TEXAS 1$50. BY MELINDA RANKIN, BOSTON: . PRINTED BY DAMRELL & MOORE, No. 16 Devonehire Street. 1860. Entered according to Act of Congress, in tlie year 1850, BY MELINDA RANKIN, In tho Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusei tr. PEEFACE A COMPLETE and correct delineation of Texas is an under- fnl-ing of no small magnitude, and in assuming such a respon- sible task, I am aware that much depends upon its successful prosecution. Motives sufficiently powerful, however, induce me to make the attempt, and embark my enterprise upon the uncertain sea of public opinion. Having spent several months during last year in the older States, the evidence was constantly presented, that a history, illustrating the present condition of Texas would be an impor- tant service in enlightening the public mind alfroad, relative to her true character and condition. It is a fact that Texas is not sufficiently known to give her that importance abroad which her merits demand, and the object of this work is to lift the veil of ignorance which now obscures one of the most interesting and important portions of the United States. Not having any interest in Texas but the desire of benefit- ting it, my representations will, I trust, be impartial, such as will exhibit its merits and demerits, its wants, and the proper adaptation of means to supply those wants, and, if possible, to enlist Christian sympathy and co-operation in aid of evan- gelizing a country which is destined, evidently, to exert an important influence over other contiguous countries. 4 PREFACE. Texas occupies a very important position in regard to the unevangelized portions of our own continent, and on this account, claims more notice from the north and east in be- half of moral enterprise, than has been hitherto extended towards her. A voice has been sounding long and loud in the ears of eastern churcheS; in behalf of the west, ^' the far west," until their sympathy has become concentrated within the valleys of the western rivers. Shall it stop there, and not be extended to other portions of the Union, whose claims are as great, and whose importance is second to none others ? Appeals must be made until they strike the sympathetic chords of New-England philanthropy, and excite to efforts in behalf of this south-western portion of our glorious Union: The resources of New-England are not yet exhausted ; from her armory may yet be drawn spiritual weapons sufficient to supply the moral wants of Texas. Born and reared amidst the high and exalted privileges of New-England, — having breathed the air and inhaled some- what of her philanthropic spirit, I turn vi'h ardent desire, and present an important appeal to my beloved country — ** The land of every land the pride, Beloved by heaven, o'er all the world beside" — The land of gospel privileges and institutions, and which pos- sesses the means that might be rendered pre-eminently in- strumental in blessing our land and world. I fain would reit- erate the call in behalf of Texas. If our New-England friends would disseminate throughout the land the principles of the puritan fathers, they must send PREFACE. b out more, maiiy more, of their numbers, to occupy the wide and destitute fields of the south west. New-England has done much to spread the gospel in other sections of country ; but she owes to Christ, to the church of God, a great deal more, in strengthening the hands and encouraging the hearts of Christians, who are occupying the destitute fields in Texas. She might, without impoverishing herself, send scores of her young ministers to scatter the good seed, in fields which would amply compensate the labor ; and it is evidently her privilege and duty to do so. Knowing as I do the extensive means in her power, I am bold in presenting the claims of Texas. Having identified myself with the interest of this highly interesting State, its wants I justly feel, and in advocating its cause, I am fully aware that the importance of the object justifies mo in the performance of the duty. The growing importance of Texas is a matter of serious con- sideration. It embraces a territory much larger in extent than New England, and with its fertile soil and genial climate it may naturally be inferred that in the course of a few years it will be filled up with a dense population. Whether the blessings of the gospel will accompany all the changes which will evidently take place, is a question of infinite importance. Now is the time for action, the future may be too late. We must all work, and work all together, if we expect moral enterprises will increase and spread, with tlie increasing and spreading population of the State. Gincinnatiy Texas, 1850. CONTENTS. PART FIRST. CHAPTER I. Revolution and Annexation. Subsequent Prosperity. Future Pros- pects. The Basis of Future Prosperity. Texas a Missionary Field p. 13 CHAPTER II. Texas compared with other States. Inducements for the Emigration of the Farmer and Mechanic. Prospect and Encouragement of the Emigrant. Improvements. Natural Scenery. Flowers. Phys- ical Resources. State of Society. Moral Institutions. Prosperi- ty of the Temperance Cause p. 21 CHAPTEE III. Church and School Foundation of Civil and Religious Liberty. Dif- ficulties of sustaining the Christian Religion in the early times of Texas. Its Success and Future Prospects. The Gospel Ministry. An Efficient Ministry. The Necessity of Supporting the Ministry. The Standard of Piety should become more elevated. . p. 31 CHAPTEE ly. Church and School Buildings. Scarcity in Texas. Importance of Early Attention to these Objects. Want of Teachers. Co-opera- tion of the North with the South in advancing the Cause of Edu- cation. Free School System. Importance and Advantage to Texas. Extract from the Governor's Message. . . p. 39 CONTENTS. CHAPTEE V. Progress of the Institutions of Texas. Moral and Religious Insti- tutions must keep pace with other Departments of Improvement. Moral Training of Youth. Education must be Evangelized. Adaptation of the Sabbath School. Its Prosperity and Importance. Necessity of Replenishing the Departments of Christian Enterprise. A Demand for Missionaries. Prospective Influence of Texas over Mexico. Necessity of raising Texas to a high point of Moral Power. The Consequent Efiects upon Mexico. . . p. 49 CHAPTER VI. Newspapers of Texas — opinion in the older States. Literary merit of the periodicals. Their increase. Their influence. Importance of a correct literature to the moral character of a country. Respon- sibilities of Editors. Circulation of religious books. Need of book- sellers. An improvement requisite in school books. . p. 58 CHAPTER Vn. Comparison of the moral interests of Texas with the erection of a building. Necessity of the correspondence of the parts. The minutest causes to be regarded. Population to be made up in part. Dangers of a heterogeneous class of citizens. Difficulties attend- ing the formation of society. Proper means for obviating those difficulties. Necessity of high moral principles. Importance of a concentration of purpose. A model for imitation. Extract, exhib- iting the example of the first settlers of New England. Similar decision and fixed purpose requisite. Indications of Providence in behalf of Texas, encouraging to future efforts. United labors of Christians demanded. p. 64 CHAPTER Vni. The Missionary of Texas. Encouragement under Privations. Pros- pects and Promises which he has to sustain him. Encouragement which the Gospel off'ers for an Increase of Missionaries. Appeals in behalf of Texas. Claims upon the North and East. Duty of Extending Aid in behalf of Moral Enterprise. . . p. 75 PART SECOND. Limits of Texas. Existing Difficulties relative to the True Boundary. Divisions of Texas. Face of the Country. Climate. Health. Mineral Resources. Natural Advantages and Adaptation to the "Wants of man. Eastern Texas. Counties and Shire Towns. Face of the Country. Timber. Streams of Water. Facilities for CONTENTS. Manufacturing Establishments. Emigration and Improvements. Fruits, and Vegetable Productions. Staple Commodities. Stock Raising. Intei-nal Improvements. Natural Advantages. Desti- tution in the Moral Department of Improvement. The Educa- tional and Religious Advantages not adequate to the Demands of the Population. The Increase of Ministers and Teachers not commensurate with the Extensive Emigration. Difficulties at- tending Ministerial Labors. Sectional Feeling. False Systems of Christianity. Necessity of Ministers professing True Bible Wis- dom. Fluctuations in Public Sentiment and Moral Enterprises. The Most Important Element of Success. The Missionaries' Ad- vent into Texas. Common Entrance. Sabine River. Description of Sabine Town. Appearance of Texan Towns to the Stranger. Interesting on account of their Improving Condition. Description of San Augustine, Nacogdoches, Douglass, Crockett. Northern Portion of Eastern Texas. Entrance. Admitting Emigration rapidly. Description of Clarksville, Marshall, Henderson, Rusk, Larissa, Palestine. Importance of a Female Institution of High Order i'n Texas. Trinity Valley. Productive Lands. Naviga- tion of the Trinitv. Mineral Resources of the Trinity Valley. Middle Texas, Counties, Shire Towns. Natural Advantages. Fer- tility of the Soil of the Brasos Valley. Navigation of the River. Improvements which might be made to facilitate the Commercial Interests of Middle Texas. Adaptation of the Soil to the Cultiva- tion of Sugar Cane. Facilities for Manufacturing Establishments. Increase of Population, and Growing Importance. Deficiency in the Means of Education. An Enlarged System of Education de- manded. An Increase of High Moral Principle, commensurate with the Increase of Population. The Standard of Piety of Church Members should become more Elevated. The Harmony and co- operation of the Different Branches of Christ's Church required. Houses for the Worship of God. Observance of the Sabbath. Improvements made in Society during the last three years. Prospects of Continued Improvements. Description of Cmcin- nati. Huntsville. Montgomery. Danville. Anderson. Washing- ton. Independence. Rutersvillc. La Grange. Bastrop. Aus- tin.' Galveston. Houston. Brazoria. San Felipe. Matagorda. Old Caney. Changes which have hitherto taken place in Relation to Towns. More permanency at the present. Sparsely settled portions of Country. Important Missionary Fields. Need of Ministers to collect scattered Church Members and organize Churches. Destitutions in the Old Presbyterian Church. Acces- sion of Ministers during the last year. Appeal to Churches in favored portions of Countries to aid the feeble Churches of Texas. Duty of portions of Churches to Colonize. Necessity of a better Church and more Active and energetic Piety among the Members. Western Texas. Counties, Shire Towns. Extensive Territory yet to be occupied. Variety of Population. Relation of the In- dians. Hostile incursions of Indians during the last year. Im- mediate Measures required for Suppressing Depredations. Im- potance of Western Texas. Navigation of the Rio Grande. Other Rivers susceptible of being rendered Navigable. Fertility of the Prairie Regions. Manufacturing Facilities. Mineral Resources. Natural Curiosities. Cross Timbers. Originof the Old Missions. 10 CONTENTS. Necessity of Protestant Emigration. Prevalence of the Roman Catholic Religion. Immediate Efforts demanded for the Evange- lization of Mexicans on the Rio Grande. Dr. Baker's Report of the Condition and Wants of that interesting portion of Country. The Readiness of the Mexicans to receive the Gospel. Eagerness for Bibles and Tracts. Description of the Upper Rio Grande. Destitution of Ministers and Teachers. Fertility of the Country and Inducements for settlers. Recent Organization of Counties. Appeal for Laborers in behalf of the Rio Grande Valley. Descrip- tion of San Antonio. Gonzales. Seguin. Of the Country situat- ed on the Gaudaloupe River. Influence of the Temperance Cause. School Houses and Churches taking the place of Grog-Shops. Description of New Braunfels. Comal Town. Valley of the Co- mal River. Castroville. Beauty of the Natural Scenery. Indianola. Goliad. Towns on the Rio Grande. Edinborough. New St. Louis. Brownsville. Roma. Rio Grande. Laredo. El Paso. Necessity of re-enforcing the latter towns with strong Protestant Influences, on account of their prospective influence over Mexico. Retrospect of Texas. Her Early History. The Noble Senti- ments of Freedom evinced by the Early Settlers of Texas. The Achievement of their Independence. Foundation for the Prospe- rity which has succeeded. The Immense Improvements. Motives for Emigration. A Field for Interest and Usefulness. A Great Work yet demanded. A Contest waged. Texians called upon, to gird on their Spiritual Armor. An Appeal for Christian Volun- teers to aid in this Holy Warfare p. 81 TEXAS IN 1850 PART FIRST. CHAPTER I. Revolution and Annexation. Subsequent Prosperity. Future Pros- pects. The Basis of Future Prosperity. Texas a Missionary Field. That a correct estimate of a country be formed, some knowledge of its former history is requisite, by which means may be ascertained its progress and the degree of improvement of which it is susceptible. In delineating Texas, we will assume our position at the time of her revolution, which period, in a very important manner, decided her future character and destiny. The Texians, in the achievement of their independence of Mexico, established a republican government, which, with comparatively limited means, was sustained with a good degree of honor. A peace- able condition of affairs succeeded, which was followed by an increase of population, who aided in the prosecu- tion of those objects necessary for the prosperity of this feeble yet energetic republic. The institutions which were founded and supported under the various 14 TEXAS IN 1850. difficulties with which Texas was then involved, spoke much in favor of what might have been done under more favorable circumstances. The rigid school of discipline in which the early settlers of Texas were trained, was favorable in nurtur- ing a firm and persevering spirit, by which they were enabled to encounter and overcome obstacles, which, at this period, were not of an inferior character ; and probably would have discouraged any but those who claimed the privilege of styling themselves Texians. Analogous to the mountain oak, whose roots become firmly fixed by being often exposed to the raging blasts, Texians, by the difficulties they had to encounter, be- came more firmly established in elevated and virtuous principle. After struggling several years under difficulties, resulting from the limited means of a repubhc of such small extent, it was thought expedient for its future interest and prosperity to become annexed to the United States. Accordingly, after the necessary pre- liminary arrangements, Texas was admitted into the Union, and to all the privileges consequent to that alliance. After five years' successful operation, the country's rapid progress has stamped her future prosperity be- yond a matter of uncertainty. An influx of intelligent and enterprising citizens has given such an additional strength that the car of improvement is fast advancing ; and should it continue to be propelled with the acceler- ated velocity which may reasonably be expected, Texas TEXAS IN 1850. 15 is destined to be, ere many years, a State, •whicli, in importance, will be second to none other in the Union. Possessing a climate as mild as far-famed Italy, and a soil favorable to the production of every thing earth can yield, and having a decided advantage over all the other Southern States, in point of health, it cannot fail of attracting to it an immense emigration. As has been hitherto, it is to be hoped that the intelligent and moral only, will find their way to Texas. A good influence is particularly demanded as this juncture is an important era in the establishment of those princi- ples which are to tell on future generations. As a country grows in prosperity, moral and intel- lectual improvements must keep pace, and as these, at present, are of the onward march in Texas, no emigra- tion is desired which has only for its object specula- tions of worldly interest to the exclusion of every other consideration. To those who have the philanthropy and public spirit to get good and do good, Texas pre- sents an important and interesting field. An opportu- nity is presented for the development and exercise of all the noble faculties of the soul. To aid in advanc- ing a country as favorable to improvement as Texas, is an object which merits the co-operation of the most wor- thy and energetic. A moral grandeur is attached to enterprises, in which national interest predominates over selfish ends : and should a truly prosperous individual be looked after, he will be found with a heart too expansive in its opera- tions to be satisfied within the narrow circle of private interests. 16 TEXAS IN 1850. Institutions of a moral character are to be the basis upon which to build the future prosperity of Texas. Religious principles, or rather Bible principles, must accompany every enterprise which has for its object the good of society. Other foundations have been undertaken upon ; but experiment has fully proven, that no superstructure of human improvement can long stand, unsustained by the unerring principles of God's word. The caviller may object to this sentiment, but he need only to look abroad over the civilized world to see that in proportion as Christianity is a living princi- ple among a people, so do they stand forth in intelli- gence, freedom, worth and power. On the other hand, as infidelity pervades the spirit of a nation, in the same proportion has she sunk in the scale of political existence and moral excellence. For an example, let him observe the contrast between Mexico and New England : the one a perfect specimen of civilized degradation (if the expression may be allowed,) and the other a rare model of the vital principles of Chris- tianity, carried into every department of moral enter- prise. The worth of the puritan system is already recorded on the page of history, and may, with propriety, be referred to as a controlling element of power in the development and progress of society. A system embracing the right elements of power, is permanent in its influence and increasing in its strength from age to age. All else is superficial and transient. TEXAS IN 1850. 17 A good degree of feeling upon this subject is already manifested in Texas, yet a deeper conviction is neces- sary to produce that impulse and enthusiasm in the leading minds of the State, which shall operate so powerfully as to pervade the universal mind, and stim- ulate to such extensive operations as the greatness of the object demands. The importance of elevating Texas to a high point of moral power and efficiency, is evident from her present and prospective influence over Mexico. The openings in this new State for missionary efforts, must be more justly appreciated, and means used corres- ponding to their importance. An interest is beginning to be felt, which is truly gratifying. Already this subject is before the many benevolent societies of the day, and co-operation, to some extent, extended, but not as its comparative importance de- mands. The benevolent spirit of many portions of the United States is evidently stirred, and much may yet be expected. Nothing is wanting but sufficient infor- mation of the situation and wants of Texas, to draw forth a host of volunteers, whose moral influence shall make " the solitary place glad, and the desert rejoice and blossom as the rose." Individuals whose sympathies may become enlisted in behalf of Texas, will hazard nothing in embarking on a missionary enterprise, upon their own responsi- biUty. Nowhere is the worthy stranger made more welcome than in Texas. The warm bosom expands, and the friendly hand is extended, making him forget 2» 18 TEXAS IN 1850. that " he is a stranger in a strange land." No one who has the desire of benefiting Texas, need be deterred from the undertaking from apprehensions of not meet- ing a cordial reception. People who are using their utmost power to advance the best interests of their state, will gladly welcome those who come to do them good. Indeed, every facility and encouragement is offered which is in their power to extend. Privations may be experienced, but these the liberal- hearted individual must reasonably expect, and make all due allowance. He that is actuated by the superior motive of doing good, will find all his sacrifices more than compensated by the satisfaction arising from acts of disinterested benevolence. " There is no man who hath left" home and country " for the kingdom of God's sake, who shall not receive manifold more in this present life, and in the world to come life everlasting." Our Saviour, in his dispensa- tions of grace to man, made worldly sacrifice an indis- pensable condition, and the more fully this condition is complied with, the more ample is the reward. Hence, to surrender earthly good for the inestimable blessings of the gospel, should be esteemed an exalted privilege by every real Christian. No one has brighter hopes, richer joys, or surer promises than he who labors for the Lord. Tlie fol- lower of Christ must follow where his Master leads, and though the command imphes the sundering of the dearest ties of nature, those tender chords will yield their hold under the influence of motives in which the TEXAS IN 1860. 19 " kingdom of God " is concerned. Had natural affec- tion been designed the highest springs of action, the Saviour would not have set another principle above them. " He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me," is the language of Him who nobly set an example of sacrifice and suffering. The missionary spirit is emphatically the spirit of Christ, and those who drink most deeply at this blessed foun- tain, are those from whose example and influence flow rivers of living waters. The ground the missionary of Christ occupies is a high point. The sacrifices he makes brings him in ^ possession of privileges which secure every blessing the most boundless wish can crave — " The length and breadth of all the plain, as far as faith can see." Treasures, richer far than the golden mines of Cali- fornia, are pledged upon the security of the word of God ; and shall the servant of Christ disregard objects of real value, while worldly men are constrained by glittering dust, to endure sacrifice, labor and fatigue ? Scores and hundreds are rushing to secure an earthly treasure ; and are there not those who are will- ing to embark in an enterprise in which are concerned interests of immortal value ? What object can compare to that of gathering into the fold of Christ souls which have cost an infinite price to redeem ? One soul brought in, adds to the Saviour's crown a gem of more real value, than all the glittering mines of Mexico or California. Are there not Christians to be found among the 20 TEXAS IN 1850. highly favored portions of our country, who can be in- fluenced by such heaven-born principles, to come out upon that mission of mercy which brought the Son of God from the bosom of his Father ? Love to the undy- ing soul will always bear to action. The Saviour is loudly saying to those of his follow- ers " who are at ease in Zion," " one thing lackest thou yet;" resign the enjoyments and privileges of which you are now possessed for my sake, for building up the spiritual walls of Zion abroad, " and thou shalt have treasure in heaven." He bids, follow him, wherever his cause demands. Texas comes up with her wants, and makes an impor- tunate appeal. Who will obey the Divine command ? CHAPTER II. Texas compared with other States. Inducements for the Emigration of the Farmer and Mechanic. Prospect and Enconrageraent of the Emigrant. Improvements. Natural Scenery. Flowers. Phys- ical Resources. State of Society. Moral Institutions. Prosperi- ty of the Temperance Cause. An impartial observer of the comparative merits of Texas with the older States, might, with much propri- ety, recommend it as presenting advantages worthy the attention of the adventurous and enterprising. The fertile lands with which the State abounds, oiFer, per- haps, greater encouragement than any other depart- ment of enterprise ; hence, the emigrant who turns his attention to the cultivation of the soil is undoubtedly making the wisest selection. This being an inexhaust- ible source of wealth can be relied on with greater confidence than any other. The acquisition of industrious and enterprising occu- rants of the productive soil of Texas, would do more in advancing the state in wealth and independence than any other means, and would, undoubtedly, in the course of a few years, advance her in importance before any other Southern State. Present appearances indicate that her extensive for- ests and beautiful wide-spread prairies shall not long remain uncultivated. Scarcely a day passes which does not bring more or less persons who are seeking 22 TEXAS IN 1850. homes in Texas. The emigrant's wagon and train is a sight of such common occurrence, that it scarcely ex- cites a passing notice. Several in succession are fre- quently seen. It is not an inferior order of citizens who come to Texas. Men of wealth, talent and influence compose the more recent class of emigration, who are well cal- culated to advance the interests of a new and growing State. Persons of industrious and temperate habits will be successful in any honorable occupation. Mechanics, of all the various kinds, are essentially needed ; and would not fail of being amply compensated, in leaving older settled States and emigrating to a new one, where a scarcity in every department exists. As every thing is of the progressive order in Texas, the new settler has much to anticipate, and the hope of a better state of things in prospect has a tendency to reconcile him to present inconveniences. He may, probably, realize some privations of comfort, but whoever comes to Texas with reasonable expecta- tions, will not be hable to disappointment. And here it may be proper to observe, that persons emigrating to a new country should not indulge in such exalted ex- pectations as is too frequently the case with those who become dissatisfied. They should duly count the cost, and not speculate too extensively in imagination. Though difficulties and discouragements often cast their darkening shadows, yet, he who keeps his eye upon the star of hope, will TEXAS IN 1850. 23 ultimately be successful. Many who have come to Texas to repair broken fortunes, though they did not meet with an immediate flow of wealth, have, by inde- fatigable and persevering exertion, realized their expect- ations. A competency may be easily acquired ; and affluence is at the command of those who aspire to it. He who keeps his speculations within a laudable compass, can- not fail, ultimately, of rising to independence and wealth. Nature has done much for Texas, but for her advance- ment in wealth and commercial importance, great im- provements are requisite. These, however, will proba- bly receive attention as soon as the circumstances of the State will admit. With the enterprise of the Texians much may be predicted. No obstacles have ever yet defeated the skill and enterprise of man, in that they are determined to carry into execution. For the truth of this, reference need only be made to the gigantic improvements spread over the United States. What was considered by the timid and irresolute, as imprac- ticable, has, nevertheless, been accomplished. An im- mediate improvement in the navigation of the rivers would facilitate greatly the prosperity of the State ; and it would not, unquestionably, be an unwise arrangement for the general Government to make some appropri- ations to aid such an important object. As public ex- penditures have been made in behalf of other portions of the United States, it might reasonably be expected that the wants of Texas should be taken into considera- 24 TEXAS IN 1850. tion. Texas being a border State a double reason im- poses itself. The successful navigation of the rivers would facilitate greatly the transportation of stores for the supply of the military stations upon the frontiers of the State, and hence the object is one sufficiently impor- tant to ehcit aid, if only from that consideration. The unprecedented rapidity with which her interests have advanced within the space of a very short time, pre- sents great encouragement to extend aid in prosecuting objects which have for their design the general interest and prosperity. Where, but a few years since, the stillness of the forest was only broken by the war-whoop of the Indian, is heard the constant hum of civihzation, having become the abode of an industrious and intel- ligent population. This, most emphatically, is a period of improvements in Texas. Emigrants are pouring in, forests are being leveled, prairies are being fenced, farms are being opened and inproved, villages are springing up, and towns are increasing in population, throughout the State, to an extent not surpassed by any other portion of the Union. The natural scenery of Texas may compare with that of any other country. The face of the country, being generally level, there is not so much variety, as in countries interspersed with mountain scenery, yet, if it does not abound with the subhme, it certainly does with the beautiful. The beauty of the vegetable productions cannot fail of inspiring the most pure and delightful emotions. * Nothing can exceed the splendid appearance which TEXAS IN 1850. 25 the prairies present, during the season of flowers. It seems as if the earth has poured forth her innumerable treasures to deck herself in her most gorgeous attire. A traveller, passing through Texas, during the months of April and May, would not fail of pronouncing it to be the most charming spot on earth. Every variety of flower is abundant, presenting a scene cal- culated to awaken a passion for natural objects, in bosoms which have never before loved to admire the wonderful works of creation. Those plants, which in the North are regarded as the choicest exotics, grow in Texas spontaneously ; but by transplanting into gardens, their beauty is greatly heightened. A rich source of pleasure is presented to those persons who delight in the cultivation of flowers. So little care is requisite, and the attention is so amply rewarded, it appears that the neglect of attention to the cultivation of flowers in Texas, must evidently be regarded as a want of good taste. Nothing presents a greater evidence of refinement than a tasteful adornment of dwellings and their envi- rons, with trees and flowers ; and it would be a great advance towards refined and decent civilization in Texas, if more attention were paid to the transplanting of forest trees and shrubbery around the buildings. It would improve greatly the appearance of the towns and vil- lages. In the North great pains are taken for this purpose, merely for ornament, but in the ^' sunny South," shade trees answer the double purpose — ornament and use. 28 TEXAS IN 1859, Some degree of attention to the cultivation of flow- ers is observable, but nothing in comparison to what might be done in a country where so little trouble is demanded to render every garden like another Eden. The natural and physical resources of the country being so great, an inferiority in her moral and intellect- ual, would appear an incongruity which is entirely incon- sistent. These, however, are on the advance in Texas. Moral sentiment is assuming an elevated standard, from which may be inferred, that her future character will be on a level with the most moral portion of the Union. The addition to society from the older States within the last few years, being a refined class of people, has had a tendency to polish, greatly, the roughness of charac- ter and manners observable in newly settled countries. From actual observation, it may be confidently asserted, that in point of intelligence, refinement and gentility, Texas will bear a favorable comparison with any other State, according to its population. There may be some exceptions, — dark shades of character blend their con- trasts in the society of every country. The uncouthness of the early settlers of Texas is greatly modified by their kindness (5f manner, which is a very prominent characteristic, and cannot fail of strik- ing the stranger with the impression of its being a more perfect specimen of politeness, than is often observable where society claims a high degree of refinement under the false show of affectation. One who knows how to set a just appreciation upon character, cannot fail of admiring the native simplicity TEXAS IN 1850 27 observable in traveling over tlie older settled portions of Texas. Inquisitiveness is a marked characteristic, and the Yankee might find his privilege of " asking two questions to any other person asking one," some^Yhat infringed upon. But this advantage would be readily yielded to gratify the curiosity, so evidently manifested on the part of the Texian, to know all the " whys " and " wherefores," where from and where bound — interrog- ativcs to which he apparently seems to claim an explan- ation. An immediate submission to a Texian tribunal is much the safest, as a hesitancy in giving an account of oneself might excite suspicion. A keen penetration, superinduced by being often imposed upon, leads Tex- ians to much carefulness in regard to strangers ; and no one need come to Texas with the presumption of prac- tising the least act of dissimulation, without being set oif to the best advantage in the colors he has assumed. A " Yankee trick " would meet with its just desert under Texian inspection ; and if some of those false rep- resentatives of New England character wished to " play off" a little, Texas would afford a suitable stage to act on. While true worth is acknowledged and appreciated, dis- simulation and dishonesty receive their just retribution. Texas has suffered greatly in her moral reputation abroad, by serving formerly as an asylum for refugees from justice from the United States ; but whether she ought to suffer or the country from which they abscond- ed, the reader can best judge. That her extensive wilds w^ere souglit as a shelter to screen from retribu- tion was no evidence that crime was tolerated, or that 28 . TEXAS IN 1850. the offender was protected by the citizens. Where those cases of moral depravity are at present, whether meta- morphosed into virtuous citizens, or emigrated beyond the limits of Texas, is a matter of curiosity. Crime is no more common than in the older States, and, as the State has now a penitentiary, a rigid intolerance is expected, and a strict retribution will be exacted of those who transgress her laws. Societies and institutions which have for their object moral reform, are encouraged, and becoming common throughout the State. The hallowed influence of the " Sons of Temperance '* has spread its blissful light, and the strong armed foe of intemperance is fast losing ground in Texas. The last year has witnessed an interesting change. Nothing has ever yet occurred in Texas more significant of her future weal, than the manner in which public sentiment has been operated upon, in regard to the importance of this institution. But about eighteen months ago the first Division was instituted ; now there is scarcely a town in the state which has not followed the example. It is a fact worthy of notice, that nothing is done imper- fectly in Texas ; if an object receives attention at all, the people enter into the spirit of it with an enthusias- tic devotion. The temperance cause has struck upon the right chord, and, if perseveringly adhered to, its advent may be hailed as- the harbinger of every other good thing with which a country can be blessed. Wherever this cause prevails, vice and immorality vanish like dew before the morning sun, and peace and prosperity follow in happy succession. TEXAS IN 1850. 