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V O B D, 8.: A f 1 r.oe'Kman-strect. 15 Vandcwaie- ft., N. Y. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. CHAPTER I SECTION I. The Author to the Student. My Young Friend 1. This book was written for your instruction. I was once as young as you are. I was fond of asking questions, and loved to have them answered. By this means, and by reading books and listening to conversation, I learned many useful things / which, I have no doubt, you would be glad to know. 2. Among other kinds of knowledge that pleased me, was that which related to the country in which we live. It so delighted me, that I have alwavs felt a desire for all young people to learn - what I have learned, and much more. 3. If you will listen to me, I will relate a long and interesting^ story about the Indians, who first lived here ; and then about' the great Sailors, and Soldiers, and Governors, and the hundreds"' of men who came here and cut down the forests, built houses ^ and churches, and raised grain in fields and fruit in orchards. 4. Then I will tell you how, when many thousands were herej with their wives and children, they made laws, built villages and cities, factories and ships, steamboats and railways, and made every thing appear just as you see it to-day. That story is called HISTORY. When you hear a man tell a new story, you say that is his story — it is History. INTRODUCTION, The beautiful country we live in. 5. The story I am going to tell you, is the History of THE United States. That is the name of our country which we love so much. Look on the map of the world and you will seo that it is now a large part of North America, extending from th^ Atlantic Ocean on the east, which is between us and Europe, the Pacific Ocean on the west, which is between us and Asia. 6. It has almost every kind of climate. In the north th^ winters are long and cold, with much snow. In the south theV/ are short and warm, with seldom any frost. There flowers bloom all the year round. In our country every kind of grain, and fruit, and flower in the world may grow. In some parts are high mountains and great woods ; in others, are wide plains, and wider lakes ; and in others, hills and valleys, beautiful rivers, pleasant brooks, and great meadows called prairies. Y. In some parts there are wild and fierce Indians, buffaloes and bears, wolves and panthers, elks and deer, eagles and wild turkeys, and a great many kinds of smaller animals and birds, just as there were in the whole counry before the white people, like us, came here. 8. Altogether, ours is a very noble, beautiful, and fruitful country, where every body may be happy. Here we need not be afraid of bad rulers who have power to hurt us, for if we do right nobody can injure us ; and we are at liberty to do as we please, if we do not injure our neighbors. 9. And every one born in this free and beautiful country, should be proud of it, thankful to God for it, and willing to do every thing that is right to keep it free and good. 10. When I shall have told yon the whole story — told you of all the dangers, and troubles, and hard work that the people who first came liere had to endure, to make it such a fine country ; and how much others have since done to keep it so, I am sure you will feel glad to do all in your power to help in the good work. 11. And to make you feel so, is one great reason why I wish you to listen to the whole story attentively, that you may re- member it and do well. THE INDIANS. How the Indians were named. Their language. SECTION II THE INDIANS 1. I will now tell you about the Indians who lived in 3ur country before any white people were here. Where their fathers came from we can not tell, nor do you care to know 'at present. They were here when the white men came from Europe, and appeared very strange to them, for they were of a reddish-brown color. They were dressed in the skins of wild beasts- in the cold North, and in the warm South they were almost naked. '^ 2. Columbus, the first great sailor who came to iitoian's head. this country, thought the Island, or the land surrounded by water, that he first saw, Avas in that part of Asia called India. So he called these reddish-brown, or copper-colored people, Indians. I shall tell you about that great sailor presently. The Indians were found in all parts of North America, and were all very much alike in their appearance and way of liv- ing. 3. The Indians did not all talk alike. You know the Amer- ican and Frenchman call the same things by different names. The American says horse, and the Frenchman says cheval. Their word or language is different. So the Indians, in different parts of the country, spoke eight kinds of language, because there were eight nations. 4. These nations were named Algonquin, Huron-IroquoiSj Cherokee, Cataivha, Uchee, Natchez, Mobilian, and Bacotah or Sioux. Now these are hard words, but you must spell them out and remember them. Questions. —1 . How did the Indians appear? How were they dressed? 2. How came they to be called Indians ? 3. What can you tell about their language ? 4. Wliat were the nations called ? THE INDIANS. Indian dwellings, money, and writing. A WIGWAM. The Indians -were tall and straight. They had straight black hair, fine teeth, and black eyes. They were seldom sick, because they had plenty of exercise and ate simple food. They lived in a sort of huts or tents, made of poles covered with the bark of trees or the skins of wild beasts. These were called wigwams. G. The men went to war, hunted and fished ; and the women })lanted corn and other things, and did all the hard work. They did not have good tools to work with, for these were made of stones, shells, and bones. Their food was the flesh of the deer, buifalo, and bear, roasted or boiled, with beans, peas, potatoes, and melons. 