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 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
I.F 
 
ECLECTIC ENGLISH CLASSICS 
 
 THE TRAGEDY 
 
 OF 
 
 MACBETH 
 
 'BY 
 
 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE 
 
 /<rr^1 OF Cf^^^\ 
 
 -'<^*'^^:^-^y^.att>^ 
 
 NEW YORK • : • CINCINNATI • : • CHICAGO 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 
 1895 
 
 N^ 
 

 Copyright, 1895, by 
 American Book Company. 
 
 Macbeth. 
 M. I 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The tragedy of '^ Macbeth" — one of the grandest and most 
 wonderful creations of Shakespeare's genius — appeared in print 
 for the first time in the f oho of 1623, the earhest pubhshed col- 
 lection of the dramatist's plays. 
 
 The plot is derived from two independent and wholly unre- 
 lated stories in Hohnshed's " Chronicles of England, Scotland, 
 and Ireland " (1587), a curious collection of superstitious legends, 
 unreliable traditions, and a very few facts. The play is in no 
 sense historical, though Duncan, King of Scotland, was treach- 
 erously murdered in 1040, and Macbeth was his assassin and 
 successor. 
 
 The drama may be thus briefly outhned : Macbeth, Thane of 
 Glamis, kinsman of Duncan, King of Scotland, achieves a signal 
 victory over Norway's king, Sweno, who, embracing the oppor- 
 tunity afforded by a rebellion in Scotland headed by the Thane of 
 Cawdor, had invaded the kingdom. Duncan decrees the death 
 of the traitorous thane, whose title he confers on Macbeth, and 
 dispatches two nobles of the court to advise Macbeth of his new 
 " addition " and advancement. 
 
 In the mean time, Macbeth and Banquo, crossing a blasted 
 heath, are suddenly confronted by three witches, or ''weird sis- 
 ters," who successively hail Macbeth as Thane of Glamis, Thane 
 
4 INTRODUCTION, 
 
 of Cawdor, and as one who shall be king hereafter ; greet Banquo 
 as '' lesser than Macbeth, and greater," that shall be the ancestor 
 of kings, though not a king himself; and then vanish as sud- 
 denly as they had appeared. The messengers from the King 
 then arrive, and salute Macbeth as Thane of Cawdor, assuring 
 him that greater honors await him at the hand of his royal master. 
 
 The first prophetic greeting of the witches thus quickly verified, 
 their tempting prediction of regal honors inflames the ambitious 
 desires of Macbeth ; and, being further incited by the inordinate 
 and unscrupulous ambition of his wife, the two contrive the death 
 of their sovereign. An occasion offers when Duncan — with his 
 sons Malcolm and Donalbain, and their retinue — is a guest at 
 their castle ; and they proceed to execute their bloody and per- 
 fidious purpose. Lady Macbeth having so drugged the drink of 
 the guardians of Duncan's chamber that they lie in swinish sleep, 
 Macbeth enters the room at dead of night, and with the daggers 
 of the attendants stabs the sleeping king. Dazed by the atrocity 
 of his own act, Macbeth steals from the chamber with the bloody 
 weapons in his hands. He is met by his wife, who seizes the 
 daggers, and replaces them by the side of the snoring grooms, 
 whose faces she smears with blood ; for, as she tells her husband, 
 it must appear that the murder was done by these besotted ser- 
 vants. Malcolm suspects treachery, and flies to England, while 
 Donalbain speeds to Ireland. 
 
 Macbeth, the next in succession, assumes the crown ; but his 
 guilty conscience gives him little rest. He suspects and fears all 
 around him. Especially is Banquo the object of his dread and 
 jealous hatred ; and he has Banquo waylaid and killed. Still 
 harassed by ** horrible imaginings," Macbeth seeks the weird sis- 
 ters, and demands that they unfold to him his future fate ; where- 
 
INTRODUCTION, 5 
 
 upon three apparitions present themselves to his disordered mind. 
 One warns him to beware of Macduff ; the second urges him to 
 be bold and resolute, as none of woman born has power to harm 
 him ; and the third assures him he shall never be vanquished till 
 Birnam Wood shall come to Dunsinane. Then Banquo's ghost 
 appears with the semblances of eight kings, the long line of Ban- 
 quo's descendants, future successors to the crown which Macbeth 
 wears. Although his fear of Macduff is somewhat allayed by the 
 utterances of the second apparition, in order to " make assurance 
 doubly sure " Macbeth sends to Macduff's castle, and, faihng to 
 find him, has his wife and children put to death. 
 
 The opening of the fifth act is a sleepwalking scene, in which 
 Lady Macbeth enters in her nightdress, holding a lighted taper 
 in her hand, fast asleep, though her eyes are open, and entirely 
 unconscious of her surroundings. Here, in the presence of her 
 astounded physician and her waiting woman, she betrays in fitful 
 mutterings and disconnected sentences the dread secret of the 
 terrible crime in which she had participated. The death of 
 Lady Macbeth, who, ''as 'tis thought, by self and violent hands 
 took off her life," occurs before the denouement of the tragedy. 
 
 Macduff having joined Malcolm in England, they I'aise an 
 army there, unite with a force of Scots already in arms to resist 
 Macbeth, and prepare to besiege the usurper in his stronghold on 
 Dunsinane Hill. As they pass Birnam Wood, Malcolm, in order 
 to conceal the numbers of his force, commands that his followers 
 cut branches from the trees, and that each soldier bear one before 
 him on the march. An astonished sentinel on the walls reports 
 to Macbeth in the castle that, looking towards Birnam, he saw the 
 wood begin to move. Terrified by the announcement, Macbeth 
 at once sallies out with his garrison, gives battle to the besiegers, 
 
6 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 and meets Macduff, whom he would have avoided, but who chal- 
 lenges him to personal combat. Macbeth replies that it would 
 be labor lost; that he bears a charmed hfe, invulnerable to the 
 assaults of any man born of woman. Macduff then reveals the 
 extraordinary circumstances of his birth, and demands that Mac- 
 beth fight, or yield. Though appalled by the disclosure, and curs- 
 ing the ''juggling fiends" who had deceived him, Macbeth does 
 not yield, but with the courage of despair will fight to the last, 
 and tells Macduff to do his worst. They encounter. Macbeth is 
 slain ; and Malcolm, the rightful heir to the crown, is proclaimed 
 King of Scotland. 
 
 Professor Dowden (''Shakespeare") remarks of this tragedy: 
 "While in ' Romeo and Juhet,' and in 'Hamlet,' we feel that 
 Shakespeare now began and now left off, and refined upon or 
 brooded over his thoughts, ' Macbeth ' seems as if struck out at 
 a heat, and imagined from first to last with unabated fervor. It 
 is like a sketch by a great master, in which everything is executed 
 with rapidity and power, and a subtlety of workmanship which 
 has become instinctive. The theme of the drama is the gradual 
 ruin, through yielding to evil within and evil without, of a man 
 who, though from the first tainted by base and ambitious thoughts, 
 yet possessed elements in his nature of possible honor and loyalty. 
 The contrast between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, united by 
 their affections, their fortunes, and their crime, is made to illus- 
 trate and light up the character of each. Macbeth has physical 
 courage, but moral weakness, and is subject to excited imagina- 
 tive fears. His faint and intermittent loyalty embarrasses him : 
 he would have the gains of crime without its pains. But when 
 once his hands are dyed in blood, he hardly cares to withdraw 
 
INTRODUCTION. 7 
 
 them ; and the same fears which had tended to hold him back 
 from murder now urge him on to double and treble murders, 
 until slaughter, almost reckless, becomes the habit of his reign. 
 At last the galiant soldier of the opening of the play fights for 
 his Kfe with a wild and brutelike force. His whole existence has 
 become joyless and loveless, and yet he clings to existence. 
 
 " Lady Macbeth is of a finer and more delicate nature. Hav- 
 ing fixed her eye upon an end,— ^ the attainment for her husband of 
 Duncan's crown, — she accepts the inevitable means; she nerves 
 herself for the terrible night's work by artificial stimulants ; yet 
 she cannot strike the sleeping King, who resembles her father. 
 Having sustained her weaker husband, her own strength gives 
 way ; and in sleep, when her will cannot control her thoughts, 
 she is piteously afflicted by the memory of one stain of blood 
 upon her httle hand. At last her thread of life snaps suddenly. 
 Macbeth, whose affection for her was real, has sunk too far into 
 the apathy of joyless crime to feel deeply her loss. 
 
 '' Banquo, the loyal soldier, praying for restraint of evil 
 thoughts, which enter his mind as they had entered that of Mac- 
 beth, but which work no evil there, is set over against Macbeth, 
 as virtue is set over against disloyalty. 
 
 *' The witches are the supernatural beings of terror, in harmony 
 with Shakespeare's tragic period, as the fairies of the * Midsum- 
 mer-Night's Dream ' are the supernatural beings of his days of 
 fancy and frolic, and as Ariel is the supernatural genius of his 
 later period. There is at once a grossness, a horrible reality 
 about the witches, and a mystery and grandeur of evil influence." 
 
 ''This tragedy," says Gervinus ('' Shakespeare Commentaries," 
 translation of F. E. Bunnett, London, 1875), ''has ever been re- 
 
8 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 garded and criticised with distinguishing preference among Shake- 
 speare's works. If perhaps no other play can vie with 'Hamlet' 
 in philosophical insight into the nature and worth of the various 
 powers at work in man ; ... if none can compare with ' Othello ' 
 in profoundness of design and careful carrying out of the charac- 
 ters ; if none with ' Lear ' in the power of contending passions, 
 and none with 'Cymbeline' in the importance of moral principles, 
 'Macbeth' in like manner stands forth uniquely preeminent in the 
 splendor of poetic and picturesque diction and in the living rep- 
 resentation of persons, times, and places. How grandly do the 
 mighty forms rise ; how naturally do they move in heroic style ! 
 '' Locally we are transported into the Highlands of Scotland, 
 where everything appears tinged with superstition, full of tangible 
 intercommunion with the supernatural w^orld and prognostics of 
 the moral life by signs in the animate and inanimate kingdom ; 
 while, in uniformity with this, men are credulous in belief, and 
 excitable in fancy ; where they speak with strong expression, 
 with highly poetical language, and with unusual imagery. . . . 
 This mastery over the general representation of time and place 
 is rivaled by the pictures of single circumstances and situations. 
 Sir Joshua Reynolds justly admired that description of the mart- 
 let's resort to Macbeth's dwelling as a charming image of repose, 
 following, by way of contrast, the lively picture of the fight. 
 More justly still has praise been always lavished on the pow^erful 
 representation of the horrible in that night wandering of Lady 
 Macbeth, in the banquet scene, and in the dismal creation of the 
 weird sisters. And far above all this is the speaking truth of 
 the scenes at the murder of Duncan ; . . . the fearful whispered 
 conference, in the horrible dimness of which the pair arrange 
 and complete their atrocious project ; the heartrending portrai- 
 
INTRODUCTION, 9 
 
 lure of Macbetli's state of mind at the deed itself ; the uneasy, 
 half-waking condition of the sacrificed attendants, one of whom 
 dreams on of the evening's feast, the other, in paralyzed con- 
 sciousness, seems to anticipate the impending atrocity. 
 
 " In the witches, Shakespeare has made use of the popular 
 belief in evil geniuses and in adverse persecutors of mankind, 
 and has produced a similar but darker race of beings, just as he 
 made use of the fairies in ' Midsummer- Night's Dream/ They 
 are simply the embodiment of inward temptation. . . . Mac- 
 beth, in meeting them, has to struggle against no external power, 
 but only with his own nature. . . . Within himself the evil spirits 
 dwell which allure him with the delusions of his aspiring mind. 
 They approach him as he stands on the highest step of his for- 
 tunes, his power, and his valor. The rebellion he has just crushed 
 places him above the weak Duncan, who is powerless to help 
 himself; the newly attained rank of Thane of Cawdor increases 
 his influence, and suggests to him the consideration of how far 
 more successfully he could have played the part of traitor than the 
 deposed chief who bore the title before him ; to this there is 
 added the, opportunity of Duncan's visit and the influence of his 
 wife. 
 
 ''Banquo is opposed to Macbeth as a complementary character, 
 and this contrast is displayed at once in the relations of both to 
 the witches' temptation. Banquo has the same heroic courage, 
 the same merit, and the same claims as Macbeth : it is natural, 
 therefore, that the same ambitious thoughts should arise in one 
 as in the other. But in Banquo they arise in a calmer nature, 
 susceptible of the finest discretion, and therefore they do not 
 master him as they do Macbeth. . . . Like Macbeth, he has 
 temptations to struggle against; but he withstands them with 
 
I o INTRO D UCTION. 
 
 more powerful self-government. He has tempting dreams which 
 trouble him ; he drives them away by prayer that they may not 
 come again : he does more than pray, — he struggles against sleep 
 itself, that he may escape them. Waking, his spirit masters the 
 * cursed thoughts,' while in sleep nature pays tribute to the blood 
 by giving way to these dreams. In his unrest he meets Macbeth. 
 The guiltless man confesses his dreams ; the guilty denies further 
 thoughts on the weird sisters ; he who at first had himiself wished 
 for free interchange of thought now avoids it. That Banquo 
 should know what he knows is oppressive to Macbeth ; the uncon- 
 scientious man feels burdened by the presence of the conscien- 
 tious one, the evil by the good, the envious by the successful. 
 Banquo might have been his good angel ; but, avoiding intercourse 
 with him, Macbeth falls under the influence of his evil genius, 
 his wife. 
 
 *'The complete antitype to her husband's irritable and imagi- 
 native nature. Lady Macbeth is calm in judgment and cold in 
 blood. No supernatural temptation approaches her, but only the 
 substantial one in her husband's letter. No warning voice of 
 conscience, no forebodings of terrible consequences, alarm her as 
 they did Macbeth before the deed ; while it is being perpetrated, 
 she remains circumspect, deliberate, ready for dissimulation ; after 
 it, she would have been able speedily to forget wliat had happened. 
 ... A will of uncommon firmness renders her in a remarkable 
 manner mistress of herself. She knows that by dissimulation, 
 foresight, and cunning, she could commit and conceal the fatal 
 deed in question. She scorns the bare idea that she could fail. 
 She goes through her part so perfectly that no suspicion falls on 
 her. . . . Her husband contents her only when he conceives 
 the idea of creating for himself the opportunity which now offers 
 
INTROD UCTIOiV. 1 1 
 
 itself unexpectedly. She urges him to snatch as prey what may 
 be the gift of destiny. . . . Knowing her consort well, she arro- 
 gates to herself the manly part for which she endeavors to screw 
 up her nature that she may herself perpetrate the murder. Mac- 
 beth, she says, is only to look up clear, and leave all the rest 
 to her ; she makes the plans, and talks of herself and him, both 
 of whom are to have a share in the work ; she drugs the servants 
 and lays their daggers ready. . . . She would even give the blow 
 with her own hands ; but at the moment itself her overwrought 
 nature gives way. Those * compunctious visitings of nature * 
 which she had banished from herself shake her when she traces 
 in the sleeping King a resemblance to her father ; and the Avoman 
 must leave that business to a man, which needs more than man 
 to execute it." 
 
 Hazhtt C' Characters of Shakespeare's Pla3^s," New York, 1845), 
 in a critical notice of this play, remarks : '' * Macbeth ' (generally 
 speaking) is done upon a stronger and more systematic principle 
 of contrast than any other of Shakespeare's plays. It moves upon 
 tlie verge of an abyss, and is a constant struggle between life and 
 death. The action is desperate and the reaction is dreadful. It 
 is a huddling together of fierce extremes, a war of opposite 
 natures which of them shall destroy the other. There is nothing 
 but what has a violent end or violent beginnings. The lights 
 and shades are laid on with a determined hand ; the transitions 
 from triumph to despair, from the height of terror to the repose 
 of death, are sudden and startling ; every passion brings in its 
 fellow-contrary, and the thoughts pitch and josde against each 
 other as in the dark. The whole play is an unruly chaos of 
 strange and forbidden things, where the ground rocks imder our 
 
12 INTRODUCTION, 
 
 feet. Shakespeare's genius here took its full swing, and trod 
 upon the farthest bounds of nature and passion. This circum- 
 stance will account for the abruptness and violent antitheses of 
 the style, the throes and labor which run through the expression, 
 and from defects will turn them into beauties, — ^ So fair and 
 foul a day,' etc. ; 'Such w^elcome and unwelcome news together;' 
 ' Look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under it.' 
 The scene before the castle gate follows the appearance of the 
 witches on the heath, and is followed by a midnight murder. 
 ... In Lady Macbeth's speech, ' Llad he not resembled my 
 father as he slept, I had done't,' there is murder and filial piety 
 together ; and in urging him [her husband] to fulfill his vengeance 
 against the defenseless King, her thoughts spare the blood of 
 neither infants nor old age. The description of the witches is 
 full of the same contradictory principle, — they are neither of the 
 earth nor the air, but both ; ' they should be women, but their 
 beards forbid it;' they take all the pains possible to lead Mac- 
 beth on to the height of his ambition, only to betray him 'in 
 deepest consequence,' and, after showing him all the pomp of 
 their art, discover their mahgnant dehght in his disappointed hopes 
 by that bitter taunt, 'Why stands Macbeth thus amazedly ? ' " 
 
MACBETH 
 
 PERSONS OF THE PLAY. 
 
 noblemen of Scotland. 
 
 Duncan, King of Scotland. 
 Malcolm, ) . . 
 
 DONALBAIN,r"' '"'''• 
 
 Macbeth, > generals of the King's 
 
 Banquo, \ army. 
 
 Macduff, 
 
 Lennox, 
 
 Ross, 
 
 Menteith, 
 
 Angus, 
 
 Caithness, 
 
 Fleance, soft to Banqno. 
 
 SiWARD, Earl of Northumberland, 
 general of the English forces. 
 
 Young SiWARD, his son. 
 
 Seyton, an officer attending on Mac- 
 beth. 
 
 Boy, son to Macduff. 
 
 An English Doctor. 
 A Scotch Doctor. 
 A Soldier. 
 A Porter. 
 An Old Man. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. 
 Lady Macduff. 
 
 Gentlewoman attending on Lady Mac- 
 beth. 
 
 Hecate. 
 Three Witches. 
 Apparitions. 
 
 Lords, Gentlemen, Officers, Soldiers, 
 
 Murderers, Attendants, and 
 
 Messengers. 
 
 Scene: Scotland; England. 
 
 ACT I. 
 
 Scene L A Desert Place. 
 Thtmder a7td Lightning. Enter three Witches. 
 
 First Witch. When shall we three meet again 
 In thunder, lightning, or in rain ? 
 
 Seco7id Witch. When the hurlyburly's ^ done, 
 When the batde's lost and won. 
 
 1 Tumult. 
 13 
 
14 SHAKESPEARE. [act l 
 
 Third Witch, That will be ere the set of sun. 
 First Witch. Where the place ? 
 Second Witch. Upon the heath. 
 
 Third Witch. There to meet with Macbeth. 
 First Witch. I come, Graymalkin ! ^ 
 Second WitcJi. Paddock '^ calls. 
 TJii7'd Witch. Anon. 
 All. Fair is foul, and foul is fair ; 
 Hover through the fog and filthy air. \Exennt. 
 
 Scene II. A Camp near Forres. 
 
 Alarum witkift. Enter Duncan, Malcolm, DonalbaIxN, Lennox, with 
 Attendants, meeting a bleeding Sergeant. 
 
 Dimcan. What bloody man is that ? He can report, 
 As seemeth by his plight, of the revolt 
 The newest state. 
 
 Malcolm. This is the sergeant 
 
 Who like a good and hardy soldier fought 
 'Gainst my captivity. — Hail, brave friend ! 
 Say to the King the knowledge of the broil 
 As thou didst leave it. 
 
 Sergeant. Doubtful it stood ; 
 
 As two spent swimmers, that do cling together 
 And choke their art. The merciless Macdonwald — 
 Worthy to be a rebel, for to that 
 The multiplying villainies of nature 
 Do swarm upon him — from the Western Isles ^ 
 Of kerns and gallowglasses^ is supphed ; 
 
 1 Cat. 
 
 2 Toad. Cats and toads were supposed to be familiar spirits of witches. 
 ^ The Hebrides. 
 
 * " Of kerns," etc., i.e., with kerns and gallowglasses, who are thus de- 
 scribed in Hunter's note, quoted by Furness (Variorum Shakespeare, vol. ii.) : 
 
SCENE II.] MACBETH, 15 
 
 And Fortune, on his damned quarrel smiling, 
 Show'd like a rebel's wench : but all's too weak ; 
 For brave Macbeth — well he deserves that name — 
 Disdaining Fortune, with his brandish'd steel, 
 Which smok'd with bloody execution. 
 Like valor's minion ^ carv'd out his passage 
 Till he fac'd the slave ; 
 
 And ne'er shook hands, nor bade farewell to him. 
 Till he unseam'd him from the nave to the chaps/^ 
 And fix'd his head upon our battlements. 
 
 Duncaii. O valiant cousin I worthy gentleman ! 
 
 Se7'geaiit, As whence the sun 'gins his reflection 
 Shipwrecking storms and direful thunders break,^ 
 So from that spring whence comfort seem'd to come 
 Discomfort swells. Mark, King of Scotland, mark : 
 No sooner justice had, with valor arm'd, 
 Compell'd these skipping kerns to trust their heels, 
 But the Norweyan lord, surveying vantage,^ 
 With furbish'd arms and new supphes of men 
 Began a fresh assault. 
 
