the Chancellor. 
 
 Your most obedient, 
 
 ROBT. FULTON. 
 
 59 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 Starred titles indicate material specially useful in school work. 
 
 Early voyages and discovery 
 
 Bacon E. M. English Voyages of Adventure and Discovery, Retold from hlakluyt. 
 401p. 1908. Scribner $1.50. 
 
 De Costa, B. F. Explorations of the North American Coast Previous to the Voyage of 
 Henry Hudson. (Sec Wilson, J. G. cd. Memorial History of the City of New York. 
 1892-93. 1:1-32) 
 
 ^Discovery of America. Old South Work, Boston. 5c. (Old South Leaflets, no. 29) 
 
 *Fiske, John. Discovery of America. 2v. 1892. Houghton $4. 
 
 *Johnson, W. H. The World's Discoverers ; the Story of Bold Voyages by Brave Navi- 
 gators during a Thousand Years. 416p. 1908. Little $1.50. 
 
 Murphy, H. C. Voyage of Verrazzano, a Chapter in the Early History of Maritime 
 Discovery in America. 198p. 1875. 
 
 Payne, E. J. History of the New World Called America. 2v. 1892-99. 
 Discovery and Early Voyages, v. I . ch. 1 . 
 
 *Verazzano, John de. Voyage along the Coast of North America from Carolina to 
 Newfoundland, A. D. 1524, tr. fr. the original by J. G. Cogswell. {Sec New York 
 Historical Society. Collections, ser. 2, 1:37-67; a/iO Old South Leaflets, no. 17) 
 
 * Voyages of the Cabots. Old South Work, Boston. 5c. (Old South Leaflets, no. 37) 
 
 * Voyages to Vinland. Old South Work, Boston. 5c. (Old South Leaflets, no. 31) 
 Weise, A. J. Discoveries of America to the Year 1525. 380p. 1884. Putnam $4.50. 
 *Winsor, Justin. Cartier to Frontenac : Geographical Discovery in the Interior of 
 
 North America in its Historical Relations, 1534-1700. 379p. 1894. Houghton $4. 
 
 Relations of England and Holland at the time 
 
 Barker, J. E. Rise and Decline of the Netherlands. 478p. 1906. Dutton $3.50 net. 
 
 The whole book is a comparison of the Netherlands and the British empire, and describes both their political 
 and trade relations at this period. 
 *Fiske, John. Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America. 2v. 1900. Houghton $4. 
 
 Discusses the relations of England and Holland at the time and previous to the settlement of New Nether- 
 land in V. I, ch. 1, 2 and 9. 
 *Gardiner, S. R. Student's History of England. 1030p. New ed. 1904. Longmans 
 
 $3.50. 
 *Green, J. R. Short History of the English People. 782p. Revised ed. 1899. Harper 
 $1.20. 
 
 Motley, J. L. United Netherlands. 4v. 1898. Harper $8. 
 
 From V\/illiam the Silent to 1609 ; v. 4 gives the conditions for this period. 
 *Traill, H. D. cd. Social England ; v. 4, from the accession of James 1 to the death of 
 
 Anne. 1897. Putnam $3.50. 
 
 Contains chapter on exploration and colonization, p. 51-67 ; the whole volume excellent for a picture of 
 conditions in England. 
 
 Van Pelt, Rev. Daniel. The Antecedents of New Netherland and the Dutch West 
 India Company. {See Wilson, J. G. cd. Memorial History of the City of New York. 
 1:55-108. 
 
 60 
 
Henry Hudson and the exploration of the Hudson river 
 
 Asher, G. M. Henry Hudson, the Navigator. 218+292p. 1860. (In Hakluyt Society 
 Works. 1860, V. 27) 
 
 A collection of the chief original documents in which Hudson's career is recorded, partly translated and 
 annotated, with an introduction and bibliography. 
 *Bacon, E. M. Henry Hudson : Hjs Times and His Voyages. 277p. 1907. Putnam 
 
 $1.35 net. 
 
 Describes adventures during four voyages and estimates explorer's character and achievements. Based on 
 contemporary documents. 
 Bardsen, Ivar. Sailing Directions of Henry Hudson Prepared for -his Use in 1608 ; from 
 
 the old Danish, with an introduction, also a dissertation on the discovery of the Hudson 
 
 river by B. F. De Costa. 102p. 1869. 
 Cleveland, H. R. Life of Henry Hudson. {See Sparks, Jared, ed. Library of American 
 
 Biography. 1834-48. 10:185-261. Harper $1.25) 
 *Gordy, W. F. Henry Hudson. {Sec Gordy, W. F. Stories of American Explorers. 
 