29 An independence, more decisive of noble purpose and future good, than was ever achieved upon the bat- tle plain, is that which places a people beyond the reach of the most formidable enemy that ever yet invaded the human family. Despotism may enslave the body, and the mind still retain its freedom ; but intemperance subjects its votaries to the entire dominion of body and soul — debases man to a brute, and most effectually destroys the best works of creation. A view of the destructive consequences of intemperance upon a large scale, must necessarily strike every philanthropic soul w^ith horror, and stimulate him in the use of the most efficient measures for the prevention of an evil so dele- terious to the best interests of a country. The temperance cause, as now instituted, seems bet- ter adapted to effect its object, than any system which has been hitherto adopted. The order has been object- ed to by some, on the ground of its being a secret asso- ciation, but, as its object and effects are so apparent, the most scrupulous objector cannot regard it to be treasonable or subversive of public good. Secret socie- ties are dangerous only when their design is not under- stood. As the cause of humanity, as the cause of every- thing to which pertains human happiness, is that which would drive from a country that piratical invader — intemperance. To succeed effectually, it will be neces- sary to imbue public sentiment with the impressive stamp, which shall render the use of ardent spirit so entirely unpopular as to discontinue its use among those who 3* 30 TEXAS IN 1850. regard themselves temperate. The cause has 'never succeeded permanently, until the popular mind became universally enlisted, and it has evidently demanded the total abstinence of the " moderate drinker " to restrain the inebriate. Who, that is a friend to humanity, can withhold his influence in co-operating in a work so fraught with good as this ? Neglect this important sub- ject, and an evil is percolating through the basis of moral institutions, which shall turn them, however firm they may now appear, into quicksand, which shall waste away the country's dearest hopes, and bury in deep and eternal ruin the souls of the people. As Texians love their country, the dearest interests of their pos- terity, the salvation of their fellow men and the honor of God, let them ever stand forth as firm champions of the cause of temperance. May they go forth and gather in the morally blind, for whom the institution is mainly intended. May they cease not their efforts, until every inebriate throughout the State, from the Sabine to the Rio Grande, from the Snowy Mountain to the Southern Gulf, be made to share in freedom, happiness and immortality. . CHAPTER III. Church and School Foundation of Civil and Religious Liberty. Dif- ficulties of sustaining the Christian Heligion in the early times of Texas. Its Success and Future Prospects. The Gospel Ministry. An Efficient Ministry, The Necessity of Supporting the Ministry. The Standard of Piety should become more elevated. The Church and the School were the agencies em- ployed in laying the foundation of civil and religious liberty in the popular mind of our country. If the structure reared by our fathers is to be perfected in beauty and strength, the Christian Church in its purity, and the well ordered School must be reared, as institu- tions which God approves and emploj^s in the accom- plishment of his benevolent purposes to man. When these united influences shall be seen and felt through- out the land, we may congratulate the country's pros- perity, as fixed upon a foundation which shall defy all forms of despotism, civil and spiritual. In devising means for the improvement of Texas, those large and comprehensive plans should be under- stood, which always have been, and ever will be, the only sure basis of national prosperity. While Ed- ucation enhghtens, Christianity should sanctify, and and these two mighty agents in co-operation will ad- vance a country in all that which pertains to true great- ness and goodness. The Christian Religion has been sustained in Texas 32 TEXAS IN 1850, under very trying circumstances ; and the signal mani- festations of Divine favor in its behalf, affords encour- agement to hope that God has yet great designs to ac- complish in this part of his moral vineyard. Catholicism has been supplanted, and over its broken altars has been reared the Protestant faith, which has shown that an open Bible and a dissemination of its principles has a power in enlightening and purifying the mind in re- gard to all those things pertaining to the well-being of man, here and hereafter. The pioneers of the Gospel in Texas had innumera- ble difficulties to encounter, and evidently required a true missionary zeal to plant the standard of the Cross in this then destitute land. The seed of truth was sown at the expense of many a valuable life, and may an abundant harvest yet be reaped over the dust of those who have fallen victims to the intense labors at- tached to a Texian ministry. But many of those faith- ful laborers still survive to witness that their labors have not been in vain in the Lord. A foxmdation has been laid, upon which may be erected a structure whose beauty may -yet attract wonder and admiration. Much yet remains to be done. The work is but com- menced ; the most powerful and efficient means are yet required to accomphsh it. The best indication is the degree of feeling manifested to have the institutions of the Gospel extended throughout the State. Yet, a deeper feeling is necessarj'-, ere we sec Texas shining forth in that moral beauty, which her importance in the eye of Heaven demands. Her own strength must be TEXAS IN 1850. 33 rallied and brought into exercise before sympathy from abroad can be enlisted in her behalf. Plans must be devised and executed commensurate with the great end in view ; it is wisdom to select the best means for the accomplishment of purposes in which the highest interests of a country are concerned. If the prosperity of a country outruns its Religious and Literary institutions, its elevation will be of short con- tinuance. These institutions must be sustained in Texas to perpetuate her prosperity, and it is the highest point of wisdom in the prosecution of a work so important, to enter upon it with a spirit suitable to the object, and to secure the most powerful co-operative influences. The preaching of the Gospel is heaven's consecrated instrumentality in disseminating those principles by which society can alone be sustained. Much destitu- tion yet exists in regard to the stated preaching of the Word ; the harvest in many places is ripe, but there are no laborers to enter in. The church in Texas is yet weak, but it is evident that there is more lack of action and efficiency than means in sustaining the institutions of the Gospel. That aid is not extended in supporting the ministry which the faithful dispensation of the Gos- pel requires. Ministers poorly supported, and depend- ent upon their own resources, are necessarily obliged to turn their attention to secular employments ; conse- quently, they cannot dispense the Gospel with that ability and success which an exclusive devotion to the cause would enable them to do. The present period requires singleness of heart and purpose in the minis- 34 TEXAS IN 1850. try, and an undivided attention to its appropriate du- ties. The minister of Jesus Christ holds an office, which is connected with duties, responsibilities and dif- ficulties, far surpassing those connected with any other office ever entrusted to man. Connected with his official duties are consequences which have a direct bearing upon the immortal interests of the soul. Officers of other departments of public duty are duly compensated for service, and shall not those who are laboring to pro- mote the well-being of man in this and a future life, be deemed worthy of receiving a competent support ? Let the church cherish the right kind of feeling upon this subject, and it will discharge its duty to him who stands upon the walls of Zion ! The standard, according to the Bible, must be attained. It appears that it is not generally understood that " It is ordained, that they who preach the gospel, shall live of the gospel," and that " The laborer is worthy of his hire." Qualifications for any station must always correspond with the design and consequences connected with the duties ; hence it becomes the minister of the gospel to avail himself of every aid, human and divine, which is in his power. The responsibility does not devolve entirely upon the minister ; he may have a just appre- ciation of his important calling, but may not have the means extended, necessary to the faithful accomplish- ment of his duties. If the erroneous impression be indulged that the man of God does not need time and study to prepare him for the successful performance of his duties, his labors TEXAS IN 1850. 85 will not be appreciated, nor will he have that support to which he is entitled by the decree of heaven. A blessing attends the preaching of God's word where it is sustained according to gospel principles, and no Christian duty is more strongly enjoined upon the church than liberal appropriations for that purpose. " The Lord loveth a cheerful giver." " There is that scattereth, and yet increaseth ; there is that with- holdeth more than is meet, and it tendeth to poverty. In a country like Texas it is pre-eminently important that the minister should receive an adequate support. In the first place, his labors are of the most arduous kind, such as are calculated to dishearten and dispirit the most resolute ; and, aid on the part of the people would be a demonstration of their sympathy, which would have a tendency to encourage him, greatly, in his laborious calling. In the second place, society is in ^a forming state, and requires great skill and efficiency in dispensing the word of God, in such a manner as will be adapted to the wants of a people made up of every variety of sentiment. It is absolutely neces- sary that the minister be thoroughly prepared and properly furnished, to enable him to dispense the word of life in a manner by which the gospel may be honored. It may be regarded a wise arrangement of Provi- dence which imposes this duty on man. By contribut- ing to the support of the gospel a deeper interest is felt in its ministrations, and in many instances operates, as an inducement for persons to attend the ordinances of 36 TEXAS IN 1850. God's worship, bj which means thej have become par- ticipants of the rich blessings of the gospel. The duty does not devolve entirely upon the Church, though it is expected it will lead the way in enterprises like this. The Gospel is " good news to all people," and who can be so blind to his best interests, as to be disinterested in its promulgation ? Every human being for whom Christ died has an interest in this matter, and no one can manifest an indifference in sustaining the institutions of the Gospel, without showing disre- spect to the last command of Jesus Christ to his disciples, " Go ye into all the world and preach the Gospel to every creature ^^^ and the awful denunciation against those who reject it must evidently be fulfilled against them. When the people can see this subject as God sees it, and as they must see it in eternity, the preach- ing of the Gospel will be sustained in a manner worthy its great and important object. 4 For the credit of Texas, there are few places where an intelligent and pious ministry is not commended and respected. Good congregations can always be secured, and a good degree of interest is manifested in hearing the word of God dispensed, and, probably, the reason that more ample aid is not extended in support of the ministry, is because the subject and its importance has not been properly set before the people. It is confidently hoped that the evil will be remedied as soon as the minds and hearts of the people, strength- ened by piety, shall become impressed with the value and importance of the subject. Expansive views of TEXAS IN 1850. 37 Christian benevolence are more consistent for people ■who have become proverbial for liberal and elevated sentiment. It may reasonably be expected that the time is not far distant when an enthusiasm becoming; our holy religion, shall be kindled upon the altar of every heart, and the ordinances of God's worship be duly appreciated and honored, and efficient measures used to support them throughout the length and breadth of this beautiful State. When this subject has acquired that interest which its importance demands, more aid from abroad will be elicited, and the now barren wastes supplied with able ministers of the New Testament. The supply, at pre- sent, is far inadequate to the wants of the population. Many more devoted men — men qualified to gather congregations and plant churches where no foundation has been laid, are needed in Texas. The best men should be sent to a new country. There cannot be a greater mistake, than that ministers of inferior qualifications will do for Texas. The mate- rial which has to be operated on, requires the ablest skill to mould. Intel; igence among the people enables them at once to take the measure of a man's talents ; and to secure that influence which a preacher of the Gospel should possess to be useful to the people, requires that he should have a th^rougb intellectual education. It seems peculiarly necessary in Texa^, that the standard of scriptural piHy in the ministry and the members of the Church, should assume a higher eleva- tion. In order to carry those enterprises into successful 38 TEXAS IN 1850. operation for the religious advancement of the State, the Church must exert her legitimate influence, as a light which cannot be hid. The ministers are to lead the way ; and a high responsibility rests upon them, that the permanent and enlarged prosperity of this growing State be secured. CHAPTER IV. Church and School Buildings. Scarcity in Texas, Importance of Early Attention to these Objects. Want of Teachers, Co-opera- tion of the North with the South in advancing the Cause of Edu- cation. Free School System. Importance and Advantage to Texas. Extract from the Governor's Message. A stranger passing through one of the mountain towns of New England, inquired, " What do you raise here ? " The answer was, " Our land is rough and poor, and we can raise but little produce, so we build churches and school houses and raise men." New England is, very justly, the praise of the civilized world for the number and neatness of its Church and Seminary build- ings. A better example for imitation has never been, than that presented by the " Pilgrims " and their descendants. These objects claimed a pre-eminent im- portance in their estimation at the period of the coun- tr3^'s settlement, and the sentiment has descended to posterity. On an eminence in New England, an ob- server remarks, that he counted the spires of 57 churches, which fact afforded a theme for contemplation of the religious character of the country. No better index of- the country's character can be presented, than the degree of attention which is rendered to these manufac- tories of public good. Were a New England traveller to pass through Texas, his curiosity might be excited ; not, however, on account 40 TEXAS IN 1850. of the barren and unproductive wastes of land which might meet his view, but the great scarcity of Churches and School houses might attract his attention and be the subject of his inquiries. Oftentimes the superior physical resources of a country for wealth engrosses so much attention, as to prevent those other objects being attended to as their importance demands. The people of Texas may be subject to this temptation, and in their haste to be rich and mighty, they may outrun their lit- erary and religious institutions. These objects, however, have received a good degree of attention, but not, as yet, sufficient to meet the moral and intellectual wants of the people. Institutions for literary and moral instruction are in operation in various parts of the State, in different stages of progress. In many places, the school house and church of God are found side by side, showing that education and religion are twin sis- ters, and should not be dissevered. Much destitution yet exists, but the disadvantages attending a new coun- try affords some grounds of excuse. It is evident, however, that Texas has not done as much as some other countries have, under the same circumstances. Did these objects hold as high a place in public estimation as they ought, those buildings for moral and intellectual improvement would oftener greet the eye of the travel- ler than they now do. Would Texians give their coun- try a good reputation at home and abroad, let it bear the sign which may serve as an unfailing index of its real happiness and prosperity. To secure a country's prosperity, God must be hon- TEXAS IN 1850. 41 ored and worshiped ; and though the Invisible One is not confined to temples made with hands, yet his sanc- tuary is a place in which he has ever been pleased to manifest his power and glory, and in which he has set his name for adoration and worship. The broad expanse of territory pertaining to Texas, will, probably, in the course of a few years, become populated ; and can the hope be indulged that over the beautiful prairies will be scattered, here and there, houses in which to worship God? The importance of church edifices must be taken into consideration at an early period, and consecrations made for the object. Desires will create resources, and efforts for the accomplishment of objects will always correspond with the manner in which they arc appreciated. Wealth is not the motive power alone, which puts this machin- ery of public good in motion ; it may be advanced with comparatively small means, as is proven by New Eng- land example. AVhen will Southern people imitate this pre-eminent, praise-worthy example, and make their superior means of wealth subserve its most important end, that of contributing to the honor of God and the happiness of man ! To whom are we to look for engraving this sentiment upon the public mind ? To the Church and her minis- ters evidently belong the responsibilities of diffusing Gospel principles, of which this bears a prominent part. "With the exception of those found in the cities and large towns, there are very few church edifices whose appearance manifests that taste and neatness Avhicli is 4* 42 TEXAS IN 1850. desirable to see in buildings dedicated to so sacred a purpose. A certain degree of elegance attaches a res- pect for the house of God, which is not felt for a rudely constructed building, erected, seemingly, without due regard to its design. With the public spirit manifested by Texans in every thing which pertains to the interests of their State, we may confidently expect this deficiency will be remedied ; and anticipation ventures to cast the eye forward to the period, when the lofty spire shall lift its sacred head over every Texian village, showing that the Gospel is there proclaimed, with " peace on earth and good will to man." Education is receiving a good degree of attention in Texas, but the country is not suflSciently supplied with teachers or such as are regularly taught in their pro- fession. The great scarcity in the State often obliges the people to employ those who are not competent to assume the important responsibility of instructing the youthful mind, Pubfic sentiment is, in a measure, awake to the importance of securing good teachers ; and sufficient inducement, in the way of pecuniary compen- sation, is extended, to encourage a greater emigration than has been hitherto. As few school teachers are manufactured in the South, the North and East is the source from whence the supply is to be expected. A broad field presents itself into which a host of laborers might enter and cultivate with advantage ahd success. Those persons who conscientiously feel the important responsibility attached to youthful instruction, TEXAS IN 1850. 43 and are desirous of finding locations of extensive useful- ness, could not fail of meeting -with abundant success in Texas. Who among the highly favored of New England's products will come and cultivate the rich soil of Texan mind ? The individual enterprise of intelligent and self sacrificing teachers is demanded in behalf of educa- ting the youth of this interesting and important State. Are there not those who will volunteer their services to advance an object so important as this ? A moral and intellectual influence would pour forth its genial rays, did New England feel and act as her means warrant her to do. Would her seminaries and literary institu- tions send more of their educated sons and daughters abroad, great good would be the result. An important obligation imposes itself upon the North to aid the educational interests of the South. The al- liance of common interest demands a co-operation in promoting those institutions which have for their object the general good. The educational interests of the United States, as a whole, should be taken into consideration ; and those States which have long felt the benign influ- ence of science and literature, should feel themselves bound by duty and obligation to extend those influences into less favored portions of country. No person reared and matured amid the institutions of the North can conscientiously disregard the duty of imparting an influence which may be felt for good in less favored portions of the Union. It becomes neces- sary for the different parts, to prompt, encourage and aid each other in matters of general interest. 44 TEXAS IN 1850. For a people who wisfi to perpetuate and consolidate their Union, a fraternal fellowship in all matters pertaining to their institutions, must be manifested. Motives sufficiently powerful to excite the philanthropic feelings of all those who regard the best interest of their fellow being, are presented, for them to use the means within their power for the promotion of objects which must necessarily reflect the influence imparted them for the good of the country and world at large. For education to be upon an improved and ele- vated plan, it appeals, loudly, to be extended to all classes, and embrace the general instruction of the youth of the land. Throughout every part of the United States, such a school system should be adopted and established, as will lay a broad and respectable foundation for the instruction of the great body of the people. Such a measure would rescue the poor from ignorance, and would ultimately free the country from those conse- quences which every enlightened republican ought most to dread and deplore. The establishment of schools by law over Texas, would greatly conduce to promote the happiness and perpetuate the liberties of the people. The happy effect of such schools, has been demon- strated by experience, in various parts of the United States, and their adaptation to this rising State, every person, Avho consults its best interests, must admit. Education will be limited, as is proven in all coun- tries where the free school system is excluded, to only the favored part of community, which are blessed with TEXAS IN 1850. 45 the means, while the poorer class grow up in ignorance, unfit for society, or any degree of usefulness in the world. The brightest geniuses may remain buried be- neath the rubbish of ignorance, which under the bles- sings of the free school system might have been brought out and received a polish, whose brightness would have been a blessing to the world. How much of the mental power of the rising genera- tion of Texas is to be left uncultivated, is for the rulers of this interesting State to decide. It is very evident that it is indispensable to the well being of this growing State, to disseminate knowledge, and cultivate the full amount of its mental strength. It is a startling fact that the human mind cannot remain inert. The mental energies of free born Americans must necessarily become aroused and developed, and are available for good or for evil. It has been very justly observed that " uneducated mind is educated vice," and it may be found that more expensive means will be required to punish crime, (the necessary result of ignorance,) than to educate the youth of Texas in the paths of virtue and knowledge. The machinery of popular education properly set to work would operate as a mighty instrument :il ty in ad vancing moral elevation, by approaching the mass of hidden intellect in the land, and most effectually manu facture the ri:ing generation into jiseful and virtuous citizens. The hopes of a country, its liberty, and all that makes 46 TEXAS IN 1850. it great and durable, can never fail, when its youth have been properly trained and educated. An immediate action of the legislature in the appro- priation of means which it possesses, for establishing and supporting free schools, might settle a point upon which are suspended interests of deep and lasting im- portance to Texas. A delay is rendering the matter still more impracticable, and the future prospects will become darker and darker. Unless this subject receive attention in the early condition of a country, it rarely ever acquires that estimation and permanency, which it does by growing up in the practice and blessing of it. Obstacles present themselves in every important under- taking, and require an eifort in surmounting, and in this, the object might, with much propriety, demand an extra effort. It must be an object of legislative provi- sion. Reliance cannot be had on the resources of individuals. However much the popular mind may be impressed with the importance of such an institution, a limit is placed, which can only be removed by those who are called to legislate. Other subjects of importance claim the attention of the legislature, and it seems that the neglect of action upon this subject is an undue estimate upon objects according to their comparative importance. It may be thought a degree of arrogance and pre- sumption to carry tjje suggestion on this subject any farther ; but waiving an extreme sensibility and reserve, we shall farther suggest the propriety of inserting an extract from the governor's message, which will give an TEXAS IN 1850. 47 exhibition of the matter, as it is viewed by his Excel- lency. " The constitution of our State enjoins upon the Le- gislature the duty of making suitable provision, as early as practicable, for the support and mainte- nance of free public schools. It also expressly sets apart and reserves for this purpose, one tenth of the annual revenue accruing from taxation. The amount of this fund in the treasury on the j&rst day of this month, (Nov. 1849,) was $25,503 82. It will require no labored discussion to impress upon your minds the importance of education. The framers of our state con- stitution wisely declared that a general diffusion of knowledge is essential to the preservation of the rights and liberties of the people. No truth is more fully verified by all history. " Nations, however powerful in numbers and physical resources, can never hope to achieve or perpetuate moral and political freedom where ignorance prevails. The vitality of republican forms of government especially resides in the intelligence of the masses. An enligh1> ened people will neither be the dupes nor the victims of corrupt political leaders. How immeasurably impor- tant, then, it is for us to give early attention to the men- tal and moral improvement of the generation growing up among us. Let some just and feasible plan be adopted, to apply the means now in the treasury of the State to the subject, so as to produce the greatest amount of good to the greatest number. There is, it is true, not sufficient to establish and maintain a school in 48 TEXAS IN 1850. every neighborhood. It may, however, be so distri- buted, under careful and competent supervision, as to aid the efforts of individuals, and go far in this way to encourage the cause of education. If it be permitted to lie in the treasury until it be sufficient to support public schools throughout the State, it will be useless for many years. In the meantime, those who are now children will have grown up to be men and citizens, and many of them, perhaps, without being able to read the tickets which they place in the ballot box. The consequences of such a result will not only be discredit- able to those w4io are at this day the guardians of the public weal, but equally unfortunate in their effects upon general society. Vice and crime, and a slavish subser- viency to dictation, are the usual concomitants of igno- ance. Let us arrest this state of things by timely action. Justice demands that the taxes paid by the present population of the State for education, should be devoted to that object without unnecessary delay. To hoard them for the benefit of the next generation would be as manifestly unfair, as it would in my opinion be unwise. The means at our disposal will do some- thing for the cause of education if judiciously applied. Let this be done at once, and there will be some secu- rity that the advantages thus conferred upon the pres- ent generation will yield abundant blessings upon the next." CHAPTER V. Progress of the Institutions of Texas. Moral and Religious Insti- tutions must keep pace with other Departments of Improvement. Moral Training of Youth. Education must be Evangelized. Adaptation of the Sabbath School. Its Prosperity and Importance. Necessity of Replenishing the Departments of Christian Enterprise. A Demand for Missionaries. Prospective Influence of Texas over Mexico. Necessity of raising Texas to a high point of Moral Power. The Consequent Effects upon Mexico. While we deplore the existing destitutions of Texas, we would not fail to acknowledge, with all due con- gratulation, the much that has been accomplished under the many difi5cult and disadvantageous circumstances. The progress of her institutions, considering the age and resources of the country, is in a great measure respectable, and flattering to the genius and enterprise of the people. It may reasonably be hoped that the rehgious and educational interests of the state are in a progressive condition, yet it becomes necessary to use all proper endeavors to stimulate to more enlarged efforts in the promotion of objects of such momentous importance. However rapidly the country has advanced in its physical, moral, and intellectual resources, within the last few years, the bow of promise and anticipation abides in the future. If the proper means are made to concentrate their forces, we may expect to advance in the future more rapidly than in the time past. The motives which urge all to co-operate iu the glorious 5 50 TEXAS IN 1850. work of consummating the institutions of Texas, essen- tial to the perpetuity of her greatness and glorj, are neither few, feeble or obscure. In rearing the first generation of her institutions, it becomes necessary that the proper foundation be secured, and it may not be an extravagant calculation to suppose that the proceedings of the next five years will more effectually decide the character which Texas is to sustain before the world, than in any other period of the past or future. When the extent and fertility of the country is taken into consideration, it is natural to conclude that its prosperity must advance with majestic power, and if those institutions, which are necessary to form the mind, conscience, and heart of the country, be permit- ted to linger, dreadful will be the consequences. What is done, must be done quickly, and we are driven to intelHgence and religion as our own sure guaranty. The people must not only be enlightened, but religious. Let no person who loves his country hesitate to look this subject full in the face, and adopt a course of con- duct which indicates earnest effort to educate the mass of the people, and bring them under the power of true religion. It is an evident fact, proven in every age of the world, that efforts in establishing the institutions of a pure and spiritual Christianity, are heaven's ap- pointed means, not only in saving men's souls, consider- ed as individuals, but also of national and social salva- tion. Upon the religion of the Bible rests, as upon a corner stone, the hopes of the country. The infidel TEXAS IN 1850. 51 may scoff at the assumption, but posterity will find it true. In the Gospel of Christ, Texas is safe ; out of it, she is undone. If Texians desire to make their State truly great, and transmit to posterity institutions in primitive simplicity and force, they must imbue the minds of youth with a pure and elevated morality, which shall induce to habits of right action. The mind and heart of the child may be as certainly formed for good works by moral training, as the plant may be im- proved by careful culture. Though we would yield due honor to literature and science, we must not expect from them, what they are not able to perform. They must not be relied on as adequate for controlling the will and purifying the heart. For education to answer its great end it must be evangelized. We cannot look to denominational enter- prises to accomplish this work. Prejudices would de- bar the attempt of inoculating with any particular creed. Though denominational enterprises of an educational character are not to be disparaged, yet they cannot be relied on, as being sufficient to meet the demand of a people, as various in sentiment as are found in Texas. While we look to our literary institutions to educate the intellect, the more elevated training of a religious education is found in the Sabbath School. There it is entirely free from sectarian influence. Facts and re- sults, plainly show the necessity, adaptation and useful- ness of such a specific agent in advancing the interests of Tcxian evangelization, and the promotion of Chris- tian education among all classes. The missionary opera- 52 TEXAS IN 1850. tions of the " American Sunday School Union " have been progressing with wonderful success, for the last three years ; and there is, evidently, no greater indication, in the present attitude of moral and reUgious affairs, for permanent good, than the favor which is shown to the present effort of that benevolent society to plant a Sunday school where there is population, throughout the State. Ministers and private members of all denominations are generally agreed, in regard to the importance and utility of such a system of religious instruction. Schools have been organized in various places, and thousands of children have been gathered into them and instructed in things pertaining to their duty to God and their fellow beings, and made familiar with the scrip- tures which are able to make wise unto salvation. Next to the Gospel ministry, the Sabbath school may be regarded as the most efficient instrument in the pro- motion of intelligent piety and instruction. In many instances it goes where the minister cannot be sent, (or if sent, supported,) and plants the seed which germi- nates, and, not unfrequently, matures into a church. Some young churches of good promise, are known to Lave had their origin in Sabbath schools, organized within the last three years. The great hope of the church in Texas is in securing the young, and as chil- dren constitute an extraordinary part of the population, the Sabbath school, as the nursery of the Church, can- not be too highly appreciated. It affords a means of grace when no other can be obtained, and by the dis- TEXAS IN 1850. 53 semination of religious books is creating a taste for reading, and affording means of moral and intellectual culture for the ignorant and uncared for. Much of the ground of Texas has not yet been explored, from the fact that the field is too extensive for the operations of one agent. Sabbath schools might be organized in every settlement could the proper means be used. Many important points might be made highly interest- ing and promising, were the merits of the U. S. S. pro- perly understood. It would advance the moral inter- ests of Texas greatly, if the American Sunday School Union would send a reinforcement of one, or more, agents to aid the present one in establishing S. S. in destitute portions of the State. This mighty engine for good, has been started, and by its continuing to be propelled, would change the wilderness of moral dark- ness into the garden of the Lord. Every individual who desires the preservation of our civil and religious rights, the dissemination of intelli- gence, the spread of Bible light, and the banishment of ignorance, crime and every species of evil, will heart- ily and cordially contribute his influence and co-opera- tion in sustaining Sunday schools in Texas. The great desire which is manifested for intellectual and moral culture affords a promising indication, and were the means of improvement adequate to the de- mands, a high state of intelligence and piety might be guarantied to the future generation. This fact affords encouragement for those to labor who are already on the field, yet the heart often faints 54 TEXAS IN 1850. in view of the expansiveness of the work, and the com- paratively limited means to accomplish it. Though there is intelligence, piety and energy in Texas, yet were it all embodied and made active, it would not be an agent sufficiently powerful to advance the work of moral and intellectual improvement, as rapidly as is requisite. An object is presented to the moral vision of Chris- tendom, sufficiently important to enlist an immediate and extensive co-operation. Were the various depart- ments of Christian enterprise replenished, Texas might soon gain moral strength adequate to her responsibili- ties. ' As a missionary field it has strong claims upon the sympathies, the prayers, and the efforts of Christians. One who looks at its wants and responsibilities, in the exercise of Christian philanthropy, cannot fail of being inspired with the most thrilling emotions, and must necessarily consider Texas, at this time, one of the most important and 'promising missionary fields on the western continent. A twofold reason presents itself — her own destitu- tion urges a claim for efforts in her behalf, and her con- tiguity to Mexico and consequent influence over that benighted republic demands that Texas should be, im- mediately, raised to a high point of moral power. Prov- idence is, in a very important manner, pointing out Texas as an agent to operate upon the Papal power in Mexico ; and shall not the evident indication be ob- served, and improved for the overthrow of error, and the upbuilding of truth in our land and country ? TEXAS IN 1850. 