 Duncan. Dismay'd not this 
 
 Our captains, Macbeth and Ban quo ? 
 
 Sergeant. Yes ; 
 
 As sparrows eagles, or the hare the lion. 
 If I say sooth,^ I must report they were 
 
 *' Their foot [speaking of the Milesian race, the ancient inhabitants of Ireland] 
 were of two sorts, the heavy and light armed ; the first were called Galloglachs, 
 armed with a helmet and coat of mail bound with iron rings, and wore a long 
 sword. . . . The light-armed infantry, called Keherns, fought with bearded 
 javelins and short daggers." 
 
 1 Favorite. 2 Cheeks. 
 
 3 " As whence," etc. The allusion is to the vernal equinox, when the 
 sun, beginning its reflex course towards us, occasions, by its increasing 
 warmth, the disastrous equinoctial storms. 
 
 4 '^ Surveying vantage," i.e., perceiving an opportunity. 
 
 5 Truth. 
 
1 6 SHAKESPEARE, [act i. 
 
 As cannons overcharg'd with double cracks ; 
 
 So they doubly redoubled strokes upon the foe. 
 
 Except they meant to bathe in reeking wounds, 
 
 Or memorize 1 another Golgotha,^ 
 
 I cannot tell — 
 
 But I am faint ; my gashes cry for help. 
 
 Duncan, So well thy words become thee as thy wounds ; 
 They smack of honor both. — Go get him surgeons. — 
 
 [Exit Sergeant^ attended. 
 Who comes here ? 
 
 Enter Ross. 
 
 Malcolm. The worthy Thane ^ of Ross. 
 
 Lennox. What a haste looks through his eyes! So should he 
 look 
 That seems to speak things strange. 
 
 Ross. God save the King ! 
 
 Duncan. Whence cam'st thou, worthy thane ? 
 
 Ross. From Fife, great King; 
 
 Where the Norweyan banners flout the sky 
 And fan our people cold. Norway himself, 
 With terrible numbers, 
 Assisted by that most disloyal traitor 
 The Thane of Cawdor, began a dismal conflict ; 
 Till that Bellona's bridegroom,^ lapp'd in proof,^ 
 Confronted him with self-comparisons,^ 
 Point against point rebelhous, arm 'gainst arm, 
 
 1 Make memorable. 
 
 2 See Matt, xxvii. 'i^T^. 
 
 3 An ancient Scotch title of nobility. 
 
 4 " Bellona's bridegroom," i.e., Macbeth. Bellona, or Enyo, as described 
 by the Latin poets, was the wife or sister of Mars. She attended him in battle, 
 drove his chariot, and watched over his safety generally. 
 
 5 ''Lapp'd in proof," i.e., clad or wrapped in armor proof against all 
 blows. 
 
 6 '' Selfsame comparisons ; as well armed and endued with equal courage. 
 
SCENE III. ] ^/A CBE Til. 1 7 
 
 Curbing his lavish spirit ; and, to conclude, 
 The victory fell on us. 
 
 Duncan. Great happiness !■ 
 
 Ross. That now 
 
 Sweno, the Norways' king, craves composition;^ 
 Nor would we deign him burial of his men 
 Till he disbursed, at Saint Colme's Inch,^ 
 Ten thousand dollars to our general use. 
 
 Duncan. No more that Thane of Cawdor shall deceive 
 Our bosom interest. Go pronounce his present death. 
 And with his former title greet Macbeth. 
 
 Ross. I'll see it done. 
 
 Duncan. What he hath lost noble Macbeth hath won. \Exeunt. 
 
 Scene III. A Heath near Forres. 
 Thunder, E^iter the three Witches. 
 
 First Witch. Where hast thou been, sister ? 
 
 Seco7td Witch. Killing swine. 
 
 Third Witch. Sister, where thou ? 
 
 First Witch. A sailor's wife had chestnuts in her lap, 
 And munch'd and munch'd and munch'd. *' Give me,'* 
 
 quoth I. 
 ^' Aroint^ thee, witch ! " the rump-fed ronyon^ cries. 
 Her husband's to Aleppo gone, master o' the Tiger ; 
 But in a sieve ^ I'll thither sail, 
 
 1 '* Craves composition," i.e., sues for terms of peace. 
 
 2 A small island, now called Inchcolm, lying in the Firth of Edinburgh, 
 on which, as Dyce notes, are the remains of an abbey dedicated to St. Colomb. 
 " Inch" or ** Inche " signifies island in the Erse and Irish languages, and 
 there are numerous islands on the coast of Scotland having names with this 
 affix. 
 
 3 Begone! avaunt! 
 
 * ** Rump-fed ronyon," i.e., an ill-fed, ill-conditioned, scabby woman. 
 
 5 Steevens quotes from the Life of Dr. Fian — a notable sorcerer burned 
 at Edinburgh, January, 1 59 1 — how * ' that he and a number of witches together 
 went to sea, each one in a riddle or sieve." 
 2 
 
iS SHAKESPEARE, [act i. 
 
 And, like a rat without a tail,^ 
 I'll do, 111 do, and I'll do.2 
 
 Second Witch. I'll give thee a wind. 
 
 First Witch. Thou'rt kind. 
 
 Third Witch. And I another. 
 
 First Witch, I myself have all the other, 
 And the very ports they blow, 
 All the quarters that they know 
 I' the shipman's card.^ 
 I will drain him dry as ha'y : 
 Sleep shall neither night nor day 
 Hang upon his penthouse Hd ; ^ 
 He shall live a man forbid ; ^ 
 Weary se'nnights ^ nine times nine 
 Shall he dwindle, peak," and pine ; 
 Though his bark cannot be lost, 
 Yet it shall be tempest-tost. 
 Look what I have. 
 
 Second Witch. Show me, show me. 
 
 First Witch. Here I have a pilot's thumb, 
 Wreck'd as homeward he did come. [Drum within. 
 
 Third Witch. A drum, a drum ! 
 Macbeth doth come. 
 
 All. The weird sisters, hand in hand. 
 Posters ^ of the sea and land. 
 Thus do go about, about ; 
 
 1 It was supposed that when a witch took the form of an animal, the tail 
 would be lacking. 
 
 2 She would cause the ship to spring a leak and sink, by gnawing a hole 
 in its side. 
 
 3 " Shipman's card," i.e., a circular card on which, radiating from its 
 center, are painted the points of the compass. Over this, suspended at the 
 center on a pivot, the magnet turns which determines the ship's course. 
 
 4 '* Penthouse lid," i.e., the eyelid (figuratively). 
 
 5 Bewitched. 6 Sevennights ; weeks. 
 7 Grow thin. 8 Rapid travelers. 
 
SCENE III.] MACBETH. 19 
 
 Thrice to thine, and thrice to mine, 
 And thrice again to make up nine.^ 
 Peace! the charm's wound up. 
 
 Enter Macbeth and Banquo. 
 
 Macbeth. So foul and fair a day I have not seen. 
 
 Banquo. How far is't call'd to Forres ? — What are these 
 So wither'd and so wild in their attire. 
 That look not like the inhabitants o' the earth. 
 And yet are on't ? — Live you ? or are you aught 
 That man may question ? You seem to understand m.e, 
 By each at once her choppy finger laying 
 Upon her skinny lips. You should be women, 
 And yet your beards - forbid me to interpret 
 That you are so. 
 
 Macbeth. Speak, if you can. AVhat are you ? 
 
 First Witch. All hail, Macbeth ! hail to thee, Thane of 
 Glamis ! 
 
 Second Witch. All hail, Macbeth ! hail to thee. Thane of 
 Cawdor ! 
 
 Third Witch. All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be king here- 
 after ! 
 
 Banquo. Good sir, why do you start, and seem to fear 
 Things that do sound so fair ? — I' the name of truth, 
 Are ye fantastical,^ or that indeed 
 Which outwardly ye show ? My noble partner 
 You greet with present grace and great prediction 
 Of noble having'^ and of royal hope. 
 That he seems rapt withal ; ^ to me you speak not. 
 
 1 The witches here join hands, and dance round and round in a circle. 
 
 2 The witches of Shakespeare's day were supposed to have beards. In 
 The Merry Wives of Windsor, Sir Hugh, the Welsh parson, says, " I think 
 the 'oman is a witch indeed. I like not when a 'oman has a great peard." 
 
 3 '* That is, creatures of fantasy or imagination " (Johnson). 
 
 4 Possession. 
 
 ^ " Rapt withal," i.e., carried away with it, as in ecstasy. 
 
2 SHAKESPEARE. [act i. 
 
 If you can look into the seeds of time, 
 And say which grain will grow and which will not. 
 Speak then to me, who neither beg nor fear 
 Your favors nor your hate. 
 
 First Witch, Hail ! 
 
 Second Witch. Hail ! 
 
 Third Witch. Hail ! 
 
 First Witch, Lesser ^ than Macbeth, and greater. 
 
 Second Witch. Not so happy, yet much happier. 
 
 Third Witch. Thou shalt get kings, though thou be none : 
 So all hail, Macbeth and Banquo ! 
 
 First Witch. Banquo and Macbeth, all hail ! 
 
 Macbeth, Stay, you imperfect speakers, tell me more. 
 By SinePs death I know I am Thane of Glamis ; 
 But how of Cawdor ? The Thane of Cawdor lives, 
 A prosperous gentleman ; and to be king 
 Stands not within the prospect of belief, 
 No more than to be Cawdor. Say from whence 
 You owe 2 this strange intelhgence ; or why 
 Upon this blasted heath you stop our way 
 With such prophetic greeting. Speak, I charge you. 
 
 [ Witches vanish, 
 
 Banquo. The earth hath bubbles, as the water has. 
 And these are of them. Whither are they vanish'd ? 
 
 Macbeth. Into the air ; and what seem'd corporal melted 
 As breath into the wind. Would they had stay'd ! 
 
 Banquo. Were such things here as we do speak about ? 
 Or have we eaten on the insane root ^ 
 That takes the reason prisoner ? 
 
 1 Double comparatives and superlatives are often met with in Elizabethan 
 writers. 
 
 2 Own; have. 
 
 3 '* Insane root," i.e., the root which causes insanity. Shakespeare 
 probably alludes to the hemlock. From Greene's Never too Late (i6i6), 
 Steevens quotes: "You have eaten of the roots of hemlock, that makes 
 men's eyes conceit unseen objects." 
 
SCENE III.] MACBETH, 21 
 
 Macbeth. Your children shall be kings. 
 Banqiio, You shall be king. 
 
 Macbeth. And Thane of Cawdor too ; went it not so ? 
 Ba7iquo. To the selfsame tune and words. — Who's here? 
 
 Enter Ross and Angus. 
 
 Ross. The King hath happily receiv'd, Macbeth, 
 The news of thy success ; and when he reads 
 Thy personal venture in the rebels' fight, 
 His wonders and his praises do contend 
 Which should be thine or his. Silenc'd w^ith that,i 
 In viewing o'er the rest o' the selfsame day, 
 He finds thee in the stout Norweyan ranks. 
 Nothing afeard of what thyself didst make, 
 Strange images of death. As thick as tale ^ 
 Came post with post ; and every one did bear 
 Thy praises in his kingdom's great defense. 
 And pour'd them down before him. 
 
 Angus. We are sent 
 
 To give thee from our royal master thanks ; 
 Only to herald thee into his sight. 
 Not pay thee. 
 
 Ross. And, for an earnest of a greater honor, 
 He bade me, from him, call thee Thane of Cawdor ; 
 In which addition,^ hail, most worthy thane ! 
 For it is thine. 
 
 Banquo. What, can the devil speak true ? 
 
 Macbeth. The Thane of Cawdor lives ; why do you dress me 
 In borrow'd robes ? 
 
 Angus. Who was the thane lives yet, 
 
 ^ *' Silenc'd with that," i.e., silenced with wonder. '* Wrapped in silent 
 wonder at the deeds performed by Macbeth " is Malone's explanation. 
 
 2 " As thick as tale," i.e., as fast as they could be told. 
 
 3 Title. 
 
2 2 SHAKESPEARE. [act i. 
 
 But under heavy judgment bears that life 
 
 Which he deserves to lose. Whether he was combin'd 
 
 With those of Norway, or did hne ^ the rebel 
 
 With hidden help and vantage, or that with both 
 
 He labor'd in his country's wreck, I know not ; 
 
 But treasons capital, confess'd and prov'd, 
 
 Have overthrown him. 
 
 Macbeth. \Aside\ Glamis, and Thane of Cawdor ! 
 
 The greatest is behind. \To Ross and Angus] Thanks for your 
 
 pains. 
 [To Banquo\ Do you not hope your children shall be kings, 
 When those that gave the Thane of Cawdor to me 
 Prpmis'd no less to them ? 
 
 Banqiio. That, trusted home,'-^' 
 
 Might yet enkindle you unto •" the crown, 
 Besides the Thane of Cawdor. But 'tis strange ; 
 And oftentimes, to win us to our harm, 
 The instruments of darkness tell us truths, 
 Win us with honest ^ trifles, to betray^s 
 In deepest consequence. — 
 Cousins, a word, I pray you. 
 
 Macbeth. [Aside] Two truths are told, 
 
 As happy prologues to the swelling act 
 Of the imperial theme. — I thank you, gentlemen. 
 [Aside] This supernatural soliciting 
 Cannot be ill, cannot be good. If ill, 
 Why hath it given me earnest of success. 
 Commencing in a truth ? I am Thane of Cawdor. 
 If good, why do I yield to that suggestion 
 Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair. 
 And make my seated heart knock at my ribs, 
 
 1 Sustain. 
 
 2 " Trusted home," i.e., trusted to the fullest extent. 
 
 3 " Enkindle you unto," i.e., incite you to hope for. 
 
SCENE III.] MACBETH. 23 
 
 Against the use of nature ? Present fears 
 
 Are less than horrible imaginings ; 
 
 My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical,^ 
 
 Shakes so my single 2 state of man that function 
 
 Is smother'd in surmise, and nothing is 
 
 But what is not.^ 
 
 Banquo. Look how our partner's rapt. 
 
 Macbeth, [Aside] If chance will have me king, why, chance 
 may crown me 
 Without my stir. 
 
 Banquo. New honors come upon him, 
 
 Like our strange garments, cleave not to their mold 
 But with the aid of use. 
 
 Macbeth. \Aside\ Come what come may, 
 
 Time and the hour runs through the roughest day. 
 
 Banquo. Worthy Macbeth, we stay upon your leisure. 
 
 Macbeth. Give me your favor ; my dull brain was wrought 
 With things forgotten. Kind gentlemen, your pains 
 Are register'd where every day I turn 
 The leaf to read them. Let us towards the King. — 
 Think upon what hath chanc'd, and, at more time. 
 The interim having weigh'd it,^ let us speak 
 Our free hearts each to other. 
 
 Banquo. Very gladly. 
 
 Macbeth. Till then, enough. — Come, friends. \Exeunt. 
 
 1 " Is but fantastical," i.e., is as yet imagined only. 
 
 2 Individual. 
 
 3 '' That function is,'* etc. This passage Dr. Johnson paraphrases : " All 
 powers of action are oppressed and crushed by one overwhelming image in 
 the mind, and nothing is present to me but that which is really future. Of 
 things now about me I have no perception, being intent wholly on that which 
 has yet no existence." 
 
 * *' The interim having weigh'd it," i.e., having considered it in the inter- 
 val. 
 
24 SHAKESPEARE. [act i. 
 
 Scene IV. Forres. The Palace. 
 
 Flourish. Enter Duncan, Malcolm, Donalbain, Lennox, and Attend- 
 ants. 
 
 Duncan. Is execution done on Cawdor ? Are not 
 Those in commission ^ yet return'd ? 
 
 Malcobn. My liege, 
 
 They are not yet come back. But I have spoke ^ 
 With one that saw him die ; who did report 
 That very frankly he confess'd his treasons, 
 Implor'd your highness' pardon, and set forth 
 A deep repentance. Nothing in his life 
 Became him like the leaving it ; he died 
 As one that had been studied in his death 
 To throw away the dearest thing he owed ^ 
 As 'twere a careless trifle. 
 
 Duncan. There's no art 
 
 To find the mind's construction in the face ; 
 He was a gentleman on whom I built 
 An absohite trust. — 
 
 ^w/^r Macbeth, Banquo, Ross, rt:«^ Angus. 
 
 O worthiest cousin ! 
 The sin of my ingratitude even now 
 Was heavy on me. Thou art so far before, 
 That swiftest wing of recompense is slow 
 To overtake thee. Would thou hadst less deserv'd, 
 That the proportion both of thanks and payment 
 Might have been mine ! only I have left to say. 
 More is thy due than more than all can pay. 
 Macbeth. The service and the loyalty I owe, 
 
 1 " Those in commission," i.e., those to whom the business of the execu- 
 tion was committed. 
 
 3 Participles thus curtailed are frequent in Shakespeare. 
 3 Owned. 
 
SCENE IV. ] MA CBE TH, 2 5 
 
 In doing it, pays itself. Your highness' part 
 
 Is to receive our duties ; and our duties 
 
 Are to your throne and state, children and servants ; 
 
 Which do but what they should, by doing everything 
 
 Safe towards ^ your love and honor. 
 
 Duncan. Welcome hither! 
 
 I have begun to plant thee, and will labor 
 To make thee full of growing. — Noble Banquo, 
 That hast no less deserv'd, nor must be known 
 No less to have done so, let me infold thee 
 And hold thee to my heart. 
 
 Banquo. There if I grow, 
 
 The harvest is your own. 
 
 Duncan. My plenteous joys, 
 
 Wanton in fullness, seek to hide themselves 
 In drops of sorrow. — Sons, kinsmen, thanes, 
 And you whose places are the nearest, know 
 We will estabhsh our estate upon 
 Our eldest, Malcolm, whom we name hereafter 
 The Prince of Cumberland ;2 which honor must 
 Not unaccompanied invest him only, 
 But signs of nobleness, like stars, shall shine 
 On all deservers. From hence to Inverness, 
 And bind us further to you. 
 
 Macbeth. The rest is labor, which is not us*d for you:^ 
 I'll be myself the harbinger,^ and make joyful 
 The hearing of my wife with your approach, 
 So humbly take my leave. 
 
 1 " Safe towards," i.e., with a sure regard to. 
 
 2 By giving to Malcolm the title of the Prince of Cumberland, Duncan 
 indicated that this son was to succeed him upon the throne. 
 
 ^ ** The rest," etc., i.e., when not in your service, rest itself is labor. 
 
 4 Forerunner; here used in the original sense of an officer of the royal 
 household, whose duty it was to ride in advance of the king and the royal 
 party, and engage lodgings for them in any place where they were to stop. 
 
26 SHAKESPEARE. [act i. 
 
 Duncan. My worthy Cawdor ! 
 
 Macbeth. \Aside\ The Prince of Cumberland ! that is a step 
 On which I must fall down, or else o'erleap, 
 For in my way it lies. — Stars, hide your fires ; 
 Let not hght see my black and deep desires ; 
 The eye wink at the hand ; yet let that be,i 
 Which the eye fears, when it is done, to see. \Exit, 
 
 Duncan. True, worthy Banquo ; he is full so valiant, 
 And in his commendations I am fed ; 
 It is a banquet to me. Let's after him. 
 Whose care is gone before to bid us welcome ; 
 It is a peerless kinsman. [Flourish. Exeunt. 
 
 Scene V. Inverness. Macbeth' s Castle. 
 Enter Lady Macbeth, reading a letter. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. ''They met me in the day of success ; and F haiJe 
 learned^ by the perfectest report, they have inore in them tha^i mortal 
 knowledge. When I burned in desire to question them further, they 7nade 
 themselves air, into which they vanished. Whiles I stood rapt in the 
 wonder of it, came missives'^ from the King, who all-hailed me ^ Thane 
 of Cawdor,'' by which title, before, these weird sisters saluted me, and 
 referred me to the coming on of tiine with 'Hail, king that shall be I ' 
 This have I thought good to deliver thee, my dearest partner of great- 
 ness, that thou mights t not lose the dues of rejoicing by being ignorant 
 of what greatness is pro7nised thee. Lay it to thy heart, and farewell. " 
 
 Glamis thou art, and Cawdor ; and shalt be 
 
 What thou art promis'd. Yet do I fear thy nature , 
 
 It is too full o' the milk of human kindness 
 
 To catch the nearest way. Thou wouldst be great ; 
 
 Art not without ambition, but without 
 
 The illness ^ should attend it ; what thou wouldst highly, 
 
 That wouldst thou holily ; wouldst not play false, 
 
 And yet wouldst wrongly win. Thou'dst have, great Glamis, 
 
 1 Take place. - Messengers. 3 Wickedness. 
 
SCENE v.] MACBETH. 27 
 
 That which cries, " Thus thou must do, if thou have it ;" 
 And that which rather thou dost fear to do, 
 Than wishest should be undone. Hie thee hither, 
 That I may pour my spirits in thine ear, 
 And chas'tise with the valor of my tongue 
 All that impedes thee from the golden round 
 Which fate and metaphysical 1 aid doth seem 
 To have thee crown'd withal. — 
 
 Enter a Messenger. 
 
 What is your tidings ? 
 
 Messenger. The King comes here to-night. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. Thou'rt mad to say it : 
 
 Is not thy master with him ? who, were't so, 
 Would have inform'd for preparation. 
 