 1906, p. 142-53. Scribner 50c net) 
 *Griffis, W. E. Romance of Discovery. 304p. 1897. Wilde $1.50. 
 *Higginson, T. W. Henry Hudson and the New Netherlands. {Sec Higginson. T. W. 
 
 Book of American Explorers. 1907. p. 279-307. Longmans $1.20 net) 
 An authentic sketch of Hudson's life, particularly interesting to children, illustrated. 
 *Janvier, T. A. Henry Hudson, Navigator. (.Stv Cosmopolitan. Oct. 1903, p. 603; 
 
 Nov. 1903, p. 90) 
 
 Two delightful sketches written in view of the third centenary of Hudson's exploration of the Hudson 
 river. 
 *Juet, Robert. Third Voyage of Master Henry Hudson. (See Asher, G. M. Henry 
 
 Hudson, the Navigator. 1860. p. 45-92 ; also New York Historical Society. Collec- 
 tions. 1809. 1:102-46; a?50 American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society Report. 
 
 1906) 
 
 Extract of Juet's journal in Old South Leaflets, no. 94. 
 
 *Laut, Agnes C. Henry Hudson's First, Second, Third and Fourth Voyages. (See her 
 
 Conquest of the Great Northwest. 1908. 1:3-72. Outing 2 v. $5) 
 
 Detailed, carefully written account based on authentic sources. 
 Murphy, H. C. Henry Hudson in Holland, an Inquiry into the Origin and Objects of the 
 
 Voyage which Led to the Discovery of the Hudson River, with Bibliographical Notes. 
 
 72p. 1859. 
 *Parton, James. Captain Henry Hudson. (See Parton, James. Colonial Pioneers. 
 
 1890. p. 57-63. Maynard, paper, 1 2c) 
 
 Brief sketch for younger readers. 
 
 Purchas, Samuel. Hakluytus Posthumus ; or. Purchase His Pilgrimes. Ed. 4. 5v. 
 1625-26. 
 Hudson's third voyage [Juet's iournal] 3:581-95. The whole is the basis of Asher's " Henry Hudson, the 
 Navigator." 
 
 Read, J. M. jr. Historical Inquiry Concerning Henry Hudson, his Friends, Relatives and 
 Early Life, his Connection with the Muscovy Company and Discovery of Delaware Bay. 
 
 209p. 1866. 
 
 The same, abridged and edited by EdmondGoldsmid. (5ce Clarendon Society. Reprints. 188284. ser. I, 
 p. 143-230 
 "Wilson, J. G. Henry Hudson's Voyage and its Results in Trade and Colonization. (See 
 
 Wilson, J. G. ed. Memorial History of the City of New York. 1892-93. 1:108-51 ; 
 
 also in National Magazine, Jan. 1892, 15:221-49) 
 
 61 
 
Indians 
 *Fiske, John. Discovery of America, with Some Account of Ancient America. 2v. 1892. 
 
 V. 1, ch. I is a history and description of the Indians. 
 
 Megapolensis, Johannes. Short Sketch of the Mohawk Indians in New Netherland. . . 
 
 \^'ritten in tlie year 1644, revised with an introduction and notes by J. R. Brodhead. 
 
 (New York Historical Society. Collections. 1857. ser. 2, 3: 137'60) 
 Morgan, L. H. League of the Iroquois ; new edition, annotated by H. M. Lloyd. 2v. in 
 
 1. 1904. Dodd $5 net. 
 
 *New York (State) — Museum. Aboriginal Occupation of New York. 190p. 1900. 
 
 (Museum bulletin 32) 
 
 * History of the New York Iroquois. 340p. 1905. (Museum bulletin 78) 
 
 * Myths and Legends of the New York State Iroquois, by H. M. Converse. I 95p. 
 
 1908. (Museum bulletin 125) 
 Ruttenber, E. M. History of the Indian Tribes of the Hudson River. . . 415p. 1872. 
 Native Inhabitants of Manhattan and its Indian Antiquities. {Sec Wilson, J. G. cd. 
 