55 Replenish her with the means, and no doubt she might prove an engine of moral power before which Catholicism would have to shrink. Let Texas stand beside Mexico, highly evangelized, and the contrast would serve to show the superiority of the Protestant over the CathoUc religion ; the tendency of which would be to constrain the degraded JMexicans to yield to the influence of that system of faith, which might elevate them to the like happy condition. Let Texas then be the rallying point around which influences of good shall be formed, and a weapon sharper than a two edged sword shall be unsheathed in IMexico, which shall pierce her false religion to the seat of life. In order to render Texas an efficient agent, it will require the co-operation of Christians at home and abroad. High ground must be taken, and maintained with firmness and decision. The pioneers of the cause of truth must take their stand upon the high table land of promise, and fix their eye upon the moral grandeur of the object, until their energies become enlisted, to concentrate them with power and might for its full ac- comphshment. Texan Christians are, in a very impor- tant manner, placed where they must labor. So near aUied to their own interests, is the moral condition of Mexico, that its elevation seems necessary to^hcirown. Their proximity renders it apparent, that the moral condition of the one will evidently affect the other. The baleful effects of Mexican influence must be coun- teracted and overcome, and Christians must buckle on 56 TEXAS IN 1850. anew their armor in the prosecution of a work, the accomplishment of which would excite the joy of angels in heaven and the gratitude of saints on earth. To ele- vate the moral condition of a country, containing a pop- ulation of millions of souls under the influence of a reli- gion which in point of absurdity might compare with paganism, within the limits of our own continent, pre- sents an object sufficiently important to enlist an imme- diate and energetic action of Christians throughout the United States. While the heathen abroad are sharing in their benevolent and philanthropic efforts, let not the heathen at home be forgotten. Are there not those to whom the importance of the object addresses itself with sufficient force to induce them to volunteer their services for the cause of truth in Texas and Mexico ? Let each ask himself the ques- tion, what is my duty as an American Christian ? Mexico is now open for the dissemination of the Word of life. Its conquest to national power, inspired the martial spirit of American freemen, and shall not the sons of peace and righteousness follow up the victory with those weapons which are mighty through God to the pulling down of strong holds ? The work must be done. The honor of American Christianity demands it, and who will lead in advance ? Texas may be regarded as the outposts of the ene- my's camp, and every means should be used to secure such an important fortification. Here the instruments are to be prepared to operate upon Mexico. Mission- aries arc to be manufactured, wh'ch are to scatter the TEXAS IN 1850. 57 pure light of truth over thd benighted regions of Mexico. From the Sabbath schools of Texas may there be trans- planted trees which shall yield a sweeter perfume upon the mountains of Mexico, than her rich groves of orange and pomegranate ! " How beautiful upon the mountains are the feet of him that bringeth good tidings, that pubhsheth peace : that bringeth good tidings of good, that publisheth salvation, that saith unto Zion, thy God reii2;neth ! '' Let Texas, then, be the grand lever, and ere the nine- teenth century closes, Mexico may be seen " sitting at the feet of Jesus," clothed in moral beauty, and " in her right mind, as it regards the great things pertain- ing to eternal hfe." CHAPTER VI. Newspapers of Texas — opinion in the older States. Literary merit of the periodicals. Their increase. Their influence. Importance of a correct literature to the moral character of a country. Respon- sibilities of Editors. Circulation of religious books. Need of book- sellers. An improvement requisite in school books. " A newspaper in Texas, does the intelligence of the state demand a newspaper ? " was a question proposed last year. This circumstance may appear incredible to one who is not aware of the ignorance which prevails abroad, in regard to the true condition of the State. People in the older States, to some extent, have doom- ed Texas, and prescribed limits which she must never pass, but while those persons ascribe ignorance, let them ascertain to what extent they are not enthralled in that which they would impute to others. Though Texas cannot boast of such prodigies of literature as some other countries of older standing, yet she can exhibit specimens which are highly respectable. We are, doubtless warranted in the assertion, that no country or nation, in so short a time, has exhibited more excellent specimens of literary merit. The nu- merous periodical papers issued within the last few years, have exerted an important share of influence in promoting knowledge, and, very evidently, afford a convincing proof of the growing intelUgence of the State. TEXAS IN 1850. 59 At the time of annexation five or six newspapers constituted the reading matter in the way of periodicals then extant ; now thirty-two in all the varieties, are sustained almost exclusively by TexUn readers and patronage. A circulation of the newspapers of Texas would re- flect an honor upon the literary character of the State, and might serve, no doubt, to elucidate her true condi- tion more correctly than any other means. Hence a more extensive circulation abroad, should be aimed at, by those who desire to benefit the State in a civil and moral point of view. As an extensive agent of power in moulding the character of a country, and giving it a reputation abroad, is the instrumentality of the press. Important responsibilities rest upon those who write for the public ; and perhaps, nowhere should more precision be ob- served than in Texas, from the fact, that such is the intellectual appetite for reading, that the sentiments issued from the press are devoured with eagerness, regardless of consequences. " Let me write the ballads of a nation," said an ancient politician, " and I care not who writes its laws." A corrupt literature has every where been proven to exert an immoral tendency, as the countries in which this subject has not been duly considered, clearly ex- hibit. An important privilege, of moulding Texian principles into their proper channel, is presented to those who occupy the editorial department of moral en- terprise. 60 TEXAS IN 1850. An immoral sentiment uttered in print, will not affect one individual only, but a whole community. The press may be made a vehicle of error, or a medium of intelli- gence and virtue. Hence the importance of those oc- cupying the public position of editors of newspapers being men of high moral sentiment, dignified and intelhgent. They should not lightly assume, nor thoughtlessly dis- charge duties of such important bearing. A weapon for weal, or for woe, is in their hand, and if successful- ly used, may do much in elevating a country to a high standard of intelligence and virtue. With many per- sons, the newspapers supply the chief reading mat- ter ', their quick succession, the variety of their con- tents, and the little labor which is requisite to run through them, makes it rather an amusement, than a task to read them. This fact gives such publications a decided advantage over any others, as many persons will read a newspaper who rarely ever look into a book, and hence this medium may be regarded as the most availaWe channel to mind and morals, and should be im- proved for exerting a healthful and saving influence. The press is the tongue — a fountain of Hfe, or a pois oned spring which sends forth deleterious streams ; and the agent which wields such a mighty power, should know how to use and apply it, so as to pour light abroad from the living fountains of his own intelHgence. The importance of a right kind of reading is felt in Texas, and measures are used, to some extent, to sup- plant the pernicious trash of " light literature," which is operating so powerfully elsewhere, to pervert and TEXAS IN 1850. 61 corrupt public sentiment. By the proper efforts on the part of the friends of morality in circulating the cheap evangelical publications of the various benevolent societies, that flood of demoralizing reading which is deluging many portions of our country, might be driven back. The readino; taste in Texas is formino;, and susceptible of a favorable stamp ; if the literature which is circulated at the present crisis be sanctified in its character, its sentiment will become a principle of moral and intellectual dignity — an element of fire, purifying and subliming the mass in which it glows. A taste for reading is far less natural than acquired, and hence it becomes necessary to nourish it with suita- ble aliment. The circulating libraries of the American S. S. Union, and religious books, scattered over the country by colporteurs, are proving powerful elements in im- parting moral elevation in the community of Texas, and afford ample encouragement to extend such oper"!ltions, by the various benevolent societies. Booksellers might do extensive business in all the im- portant towns of Texas, and if of the right kind, would do much good in promoting a moral sentiment among the people. An improvement in the way of text-books for schools is evidently demanded. Among the many causes which should operate in Texas for increasing the well-being of society, that of enlarging the usefulness and operations of schools, by a judicious assortment of books, presents a claim upon the consideration of 62 TEXAS IN 1850. the public generally, and especially of the friends of education. A great deficiency is felt by those who have the care of schools in Texas, and it is a matter of much impor- tance to the educational interests of the State, that an immediate improvement be made, by introducing a uni- form system of books that may serve as a standard, •which are elevated in moral sentiment as well as litera- ry merit. It appears that this subject has not been suffi- ciently appreciated from the number and variety of poor school books which are extant. The difficulty of obtain- ing suitable books is probably the cause of this defect, and therefore appears the importance and necessity of booksellers being encouraged, as harbingers of a more correct system of education, than has hitherto been enjoyed. " Among the duties of the guardians of public edu- cation, it is one thing to provide the ways and means in support of the cause, another to obtain competent teachers, and last to furnish them, as you would the mechanic or artist, if you expect the best result from their labors, with proper tools and materials — that is to say, with the best books. Money lavished in the purchase of inferior books is not only lost, but that time which is the most precious to the young for improve- ment, is gone, and cannot be redeemed." " Every good teacher is aware of the importance of placing the best school books, and none other, in the hands of his pupils. On the fitness of these assistants in the business of educating, depends much of the ease TEXAS IN 1850. 63 and success of his labors. Though the good mstructer Tvill doubtless accomplish much in the use of even poor books, his success must be greater and more easily attained by the aid of good ones. The Eclectic Educational Series is believed to be, as a whole, better suited to the wants of intelligent edu- cators, in the present advancing state of primary edu- cation, than any similar series yet published, and any efforts to extend its use into our schools, is a real ser- vice to the cause of education itself." CHAPTER VII. Comparison of the moral interests of Texas with the erection of a building. Necessity of the correspondence of the parts. The minutest causes to be regarded. Population to be made up in part. Dangers of a heterogeneous class of citizens. Difficulties attend- ing the formation of society. Proper means for obviating those difficulties. Necessity of high moral principles. Importance of a concentration of purpose. A model for imitation. Extract, exhib- iting the example of the first settlers of New England. Similar decision and fixed purpose requisite. Indications of Providence in behalf of Texas, encouraging to future efibrts. United labors of Christians demanded. In the creation of a fabric, much care is requisite to proportion its parts in such a manner as to give sym- metry, beauty, and elegance to its appearance. A slight deviation might mar the whole appearance — the defect would seem so much of a contrast, as to ren- der the edifice an object of disgust, rather than admi- ration. In building up the interest of a new country, the greatest skill and pains are requisite to make all things correspond in the way of improvements. The minutest causes work for good or for evil, and the tendency of every measure should be properly weighed, before it be allowed to exert an influence. The causes of pubHc corruption and national depravity, at first, are slow and work unseen ; — they begin to work by insensible de- grees, and are always perceived least by that commu- TEXAS IN 1850.. 65 nity on Avhich their operation is most fatal. If such causes are permitted to exist in Texas, however much the good sense and virtue of the people may retard their operation awhile, they will ultimately produce their deleterious effects. Timely precaution will save this interesting State from the sad influences of an indiscreet management of those affairs in which is suspended her future destiny. With such precaution, Texas may be seen rising in- to a mighty fabric of social, political and religious order, soaring by degrees to eminence and distinction, diffus- ing her benign influence abroad, and descending with increasing improvements down through future genera- tions. How is such a mighty work to be accomplished ? It is evidently not a work that can be performed in a day, nor can it be matured by one individual. It is to be the result of an extended and comprehensive system of arrangements, like a piece of machinery, with wheel joined to wheel, and each one necessary to secure the successful operation of the whole. A concentration of minds is necessary, minds formed for action — minds that know what human nature is and how it is to be operated upon — minds that can lay plans for the accomplishment of purposes, and that can devise means for their execution. " The children of this world " should not be permitted to be " wiser in their generation than the children of light." "With the immense advantages which Texas possesses, imagination finds no difficulty in viewing her in the course of a few years, with her fertile lands in a high state of cultiva- 6* 66 TEXAS IN 1850. tion, her rivers improved to ensure safe and successful navigation, railroads constructed to facilitate inland com- merce, and the country, towns and cities teeming with population. Can it be predicted with equal certainty, that a comparative improvement in intelligence and vir- tue will take place ? In this subject is concentrated the country's hope. Knowledge and goodness must fix their altars on every pinnacle of fame to perpetuate its existence. To make Texas what she should be, those quicksands, which have always operated to subvert the well being of society, must be shunned, and those principles culti- vated that have ever proven a foundation for prosperity, and a safeguard and defence against all the dangers and difficulties to which a country may be exposed. The population of Texas is, to an extent, yet to be made up, and of their character, who can decide ? A heterogeneous mass, from every source, of all ranks and conditions, are in a measure to form her future citizens. Though many worthy and meritorious characters are, and will be, found among so great an emigration as has been and will be to this country, yet it cannot reasona- bly be expected that all are valuable members of soci- ety which emigrate. In all extensive emigrations which have hitherto been in any part of the world, it has not unfrequently been the case that the poor, distressed, overwhelmed with calamities and misfortunes from vice and imprudence, have formed a considerable part. In influx of strangers and foreigners of every grade and class is dangerous to the well being of society, espe- TEXAS IN 1850. 67 daily if the number bears any considerable proportion to the old inhabitants. Even if that proportion is small, the effects are injurious, but in the immense accession to population -which Texas has in prospect her danger is extreme. Society will have to be formed under diffi- cult circumstances ; if the emigration is vicious it will corrupt, and if it is virtuous it will have to blend and assimilate ; and how are those difficulties to be met and counteracted ? Nothing but a firm and virtuous prin- ciple diffused throughout society, sufficient to act as a restraining and transforming influence, will mould such discordant elements into their proper shape. Public sentiment must be so infused as to be able to withstand all opposing currents, and turn everything which comes within its influence into its proper channel. Let the atmosphere of those lovely prairies of Texas become instilled with the spirit of virtuous indepen- dence, so that whoever inhales its balmy fragrance may become the subject of its happy influence. Let firm and exalted principle be the light-house to guide the stranger to a home in Texas, and here let him buy, build and plant ; let him live, spread and flourish, pur- suing interest and happiness in every mode of life which enterprise can suggest or reason justify, under those institutions which heaven will bless and prosper. However dark and discouraging the moral aspect of affairs often appears in Texas, there are many high- minded souls, who, with an eye of faith, look over the lowering mountains of present appearances, to the time when those rough places will be made smooth, and 68 TEXAS IN 1850. " righteousness and truth which only exalte th a nation " shall be known and felt. If Texas is to be built up in moral beauty, skill and wisdom must lay the plan, and every one who feels an interest in seeing the building completed in elegance, must put a hand to the w^ork. Firmness and decision are necessary for the perform- ance of every important undertaking. A concentration of purpose can achieve the noblest ends. A model for imitation of great and important plans, carried out for the good of posterity, is presented by the example of the Puritan fathers of New England. Here it may be observed, that the reader must not too hastily judge, that the author is attempting to eulo- gize her own country. We are wilhng he should set down liberally to the account of national attachment, but, it is our professed intention to be candid and impartial. An extract will be inserted which may seem to ex- hibit the achievement of important purposes, planned and matured under the most disadvantageous circum- stances. Though great and splendid actions are not the ordinary occurrences of life, but must, from their nature, be reserved for particular and eminent occasions, yet that system is essentially defective which leaves no room for their production. They are important, both from their immediate advantage and their remote influ- ence. They illustrate the age and nation in which they occurred. They raise the standard of human excellence, and by showing what man has done, exhibits what he may do. TEXAS IN 1850. 69 Monuments of the greatness of the human soul, they pre- sent to the world the image of virtue in her sublimest forms, from which streams of light and glory issue to remote times and ages, while their commemoration by the pen of historians, should awaken in distant bosoms sparks of kindred excellence. " The colony of New England was unlike the colonies of other parts of the continent. It grew out of the re- ligious principles, others, out of the pecuniary. Its first object was a permanent home for religious liberty. Its purposes matured in a country of persecution, prayer and desire to worship God, until those Pilgrims became consecrated to the great idea, and ready to sacrifice home, lands, country, friends and life, if they might secure liberty of conscience to their posterity in the new world. " They left Europe fully in the belief, that God was guiding them to become the founders of a nation, in which this liberty to serve Him would be secured for- ever and they stepped on Plymouth Rock fully in the faith never to return. " Few decisions of so great import were ever made in this world. Never on this continent has there been another of such stupendous results and by the highest religious faith, — no 1 never one so eminently possess- ing the very highest courage, self denial and confidence in God, like the martyrs. They resolved to live or die, as the founders of an empire in which to worship God with liberty of conscience. If here was a compa- ny of pilgrims possessing the highest religious faith and 70 TEXAS IN 1850. devotion, and the highest manifestation of both : so no other on this continent, none in modern or in ancient times, since the meeting of the Disciples, when ' en- dowed from on high with the Holy Ghost and with tounges of flame,' have sent forth results so valuable to mankind, as have come out of this decision to re- main firm on the rock in the wilderness. That was the embryo bud, from which there has grown out three branches, large and growing rapidly with command from God to fill the whole earth, and it must be done. The branches are, a free conscience Bible in worship, free schools in education, and free suffrage in govern- ment. The last, to succeed, must be associated -with the two first. But let the free Bible and free schools prevail and we need little anxiety what form govern- ment may have. The want of education to every child and the Bible read daily by every person of the nation, is the danger into which we are now passing. " To use the language of a distinguished orator, liber- ally modified, ' If we seek for great men in the ends for which they set forth, the difficulties with which they contended, the success which God gave them, the teem- ing harvest which has sprung from seed sown with their tears, we shall find them in the first church of the Pil- grims ; and our interest in them must be inexpressibly heightened by their relations to our own present and future, in which they have expanded, and through whose light they shine. Certainly, the planting of a colony in a new world, which may grow, and does grow to a great nation where there was none before, is in TEXAS IN 1850. 11 itself in the judgment of the world, among the great things which God gives great souls power to do. To found a state upon a waste earth, wherein great num- bers of human beings may live together, and in success- ive generations socially and in peace, knit to one another by numerous ties, great and small, wherein they may enjoy, improve and heighten social life, may reclaim and decorate the earth, invent and polish the arts, plant, nurture, and beautify the virtues of the soul ! to do this, is great.' " Much greater is the planting of a great nation as these pilgrims did it, being a church of Christ, out of the true and great Christian motive, the will and glory of God, and the love of unborn generations, so that each son and daughter might sit under their own vine, with no church or state. King or bishop to make them afraid to the end of time. " Certainly, in planting the best elements in the world, upon the Rock of Plymouth, things in heaven and things on the earth were united : faith, with hard sufferings, love of God and posterity, with the giving up of goods and comforts, which, except in the planting of the primitive church, has never had a parallel. All these things uniting in the Forefathers have concentrated in them the great elements, and brought them near the summit of all greatness on earth. *' To adopt an illustration of their own, * Puritanism was planted in the region of storms, and there it grew. Swayed this way and that, by a whirlwind of blasts, all adverse, it scut down its roots below frost or drought 72 TEXAS IN 1850. into the heart of the world, its trunk went up erect, gnarled and seamed, but nourished by the most luxuri- ant soil, like men in the temptations of earth, with faith in the Saviour, and he in them.' Thus the true Pilgrim greatness, which can alone make this country great, is Christian faith, self denial, the church beauti- fied by suffering and constancy for others, like, and in union with the Son of God." The traces of God's hand distinctly mark the history, condition and prosperity of our country and nation. From the character of the population, to whom the leading influence was given in the founding of our insti- tutions, and in establishing national usages, we cannot but infer that God's designs towards this nation were of an exalted character, and that they will develope themselves in the future with blessings innumerable in our land and world. The spirit of maintaining equal rights, free religion and public schools must be infused among a people, and the principle carried out in prac- tice secures every blessing upon which the exaltation of any country can depend. The puritan fathers were distinguished for a love of learning, their regard for the Sacred Scriptures and their indomitable zeal in main- taining religious liberty. No sooner had they cleared a spot of ground, than the school house and sanctuary arose, and most of their care, during the greatest extre- mities, had respect to the welfare of posterity. Those who have the first occupancy of the soil must inevita- bly maintain an ascendant influence of great power. The tenacity with which first organizations and princi- TEXAS IN 1850. 73 pies maintain themselves, affords the greatest induce- ment to establish at the commencement, those of the right character. The qualities and principles of the first settlers will mould and shape the political, social and religious institutions. If the right principles are started upon bj the first inhabitants, then others, of different kinds of population, as thej come in will be stirred into the forming mass and become assimilated to the powerful and well organized elements into which the J mix. God's hand was most specifically manifested in the preservation of his church in its purity, in the first planting of the American colonies, and cannot his hand be recognized in sustaining religious institutions in Texas under all the various circumstances in which she has been placed ? Never has God dealt more favora- bly towards a people, and with reference to the indica- tions of his Providence, the friends and advocates of religion should move forward in the work of advancing its interests throughout the country. His hand was never more signally manifested than at the present time ; in the movements for the spread of the Gospel among the people ; the opening of new fields of effort and raising up men to cultivate them and bestowing a sav- ing blessing on the seed sown in tears. Every revolu- tion of the wheel of Providence manifests the kindest designs, and bids the people of God move on, and no one can recede without treason to interests more pre- cious than life. No one can withhold his influence, while every motive of love to Christ and benevolence 7 74 TEXAS IN 1850. to man, and every consideration that bears in the con- servation of precious institutions, bids him go forward. "We are not ' straightened in God,' but the united effort of the people is wanted. Nothing in the way of means does so effectually overcome obstacles as the influence of Christians acting together. This is the most important element of success. Proceeding on this great principle of harmonizing the discordant elements of society, and prevaiUng on Christians of different names to co-operate in all that is essential to the salva- tion of man, the ark of the Lord must surely move for- ward in Texas. One, and all, the people, the whole people must thus move by one impulse, and labor for one destiny, and make their State the light of nations, diffusing the mingled radiance of peace, liberty and religion. CHAPTER VIII. The Missionary of Texas. Encouragement under Privations. Pros- pects and Promises which he has to sustain him. Encouragement which the Gospel offers for an Increase of Missionaries. Appeals in behalf of Texas. Claims upon the North and East. Duty of Extending Aid in behalf of Moral Enterprise. " It is all right," said a missionary in Texas, " yes, it is all right," for a redeemed sinner, honored as an officer of the highest Court in the universe ^ith an em- bassy from the King of Kings to his revolted subjects, to endure any privations and trials, and make any per- sonal sacrifices which the service may require, with a cheerful spirit. " It is all right " to devote time, and heart, and intellect, and wear out the springs of life in self-denying toils to promote the Kingdom of such a Saviour. A glittering crown — a name enrolled among the sons of light — and everlasting honors Avhich out- weigh ten thousand times the best living sacrifices which the best Christian minister can offer in the service of Christ. A language truly characteristic of the spirit of the Gospel. How insignificant do worldly honors and plea- sures appear to one Avho has a just appreciation of the richer blessings of the Gospel of Christ. Infinitely happier is he who is following the footsteps of the bles- sed Saviour in sacrifice, privations and suffering, than the most exalted devotee of earthly pursuits and honors. 76 TEXAS IN 1850. The missionary of Christ is on an errand of the most exalted character, and while he pursues his toilsome way, he enjoys a blessing, richer far than earth can yield. Though he sows in tears, yet shall he reap in joy, — " though he goes forth weeping, bearing pre- cious seed, he shall doubtless come again rejoicing, bringing his sheaves with him." Thus is he blessed who labors for the Lord ; though it be under a cloud, faith looks over the darkest prospect and assures him that his labor cannot be " in vain." The poor mission- ary wandering " up and down " in this unfriendly world, with scarcely a " place to lay his head," can exult in joys which the votaries of the world know not of. In the estimation of the world, the rich and the great are esteemed happy, but never was there a great- er mistake ; without grace in the soul, the greatest adornment earth can confer, will never yield one drop of real happiness. A momentary delusion ; scarcely a faint glimmering of the beloved object that allured to its pursuit ! Could the same spirit be elicited for hea- venly riches, that is manifested for those of earth, how much more becoming the character of beings destined to immortality ! "0, vain and inconstant world ! 0, fleeting and transitory life, when will the sons of men learn to think of thee as they ought ? " when will they learn the fading and unsatisfying nature of earthly good, and seek that happiness which can alone satisfy the boundless desires of the immortal soul ? When will they think less of time and more of eternity. The missionary of Christ has promises for " the life TEXAS IN 1850. 77 that now is, and that which is to come." A halo of glory and light encircles his brow, from rich assurances which beam from the blessed volume of Divine truth. Streams of grace and peace flow through his soul, while he drinks at that fountain, of which, if a man drinks, he shall never thirst again. While the world- ling repairs to the unsatisfying fountain of earthly pleasures, he quenches his thirst from the view of life which proceeds out of the throne of God and the Lamb. '' He shall dwell on high, his place of defence shall be the munition of rocks ; bread shall be given him, and his waters shall be sure." His eyes shall see the King in his beauty, he shall behold the land that is very far oS*. " There the glorious Lord will be a place of broad rivers and streams, wherein shall be no galley with oars, neither will the gallant ship pass thereby." The Lord " will be a strength to the needy in dis- tress — a refuge from the storm, and a shadow from the heat in a weary land." A missionary of Christy what other title can com- pare ! kings, peers, lords and nobles are empty names to that conferred on him who is sent on an embassy of love and mercy to fallen man ! A missionary of Christ — what blessings and privileges are guaranteed to him ! " his bow shall abide in strength, and the arms of his hands shall be made strong by the hands of the mighty God of Jacob. Even by the Almighty Avho shall bless him Avith the blessings of the deep that licth under ; " they shall be upon the head of him who sacri- fices earthly pursuits for Christ's sake. ♦7 78 TEXAS IN 1850. In view of the immense privileges of being a mission- ary of the Cross, who would not covet it ? Why is not the way filled up with many rushing into a service which secures such present and future reward ! Were there more of those who profess to honor the Saviour and his cause, who will rightly appreciate the inestima- ble privilege of being missionaries to destitute portions of our world, " the desolate places would be glad for them, and the desert would rejoice and blossom as the rose." If this subject was duly taken into considera- tion, Texas would not be spreading forth her hands so long, in vain ; her ranks would be filled by those who would esteem it their greatest privilege to scatter the seed of truth over her wide destitutions. The appeals made in her behalf would meet an early response, and intelhgent and hallowed enterprise would be enlisted for extending the kingdom of Christ, until he reigns whose right it is to reign, over the length and breadth of this beautiful and interesting State. The Church is to be built up and enlarged, and in- strumentality is to be obtained, ere " righteousness goeth forth as brightness, and the salvation thereof, as a lamp that burneth." The Great Head of the Church is urging the claims of this part of his moral vineyard ; and most emphati- cally saying to Christians of the Northern and Eastern Churches, " Why stand ye here idle ? " " Go ye also into the vineyard, and whatsoever is right, I will give you." What though it be self denial and toil ; the Christian's happiness does not depend upon shunning TEXAS IN 1850. 