 Messenger. So please you, it is true ; our Thane is coming. 
 One of my fellows had the speed of him, 
 Who, almost dead for breath, had scarcely more 
 Than would make up his message. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. Give him tending ; 
 
 He brings great news. — [Exit Messenger, 
 
 The raven himself is hoarse 
 That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan 
 Under my battlements. — Come, you spirits 
 That tend on mortal''^ thoughts, unsex me here, 
 And fill me from the crown to the toe topful 
 Of direst cruelty ! make thick my blood ; 
 Stop up the access and passage to remorse,^ 
 That no compunctious visitings of nature 
 Shake my fell purpose, nor keep peace between 
 The effect and it ! Come to my woman's breasts, 
 And take my milk for gall, you murdering ministers, 
 Wherever in your sightless substances 
 You wait on Nature's mischief ! — Come, thick night, 
 
 1 Supernaturiil. 2 Deadly. 3 Compassion. 
 
28 SHAKESPEARE. [act i. 
 
 And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, 
 That my keen knife see not the wound it makes, 
 Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark, 
 To cry "Hold, hold!" — 
 
 Enter Macbeth. 
 
 Great Glamis ! worthy Cawdor ! 
 Greater than both, by the all-hail hereafter ! 
 Thy letters have transported me beyond 
 This ignorant present,^ and I feel now 
 The future in the instant. 
 
 Macbeth, My dearest love, 
 
 Duncan comes here to-night. . 
 
 Lady Macbeth. And when goes hence ? 
 
 Macbeth. To-morrow, — as he purposes. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. O, never 
 
 Shall sun that morrow see ! 
 Your face, my thane, is as a book where men 
 May read strange matters. To beguile the time, 
 Look like the time ; bear welcome in your eye. 
 Your hand, your tongue ; look like the innocent flower, 
 But be the serpent under't. He that's coming 
 Must be provided for ; and you shall put 
 This night's great business into my dispatch,^ 
 Which shall to all our nights and days to come 
 Give solely sovereign sway and masterdom. 
 
 Macbeth. We will speak further. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. Only look up clear ; 
 
 To alter favor ever is to fear.^ 
 Leave all the rest to me. [Exeunt. 
 
 1 " This ignorant present," i.e., this present which knows nothing of the 
 future. 
 
 2 Management. 
 
 3 *' To alter favor," etc., i.e., to change countenance indicates fear in you, 
 and causes it in others. 
 
SCENE VT. ] MA CBE TH. 2 9 
 
 Scene VI. Before Macbeth' s Castle, 
 
 Hautboys and torches. Enter Duncan, Malcolm, Donalbain, Banquo, 
 Lennox, Macduff, Ross, Angus, and Attendants. 
 
 Duncan, This castle hath a pleasant seat ; the air 
 Nimbly and sweetly recommends itself 
 Unto our gentle senses. 
 
 Banquo, This guest of summer, 
 
 The temple-haunting martlet,^ does approve, 
 By his lov'd mansionry, that the heaven's breath 
 Smells wooingly here ; no jutty, frieze, 
 Buttress, nor coign ^ of vantage, but this bird 
 Hath made his pendent bed and procreant cradle : 
 Where they most breed and haunt, I have observed, 
 The air is delicate. 
 
 Enter Lady Macbeth. 
 
 Du7ican, See, see, our honor'd hostess ! — 
 
 The love that follows us sometime ^ is our trouble, 
 Which still we thank as love. Herein I teach you 
 How you shall bid God 'ild us^ for your pains. 
 And thank us for your trouble. 
 
 Lady Macbeth, All our service. 
 
 In every point twice done and then done double, 
 Were poor and single^ business to contend 
 Against those honors, deep and broad, wherewith 
 Your Majesty loads our house. For those of old, 
 And the late dignities heap'd up to them, 
 We rest your hermits.^ 
 
 1 Martin, a bird of the swallow kind. Its nest of mud is built beneath the 
 eaves and sheltered projections of lofty buildings, especially in the well pro- 
 tected angles of the cornices and gables of temples, towers, castles, etc. 
 
 2 Corner or angle. 3 Sometimes. 
 
 4 ** 'lid us," a contraction of ** yield us," i.e., reward us. 5 Weak. 
 6 " We rest your hermits," i.e., " we, as hermits or beadsmen, will always 
 pray for you " (Steevens). 
 
30 SHAKESPEARE, [act t. 
 
 Duncan. Where's the Thane of Cawdor ? 
 
 We cours'd him at the heels, and had a purpose 
 To be his pur'veyor;^ but he rides well, 
 Arid his great love, sharp as his spur, hath holp ^ him 
 To his home before us. Fair and noble hostess. 
 We are your guest to-night. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. Your servants ever 
 
 Have theirs, themselves, and what is theirs, in compt,^ 
 To make their audit at your highness' pleasure, 
 Still to return your own. 
 
 Dimcan. Give me your hand ; 
 
 Conduct me to mine host ; we love him highly, 
 And shall continue our graces towards him. 
 By your leave, hcstess. [Exetnit. 
 
 Scene VII. Macbeth'' s Castle. 
 
 Hautboys and torches. Enter a Sewer, * a?td divei's Servants zuith dishes and 
 service, and pass over the stage. Then e7iter Macbeth. 
 
 Macbeth. If it were done when 'tis done, then 'twere well. 
 It were done quickly, if th' assassination 
 Could trammel up the consequence, and catch 
 With his ^ surcease ^ success ; that but this blow 
 Might be the be-all and the end-all here. 
 But here, upon this bank and shoal of time. 
 We'd jump the life to come."^ But in these cases 
 We still have judgment here, that^ we but teach 
 
 1 ** To be his purveyor," i.e., to be in advance of him. A purveyor is 
 properly one sent ahead of a party to obtain food for them. 
 
 2 Helped. 3 " in compt," i.e., accountable. 
 
 * An upper servant who prepared and served the table ; a head waiter. 
 
 5 Its: " assassination " is the antecedent. ^ Ending. 
 
 ■^ *' If th' assassination," etc., i.e., if the murder, when done, could insure 
 complete success here in this life, ** upon this bank and shoal of time," we 
 would risk the life to come. 
 
 s Since. 
 
SCENE VII.] MACBETH. 31 
 
 Bloody instructions, which, being taught, return 
 To plague the inventor. This even-handed justice 
 Commends the ingredients of our poison'd chalice 
 To our own lips. He's here in double trust : 
 First, as I am his kinsman and his subject, 
 Strong both against the deed ; then as his host, 
 Who should against his murderer shut the door, 
 Not bear the knife myself. Besides, this Duncan 
 Hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been 
 So clear in his great office, that his virtues 
 Will plead like angels, trumpet-tongu'd, against 
 The deep damnation of his taking off ; 
 And pity, like a naked newborn babe. 
 Striding the blast, or heaven's cherubim,^ hors'd 
 Upon the sightless couriers of the air,2 
 Shall blow the horrid deed in every eye, 
 That tears shall drowm the wind. I have no spur 
 To prick the sides of my intent, but only 
 Vaulting ambition, which o'erleaps itself 
 And falls on th' other — 
 
 Enter Lady Macbeth. 
 
 How now ! what news ? 
 Lady Macbeth. He has almost supp'd. Why have you left 
 
 the chamber ? 
 Macbeth, Hath he ask'd for me ? 
 
 Lady Macbeth, Know you not he has ? 
 
 Macbeth. We will proceed no further in this business. 
 He hath honor'd me of late, and I have bought •^ 
 Golden opinions from all sorts of people, 
 
 1 " A naked newborn babe," etc. '* Either like a mortal babe, terrible 
 in helplessness, or like heaven's child angels, mighty in love and compas- 
 sion " (Rev. C. E. Moberly). 
 
 2 " Sightless couriers of the air," i.e., the invisible winds. 
 
 3 Gained. 
 
32 SHAKESPEARE, [act i. 
 
 Which would ^ be worn now in their newest gloss, 
 Not cast aside so soon. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. Was the hope drunk 
 
 Wherein you dress' d yourself ? hath it slept since ? 
 And wakes it now, to look so green and pale 
 At what it did so freely ? From this time 
 Such I account thy love. x\rt thou afeard 
 To be the same in thine own act and valor 
 As thou art in desire ? Wouldst thou have that 
 Which thou esteem'st the ornament of life, 
 And live a coward in thine own esteem, 
 Letting '' I dare not " wait upon '' I would," 
 Like the poor cat i' the adage ? ^ 
 
 Macbeth, Prithee, peace. 
 
 I dare do all that may become a man ; 
 Who dares do more is none. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. What beast was't, then, 
 
 That made you break this enterprise to me ? 
 When you durst do it, then you were a man ; 
 And, to be more than what you were, you would 
 Be so much more the man. Nor time nor place 
 Did then adhere,^ and yet you would make both ; 
 They have made themselves, and that their fitness now 
 Does unmake you. 
 
 Macbeth. If we should fail, — 
 
 Lady Macbeth. We fail! 
 
 But screw your courage to the sticking place,'^ 
 And we'll not fail. When Duncan is asleep, — 
 
 1 Should. 
 
 2 " Letting 'I dare not,'" etc. Boswell (as quoted by Furness) notes 
 that " the adage * The cate would eate fish, and would not wete her feete,' is 
 among Heywood's Proverbs (1566)." 
 
 3 Accord. 
 
 4 '' But screw," etc. Probably a metaphor from the tuning of a stringed 
 instrument. 
 
SCENE VII.] MACBETH, 2>2> 
 
 Whereto the rather shall his day's hard joujjney 
 Soundly invite him, — his two chamberlains 
 Will I with wine and wassail so convince/ 
 That memory, the warder of the brain, 
 Shall be a fume, and the receipt ^ of reason 
 A limbeck ^ only. When in swinish sleep 
 Their drenched natures lie, as in a death. 
 What cannot you and I perform upon 
 The unguarded Duncan ? what not put upon 
 His spongy officers, who shall bear the guilt 
 Of our great quell ? ^ 
 
 Macbeth. Bring forth men children only ; 
 
 For thy undaunted mettle should compose 
 Nothing but males. Will it not be receiv'd,-^ 
 When we have mark'd with blood those sleepy two 
 Of his own chamber, and us'd their very daggers, 
 That they have done't .^ 
 
 Lady Macbeth. Wlio dares receive it other, 
 
 As we shall make our griefs and clamor roar 
 Upon his death ? 
 
 Macbeth. I am settled, and bend up 
 
 Each corporal agent ^ to this terrible feat. 
 Away, and mock the time with fairest show ; 
 False face must hide what the false heart doth know. \Exeimt. 
 
 1 '* With wine and wassail so convince," i.e., with drink and carousing so 
 overcome. 
 
 2 Receptacle. 
 
 3 An alembic; a still, or rather the cap of a still. 
 
 4 Murder. 5 Believed. 
 
 6 ** Each corporal agent," i.e., every faculty of the body. 
 
34 SHAKESPEARE. [act ii. 
 
 ACT II. 
 
 Scene I. Court of Macbeth' s Castle. 
 ' Enter Banquo, and Fleance bearing a torch before him. 
 
 Banquo. How goes the night, boy ? 
 
 Fleance. The moon is down ; I have not heard the clock. 
 
 Banquo. And she goes down at twelve. 
 
 Fleance. I take't, 'tis later, sir. 
 
 Banquo. Hold ; take my sword. — There's husbandry ^ in heaven ; 
 Their candles are all out. — Take thee that, too. 
 A heavy summons lies like lead upon me,^ 
 And yet I would not sleep. — Merciful Powers, 
 Restrain in me the cursed thoughts that nature 
 Gives way to in repose ! — 
 
 Enter Macbeth, and a Servant luith a torch. 
 
 Give me my sword. — 
 Who's there ? 
 
 Macbeth. A friend. 
 
 Banq7io. What, sir, not yet at rest ? The king's abed — 
 He hath been in unusual pleasure, and 
 Sent forth great largess ^ to your offices.^ 
 This diamond he greets your wife withal, 
 By the name of most kind hostess — and shut up 
 In measureless content.-'^ 
 
 Macbeth. Being unprepar'd, 
 
 1 Thrift. 
 
 2 *^ A heavy summons," etc., i.e., a strong disposition to sleep is upon me. 
 
 3 Gifts of money. 4 The servants' departments. 
 
 5 " Shut up in measureless content," i.e., retiring to sleep most happy, and 
 contented with everything around him. 
 
SCENE I.] MACBETH. 35 
 
 Our will became the servant to defect, 
 Which else should free have wrought. i 
 
 Ba7iquo. All's well. 
 
 I dreamt last night of the three weird sisters ; 
 To you they have show'd some truth. 
 
 Macbeth, • I think not of them. 
 
 Yet, when we can entreat an hour to serve. 
 We would spend it in some words upon that business, 
 If you would grant the time. 
 
 Banqiio. At your kind'st leisure. 
 
 Macbeth. If you shall cleave to my consent, w^hen 'tis,^ 
 It shall make honor for you. 
 
 Banqiio. So I lose none 
 
 In seeking to augment it, but still keep 
 My bosom franchis'd and allegiance clear, 
 I shall be counsel'd. 
 
 Macbeth. Good repose the while ! 
 
 Banqiio. Thanks, sir ; the hke to you ! 
 
 \Exeiuit Baiiquo and Fleance, 
 
 Macbeth. Go bid thy mistress, when m}^ drink is ready, 
 She strike upon the bell. Get thee to bed. — \Exit Servant. 
 Is this a dagger which I see before me. 
 The handle towards my hand? — Come, let me clutch thee. 
 I have thee not, and yet I see thee still. 
 Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible 
 To feehng as to sight ? or art thou but 
 A dagger of the mind, a false creation. 
 Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain ? 
 I see thee yet, in form as palpable 
 As this which now I draw. 
 Thou marshal'st me the way that I was going ; 
 And such an instrument I was to use. — 
 
 1 " Being unprepar'd," etc., i.e., lack of time for preparation constrained 
 the free working of my will. 
 
 2 " Cleave to my consent," i.e., join my party when it is established. 
 
36 SHAKESPEARE. [act ii. 
 
 Mine eyes are made the fools o' the other senses, 
 
 Or else worth all the rest ; — I see thee still, 
 
 And on thy blade and dudgeon ^ gouts ^ of blood, 
 
 Which was not so before. — There's no such thing; 
 
 It is the bloody business which informs ^ 
 
 Thus to mine eyes. Now o'er the one half world 
 
 Nature seems dead, and wicked dreams abuse 
 
 The curtain'd sleep ; witchcraft celebrates 
 
 Pale Hecate's^ offerings, and wither'd murder, 
 
 Alarum'd ^ by his sentinel, the wolf. 
 
 Whose howl's his watch, ^ thus with his stealthy pace, 
 
 With Tarquin's ravishing strides,^ towards his design 
 
 Moves like a ghost. — Thou sure and firm-set earth, 
 
 Hear not my steps, which way they walk, for fear 
 
 Thy very stones prate of my whereabout. 
 
 And take the present horror from the time. 
 
 Which now suits with it. Whiles I threat, he lives ; 
 
 Words to the heat of deeds too cool breath gives. ^ 
 
 \A bell rings. 
 I go, and it is done ; the bell invites me. — 
 Hear it not, Duncan ; for it is a knell 
 That summons thee to heaven or to hell. [^Exif, 
 
 1 Handle. 2 Drops. ^ Creates forms. 
 
 * Hecate, according to classic mythology the wife of Pluto and Queen of the 
 infernal regions, was supposed to preside over witchcraft and enchantments, 
 and to control the incantations of evil spirits. Dogs, lambs, and honey were 
 generally offered to her. The word is dissyllabic here {Hec'ate), as it always 
 is in Shakespeare's verse. 
 
 5 Aroused. ^ Watchword. 
 
 7 " Tarquin's ravishing strides," alluding to Sextus Tarquinius, by whom 
 Lucretia, the Roman matron, was dishonored. 
 
 8 Singular in form for the sake of the rhyme, though having a plural sub- 
 ject. The singular noun "breath," just preceding the verb, makes the 
 violation of a grammatical rule less noticeable. 
 
SCKNK II.] MACBETH. 37 
 
 Scene II. The Sa^ne. 
 Enter Lady Macbeth. 
 
 Lady Macbeth, That which hath made them drunk hath made 
 me bold ; 
 What hath quench'd them hath given me fire. — Hark ! Peace ! — 
 It was the owl that shriek'd, the fatal bellman, 
 Which gives the stern'st good night. ^ He is about it ; 
 The doors are open, and the surfeited grooms 
 Do mock their charge with snores ; I have drugg'd their possets, 
 That death and nature do contend about them, 
 Whether they live or die. 
 
 Macbeth, [ IVithin] Who's there ? what, ho ! 
 
 Zacfy Macbeth. Alack! I am afraid, they have awak'd, 
 And 'tis not done. The attempt and not the deed 
 Confounds us. Hark ! I laid their daggers ready ; 
 He could not miss 'em. Had he not resembled 
 My father as he slept, I had done't. — 
 
 Enter Macbeth. 
 
 My husband ! 
 
 Macbeth. I have done the deed. Didst thou not hear a noise ? 
 
 Lady Macbeth. I heard the owl scream and the crickets cry. 
 Did not you speak ? 
 
 Macbeth. When ? 
 
 Lady Macbeth. Now. 
 
 Macbeth. As I descended ? 
 
 Lady Macbeth. Ay. 
 
 Macbeth, Hark ! 
 Who lies i' the second chamber? 
 
 Lady Macbeth, Donalbain. 
 
 Macbeth, This is a sorry sight. \Looking on his hands. 
 
 1 The hooting of the owl is even now heard by many persons with super- 
 stitious dread, as an ominous cry. 
 
3^^ SHAKESPEARE. [act ii. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. A foolish thought, to say a sorry sight. 
 
 Macbeth. There's one did laugh in's sleep, and one cried 
 '' Murder ! " 
 That they did wake each other; I stood and heard them; 
 But they did say their prayers, and address'd ^ them 
 Again to sleep. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. There are two lodg'd together. 
 
 Macbeth. One cried '' God bless us ! " and ''Amen ! " the other, 
 As 2 they had seen me with these hangman's hands. 
 Listening their fear. I could not say ''Amen! " 
 When they did say " God bless us ! " 
 
 Lady Macbeth. Consider it not so deeply. 
 
 Macbeth. But wherefore could not I pronounce "Amen "? 
 I had most need of blessing, and "Amen" 
 Stuck in my throat. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. These deeds must not be thought 
 After these ways ; so, it will make us mad. 
 
 Macbeth. Methought I heard a voice cry, " Sleep no more ! 
 Macbeth does murder sleep," — the innocent sleep. 
 Sleep that knits up the ravel'd ^ sleave ^ of care, 
 The death of each day's hfe, sore labor's bath. 
 Balm of hurt minds, great Nature's second course,^ 
 Chief nourisher in life's feast, ^ 
 
 Lady Macbeth. What do you mean ? 
 
 Macbeth, Still it cried, " Sleep no more ! " to all the house ; 
 " Glamis hath murder'd sleep, and therefore Cawdor 
 Shall sleep no more ; Macbeth shall sleep no more." 
 
 Lady Macbeth. W^ho was it that thus cried ? Why, worthy 
 thane. 
 You do unbend your noble strength to think 
 So brainsickly of things. Go get some water. 
 And wash this filthy witness from your hand. 
 Why did you bring these daggers from the place ? 
 
 1 Prepared. As if. 3 Tangled. 4 goft floss or silk. 
 
 5 '' Second course," i.e., the chief course at the feast. 
 
SCENE II.] MACBETH. 39 
 
 They must lie there ; go carry them, and smear 
 The sleepy grooms with blood. 
 
 Macbeth. I'll go no more; 
 
 I am afraid to think what I have done ; 
 Look on't again I dare not. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. Infirm of pmpose ! 
 
 Give me the daggers ; the sleeping and the dead 
 Are but as pictures ; 'tis the eye of childhood 
 That fears a painted devil. If he do bleed, 
 I'll gild the faces of the grooms withal ; 
 For it must seem their guilt. \Exit. Knocking within, 
 
 Macbeth. Whence is that knocking ? 
 
 How is't with me, when every noise appals me ? 
 What hands are here ? Ha ! they pluck out mine eyes. 
 Will all great Neptune's ocean i wash this blood 
 Clean from my hand ? No ; this my hand will rather 
 The multitudinous seas incarnadine, 
 Making the green one red.^ 
 
 Reenter Lady Macbeth. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. My hands are of your color, but I shame 
 To wear a heart so white. ^Knocking 7cnthin^\ I hear a knocking 
 At the south entry : retire we to our chamber ; 
 A little water clears us of this deed ; 
 How easy is it, then ! Your constancy 
 Hath left you unattended.'^ [K/wcking within. \ Hark ! more 
 
 knocking. 
 Get on your nightgown,"^ lest occasion call us, 
 
 1 The ancient mythologists tell us, that, when Jupiter assigned to each of 
 his brothers a separate portion of the universe, he decreed that Neptune 
 should be given all the waters upon the face of nature, and be sole monarch 
 of the ocean. 
 
 *^ ** The multitudinous seas," etc., i.e., change the innumerable waves of 
 the ocean to a carnation hue, making its natural green color a uniform red. 
 
 3 " Your constancy," etc., i.e., your resolution has forsaken you. 
 
 4 Dressing gown, as we should say. 
 
40 SHAKESPEARE, [act n. 
 
 And show us to be watchers. Be not lost 
 So poorly in your thoughts. 
 
 Macbeth, To know my deed, 'twere best not know myself. — 
 
 \K710cki71g within. 
 Wake Duncan with thy knocking ! I would thou couldst ! 
 
 \Exeunt, 
 
 Scene III. The Same, 
 
 Enter a Porter. Knocking within. 
 