 Memorial History of the City of New York. I 892. 1:33-55) 
 
 Settlement of New Netherland 
 
 Sources 
 
 *Donck, Adriaen Van der. Description of the New Netherlands. Ed. 2. 1656. (See 
 New York Historical Society Collections. 1841. ser. 2, 1:129-242; sec also Old 
 South Leaflets, no. 69) 
 
 *Hart, A. B. cd. American History Told by Contemporaries; v. 1, 1492'1689. 1897. 
 Macmillan $2. 
 Source material of early explorations and the settlement of New Netherland. 
 
 Heckewelder, Rev. John. Indian Tradition of the First Arrival of the Dutch at Man- 
 hattan Island, now New York. {See New York Historical Society. Collections. 1841. 
 ser. 2, 1:69-74) 
 
 *Jameson, J. F. ed. Narratives of New Netherland. Maps, facsim. O. 1909. 
 Scribner $3 net. (Original Narratives of Early American History, v. 9) 
 
 " About a score of narratives reproducing the most significant passages from the writings of contemporaneous 
 historians touching the beginnings of New York city." Includes most of the entries given under this section 
 — Sources. 
 
 Laet, John de. Extracts from the New World, or a Description of the West Indies, tr. 
 from the original Dutch. (Set" New York Historical Society. Collections. 1841. ser. 
 
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 by H. C. Murphy. {Sec New York Historical Society. Collections. 1857. ser. 2, 
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 land. 
 
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 State of New York. 15v. Albany 1853-87. 
 
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 New York (State) — Library. Van Rensselaer Bowier Manuscripts, Being the Letters of 
 Kiliaen Van Rensselaer, 1630-1643, and Other Documents Relating to the Colony of 
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 62 
 
Vries, D. P. de. Voyages from Holland to America, A. D. 1632-1644, tr. fr. the Dutch 
 by H. C. Murphy. (Sec New York Historical Society. Collections. 1857. ser. 2, 
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 Wassenaer, Nicolaes van. Description and First Settlement of New Netherland 
 (Sec O'Callaghan, E. B. ed. Documentary History of the State of New York. 1849' 
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 Later material 
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 the County of Westchester. 160p. New York 1886. (Sec also Scharf, J. T. His' 
 tory of Westchester County. 1886. 1:31-160) 
 
 *Fiske, John. Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America. 2v. 1900. 
 V 1 Dutch. 
 
 Hildreth, Richard. History of the United States of America. cl877. 1:136-49 and 
 413-45. 
 
 Covers New Netherland, 
 
 O'Callaghan, E. B. History of New Netherlands ; or. New York Under the Dutch. 
 2v. 1846-48. 
 
 ^Roberts, E. H. New York : the Planting and Growth of the Empire State. 2v. 1899. 
 (American Commonwealth Ser.) Houghton $2.50. 
 
 *Thwaites, R. G. The Colonies, 1492-1750. 30 Ip. Ed. 3. 1897. Longmans 
 $1.25. (Epochs of American History) 
 
 Hudson river 
 
 *Bacon, E. M. The Hudson River, from Ocean to Source. 590p. 1907. Putnam 
 $3.50 net. 
 
 Treats of its history and legends from the Battery to Troy. Based on original records, some not hitherto 
 published. 
 
 *Buckman, D. L. Old Steamboat Days on the Hudson River. 143p. 1907. Grafton 
 Press $1.25 net. 
 Tales and reminiscences of the stirring times that followed the introduction of steam navigation, 
 
 *Burroughs, John. Our River. (Stv Scribner, Aug. 1880. 20:48 1-93) 
 
 An illustrated sketch of the Hudson from a naturalist's point of view. 
 
 *Curtis, G. W. The Hudson and the Rhine. {See his Lotus-Eating. 185?. p. 11-27) 
 
 *Drake, J. R. The Culprit Fay. {See Warner's Library of the World's Best Litera- 
 ture. 3:4854-862 ; also Stedman, E. C. American Anthology, p. 42-45) 
 
 Hine, C. G. The West Bank of the Hudson River, Albany to Tappan : notes on its 
 history and legends, its ghost stories and romances. Gathered by a \A/ayfaring man who 
 may now and then have erred therein. 1 74p. 1907. (Hine's Annual, 1906) 
 
 *Ingersoll, Ernest, camp. Rand, McNally &- Co.'s Illustrated Guide to the Hudson 
 River and Catskill Mountains. Ed. 9. 1901. paper 25c. 
 Contains more than mere guidebook information. 
 