79 the Cross, but upon taking it up and bearing it. He who shuns an obvious call to deny himself for Christ'3 sake, shuns the most exalted privilege permitted man on this side of heaven. The Saviour has nobly set an ex- ample of labor and self-denial, and " the servant is no greater than his lord." The purest, most unmingled happiness that exists on earth, is experienced by those who most nearly approach the pattern of Him, who, though " he was rich, became poor, that we, through his poverty, might become rich." ** Oh, hear along the vaulted skies, This great command of Christ arise ; This mandate sent from heaven above, "Whose words are full of purest love ; — Go bear My Name ! go scatter light ! Dispel the mists of darkest night ! Go, turn the force of error's flood, And turn it with my precious blood, "While bolder, bolder press your cause, Till Satan all his force withdraws I " Rejoice ! rejoice ! for many a band Already hears in Gosjyel land; The morn of truth shines o'er the East, And sends its beams to farthest West ; The fragrant Sotcth — the moral wastes, Shall hear the neics of Jesus' birth ; While city, forest, sea, atid plain, Shall echo back the glorious strain, And louder, louder stoell the song, Till Jesus dwell on every tongue. PART SECOND. Limits of Texas, Existing Difficulties relative to the True Boundary. Divisions of Texas. Face of the Country. Climate. Health. Mineral Resources. Natural Advantages and Adaptation to the Wants of man. Eastern Texas. Counties and Shire Towns. Face of the Country. Timber. Streams of "Water. Facilities for Manufacturing Establishments. Emigration and Improvements. Fruits, and Vegetable Productions. Staple Commodities. Stock Raising. Internal Improvements. Natural Advantages. Desti- tution in the Moral I^epartmcnt of Improvement. The Educa- tional and Religious Advantages not adequate to the Demands of tlie Population. The Increase of Ministers and Teachers not commensurate with the Extensive Emigration. Difficulties at- tending Ministerial Labors. Sectional Feeling. False Systems of Christianity. Necessity of Ministers professing True Bible Wis- dom. Fluctuations in Public Sentiment and Moral Enterprises. The Most Important Element of Success. The Missionaries' Ad- vent into Texas. Common Entrance. Sabine River. Description of Sabine Town. Appearance of Texan Towns to the Stranger. Interesting on account of their Improving Condition. Description of San Augustine, Nacogdoches, Douglass, Crockett. Northern Portion of Eastern Texas. Entrance. Admitting Emigration rapidly. Description of Clarksville, Marshall, Henderson, Busk, Larissa, Palestine. Importance of a Female Institution of High Order in Texas. Trinity Valley. Production Lands. Naviga- tion of the Trinity. Mineral Resources of the Trinity Valley. Middle Texas, Counties, Shire Towns. Natural Advantages. Fer- tility of the Soil of the Busos Valley. Navigation of the River. 82 TEXAS IN 1850. Improvements whicli might be made to the Commercial Interests of Middle Texas. Adaptation of the Soil to the Cultivation of Sugar Cane. Facilities for Manufacturing Establishments. In- crease of Population, and Growing Importance. Deficiency in the Means of Education. An Enlarged System of Education de- manded. An Increase of High Moral Principle, commensurate with the Increase of Population. The Standard of Piety of Church Members should become more Elevated. The Harmony and co- operation of the Different Branches of Christ's Church required. Houses for the "Worship of God. Observance of the Sabbath. Improvements made in Society during the last three years. Prospects of Continued Improvements. Destitution of Cincin- nati. Huntsville. Montgomery. Danville. Anderson, "Washing- ton. Independence. Rutersville. La Grange. Bastrop. Aus- tin. Galveston. Houston. Brazaria. San Felipe. Matagorda. Old Caney. Changes which have hitherto taken place in Relation to Towns. More permanency at the present. Sparsely settled portions of Country. Important Missionary Fields. Need of Ministers to collect scattered Church Members and organize Churches. Destitutions in the Old Presbyterian Church. Acces- sion of Ministers during the last year. Appeal to Churches in favored portions of Countries to aid the feeble Churches of Texas. Duty of portions of Churches to Colonize. Necessity of a better Church and more Action and energetic Piety among the Members. "Western Texas. Counties, Shire Towns. Extensive Territory yet to be occupied. Variety of Population, Relation of the In- dians. Hostile incursions of Indians during the last year. Im- mediate Measvires required for Suppressing Depredations. Ira- potance of "Western Texas. Navigation of the Rio Grande. Other Rivers susceptible of being rendered Navigable, Fertility of the Prairie Regions. Manufacturing Facilities, Mineral Resources. Natural Curiosities. Cross Timbers. Origin of the Old Missions. Necessity of Protestant Emigration. Prevalence of the Roman Catholic Religion. Immediate Efforts demanded for the Evange- lization of Mexicans on the Rio Grande. Dr. Baker's Report of the Condition and "Wants of that interesting portion of Country. The Readiness of the Mexicans to receive the Gospel, Eagerness for Bibles and Tracts, Description of the "Upper Rio Grande. Destitution of Ministers and Teachers. Fertility of the Country and Inducements for settlers. Recent Organization of Counties. Appeal for Laborers in behalf of the Rio Grande Valley. Descrip- TEXAS IN 1850. 83 tion of San Antonio. Gonzales. Seguin. Of the Country situat- ed on the Gaudaloupe Iliver. Influence of the Temperance Cause. School Houses and Churches taking the place of Grog-Shops. Description of New Braunfels. Comal Town. Valley of the Co. mal Iliver. Castroville. Beauty of the Natural Scenery. Indianola Goliad. Towns on the Rio Grande. Edinborough. New St. Louis. Brownsville. Roma. Rio Grande. Laredo. El Paso. Necessity of re-enforcing the latter towns with strong Protestant Influences, on account of their prospective influence over Mexico. Retrospect of Texas. Her Early History. The Noble Senti- ments of Freedom evinced by the Early Settlers of Texas. The Achievement of their Independence. Foundation for the Prospe- rity which has succeeded. The Immense Improvements. Motives for Emigration. A Field for Interest and Usefulness. A Great "Work yet demanded. A Contest waged. Texians called upon, to gird on their Spiritual Armor. An Appeal for Christian Volun- teers to aid in this Holy "Warfare. What is Texas in Territory ? Were we to attempt to define the limits of Texas, we should come in collis- ion with the claims of the General Government, which admit of less territory than Texas understood former stipulations guaranteed to her. According to the boundary which Texas claims, the State extends from the Gulf of Mexico, three leagues from land, to the mouth of the Rio Grande, thence up the principle stream of said river to its source, thence due North to the 42d degree of latitude. This boundary was defined by an act of the first Tex- ian Congress, and continued to be regarded as such to the period of annexation, at which time, it was under- stood that the Government of the United States recog- nized it, and, by the resolutions of annexation, provided that " the territory properly included within, and be- 84 TEXAS IN 1850. longing to the Republic of Texas might be erected into a new State — to be called the State of Texas." It is an important matter, at this era, for Texas to know what she really is, in territory, that it should embrace all that is her honest due. Encumbered with a large national debt, contracted in course of her revo- lution, she has to look to her public domain as her only resource for its payment, and the acquitance of her obligations to those who generously aided her struggle for independence. The acquiescence of Texas to give up the portion claimed will necessarily curtail and Hmit her ability to meet her responsibilities, consequently, she must violate her honor in a very important degree. The decision of this subject is a matter of serious consequence to Texas. It is hoped that the present Congress will decide the unadjusted boundary, and in that decision will render the justice which is necessarily expected from a source in which should be concentrated equity as well as power. According to the previous confederation, Texas covers sixteen degrees of latitude, and fourteen of longi- tude. She extends from 26 to 42 degrees of north latitude, and from 96 to 110 of west longitude. The south-east corner is in the mouth of the Rio Grande — a region of perpetual flowers ; her north-west corner is near the South Pass in the Rocky Mountains — a re- gion of perpetual snow. She has a gulf frontier of near a thousand miles, a frontier on the Rio Grande (the disputed portion) of two thousand miles, an undisputed frontier of a thou TEXAS IN 1850. 85 sand miles on the Arkansas, about five hundred more on the Red River, nearly another five hundred on the Sabine frontier, and an inland frontier of three hundred miles between the Red River and the Arkansas. She has a circumference of about five thousand miles, and a superficial content of three hundred and fifty thou- sand square miles. Texas is usually considered under three divisions, Eastern, Middle, and Western. Eastern Texas em- braces that portion between the Sabine and Trinity ; Middle Texas, that between the Trinity and Colorado ; "Western^ Texas, that between the Colorado and Rio Grande rivers. By a recent division, the State contains seventy- seven Counti(?3. Several of the old counties have been divided into two or more, which division has in- creased, greatly, their number. Some of the counties are quite densely settled, and exhibit the improve- ments, incident to old settled States. For the most part, however, Texas has the usual indications of other new countries. The face of the country is level on the coast, but to- wards the interior it becomes undulating, and the north west is interspersed ^vith hills and mountains, which might compare in point of asperity and ruggedness to the most mountainous portion of the Union. Near the rivers and streams the land is covered with timber, em- bracing all the varieties found in other Southern States. The majestic appearance of the forest trees present striking objects for observation. The pine, palm, oak 86 TEXAS IN 1850. and hickory grow to an astonishing size and height. The laurels, especially the magnolias, are peculiarly beautiful, rising with erect trunks to the height of 100 feet, forming towards the head a perfect cone, and hav- ing their dark green foliage interspersed with large white flowers, frequently eight or nine inches in diameter. As we leave the streams the country opens into vast prairies or savannas, those beautiful plains which are common in some other parts of the United States. In the vernal season their beauty surpasses description — the luxuriance of the vegetation presents the appearance of seas of verdure. The grass, three or four feet high, and often overtopped by fragrant blossoms, is waved by the winds like the rolling billows of the ocean. With- out a tree in sight, except the thick forest which bounds them, as the beach limits the sea, they stretch far away beyond the power of vision. Those immense prairie regions are susceptible of a high state of cultivation, and their utility is equal to their beauty. The climate of Texas is one of alternate spring and summer, with the exception of a few weeks during the winter of excessive rains. During this season the prairie portions of the country are subject to violent winds, called " Northers," which exhibit a sudden transition from heat to the most intense cold. They are of short continuance ; their effect, however, is somewhat delete- rious to health, especially to those who are not accus- tomed to such piercing blasts. TEXAS IN 1850. 87 Flowers bloom and vegetation grows during most of the winter. To a person reared amid the snowy regions of the North a Texian winter would appear a no- velty which could scarcely be realized. Rarely can there be found an individual from the North, who, after residing any length of time beneath the beams of a Southern sun, desires to return to the uncongenial rigors of a Northern climate. The South was formerly considered for Northern people, what India has been for Europeans, — "a vast grave-yard." Experiment has fully proven, however, that Northern constitutions are susceptible of becoming accUmated, by using pro- per precautions. It is not unfrequently the case, that individuals born and reared in view of the snowy sum- mits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, are found in the extreme South, and as exempt from disease and sickness, as those who have never known any other clime, except that of the " Sunny South." The temperature of the Summers does not present a higher degree of heat than is experienced at the North, but their protracted length has the tendency, somewhat, to relax the constitution. The coolness of the nights, however, and the refreshing breezes from the gulf, serve very essentially to mitigate the inconveniences arising from the long warm summers. Epidemics are not common — the diseases which are generally prevalent, are of a mild character, and yield readily to medicine under early and judicious treatment. The watQr of some parts of Texas is injurious to health, which renders such locations objectionable. This diffi- SH TEXAS IN 1850. culty might be obviated, as in some parts of the State, by the use of cisterns, which will probably come into universal use in those places where the health of the country demands. The part of the State east of the Trinity river is bedded on freestone ; that west of it, is mostly upon lime- stone. The mineral resources of the country, are not developed to any great extent. As yet, there has been no regular geological survey, but it is very evident that such an examination would tend greatly to the interests of the State, by a development of many natural advan- tages, which at the present are unknown. In several places, specimens of pure chalk, iron and coal are found, which might be an object sufficiently important to engage attention for rendering subservient to the purposes for which nature designed them. An impartial observer of the merits and advantages which Texas possesses cannot but admire its general adaptation to the support and comfort of civilized man. In beauty and fertility it is the most perfect garden of nature, and if those advantages which the State posses- ses were brought into use and exercise, what a brilliant prospect would open through the darkness of the future ! With the moral energy of the free and active people, it can reasonably be hoped and expected that the arts, science, industry, virtue and social happiness will in- crease and spread where nature has conferred such dis- tinguished advantages. In order to delineate the State more definitely each division will be taken separately and described with TEXAS IN 1850. 89 as much accurateness as circumstances will permit. We -will commence with Eastern Texas, that part, as has been already stated, situated between the Sabine and Trinity rivers. This division contains thirty-five Coun- ties, of which those on the Sabine commencing on the South are the following. Counties. Shiretowns. Jeflferson, Beaumont, Newton, Burkeville, Sabine, Milam, Shelbyville, Shelby, Panola, Carthage, Harrison, Marshall, Cass, Jefferson, Bowie, N. E. Co. De-Kalb, On the Northern boundary, lying on Red river. Red River Co. Clarksville, Lamar, Paris, Fannin, Bonham, Grayson, Sherman, Cooke, Unsettled, On the Trinity river commencing on the South. Liberty, — partly on the E. and partly on the W. Liberty, Polk, do. do. Livingston, Houston, — entirely on the E. Crockett, Anderson, Palestine, Henderson, Buffalo, Kaufman, Kaufman, Dallas, — partly on the E. and partly on the W. Dallas, Denton, — entirely on the E. Alton, 8* 90 TEXAS IN 1850. Intermediate commencing on the South. Tjler, Woodville, Jasper, Jasper, Angelina, Marion, San Augustine, San Augustine, Nacogdoches, Nacogdoches, Cherokee, Rusk, Rusk, Henderson, Smith, Tyler, Van Zandt, Jordan's Saline, Upsher, Gilmer, Titus, Mount Pleasant, Hopkins, Tarrant, Hunt, Greenville, Collin, McKinnej. This division contains a greater number of counties, and presents as a whole a higher state of improvement than that of Middle or Western Texas. The country is elevated and presents a beautifully undulating surface. It being less of a prairie region than other portions of the State, it is better supplied with timber. All the various kinds are abundant, — pine, hickory, walnut, blackjack and oak of several kinds. Streams of water occur at short intervals, some of which might afford excellent facilities for mills and manufacturing operations. There is, perhaps, no part of the United States which offers greater encourage- ment for machinists of the various kinds to prosecute the manufactures necessary for the interests of a coun- try, than is to be met with in Texas. TEXAS IN 1850. 91 The evident need of such improvements in the East- ern, as well as other portions of the State, appeals loudly for attention to this department of enterprise. The cultivation of the soil has absorbed the attention of the citizens mostly, and hence this object has been neg- lected. Could some of the manufacturing enterprise and ingenuity of New England be extended into Texas, it would, greatly, conduce to the interests of the State, as well as afford a profitable speculation for those whose enterprise might lead them to undertake it. The tide of emigration is fast filling up this section of country, which is generally of an excellent class of people, and who seem disposed to settle permanently, and are turning their attention to the improvement of farms — to the erection of comfortable and handsome dwellings — planting out orchards — cultivating gardens, shrubbery, &c. ; and in fine to all the necessary objects connected with refinement and comfort. A great variety of fruit is found to succeed in East- ern Texas, comprising most of those found in- the torrid and temperate zones. The most prominent are figs, peaches, plums, cherries, grapes, apples, lemons and oranges. The productions are various and abundant. Cotton, Indian corn, tobacco, rice, wheat and sugar, are the staple commodities. Being a fine grazing country, it is well adapted to stock raising, and which is pursued to great advantage. Herds of cattle of the finest kind, several hundreds together, and thousands in some places, arc not an un- common sight. From the little care and expense which 92 TEXAS IN 1850. is requisite for keeping stock, it might be inferred that it is capable of being rendered a very lucrative busi- ness. Very little attention is requisite during the winter, and indeed in most instances cattle are left to subsist on what nature provides. The vast prairie and river bottoms are covered with luxuriant grass, wild rye, &c. affording a natural pasture for innumerable herds of cattle, horses and sheep, both winter and summer. When certain contemplated internal improvements are completed. Eastern Texas will enjoy great commer- cial advantages. At present, those portions situated distant from navigation, labor under some disadvan- tages on account of difficult access to market. The expense attending the conveyance of produce to ship- ping points detracts greatly from the income, and this disadvantage in many instances serves as a serious objection for emigrants making permanent locations. A great remissness is observed in the Eastern, as well as other portions of the State, upon the subject of internal improvements. Attention has not been paid hitherto to the improvement of roads as might be expected from the means which the citizens possess. If good roads are one of the accompaniments of civil- ization, as is generally admitted, a traveller passing through Texas might, with much propriety, infer that a very high point was not, as yet, attained. Texas roads, all will concur, are not calculated to speak very favorably of the enterprise and public spirit of the citizens. TEXAS IN 1850. 93 Such delinquencies are utterly inexcusable, as Texas abounds in all the elements of wealth and power to carry such an object into respectable execution. It is only necessary that public opinion receive a strong impulse towards a system of internal improvements, and the object might be secured : then the passing stranger as he traverses this beautiful country might not have his interest destroyed by the impracticability of the travelling, so that he turn with disgust — pronounc ing Texas, (as has been the case,) a country unfit for the abode of civilized man. The State should certainly possess sufficient pride of character to consider this subject of serious consequence, and if the legislature would give it some attention it would evidently facili- tate the interests of the State in reputation and conven- ience, in a very important degree. A country rich in natural beauties and privileges, without the adornment of art, presents a contrast which is more apparent and observable, than in those countries where nature has done but little. Hence Texas is laid under pecuhar obligations to carry her improvements to a high degree of perfection, and with her incomparable natural advantages, she might rank with the first States of the Union. Public spirit is the propelling agency, indispensable to the interests of a country, and in proportion as it is manifested and brought into exercise, in the same proportion does a country rise in influence, wealth and respectability. In point of natural resources. Eastern Texas is not second to any other portion, and time, no doubt, will 94 TEXAS IN 1850. (ievelope a good degree of energy among the inhabit- ants. With due activity in moral improvements, it might become highly interesting. But here destitution begins, — presenting a subject of deep and vital impor- tance. Attention has not been extended to these objects, as might be reasonably expected from the intel- ligence of the people. An interest, to some degree, is manifested to secure the advantages of the preaching of the gospel, schools, &c., but not as yet adequate to the demands of the increasing population. The destitu- tion, perhaps, is not owing so much to the disposition of the people, as to the difficulty of obtaining the suitably qualified agents to administer in those departments of moral and intellectual improvement. People who have recently emigrated to Texas, with families, manifest a very reasonable desire to secure the necessary advantages for the improvement of their children, and a good degree of liberality is manifested on the part of the people generally, to afford sufficient encouragement for ministers and teachers of the first class to follow up the emigration with their influence and co-operation. One fact is observable, that the families of Texas emigrants consist, generally, of goodly numbers of chil- dren, which may be accounted for upon the supposition, that those parents who are thus blessed are desirous of securing for them the advantages of a new country in point of worldly interest, and many do this without due consideration of the privileges of education, &c., which they are sacrificing. In an instance of an emigration TEXAS IN 1850. 95 into Eastern Texas which occurred last year, of four families consisting of fifty children, a query was sug- gested whether those parents would find moral and intellectual culture for their children, as readily as they could find lands for them. Nothing in the way of worldly advantages can compensate for the cultivation of the minds and morals of youth. This allusion is not intended to discourage the emigration of persons with numerous children, but is merely made to suggest the importance of bringing along the implements to culti- vate the mind as well as the soil. Where several fam- ilies are emigrating together, as is frequently the case, it would evidently be a wise calculation to bring a teacher with them. Two classes of emigrants are necessary for the improvement of a country, those to scatter seed upon the soil, and those to sow the more important seed of piety and intelligence. A great scarcity of preachers of the gospel is evi- dently felt in Eastern Texas. It is not uncommon that one minister has to supply three or four congregations at a distance, perhaps of fifty or sixty miles. Such ministerial labors are attended with great disadvan- tages, — from the labors of such extensive travelling, as well as from the little apparent efficacy of preaching monthly in a place. It is not surprising that ministers are soon worn out in Texas, and that so many find an early grave. Excessive labors in the performance of the duties, and the often barren fruits attending them, have a tendency to wear out the si)irit and body, and 96 TEXAS IN 1850. many a premature death has been the result, and prob- ably will be, until this department of moral Zion becomes reinforced, so as to strengthen the hands of those already in the field. The sparseness of the population has been, hitherto, a difficulty in securing congregations of sufficient size to secure the stated preaching of the gospel. Those dif- ficulties are becoming obviated by a rapid increase of population — the towns and country are fast filling up with the class of people who require a regular and able ministry. Here, it may not be ungenerous to remark, that sec- tional feeling exists too much among the different denominations of Eastern Texas to facilitate the general religious interests, as is desirable. It is a melancholy fact that there is a party spirit manifested which is entirely unbecoming the spirit of the religion of Christ. The attempt to build up a religious denomination by pulling down another is an absurdity which will eventu- ally dovelope itself in an utter failure. The circum- stances of the country, new as it is, demand union and co-operation, to a certain extent, in advancing its reli- gious interests. The cause of Christ should be one of general impor- tance to all the friends of Zion ; and though that cause be propelled by different agents, it ought to be re- garded with equal interest. The introduction of false systems of diffasing truth under the auspices of Christianity, has had a deleteri- ous influence upon the cause of Religion in some parts TEXAS IN 18.50. 97 of Eastern Texas. A false show of truth is more to be feared than error itself; unmasked, people can judge of its true character, but when it comes under the cloak of truth, fatal are the consequences to those who have not the discernment and prudence to look behind the curtain. The unadulterated principles of the Gospel will only secure a firm foundation, upon which to erect the tem- ple of truth. Hence the necessity that those who assist in forming the religious principles of a country, be men of correct sentiment, — cautious in assuming a position and firm in maintaining it. True Bible wisdom is requi- site for those who officiate in public capacities to meet and counteract the various prejudices and caprices, which are presented in society as newly formed as in Texas. The admonition of the Saviour applies with much propriety to such, " Be ye, therefore, wise as ser- pents, but harmless as doves." Nothing of permanen- cy is, as yet, acquired, that is found in old or settled communities — change, to a very great extent, is the order of the day. Enterprises, promising much good, may be in successful operation with every appearance of permanency, and, by some sudden and unaccountable freak of opinion, may be suspended entirely, or trans- ferred to some other point. Public sentiment is chang- ablc, and cannot be relied on with that degree of cer- tainty which is necessary to that permanency which is desirable. Hence the revolutions which are so con- stantly occurring. These difficulties, to be counteracted, require the transforming influence of skilful practition- 98 TEXAS IN 1850. ers. Men of profound skill, superior acquirements, an extensive knowledge of human nature, and above all, of a scriptural piety, can only be successful in Texas. No field, perhaps, presents more urgent reasons for efficient laborers. Yet, the difficulty of the work should not deter any pioneer of moral reform from putting in an effort of good, however small. A little, in its proper place and time, answers an important end. We should not " despise the day of small means." God is often pleased to accomplish mighty purposes with compara- tively little means. " The race is not always to the swift, nor the battle to the strong." David, with a pebble, killed a giant, and faith in David's God will enable a comparatively feeble saint to become mighty in demolish- ing error, and in building up truth in its purity. " Not by thy strength, or by thy power, but by my spirit, saith the Lord of Hosts." He who depends least upon himself and most upon God, is the one who has the ele- ment of power for the accomplishment of great good. Whoever comes to Texas to do good might consider himself upon missionary ground at his first entrance. So many posts of usefulness would present themselves before him, that it might cause some hesitancy to de- cide which to occupy. Let his advent be East or West, flourishing towns present themselves, which are in want of ministers and teachers. A very common entrance into Eastern Texas, is from the Red River, by the way of Nacitoches and Fort Jessup, La., across the Sabine River to Sabine Town, which is the first town in Texas on that route. TEXAS IN 1859. 99 This is a small place, af some importance, however, on account of its situation in regard to the river. The Sabine River is navigable for tolerably sized steam- boats, and by becoming cleared of some difficulties which now obstruct its navigation, it might be rendered highly important to the commercial interests of Eastern Texas. The town of Sabine has the appearance of being somewhat of a business place, and evidently possesses a good degree of respectability. The rehgious and educational interests are fluctuat- ing, nothing of permanency is enjoyed. Schools are only occasional, as well as preaching of the Gospel. A few miles west of Sabine, is the town of Milam, the shire town of Sabine County. Being a country seat, it might be inferred that a place of imposing consequence would present itself to the eye of the stranger. A per- son coming into Texas, direct from the Northern States might, perhaps, be surprised upon seeing many places called towns in Texas. He would, probably, as has been frequently the case, inquire, " where is the town?" and it would require some experience to be- come reconciled to the idea, that a post-office, store, and a few dwellings could, with propriety, be called a town. It might not be an absurd idea, to suggest that no place should acquire the appellation of " town," with- out its possessing church and school buildings, which might present inducements for an earlier attention to those appendages, which constitute the principal orna- ment of town, city, or country. It must be admitted that Texas towns are somewhat 100 TEXAS IN 1850. peculiar, but the liberal minded individual must keep in view, that the places which are called towns, have all in prospect ; — had they arrived at their highest point of improvement, and were stationary, their ap- pearance would be exceedingly dubious ; but the appar rent evidence of their rapid advancement renders them objects of interest and admiration. Nothing can exceed the rapid growth and increase of the towns in Texas. One or two years, in many instances, has witnessed the foundation and increase of a town in all the various de- partments of business and enterprise. Twenty-five miles west of Milam, on the stage route from Sabine to Houston, is San Augustine, a town of considerable importance. Its settlement was com- menced in the early condition of Texas ; hence it has more of the maxims, principles and sentiment of Texas " Old style,'' than towns of more recent origin. Its history, like other early settled towns, presents a varie- gated character. Its frontier situation rendered it a theatre for scenes and acts which early times could only excuse. Many sanguinary deeds there committed, have been, by the recording angel, registered for future examina- tion. Though human laws and justice have been evaded in numerous instances, the voice of blood appeals to that tribunal, upon whose tablet is engraven the immu- table law, " Thou shalt not kill." If those deeds could all be charged to the account of former times, a less melancholy retrospect might be taken ; but within the last few years the infamous stain TEXAS IN 1850. 101 of lawless murder has been permitted to deepen its im press upon that pleasant and interesting town. Here fell the worthy and ill-fated Russell, a victim to persecution and violence ; whose wrongs are deeply en- graven upon the sympathies of the most enlightened part of that community. Though no arm of law can reach the accessories of this horrid deed, Divine Jus- tice will search out the darkest corners, and bring to light those deep concerted plans, which robbed Texas of one of her brightest ornaments — one of her most promising and efficient agents of usefulness, and, sooner or later, meet such an outrage on humanity with its just desert and retribution. The shedding of human blood, produces, in any case, a stain which is difficult to efface, but there are circum- stances which deepen greatly, the color of that heaven- condemned act, and which impress must remain indel- ibly fixed. However dark such spots appear upon the moral face of San Augustine, the town has many valuable and worthy citizens, who look with abhorrence upon deeds of base immorality. At present its population numbers about five hundred inhabitants, comprising all the varieties of business and occupations, usually found in towns of that size. Its situation is pleasant, and a good degree of taste is manifested in its arrangement- The residences are ornamented with shade trees, shrub- bery and flowers, which give the place a very agreeable and imposing appearance. More attention has been paid to this department of improvement than is usually 9» 102 TEXAS IN 1850. seen in Texas. The citizens of the town are generally interested in promoting those important objects, in which are concentrated its best interests. A great degree of enthusiasm prevailed some few years since, on the subject of education, which led to the erection of elegant buildings for school purposes, and which might, as far as elegance and convenience are concerned, be made subservient to schools of the first order. By the appropriation of public lands, funds of several thousand dollars were raised by which a " University building" was erected sufficiently commo- dious for the several departments of one of the best conducted institutions. It went into successful operation under the super- intendence of Professor Montrose, a teacher of high respect, upon the union system, and promised great good to the town and vicinity. Had it continued upon the principle upon which it was commenced, the " Uni- versity" of San Augustine might have stood, in point of popularity and usefulness, by the side of any other institution in the South. But, unfortunately, the spirit of division arose, the development of which blasted and crushed the fairest prospects. An effort was made by Rev. Mr. Eussell to resuscitate the interests of the institution ; who, with a complete and thorough educa- tion, an extensive Chemical and Philosophical ap- paratus, and an adaptation to the art of teaching, might have been a very profitable and efficient agent in pro- moting the cause of education. Party spirit, however, had so gotten the start that his efforts were unavailing. i TEXAS IN 1850. 103 and upon the altar of maintaining the truth, he fell a victim under mysterious circumstances, which, perhaps, only the final exhibition of human affairs, will fully and satisfactorily develop. Amidst the scene of contention and strife the Metho- dist denomination conceived the design of a College, and proceeded, forthwith, in carrying the object into execution. Agents, for the collection of funds, were despatched to various places, who succeeded in raising the necessary amount to erect a college building, to which was given the distinguished appellation, " West- leyan College." A board of Professors were obtained, and the institution went into operation, under very aus- picious circumstances, promising much future good in the promotion of the educational interests of San Au- gustine. After a short and transitory day of prosperi- ty, however, this luminary, which had just begun to cast its gladsome beams abroad, sunk beneath a dark and gloomy horizon, and nothing now remains but a dilapidated edifice to show that there ever existed an institution for the cultivation of the arts and sciences. Amid the darkness of the present, hope would fain in- dulge the idea, that over those desolations may yet arise that literary sun, and commence again its revolu- tions to bless the youthful mind and intellect of San Augustine. There is no better teacher than experience, and, oftentimes, mistakes serve to give the best lessons. It is evidently exerting such an influence in San Augus- tine. The people are fully convinced that party spirit 104 TEXAS IN 1850. is not a principle which secures the prosperity of the moral and educational interests of any community. A unanimous feeling is manifesting itself by efforts on the part of the citizens to have those institutions revived. Only occasional schools have been had for three years past ; but the Trustees are exceedingly desirous of obtaining a regular board of teachers for both institu- tions. Perhaps no situation in the State offers better inducements for well qualified teachers, than San Au- gustine. The country is thickly settled by a wealthy class of citizens ; a satisfactory amount of patronage could be obtained, and a very reasonable compensation would be realized. It is to be hoped that this place may come under the consideration of those persons who are desirous of promoting the educational interests of Texas. Religion, in San Augustine, has shared, somewhat, the same fate as education. These two objects are so closely allied that it is impossible for one to suffer with- out affecting the other. Party spirit presumed to show its craven head in the sanctuary, but then, again, Divine justice stood prepared to vindicate its own cause, by displaying that the cause of Christ can only be pro- moted by the spirit of Christ, and that whoever attempts upon any other principle, is destined to " fall into the pit which he has made." The Methodist was formerly the most numerous and popular denomination in the place, but has been, lately, a'EXAS IN 1850. 