 Porter. Here's a knocking indeed ! If a man were porter of 
 hell gate, he should have old turning the key.^ \Knocking within. \ 
 Knock, knock, knock ! Who's there, i' the name of Beelzebub ? 
 — Here's a farmer that hang'd himself on the expectation of 
 plenty.2 — Come in time; have napkins enow^ about you; here 
 you'll sweat for't. — \Knocking within?\^ Knock, knock ! Who's 
 there, in the other devil's name ? — Faith, here's an equivocator, 
 that could swear in both the scales against either scale ; who com- 
 mitted treason enough for God's sake, yet could not equivocate to 
 heaven. — O, come in, equivocator. — \Knocking within. ] Knock, 
 knock, knock ! Who's there ? — Faith, here's an English tailor 
 come hither for stealing out of a French hose.^ — Come in, tailor ; 
 here you may roast your goose. ^"^ — [Knocking within. \ Knock, 
 knock ! never at quiet ! What are you ? — But this place is too cold 
 for hell. I'll devil-porter it no further; I had thought to have let 
 in some of all professions that go the primrose way to the ever- 
 lasting bonfire. — \Knockiitg within?^ Anon, anon ! I pray you, 
 remember the porter. \Opens the gate, 
 
 1 '* Have old," etc., i.e., be kept husy unlocking the door. '* Old" as an 
 intensive frequently occurs in Shakespeare. 
 
 2 Because, with plentiful crops, prices v^^onld decline. 
 
 3 " Napkins enow," i.e., pocket handkerchiefs enough. 
 
 4 Trousers. It is an old joke against tailors, that they always steal from 
 the material given out to them. 
 
 5 A tailor's smoothing iron. It received its name from the resemblance 
 of the handle to the neck of a goose. 
 
SCENE III.] MACBETH. 41 
 
 Enter Macduff and Lennox. 
 
 Macduff. AVas it so late, friend, ere you went to bed, 
 That you do lie so late ? 
 
 Porter. Faith, sir, we were carousing till the second cock.^ 
 
 Macduff. I believe drink gave thee the lie last night. 
 
 Porter. That it did, sir, i' the very throat on me ; but I requited 
 him for his lie; and, I think, being too strong for him, though 
 he took up my legs sometime, yet I made a shift to cast ^ him. 
 
 Macdiff. Is thy master stirring ? 
 
 Enter Macbeth. 
 
 Our knocking has awak'd him ; here he comes. 
 
 Len7iox. Good morrow, noble sir. 
 
 Macbeth. Good morrow, both. 
 
 Macduff. Is the King stirring, worthy thane ? 
 
 Macbeth. Not yet. 
 
 Macdiff. He did command me to call timely on him ; 
 I have almost slipped the hour. 
 
 Macbeth. I'll bring you to him. 
 
 Macduff. I know this is a joyful trouble to you ; 
 But yet 'tis one. 
 
 Macbeth. The labor we delight in physics ^ pain. 
 This is the door. 
 
 Macdiff. I'll make so bold to call. 
 
 For 'tis my limited service.* \Exit. 
 
 Lennox. Goes the King hence to-day ? 
 
 Macbeth. He does ; — he did appoint so. 
 
 Len?iox. The night has been unruly : where we lay, 
 Our chimneys w^ere blown down ; and, as they say, 
 Lamentings heard i' the air, — strange screams of death. 
 And prophesying, with accents terrible, 
 
 1 '* Till the second cock," i.e., till the cock crew the second time. 
 
 2 Overthrow. ^ Relieves. 
 
 '* " My limited service," i.e., service specially assigned to me. 
 
42 SHAKESPEARE. [act ii. 
 
 Of dire combustion and confus'd events 
 New hatch'd to the woeful time. The ob^scure bird^ 
 Clamor'd the Hvelong night. Some say the Earth 
 Was feverous and did shake. 
 
 Macbeth. 'Twas a rough night. 
 
 Le7inox. My young remembrance cannot parallel 
 A fellow to it. 
 
 Reenter Macduff. 
 
 Macduff. O horror, horror, horror ! Tongue nor heart 
 
 Cannot conceive nor name thee ! 
 
 Macbeth. \ -.tti , i 
 
 \ What's the matter ? 
 
 Lei 172 ox. ) 
 
 Macduff. Confusion ^ x\o\n hath made his masterpiece ! 
 Most sacrilegious murder hath broke ope 
 The Lord's anointed temple, and stole thence 
 The life o' the building ! 
 
 Macbeth. What is't you say ? the life ? 
 
 Leiinox. Mean you his Majesty ? 
 
 Macdiff. Approach the chamber, and destroy your sight 
 AVith a new Gorgon.^ Do not bid me speak ; 
 See, and then speak yourselves. 
 
 \^Exeiint Macbeth and Lennox. 
 Awake, awake ! 
 Ring the alarum bell. — Murder and treason ! — 
 
 1 The owl. 2 Destruction. 
 
 3 It is fabled that there were three Gorgons, sisters, of whom Medusa, 
 the youngest, was very handsome. Wishing ^o leave her home, a desolate 
 land, she entreated Minerva to let her* go and visit the delightful sunny 
 south. When Minerva refused her request, she reviled the goddess, declar- 
 ing that nothing but her conviction that mortals would no longer consider 
 her beautiful, if they but once beheld Medusa, could have prompted this 
 denial. This remark so incensed Minerva, that, to punish her for her vanity, 
 the goddess changed Medusa's beautiful curling locks into hissing, writhing 
 serpents, and decreed that one glance into her still beautiful face would suffice 
 to change the beholder into stone. (See Guerber's Myths of Greece and 
 Roine^ p. 242.) 
 
SCENE III.] MACBETH. 43 
 
 Banquo and Donalbain ! Malcolm! awake ( 
 
 Shake off this downy sleep, death's counterfeit, 
 
 And look on death itself ! Up, up, and see 
 
 The great doom's image ! ^ Malcolm ! Banquo ! 
 
 As from your graves rise up, and walk like sprites, 
 
 To countenance this horror ! ^ — Ring the bell. \Bell rings. 
 
 Enter Lady Macbeth. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. What's the business. 
 That such a hideous trumpet calls to parley 
 The sleepers of the house ? Speak, speak ! 
 
 Macduff. O gentle lady, 
 
 Tis not for you to hear what I can speak ; 
 The repetition, in a woman's ear. 
 Would murder as it fell. — 
 
 Entei' Banquo. 
 
 O Banquo, Banquo, 
 Our royal master's murder'd ! 
 
 Lady Macbeth. Woe, alas ! 
 
 What ! in our house ? 
 
 Banq7io. Too cruel anywhere. — 
 
 Dear Duff, I prithee, contradict thyself, 
 And say it is not so. 
 
 Reenter Macbeth and Lennox, with Ross. 
 
 Macbeth. Had I but died an hour before this chance, 
 I had liv'd a blessed time ; for, from this instant 
 There's nothing serious in mortality;^ 
 All is but toys ; renown and grace is dead ; 
 The wine of hfe is drawn, and the mere lees ^ 
 Is left this vault to brag of. 
 
 1 " The great doom's image," i.e., a sight as terrible as the last judgment. 
 
 2 ** Walk like sprites," etc. Ghosts are the only proper accompaniments 
 to this horror. 
 
 3 Human life. 4 Dregs of the cask. 
 
44 SHAKESPEARE. [act ii. 
 
 Enter Malcolm mid Donalbaix. 
 
 Donalbain. What is amiss ? 
 
 Macbeth. You are, and do not know't ; 
 
 The spring, the head, the fountain of your blood 
 Is stopp'd, — the very source of it is stopp'd. 
 
 Macduff. Your royal father's murder' d. 
 
 Malcolm. Oh ! by whom ? 
 
 Leniiox. Those of his chamber, as it seem'd, had done't : 
 Their hands and faces were all badg'd with blood ; 
 So were their daggers, which unwip'd we found 
 Upon their pillows. 
 
 They star'd and w^ere distracted ; no man's life 
 Was to be trusted with them. 
 
 Macbeth. O, yet I do repent me of my fury, 
 That I did kill them. 
 
 Macduff. Wherefore did you so ? 
 
 Macbeth. Who can be wise, amaz'd,^ temperate and furious, 
 Loyal and neutral, in a moment ? No man. 
 The expedition - of my violent love 
 Outran the pauser, reason. Here lay Duncan, 
 His silver skin lac'd with his golden blood ; 
 And his gash'd stabs look'd like a breach in nature 
 For ruin's wasteful entrance: there, the murderers, 
 Steep'd in the colors of their trade, their daggers 
 Unmannerly breech'd with gore.^ Who could refrain, 
 That had a heart to love, and in that heart 
 Courage to make's love known ? 
 
 Lady Afacbeth. Help me hence, ho ! 
 
 Macdiff. Look to the lady. 
 
 Malcolm. [Aside to Donalbaiii\ Why do we hold our tongues. 
 That most may claim this argument for ours ? ^ 
 
 1 Bewildered. 2 Haste. 
 
 3 " Breech'd with gore," i.e., covered with blood. 
 
 4 ** That most may claim," etc., i.e., who have the greatest interest in the 
 matter. 
 
SCENE III.] MACBETH. 45 
 
 Donalbain. [Aside to Malcolm] What shoLild be spoken here, 
 where our fate, 
 Hid in an auger hole, may rush and seize us ? 
 Let's away ; 
 Our tears are not yet brew'd. 
 
 Malcolm. [Aside to Donalbain\ Nor our strong sorrow 
 Upon the foot, of motion. 
 
 Banquo, Look to the lady. — 
 
 [Lady Macbeth is carried out. 
 And when we have our naked frailties hid. 
 That suffer in exposure, ^ let us meet. 
 And question ^ this most bloody piece of work. 
 To know it further. Fears and scruples shake us. 
 In the great hand of God I stand ; and thence 
 Against the undivulg'd pretense I fight 
 Of treasonous malice. 
 
 Macduff. And so do L 
 
 All. So all. 
 
 Macbeth. Let's briefly put on manly readiness, 
 And meet i' the hall together. 
 
 All. Well contented. 
 
 [Exeunt all but Malcolm and Donalbain. 
 
 Malcolm. AVhat will you do ? Let's not consort with them ; 
 To show an unfelt sorrow is an ofiice 
 Which the false man does easy. I'll to England. 
 
 Donalbain. To Ireland I ; our separated fortune 
 Shall keep us both the safer ; where we are 
 There's daggers in men's smiles ; the near in blood, 
 The nearer bloody. ^ 
 
 1 " And when we have," etc., is thus paraphrased by Steevens : " When we 
 have clothed our half-dressed bodies, which may take cold from being exposed 
 to the air." 
 
 2 Examine thoroughly. 
 
 ^ *' The near in blood," etc., i.e., the nearer the kin, the more the danger 
 to our lives. 
 
46 SHAKESPEARE. [act ii. 
 
 Malcolm, This murderous shaft that's shot 
 
 Hath not yet lighted, and our safest way 
 Is to avoid the aim. Therefore, to horse ; 
 And let us not be dainty of leave-taking, 
 But shift away ;i there's warrant in that theft 
 Which steals itself when there's no mercy left. \Exeiint. 
 
 Scene IV. Without the Castle. 
 Enter Ross a7id an old Man. 
 
 Old Ma?i. Threescore and ten I can remember well ; 
 Within the volume of which time I've seen 
 Hours dreadful and things strange ; but this sore night 
 Hath trifled former knowings. 
 
 Ross. Ah, good father, 
 
 Thou seest, the heavens, as troubled with man's act, 
 Threaten his bloody stage : by the clock 'tis day, 
 And yet dark night strangles the traveling lamp.^ 
 Is't night's predominance, or the day's shame, 
 That darkness does the face of earth entomb, 
 When living light should kiss it ? 
 
 Old Man. 'Tis unnatural, 
 
 Even hke the deed that's done. On Tuesday last 
 A falcon, towering in her pride of place,^ 
 Was by a mousing owl hawk'd at^ and kill'd. 
 
 Ross. And Duncan's horses, — a thing most strange and cer- 
 tain, — 
 Beauteous and swift, the minions ^ of their race, 
 Turn'd wild in nature, broke their stalls, flung out. 
 Contending 'gainst obedience, as they would make 
 War with mankind. 
 
 1 *' Shift away," i.e., get away quietly and quickly. 
 ^ '^ The traveling lamp," i.e., the sun. 
 
 3 " Towering," etc., is a phrase of falconry meaning soaring at her highest 
 elevation. 
 
 4 " Ilawk'd at," i.e., pounced upon. -"^ Chosen darlings. 
 
SCENE IV. J MACBETH. 47 
 
 Old Man. 'Tis said the)^ eat ^ each other. 
 
 Ross. They did so, to the amazement of mine eyes, 
 That look'd upon't. Here comes the good Macduff. — 
 
 Enter Macduff. 
 
 How goes the world, sir, now ? 
 
 Macduff, Why, see you not ? 
 
 Ross. Is't known who did this more than bloody deed ? 
 
 Macduff. Those that Macbeth hath slain. 
 
 Ross. Alas the day ! 
 
 What good could they pretend ? 
 
 Macdiff. They were suborn 'd : - 
 
 Malcolm and Donalbain, the King's two sons, 
 Are stol'n away and fled, which puts upon them 
 Suspicion of the deed. 
 
 Ross. 'Gainst nature still ! — 
 
 Thriftless ambition, that wilt ravin up ^ 
 Thine own life's means ! — Then 'tis most like 
 The sovereignty will fall upon Macbeth. 
 
 Macduff. He is already nam'd, and gone to Scone ^ 
 To be invested. 
 
 Ross. Where is Duncan's body ? 
 
 1 Old and colloquial form for " ate." 2 Bribed; hired. 
 
 3 '' Ravin up," i.e., eat ravenously. 
 
 4 *' The ancient royal city of Scone, supposed to have been the capital of 
 the Pictish kingdom, lay two miles northv^^ard from the present city of Perth. 
 It was the residence of the Scottish monarchs as early as the reign of Ken- 
 neth McAlpin, and there was a long series of kings crowned on the cele- 
 brated stone inclosed in a chair, now used as the seat of our sovereigns at 
 coronation in Westminster Abbey. This stone was removed to Scone from 
 Dunstaffnage, the yet earlier residence of the Scottish kings, by Kenneth II., 
 soon after the founding of the Abbey of Scone by the Culdees in 838, and was 
 transferred by Edward I. to Westminster Abbey in 1296. This remarkable 
 stone is reported to have found its way to Dunstaffnage from the plain of Luz, 
 where it was the pillow of the patriarch Jacob while he dreamed his dream ( ! ). 
 An aisle of the Abbey of Scone remains. A few poor habitations alone exist 
 on the site of the ancient royal city." (Knight.) 
 
48 SHAKESPEARE. [act hi. 
 
 Macduff. Carried to Colme-kill,^ 
 The sacred storehouse of his predecessors, 
 And guardian of their bones. 
 
 Ross. Will you to Scone ? 
 
 Macduff. No, cousin, I'll to Fife. 
 
 Ross. Well, I will thither. 
 
 Macduff. Well, may you see things well done there ; — adieu ! — 
 Lest our old robes sit easier than our new ! ^ 
 
 Ross. Farewell, father. 
 
 Old Man. God's benison go with you, and with those 
 
 That would make good of bad, and friends of foes ! 
 
 \Exeunt. 
 
 ACT III. 
 
 Scene I. Forfrs. A Room iii the Palace. 
 
 Enter Banquo. 
 
 Banquo. Thou hast it now, — king, Cawdor, Glamis, all, 
 As the weird women promis'd ; and, I fear. 
 Thou play'dst most foully for't. Yet it was said 
 It should not stand in thy posterity. 
 But that myself should be the root and father 
 Of many kings. If there come truth from them — 
 
 1 Colmekill, or lona, one of the Western Isles (Hebrides), now called 
 Icolmkill. Knight notes that '* this little island, only three miles long and 
 one and a half broad, was once the most important spot of the whole cluster of 
 British Isles. It was inhabited by Druids previous to the year 563, when 
 Colum McFelim McFergus, afterwards called St. Columba, landed and began 
 to preach Christianity. A monastery was soon established and a noble 
 cathedral built, of which the ruins still remain. The reputation of these 
 establishments extended over the whole Christian world for some centuries, 
 and devotees of rank strove for admission into them ; the records of royal 
 deeds were preserved there, and there the bones of kings reposed." 
 
 2 " I.est our old robes," etc., i.e., lest things go from bad to worse. 
 
SCENE I.] MACBETH. 49 
 
 As upon thee, Macbeth, their speeches shine — 
 Why, by the verities on thee made good. 
 May they not be my oracles as well, 
 And set me up in hope ? — But hush ! no more. 
 
 Sennet^ soimdecL Enter Macbeth, as king. Lady Macbeth, as queen, 
 Lennox, Ross, Lords, Ladies, and Attendants. 
 
 Macbeth. Here's our chief guest. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. If he had been forgotten, 
 
 It had been as a gap in our great feast. 
 And all-thing 2 unbecoming. 
 
 Macbeth. To-night we hold a solemn supper,^ sir, 
 And I'll request your presence. 
 
 Banquo. Let your highness 
 
 Command upon me ; to the which my duties 
 Are with a most indissoluble tie 
 Forever knit. 
 
 Macbeth. Ride you this afternoon ? 
 
 Banquo. Ay, my good lord. 
 
 Macbeth. We should have else desir'd your good advice — 
 Which still ^ hath been both grave and prosperous — 
 In this day's council ; but we'll take to-morrow. 
 Is't far you ride ? 
 
 Banquo. As far, my lord, as will fill up the time 
 'Twixt this and supper : go not my horse the better, 
 I must become a borrower of the night 
 For a dark hour or twain. 
 
 Macbeth. Fail not our feast. 
 
 Banquo. My lord, I will not. 
 
 Macbeth. We hear our bloody cousins are bestow'd 
 In England and in Ireland, not confessing 
 
 1 A signal call, on a trumpet or cornet, for entrance or exit on the stage. 
 
 2 In every way. 
 
 3 " Solemn supper," i.e., state or ceremonious festival. 
 * Always. 
 
 4 
 
50 SHAKESPEARE. [act hi. 
 
 Their cruel parricide, filling their hearers 
 With strange invention. But of that to-morrow, 
 When therewithal we shall have cause of state 
 Craving us jointly. ^ Hie you to horse ; adieu, 
 Till you return at night. Goes Fleance with you ? 
 
 Banquo. Ay, my good lord : our time does call upon's. 
 
 Macbeth. I wish your horses swift and sure of foot ; 
 And so I do commend you to their backs. 
 
 Farewell. — \Exit Banqiio, 
 
 Let every man be master of his time 
 Till seven at night. To make society 
 The sweeter welcome, we will keep ourself 
 Till supper time alone ; while then ,2 God be with you ! — 
 
 \Exeimt all hut Macbeth and an Attendant. 
 Sirrah, a word with you: attend those men 
 Our pleasure ? 
 
 Attendant. They are, my lord, without the palace gate. 
 
 Macbeth. Bring them before us. — \Exit Attendant. 
 
 To be thus is nothing, 
 But to be safely thus. Our fears in Banquo 
 Stick deep ; and in his royalty of nature 
 Reigns that which would be fear'd. 'Tis much he dares ; 
 And, to that dauntless temper of his mind, 
 He hath a wisdom that doth guide his valor 
 To act in safety. There is none but he 
 Whose being I do fear ; and under him 
 My Genius is rebuk'd, as, it is said, 
 Mark Antony's was by Caesar.^ He chid the sisters 
 
 1 *' Cause of state," etc., i.e., affairs of state calling for our joint consid- 
 eration. 
 
 2 '' While then," i.e., till then. 
 
 3 Plutarch relates that '' Antony had in his house a fortune-telling gypsy, 
 who was skilled in the calculation of nativities. This man, either to oblige 
 Cleopatra, or following the investigation of truth, told Antony that the star of 
 his fortune was eclipsed and obscured by that of Caesar, and advised him by 
 all means to keep at the greatest distance from that young man. [Octavius 
 
SCENE I. ] A/A CBE Til. 5 1 
 
 When first they put the name of king upon me, 
 
 And bade them speak to him ; then, prophethke, 
 
 They hail'd him father to a hne of kings. 
 
 Upon my head they plac'd a fruitless crown, 
 
 And put a barren scepter in my gripe, 
 
 Thence to be wrench'd with an unHneal hand, 
 
 No son of mine succeeding. If t be so, 
 
 For Banquo's issue have I fil'd ^ my mind ; 
 
 For them the gracious Duncan have 1 murder'd ; 
 
 Put rancors in the vessel of my peace 
 
 Only for them; and mine eternal jewel ^ 
 
 Given to the common enemy of man, 
 
 To make them kings, — the seed of Banquo kings ! 
 
 Rather than so, come, Fate, into the list. 
 
 And champion me to the utterance !^ — AVho's there ? 
 
 Reenter Attendant, with two Murderers. 
 
 Now go to the door, and stay there till we call. 
 
 [Exit Attendant. 
 Was it not yesterday we spoke together ? 
 
 First Murderer. It was, so please your highness. 
 
 Macbeth. Well, then, now, 
 
 Have you consider'd of my speeches ? Know 
 
 is the Csesar referred to.] * The Genius of your life,' said he, ' is afraid of 
 his : when it is alone, its bearing is erect and fearless ; when his approaches, 
 it is dejected and depressed.' Indeed, there were many circumstances to jus- 
 tify the conjurer's doctrine ; for in every kind of play, whether they cast lots 
 or cast the die, Antony was still the loser. In their quail fights and cock 
 fights, Caesar's birds always won." 
 