 *Irving, Washington. Dolph Heyligcr. {See Bracebridge Hall. Author's revised ed. 
 1849. p. 395-469) 
 
 Legend of the storm ship is included in " Dolph Heyliger,' 
 
 * The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. {See his Sketch Book. Student's ed. p. 474) 
 
 * Rip Van Winkle. {See his Sketch Book, Student's ed, p, 50) 
 
 63 
 
*Longfellow, H. W. comp. Hudson River. {See his Poems of Places : America, 
 
 Middle States. 1879. p. 97-113 Houghton $1) 
 Lossing, B. J. The Hudson from the Wilderness to the Sea. 464p. 1866. Virtue 
 
 $2.70. 
 *Skinner, C. M. The Hudson and its Hills. {See Jiis Myths and Legends of Our Own 
 
 Land. Ed. 8. 1896. 1:17-107. Lippincott, 2v. $3) 
 *Ver Planck, W. E, & Collyer, M, W. The Sloops of the Hudson. 171p. 1908. 
 
 Putnam $1.50 net. 
 
 " An historical sketch of the packet and market sloops of the last century . . . together with personal 
 reminiscences of . . . notable North river sailing masters." 
 
 Steam navigation 
 
 *Abbot, W. J. American Merchant Ships and Sailors. 372p. 1902. Dodd $2 net. 
 
 Bullock, C. S. The Anniversary of American Commerce, 1807-1907. {See Journal 
 of American History, 1907. v. 1, no. 3, p. 395-433) 
 
 Fry, Henry. (The) History of North Atlantic Steam Navigation, >A/ith Some Account of 
 Early Ships and Ship Owners. 324p. 1896. Scribner $2.50. 
 
 *Livingston, Robert. Invention of the Steamboat. 16p. 1812. (Old South Leaflets, 
 no. 108) Old South Work, Boston. 5c. 
 
 *Mowry, W. A. American Inventions and Inventors. 298p. 1900. Silver 65c net. 
 Ch. 4 and 5 sketch the history of the Clermont, Written for children. 
 
 Preble, G. H. A Chronological History of the Origin and Development of Steam Navi- 
 gation, 1543-1882. 483p. 1883. 
 
 *Routledge, Robert. Steam Navigation and American Steamboats. {See his Dis- 
 coveries and Inventions of the 19th Century, 1900. p. 129-48) Routledge $2.50. 
 
 Woodcroft, Bennet. Sketch of the Origin and Progress of Steam Navigation. 14 Op. 
 1848. 
 
 Robert Fulton 
 Golden, CD. Life of Fulton. 37 Ip. 1817. 
 
 Fulton Memorial Number of the Journal of American History. 1907. v. 1, no. 3. 
 July, Aug., Sept. 
 
 *Hale, E. E. Robert Fulton. (S«' Stories of invention. 1900. p. 172-92. Little $1) 
 Excellent brief sketch for younger readers. 
 
 *Hubert, P. G. jr. Robert Fulton. (Scy inventors. 1898. p. 45-68. Scribner $1.50) 
 
 *Knox, T. W. Life of Robert Fulton and a History of Steam Navigation. 507p. 1896. 
 (Boys' and Girls' Library of American Biog. v. 1) Putnam $1.75. 
 Brief life of Fulton and a nontechnical account of the development of steam navigation. 
 
 *Miller, P. F. Story of Robert Fulton. 113p. 1908. Knickerbocker Press $i. 
 Written from some new material. 
 
 *Morrison, J. H. Robert Fulton and the Side-wheel Steamer. {See Scientific American 
 
 Sup. Mar. 2, 1907, 64:282) 
 Reigart, J. F. Life of Fulton. 297p. 1856. 
 Renwick, James. Life of Robert Fulton. {See Sparks, Jared, ed. Library of American 
 
 Biography. 1834-48, 10:1-89) 
 
 Sutcliffe, A. C. Early Life of Robert Fulton. {See Century, Sept. 1908, 76:780-94) 
 
 *Thurston, R. H. Robert Fulton, his Life and its Results. 194p. 1891. Dodd 75c. 
 A short biography, with a sketch of the development of the steam engine and steam navigation. 
 
 64 
 
 J. B. LYON COMPANY, STATE PRINTERS 
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