105 upon the declino. It has a church building which is the only one in the town at present. There are a few Episcopahans, who have a building under way, which will probably be completed the present year. There are quite a number of Presbyterians in the town and vicinity, of the Cumberland and old school Church, who have in contemplation a building for public worship. No regular preaching is enjoyed by either denomination ; and a great destitution of the stated ordinances of the Gospel is felt by those who appreciate its blessings. The rehgious denominations are all comparatively weak as yet, and need an able and efficient Ministry to fix them upon a firm foundation and build them up. Within the vicinity of San Augustine are some high- ly respectable Churches of the Methodists and Cumber- land Pres. which have lately erected buildings, and are proceeding harmoniously, in advancing the cause of truth. Many locations of usefulness are to be found in coun- try settlements, where they are so densely populated as to present opportunities for securing good congrega- tions. Sabbath and week day schools. An evil should be sought out and exposed which has existed as long as such a pernicious one should be permitted, that of incompetent teachers seeking such locations in which to exert their " worse than no influ- ence ; " and the people, from the want of better means, 106 TEXAS IN 1850. have often been obliged to employ such pernicious im- postors. It is often remarked in country settlements, that expense had been bestowed, sufficient to have given children and youth good educations, who scarcely had attained the first elements of the common branches, with any degree of accuracy. . Here suggests one of the advantages which would occur from the public school system of education, in which the necessary qualifications of school teachers is so much a matter of consideration, that no individual is permitted to assume the important responsibility of instructing the youthful mind, without having passed a careful and judicious examination. The next town on the same route, thirty-five miles from San Augustine, is Nacogdoches, a town of consid- erable importance. This was of early origin, and was settled almost entirely by the Spanish, and not until within a few years has its appearance indicated it to be otherwise than a Spanish town. The population came by degrees intermixed with Americans, with which the customs have become so much assimilated, that the town, at present, retains but httle of its former charac- ter. Some indications, however, might present them- selves to the eye of the traveller. The only church edifice by its " sign " denotes that the protestant reli- gion has not assumed that position which it should. Catholicism formerly bore undisputed sway, but has yielded in its customs to the more consistent principles of Christianity. Some of the worthy and influential TEXAS IN 1850. 107 citizens of the town still adhere to Catholic practices, though greatly modified from what thej formerly were. There are other religious denominations in the town, which, from neglect or inability, have no building for public worship, as yet. The Methodist denomination is the most numerous, and is in a very prosperous condi- tion. A very consistent spirit prevails among its mem- bers, who are,' in a good degree, promoting piety among themselves, and exerting a favorable influence abroad. They have a church building in contemplation ; the necessity of which is seriously felt, and it is hoped the plan will be carried into execution, with the promptness its importance demands. A lack of appreciation of the great advantage accru- ing from suitable places of public worship, is the prime cause of the many deficiencies which so frequently man- ifest themselves. Were the importance of this subject brought before the popular mind, clothed in its true light, measures would be immediately concerted for the erection of churches in many places where they are at present wanting. The Episcopal church is supplied by a missionary of that denomination, who divides his time between Nacog- doches and San Augustine. It consists of but few members at present, yet a very strenuous effort is being made for the erection of a house of worship the present year. There are Presbyterians in the place ; very few, how- ever, not sufficient to sustain a regular ministry. Occa- 108 TEXAS IN 1850. sional preaching of the Cumberland and 0. S. Presby- terians is had in town and vicinity. Nacogdoches, hke San Augustine, has been a scene of contentions in regard to schools, not however to that extent. Those conflicts have retarded somewhat the educational interest of Nacogdoches, but have been in a measure counteracted. A very commodious and respectable building was erected some years ago, in which have been schools of considerable importance, and at present a school is in operation under the super- vision of competent teachers, and which is exerting a salutary influence upon the town and community. The society of Nacogdoches is refined and intelligent, and the stranger, probably, would not observe any dif- ference between it and the towns in the older States. The population is between five and six hundred. In this number of inhabitants is embraced the usual num- ber of professional men, merchants and mechanics. The town is situated upon an eminence, and presents an imposing and agreeable appearance. The Spanish style of building has nearly disappeared by the erection of new buildings. By the good taste already mani- fested, it may be inferred that it is destined to be a town which will possess attractions for general appear- ance, as well as for its moral and respectable character. Nacogdoches and San Augustine are situated upon what is called the " Red lands," a soil peculiar to a considerable portion of Eastern Texas, which, on ac- count of being strongly infused with irop, is quite red. The various appearances which are observed in this TEXAS IN 1850. 109 vicinity might present a subject for interesting specula- tions. Varieties occur only at short intervals. Fre- quently, the red, black and white soil are found so con- tiguous, that their colors become blended into one. Douglass, situated fifteen miles west of Nacogdoches, is a town which claims a passing notice. It exhibits an appearance which is peculiar to many other towns in Texas, not however in the way of improvement, but rather, otherwise. The population consists of a very worthy class of citi- zens, though not possessed of that enterprise which makes very rapid strides towards eminence and distinction. The town can scarcely be said to be stationary ; its advancement, however, is very gradual ; and perhaps a future day will exhibit that its slow progress was a prelude to a permanent and increasing prosperity. The religious interests of the town are duly regarded, and the necessary means for their advancement are in operation. The Temperance and Sabbath School cause are exerting their happy influence over the morals of the people. The Cumberland Presbyterians constitute the princi- pal denomination of the place. The church is in a prosperous condition, and embraces many of the citi- zens of town and vicinity. A very good degree of attention is paid to educa- tion ; though there is no regularly endowed institution, yet schools are usually sustained, and have been, hith- erto, conducted by very efficient teachers. A very consistent order of things is observed, and the people of 10 110 TEXAS IN 1850. Douglass have less occasion for censure than many other towns. Crockett, on the same route, forty miles west of Douglass, constitutes the county site of Houston county. This is a town, also, which aspires not unduly for aggrandizement. By its appearance a stranger would not infer that it acted upon the principle of " going ahead," which characterized its name-sake in such an important degree. Crockett, however, manifests a very respectable appearance, and is proverbial for the morality of its citizens. The various institutions for promoting the best interests of the people are in opera- tion, and peace and order abound. A resident cler- gyman of the Cum. Pres. church administers the gos- pel ; and has a highly respectable church, and a very good building for pubhc worship. Crockett is the last town of Eastern Texas on this route before coming to the Trinity river, which is dis- tant some forty miles. As we have made but a limited examination of this division, it might not be uninterest- ing to take a glance of what is considered the Northern portion of Eastern Texas. The usual entrance into this part is by the way of Shreveport, La., and which, prob- ably, is admitting emigration as rapidly as any other, portion of the State. The fertile lands on the Red river, and the advantages of navigation have attracted settlements to such a degree, that some of the counties contain a dense and wealthy population. Appeals are frequently made from that source for an enlarged sys- tem of moral and intellectual improvements, those pos- TEXAS IN 1850. Ill sessed not being adequate to the demands of the increas- ing population. Ministers and teachers are essentially needed, and could not fail of meeting -sv'ith ample encouragement. Clarksville, the county site of Red river county, is somewhat of a noted town. It is situated in the midst of a wealthy and populous portion of country, which secures to it the advantages necessary to its rapid prosperity. Its religious and educational interests have been sub- jects of special attention, securing to the town a very reputable moral character. Those conflicts which are so peculiar to Texas and other newly settled countries, have occasionally interrupted the order of affairs ; yet, as a general thing, Clarkville has had less of sectional feeling and prejudice to contend with, than many other towns. Its population embraces the usual varieties of religious denominations, and which are mostly in a prosperous condition. Marshall, shire town of Harrison County, is situated forty miles from Shreveport, La., in the great thorough- fare of the vast emigration coming up Red river, moving westward. It is one of the most thriving towns of this portion of the State, having a population already of two thousand inhabitants ; and its future prospects are indi- cative of a large and populous town. It covers more than one square mile, and contains many handsome residences, and several elegant public edifices. Its eligible situation gives it a commanding appearance, and its buildings are exhibited to good advantage. 112 TEXAS IN 1850. The country surrounding Marshall is gently undulat- ing, and very productive, and abounds with springs of excellent water. It is healthy, and quite densely populated. The religious and educational advantages of Marshall are superior to most other towns in Texas. The society is refined and intelligent, and all the privileges and ad- vantages are enjoyed there, which are found in the older States. Its location is peculiarly favorable to its prosperity, which, combined with the public spirit of the citizens, will no doubt render Marshall one of the most important towns of Texas. Henderson, in Rusk county, is also an interesting town. Its situation is pleasant, and the appearance of the town is rapidly improving. The vicinity abounds with beautiful lakes of transparent water, which, com- bined with other delightful scenery, renders Henderson a most desirable place of residence. The present popu- lation numbers about one thousand, and a very unani- mous sentiment prevails in advancing the best interests of community. The town is surrounded by a very fertile body of land, which is rapidly becoming occupied with enterprising settlers. By improvements which are in operation for the navigation of the Sabine river, the portion of coun- try surrounding Henderson will soon be put in posses- sion of all the advantages accruing from navigation. The recent location of a Seminary of learning, under the patronage of the Methodist Episcopal Church, is a favorable indication of the future literary character of TEXAS IN 1850. 113 Henderson. An institution established at such a healthy and eligible point, patronized and supported by the Conference and the Church, ^vill be an important acquisition to the community, adding greatly to the prosperity of the town. It is to go into operation as soon as the necessary arrangements can be made. A pleasing contrast is often presented, when in our travels over Texas we meet with a village where peace, order and prosperity prevail. Though rivalry and com- petition in many instances are met with, yet, as a gen- eral thing, an unbiased observer cannot but be pleased with the improving appearance which the towns, from the mere resemblance to the populous city, so univer- sally present. It is this progressive order of things which inspires hope and confidence when present indica- tions are not so favorable. The infirmities and transi- tions incident to the farming stages of society in new countries, gradually disappear. The blasts of adversity in Texas are somewhat like " Northers." Often the portentous cloud and raging winds seem for awhile to threaten entire destruction, yet, after spending their violence a calm succeeds, and a more agreeable pros- pect than ever opens, — proving the truth of the adage, " the brightest sky always succeeds a storm." Sometimes in our observations, incongruities may ap- pear. While we see much to admire in Texas, there is, nevertheless, much to deplore. Were we to dwell entirely upon the bright side of the picture, no motives for improvement would present themselves. In no in- stance is there to be found such an elevated order of io« 114 TEXAS IN 1850. things, as will not admit of strenuous and continued efforts for improvement and reform. " Advance " is the watch word for Texas, and will continue to be, un- til her moral wastes disappear, and the light of truth has so spread its purifying beams, that the moral beau- ties of this infant State shall compete with and outvie those which nature has so lavishly bestowed. Rusk, the shire town of Cherokee County, is an interesting town, and is fast improving. This county embraces a very fertile body of land, and is probably attracting emigrants as rapidly as any other country in the State. It is noted for its health, and though of in- land situation, its highly productive soil will necessarily advance it in wealth. Larissa, in the same county, twenty miles north of Rusk, is a pleasant, growing village. Although but two or three years since its settlement commenced, it now contains a population of about four hundred, and is fast increasing, rendering its future prosperity exceedingly flattering. Its situation for an inland town, is highly favorable, being at a central position between the two adjacent county towns. The citizens of Larissa are characterized by intelli- gence, morality, industry and enterprise. A better indication cannot be presented of the character of the people, than the erection of a respectable Church edifice before the town was one year old. The Gospel also, is sustained in a manner becoming its importance — the people support the preacher, and he devotes his time exclusively to the duties of his responsible calling. TEXAS IN 1850. 115 This is as it should be. Not until the people of Texas are convinced that ministers cannot follow two trades successfully, will the Gospel be sustained, so that it can be dispensed with that ability which ensures its great end. That ministers have to resort to secular employments for a support, is in direct contradiction to the declara- tion of Scripture, and to the example of the Saviour. He most emphatically called his disciples to leave their employments and go and preach the Gospel, as- suring them that " The workman was worthy of his hire." It is a duty no less imperiously demanded at the present, and those to whom is committed the charge of souls, as they who must give an account, should be ex- empt from the cares and perplexities, incident to men of the world. Larissa is also the seat of a seminary of learning, under the control of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. It is quite a popular institution, and bids fair to do much in promoting the cause of education in this part of the State. West of Larissa is Palestine, shire town of Anderson county, which lies adjacent to the Trinity river. This town presents, also, one of those rare specimens of rapid improvement, — growing up, as it were, in a day. Its situation is favorable for commerce, being but twelve miles from Magnolia, a commercial point on the Trinity river, and occupies the seat of an exceedingly rich and fertile country. A very good degree of public spirit is 116 TEXAS IN 1850. manifested by the citizens, which, with the superior natu- ral advantages the town possesses, will render it in the course of a few years a very important town. Although -but two years old, all the various depart- ments of business and enterprise are in successful opera- tion. The population comprises some three or four hundred inhabitants, who exhibit a' more elevated standard of morality than is usually found in settle- ments so promiscuously formed. Quite a portion of the citizens of town and vicinity are connected with the Church, of which all the various branches have regular organizations. A great degree of interest is manifested in the cause of education, and a very laudable effort was made for securing the location of the Methodist institution, recently established at Henderson. The people of Palestine made a very liberal contribution, but the town of Henderson, possessing the advantage, was able to send up a more liberal proposition, and secured its location. The many advantages which Palestine possesses, render it a very suitable situation for a literary institution. One of the objects to be brought about for the benefit of Texas, is the planting of a Female Seminary of high order, at some favorable point of the State. As yet, there is none upon that elevated place, which secures to young ladies a complete and thorough course of education. It becomes highly necessary at this period of improvements, that vigorous efforts should be put I TEXAS IN 1850. 117 forth, to rear such an institution at as earlj a day as is practicable. It might, perhaps, be proper to invite at- tention to Palestine, it being near the centre of the State, and easy of access from every part, and confi- dent as we are, that the citizens of that region would contribute liberally in aid of an object so vastly impor-' tant. The location of a regularly endowed institution in this beautiful and salubrious section of the State, is an object well worthy the attention of the friends of female education. The grand design should be, to bring the means of a thorough intellectual and moral education within the ability of all classes, the tendency of which would be, to elevate the standard of female education, which, from misapprehension of its importance, or from other causes, has not been made in Texas as prominent an object as its importance demands. Hitherto, it has been very much of a superficial character, not so much, perhaps, in consequence of the means used during the course of education, as from the limited time which is usually devoted to its acquirement. The idea that the intellectual powers of young ladies become developed, disciplined and educated, during the short period which is usually employed, is utterly ab- surd ; and any one acquainted with mind and its opera- tions would deem it entirely insufficient for securing the important acquisition of a complete education. A mere smattering of the sciences does not consti- tute an education, nor does crowding the mind with scientific facts ; but an expanding and training of the 118 TEXAS IN 1850. intellectual faculties, bj which they become disciplined for proper investigation and exercise in the various duties and departments of life. This high attainment, however, consists not entirely in the cultivation of the mental faculties, but requires a harmonious culture of the benevolent affections and moral feelings. Contract- ed and insufficient is that system of education which does not cultivate the heart, bringing into due regula- tion the passions, emotions and desires, and a full recog- nizance of the supreme authority of conscience over the whole intellectual and moral system. That education be upon an important and elevated plan, it appeals for more efficient and systematic mea- sures than those hitherto employed in Texas. To obtain this object, successfully, a regular and syste- matic course should be pursued, and the want of an insti- tution whose system of arrangements embraces these important considerations, is sadly exhibited by the su- perficial character of the acquirements of females who have emerged into society under the guise of educated and accomplished ladies. That female education answer the design, three years added to the usual course alloted in Texas would not more than secure the object. An institution, mainly intended for instruction in the higher departments of education, would require a preparatory course for ad- mission, after which the transforming and moulding in- fluence of three years' discipline and instruction might justly entitle young ladies to the appellation of accom- plished scholars. The happy results of such an institu- tion, must manifest itself to every reflectuig mind. TEXAS IN 1850. 119 It is certainly important that this suhject should receive as much attention in Texas as elsewhere ; and there is scarcely a State in the Union which has not its semi- naries of an elevated character ; and why should not Texas have similar ? The well-being of this new and interesting State requires that the important element of power, female influence, should receive the neces- sary preparation for the extensive sway it is destined to exert over society. This subject is one of vital im- portance to the interests of a country, which, if duly considered, would not be regarded second to any other. Let female education be duly appreciated, and its elevation be made an object of general interest and attention, an element of power is thrown into society which must exert a powerful influence in the preserva- tion of all those important objects which constitute the grace and charm of refined and happy life. The design and labor, requisite for carrying an insti- tution of the right stamp into operation, must devolve upon some friend of female education whose energy is sufficient to enable him to determine a location, obtain the necessary funds, arrange the buildings, and adopt the course of instruction to be pursued. Some of our northern friends, who would do a good work for Texas, might find an enterprise of this kind to amply compensate them for their labor. If some of the efficient female teachers in our Northern institutions could see it their duty to leave a less important field for a more promising one, they surely could not be dis- appointed in embarking upon the enterprise specified. 120 TEXAS IN 1850. As reasons for suggesting such a co-operation, is the elevated^ principle upon which such objects are con- conducted at the north, and the necessity of extending such influences into less favored portions of country. With the advanced state of educating in the north and east, national philanthropy should lead to the planting of literary institutions in other portions of the Union, calculated to arouse and develope the youthful mind of communities, which might, otherwise, remain unknown and uncultivated. The object under present consideration might be suc- cessfully accomplished by some indomitable individual, whose benevolence and philanthropy might prompt to undertake it. Similar institutions have been founded under more unfavorable circumstances. A more de- sirable location and encouraging prospect could not be presented, as the country is destined before many years to become densely populated. The Trinity valley is rapidly attracting emigration ; Its particular merits, perhaps, cannot be better set forth, than by an extract which we shall take the lib- erty of inserting from one of the public journals of Texas. " The Trinity valley, watered as it is by the best navigable river in Texas, presents greater inducements to the emigrants, than, perhaps, any portion of our coun- try ; and it is only necessary for its many advantages to be known to secure a speedy settlement, and conse- quent prosperity, unequalled in the history of the set- tlement of any new country. TEXAS IN 1850. 121 The river may be successfully navigated with but little difficulty, from six to nine months in the year, for three hundred miles by land, and five hundred by the course of the river ^ The lands on either side of the river are of the most fertile character. The bottom lands both on the river and many of its tributaries arc equal in every respect to the finest Red river or Mississippi bottom lands, whilst much of it possesses the advantage of being situated entirely above the overflow. They are well adapted from soil and climate to the cultivation of sugar cane and cotton, the great staples of the south, and when planted in corn abundantly repay the labor of cultivat- ing it. The uplands, extending many miles on either side of the Trinity river, although less productive than bottom lands, repay the husbandman a rich reward for the small amount of labor required in their cultivation, yielding on an average from twelve to fifteen hundred pounds of cotton per acre, whilst wheat, rye and other small grain are raised in the greatest abundance. These lands are cheap, easily procured, and readily brought into culti- vation. The climate is of the most pleasant and salubrious character ; the winters are mild, the summers balmy and pleasant, without extreme cold in the one, or oppressive heat in the other ; added to this, the natural beauty and picturesque appearance of the whole country make it a most desirable home. With the many advantages the valley of the Trinity possesses, every reflecting mind 11 122 TEXAS IN 1850. must see that this country must rapidly increase in prosperity and population. One of the great means observed to operate in Texas for attracting settlements is the advtintage of education. Let an institution of learning be properly and perma- nently established in the midst of a fertile and healthy country, there will be undisputably a concentration of population, sufficient to sustain it upon an extensive and comprehensive system. Those objects require only to be set in operation to ensure success. Public mind needs but to be awak- ened and the most important interests of Texas might be secured. The region of country adjacent to the confluence of East fork with the Trinity river, has, in a great meas- ure, been overlooked by the emigrant in his struggle for lands farther south. It is beginning to be regarded as desirable and important as any other portion of the State. Its superior advantages and facilities for trade and navigation, now rapidly developing, as well as the remarkable beauty and fertility of the country, will ensure a rapid settlement. On the high and low lands grow a great variety of the wild grape in the greatest profusion, and of the finest quality ; and which would yield wine of a superior quality ; not inferior to the best of Italy or south of France. The valleys of this portion are as rich and beautiful as it is possible to conceive, over which nature has strewn her variegated flowers of every hue, and finest texture ; and spread her emerald carpet of grass and TEXAS IN 18.50. 123 mnsquite, affording rich and inexhaustible pasturage for innumerable herds of stock and wild game, where they luxuriate in the greatest numbers. Buffalo, the county site of Henderson county, is a town of some importance, and should the Trinity be navigated as high as this place, as it is thought it will be, it will become an important commercial point. A gov- ernment depot is established at Buffalo, and several mail routes concentrate there. For the last two year? emigrants from IMissouri and Illinois have been settling in the upper counties of the Trinity valley. Some parts are becoming densely settled, and offer important openings for usefulness. It is not at all improbable that the Trinity valley possesses many valuable resources which have not yet been developed. Within the vicinity of Magnolia and Navarra has been found, recently, iron ore, the quality of which has been determined by competent judges to be good and is worked with profit. The quantity of this mineral is reputed to be very extensive, and quite inexhaustible. White and red chalk are obtained from the same region i of country, which is described to be quite clear and free from impurities, and exists in great abundance in the vicinity of the iron mineral. Bituminous coal is, also, found on different parts of the Trinity, both above and below Magnolia, and has been in use some time for various purposes. We have taken a cursory view of Eastern Texas, by presenting the most important towns and objects con- 124 TEXAS IN 1850. nected therewith. It is due, however, to observe that some other towns are contained in this division, whose importance might have claimed a passing notice, but a limited acquaintance with the whole of Eastern Texas, obliges us to pass over in silence those parts we are not prepared to describe from personal knowledge. By reference to the table of counties it may be observed what portions have not been described. A great uniformity exists in Texas ; a description of some of the counties and towns, presents a very good specimen by which the others may be judged. The middle division of Texas contains twenty-three counties. Those situated on the Trinity river, adjoin- ing Polk and Liberty counties, (which lay partly on the east and partly on the west of this river,) commencing at the south, are the following : — Counties. Shiretowns. Walker, Huntsville. Leon, Leona. Limestone, Springfield. Navarro, Corsicana. Those situated on the Colorado river, commencing at the south : — Matagorda, Wharton, partly on theE . and partly on tlieW ..Matagorda Wharton. Colorado, j> J? ?> Columbus. Fayette, >> ) ?> La Grange. Bastrop, Travis, 5> J Bastrop. Austin. TEXAS IN 18.50. 125 Intcrmcdlcatc, commencing at the south : — Galveston, Galveston. Brazoria, Brazario. Harris, Houston. Fort Bend, Bichmond. Austin, Bcllville. Montgomery, Montgomery. Grimes, Anderson. Washington, Brenham. Brazos, Caldwell. Milam, Cameron. Williamson, Georgetown. Middle Texas contains the most important towns in the State, and on this account may be considered the most interesting. Having the chief commercial port secures a greater concentration of business in that por- tion than the others. The many navigable streams it possesses are becoming subservient to the purposes of navigation, by the enterprise and public spirit of the inhabitants, which, together with the fertile lands, gives every facility that is necessary for a country's advance- ment in wealth and importance. With the soil of its rich and fertile valleys under a high state of cultivation, combined with its other advantages, it is not unreason- able to predict that a future day, and that, perhaps, not far distant, will witness this portion of Texas to be in wealth and importance superior to any other part of the south. The fertility of that portion of country situated on the Brasos river is so well known, that a description is 11* 126 TEXAS IN 1850. scarcely necessary. It attracted settlement in the early condition of Texas, and has become proverbial for its unparalleled facihties for agricultural purposes, and the late improvements which have been made in navi- gating this stream has increased greatly its importance and given a new impulse to its settlement. The entire practicabihty of navigating the river has been success- fully tested, and this has induced settlers of large means to seek locations on its fertile valleys. Emigration has been immense during the last year, consisting of a highly valuable class of citizens, who not only possess the means of developing the resources of the soil, but whose moral worth is happily calculated to make a favor- able impression on society. A large share of the emi- gration is settling in the middle and upper counties of the Brasos valley. The country of upper Brasos north of the Pecos, has not been explored so as to be known extensively ; some parts, however, are ascertained to be intersected with beautiful valleys, well watered and fertile, and supposed to contain many valuable minerals, and, perhaps, gold. An expedition is preparing for the purpose of develop- ing its valuable resources. Great confidence is expressed that steam-boats will soon be able to ascend as far as the falls of Brasos. Nothing, perhaps, is facilitating the interests of Texas so much as improving the navigation of the riv- ers, and this is fully exemplified since attention has been paid to this subject. The difficulties which have, hith- erto, attended the transportation of the products, have TEXAS IN 1850. 127 operated seriously against emigration, without due con- sideration of the means which might be put in opera- tion for obviating those disadvantages. Nature has not conferred more distinguished advantages on any country, and it remains only for the people to improve them. By observation of the southern part of the State, along the entire coast from the Sabine to the Rio Grande, it may be seen there is a natural communica- tion almost complete, and by connecting the several riv- ers, bayous, and bays, the whole extent from the east to the west might be opened for safe navigation. Much interest is expressed in that portion of the State for such an improvement, and it will probably go into exe- cution as soon as practicable. The soil of middle Texas is favorable to the produc- tion of every variety of grain. AVheat, rye, and oats grow well, amply rewarding the labor of the husband- man. The more profitable cultivation of cotton, however, absorbs the consideration of farmers mostly in the southern counties, and this section has to look to the upper counties for their supply of grain, where that grows in the greatest perfection. The cultivation of sugar cane is engaging the attention of many of the farmers, and the soil and climate are found admirably adapted to its production. From experiments already made, it is fully ascertained that the land is equal, if not superior to any other portion of the United States. In a few years it may be expected that the large tracts of land will be made into beautiful sugar plantations, which will greatly enhance their value, and, probably, 128 TEXAS IN 1850. render tliem more valuable than any other lands in the south. The looks of the country is fast improving, and a traveller could not but be favorably impressed by the appearance which is every where manifested. Farms and plantations are becoming opened and improved, and buildings are being erected in much better style than formerly, both as it respects comfort and appearance. The propriety of going into manufacturing business is beginning seriously to be considered by the intelli- gent capitalists of this region of country. Some parts • possess great facilities for this purpose, by having an abundance of water power. In order that Texas should advance to an elevated degree of prosperity and wealth, she must, to some extent, become a manufacturing State, and it is now time that she was declaring her independence of other countries in res-ard to the manufacture of articles o of necessary use. Not until this branch of industry and enterprise is duly appreciated, will the citizens of Texas really become, in the legitimate sense of the word, " a free and independent people." Will not the wealthy and enterprising citizens commence those operations upon as extensive a scale as circumstances will justify ? An example is necessary to be set, and as this portion of the State possesses ample advantages, the claim appears to be upon it. Cotton, woollen and other manufactories might be suc- cessfully carried on. Many of the farmers of this section are turning their attention to the rearing of sheep, in TEXAS IN 1850. 