 1 Defiled. 2 '' Eternal jewel," i.e., immortal soul. 
 
 3 '' Champion me," etc., i.e., fight against me to the last. Furness (Vari- 
 orum Shakespeare, vol. ii.) quotes Johnson's note : " A Vojitrance (of which 
 * utterance ' of the text is a corruption) is a French phrase of arms. A 
 challenge or combat a Pontrance was the term used when the combatants 
 engaged with an intention to destroy each other, in opposition to trials of skill 
 at festivals or on other occasions, where the contest was only for reputation 
 or a prize." 
 
52 SHAKESPEARE. [act hi. 
 
 That it was he in the times past which held you 
 
 So under fortune, which you thought had been 
 
 Our innocent self. This I made good to you 
 
 In our last conference, pass'd in probation with you,i 
 
 How you were borne in hand,- how cross'd, the instruments, 
 
 Who wrought with them, and all things else that might 
 
 To half a soul and to a notion craz'd 
 
 Say, '' Thus did Banquo." 
 
 Fii'st Murderer, You made it known to us. 
 
 Macbeth. I did so, and went further, which is now 
 Our point of second meeting. Do you find 
 Your patience so predominant in your nature 
 That you can let this go ? Are you so gospePd ^ 
 To pray for this good man and for his issue. 
 Whose heavy hand hath bow'd you to the grave 
 And beggar' d yours forever ? 
 
 First Mii7^de7^er. We are men, my liege. 
 
 Macbeth. Ay, in the catalogue ye go for men ; 
 As hounds and greyhounds, mongrels, spaniels, curs, 
 Shoughs,^ water rugs, and demi-wolves are clept ^ 
 All by the name of dogs : the valued file ^ 
 Distinguishes the swift, the slow, the subtle, 
 The housekeeper, the hunter, every one 
 According to the gift which bounteous nature 
 Hath in him clos'd, whereby he does receive 
 Particular addition, from the bill 
 That writes them all alike : and so of men. 
 Now, if you have a station in the file, 
 
 1 ** Pass'd," etc., i.e., in which it was proved to you in detail. 
 
 2 ** Borne in hand," i.e., beguiled by flattering promises. 
 
 3 See Matt. v. 44. 
 
 4 " Shough " is a dog with rough, shaggy hair. The word is sometimes 
 written, and always pronounced, *' shock." 
 
 5 Called. 
 
 6 '* Valued file," i.e., a list in which names and qualities are specifically 
 designated. 
 
SCENE I.] MACBETH. 53 
 
 Not i' the worst rank of manhood, say't ; 
 And I will put that business in your bosoms, 
 Whose execution takes your enemy off, 
 Grapples you to the heart and love of us. 
 Who wear our health but sickly in his life, 
 Which in his death were perfect. 
 
 Second Murderer. I am one, my liege. 
 
 Whom the vile blows and buffets of the world 
 Have so incens'd that I am reckless what 
 I do to spite the world. 
 
 First Murderer, And I another 
 
 So weary with disasters, tugg'd with fortune, 
 That I would set my life on any chance, 
 To mend it, or be rid on't. 
 
 Macbeth. Both of you 
 
 Know Banquo was your enemy. 
 
 Both Murderers. True, my lord. 
 
 Macbeth. So is he mine ; and in such bloody distance,"^ 
 That every minute of his being thrusts 
 Against my near'st of life : and though I could 
 With barefac'd power sweep him from my sight 
 And bid my will avouch it,^ yet I must not, 
 For^ certain friends that are both his and mine, 
 Whose loves I may not drop, but wail his fall 
 Whom I myself struck down ; and thence it is, 
 That I to your assistance do make love. 
 Masking the business from the common eye 
 For sundry weighty reasons. 
 
 Seco7id Murderer. We shall, my lord. 
 
 Perform what you command us. 
 
 First Murderer. Though our lives — 
 
 1 Variance. 
 
 2 '' With barefac'd power," etc., i.e., with arbitrary power destroy him, 
 and justify the act by my will. 
 
 3 On account of. 
 
54 SHAKESPEARE, U-J iii. 
 
 Macbeth, Your spirits shine through )^ou. Within this ijur at 
 most 
 I will advise you where to plant yourselves ; 
 Acquaint you with the perfect spy o' the time,i 
 The moment on't ; for't must be clone to-night, 
 And something - from the palace ; always thought 
 That I require a clearness:^ and with him — 
 To leave no rubs^ nor botches in the work — 
 Fleance his son, that keeps him compan}^, 
 Whose absence is no less material to me 
 Than is his father's, must embrace the fate 
 Of that dark hour. Resolve yourselves apart : 
 I'll come to you anon. 
 
 Both Murderers. W^e are resolv'd, my lord. 
 
 Macbeth. I'll call upon you straight:^ abide within. 
 
 \Exeiint Murderers. 
 It is concluded. Banquo, thy soul's flight, 
 If it find heaven, must find it out to-night. \Exit. 
 
 Scene II. The Palace. 
 Enter Lady Macbeth and a Servant. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. Is Banquo gone from court ? 
 
 Servant. Ay, madam, but returns again to-night. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. Say to the king, I would attend his leisure 
 For a few words. 
 
 Servant. Madam, I will. [Exit. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. Naught's had, all's spent, 
 
 Where our desire is got without content : 
 'Tis safer to be that which we destroy 
 Than by destruction dwell in doubtful joy. 
 
 1 ** The perfect spy," etc., i.e., the exact time when you may expect him, 
 
 2 Somewhat. 
 
 ^ " Always thought," etc., i.e., remembering always that I am not to be 
 implicated in the matter. 
 
 4 Hindrances. 5 Immediately. 
 
SCENE II.] MACBETH, 55 
 
 Enter Macbeth. 
 
 How now, my lord ! why do you keep alone, 
 
 Of sorriest fancies your companions making, 
 
 Using those thoughts which should indeed have died 
 
 With them they think on ? Things without all remedy 
 
 Should be without regard : what's done is done. 
 
 Macbeth. We have scotch'd ^ the snake, not kill'd it : 
 She'll close and be herself, whilst our poor malice 
 Remains in danger of her former tooth. 
 But let the frame of things disjoint, both the worlds suffer, 
 Ere we will eat our meal in fear, and sleep 
 In the affliction of these terrible dreams 
 That shake us nightly : better be with the dead. 
 Whom we, to gain our peace, have sent to peace. 
 Than on the torture of the mind to lie 
 In restless ecstasy.^ Duncan is in his grave ; 
 After hfe's fitful fever he sleeps well; 
 Treason has done his ^ worst : nor steel, nor poison. 
 Malice domestic, foreign levy, nothing. 
 Can touch him further. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. Come on ; 
 
 Gentle my lord, sleek o'er your rugged looks ; 
 Be bright and jovial among your guests to-night. 
 
 Macbeth. So shall I, love ; and so, I pray, be you : 
 Let your remembrance apply to Ban quo ; 
 Present him eminence,^ both with eye and tongue: 
 Unsafe the while, that we 
 
 Must lave our honors in these flattering streams. 
 And make our faces vizards ^ to our hearts. 
 Disguising what they are. 
 
 1 Wounded ; gashed. 
 
 2 ** Ecstasy" is used by Shakespeare for any violent emotion, as anger, 
 sorrow, etc. 3 j^s, 
 
 * '* Present him eminence," i.e., do him all honor. 
 s Masks. 
 
56 SHAKESPEARE. [act hi. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. You must leave this. 
 
 Macbeth. O, full of scorpions is my mind, dear wife ! 
 Thou know'st that Banquo, and his Fleance, lives. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. But in them nature's copy's 1 not eterne.^ 
 
 Macbeth. There's comfort yet ; they are assailable ; 
 Then be thou jocund. Ere the bat hath flown 
 His cloister'd flight, ere to black Hecate's summons 
 The shard-borne beetle with his drowsy hums 
 Hath rung night's yawning peal, there shall be done 
 A deed of dreadful note. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. What's to be done ? 
 
 Macbeth. Be innocent of the knowledge, dearest chuck, 
 Till thou applaud the deed. — Come, seeling night, 
 Scarf up the tender eye ^ of pitiful day, 
 And with thy bloody and invisible hand 
 Cancel and tear to pieces that great bond ^ 
 Which keeps me pale ! — Light thickens ; and the crow 
 Makes wing to the rooky wood :^ 
 Good things of day begin to droop and drowse ; 
 Whiles ^ night's black agents to their preys do rouse. 
 Thou marvel'st at my words ; but hold thee still : 
 Things bad begun make strong themselves by ilk 
 So, prithee, go with me. \Exeunt. 
 
 Scene III. A Park near the Palace. 
 
 E^tter three Murderers. 
 
 First Murderer. But who did bid thee join with us ? 
 
 Third Murderer. Macbeth. 
 
 Second Murderer. He needs not our mistrust,'^ since he delivers 
 
 1 ^'Nature's copy," i.e., the 'Miuman form divine; " man, the image of 
 his Maker. 2 Eternal. 
 
 3 '' Seeling night," etc., i.e., obscuring night blindfolds the tender eye. 
 
 4 " That great bond," i.e., Banquo's life. 
 
 o " Rooky wood," i.e., wood thronged with rooks. 6 While. 
 
 '^ " He needs not our mistrust," i.e., we need have no suspicion of him. 
 
scKNE III.] MAGBETH. 57 
 
 Our offices and what we have to do 
 To the direction just. 
 
 First Murderer. Then stand with us. 
 
 The west yet glimmers with some streaks of day : 
 Now spurs the lated traveler apace 
 To gain the timely inn ; and near approaches 
 The subject of our watch. 
 
 Third Mu7'derer, Hark ! I hear horses. 
 
 Banqito. [ IVit/iin] Give us a light there, ho ! 
 
 Secofid Murderer. Then 'tis he : the rest 
 
 That are within the note of expectation ^ 
 Already are i' the court. 
 
 First Murderer. His horses go about. 
 
 Third Murderer. Almost a mile : but he does usually, 
 So all men do, from hence to the palace gate 
 Make it their walk. 
 
 Second Murderer. A light, a light ! 
 
 Enter Banquo and Fleance, with a torch. 
 
 Third Murderer. 'Tis he. 
 
 First Murderer. Stand to't. 
 
 Banquo. It will be rain to-night. 
 
 First Murderer. Let it come down. 
 
 \They set upon Banquo, 
 
 Banquo. O, treachery ! Fly, good Fleance, fly, fly, fly ! 
 Thou may St revenge. O slave ! \Dies. Fleance escapes. 
 
 Third Murderer. Who did strike out the light ? 
 
 First Murderer. Was't not the way ? 
 
 Third Murderer. There's but one down ; the son is fled. 
 
 Second Murderer. We have lost 
 
 Best half of our affair. 
 
 First Murde7'er. Well, let's away, and say how much is done. 
 
 \Exeunt. 
 
 1 " Note of expectation," i.e., list of those expected at the feast. 
 
58 SHAKES'PEARE. [act hi. 
 
 Scene IV. The Same, Hall in the Palace, 
 
 A banquet prepared. Enter Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, Ross, Lennox, 
 Lords, and Attendants. 
 
 Macbeth. You know your own degrees ; sit down : at first 
 And last ^ the hearty welcome. 
 
 Lords. Thanks to your majesty. 
 
 Macbeth. Ourself will mingle with society, 
 And play the humble host. 
 Our hostess keeps her state, ^ but in best time 
 We will require her welcome. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. Pronounce it for me, sir, to all our friends ; 
 For my heart speaks they are welcome. 
 
 First Murderer appears at the door. 
 
 Macbeth. See, they encounter thee with their hearts' thanks. 
 Both sides are even : here I'll sit i' the midst. 
 Be large in mirth ; anon we'll drink a measure 
 The table round. \Approaching the door.] There's blood upon 
 thy face. 
 
 Murderer. 'Tis Banquo's, then. 
 
 Macbeth. 'Tis better thee without than he within. 
 Is he dispatch'd ? 
 
 Murde/rr. My lord, his throat is cut ; that I did for him. 
 
 Macbeth. Thou art the best o' the cut- throats ; yet he's good 
 That did the Hke for Fleance : if thou didst it, 
 Thou art the nonpareil.^ 
 
 Mwderer. Most royal sir, 
 
 Fleance is 'scaped. 
 
 Macbeth. Then comes my fit again : I had else been perfect, 
 Whole as the marble, founded as the rock, 
 As broad and general as the casing ^ air ; 
 
 1 ** At first and last," i.e., to first and last ; to one and all. 
 
 2 " Keeps her state," i.e., keeps her chair or seat of state. 
 
 3 Unequaled. ■* Surrounding. 
 
SCENE IV.] MACBETH. 59 
 
 But now I am cabin'd, cribb'd, confin'd, bound in 
 To saucy doubts and fear. But Banquo's safe ? 
 
 Murderer. Ay, my good lord ; safe in a ditch he bides, 
 With twenty trenched gashes on his head, 
 The least a death to nature. 
 
 Macbeth. Thanks for that : 
 
 There the grown serpent hes ; the worm that's fled 
 Hath nature that in time will venom breed. 
 No teeth for the present. Get thee gone ; to-morrow 
 We'll hear ourselves again. ^ \Exit Murderer, 
 
 Lady Macbeth. My royal lord, 
 
 You do not give the cheer ;2 the feast is sold 
 That is not often vouch' d, while 'tis a-making, 
 'Tis given with welcome : to feed were best at home ; 
 From thence the sauce to meat is ceremony ; 
 Meeting were bare without it. 
 
 Macbeth. Sweet remembrancer ! 
 
 Now, good digestion wait on appetite, 
 And health on both ! 
 
 Leiinox. May't please your highness sit. 
 
 \The Ghost of Banqiio enters^ and sits in Macbeth^ s place. 
 
 Macbeth. Here had we now our country's honor roof'd, 
 Were the grac'd person of our Banquo present ; 
 Who may I rather challenge for unkindness 
 Than pity for mischance ! 
 
 Ross. His absence, sir. 
 
 Lays blame upon his promise. Please't your highness 
 To grace us with your royal company. 
 
 Macbeth. The table's full. 
 
 Lennox. Here is a place reserv'd, sir. 
 
 Macbeth. Where? 
 
 Len7iox. Here, my good lord. What is't that moves your 
 highness ? 
 
 Macbeth, Which of you have done this ? 
 
 1 ** We'll hear," etc., i.e., we'll talk together again. 2 Welcome. 
 
6o SHAKESPEARE. [act hi. 
 
 Lords, What, my good lord ? 
 
 Macbeth. Thou canst not say I did it : never shake 
 Thy gory locks at me. 
 
 Ross. Gentlemen, rise : his highness is not well. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. Sit, worthy friends : my lord is often thus, 
 And hath been from his youth : pray you, keep seat ; 
 The fit is momentary ; upon a thought 
 He will again be well. If much you note him, 
 You shall offend him and extend his passion : 
 Feed, and regard him not. — Are you a man ? 
 
 Macbeth, Ay, and a bold one, that dare look on that 
 Which might appal the devil. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. O proper stuff ! 
 
 This is the very painting of 3^our fear : 
 This is the air-drawn dagger which, you said, 
 Led you to Duncan. O, these flaws and starts, 
 Impostors to true fear,^ would well become 
 A woman's story at a winter's fire, 
 Autho^riz'd by her grandam. Shame itself ! 
 Why do you make such faces ? When all's done. 
 You look but on a stool. 
 
 Macbeth. Prithee, see there ! behold ! look ! lo ! how say 
 you? — 
 Why, what care I ? If thou canst nod, speak too. 
 If charnel houses and our graves must send 
 Those that we bury back, our monuments 
 Shall be the maws of kites. [ Ghost vajiishes. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. What ! quite unmann'd in folly ? 
 
 Macbeth. If I stand here, I saw him. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. Fie, for shame ! 
 
 Macbeth. Blood hath been shed ere now, i' the olden time, 
 Ere human statute purg'd the gentle weal ; ^ 
 
 1 '* To true fear," i.e., when compared with true fear. 
 
 2 *' Ere human statute," etc., i.e., hefore human statute purified the com- 
 monwealth and civilized it, made it gentle. 
 
SCENE IV.] MACBETH, 6i 
 
 Ay, and since too, murders have been perform'd 
 Too terrible for the ear : the time has been. 
 That, when the brains were out, the man would die, 
 And there an end ; but now they rise again. 
 With twenty mortal murders ^ on their crowns. 
 And push us from our stools. This is more strange 
 Than such a murder is. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. My worthy lord. 
 
 Your noble friends do lack you. 
 
 Macbeth. I do forget. — 
 
 Do not muse ^ at me, my most worthy friends ; 
 I have a strange infirmity, which is nothing 
 To those that know me. Come, love and health to all ; 
 Then I'll sit down. — Give me some wine; fill full. 
 I drink to the general joy o' the whole table, 
 And to our dear friend Banquo, whom we miss ; 
 Would he were here ! to all, and him, we thirst, 
 And all to all.^ 
 
 Lords. Our duties, and the pledge. 
 
 Reenter Ghost. 
 
 Macbeth. A vaunt ! and. quit my sight ! let the earth hide thee ! 
 Thy bones are marrowless, thy blood is cold ; 
 Thou hast no speculation ^ in those e)res 
 Which thou dost glare with ! 
 
 Lady Macbeth. Think of this, good peers, 
 
 But as a thing of custom : 'tis no other ; 
 Only it spoils the pleasure of the time. 
 
 Macbeth. What man dare, I dare : 
 Approach thou like the rugged Russian bear, 
 
 1 ** Mortal murders," i.e., fatal wounds. '^ Wonder. 
 
 3 ** To all," etc., i.e., we drink to him and to all, with all best wishes 
 to all. 
 
 ^ " Speculation," i.e., as Dr. Johnson notes, " the intelligence which is 
 perceived in the eye of the living man." 
 
62 SHAKESPEARE. [act hi. 
 
 The arm'd rhinoceros/ or the Hyrcan ^ tiger ; 
 
 Take any shape but that, and my firm nerves 
 
 Shall never tremble : or be alive again, 
 
 And dare me to the desert with thy sword ; 
 
 If trembling I inhabit^ then, protest^ me 
 
 The baby of a girl.^ Hence, horrible shadow ! 
 
 Unreal mockery, hence ! [Ghost vanishes. 
 
 Why, so : being gone, 
 I am a man again. — Pray you, sit still. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. You have displac'd the mirth, broke the good 
 meeting, 
 With most admir'd disorder.^ 
 
 Macbeth. Can such things be, 
 
 And overcome us Hke a summer's cloud, 
 Without our special wonder ? You make me strange 
 Even to the disposition that I owe,"^ 
 When now I think you can behold such sights, 
 And keep the natural ruby of your cheeks, 
 When mine is blanch'd with fear. 
 
 J^oss. What sights, my lord ? 
 
 Lady Macbeth. I pray you, speak not ; he grows worse and 
 worse ; 
 Question enrages him. At once, good night : 
 Stand not upon the order of your going, 
 But go at once. 
 
 1 ** Arm'd rhinoceros," i.e., armored with his thick hide as with a coat of 
 mail. 
 
 2 Hyrcania was the name given by the ancients to a part of Asia of uncer- 
 tain extent, its northern boundary being the Caspian or Hyrcanian Sea. 
 
 3 Stay at home ; keep under roof. 
 
 4 Call. 
 
 5 '' Baby of a girl," i.e., a girl's doll. 
 
 ^ *' Admir'd disorder," i.e., disorder to be wondered at. 
 "^ '' You make me strange," etc., i.e., you make me a stranger even to my 
 own feelings, unable to comprehend the motive of my fear. 
 
scEx\E IV.] MACBETH. 63 
 
 Lennox, Good night ; and better health 
 
 Attend his majesty ! 
 
 Lady Macbeth, A kind good night to all ! 
 
 \Exeunt all but Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, 
 
 Macbeth. It will have blood ; they say blood v^ill have 
 blood : 
 Stones have been known to move,^ and trees to speak ; 
 Augurs and understood relations have 
 By magot-pies and choughs and rooks ^ brought forth 
 The secret'st man of blood. — What is the night ? 
 
 Lady Macbeth. Almost at odds with morning, which is which. 
 
 Macbeth. How say'st thou,^ that Macduff denies his person 
 At our great bidding ? 
 
 Lady Macbeth, Did you send to him, sir .? 
 
 Macbeth, I hear it by the way ; but I will send : 
 There's not a one of them but in his house 
 I keep a servant fee'd. I will to-morrow, 
 And betimes I will, to the weird sisters: 
 More shall they speak ; for now I am bent to know, 
 By the worst means, the worst. For mine own good, 
 All causes shall give way : I am in blood 
 Stepp'd in so far that, should I wade no more. 
 Returning were as tedious as go o'er. 
 Strange things I have in head, that will to hand ; 
 Which must be acted ere they may be scann'd.^ 
 
 1 '' Stones have been known to move." Furness (Variorum Shakespeare, 
 vol. ii. p. 183) quotes from Notes and Queries, Nov. b, 1869: ** May not 
 the allusion be to the rocking-stones or * stones of judgment,' by which it was 
 thought the Druids tested the guilt or innocence of accused persons? At a 
 slight touch of the innocent, such a stone moved ; but * the secret man of 
 blood' found that his best strength could not stir it." 
 
 2 Magot-pies and choughs and rooks are all cunning birds, frequently 
 household pets, that may be taught to articulate more or less distinctly. That 
 such birds have been the means of disclosing secrets is well known. 
 
 3 '' How say'st thou.'* " i.e., what do you say to this? 
 * Closely examined. 
 
64 SHAKESPEARE. [act hi. 
 
 Lady Macbeth, You lack the season of all natures,^ sleep. 
 
 Macbeth, Come, we'll to sleep. My strange and self-abuse 2 
 Is the initiate fear that wants hard use : 
 We are yet but young in deed. [Exeimt. 
 
 Scene V. A Heath, 
 Thunder. Enter the three Witches, ineeting Hecate. 
 
 Fij'st Witch, Why, how now, Hecate ! you look angerly. 
 
 Hecate. Have I not reason, beldams as you are, 
 Saucy and overbold ? How did you dare 
 To trade and traffic with Macbeth 
 In riddles and affairs of death ; 
 And I, the mistress of your charms. 
 The close ^ contriver of all harms. 
 Was never call'd to bear my part. 
 Or show the glory of our art ? 
 And, which is worse, all you have done 
 Hath been but for a wayward son. 
 Spiteful and wrathful, who, as others do, 
 Loves for his own ends, not for you. 
 But make amends now : get you gone. 
 And at the pit of Acheron ^ 
 Meet me i' the morning : thither he 
 Will come to know his destiny ; 
 
 1 *' The season of all natures," i.e., that which keeps all natures fresh; 
 preserves them. 
 
 2 ^' My strange and self-abuse," i.e., my strange self-delusion. 
 
 3 Secret. 
 
 * A river celebrated in antiquity, from its supposed communication with 
 the realms of Pluto. Homer called it, from its dead appearance, one of the 
 rivers of the Lower World ; and the fable has been adopted by succeeding 
 poets. Shakespeare, as Steevens remarks, " seems to have thought it allowa- 
 ble to bestow the name of Acheron on any fountain, lake, or pit through 
 which there was vulgarly supposed to be a communication between this and 
 the infernal world." 
 
SCENE VI.] MACBETH, 65 
 
 Your vessels and your spells provide, 
 
 Your charms and everything beside. 
 
 I am for the air; this night I'll spend 
 
 Unto a dismal and a fatal end : 
 
 Great business must be wrought ere noon. 
 
 Upon the corner of the moon 
 
 There hangs a vaporous drop profound ; 
 
 I'll catch it ere it come to ground : 
 
 And that distill'd by magic sleights ^ 
 
 Shall raise such artificial sprites ^ 
 
 As by the strength of their illusion 
 
 Shall draw him on to his confusion : 
 
 He shall spurn fate, scorn death, and bear 
 
 His hopes 'bove w^isdom, grace, and fear : 
 
 And you all know, security^ 
 
 Is mortals' chiefest enemy. 
 
 \Music and a song within : " Come away, come away," etc. 
 Hark ! I am call'd ; my little spirit, see, 
 
 Sits in a foggy cloud, and stays for me. \Exit, 
 
 First Witch, Come, let's make haste ; she'll soon be back 
 
 again. [Exeunt, 
 
 Scene VI. Forres. The Palace, 
 
 Enter Lennox and another Lord. 
 
 Lennox, My former speeches have but hit your thoughts, 
 Which can interpret further : only, I say. 
 Things have been strangely borne. The gracious Duncan 
 Was pitied of Macbeth : marry,'^ he was dead ; 
 And the right-valiant Banquo walk'd too late ; 
 
 1 Contrivances. 
 
 2 ** Artificial sprites," i.e., spirits made, or made to appear, by artificial 
 means. 
 
 3 Carelessness. 
 
 * *' Marry:" this exclamation, or petty oath, is a corruption of "Virgin 
 Mary." 
 
 5 
 
66 SHAKESPEARE. [act hi. 
 
 Whom, you may say, if't please you, Fleance kill'd, 
 
 For Fleance fled : men must not walk too late. 
 
 Who cannot want the thought how monstrous 
 
 It was for Malcolm and for Donalbain 
 
 To kill their gracious father ? damned fact ! 
 
 How it did grieve Macbeth ! did he not straight 
 
 In pious rage the two dehnquents tear, 
 
 That were the slaves of drink and thralls of sleep ? 
 
 Was not that nobly done ? Ay, and wisely too ; 
 
 For 'twould have anger'd any heart alive 
 
 To hear the men deny't. So that, I say, 
 
 He has borne all things well : and I do think 
 
 That had he Duncan's sons under his key — 
 
 As, an't please Heaven, he shall not — they should find 
 
 What 'twere to kill a father ; so should Fleance. 
 
 But, peace ! for from broad words, ^ and 'cause he fail'd 
 
 His presence at the tyrant's feast, I hear 
 
 Macduff lives in disgrace. Sir, can you tell 
 
 Where he bestows himself ? 
 
 Lord. The son of Duncan, 
 
 From whom this tyrant holds the due of birth. 
 Lives in the Enghsh court, and is receiv'd 
 Of the most pious Edward ^^ with such grace 
 That the malevolence of fortune nothing 
 Takes from his high respect. Thither Macduff 
 Is gone to pray the holy king, upon his aid,^ 
 To wake Northumberland and warlike Siward ; 
 That, by the help of these, with Him above 
 To ratify the work, we may again 
 Give to our tables meat, sleep to our nights, 
 Free from our feasts and banquets bloody knives, 
 Do faithful homage, and receive free honors ; 
 
 1 ** From broad words," i.e., in consequence of free speech. 
 
 2 Edward the Confessor (see Note 3, p. 82). 
 
 3 *' Upon his aid," i.e., to his aid. 
 
SCENE I.] MACBETH. 67 
 
 All which we pine for now. And this report 
 Hath so exasperate ^ the king, that he 
 Prepares for some attempt of war. 
 
 Lennox. Sent he to Macduff ? 
 
 Lord. He did ; and with an absolute '' Sir, not I," 
 The cloudy messenger turns me ^ his back. 
 And luims, as who should say, '' You'll rue the time 
 That clogs me with this answer." 
 
 Lennox. And that well might 
 
 Advise him to a caution, to hold what distance 
 His wisdom can provide. Some holy angel 
 Fly to the court of England and unfold 
 His message ere he come, that a swift blessing 
 May soon return to this our suffering country 
 Under a hand accurs'd ! 
 
 Lord, I'll send my prayers with him. 
 
 [Exeunt. 
 
 ACT IV. 
 Scene I. A Cavern. Ln the Middle a Boiling Caldron. 
 
 Thunder. Enter the three Witches. 
 
 First Witch. Thrice the brinded ^ cat hath mew'd. 
 
 Second Witch. Thrice and once the hedgepig whin'd. 
 
 Third Witch. Harpier cries, " 'Tis time, 'tis time." 
 
 First Witch. Round about the caldron go ; 
 In the poison'd entrails throw. 
 Toad, that under the cold stone 
 Days and nights has thirty-one 
 
 1 Exasperated. 
 
 2 The **me** is redundant, introduced to enliven the speech. There 
 are many instances of this use of the word in Shakespeare. 
 
 3 Brindled. 
 
6S> SHAKESPEARE, [act iv. 
 
 Swelter'd venom sleeping got, 
 Boil thou first i' the charmed pot. 
 
 All, Double, double toil and trouble ; 
 Fire burn, and caldron bubble. 
 
 Second Witch, Fillet of a fenny snake, 
 In the caldron boil and bake ; 
 Eye of newt ^ and toe of frog, 
 Wool of bat and tongue of dog, 
 Adder's fork ^ and blindworm's sting, 
 Lizard's leg and howlet's ^ wing. 
 For a charm of powerful trouble, 
 Like a hellbroth boil and bubble. 
 
 All, Double, double toil and trouble ; 
 Fire burn, and caldron bubble. 
 
 Third Witch. Scale of dragon, tooth of wolf, 
 Witches' mummy,'* maw and gulf ^ 
 Of the ravin'd salt-sea shark, 
 Root of hemlock digg'd i' the dark. 
 Liver of blaspheming Jew, 
 Gall of goat, and sHps of yew 
 Sliver'd in the moon's eclipse. 
 Nose of Turk and Tartar's lips, 
 Finger of birth-strangled babe 
 Ditch-deliver'd by a drab, 
 Make the gruel thick and slab : 
 Add thereto a tiger's chawdron,^ 
 For the ingredients of our caldron. 
 
 ^ A kind of lizard. 2 Forked tongue. 3 Owlet's. 
 
 4 Nares (as quoted by Furness) notes that Egyptian mummy, or what 
 passed for it, was formerly used as a medicine ; and Sir Thomas Browne, 
 as noted by Dyce, remarks "' that the Egyptian mummies which Cambyses 
 or time had spared, avarice now consumeth ; Mummie has become merchan- 
 dise, Mizraim cures wounds, and Pharaoh is sold for balsams." But 
 the same writer adds, that a large business was done in the manufacturing 
 of mummies from dead carcasses, and giving them the names of kings. 
 
 5 Gullet. 6 Entrails. 
 
SCENE I.] MACBETH, 69 
 
 AIL Double, double toil and trouble ; 
 Fire burn, and caldron bubble. 
 
 Second Witch, Cool it with a bab'oon's blood, 
 Then the charm is firm and good. 
 
 Enter Hecate to the other three Witches. 
 
 Hecate, O, well done ! I commend your pains ; 
 And every one shall share i' the gains : 
 And now about the caldron sing, 
 Like elves and fairies in a ring. 
 Enchanting all that you put in. 
 
 \Music and a song : " Black spirits," etc. Hecate rethrs. 
 Second Witch, By the pricking of my thumbs, 
 Something wicked this way comes. ^ 
 Open, locks. 
 Whoever knocks ! 
 
 Enter Macbeth. 
 
 Macbeth, How now, you secret, black, and midnight hags ! 
 What is't you do ? 
 
 All, A deed without a name. 
 
 Macbeth, I con' jure you, by that which you profess, 
 Howe'er you come to know it, answer me : 
 Though you untie the winds and let them fight 
 Against the churches ; though the yesty waves 
 Confound and swallow navigation- up; 
 Though bladed corn be lodg'd ^ and trees blown down ; 
 Though castles topple on their warders' heads ; 
 Though palaces and pyramids do slope 
 Their heads to their foundations ; though the treasure 
 
 1 Steevens remarks, "It is a very ancient superstition, that all sudden 
 pains of the body which could not naturally be accounted for were presages 
 of somewhat that was shortly to happen." 
 
 2 The vessels of navigation ; ships. 3 Laid. 
 
70 SHAKESPEARE. [act I v. 
 
 Of nature's germens ^ tumble altogether, 
 Even till destruction sicken ; answer me 
 To what I ask you. 
 
 First Witch. Speak. 
 
 Seco7id Witch, Demand. 
 
 Third Witch. We'll answer. 
 
 First Witch. Say if thou'dst rather hear it from our mouths, 
 Or from our masters' ? 
 
 Macbeth, Call 'em ; let me see 'em. 
 
 First Witch. Pour in sow's blood, that hath eaten 
 Her nine farrow:^ grease that's sweaten 
 From the murderer's gibbet throw 
 Into the flame. 
 
 All, Come, high or low ; 
 
 Thyself and office deftly show ! 
 
 Thunder. Eirst Apparition : an armed Head, 
 
 Macbeth. Tell me, thou unknown power,— 
 
 First Witch. He knows thy thought : 
 
 Hear his speech, but say thou naught. 
 
 First Apparition. Macbeth ! Macbeth ! Macbeth ! beware 
 Macduff ; 
 Beware the Thane of Fife. Dismiss me. Enough. 
 
 \Descends, 
 
 Macbeth, Whate'er thou art, for thy good caution, thanks ; 
 Thou hast harp'd my fear aright : ^ but one word more, — 
 
 First Witch. He will not be commanded : here's another, 
 More potent than the first. 
 
 Thunder. Second Apparition : a bloody Child. 
 
 Second Apparition. Macbeth ! Macbeth ! Macbeth ! 
 Macbeth, Had I three ears I'd hear thee. 
 
 1 Fruitful, germinating seeds. 2 Litter. 
 
 S " Harp'd my fear aright," i.e., struck the chord or keynote of my fear. 
 
SCENE I.] MACBETH, 71 
 
 Second Apparition. Be bloody, bold, and resolute; laugh to 
 scorn 
 The power of man, for none of woman born 
 Shall harm Macbeth. \Descends, 
 
 Macbeth, Then live, Macduff : what need I fear of thee ? 
 But yet I'll make assurance double sure, 
 And take a bond of fate : thou shalt not live ; 
 That I may tell pale-hearted fear it lies. 
 And sleep in spite of thunder. 
 
 Thunder, Third Apparition : a Child crowned, with a tree in his hand. 
 
 What is this 
 That rises like the issue of a king, 
 And wears upon his baby brow the round 
 And top of sovereignty ? 
 
 All, Listen, but speak not to't. 
 
 Third Apparition, Be lion-mettled, proud ; and take no care 
 Who chafes, who frets, or where conspirers are : 
 Macbeth shall never vanquish'd be until 
 Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsin'ane Hill 
 Shall come against him. [Descends, 
 
 Macbeth. That will never be : 
 
 Who can impress the forest, bid the tree 
 Unfix his earth-bound root ? Sweet bodements ! ^ good ! 
 Rebellion's head rise never till the wood 
 Of Birnam rise, and our high-plac'd Macbeth 
 Shall live the lease of nature, pay his breath 
 To time and mortal custom. Yet my heart 
 Throbs to know one thing : tell me, if your art 
 Can tell so much, shall Banquo's issue ever 
 Reign in this kingdom ? 
 
 All. Seek to know no more. 
 
 Macbeth, I will be satisfied : deny me this 
 
 1 Presages. 
 
72 SHAKESPEARE. [act iv. 
 
 And an eternal curse fall on you ! Let me know. 
 Why sinks that caldron ? and what noise is this ? 
 
 \Hautboys, 
 
 First Witch. Show ! 
 
 Second Witch, Show ! 
 
 Third Witch, Show ! 
 
 AIL Show his eyes, and grieve his heart ; 
 Come like shadows, so depart ! 
 
 A show of eight Kings, the last zvith a glass in his hand ; Banquo's Ghost 
 
 folloiviiig, 
 
 Macbeth, Thou art too like the spirit of Banquo ; down ! 
 Thy crown does sear mine eyeballs. And thy hair, 
 Thou other gold-bound brow, is hke the first. 
 A third is like the former. Filthy hags ! 
 Why do you show me this ? A fourth ! Start, eyes ! 
 What ! will the line stretch out to the crack of doom ? 
 Another yet ! A seventh ! I'll see no more : 
 And yet the eighth appears, who bears a glass 
 Which shows me many more ; and some I see 
 That twofold balls ^ and treble scepters carry : 
 Horrible sight ! Now, I see, 'tis true ; 
 For the blood-bolter'd ^ Banquo smiles upon me, 
 And points at them for his. \Apparitioiis vanish^ What, is 
 this so ? 
 
 First Witch. Ay, sir, all this is so : but why 
 Stands Macbeth thus amazedly ? 
 Come, sisters, cheer we up his sprights,^ 
 And show the best of our delights : 
 I'll charm the air to give a sound. 
 While you perform your antic round ; 
 
 1 The ball carried by kings was an emblem of sovereignty, '* and the 
 twofold balls refer to the double coronation of James I. at Scone and at 
 Westminster." 
 
 2 Blood-clotted. 3 Spirits. 
 
SCENE I.] MACBETH. 73 
 
 That this great king may kindly say, 
 Our duties did his welcome pay. 
 
 \Music. The Witches da^ice, and then vanish^ with Hecate. 
 Macbeth. Where are they ? Gone ? Let this pernicious hour 
 Stand aye accursed in the calendar ! — 
 Come in, without there ! 
 
 Efiter Lennox. 
 
 Lei^iox. What's your grace's will ? 
 
 Macbeth. Saw you the weird sisters ? 
 
 Lennox. No, my lord. 
 
 Macbeth. Came they not by you ? 
 
 Lennox. No indeed, my lord. 
 
 Macbeth. Infected be the air whereon they ride. 
 And damn'd all those that trust them ! — I did hear 
 The galloping of horse : who was't came by ? 
 
 Len7iox. 'Tis two or three, my lord, that bring you word 
 Macduff is fled to England. 
 
 Macbeth. Fled to England ! 
 
 Lennox. Ay, my good lord. 
 
 Macbeth. [Aside] Time, thou anticipat'st ^ my dread exploits : 
 The flighty purpose never is o'ertook 
 Unless the deed go with it. From this moment 
 The very firstlings of my heart shall be 
 The firstlings of my hand. And even now. 
 To crown my thoughts with acts, be it thought and done : 
 The castle of Macduff I will surprise ; 
 Seize upon Fife ; give to the edge o' the sword 
 His wife, his babes, and all unfortunate souls 
 That trace him in his hne. No boasting like a fool ; 
 This deed Ell do before this purpose cool. 
 But no more sights ! ^ — Where are these gentlemen ? 
 Come, bring me where they. are. [Exeunt. 
 
 1 Preventest. 
 
 2 " No more sights " like the " horrible sight " he has just bcheUl. 
 
74 SHAKESPEARE, [act iv. 
 
 Scene II. Fife. Macdiiff^s Castle, 
 
 Enter Lady Macduff, her Son, and Ross. 
 
 Lady Macduff. What hath he done, to make him fly the land ? 
 
 Ross. You must have patience, madam. 
 
 Lady Macduff. He had none : 
 
 His flight was madness. When our actions do not, 
 Our fears do make us traitors. ^ 
 
 Ross. You know not 
 
 Whether it was his wisdom or his fear. 
 
 Lady Macduff. Wisdom ! to leave his wife, to leave his babes, 
 His mansion and his titles, in a place 
 From whence himself does fly ? He loves us not ; 
 He wants the natural touch : i for the poor wren, 
 The most diminutive of birds, will fight. 
 Her young ones in her nest, against the owl. 
 All is the fear and nothing is the love ; 
 As httle is the wisdom, where the flight 
 So runs against all reason. 
 
 Ross. My dearest coz, 
 
 I pray you, school yourself : but for your husband, 
 He is noble, wise, judicious, and best knows 
 The fits o' the season. 2 I dare not speak much further ; 
 But cruel are the times, when we are traitors 
 And do not know ourselves ; ^ when we hold rumor 
 From what we fear, yet know not w^hat we fear, 
 But float upon a wild and violent sea 
 Each way and move.^ I take my leave of you : 
 Shall not be long but I'll be here again. 
 
 1 Affection. 
 
 2 " The fits o' the season," i.e., that which befits the season. 
 
 3 " We are traitors," etc., i.e., we are unconscious of guilt, yet held to be 
 traitors. 
 
 * ''But float," etc., i.e., but float and move each way, hither and thither, 
 upon a wild and violent sea. 
 
SCENE IT.] MACBETH, 75 
 
 Things at the worst will cease, or else climb upward 
 To what they were before. My pretty cousin, 
 Blessing upon you ! 
 
 Lady Macduff. Father'd he is, and yet he's fatherless. 
 
 Ross, I am so much a fool, should I stay longer, 
 It would be my disgrace and your discomfort : 
 I take my leave at once. \Exit, 
 
 Lady Macduff, Sirrah, your father's dead: 
 
 And what will you do now ? How will you live ? 
 
 Son, As birds do, mother. 
 
 Lady Macduff, What, with worms and flies ? 
 
 Son, With what I get, I mean ; and so do they. 
 
 Lady Macduff. Poor bird ! thou'dst never fear the net nor 
 lime,i 
 The pitfall nor the gin.^ 
 
 Son. Why should I, mother ? Poor birds they are not set for. 
 My father is not dead, for all your saying. 
 
 Lady Macduff. Yes, he is dead : how wilt thou do for a father ? 
 
 Soft, Nay, how will you do for a husband ? 
 
 Lady Macduff, Why, I can buy me twenty at any market. 
 
 Son. Then you'll buy 'em to sell again. 
 
 Lady Macduff. Thou speak'st with all thy wit ; and yet, i' faith, 
 W^ith wit enough for thee. 
 
 Son. Was my father a traitor, mother ? 
 
 Lady Macduff. Ay, that he was. 
 
 So7i. What is a traitor ? 
 
 Lady Macduff. Why, one that swears and lies. 
 
 Son. And be all traitors that do so ? 
 
 Lady Macduff. *Every one that does so is a traitor, and must 
 be hang'd. 
 
 Son. And must they all be hang'd that swear and lie ? 
 
 1 Birdlime, a viscous substance with which the edges of birds' nests and 
 the tree branches near them were smeared, and by which the birds were 
 insnared. 
 
 2 Trap. 
 
76 SHAKESPEARE. [act iv. 
 
 Lady Macduff, Every one. 
 
 Son, Who must hang them ? 
 
 Lady Macdiff. Why, the honest men. 
 
 So7i, Then the Hars and swearers are fools, for there are liars 
 and swearers enow ^ to beat the honest men and hang up them. 
 
 Lady Macduff. Now, God help thee, poor monkey ! But how 
 wilt thou do for a father ? 
 
 Son. If he were dead, you'd weep for him : if you would not, 
 it were a good sign that I should quickly have a new father. 
 
 Lady Macdiff. Poor prattler, how thou talk'st ! 
 
 Enter a Messenger. 
 
 Messenger. Bless you, fair dame ! I am not to you known, 
 Though in your state of honor I am perfect. 
 I doubt some danger does approach you nearly : 
 If you will take a homely '-^ man's advice. 
 Be not found here ; hence, with your little ones. 
 To fright you thus, methinks, I am too savage ; 
 To do worse to you were fell cruelty, 
 Which is too nigh your person. Heaven preserve you ! 
 I dare abide no longer. \Exit, 
 
 Lady Macdiff. Whither should I fly ? 
 