129 which they have succeeded admirably. The extensive prairies, Avith Avhich the country abounds, might be turned to very profitable account in serving as pasturage for immense flocks of sheep, and requiring so little atten- tion, it might, evidently, be rendered a very lucrative business. Nothing can be more manifest, than that middle Texas is rapidly improving in population and wealth, and presents a most ample field for industry and enter- prise. Yet in the midst of such general and increasing prosperity, it is to be regretted that there is not a cor- responding interest upon the great subjects of the mental and moral improvement of the population. A traveller, recently, examining this portion of the State, in refer- ence to these subjects, thus writes : " The fact is, (and the sooner it is known and felt the better for the per- manent welfare of the State) on the great subject of education in the most comprehensive sense of the word, we are not, as a people, doing what we should do. A very large majority of the rising generation of middle Texas, now growing up in our midst, are entirely desti- tute of school instruction ; and yet these are the per- sons, upon whom will soon devolve the duty of electing all our oflicers, from the judges of our highest courts down to the lo^Yest office. Ought .not the minds of per- sons who are to be clothed with so much power to bo enlightened ? And yet, in many of our counties, com- mon schools cannot be found. In many neighborhoods the Sabbath school is the only means of instruction afforded — and yet this is the great State of Texas, 130 TEXAS IN 1850. concernino; the o-eneral intellii2;enee of whose citizens we are wont to boast so much, and this is the State which aspires to become the empire State of the South West. Verilj, it is time we were doing something more than making constitutional enactments and legislative appro- priations in behalf of education." Many parts of middle Texas, however, are manifest- ing very laudable exertions for the extension of educa- tion, but as a general thing, not adequate to the wants of the population. Several important institutions of learning, are located in the different towns, conducted in a manner calculated to exert a salutary influence •upon the rising generation. Much remains to be done, however, in order that this portion of Texas may extend the means of education to every youth within its borders. Present and prospective resources would justify an enlarged and comprehensive system of education, and duty most imperiously enjoins strenuous efforts for the advancement of knowledge in equal ratio with other departments of improvement. Those great highways of intellectual and moral culture, high and common schools, must be opened in town and country, in order to secure that honor and prosperity which should char- acterize an enlightened and christian people. The impression should bo cherished, as indeed it is by judicious people, that a strong conservative princi- ple must be put forth at this eventful crisis — and which, perhaps, a pure religious element can alone supply. Whether the future career of this interesting por- TEXAS IN 1850. 131 tion of Texas is to ride forth prosperously, is jet to be proven, — difficulties and obstacles are yet to be over- come, and the only hope of safety and prosperity, is in an increase of high moral principle, commensurate with the increase of population. A great work is demanded, and to whom and what are we to look ? The church — its ministry, its Bible, its Sabbaths, its ordinances and all its holyi nfluences, is found the only proper supply of those wants. The ordinances of the gospel are better sustained in this portion of Texas than any other, yet there are great deficiencies, and those who " love the ways of Zion " can see abundant cause for an increased effort for building up the wastes that are presented. From the important position which the church occupies, it is evident that there is more than an ordinary amount of responsibility resting upon its influence ; yet it is a painful fact that church members in Texas act from a very low standard, furnishing by worldly conformity and practices a plain index of the tone of piety which exists. There is not that firm and exalted jirinciple which disdains a compliance with the lax customs of newly settled communities. An independence of worldly maxims must character- ize Christians any where, but if possible a double duty imposes itself in Texas. The religious interests require that they should assume a prominent position, and that position should be marked and defined by Bible prin- ciijles. It is observable that there is not that harmony of If32 TEXAS IN 1850. purpose in advancing the cause of piety that is desirable. Party lines should not be so distinctly drawn, from the fact, that each denomination acting entirely by itself, cannot exert so powerful an influence, as a combination of effort in the promotion of objects in which the general diffusion of religion is concerned. It is right to a certain extent, that ministers and members of churches should maintain what they believe ; it is highly characteristic of the independence of free- thinking people. It is a matter of doubt, however, whether sectarian lines, deeply drawn, can be taken as indicative of the deep rooted love of truth that should possess the heart. It is a question of vital interest, whether the firmaess with which many professed Chris- tians contend for the prominent features of doctrine, do not grow more out of the love of party than out of love of truth. Often it is the case that we see greater zeal manifested in sustaining denominational tenets than in saving souls. Sectarianism can never enlighten and purify the masses which are crowding this growing State. Prejudices must give way to a feeling more con- sistent with Christianity. When the amount of immoral- ity in the community is taken into consideration — the wide field of missionary labor — the deep necessity of sustaining the various institutions for the promotion of Bible religion, it is fully evident that there ought to exist between the different branches of Christ's church an identity of feeling and oneness of purpose. The house for the worship of God must be erected ere those beautiful and fertile valleys of middle Texas will TEXAS IN 1850. 133 assume that appearance, which bespeaks that the " life to come" is taken into consideration, as well as the "• life that now is." It is truly desirable that the church edifice, with its sacred spire pointing the weary pilgrim to the heaven of eternal rest, should have a place in all the rising towns, and that the sweet toned music of the " church going bell," should constitute a portion of the sound which shall greet the ears upon each returning Sabbath. Perhaps in no other way can the interests of true reli- gion be promoted more effectually, than by making liberal appropriations for the erection of neat and attractive places of worship, which might not only bless the present generation, but continue to bless thousands with the influence of truth for years to come. Much depends upon taking this subject into consid- eration at as early a period of a country's settlement as circumstances will allow. The ordinances of God's house must be sustained as the only means of saving the Sabbath from being dese- crated. This is a subject of vital importance to the religious interests of this, as well as other portions of Texas, as -there are strong tendencies manifested to set aside the claims of this holy day. It is deeply to be deplored that those tendencies are encouraged to a very great extent by the example of professed christians, whose feelings and habits are in favor (if their actions are a criterion by which they may be judged) of making this holy rest a day of recreation and amusement. If Texas is to be saved from the 12 134 TEXAS IN 1850. evils and the judgments which follow in the train of Sabbath desecration, if christian people of this interest- ing State would secure to themselves and posterity the enlightening and purifying influences of the Christian religion, the Sabbath must be observed in accordance with the Divine command, " Remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy." There must be on the part of ministers, prompt, kind, united and persevering efforts to bring this all-important truth in contact with the popular mind for the preven- tion of this immoral practice. The influence and exam- ple of church members, by assuming a decided stand in favor of the proper observance of the Sabbath, would gradually wear away the pernicious custom. A gen- eral and timely attention to this subject should be regarded as one of the means of the moral renovation of society. In proportion as society becomes elevated, in the same proportion is the observance of the Sabbath considered indispensable to its well-?eing. Some parts of middle Texas have lost the appearance of new settlements, having, by moral improvements, assumed the marks of refined and social life. Those infirmities incident to the forming stages of society in new countries, gradually disappear under proper influ- ences. From the changes which have been wrought within three years past, the stranger could scarcely admit that such an elevated condition of society could comport with the character which Texas is so errone- ously supposed to possess abroad. For refinement, inteUigence and morality, quite a proportion of middle TEXAS IN 1850. 135 Texas will bear a favorable comparison with any other part of the United States. The rapid improvement which is in progress in society throughout the entire State, gives encouragement for looking forward to the time when the moral sky of this interesting country shall be cleared of its dark clouds, and a clear unclouded day dawn to bless the present and future generations. For better illustrating the real condition of middle Texas, some of the most important towns will be de- scribed, and though some dark shades may blend in the representation, it must be kept in mind that those con- trasts are decreasing, and that ere long the moral aspect of the many growing towns of this, as well as of other portions of the State, will assume a condition which will bear inspection, according to rules and principles the most strict and precise. In our observations upon Middle Texas, we will as- sume our position at Cincinnati, a town situated upon the west bank of the Trinity river, on the stage route from the Sabine river to Houston. Cincinnati will scarcely compare, as yet, with its namesake, the " Queen ofthe West," but from its favorable situation in regard to commerce, is destined at some future day to become a town whose importance may bear a com- parison with any other. Its settlement was commenced at an early period, and from its peculiar local advanta- ges, it might have been expected to have arrived at a greater degree of popularity, than it has, as yet, acquired. Causes have operated for retarding its prosperity, 136 TEXAS IN 1850, sufficiently to give a reasonable elucidation why the town of Cincinnati has not acquired that degree of im- portance, which its situation might, apparently, have secured. A prevalence of those vices so deleterious to society has tarnished greatly its reputation, preventing that increase of population necessary to secure its growth and prosperity. Hence the necessity of early attention to those objects in which is concentrated the moving power to influence and popularity. Inattention to the promotion of moral objects cannot be permitted without hazarding every consideration connected with the well-being and prosperity of any community. The dark day of Cincinnati's history, it is hoped, has passed ; and under those auspices calculated to ele- vate its moral character, a brighter day, no doubt, is destined to dawn, which shall reflect a more pleasing and agreeable reputation abroad. During the last year a building has been erected, designed both for school and Church purposes, in which a school has gone into operation, conducted in a manner calculated to exert a favorable influence upon society. A Church has been recently organized by the Cum. Presbyterians which embraces some of the most influential citizens. A Sab- bath school, also, has been lately reorganized by the Agent of the American S. S. Union which is securing the favor and co-operation of the people in a manner which promises its permanency. These causes com- bined, will, no doubt, have a tendency to renovate society and turn public feeling into its right channel. Nowhere do institutions for moral improvement so quickly manifest their fruits as in Texas. It seems TEXAS IN 1850. 137 but necessary to set the wheel in motion to secure that co-operation requisite for its onward course. This fact evinces the spirit of the people for favoring those objects which have for their design moral and intellec- tual improvement. The Sabbath school cause in particular meets with universal approbation wherever it is introduced. Its influence is counteracting one of the most prominent evils, to which society is subject, — that of Sabbath breaking. Instead of the Lord's day being spent in idle amusements, children and youth are inclined by its influence to become interested in those subjects calcu- lated to improve the mind and heart. These effects are so evidently manifested in Texas that the most ample encouragement is presented for extending an institution so fraught with happy results. The influence which it is exerting upon the morals of Cincinnati affords indubitable evidence of its superior efficacy, and would silence all opposition which might be raised against this heaven-born institution. Next to the preaching of the gospel it is the most powerful agent in promoting morality and piety, and in preparing the way for every good and important object. The impulse which Cincinnati has lately received is increasing its population and business. A highly respectable class of citizens are coming in, who possess a good degree of enterprise in the way of improvements. The town is pleasantly situated, and, with the numerous advantages which it enjoys, cannot fail of becoming an important point in Texas. 12* 138 TEXAS IN 1850. Huntsville, twelve miles west of Cincinnati, on the same route, is a town of growing importance. Although of recent origin, it is rivalling in growth and prosperity other towns in the State of older standing, and has already taken rank among the most improving of the interior towns. The location of Huntsville was made soon after the battle of San Jacinto. Though a place of some business, its permanent prosperity commenced with its sele - tion as the seat of justice for Walker county. The rapid increase of Huntsville cannot wholly be imputed to its local situation, as its natural advantages are, in many respects, inferior to some other towns whose pro- gress has been much less tardy. By the unparalleled energy and public spirit of the inhabitants, its advanta- ges have been rendered subservient, in a very impor- tant degree, in building up a town of reputation and im- portance. A concentration of talent, enterprise and morality is proven by the history of Huntsville, and the rapid improvement under the circumstances speaks much in favor of its future prosperity. A combination of energy and purpose in building up its interest gives abundant reason for predicting its future course to be brilliant and consequential. In point of health, Huntsville is superior to many other towns, and on this account will attract emi- grants, who, in coming to Texas, make it a matter of prominent importance to secure a location which is reputed to possess this advantage. Its inland situa- tion subjects it to some disadvantages at the present, TEXAS IN 1850. 139 but these will become obviated by those internal im- provements which are in contemplation, and which will probably go into operation as soon as the wealth of the country will justify. Minds, intent on the accom- plishment of stupendous plans of acquisition and ag- grandizement, will assuredly concert measures and resources. The prospective importance of Huntsville naturally suggests the inquiry, are the religious interests to keep pace with the progress of other departments of improve- ment ? Will the Christian, alone, remain inactive in the midst of such a toiling, panting generation ? Not without treason to interests which far surpass human ag- grandizement. Christian philanthropy must be brought into exercise to counteract an evil which often grows out of too intense aspirations for those objects which Holy writ has declared, are " to perish by the using." "Worldly mindedness is an evil to contend with gigantic in its strength, diffusing an influence so injurious to piety and hohness, that it requires nothing short of the engagement, the energies, and the earnestness of the whole church to cope with it. It is an enemy which percolates unobtrusively^, and its influence is most to be dreaded when least feared. The demands of Huntsville are for an enlightened, earnest and consistent Christianity. The refinement and intelligence of the people demand it, the intense aspirations for worldly distinction demand it, else the voice of God will be drowned " in the tumult of the sea of life." An important appeal is made upon the church 140 TEXAS IN 1850. to exert her legitimate influence, as " a city set on a hill whoso light cannot be hid," and the demand is upon all as truly as upon any. " There is a field of conflict in which each soldier may and ought to be a hero." Are there not active, energetic and self denying Chris- tians, who will stand on the " watch tower " for guard- ing the religious interests of Huntsville, and use their direct and united influence in raisin^; them to as hi2:h a point of eminence, as worldly men are determined to raise their objects in worldly consequence ? The chil- dren of this world should not be permitted to manifest a greater degree of wisdom for the accomplishment of their ends, than do " the children of light." In the eagerness of the citizens of Huntsville to orna- ment the town with public buildings, churches have been, evidently, overlooked. Its prosperity, to the eye of an observer, would warrant, at least, one church edifice ; but even this, at the present, is wanting, and the deficiency manifests, that this object has not awak- ened that degree of enthusiasm, which has gathered around others of minor importance. The honor of the town demands that it should possess this specific mark of worship to Almighty God. Some lenity, however, is to be extended towards Huntsville, on account of the present smallness of the different religious denominations, as no single one has been sufficiently strong to erect a church by itself. The community of professed Christians embraces all the varieties, consequently each denomination is com- paratively few and feeble, as yet. TEXAS IN 1850. 141 The Baptists are tlie most numerous, and have been formerly in a very prosperous condition. Under the charge of a highly respectable minister of that order, the Church moved harmoniously along, promoting piety among each other, and spreading a healthful influence abroad. But, unfortunately, a " root of bitterness " sprang up, its fair and promising prospects became bhghted, dissipating the cherished hope, that a germ of piety was concentrated within that church, from which might issue a tree, whose branches would spread their protecting influence over the moral interests of Hunts- ville. " Tell it not in Gath, publish it not in the streets of Askelon, lest the unrighteous triumph that the beauty of Israel is marred;" but, that such exam- ples prove a beacon to warn others of the rock upon which so many split, and scatter their dearest and most important interests, these things should not be passed over in silence. Those dreadful scourges, church dis- sensions, are more deleterious to the religious interests of community than gross immorality, and are more to be dreaded and avoided than the most fatal quick- sands. For the honor of the religion of Christ, christians should ever be willing to submit to personal sacrifices, rather than that the cause of the Saviour be " wounded in the house of his friends." It is hoped that the tide of dissension has arrived at its full ebb, and after a sea- son of humiliation and abasement, a flow of grace may waft this once interesting church to a higher position than that from which it has fallen. 142 TEXAS IN 1850. Evil should never be done that good may come, but the Almighty is pleased to overrule misdeeds for the accomplishment of important purposes, and, may be, the darkness of the past is a prelude of future light. The Baptist church of Hunts ville is evidently " com- ing up out of the wilderness," and it is hoped, leaning upon Christ, purified and prepared to shed a light whose influence shall be felt for great good. An able and pious minister of that denomination is soon to locate there, by whose influence the church may be built up in its most holy faith and purity. The other denominations are increasing in their numbers, and are exerting a good influence. The Cumberland and Old School Presbyterians have each organized churches within the last two years ; the for- mer of which has a house of worship under contract for building, and is supplied with a regular ministry. The latter has lately secured the services of a minister of the 0. S. Church, who has recently come to the State. The educational interests of Huntsville have not been regarded as a secondary object. The early atten- tion of the citizens to the erection of suitable buildings for schools, and a judicious discrimination in the selec- tion of teachers, have advanced the youth of Huntsville to a higher point of literary acquirements than is usu- ally found in Texas. Its future prospects are highly promising, on account of the recent location of a college, under the auspices of the Presbyterian church. A charter was granted during the last session of the legislature, under the TEXAS IN 1850. 143 appellation of " Austin College," and the buildings are to be erected as soon as practicable. This institution originated, mainly, through the influence of Rev. Dan- iel Baker, D. D. whose beneficent labors for the good of Texas, are, in a very important degree, felt and appreciated. Under the energetic influence of a de- nomination whose polity is happily adapted to southern mind, that salutary and desirable type will be given its character necessary for securing public confidence and co-operation. The citizens of Iluntsville and vicinity, fully persuaded of the necessity and feasibility of such an institution, have contributed ten thousand dollars to its aid. In order to carry out the design upon as ex- tensive a system as is desirable, aid beyond the limits of Texas will be requisite ; consequently public feeling abroad will be operated upon, for manifesting how great a degree- of sympathy is felt for the promotion of the intelligence, moral elevation and general good of Texas. It is hoped that a cordial co-operation may be extended in behalf of an object of such vast importance. It is a cause of general interest to Texas, and should elicit a general co-operation. The present population will not justify institutions to be purely and exclusively of a denominational character. The cause should be regarded as sacred, involving the general interests of community, both moral and intellectual, and ought not be marred by the least appearance of sectional feeling or prejudice. May this institution go into operation under those influences which shall reflect permanent good upon the youthful population of Texas — proving 144 TEXAS IN 1850. a fountain from whicli shall issue " streams that shall make glad the city of God." There is perhaps no inland town in the State, com- bining in so great a degree the advantages of good society, health, religious and educational advantages, and business facilities, as Huntsville, and persons wish- ing to procure residences would not be disappointed in making a selection in town or vicinity. Some twenty-five miles west of Huntsville is situated the town of Montgomery, which constitutes the county seat of the county of the same name. With the improv- ing and fast " settling up " condition of the country around Montgomery, the town is rapidly improving, and bids fair to become, at no distant day, an inland town of considerable importance. Montgomery is situated in the first highlands, north- ward of the sea coast prairies, in a very fertile, health- ful and beautifully undulating region of the State, and surrounded by a dense population of industrious and intelligent farmers, who have done their part towards developing and adding to the resources of their country, and whose honest and useful labors have brought them affluence. Those institutions necessary to the moral health and ■well being of society have been cared for duly. Sab- bath schools are regularly kept up and attended. There is an incorporated academy, and schools are sustained at other points in the vicinity. The temperance cause is in a highly flourishing pro- gress. In no part of the State has the temperance TEXAS IN 1850. 145 Union been attended with greater benefits. Though the citizens of Montgomery were, perhaps, not remark- able for dissipation, there were, nevertheless, many to be reformed, and peace and good Avill now prevail. Montgomery was at one time the local seat of gov- ernment of a territory larger than the State of Dela- ware, extending from the San Antonia road (the old *' king's pass *' of the anti-Texan era) on the north, to Spring Creek on the south, and from the Brasos on the west, to the Trinity river on the east, some seventy miles on either course — and now containing the coun- ties of Grimes, Walker and Montgomery. A great amount of business was then transacted there, but the increasing population, wants and enterprise of other sections of the territory requiring all the benefits of independent " county sovereignty," the counties of "Walker and Grimes, — each containing over nine hun- dred square miles, were taken ofifof the original county. The division of the business of these counties to their proper centres, left the town of Montgomery for awhile in statu quo ; but, under the renewed energies of its citizens, and the impulse given to the section by the influence of emigration, it is now moving forward in that steady march of improvement which is visible every where over the country, and which, necessarily, belongs to the mild climate and valuable products. The San Jacinto, (that famed stream, upon whose banks, on the 21st day of April, 1836, the valor of an undisciplined body of Texan farmers, under the com- mand of Gen. Houston, won tor the American Union, 13 146 TEXAS IN 1850. a star of the first magnitude,) is navigable within a short distance of Montgomery, and will shortly carry off to market all the exports produced. Persons, who desire to remove k) a new country, or to a milder climate, will find this a pleasant section of country. The society is good, — the community wholly solvent — many wealthy — the lands fertile, and titles good, — and access to market easy and convenient in most seasons of the year. Twelve miles east of Montgomery, within the same county, is situated Danville — a village just springing into importance. It, also, is situated in, and near an immense body of fertile lands, most of which is finely timbered. Danville lies east of, and near the San Ja- cinto, which afibrds to the citizens of that section of country the same facilities of navigation as Montgom- ery. The population surrounding Danville are good citi- zens — most of them enjoying the comfort and affluence which rich land and proper industry invariably secure. Near Danville are planters of large agricultural force, some of whom are about to engage in the cultivation of sugar. Anderson, shire-town of Grimes county, is an improv- ing inland town. Its situation is elevated, pleasant, and healthful, and it 15 surrounded by an exceedingly fertile region of country. Alta Mira, which denotes in Spanish an elevated prospect, was the appellation which it sustained until it became the scat of justice of Grimes county. TEXAS IN 1850. 147 The people are generally industrious and moral citi- zens, and have secured to the town a very respectable character. The religious community comprises the Presbyterians, Methodists, and Baptists ; the latter being probably the most numerous. An incorporated Institute, under the supervision of eiUcient teachers, has given the town and vicinity a good degree of eminence in point of education. Its pleasant and healthy situa- tion, combined with its other advantages, renders it a very interesting town, and one which will probably in- crease in population and importance. Washington, on the Brasos, is situated in the county of the same name, and has an advantageous location for a commercial town. Its situation, for purposes of trade, as well as the fertility of the adjacent country, gives it those advantages which insure its future pros- perity and importance. There is, perhaps, not a weal- thier or better settled portion of country in the State than that which surrounds Washinsrton. It was one of the early settled towns, and was design- ed by the provisional government as the scat of govern- ment of Texas. Its prosperity has been alternating, but has, at the present, acquired a more permanent condition. The recent improvements in the navigation of the river have given a new impulse to business, and the town is in a rapid state of improvement, and bids fair to become one of the most important towns in Texas. Besides the ad- vantages of navigation and fertile soil, this country possesses great facilities for manufacturing establish- 148 TEXAS IN 1850. ments. The importance of making due improvement of those privileges is beginning to be appreciated ; and, when put into practical operation, will greatly conduce to the interests of the town and country. A great improvement has been made in the appear- ance of Washington during the last year by the erec- tion of several handsome buildings, among which is a large and commodious house for the worship of God. The liberality manifested in behalf of this Church edifice, speaks much in favor of the spirit of the citi- zens. This enterprise constitutes the brightest orna- ment of the town, adding greatly to its character in all its relations, morally, socially and religiously. Though reared by the Methodist Church, it is not designed to be exclusively local and sectional. As a house for the worship of God, it will be com- mon property, and under the peculiar economy of the Church which is to control it, its doors will be open to all, and its *' seats free." It is farther designed to enliven and perpetuate the life and character of Dr. Ruter, an eminent Christian, a worthy minister of the cross, whose life was sacrificed for the promulgation of the gospel in Texas ; he died and was buried at Wash- ington in the year 1837. A very laudable emulation has been manifested to contribute to the rearing of an enduring monument to his memory, a church of durable material which is to bear his name and perpetuate his many virtues. This enterprise is truly praise-worthy, and it would be well for others to take example of this noble senti- TEXAS IN 1850. 149 ment of the people of Wasliington. Those individuals who hazarded their lives for sustaining the Gospel under the difficulties attending the early times of Texas, truly deserve a monument to preserve their memory ; and would, that there might be churches of the living God erected over the dust of all the faithful pioneers who have fallen in this field of Gospel conflict. The various branches of the church have regular organizations in Washington ; the Methodists are prob- ably the most numerous. The Baptists are making a strenuous effort for building a church, and will prob- ably succeed during the present year. The Old School Presbyterian church has recently secured the services of a minister of that denomination, who came to Texas during last year, having been -sent by the Missionary Board. Good schools have been in operation some years in Washington, and the present indications for education are very promising. Some twelve miles from Washington, in the same county, is the town of Independence, whose cliief celeb- rity consists in being the location of the " Baylor Uni- versity," a seminary of learning under the control of the Baptist Church, This institution was founded in 1845, principally through the influence of the individ- ual whose name it bears. The prosperity with wliich it has been attended affords an evident manifestation of Divine favor in its behalf. The circumstances under which it commenced were not of an auspicious charac- ter. In a building the cost of which did not exceed 13* 150 TEXAS IN 1850. $200, it went into operation ; and such has been the success which has attended it, a more extensive system of arrangements has been found necessary, and build- ings at the expense of $50,000, are in the course of being erected, part of which are already completed. A regular endowed College is contemplated, and Pro- fessorships are to be endowed at the next convention of the Baptist Church of Texas. There is an Educational Society, and a Theological department connected with the institution, and several students in the course of preparation for the ministry. We congratulate this enterprise, and hail it as the harbinger of similar institutions coming up in aid of supplying the State with an efficient ministry of home production. All denominations must do something towards educating laborers for their own State. It will not do to rely mainly upon the north for aid. With all the assistance the north and east can render in the way of furnishing ministers and teachers, there is an ample field, unoccupied, to employ all that can be edu- cated at home. Texas has to perform an important part in furnishing evangelists for Mexico, and other unevangelized countries. Hence the importance of building up literary and theological institutions through- out the State. The public institutions of Texas involve important considerations, and immeasurable is the responsibility resting upon those who manage them. The church and country are in a peculiar manner interested in their character and influence. TEXAS IN 1850. 