 I have done no harm. But I remember now 
 I am in this earthly world, where to do harm 
 Is often laudable, to do good sometime 
 Accounted dangerous folly; why, then, alas! 
 Do I put up that womanly defense, 
 To say I have done no harm ? 
 
 Enter Murderers. 
 
 What are these faces ? 
 First Murderer. Where is your husband ? 
 Lady Macduff. I hope in no place so unsanctified 
 Where such as thou mayst find him. 
 
 1 Enough. 2 Plain. 
 
SCENE III.] MACBETH, 77 
 
 First Murderer. He's a traitor. 
 
 So7i, Thou liest, thou shag-hair'd ^ villain ! 
 First Murderer, What, you ^gg ! 
 
 [Stabbing him. 
 Young fry of treachery ! 
 
 Son, He has kill'd me, mother : 
 
 Run away, I pray you ! [Dies, 
 
 [Exit Lady Macduff, crying *' Murder ! " 
 Exeunt Murderers^ following her. 
 
 Scene HI. Engla^id, Before the King's Pala»e, 
 Enter Malcolm and Macduff. 
 
 Malcolm, Let us seek out some desolate shade, and there 
 Weep our sad bosoms empty. 
 
 Macduff, Let us rather 
 
 Hold fast the mortal sword, and like good men 
 Bestride our downfall'n birthdom;^ each new morn 
 New widows howl, new orphans cry, new sorrows 
 Strike heaven on the face, that it resounds 
 As if it felt with Scotland and yell'd out 
 Like syllable of dolor.^ 
 
 Malcolm, What I believe I'll wail; 
 
 What know, believe ; and what I can redress, 
 As I shall find the time to friend,^ I will. 
 What you have spoke, it may be so perchance. 
 This tyrant, whose sole name ^ blisters our tongues, 
 Was once thought honest : you have lov'd him well ; 
 He hath not touch'd you yet. I am young ; but something 
 You may deserve of him through me, and wisdom 
 
 1 Rough ; coarse-haired. 
 
 2 ** Our downfall'n birthdom," i.e., our downfallen country. 
 
 3 *' Like syllable of dolor," i.e., similar cry of grief. 
 
 4 " The time to friend," i.e., the time convenient. 
 
 5 ** Whose sole name," i.e., the mere naming of whom. 
 
78 SHAKESPEARE, [act iv. 
 
 To offer up a weak, poor, innocent lamb 
 To appease an angry god. 
 
 Macdiiff. I am not treacherous. 
 
 Malcolm. But Macbeth is. 
 
 A good and virtuous nature may recoil ^ 
 In an imperial charge. But I shall crave your pardon ; 
 That which you are my thoughts cannot transpose : 
 Angels are bright still, though the brightest fell : 
 Though all things foul would wear the brows of grace. 
 Yet grace must still look so.^ 
 
 Macduff. I have lost my hopes. 
 
 Malcolm. Perchance even there where I did find my doubts. 
 Why in that rawness ^ left you wife and child, 
 Those precious motives, those strong knots of love, 
 AVithout leave-taking ? I pray you. 
 Let not my jealousies be your dishonors. 
 But mine own safeties. You may be rightly just. 
 Whatever I shall think. 
 
 Macduff. Bleed, bleed, poor country ! 
 
 Great tyranny, lay thou thy basis sure. 
 For goodness dare not check thee : wear thou thy wrongs ; 
 The title is affeer'd ! ^ Fare thee well, lord : 
 I would not be the villain that thou think'st 
 For the whole space that's in the tyrant's grasp, 
 And the rich East to boot. 
 
 Malcolm. Be not offended : 
 
 I speak not as in absolute fear of you. 
 I think our country sinks beneath the yoke ; 
 It weeps, it bleeds ; and each new day a gash 
 Is added to her wounds : I think withal 
 There would be hands uplifted in my right ; 
 And here from gracious England have I offer 
 
 1 Give way. 
 
 2 " Grace must still look so," i.e., grace must still look like herself. 
 
 3 Unprotected condition. 4 Confirmed. 
 
SCENE III.] MACBETH. 79 
 
 Of goodly thousands ; but, for all this, 
 When I shall tread upon the tyrant's head, 
 Or wear it on my sword, yet my poor country 
 Shall have more vices than it had before, 
 More suffer and more sundry ways than ever,^ 
 By him that shall succeed. 
 
 Macduff. What should he be ? 
 
 Malcolm. It is myself I mean ; in whom I know 
 All the particulars of vice so grafted 
 That, when they shall be open'd,^ black Macbeth 
 Will seem as pure as snow, and the poor state 
 Esteem him as a lamb, being compared 
 With my confineless '^ harms. 
 
 Macduff. Not in the legions 
 
 Of horrid tiell can come a devil more damn'd 
 In evils to top Macbeth. 
 
 Malcolm. I grant him bloody, 
 
 Luxurious, avaricious, false, deceitful, 
 Sudden, malicious, smacking of every sin 
 That has a name ; but there's no bottom, none, 
 In my voluptuousness. Better Macbeth 
 Than such an one to reign. 
 
 Macduff. Boundless intemperance 
 
 In nature is a tyranny ; it hath been 
 The untimely emptying of the happy throne 
 And fall of many kings. But fear not yet 
 To take upon you what is yours : you may 
 Convey your pleasures in a spacious plenty, 
 And yet seem cold. 
 
 Malcolm. With this there grows 
 
 In my most ill-compos'd affection such 
 A stanchless^ avarice that, were I king, 
 
 1 '* More suffer," etc., i.e., suffer more and in more various ways than 
 ever. 2 Blossom, like grafted buds. 
 
 3 Unconfined ; boundless. 4 Ever-flowing; unceasing. 
 
8o SHAKESPEARE. [act iv, 
 
 I should cut off the nobles for their lands, 
 Desire his jewels and this other's house ;i 
 And my more-having would be as a sauce 
 To make me hunger more', that I should forge 
 Quarrels unjust against the good and loyal, 
 Destroying them for wealth. 
 
 Macduff. This avarice 
 
 Sticks deeper, grows with more pernicious root 
 Than summer-seeming lust, and it hath been 
 The sword of our slain kings : yet do not fear ; 
 Scotland hath foisons^ to fill up your will, 
 Of your mere own : all these are portable,^ 
 With other graces weigh'd. 
 
 Malcolm. But I have none : the king-becoming graces. 
 As justice, verity, temperance, stableness. 
 Bounty, persev'erance, mercy, lowliness, 
 Devotion, patience, courage, fortitude, 
 I have no relish of them, but abound 
 In the division of each several crime, 
 Acting it many ways. Nay, had I power, I should 
 Pour the sweet milk of concord into hell. 
 Uproar"^ the universal peace, confound 
 All unity on earth. 
 
 Macduff. O Scotland, Scotland ! 
 
 Malcolm. If such a one be fit to govern, speak : 
 I am as I have spoken. 
 
 Macduff. Fit to govern ! 
 
 No, not to live. O nation miserable, 
 With an untitled tyrant bloody-scepter'd, 
 When shalt thou see thy wholesome days again. 
 Since that the truest issue of thy throne 
 
 1 " His jewels and this other's house," i.e., this man's jewels, that man's 
 house. 
 
 ^ Abundance. 3 Bearable. 
 
 4 Put in an uproar or confusion. 
 
SCENE III.] MACBETH. 8i 
 
 By his own interdiction ^ stands accurs'd, 
 
 And does blaspheme his breed ? Thy royal father 
 
 Was a most sainted king : the queen that bore thee, 
 
 Oftener upon her knees than on her feet, 
 
 Died every day she lived. '-^ Fare thee well ! 
 
 These evils thou repeat'st upon thyself 
 
 Have banish'd me from Scotland. O my breast. 
 
 Thy hope ends here ! 
 
 Malcolm, Macduff, this noble passion, 
 
 Child of integrity, hath from my soul 
 Wip'd the black scruples, reconcil'd my thoughts 
 To thy good truth and honor. Devihsh Macbeth 
 By many of these trains ^ hath sought to win me 
 Into his power, and modest wisdom plucks me 
 From overcredulous haste : but God above 
 Deal between thee and me ! for even now 
 I put myself to thy direction, and 
 Unspeak mine own detraction, here abjure 
 The taints and blames I laid upon myself. 
 For strangers to my nature. I am yet 
 Unknown to woman, never was forsworn. 
 Scarcely have coveted what was mine own, 
 At no time broke my faith, would not betray 
 The devil to his fellow, and delight 
 No less in truth than life : my first false speaking 
 Was this upon myself. What I am truly. 
 Is thine and my poor country's to command ; 
 Whither indeed, before thy here-approach. 
 Old Si ward, with ten thousand warHke men, 
 Already at a point,^ was setting forth. 
 
 1 Confession. 
 
 2 " Died every day she lived," i.e., mortified herself daily. *' I die daily " 
 (i Cor. XV. 31). 
 
 3 Seductive wiles ; lures. 
 
 * " Already at a point," i.e., fully prepared. 
 6 
 
82 SHAKESPEARE. [act iv. 
 
 Now we'll together ; and the chance of goodness 
 
 Be like our warranted quarrel ! ^ Why are you silent ? 
 
 Macduff. Such welcome and unwelcome things at once 
 'Tis hard to reconcile. 
 
 Enter a Doctor. 
 
 Malcolm. Well, more anon. — Comes the king forth, I pray 
 you ? 
 
 Doctor. Ay, sir ; there are a crew of wretched souls 
 That stay his cure : their malady convinces 
 The great assay of art \^ but at his touch. 
 Such sanctity hath Heaven given his hand, 
 They presently amend. 
 
 Malcolm. I thank you, doctor. \Exit Doctor. 
 
 Macduff. W^hat's the disease he means ? 
 
 Malcolm. 'Tis call'd the evil: ^ 
 
 A most miraculous work in this good king, 
 Which often, since my here-remain in England, 
 I have seen him do. How he solicits Heaven, 
 Himself best knoAvs ; but strangely-visited people, 
 
 1 ** Chance of goodness," etc., i.e., the chance of success be as assured as 
 the justice of our cause. 
 
 2 *' Their malady convinces," etc., i.e., their disease overcomes all the art 
 of the most skillful physicians. 
 
 3 ** 'Tis call'd the evil," i.e., the king's evil, scrofula. The name of 
 ** king's evil " was applied to this affliction in consequence of an old belief that 
 scrofulous tumors could be cured by royal touch. Old historians record that 
 multitudes of patients were submitted to this treatment from the days of Ed- 
 ward the Confessor to the reign of Queen Anne. In the English Cyclopedia, 
 under the head of ** Scrofula," a note from Carte's History of England is cited 
 to the effect that " the Jacobites considered that this power did not descend 
 to Mary, William, or Anne, as they did not reign by divine right." The 
 practice of presenting the patient with a coin was not introduced till the time 
 of Henry VII. In the reign of Charles II. a medal specially designed for 
 the purpose was given. Dr. Samuel Johnson, in 171 2, when a child, was 
 touched by Queen Anne, and was probably among the last to receive the 
 treatment. The prayer for the ceremony, which appears in the Liturgy of 
 the Church of England as late as 1719, has been silently omitted. 
 
SCENE III.] MACBETH, ' ^2) 
 
 All swoln and ulcerous, pitiful to the eye, 
 
 The mere despair of surgery, he cures, 
 
 Hanging a golden stamp about their necks, 
 
 Put on with holy prayers ; and 'tis spoken. 
 
 To the succeeding royalty he leaves 
 
 The healing benediction. With this strange virtue 
 
 He hath a heavenly gift of prophecy, 
 
 And sundry blessings hang about his throne. 
 
 That speak him full of grace. 
 
 Enter Ross. 
 
 Macduff, See, who comes here ? 
 
 Malcolm. My countryman ; but yet I know him not. 
 
 Macduff. My ever-gentle cousin, welcome hither. 
 
 Malcohn. I know him now. Good God, betimes remove 
 The means that makes us strangers ! 
 
 jRoss. Sir, amen. 
 
 Macdtff. Stands Scotland where it did ? 
 
 Ross. Alas, poor country ! 
 
 Almost afraid to know itself. It cannot 
 Be call'd our mother, but our grave ; where nothing, 
 But who knows nothing, is once seen to smile ; 
 Where sighs and groans and shrieks that rend the air 
 Are made, not mark'd ; where violent sorrow seems 
 A modern ecstasy : ^ the .dead man's knell 
 Is there scarce ask'd for who ; 2 and good men's hves 
 Expire before the flowers in their caps, 
 Dying or ere they sicken. 
 
 Macdtff. O, relation 
 
 Too nice, and yet too true ! ^ 
 
 Malcohn. What's the newest grief ? 
 
 Ross. That of an hour's age doth hiss the speaker : 
 Each minute teems ^ a new one. 
 
 1 " A modern ecstasy," i.e., an ordinary grief. 2 Whom. 
 
 3 *' O, relation," etc., i.e., the narrative, though worded with too much 
 art, is yet, alas, too true. 4 Gives birth to. 
 
84 SHAKESPEARE. [act iv. 
 
 Macduff. How does my wife ? 
 
 J^oss. Why, well. 
 
 Macduff, And all my children ? 
 
 J^oss. Well too. 
 
 Macduff, The tyrant has not batter'd at their peace ? 
 
 Ross, No ; they were well at peace when I did leave 'em. 
 
 Macdiff. Be not a niggard of yom* speech : how goes' t ? 
 
 Ross. When I came hither to transport the tidings. 
 Which I have heavily borne, there ran a rumor 
 Of many worth}'- fellows that were out ; ^ 
 Which was to my belief witness'd the rather, 
 For that - I saw the tyrant's power ^ afoot. 
 Now is the time of help ; your eye in Scotland 
 Would create soldiers, make our women fight, 
 To doff -^ their dire distresses. 
 
 Malcolm, Be't their comfort 
 
 We are coming thither : gracious England hath 
 Lent us good Siward and ten thousand men ; 
 An older and a better soldier none 
 That Christendom gives out. 
 
 Ross. Would I could answer 
 
 This comfort with the like ! But I have words 
 That would be howl'd out in the desert air. 
 Where hearing should not latch ^ them. 
 
 Macdiff. What concern they ? 
 
 The general cause ? or is it a fee-grief ^ 
 Due to some single breast ? 
 
 Ross, No mind that's honest 
 
 But in it shares some woe ; though the main part 
 Pertains to you alone. 
 
 Macdiff. If it be mine, 
 
 Keep it not from me, quickly let me have it. 
 
 1 Out in armed rebellion. 2 '* For that," i.e., because. 
 
 3 Army. 4 Do off ; to be freed from. 5 Catch. 
 
 6 A personal grief of which one is the sole possessor, has it in fee. 
 
SCENE III.] MACBETH. 85 
 
 Ross, Let not your ears despise my tongue forever, 
 Which shall possess them with the heaviest sound 
 That ever yet they heard. 
 
 Macduff, Hum ! I guess at it. 
 
 Ross, Your castle is surpris'd ; your wife and babes 
 Savagely slaughter'd : to relate the manner, 
 Were, on the quarry ^ of these murder'd deer, 
 To add the death of you. 
 
 Malcolm. Merciful Heaven ! 
 
 What, man ! ne'er pull your hat upon your brows ; 
 Give sorrow words : the grief that does not speak 
 Whispers the o'erfraught heart, and bids it break. 
 
 Macduff, My children too ? 
 
 Ross, Wife, children, servants, all 
 
 That could be found. 
 
 Macduff. And I must be from thence ! 
 
 My wife kill'd too ? 
 
 Ross, I have said. 
 
 Malcolm, Be comforted : 
 
 Let's make us med'cines of our great revenge. 
 To cure this deadly grief. 
 
 Macduff, He has no children. All my pretty ones ? 
 Did you say all ? O hell-kite ! All ? 
 What, all my pretty chickens and their dam 
 At one fell swoop ? 
 
 Malcolm. Dispute ^ it like a man. 
 
 Macduff. I shall do so ; 
 
 But I must also feel it as a man : 
 I cannot but remember such things were. 
 That were most precious to me. Did Heaven look on, 
 And would not take their part ? Sinful Macduff, 
 They were all struck for thee ! naught ^ that I am. 
 Not for their own demerits, but for mine. 
 Fell slaughter on their souls. Heaven rest them now ! 
 
 1 ** A heap of slaughtered game." 2 Contend with. 3 Vile thing. 
 
86 SHAKESPEARE, [act v. 
 
 Malcolm. Be this the whetstone of your sword : let grief 
 Convert to anger ; blunt not the heart, enrage it. 
 
 Macduff, O, I could play the woman with mine eyes, 
 And braggart with my tongue ! But, gentle heavens. 
 Cut short all intermission ; ^ front to front 
 Bring thou this fiend of Scotland and myself ; 
 Within my sword's length set him ; if he 'scape. 
 Heaven forgive him too ! 
 
 Malcohn. This tune goes manly. 
 
 Come, go we to the king ; our power is ready ; 
 Our lack is nothing but our leave. 2 Macbeth 
 Is ripe for shaking, and the powers above 
 Put on their instruments.^ Receive what cheer you may : 
 The night is long that never finds the day. \Exeunt, 
 
 ACT V. 
 
 Scene I. Dunsinane, Anteroom in the Castle. 
 Enter a Doctor of Physic and a Waiting Gentlewoman. 
 
 Doctor. I have two nights watch'd with you, but can perceive 
 no truth in your report. When was it she last walk'd ? 
 
 Gentlewoman. Since his majesty went into the field, I have 
 seen her rise from her bed, throw her nightgown upon her, un- 
 lock her closet, take forth paper, fold it, write upon't, read it, 
 afterwards seal it, and again return to bed ; yet all this while in 
 a most fast sleep. 
 
 Doctor. A great perturbation in nature, to receive at once the 
 benefit of sleep, and do the effects of watching ! In this slum- 
 bery^ agitation, besides her walking and other actual perform- 
 ances, what, at any time, have you heard her say ? 
 
 1 Interruption ; delay. 
 
 2 "Our lack," etc., i.e., there is nothing lacking now but to take leave. 
 
 3 '^ Powers," etc., i.e., powers above instigate men to the work. 
 
 4 Slumberous. 
 
SCENE I.] MACBETH. 87 
 
 Ge7ttlewo77ian, That, sir, which I will not report after her. 
 Doctor, You may to me : and 'tis most meet you should. 
 Gentlewo77ian. Neither to you nor any one ; having no witness 
 to confirm my speech. 
 
 Enter Lady Macbeth, with a taper. 
 
 Lo you, here she comes ! This is her very guise ;^ and, upon 
 my life, fast asleep. Observe her ; stand close. ^ 
 
 Doctor. How came she by that light ? 
 
 Ge7itlewo7?ia7i. Why, it stood by her: she has light by her 
 continually ; 'tis her command. 
 
 Doctor. You see, her eyes are open. 
 
 Ge7itlewo77ia7i. Ay, but their sense is shut. 
 
 Doctor. What is it she does now ? Look how she rubs her hands. 
 
 Ge7itlewo77ia7i. It is an accustom'd action with her, to seem thus 
 washing her hancls : I have known her continue in this a quarter 
 of an hour. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. Yet here's a spot. 
 
 Doctor. Hark ! she speaks : I will set down what comes from 
 her, to satisfy my remembrance the more strongly. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. Out, damned spot ! out, I say ! — One: two: 
 why, then 'tis time to do't. — Hell is murky ! — Fie, my lord, fie ! 
 a soldier, and afeard ? What need we fear who knows it, when 
 none can call our power to account? — Yet who would have 
 thought the old man to have had so much blood in him! 
 
 Doctor. Do you mark that ? 
 
 Lady Macbeth. The Thane of Fife had a wife : where is she 
 now? — What, will these hands ne'er be clean ? — No more o' 
 that, my lord, no more o' that : you mar all with this starting. 
 
 Doctor. Go to, go to ; ^ you have known what you should not. 
 
 1 '* Very guise," i.e., the dress and manner in which she always appears 
 on these occasions. 2 Quiet. 
 
 3 "Go to," an exclamation of horror and astonishment here. The 
 phrase is used in various senses by Shakespeare, — as an expression of en- 
 couragement, of reproach, of contempt, etc. 
 
88 SHAKESPEARE. [act v. 
 
 Gentlewoman, She has spoke what she should not; I am sure 
 of that : Heaven knows what she has known. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. Here's the smell of the blood still : all the per- 
 fumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. Oh, oh, oh ! 
 
 Doctor. What a sigh is there ! The heart is sorely charg'd. 
 
 Gentlewoman, I would not have such a heart in my bosom for 
 the dignity of the whole body.i 
 
 Doctor, Well, well, well, — 
 
 Gentlewo77ian, Pray God it be, sir. 
 
 Doctor, This disease is beyond my practice : yet I have known 
 those which have walk'd in their sleep who have died hohly in 
 their beds. 
 
 Lady Macbeth. Wash your hands, put on your nightgown ; 
 look not so pale. — I tell you yet again, Banquo's buried; he 
 cannot come out on's grave. 
 
 Doctor. Even so ? * 
 
 Lady Macbeth, To bed, to bed ! there's knocking at the gate : 
 come, come, come, come, give me your hand. What's done can- 
 not be undone. — To bed, to bed, to bed ! \Exit. 
 
 Doctor, Will she go now to bed ? 
 
 Gentlewo7nan, Directly.^ 
 
 Doctor. Foul whisperings are abroad : unnatural deeds 
 Do breed unnatural troubles : infected minds 
 To their deaf pillows will discharge their secrets : 
 More needs she the divine than the physician. 
 God, God forgive us all ! Look after her ; 
 Remove from her the means of all annoyance, 
 And still keep eyes upon her. So, good night : 
 My mind she has mated,^ and amazed my sight. 
 I think, but dare not speak. 
 