151 May the " Baylor University '' prove a copious foun- tain of living water, sending out its streams in every direction to fertilize the land, and extend its influence into every department of life. West of Independence, in Fayette county, is the small but pleasant town of Rutersville, named for the lamented Dr. Ruter. This town also is the seat of a flourishing College under the patronage of the Methodist denomi- nation. This institution was chartered and went into success- ful operation in 1840, and has maintained an uninter- rupted career of usefulness to the present period. It has imparted the benefits of education to more than eight hundred of the youth of Texas. With its pleasant and healthful location^ its able board of instruction and numerous friends, it is destined to exert an important degree of influence in promoting the cause of education. West of Rutersville, on the Colorado river, is La Grange, situated in the midst of a beautiful and fertile region of country. This town is proverbial for its unparalleled beauty, on account of its local situation, and the taste and neatness of its arrangement. Its eligible situation gives it a commanding pros- pect. The surrounding country opens up to view, clothed in beauty unsurpassed. Three or four miles from town is a bluff" of pure chalk, whose cliff's present their snowy whiteness to the view of the surrounding fegion, with an appearance which bespeaks loudly of the natural products of the country, and the valuable 152 TEXAS IN 1850. resources which are waiting to be developed and ren- dered subservient to the purposes for which nature designed them. The vicinity of La Grange is hallowed by the inter- ment of several American soldiers, who were massacred by the Mexicans during an invasion in 1842. A mon- ument is about to be erected to their memory. La Grange is situated in a healthy region of country, and supported by a dense population on all sides. The pop- ulation, which numbers some six or eight hundred, is composed of a wealthy and intelligent class of citizens, whose enterprise and public spirit are advancing the town rapidly in importance. A flourishing school, under the auspices of the Cum- berland Presbyterian Church, has been in operation during the last year with good success. Under the su- pervision of Mr. Montrose, a teacher who has done much for the cause of education in Texas, this institution will continue, no doubt, to enjoy a favorable comparison with the most important institutions of the State. Good church buildings, and the regular organizations of the different branches of the evangelical church, are found in La Grange. The Cumberland Presbyterians are the most numerous. The fertility of the lands in the vicinity of La Grange, combined with other advantages, offers great induce- ments to enterprising settlers who are desirous of seek- ing permanent locations. North of La Grange, on the left bank of the Colorado,, lies the town of Bastrop. It is situated on a bend of TEXAS IN 1860. 153 the river, sloping beautifully down to the water, with ranges of timber — first oak, then pine, then cedar, ris- ing in regular succession behind it. The region of country around Bastrop is exceedingly fertile, and the pine timber is rendered an important source of wealth. It is manufactured at Bastrop by means of a steam saw- mill, by which the surrounding country is supplied with material for buildings. Such is the scarcity and demand that the country for some hundreds of miles depends upon being sup- plied at Bastrop at the exorbitant price of $60 pr. M. This fact is mentioned to show the inducement of enlarging this department of manufacturing business, and the openings for the enterprise of northern capital- ists who are operating on a much more limited scale than that which Texas might afibrd them. Yankee ingenuity and enterprise would not come amiss in advancing the manufacturing interests of Texas. Austin, the capital of the State, is pleasantly situated on the Colorado river, two hundred miles from its mouth, in the vicinity of the mountains, and on this ac- count frequently receives the appellation of" The city of the Mountains." The elevations of land near Austin will scarcely compare in height with Mount Washing- ton or the Alleganies, yet the contrast which they pre- sent with the extensive prairies which are spread be- neath them, tends greatly to diversify the scenery and render it peculiarly charming. A summit of one of the mountains, some SJ miles from Austin, presents a prospect unparalleled for beauty 154 TEXAS IN 1850. and sublimity. The elevation is too hundred and fifty feet above the river, which meanders at its foot with majestic beauty, and, on account of falls which extend some few miles, flows with an increased velocity. On the west of the mountain lies a grove of cedar, interspotted with other kinds of timber, the appearance of which from the summit of the mountain is peculiarly beautiful. On the east lies a prairie, extending far away beyond the power of vision. An individual who has never be- held one of those " Elysian fields " can form but a faint conception of the sublime emotions produced by their prospect from an elevated summit. The exceeding scarceness of mountainous scenery in Texas greatly en- hances the enjoyment of the scene. On the south lies the city of Austin, the appearance of which from the top of the mountain is truly romantic and were we in- clined to employ our pen in the unearthly descriptions of romance, a more favorable situation could not be desired than the summit of this mountain. Though Austin has no claims upon artificial beauty, its natural scenery compensates very materially. The vicinity of the city affords delightful locations for residences, which might combine beauty and interest. Although Austin is not the central position of the population of the State, it still retains the preference of the people for being the seat of government. Since the commencement of the present year an election has taken place for the seat of government for the next twenty years, and Austin has received the vote of the people, sufficient to constitute it as such. TEXAS IN 18.50. 155 The population of permanent citizens in Austin does not exceed eight hundred ; accessions and improvements have not been considerable of late, but its recent re- assignment as seat of government ^'ill give it a new im- pulse, and probably render it a city of pre-eminent importance. The Colorado has been navigated as far as Austin, but on account of the present unimproved condition of the river, steam-boating cannot be prosecuted success- fully. The commercial resources of this portion of the State Avill be incomplete, until proper measures are brought into operation for removing impediments which now obstruct^ the navigation of the Colorado, as well as other rivers in Texas which are susceptible of being made subservient to steam-boat navigation, and to facilitate communication far into the interior of the country. The Colorado is'five hundred miles long, and might be rendered available for transportation to a considerable extent, during a good part of the year. Austin is not remarkable for its religious character, nor for its superabundance of refined society. The population has been hitherto fluctuating and composed of a variety of grades. Galveston, the chief commercial emporium of Texas, is situated on a bay of the same name. Galveston Bay extends about forty miles inland, and must, necessarily, be the medium of foreign commerce, as there is no other access by sea-board which is so favorable. In- deed, Galveston, as a harbor, is said to be much superior to any other on the Gulf between Pensacola and Vera 156 TEXAS IN 1850. Cruz. The city of Galveston has acquired a good de- gree of importance, though it is not possessed of all the advantages necessary to its advancement. In access to the interior of the country it is deficient, as it is insular, and has no direct inland communication except by ■water ; in consequence of which the inland trade is intercepted at other places, which is essential to the prosperity of Galveston. Notwithstanding these embarrassments, quite an ex- tensive business is carried on, and a large amount of shipping done through its wharves. The present diffi- culties might become obviated by improvements which may and probably will be made. By means of a canal to the Brasos a communication might be opened with all the country watered by that river as high as steam- boats ascend, which would greatly facilitate its trade from the interior. Communications might be opened with other points of equal importance, by which means Galveston might be rendered the market for all the produce of the country. The population of Galveston is about 5,000 ; no great accession of citizens has been made for the last year. The society is refined and intelligent, probably, equal to any other southern city. Its religious character is highly respectable. The church buildings are very creditable, and the people of Galveston deserve the credit of giving these objects the pre-eminence they should possess — that of constituting the most elegant public buildings of the city. In respect to morality, TEXAS IN 1850. 157 Galveston is superior to many other places whose pre- tensions have been greater than a Texan city has been permitted to claim. That baleful nuisance to public morals — a theatre — has not been permitted to be reared as yet, and long may the counteracting influ- ence of religion and the good sentiment of Galveston keep this bane from intruding its demoralizing effects upon the youthful population of that community. How- ever Texas may be represented in other respects, she can boast this exemption, at present, over other south- ern States ; and may her cities continue to grow up under those influences which shall find a substitute for those amusements, which are, in their tendency, di- rectly calculated to deprave the heart and depress the standard of virtue and morality. The situation of Galveston, being surrounded by water, is peculiarly delightful. The Island is thirty miles in length, and varying from one half mile, to one and a half in breadth. It is destitute of trees, except- ing those which have been transplanted, and in this artificial improvement, the people of Galveston have not been deficient. Shrubbery of every variety is cul- tivated with a great degree of taste. Flowers of every description may be seen at all seasons of the year. Oranges and lemons grow well, and various other trop'cal f-'uits. The appearance of Galveston is imposing, and can- not fail of striking the stranger with a favorable impres- sion. The breezes from the Gulf arc very refreshuig, aad serve to purity the atmosphere and render it health- 14 158 TEXAS IN 1850. ful. As a residence, Galveston possesses attractions equal to anj other southern city, and when the contem- plated improvements are completed, it will combine every advantage necessary for constituting it a city of superior importance. Houston, the city next in importance to Galveston, is situated at the head of Buffalo Bayou. Buffalo Ba- you is navigable at all seasons of the year, a distance from Galveston of about 90 miles, for vessels drawing six feet of water. The commercial facilities, with the advantage of inland trade, are rapidly advancing the city of Houston in wealth and importance. Its situa- tion is handsome, salubrious ; and w^ell watered, and sur- rounded by fertile and well-timbered land. It contains already a population of 4,000 inhabitants, and the con- stant accessions bid fair for Houston to become a pop- ulous city. Every department of business is success- fully pursued, and an uncommon degree of enterprise and public spirit is manifested by the citizens in ad- vaning the city in its general interests. The society of Houston is refined and intelligent, and the religious and educational advantages are such as are calculated to exert their salutary and moraliz- ing influence. There are four elegant church edifices, and a settled ministry of the different Protestant denom- inations. All the advantages and privileges are en- joyed in Houston which are found elsewhere. Were some of the erroneous calculators of Texan morals and refinement from abroad to visit Houston, they might, and with very good reason, come to the TEXAS IN 1850. 159 conclusion that Texas was not so f.ir in the " back- ground " as has been represented. The people of Houston are proverbial for their politeness -and hospi- tality to strangers ; and if some of our friends from abroad would like to acquaint themselves with a Texan city, we invite them most cordially to satisfy their curi- osity, and from the truth of our assertions, by giving Houston a friendly call. Facts — eloquent facts — would satisfy any impartial individual, that society in Texas is not of an inferior order, but that public senti- ment is as elevated as may be found in any other por- tion of the United States. Brazoria, situated thirty miles from the mouth r.f the Brazos, is a town which claims a good degree of conse- quence. Its early settlement gave flattering indications of its being one of the most important towns of Texas. Circumstances, however, operated to retard its pros- perity, and, after various depressions, it has, at the present, assumed an appearance which promises its future prosperity. Its business is increasing, and its commercial location, being easy of access and conven- ient to the sea, will inevitably render it a place of con- siderable interest. Its situation is healthy, and being upon an elevation it has a pleasing and commanding appearance. The population of Brazoria is composed of a very good class of citizens, yet there exists a great deficiency in the moral and educational advantages of the town. No permanent schools have been established there, as yet, though the town and country presents ample advan- IGO TEXAS IN 1850. tages for literary institutions of the first order. The defect is probably owing to the want of suitable teachers to carry the object into successful operation. The citi- zens have been, and are at the present, under the neces- sity of sending their children to other places for school advantages. The religious privileges of Brazoria are also limited, and the future prospects are alarming on account of the selection of this place, by the Roman Catholics, for the erection of a spacious church, which object is about to be carried into execution. The influence which Romanism might gain upon a people not strongly fortified by religious principle, ren- ders the Protestant interests of this interesting section ( f country exceedingly precarious, and appeals loudly for counteract ng efforts to be immediately brought into operation. This object, deferred until a future time, may, perhaps, give the strong-armed foe so much the advance that no measures hereafter will be able to counteract. An important opening is presented for evangelical laborers, and may Brazoria be taken into the consideration of those individuals who are desirous of promoting true Bible religion in Texas. Columbia and Richmond, situated also on the Brasos,, are interesting growing towns. North, on the same river, is San Felipe, a town claiming some distinction on account of its early origin. It was founded by Gen. Austin in 1824, and constituted the capital of Austin's colony. It was the capital designated for Texas before its separation from Coahuila, and was the place where TEXAS IN 1850. 161 all the public business "was transacted. The town was destroyed by fire durin*^- the Texan revolution, since which it has been partially rebuilt, but has never reas- sunied its former consequence. The situation of San Felipe is particularly beautiful. It is on a high prairie bluff, forty feet above the level of the river, an elevation which is rarely to be met with in this section of country. San Felipe is still a place of some business, and re- tains a good degree of respectability. Matagorda, an interesting town of one thousand in- habitants, is situated on a bay of the same name, at the mouth of the Colorado river. Vessels drawing seven feet of water approach within six miles of town. It is considered a very healthy location — enjoying a con- stant sea breeze, in all its freshness and purity. Hence it is sought as a summer's residence for the w^ealthy planters of the vicinity. Matagorda was settled quite early, and was formerly a place of much business, being the only place of depot on the Colorado river, and of an extensive fertile coun- try, which found its natural market at this point. Other towns springing up have lessened its consequence some- what ; it retains, however, a good degree of importance, and has recently received a fresh impulse by which its business is rapidly increasing. The religious character of Matagorda is very respec- table. The Ejnscopal and Baptist churches have good buildings, a!id the regular administration of the gospel. The former consists of nearly 150 members. The 14* 162 TEXAS IN 1850. churcli was organized at a very early period, and was sustained mainly through the efforts of the Rev. Mr. Ives, who came to Matagorda in 1837, and manifested an untiring zeal in the promotion of the spiritual inter- ests of the people, until his arduous labors wore out his constitution and ended his life in 1849. Mr. Ives may well be regarded as an important benefactor to the moral nterests of Matagorda. " The memory of the just is blessed." No good school buildings have been erected, as yet, though such are in contemplation ; and if the union and co-operation of the people could be effected, this place would afford an excellent location for an institution of the first order. Conflicts in school matters have retarded the pro- gress of education in Matagorda, as has been the case in. numerous other instances in Texas. This -feown, for several years, has enjoyed the advan- tage of a teacher of music, by which means the youth have acquired a good degree of proficiency in this accomplishment, an advantage which is not usually enjoyed in Texas. Instrumental and vocal music have not received a great degree of attention, as yet ; but, as the country advances in improvements, this subject will, probably, acquire a paramount importance. Competent music teachers would not fail of meeting with a good degree of encouragement, at the present, and they might with much reason be hailed as important agents of useful- ness, in moulding the moral sentiments of youth, by TEXAS IN 1850. 163 turning their attention from trivial amusements to the cultivation of those powers which might be rendered to them sources of pleasure and usefulness. Matagorda and Brazoria are important points, both of which constitute the county seats of two wealthy counties. The distance between the two points is forty miles ; the land is exceedingly fertile, and most of the country densely populated. This is known as an exten- sive body of lands called " Old Caney," which is well adapted to the cultivation of cotton and sugar ; the latter proAdng to be much the most certain and profita- ble crop, the planters are mostly turning their atten- tion to its cultivation. The Caney country is heavily timbered with a variety of species, rendering building materials abundant. The planters are generally wealthy, and are desirous of availing themselves of schools, preaching of the gos- pel, &c. We have enumerated some of the principal towns of Middle Texas, and in the presentation have endeavored to give an accurate description of their local situation, present advantages, and future prospects. These towns are regarded as combining such natural and artificial facilities as will, probably, insure their continued pros- perity. Towns in Texas have, hitherto, been chang- ing and uncertain ; and even now, fluctuations are of common occurrence, and permanent calculations for the future are somewhat precarious. Such arc the changes which are constantly occurring, that it is not at all improbable that places which have scarcely 164 TEXAS IN 1850. acqu'red the name of town, as yet, may start up and rival others which are of mature standing. To mark these changes, their causes and consequences, will be a subject of interesting observation. There are many interesting growing settlements not included in our present sketch, which, after the lapse of a year, might bear a prominent place in a description of Texas. In some portions which have been omitted, the population is sparse and widely scattered ; nevertheless, they are exceedingly important, as presenting interesting fields, which need to be penetrated with moral influences, and urgent appeal should be made in their behalf. Members of churches are found scattered, here and there, like " sheep without a shepherd." Great desti- tution prevails among all the denominations of Protes- tant Christians. " The harvest truly is great, but the laborers are few ; pray ye, therefore, the Lord of the har- vest, that he would send forth laborers into his harvest." Perhaps in no denomination have there existed greater deficiencies than in the Old Presbyterian church. There are many Presbyterians in Texas, both of the Old and New School Church, who have been hitherto, in some parts of the State, so widely scattered from each other, as to render it impracticable to be gathered into churches. By emigration, the numbers have become so much increased, that organizations might be formed in almost every town. Ministers are essentially needed to gather these scattered sheep into a fold, and those who can feel it their duty to submit to the sacrifices and privations of building up churches under present disad- TEXAS IN 1850. 165 vantages would certainly be doing an important work. Many places might be found which would give able and devoted ministers a sufficient support where the people ought to be sought out and gathered into churches. Such pioneers are evidently required to lay the foundation of future institutions of religion and learnino; throudiout the land. No class of mis- sionaries are more worthy of respect for their disinter- estedness and self-denial, than those ministers who throw themselves into the difficulties of such a field, encouraged only by the prospect of so glorious a result as the diffusion of evangelical principles and institutions among the people of this growing State. The prospects of the Presbyterian denomination have been greatly brightened during the last year by the arrival of several ministers, having been sent out by the Missionary Board. This accession has partially suppUed existing wants, but is not yet adequate to the demand. The Macedonian cry must still be repeated, '' Come over and help us." While we would enlist the sympathy and co-operation of those who are divinely commissioned to '' preach the gospel," we would present the fact, that a great field is open in Texas for the influence and labors of private Christians ; and we would cast an imploring look to those larsre and extensive churches abroad, which lux- uriate in their extensive privileges beneath the full- orbed splendor of gospel ordinances. In no way could newly settled countries be so speedily evangelized as by the emigration of portions of churches into destitute 166 TEXAS IN 1850. places. It would be well for the cause of Christianity in our land and world, tliat the missionary spirit was more extensively cultivated in the churches of the North and East. It is not an unreasonable supposition that, upon proper examination of this subject, duty might impose itself upon private Christians to emigrate, mainly for the influence which they might be able to exert in the promotion of piety and evangelical religion. It would be truly gratifying to see several members* of the same church, from a highly privileged country, where a high-toned spirit of piety had been nurtured, coming to Texas, and bringing along those holy and sanctifying influences with them ! Such an emigration would tend greatly to elevate the standard of vital piety. We would suggest the importance of members of Christ's body in the northern and eastern churches taking this subject hito consideration, and inquire how far their Lord and Master requires their services in the work of spreading and sustaining the institutions of the gospel in Texas. In support of the propriety of the sugges- tion, we will make use of the sentiment of a distin- guished divine of the United States, who, with true Christian philanthropy, casts his eye to the wide moral wastes and desolations on the one hand, and on the other the superabundant blessings, and makes it very apparent that a great error is existing in the churches in the neglect of action upon this subject. " Churches in favored portions of country greatly err in neglecting or refusing to colonize when they ought, and as they ought. What would you have us to do ? TEXAS IN 1850. 167 it may be asked. We hold it to be a principle as clear as the sun in mid-daj^ heaven, that every church, con- tiguous to a lariie, increasing, and destitute population, is bound when her number and ability will warrant, to colonize. She owes it to her Lord and Master — she owes it to herself — she owes it to dying souls around her, to colonize. To remain with her multitude and strength, rejoicing at the ease with which she can sus- tain herself, and congratulating herself in view of her respectability and strength, is but hiding her hght under a bushel, when it should be shining forth brightly for the glory of God, and for the guidance of the lost and wandering, in the way of peace." What can her large membership accomplish on so small an arena as one church organization ? " The over- stocked hive produces a multitude of idlers, who clus- ter around, giving emission sim{)ly to the lazy hum of somnolence." There is not room for the development of Christian activities ; there is not occasion for that self-denial and up-taking of the cross, which are essen- tial to growth in grace. Commend me to that church which separates into colonies, where room is given for the delightful play of holy activities, and where, in a short time, each divid- ing branch equals in size and strength the original stock, and each is prepared again to send out its young and healthy colony. In this way, and in this way only, can the land be possessed. What is the duty of the churches in the North and East, with all their strength and multitude ? 168 TEXAS IN 1850. A church should first select some populous district of destitution, build it a suitable church edifice, and then set off a colony by dividing her numbers and strength equally. This is the proper idea of colonizing. In this case, both branches are equal in strength and in- fluence, both have room to build and increase, and both are spiritually enriched — many souls are gathered into the fold of Christ, and a great revenue of glory is brought home to God. Shortly, each branch is increased fully to the size of the original body, and is prepared again to colonize and take possession of more of the land, in the name of Christ her King. What might be done in behalf of Texas, if Christians would but realize the responsibihty resting upon them as individuals and churches ! What glorious achieve- ments might not the Church accomplish for Christ, if she would act upon her manifest duty. In conclusion, we invite large and able churches to cast their eyes upon the feeble churches in Texas, where a few noble spirits have been struggling for years to maintain the standard of the cross. Brethren, you have men enough and means enough to place them on high vantage ground. Can you neglect to place them on that ground, and be innocent ? Who has given you a dispensation to nestle at your ease in this vineyard of the Lord, while others are laboring to great disadvan- tage for lack of aid, which you might easily render ? We exhort you, in the name of Christ, who gave himself for you, forthwith to come to the succor of these feeble churches, sparing neither men nor money, until they TEXAS IN 1850. 169 are placed on a commanding eminence of influence and power to do good. What a distinguished English writer says of England, is eminently true of the Christian Church in Texas. " "VVe want a better church to make a better country. Without a better church, we cannot have a better coun- try." The moral renovation of this land is a mighty achievement and requires the most ardent and energetic piety. We want intelligence warmed with a holy enthu- siasm, and enthusiasm guided by intelligence ; a religion of f)ower, of love, and of a sound mind ; a religion com- bining something of the enthusiasm of prophets, the zeal of apostles, the selfdenial of pilgrims, and the con- stancy of martyrs. Our churches must be composed of members strong in faith and fervent in prayer — of members separated from the world, spiritually minded, selfdenying, rejoicing in hope, and waiting, looking, and longing for the coming of the Lord Jesus Christ ; of members who consider this world not so much a place for present enjoyment, as of discipline, probation, and preparation for future happiness. We cannot ren- ovate the land, and erect the altars of a pure sj)iritual Christianity, as we are now. We shall do something. We have done something ; but we must do a great deal more. We may have the blessing ; but, unless our stand- ard of piety becomes more elevated, we shall not have the fullness of the blessing. We may lay the wave sheaf upon the altar, but we shall do little towards gath- ering the harvest. AVe want money, we want laborers ; but there is something we want more than either ; and, 170 TEXAS IN 1850. if we had, would give us more of both of them and that IB ^ faith and prayer. Western Texas embraces that portion of the State situated between the Colorado and Rio Grande rivers, and contains 19 counties, which are the following, commencing on the South of the Colorado. Counties. Skiretotvns, Calhoun, Port Lavaca, Jackson, Texana, Victoria, Victoria, Lavaca, Petersburg, Gonzales, Gonzales, Caldwell, . Lockhart, Hays, Sanmarcos, Gillespie, Fredericksburg. Those situated on the Rio Grande, commencing at the South. Cameron, Santa Rita, Starr, Rio Grande, Webb, Laudo, Intermediate, commencing at the South. Refugio, Refugio, San Patricio, San Patricio, Nueces, Corpus Christi, Goliad, Goliad, De Witt, Cuero, Bexar, San Antonio, Medina, Castreville, Comal, New Braunfels. This portion of Texas presents a vast field yet to be TEXAS IN 1850. 171 occupied. Its immense extent of teiTitory, its hetero- geneous population, gathered from every country, the conflicting elements which meet in its social state, the obstacles to be met and overcome in evangelizing it, and the means requisite for bringing the land under the influence of evangelical religion, are subjects which give this division a greater degree of interest than any other. Although some parts claim a very early settlement, it is much more sparsely settled than Eastern or Mid- dle Texas. The relation of the Indians has been great- ly embarrasing. Until recently, quite a proportion of Western Texas has been the abode of tribes of hostile Indians, and even now along the whole extent of the Rio Grande, the name of " Camanche " is a sound of dread alarm. The protection of the frontier from the incursions of the Indians is a subject of deep importance to the interests of this interesting portion of the State. The depredations which have been committed during the last year, plainly manifest the improtected condi- tion of a portion of the United States which has an unquestionable claim that its citizens should be guarded against such ruthless outrages. It is a lamentable fact, that numbers of lives have been sacrificed, property wrested from lawful owners ; inflicted, too, upon persons who depended upon the assertions of the nation's exec- utive, having migrated to the frontiers of Texas, there to meet death upon the spot, where the nation had prom- ised til em safety. This state of things ought not to be permitted to exist ; and it becomes the General Govern- 172 TEXAS IN 1850. menfc to bring the proper measures into operation for suppressing such lawless outrages. To facilitate the extension of population into the val- uable and fertile lands of Western Texas, it is indispen- sable that means should be adopted for the security of the country of the Rio Grande valley. This being immediately in the range of Indian hostilities, emigrants are not desirous of making it their residence, hence it cannot receive that accession to its population which it otherwise would. The present military force is entirely inadequate to the emergency. Three or four hundred men, scattered at different points, are not sufficient for protecting a frontier of such extent ; and as long as such evident deficiencies exist, the settlements will be harassed by continual alarms of incursions, threatening to involve them in one general massacre. To quiet such appre- hensions, no time should be lost in reinforcing the present army with a sufficient military power, to drive those dangerous marauders immediately beyond the limits of Texas. Western Texas will eventually constitute a very im- portant portion of the State. With some improvements in the navigation of the Rio Grande, the inhabitants might be put in possession of a river, second in extent only to the mighty Mississippi. The stream at present is navigated by steamboats to tho distance of about five hundred miles, and, by the removal of a very few ob- structions, it might be rendered navigable to an un- known extent. Recent claims have been presented to TEXAS IN 1850. 173 the consideration of the United States government for improving the river, and also an appropriation has been recommended to the attention of the Mexican govern- ment for the same purpose. The execution of this object would be of immense service to the United States as well as to Mexico. It would facilitate greatly the means of supplying the upper military stations with stores and munitions. It would also create new markets in the adjoining Mexican States, and in our newly ac- quired possessions, for an immense amount of our productions. The long and arduous overland travel which has heretofore been carried on from St. Louis, Mo., would be dispensed with and the trade and trans- portation carried on by steamboats on the Rio Grande. This division is intersected by several other rivers which are susceptible of being rendered navigable, and probably will be, when the commercial resources of Texas are fully taken into consideration. The immense prairie regions of Western Texas by cultivation yield abundantly every variety of production. The northern portions are intersected with mountains, but the land in the vicinity of the mountainous districts is found to be favorable to the production of all kinds of grain ; wheat grows in the greatest perfection ; sugar and cotton are cultivated with a good degree of success. The mountains with which the north-western frontier is interspersed are an essential advantage in rendering the atmosphere more salubrious, and also of being sources of innumerable springs and streams which serve to irrigate the country, and form the head 15* 174 TEXAS IN 1850. ]3ranches of all the large rivers of the middle and wes- tern portion of the State. This part abounds with excellent manufacturing sites, and will inevitably be a great manufacturing country. In many parts of this region, coal of a superior quality and iron have been found, and it is supposed that beds of these valuable minerals extend over a great part of the country. Silver mines were wrought towards Santa Fe in the northwest, till the works were destroyed by the Camanches. Among the natural curiosities of this portion of country, is the " Cross Timbers," a continuous series of forests, varying in breadth from five to ten miles. It appears at a distance like an immense wall of wood ; and from the west such is its linear regularity, that it looks as if it were planted by art. Western Texas presents some interesting remains of antiquity, among which are the old " Missions." Un- der the Spanish dominion, each principal settlement was placed under the government of a military com- mandant, who exercised civil and military authority within the limits of his presidio. At each presidio was established a " mission," which generally preceded the formation of settlements, and was, in fact, the nucleus around which population concentrated in the wilderness. The old " Missions," or ancient edifices, whose remains are yet seen, were of massive stone, and resembled the feudal castles of Europe. Several of them were erected by the Spaniards from Mexico early in the eighteenth century ; some of them are co-eval with the oldest TEXAS IN 1850. 