 Gentlewoma?i. Good night, good doctor. [Exeunt, 
 
 1 '' Heart," etc., i.e., such a heart in my bosom for all the rank and 
 honors of her state. 
 
 2 At once. 3 Confounded. 
 
SCENE II.] MACBETH. 89 
 
 Scene II. The Cowitry near Dimsinane, 
 
 Dru7n and colors. Enter Menteith, Caithness, Angus, Lennox, and 
 
 Soldiers. 
 
 Menteith, The English power is near, led on by Malcolm, 
 His uncle Siward, and the good Macduff. 
 Revenges burn in them ; for their dear causes 
 Would to the bleeding and the grim alarm 
 Excite the mortified man.^ 
 
 Angus. Near Birnam Wood 
 
 Shall we well meet them; that way are they coming. 
 
 Caithness. Who knows if Donalbain be with his brother ? 
 
 Lennox. For certain, sir, he is not : I have a file 
 Of all the gentry : there is Siward's son. 
 And many unrough ^ youths that even now 
 Protest ^ their first of manhood. 
 
 Menteith. What does the tyrant ? 
 
 Caithness. Great Dunsinane he strongly fortifies : 
 Some say he's mad ; others that lesser hate him 
 Do call it valiant fury : but, for certain, 
 He cannot buckle his distemper'd cause 
 Within the belt of rule.* 
 
 Angus. Now does he feel 
 
 His secret murders sticking on his hands ; 
 Now minutely ^ revolts upbraid his faith-breach ; 
 Those he commands move only in command, 
 Nothing in love : now does he feel his title 
 Hang loose about him, hke a giant's robe 
 Upon a dwarfish thief. 
 
 Mejiteith. Wlio then shall blame 
 
 His pester'd ^ senses to recoil and start, 
 
 1 " Mortified man," i.e., an ascetic; a man dead to worldly affairs. 
 
 2 Unbearded. 3 Testify to. 
 
 4 " He cannot," etc., i.e., he cannot bind his disaffected party to his sway. 
 
 5 Constantly occurring. ^ Perplexed. 
 
90 SHAKESPEARE. [act v. 
 
 When all that is within him does condemn 
 Itself for being there ? 
 
 Caitlmess, Well, march we on, 
 
 To g\M^ obedience where 'tis truly ow'd : 
 Meet we the medicine of the sickly weal, 
 And with him pour we in our country's purge 
 Each drop of us.^ 
 
 Lennox. Or so much as it needs. 
 
 To dew the sovereign flower and drown the weeds. 
 Make we our march towards Birnam. [^Exeimt, marching. 
 
 Scene III. Dims inane. A Room in the Castle. 
 Enter Macbeth, Doctor, and Attendants. 
 
 Macbeth. Brifig me no more reports ; let them fly all : 
 Till Birnam W^ood remove to Dunsinane, 
 I cannot taint with fear. What's the boy Malcolm ? 
 Was he not born of woman ? The spirits that know 
 All mortal consequences have pronounc'd 2 me thus : 
 '' Fear not, Macbeth ; no man that's born of woman 
 Shall e'er have power upon thee." Then fly, false thanes, 
 And mingle with the English epicures : 
 The mind I sway by ^ and the heart I bear 
 Shall never sag with doubt nor shake with fear. 
 
 Enter a Servant. 
 
 The devil damn thee black, thou cream-fac'd loon ! 
 Where got'st thou that goose look ? 
 
 Servant. There is ten thousand — 
 
 Macbeth. Geese, villain ? 
 
 Servant. Soldiers, sir. 
 
 Macbeth. Go prick thy face, and over-red thy fear, 
 
 1 '' Meet we," etc., i.e., let us join the physician (Malcohn), and with 
 him, to cleanse the sickly commonwealth, shed our blood to the last drop. 
 
 2 Declared to. 3 «• Sway by," i.e., am governed by. 
 
SCENE III.] MACBETH. 91 
 
 Thou lily-liver'd ^ boy. What soldiers, patch ? 2 
 Death of thy soul ! those linen cheeks of thine 
 Are counselors to fear. What soldiers, whey-face ? 
 
 Serva7it. The English force, so please you. 
 
 Macbeth. Take thy face hence. [Exit Servant. 
 
 Seyton ! — I am sick at heart, 
 
 When I behold — Seyton, I say ! — this push^ 
 
 Will chair me ever, or disseat me now. 
 
 I have liv'd long enough : my way of hfe 
 
 Is fall'n into the sear, the yellow leaf ; 
 
 And that which should accompany old age. 
 
 As honor, love, obedience, troops of friends, 
 
 I must not look to have; but, in their stead, 
 
 Curses, not loud but deep, mouth-honor, breath, 
 
 Which the poor heart would fain deny, and dare not. 
 
 Seyton ! 
 
 Enter Seyton. 
 
 Seyton. What is your gracious pleasure ? 
 
 Macbeth. What news more ? 
 
 Seyton. All is confirm'd, my lord, which was reported. 
 
 Macbeth. I'll fight till from my bones my flesh be hack'd. 
 Give me my armor. 
 
 Seyton. 'Tis not needed yet. 
 
 Macbeth. I'll put it on. 
 Send out more horses ; skirr ^ the country round ; 
 Hang those that talk of fear. Give me mine armor. 
 How does your patient, doctor ? 
 
 Doctor. Not so sick, my lord. 
 
 As she is troubled with thick-coming fancies, 
 That keep her from her rest. 
 
 Macbeth. Cure her of that. 
 
 Canst thou not minister to a mind diseas'd, 
 
 1 Cowardly. Formerly the liver was regarded as the seat of the passions 
 and emotions generally. 
 
 2 Stupid fool. 3 Onset. 4 Scour. 
 
92 SHAKESPEARE. [act v. 
 
 Pluck from the memory a rooted sorrow, 
 Raze out the written troubles of the brain 
 And with some sweet oblivious antidote 
 Cleanse the stulf'd bosom of that perilous stuff 
 Which weighs upon the heart ? 
 
 Doctor, Therein the patient 
 
 Must minister to himself. 
 
 Macbeth. Throw physic to the dogs ; I'll none of it. — 
 Come, put mine armor on; give me my staff. ^ — 
 Seyton, send out. — Doctor, the thanes fly from me. — 
 Come, sir, dispatch.'^ — If thou couldst, doctor, cast 
 The water of my land, find her disease, 
 And purge it to a sound and pristine health, 
 I would applaud thee to the very echo, 
 That should applaud again. — Pull't off, I say.^ — 
 What rhubarb, senna, or what purgative drug. 
 Would scour these English hence ? Hear'st thou of them ? 
 
 Doctor, Ay, my good lord ; your royal preparation 
 Makes us hear something. 
 
 Macbeth. Bring it after me. — 
 
 I will not be afraid of death and bane, 
 Till Birnam Forest come to Dunsinane. 
 
 Doctor. [Aside] Were I from Dunsinane away and clear. 
 Profit again should hardly draw me here. \Exeunt. 
 
 Scene IV. Country near Biimam Wood, 
 
 Drum and colon's. Enter Malcolm, old Siward and his Son, Macduff, 
 Menteith, Caithness, Angus, Lennox, Ross, and Soldiers, marching, 
 
 Malcolm. Cousins, I hope the days are near at hand 
 That chambers will be safe. 
 
 1 Lance. 
 
 '^ " Come, sir, dispatch,'.' addressing the attendant who is putting on the 
 armor. 
 
 3 '' Pull't off, I say," i.e., the armor, or some part of it, to which Macbeth 
 refers a few lines below, — '* Bring it after me." 
 
SCENE v.] MACBETH, 93 
 
 Menteith. We doubt it nothing. 
 
 Siward. What wood is this before us ? 
 
 Me?iteith, The wood of Birnam. 
 
 Malcolm. Let every soldier hew him down a bough 
 And bear't before him ; thereby shall we shadow 
 The numbers of our host, and make discovery 
 Err in report of us. 
 
 Soldiers. It shall be done. 
 
 Siward. We learn no other but the confident tyrant 
 Keeps still in Dunsinane, and will endure 
 Our setting down before't.^ 
 
 Malcohn. 'Tis his main hope : 
 
 For where there is advantage to be ta'en, 
 Both more and less have given him the revolt, 
 And none serve with him but constrained things 
 Whose hearts are absent too. 
 
 Macduff. Let our just censures 
 
 Attend the true event, and put we on 
 Lidustrious soldiership. ^ 
 
 Siward. The time approaches 
 
 That will with due decision make us know 
 What we shall say we have and what we owe. 
 Thoughts speculative their unsure hopes relate, 
 But certain issue strokes must arbitrate : 
 Towards which advance the war. [Exeu7ii, marching. 
 
 Scene V. Dunsinane. Within, the Castle. 
 Enter Macbeth, SeytOxX, and Soldiers, with drum and colors. 
 
 Macbeth. Hang out our banners on the outward walls; 
 The cry is still, '' They come ! " Our casde's strength 
 
 1 " Keeps still," etc., i.e., intrenched in his castle of Dunsinane, will 
 stand a siege from us. 
 
 2 " Let our just censures," etc., i.e., let us act the part ul true soldiLi;-, 
 that the event may prove our judgments just. 
 
94 SHAKESPEARE. [act v. 
 
 Will laugh a siege to scorn : here let them lie 
 Till famine and the ague eat them up : 
 Were they not forc'd ^ with those that should be ours, 
 We might have met them dareful, beard to beard, 
 And beat them backward home. \A ay of women within. 
 
 What is that noise ? 
 Seyton. It is the cry of women, my good lord. \Exit, 
 
 Macbeth. I have almost forgot the taste of fears : 
 The time has been, my senses would have cool'd 
 To hear a night-shriek ; and my fell of hair ^ 
 Would at a dismal treatise ^ rouse and stir 
 As life were in't. I have supp'd full with horrors ; 
 Direness, famihar to my slaughterous thoughts, 
 Cannot once start me. 
 
 Rehiter Seyton. 
 
 Wherefore was that cry ? 
 
 Seyton. The queen, my lord, is dead. 
 
 Macbeth. She should have died hereafter ; 
 There w^ould have been a time for such a word. 
 To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow, 
 Creeps in this petty pace from day to day 
 To the last syllable of recorded time, 
 And all our yesterdays have. lighted fools 
 The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle ! 
 Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player 
 That struts and frets his hour upon the stage 
 And then is heard no more : it is a tale 
 Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury. 
 Signifying nothing. 
 
 Enter a Messenger. 
 
 Thou com'st to use thy tongue ; thy story quickly. 
 Messenger. Gracious my. lord, 
 
 1 Reenforced. 2 '' Fell of hair," i.e., scalp widi the hair on it. 
 
 3 ** Dismal treatise," i.e., blood-curdling story. 
 
SCENE VI.] MACBETH, g5 
 
 I should report that which I say I saw, 
 But know not how to do it. 
 
 Macbeth. Well, say, sir. 
 
 Messe7iger, As I did stand my watch upon the hill, 
 I look'd toward Birnam, and anon, methought, 
 The wood began to move. 
 
 Macbeth, Liar and slave ! 
 
 Messe?iger, Let me endure your wrath, if't be not so : 
 Within this three mile may you see it coming ; 
 I say, a moving grove. 
 
 Macbeth, If thou speak'st false, 
 
 Upon the next tree shalt thou hang alive, 
 Till famine cling ^ thee : if thy speech be sooth, 
 I care not if thou dost for me as much. 
 I pall 2 in resolution, and begin 
 To doubt the equivocation of the fiend 
 That lies like truth : ** Fear not till Birnam Wood 
 Do come to Dunsinane : " and now a wood 
 Comes toward Dunsinane. Arm, arm, and out ! 
 If this which he avouches does appear. 
 There is nor flying hence nor tarrying here. 
 I 'gin to be aweary of the sun, 
 
 And wish the estate o' the world were now undone. 
 Ring the alarum bell ! Blow, wind ! come, wrack ! ^ 
 At least we'll die with harness ^ on our back. \Exeunt, 
 
 Scene VI. Dunsinane. Before the Castle. 
 
 Drum and colors. Enter Malcolm, old Siward, Macduff, and their 
 Army, with houghs. 
 
 Malcolm. Now near enough : your leavy screens throw down, 
 And show hke those you are. You, worthy uncle, 
 
 1 Wither, shrivel up, a signification of " cling" which it still has in the 
 north of England. 
 
 2 Lose heart. 3 Ruin. * Armor. 
 
g6 SHAKESPEARE. [act v. 
 
 Shall, with my cousin, your right-noble son, 
 Lead our first battle \^ worthy Macduff and we 
 Shall take upon's what else remains to do. 
 According to our order. 
 
 Siward. Fare you well. 
 
 Do we but find the tyrant's power to-night, 
 Let us be beaten, if we cannot fight. 
 
 Macduff. Make all our trumpets speak ; %\n^ them all breath. 
 Those clamorous harbingers ^ of blood and death. \Exeunt, 
 
 Scene VII. Another Part of the Field. 
 Alaru7?is. Enter Macbeth. 
 
 Macbeth. They have tied me to a stake ; I cannot fly, 
 But, bearlike, I must fight the course.^ What's he 
 That was not born of woman ? Such a one 
 Am I to fear, or none. 
 
 Enter yoicng Si WARD. 
 
 Young Siward. What is thy name ? 
 
 Macbeth. Thou'lt be afraid to hear it. 
 
 Young Siward. No ; though thou call'st thyself a hotter name 
 Than any is in hell. 
 
 Macbeth. My name's Macbeth. 
 
 Young Siward. The devil himself could not pronounce a title 
 More hateful to mine ear. 
 
 Macbeth. No, nor more fearful. 
 
 Young Siward. Thou liest, abhorred tyrant ; with my sword 
 I'll prove the lie thou speak'st. 
 
 \They fight ^ aiid young Siward is slain, 
 
 1 Battalion. 2 Announcers (see Note 4, p. 25). 
 
 3 "They have tied," etc. Bear-baiting was a popular amusement in 
 England in Shakespeare's time. The bear was tied to a stake, and a certain 
 number of doj^s set on him at intervals. Each attack was called a course. 
 
SCENE VIII.] MACBEril. 97 
 
 Macbeth, Thou wast born of woman. 
 
 But swords I smile at, weapons laugh to scorn, 
 Brandish'd by man that's of a woman born. \Exit, 
 
 Alarums. Enter Macduff. 
 
 Macduff. That way the noise is. Tyrant, show thy face ! 
 If thou, be'st slain and with no stroke of mine, 
 My wife and children's ghosts will haunt me still. 
 I cannot strike at wretched kerns,^ whose arms 
 Are hir'd to bear their staves:'-' either thou, Macbeth, 
 Or else my sword with an unbatter'd edge 
 I sheathe again undeeded. There thou shouldst be ; 
 By this great clatter, one of greatest note 
 Seems bruited.^ Let me find him, Fortune ! 
 And more I beg not. \Exit. Alarums. 
 
 Enter MALCOLM and old SlWARD. 
 
 Siward. This way, my lord ; the castle's gently render'd : 
 The tyrant^s people on both sides do fight ; 
 The noble thanes do bravely in the war; 
 The day almost itself professes yours, ^ 
 
 And Httle is to do. 
 
 Malcolm. We have met with foes 
 
 That strike beside us. 
 
 Siward. Enter, sir, the castle. [Exeunt. AlarujJis. 
 
 Scene VIII. Another Part of the Field. 
 Enter MACBETH. 
 
 Macbeth. Why should I play the Roman fool ^ and die 
 On mine own sword ? Whiles I see lives, the gashes 
 Do better upon them. 
 
 1 " Kerns " is used here contemptuously for the common soldiers of Mac. 
 beth's army (see Note 4, p. 14). 
 
 2 Lances. 3 Hailed with great clamor. 
 
 ^ " Roman fool," alluding, probably, to Cato or Marcus Brutus. 
 
 7 
 
gS SHAKESPEARE, [act v. 
 
 Enter Macduff. 
 
 Macduff, Turn, hell-hound, turn ! 
 
 Macbeth. Of all men else I have avoided thee : 
 But get thee back ; my soul is too much charg'd 
 With blood of thine already. 
 
 Macduff. I have no words : " 
 
 My voice is in my sword, thou bloodier villain 
 Than terms can give thee out ! \They fight, 
 
 Macbeth. Thou loses t labor : 
 
 As easy mayst thou the intrenchant ^ air 
 With thy keen sword impress as make me bleed : 
 Let fall thy blade on vulnerable crests ; 
 I bear a charmed life, which must not yield 
 To one of woman born. 
 
 Macduff. Despair thy charm ; 
 
 And let the angel ^ whom thou still hast serv'd 
 Tell thee, Macduff was from his mother's womb 
 Untimely ripp'd. 
 
 Macbeth. Accursed be that tongue that tells me so, 
 For it hath cow^d my better part of man ! 
 And be these juggling fiends no more believed, 
 That palter ^ with us in a double sense ; 
 That keep the word of promise to our ear, 
 And break it to our hope. I'll not fight with thee. 
 
 Macdiff. Then yield thee, coward, 
 And live to be the show and gaze o' the time : 
 We'll have thee, as our rarer monsters are, 
 Painted upon a pole, and underwrit, 
 '' Here may you see the tyrant." 
 
 Macbeth. I will not yield 
 
 To kiss the ground before young Malcolm's feet, 
 
 1 Incapable of receiving a wound. 
 
 2 Demon. It was the belief of the ancients that every man was controlled 
 for good or evil by his attendant genius or demon (see Note 3, p. 50). 
 
 3 Equivocate. 
 
SCEXE VIII.] MACBETH, 99 
 
 And to be baited ^ with the rabble's curse. 
 
 Though Birnam Wood be come to Dunsinane, 
 
 And thou oppos'd, being of no woman born, 
 
 Yet I will try the last. Before my body 
 
 I throw my warlike shield. Lay on, Macduff, 
 
 And damn'd be him that first cries, " Hold, enough 1 " 
 
 [Exeunt, fighting. Alarums, 
 
 Retreat. Flourish. Enter, with drum and colors, Malcolm, old Siward, 
 Ross, the other Thanes, and Soldiers. 
 
 Malcolm. I would the friends we miss were safe arriv'd. 
 
 Siward, Som^e must go off : and yet, by these I see,- 
 So great a day as this is cheaply bought. 
 
 Malcolm. Macduff' is missing, and your noble son. 
 
 Ross. Your son, my lord, has paid a soldier's debt: 
 He only liv'd but till he was a man ; 
 The which no sooner had his prowess confirm'd 
 In the unshrinking station where he fought, 
 But like a man he died. < 
 
 Siward. Then he is dead ? 
 
 Ross. Ay, and brought off the field : your cause of sorrow 
 Must not be measured by his worth, for then 
 It hath no end. 
 
 Siward. Had he his hurts before ? 
 
 Ross. Ay, on the front. 
 
 Siward. Why then, God's soldier be he ! 
 
 Had I as many sons as I have hairs, 
 I would not wish them to a fairer death : 
 And so, his knell is knoll'd. 
 
 Malcolm, He's worth more sorrow, 
 
 And that I'll spend for him. 
 
 1 Snarled at ; worried, as by dogs. 
 
 2 ''Some must," etc., i.e., some must die; and yet, by the full ranks I 
 see around us, etc. 
 
lOO SHAKESPEARE. [act v. 
 
 Siward. He's worth no more: 
 
 They say he parted well, and paid his score : 
 And so, God be with him ! Here comes newer comfort. 
 
 Reenter Macduff, with Macbeth's head, 
 
 Macduff. Hail, King ! for so thou art : behold, where stands 
 The usurper's cursed head : the time is free. 
 I see thee compass'd with thy kingdom's pearl,i 
 That speak my salutation in their minds ; 
 Whose voices I desire aloud with mine : 
 Hail, King of Scotland ! 
 
 All. Hail, King of Scotland ! \Flourish. 
 
 Malcolm. We shall not spend a large expense of time 
 Before we reckon with your several loves, 
 And make us even with you. My thanes and kinsmen, 
 Henceforth be earls, the first that ever Scotland 
 In such an honor nam'd. What's more to do, 
 Which would be planted newly with the time, 
 As calling home our exil'd friends abroad 
 That fled the snares of watchful tyranny ; 
 Producing forth the cruel ministers 
 Of this dead butcher and his fiendlike queen, 
 Who, as 'tis thought, by self and violent hands 
 Took off her life ; this, and what needful else 
 That calls upon us, by the grace of Grace, 
 We will perform in measure, time, and place : 
 So, thinks to all at once and to each one, 
 Whom we invite to see us crown'd at Scone. 
 
 [Flourish, Exeunt. 
 
 1 ** Thy kingdom's pearl," i.e., the nobility of Scotland as a body. 
 
f 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
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 CNOLD'S SOHRAB AND RUSlyjI.,.^ 
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 EMERSON'S THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR 
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 GEORGE ELIOT'S SILAS MARNER. 
 
 IRVING'S SKETCH BOOK (Ten sele:. 
 
 IRVING'S TALES OF A TRAVELER 
 
 MACAULAY'S SECOND ESSAY ON CHATH/\M. 
 
 MACAL'l \r> LSSAY ON MILTON. 
 
 MACAI ] SSAY ON ADDISON. 
 
 MILTON'S L'ALLEGRO, IL PENSEROSO, COML- 
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 SCOTT'S IVANHOE. 
 
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