175 cities in the United States. They were nearly all built upon the same general plan, consisting of a church in a fort. Of these, the most ancient are those of San An- tonio de Bexar, and GoHad. The former has become memorable in the recent history of Texas, on account of the bloody tragedy of the Alama, and the fall of Travis and his heroic band ; the latter as being the place of the confinement and subsequent destruction of Fannin and his company. The history connected with this portion of Texas is replete with incident of the most interesting character. These details might furnish matter for a volume, but, as it is not consistent with the plan of the present work to give a relation of past events, we can only take a glance now and then, of what transpired in early times, and hasten to represent Texas, as she is at the present, and what she must he in the future. The population of Western Texas is composed of every grade of character. The wild Indian, Mexican, European, and American blend their contrasting in- fluence. The future well-being of this division depends greatly upon the amount of Protestant emigrations. Romanism still lingers in the Rio Grande valley ; it has never entirely ceased its sway, and the last few years have given an additional strength by a reinforcement of foreign Catholics, who, in coming to this land of freedom and equal rights, have calculated upon the privilege of liberty of conscience ; and such, indisputa1)ly is their right. Yet it is proper to hope that the light shining from the volume of Divine truth may dissipate the 176 TEXAS IN 1850. shades of superstition and error, and that they may be- come constrained by its superior efficacy to yield to its happy influence, thus finding in this free land a disen- thralment from mental as well as physical servitude. There are many exceedingly interesting towns in Western Texas, some of remote origin, and some which have come into existence but recently ; springing up, as it were, by magic. Notwithstanding Indian hostili- ties, emigration is flowing in, and all the departments of business and enterprise are in operation. When the disturbances become suppressed, and the navigation of the rivers become improved, a more delightful region of country cannot be found, perhaps, on the face of the globe. The contiguity of Mexico will require a strong counteracting influence, and it is very evident that the most efficient measures are requisite for elevating the population of the valley of the Rio Grande to a high point of moral pow^r. The time has come for efforts to be put forth for this object. A tardiness at this par- ticular conjuncture may be fatal ; other influences may be permitted to operate so that no means may be able hereafter to compete and counteract. It is truly gratifying that there is an awakening to this subject in Christendom, and that the evangelization of Mexico is taken into consideration in connection with that of Texas. A vast field for missionary labor is presented with urgent claims upon Christians of the United States for efficient measures to be immediately brought into operation. The Mexicans are ready and waiting, ap- parently to receive the gospel. The door is open and the field is wide, and " white unto the harvest." TEXAS IN 1850. HT Dr. Baker, wlio has recently returned from a mis- sionary tour in the valley of the Rio Grande, gives an interesting report of this important section. He thus writes, " In many respects this valley is both important and interesting. Besides the Americans, there are, by estimation, some twenty thousand Mexicans scattered over the valley of the Rio Grande. These Mexicans are nominally Roman Catholic, but appear, just at this tiijie, ripe for the gospel. Many, I am told, have come over upon our side of the river, to get rid of the domination and oppressive exactions of their priests. Moreover, they are better pleased with our laws and government — and, on account of the superiority of the Americans during the late war, have a profound respect for every American. Indeed, they have such a sense of our superiority in the arts, both of war and peace, that they are willing, as children, to sit at our feet and be taught ; and that especially, as their priests are generally openly immoral, and seem to have no care for their souls, but only for their money. Paul could say, " I seek not yours, but you." Where is the Mexican priest who can say this ? Echo answers — ivhere. A young man who wishes to labor amongst the heathen, would not, could not, wish a better field than that presented in the valley of the Rio Grande — for, Romanism, amongst the ^Mexicans, is only another form of paganism, and very many of these i)Oor dehided creatures greatly desire to learn our language and our religion too ! They receive Protestant tracts with great eagerness ; will pay for them ; and as for the Bible, 178 TEXAS IN 1850. wlien they get a copy, they consider it a great prize. 0, how much good could a missionary do amongst this people in the valley of the Rio Grande ! But, he must be acquainted with the Spanish language, and must be willing to go from ranche to ranche, and fare hard. Will not some of the young men from our Seminaries, go to this region, and try to bring these poor benighted ones under the Protestant and heavenly influences ? While in Brownsville, Dr. Baker saw a colporteur, -who had just come down from Roma to Brownsville on the Mexican side. On his trip, he had sold forty dollars worth of books and tracts. An officer connected with the U. S. army, who is an intelligent New Englander, and a member of the Con- gregational Church, recently communicated to the agent of the American Sunday School Union, for Texas, the following valuable information in relation to the country of the Tipper Rio Grande, and its inhabitants. " This is rapidly becoming quite an important part of the State of Texas. Its salubrious climate, fertile soil, and superior advantages as a pasturable and grain- growing country, are rapidly attracting to it a numerous and valuable population. The civil authorities of Texas are now actively engaged in extending its jurisdiction over that interesting part of the State. Measures are now in progress for the complete organization of the counties of Worth, El Paso, and Presidio. Immediately opposite El Paso is an Island about twenty-five miles long, and five miles wide, formed by a recent cut-off in the Rio Grande. This Island is within the limits of i TEXAS IN 1850. 179 Texas. The soil is of the most fertile character. The Island is a delightful place of residence. It is supposed now to contain a population of about eight thousand souls, a large majority of whom are natives of Mexico — the remainder, emigrants from the older States of the Union, several from the Southern and Eastern part of Texas." This officer stated " that, in his inter- course with the Mexicans, on both sides of the river, he found them kind and affable in their deportment — a simple, inoffensive race — disposed to welcome the accession of the citizens of the United States to their population. Almost every grown man can read in Spanish. He thinks the character of the country, out of which the new counties before mentioned are to be organized, is such as to render them susceptible of a very dense pop- ulation. He visited several of the Catholic priests, and was kindly received, though he does not speak very favorably of their morals. He visited among the Mex- ican families, and circulated among them Spanish Bi- bles, which were kindly received. Protestant ministers of the gospel, and school teachers are much needed in the upper part of the Rio Grande valley. There is not one of either of these classes of individuals higher up than Brownsville, about one thousand miles below EI Paso. Who will volunteer in the benevolent enterprise of furnishing the Rio Grande valley with laborers ? Will not New England, with her extensive means, lend a help- ing hand ? Talent, piety, and enterprise are demanded, 180 TEXAS IN 1850. and she, from her boundless resources, can furnish an ample supply. Could we be permitted to return to the land of our nativity, and re-enter those literary halls we were wont to frequent, no greater pleasure could be afforded than to appeal to the sympathy of pioas indi- viduals in behalf of the Rio Grande valley. Of itself, it is immeasurably important, but in casting an eye west- ward and looking at the extensive missionary field which comes up with its claims, it seems to possess attractions which would inevitably enlist an interest, and inspire immediate efforts in its behalf. The field is sufficiently expansive to enlist a host of volunteers. Mexico must be evangelized, and a con- centration of effort is demanded for the enterprise. Souls 7niist be disenthralled from darkness and error in that benighted Repubhc ! The Saviour demands it — the travail of his soul, his dying agonies, his interces- sion demand it ; and will Christians linger ? The work is great — nevertheless, it can be done. An immense "crevasse," as Dr. Baker observes, is opened; and shall not floods of light and streams of mercy flow in for the enlightening and purifying of the nation ? The influence must be raised — the appointed means of gos- pel dissemination must be put in operation ! Ministers, Bibles, and Sabbath Schools are the agencies ; and, let these be brought to exert their influence, and Mexico will be seen shining forth in moral beauty and splendor. The stronghold of Romanism will require a perse- vering effort to remove ; yet, by the appointed means, the defying front which it now presents will, by a gradual TEXAS IN 1850. 181 process, assume an aspect -which will rejoice the Chris, tian world more than did the reduction of the mighty capitol, and the storming of Vera Cruz, the military world. Trophies, not of hlood and carnage, but achieve- ments, more noble than ever graced a chieftain's brow, would proclaim that Mexico is conquered, not to na- tional power, but to the peaceful influence of the great Captain of eternal salvation. The various towns of Western Texas present im- portant openings for usefulness ; some of the most prominent will be remarked. San Antonio is situated on a river of the same name, in a very undulating region of country in the county of Bexar. It is built on a letter S, formed by the San Antonio river, which rises two miles above the town, and is some thirty feet wide and six feet deep. It is an ancient town, has been the scene of numerous wars, and has acquired a notoriety for being a place where more battles have been fought, and more blood spilt, than perhaps in all the rest of Texas. A military out- post was established here by the Spanish government in 1718. In 1731, the town was settled by emigrants sent out from the Canary Islands by the king of Spain. It became a flourishing settlement and continued so till the revolution in 1812. After that period, the hostile incursions of the Camanche and other Indians ha- rassed the inhabitants to such an extent as to suspend and nearly destroy the prosperity of the town. After various deisressions and revivals, it has assumed both morally and physically a more favorable character. 16 182 TEXAS IN 1850. San Antonio has at present a population of about 6,000 inhabitants, quite a proportion of which are Mex- icans, and has been, until quite recently, entirely under Roman Catholic influence. *" We have often heard and read of the moral de- pravity of San Antonio, and that this depravity, instead of being checked and subdaed by Romanism, had been encouraged and promoted thereby, especially by the example of the Roman priests, who had been more devoted to the pleasures of the card-table and the bil- liard room, than to the appropriate duties and functions of their high office. Under the influence of a reli- , gion of pompous and superstitious ceremonies, with a secular and corrupt priesthood, what other result could be anticipated, but that of the universal de- pravity of the people. The Americans who first set- tled there, had not sufficient strength of moral princi- ple to stand against the sweeping tide of depravity, and were, consequently, borne onward in its course. Many young men have made shipwreck of their prin- ciples, and been engulfed in the vortex of dissipa- tion. " It is but within a few years past that efforts have been made by Protestants to improve the moral character of the city. The Methodist Episcopal Church South, has sustained a mission there for the past four years with encouraging success. The Presbyterian Church has been represented by Rev. Mr. M'Cullough, who de- voted two or three years to the ministry, and to teaching, * Texas Wesleyan Banner. TEXAS IN ISoO. 183 laboring in harmony with the Methodist missionaries, both occupying the same house of worship. The labors of these missionaries have been intended principally for the benefit of the American population, and, to some considerable extent, have been successful. Much good, it is confidently believed, has been accomplished. " There is a o;eneral interest manifested amon^ the Americans in behalf of Protestant worship. The church, built mainly through the agency of Rev. Mr. M'Cul- lough, is generally well filled with attentive hearers every Sabbath. " San Antonio now presents an open door of usefulness to evangelical ministers. The American population is increasing rapidly, and there is generally a large num- ber of strangers in the city who should be accommo- dated with Protestant worship. " An effort "should be made to enlighten and improve the Mexican population. A limited supply of Bibles, Testaments, and tracts, in the Spanish language, has been distributed among the Mexicans ; but, to effect permanent results, the effort to distribute Bibles, &;c. should be a persevering one, and accompanied by oral instruction. Such an effort, prosecuted by capable and zealous missionaries, would soon result in a Protestant Mexican Church, or a church formed from the Mexican population — a result most ardently desired : as it would constitute the first fruits of a glorious moral har- vest among the Mexican population of the State, and probably of the Mexican States. Which of the Protes- tant churches will make the effort ? It should be com- menced immediately. 184 TEXAS IN 1850. " The San Antonio Division of the Sons of Temper- ance promises great usefahiess in staying the tide of intemperance, and in preparing the way of the gospel to the hearts of many who have been, heretofore, dis- inclined or disquaUfied, by their dissipated habits, for a profitable attendance upon the ministrations of the gospel. *' San Antonio has, for years, been a commercial depot for the Mexican population beyond the Rio Grande, and the new road connecting it with El Paso increases its commercial importance. It is more than probable that the entire trade of New Mexico, El Paso, and Chihuahua will be diverted from St. Louis to San Antonio. " San Antonio presents ample advantages for cotton, woollen, and other manufactories. Its water power is unlimited, as are also the materials for -the necessary buildings. The location is healthy, and the surround- ing country fertile, and capable of producing supplies for a large population. " In less than twenty years, San Antonio is destined to be the Manchester or Lowell of Texas, if not of the .South. Its location upon the great military and com- mercial thoroughfare from the Gulf of Mexico to the Upper Rio Grande valley, the northern States of Mexico and California, as well as its vast and natural advan- tages and resources, point directly to its rapid growth, early importance, and future renown. The period of its isolation, almost equal to that of Palmyra of the Desert, is rapidly passing away. Thriving settlements TEXAS IN 1850. 185 are forming -within a circle of twenty-five miles of it in almost every direction ; which are calculated to con- tribute greatly to its growth and importance. " San Antonio de Bexar has, for many years, been a city of great interest to strangers, and may the day never come in its history, when its noble name, asso- ciated with years and scenes of stirring interest, long since passed away, and more recently associated with events of thrilling interest and deeds of valor, memora- ble in the history of Texas, shall lose its magic power, or cease to be the name of the ancient, the Monumental City of Texas." Gonzales, situated on the Gaudaloupe river, is a place of growing importance. This town is distinguished as being the opening scene of the war of the Revolution, and it hence acquired the appellation of the " Lexing- ton of Texas." The situation is elevated, healthy, and pleasant, and possesses many natural advantages. Its former prosperity was retarded by Indian hostilities, and in 1842 was nearly desolated ; but it revived, and is, at the present, rapidly advancing in population and importance. The various reforming elements of society are in operation — a flourishing Temperance Society and a Union Sabbath School seems a very good index by which to judge of the sentiment of the people. Gonzales has less of the evils to contend with, Mex- ican population and influence, than many other towns in Western Texas, and hence its religious and general character presents a more favorable appearance. The town and vicinity being settled, mostly, by emigrants 1G» 186 TEXAS IN 1850. from the United States, the proper elements are pos- sessed for its future advancement and prosperity. The Gaudaloupe river is susceptible of being navigated as far as this point, which advantage, combined with rich and fertile lands, cannot fail of rendering Gonzales an important town. Seguin, shire town of Gaudaloupe county, deserves a passing notice. It is a small, though growing town, and has lately made an acquisition to its reputation by the erection of a neat chapel for public worship, being the first church edifice ever dedicated to the worship of God in Gaudaloupe county. The portion of country on the left bank of the Gau- daloupe, from the coast as high up as Comal county, is in a highly prosperous condition. A traveller recently passing over that section of country, thus writes : " In travelUng upon the west side of the river, as far as Se- guin, and along the whole journey, a constant succession of new plantations was presented, and the appearance of the whole country is greatly improved within the past year. The inhabitants are in good spirits, and prose- cuting their agricultural improvements with vigor. Farms and plantations are being enlarged, and build- ings in much better style than formerly, both as it regards comfort and appearance, are being erected. " Every where are to be met the Sons of Temperance, whose benign influence is abundantly manifest all over the country. Nowhere is this influence more man- ifest than in Gonzales and Seguin. Schoolhouses and churches are every where taking the place of TEXAS IN 1850. 187 drinking establishments, and the inhabitants arc found attending the quarterly and protracted meetings, in- stead of horse-races and places of dissipation, as here- tofore. The circuit and resident ministers of the gospel have engaged with becoming zeal iu the tem- perance cause, and the District judges and the members of the bar almost in a body unite in the great moral reform. It may be predicted with abso- lute certainty, that, during the year 1850, there will be greater improvements made, both in a moral and physical point of view, than have been achieved for the previous five years." North of Seguin, situated on the south side of the Gaudaloupe, is New Braunfels, a town located by a German colony in 1845. It contains a population of 4,000 souls — a large majority of whom are foreign emigrants; there being, perhaps, not more than two hundred Americans. For two years after its settle- ment the inhabitants were obliged to keep a constant guard on account of the incursions of the Indians. Those hostilities ceasing, the town has improved with wonderful rapidity, and bids fair to become one of con- siderable importance. It is situated at the foot of the Cordellow mountains, in a beautiful and picturesque country, abounding with water power, which the Ger- mans have improved for establishing manufactories of various kinds. The industry and enterprise of the Germans render them valuable citizens, and, could they be induced to lay aside their priestly expiations, and embrace that system of faith which acknowledges but 188 TEXAS IN 1850. one mediator between God and man, tliey might be- come a very important acquisition to the population of Texas. This town presents an important field for evan- gelical laborers. Ministers and teachers are greatly needed to counteract the influence of Catholicism. Some three miles from New Braunfels is situated Comal Town. The settlement of this town was com. menced in 1846, and, for more than twelve months, but two individuals dared to reside there, it being the great resort of the Camanches. Causes of fear became dissipated, and a town of about one hundred families has rapidly sprung up, in which has settled a Presbyte- rian clergyman, who thus writes, " here, where four years ago was a large Camanche settlement, is a flour- ishing Sabbath School, and the regular preaching of the gospel." Population is fast settling the opposite side of the Gaudaloupe river — farms are becoming opened, so that the prairie looks almost like one plantation. Far- mers are also settling on the valley of Comal, a small, rapid, and beautiful stream, bursting from a rocky source at the distance of but a few miles, and emptying into the Gaudaloupe at Comal Town. Castroville, an interesting town, is situated on the "west bank of the Medina river. This town, which, but a very few years since, was inhabited by the wild Ca- manches or the wild beasts of the forest,contains two hun- dred and eighty houses and twelve hundred inhabitants, mostly French and German, who have emigrated within the last four or five years. The extensive improvements TEXAS IN 1850, 189 which have been made in so short a period, nere made mainly through the influence of one individual, — Mr. Castro, who has expended a large fortune in establishing the colony. The inhabitants, who are Roman Catholics, have a resident priest among them, and are erecting a spacious stone church. The Medina is a clear rapid stream, affording ample advantages for mill seats, and some future day will, no doubt, be occupied by extensive cotton and woollen fac- tories and flouring mills. The region of country around Castroville is favorable to the production of wheat, and probably, in a few years, a sufhcient quantity of this grain will be raised in this portion of country to sup- ply the whole State. The foot of the mountain is not more than one mile from the town. The vicinity of the mountains abounds with specimens of iron ore. It is reputed to be abund- ant, and of a remarkably pure quality, which might, no doubt, be rendered a valuable source of wealth to the country. This portion- of Texas, perhaps, more than any other combines advantages for extensive speculations in agricultural and manufacturing enterprises. The natural beauty of this section surpasses descrip- tion. The lofty mountain, the broad expansive prairie, the pure transparent stream of water, concur to vary the scenery and render it peculiarly lovely. Boasting New England and far-famed Switzerland, with their mountains, lakes, and picturesque landscapes, cannot compete with or outvie Texas — Western Texas, the love- liest land upon which the sun ever shone. All, who 190 TEXAS IN 1850. have ever visited thisbeautiful region, concur in ascribing to it beauties unsurpassed. While we disclaim imagin- ary paintings and fictitious speculations, we feel justified in the assertion that no country is more eminently favored by nature, both for beauty and excellence, than Texas. Indianola, formerly known as Indian Point, is a beau- tiful and pleasant little city, improving so rapidly during the last twelve months as to attract general attention. It now extends three fourths of a mile along the beach, unlike all other portions of the margin of Matagorda Bay, so remarkable for its beauty and cleanliness as to be the favorite place of resort of the Camanche Indians from time immemorial, on account of the abundance of fresh water, and the wild fruit that grew in its vicinity. The population is about five hundred. The town is increasing rapidly with every prospect and facility of future importance. The United States Government, after very thorough examination, has removed all its business to this place from port Lavacca. The gov- ernment stores intended for San Antonio, Austin, Fred- ericsburg, Paso del Norte, and the upper frontier posts, are now landed at Indianola. A large amount of ship- ping is done through its wharves to New Orleans and other ports. Indianola, from its fine and accessible position on the main land, is destined to be one of the first commercial towns in Texas. Goliad, situated on the San Antonio river, and about thirty miles from the coast, is a town of some interest ; though not having great claims upon popularity, it TEXAS IN 1850. 191 nevertheless has some upon antiquity. It was one of the earhest settled towns of Texas, and was the scene of many interesting incidents. During the war of the Revolution, it was garrisoned by Mexican troops, and was one of the first places signalized by a triumph of the Texan arms in the struggle for liberty. The old " Mission," in which Eannin met his untimely fate, is still in a state of preservation, and is at present made subservient to the purposes of a school. A " mission" on the other side of the river, known as " old Labardee," is occupied for a dwelling. The country which surrounds Goliad is fertile and capable of being rendered highly productive. The town is not in an improving condition, though its situation is highly advantageous for a town of considerable im- portance. The population being composed mostly of jNIexicans, the proper elements are not possessed for very rapid improvements. The prosperity of towns in Texas, as well as elsewhere, depends greatly upon the character of the population — many possess the necessary physi- cal advantages, but, without the enterprise and public spirit of the people, the car of improvement makes but slow advance. Towns on the Rio Grande are springing up at differ- ent points with wonderful rapidity. Within the last few months, several have sprung into existence. Edln- borough and New St. Louis have been started within a few weeks ; the former about one mile, and the latter four miles below Rcinoso. Brownsville, situated oppo- site Matamoras, has rivalled in its rapid prosperity every 192 TEXAS IN 1850. other town in Texas. Although but two years old, it contains a population of three thousand inhabitants, and, according to present indications, will soon be a large and populous city. The amount of business transacted at Brownsville is immense, far exceeding any calculation based upon the population. By estimation, it is com- puted that six million dollars worth of goods have been received there during the last year. So great has been the increase of trade between Brownsville and the interior of Mexico, that the two ferries between Brownsville and Matamoras, which the first year were rented for less than one hundred dollars, have this year been rented for nine thousand. Besides a vast amount of freight, which some two or three steamers are continually engaged in taking from Brazos Santiago round by the mouth of the Rio Grande, and up that river, a single house at Point Isabel, forwards on to Brownsville by land, from ten to twelve thousand barrels per month. The fact is, that much of the trade of Tampico and Vera Cruz now passes through this channel. Brownsville is now the great gateway of entrance into Mexico, and is taking the business almost entirely away from Matamoras. The situation of Brownsville combines beauty of scenery as well as natural advantages. The vicinity has become hallowed by interesting scenes during the late war. This portion of the Bio Grande valley is associated with scenes of thrilling interest. Here our army first met the Mexican foe, and on the plains of Palo Alto and Rcsaca de la Palma, were achieved the first Uo of a series of victories unparalleled in the TEXAS IN 1850. 193 history of civilized warfare. Although those scenes of blood and carnage are passed by, no one can look upon those interesting battle fields without feelings of deep- est emotion ; and though time may work its changes, long will it be ere those sacred places lose their power to interest. The soil which has been wet with human blood for the defence of liberty and justice, has become too deeply hallowed, to be soon regarded with careless indifference. Considerable taste and expenditure are manifested in the buildings of Brownsville. Some dozen brick houses are now in progress, all of them large and costly build- ings, one nearly covering a whole square, and another about half a square. The enterprize of the citizens is not only manifested in advancing the town in its worldly interests, but a very good degree of interest is displayed in the promotion of moral objects. Before Brownsville was six months old, the citizens applied to the agent of the American Sunday School Union for Texas, for pub- lications with which to commence a Union Sunday School. The request was granted, the books were promptly forwarded, and a school was organized, in which was manifested a lively interest. The youth of Matamoras were invited to participate in the benefits of the Sunday School, and verily^ from that city of Ro- manism, many came to be taught in the principles of the holy Bible. This fact exhibits an example of what Protestant influence may serve to effect upon the Mexi- can population on the other side of the Bio Grande. May such " light houses " be erected at every point of 17 194 TEXAS IN 1850. that noble river ; so vivid and penetrating may their rajs be, that their influence shall be seen and felt to the extreme of that benighted country. Let the glori- ous volume of Divine truth unfold its sacred leaves upon the banks of the Rio Grande, the darkened shadows of Romanism would disperse like " dew before the morn- ing sun." Wliere are the agents to scatter this heavenly light ? Where are those wbo will rightly appreciate this glorious privilege ? It is not worldly wealth we would allure you to gather — no, treasures, richer far — souls — immortal souls, which, disenthralled from error's night and transplanted to heaven's eternal day, shall shine with that transcendant lustre which will obscure the brightest golden ore the earth ever produced. The missionary of the Rio Grande valley occupies a point of influence, unsurpassed, perhaps, by any other spot on earth. Who does not covet the privilege of holding up the torch of Eternal truth to the benighted Mexican ? The people of Brownsville also made very laudable efibrts to obtain a minister of piety and talents, and suc- ceeded in securing the services of a Presbyterian cler- gyman, sent out by the Missionary Board, a few months since, and who promises great usefulness in this impor- tant field of labor. A church has been organized, which embraces some of the most influential citizens. Still there is room — the field is not sufficiently sup- plied as yet — the spiritual wants of a population of three or four thousand souls cannot be supplied by the agency of one individual. Other evangelical laborers 1 TEXAS IN 1850. 195 are called upon to exert their influence in behalf of this interesting town. On account of the extensive inter- course -which Brownsville has with the various parts of Mexico, it may be regarded an important medium of communication by which Protestantism may be intro- duced into Mexico, and hence appears the necessity of a strong influence of that sort being concentrated at this point. Roma, Rio Grande, Laredo and El Paso are also hnportant holds, which should be secured with strong Bible influences ; and will not the Christian world duly take into consideration the importance of immediately reinforcing those interesting places with the means necessary for the advancement of the much desired object — the moral elevation of degraded Mexico ? We have now travelled hastily over Texas, and from the interesting scenes of the Rio Grande we will turn and take one more glance of Texas as a whole. In the retrospect, an interesting subject presents itself — one sufficiently expansive to enlist an interest, perhaps unequalled in the contemplation of any other country. The early history of Texas is strange and interesting, if not illustrious. Occupying a point of apparent ob- scurity, almost unknown to the world, her daring energy and noble spirit flashed forth in the declaration, that she resolved to be " free, sovereign and independent," with that intrepidity which confirmed to her enemies the practical enforcement of that declaration, and with scarcely any advantage but her noble sentiments of 196 TEXAS IN 1850. freedom, she pushed forth her conquest, — conquering and conqueror, — until her "one starred banner" waved triumphantly at every point of the enemy's encroach- ment. Never was an independence more nobly won ! A little band of Texans on the plains of San Jacinto taught Mexico's proud General — the arrogant Santa Anna — that Mexican mercenaries were unequal to compete with men whom love of freedom and honor inspired to contest. The cause for which the Texans were contending, was one which the God of nations approved, and the arm of Omnipotence signalized the contest with glorious success, which victory laid a broad platform for future good to Texas. Let not Texans for- get the exalted position they have taken, nor the high responsibilities resting upon them of maintaining that character which they have so nobly assumed. Let them not forget or undervalue their superior advan- tages for rendering the future career of their country brilHant and consequential. Already has sufficient prosperity been awarded to inspire the most encouraging hopes for the future. Com- paring the present with the past, the most animating prospect is presented. Truly " the wilderness has blos- somed like the rose : " — emigration, bringing with it wealth, intelligence and refinement, has poured into the country. Schools and churches have been planted in many places, where late the Lidian revelled unmolested, and the howl of wild beasts alone broke the stillness of nature. Steam-boats are now plowing the waters of her noble TEXAS IN 1850. 197 rivers, bringing rich freights of merchandize to the wharves, and returning deeply laden with the staple of the country, bound to distant markets. The lands have increased in value, and the influx of population has opened a market for articles of home consumption. Great as has been the increase, there are thousands of acres of good land, well watered, and well timbered, to which we would invite the attention of emisfrants, well assured, that in comparing the advantages which Texas presents to the planter, the merchant and the mechanic, with those of other States, in any point of view which she can be taken, she will suffer no dispar- agement from the comparison. Is it health which is sought for ? The uplands, with their never-failing streams of pure water and pleasant groves, enjoy a salubrity of climate surpassed by no climate on the face of the globe. Is fertility of soil the desideratum ? The allu- vial lands of the various river bottoms have no supe- rior in the United States. If beauty of scenery is required, the high rolling prairies, redolent in verdure, now gradually rising into hills, now gently sinking into valleys, combining richness of soil with the loveliness of nature, present a scenery, at once calculated to rivet the attention and call forth the admiration of the be- holder. An inviting field for interest and usefulness is pre- sented, and an elaborate plea may with propriety be made in behalf of a country combining such important advantages. The prospective importance of Texas 198 TEXAS IN 1850. affords ample security for an enlarged system of en- terprise, both in a physical and moral point of view. Great as have been the achievements and improve- ments of the past, Texas has yet a great work to perform. Her love of national liberty inspired to deeds of noble valor, and shall she not evince a similar patriotism, when interests of immortal value are at issue ? Her military power subdued the haughty insolence of Mexican invasion, and shall not her spiritual power effect another independence, which shall outvie the far- famed one of San Jacinto ? A contest is waged — not against a worldly foe, but against the power of dark- ness, the spiritual enemy. Soldiers are called upon for rallying around the standard of freedom, equipped with spiritual weapons, drawn from heaven's armory. This contest must not be one of doubtful issue ; victory or death must bo the motto of every soldier on the field. What though he falls — a more glorious cause could never be desired, for which to fall a sacrifice ! The love of civil liberty embalms the patriot's grave, and shall not the love of spiritual liberty wreathe never-fading laurels too ? The Christian patriot's name shall live, not, perhaps, imprinted on brass or marble, but in the records of Eternity he will find deeds inscribed, which will survive when earthly monuments and mementos shall have passed into oblivion. Texas must yet erect her victorious banner at every point of the spiritual enemy's dominion, — not stained with human carnage, but the blood-stained banner of the Prince of peace. TEXAS IN 1850. Who will come to the aid of Texas in this eventful struggle ? When she was contending for civil liberty in the trjdng struggle of '36, the request for volunteers met with a prompt and liberal response. Shall not the present appeal be regarded with still greater interest bj Christians whom love to Christ should constrain to evince a sacred zeal and enlist in this pre-eminently important service ? We wait for a response. THE END.