7. The Indians had monc}', but it was not like ours. It was made of shells in the shape of long beads, which they strung on threads or fastened upon belts. So many of these pieces were worth a penny, and so many more were worth a shilling or a dollar. This money they called wampum. 8. The Indians could not write as we do, and never saw a pen or ink. They made rude pictures to describe what had been done. Here is one of wAMruM. the kind. In the picture you sec human figures, a boat with nine paddles, and a bear and turtle, with a fire between them. This tells the story of a fight between some Indians. One man, you see, lias his head ofi^. Then nine of them went in a boat which they call a canoe, and after that two families, one called the Bear tribe or (iimily, and the other the Turtle tribe or femily, had a council or talk, by a great fire. 9. The Indians had no schools, and the little children never liad pleasant picture-books to read. Their mothers taught them QuESTioNR.— 5. What cnn yon tell alioiit thtnr appearance and houses? C. What did tliey do? Wliat was their food ? 7. What kind of money did they have ? 8. Can ynu tell about their writing;? = t^'^^CS''^'*^ IN III AN WBITINQ. THE INDIANS, Indian weapons, sports, and burials. INDIAN WEAPONS. to make wampum, mats, skin and feather-clothing, and shell and bone ornaments. But I dare say they did not work much, but played nearly all day in the woods and by the pleasant brooks. They went to bed when the birds did, at sunset, and were up be- fore the sun, and so they kept their eyes bright. 10. The Indian men loved to fight, for they sometimes felt like tigers. Forty or more of one nation would go and fight those of another nation ; and sometimes there would be hundreds on both sides. They fought with bows and arrows, war- clubs, scalping-knives, and tomahawks. In the picture is seen a bow and arrow, a kind of war-club, tomahawks or hatchets, and a scalping-knife. 11. When the men were tired of fighting, they would sometimes become good friends, as we white people do. Then they Avould build a great fire in the woods, and the head men of both nations would meet around it and smoke a pipe which was handed from one to the other. This was called a calumet^ or pipe of peace. 12. The Indian men played ball, fired at the mark, danced, leaped, played games, and had other amusements, but they would never let the women join them. They were not at all polite to the women. I am sure that no right-minded boy, when he gets to be a man, will let his mother, or sister, or wife, do all the hard work, while he hunts, or fishes, or plays ; and then not let them have any of the fun. 13. The Indians did not always bury their dead in the ground. When they did, they wrapped them in skins, and buried their bows and arrows, and other things, with them, supposing they would QoESTioNS. — '^. What did the children do? 10. ii"^? 11. What abntit their beconiina; friends? ii:iin83nierits? 1?. What about their burials ? BUKIAL-PI.ACE. What can you tell about Indians fight- 12. What can you tell about their. 10 THE INDIANS. Indian religion and law. What is to become of them. want to use them in the spirit land. They often folded tlie body in skins, and laid it upon a high scaflFold, where wild beasts could not get at it. 14. The Indians had no churches, yet they believed in God, prayed to Ilim, and worshiped Him. They called Ilim the Good Spirit ; and they believed in an Evil Spirit. Instead of churches and meeting-houses, they had the sky for a roof; and the wind and the thunder, the singing of birds, and the roar of the storm, was their music. Then they would look up to the sun, the moon, and the stars, and believe that they saw God, for they knew of nothing greater. The Indians knew nothing of the Bible, and tlie religion of Jesus. They all had one belief, never quarreled about it, and wxre happy. 15. The Indians were governed by sachems and chiefs. The sachems were general rulers ; the chiefs were the commanders of the Indian armies. Only wise men were made sachems, and only brave men were made chiefs. These could not govern nor lead if they were not wise and brave. 16. Such, my young Friend, were the copper-colored people who lived in this country hundreds of years ago, and some of whom live here yet. Unless you live beyond the Mississippi river, you seldom see any of them now. They are nearly all beyond that river, and are becoming fewer every year. 17. The time will come when there will not be an Indian on the earth. You may live to see that time, because they are pass- ing rapidly away. The white man, from the beginning, has used the poor Indians badly. He has cheated and oppressed them, given them rum to take away their senses, and with swords and guns has driven them far into the wilderness. 18. God, in liis wise providence, has permitted the "hite man to take the Indian's land away from him. The Indian would not cut down the trees and raise grain, except here and there a little patch ; but the white man, as the Bible says, has made "the wil- derness to blossom as the rose." QrEBTioNS.— It. What about their religion ? 15. How were they governed ? IC. W^cro are they now? IT, IS. What has the white man done 1 INDIAN HISTORY. ■ 11 Where the Algonquins lived. Pontiac SECTION III. INDIAN HISTORY. 1. Now look on a map of the United States, and I will show you in what parts each of the eight Indian nations, of whom I have told you, lived. I would like to tell you, also, of many things that they did before the white people came. But the story is too long for me to tell you now. You will know more about it when you grow older. Do you remember the names of the eight nations, given in verse 4 of Section II. ? 2. The Algonquins lived in the country north and south of the great lakes which lie between the United States and Canada. Tliey occupied nearly all of Canada, a part of New York and all of the country east of it, a part of Pennsylvania, all of New Jer- sey, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, eastern North Carolina, a portion of Kentucky and Louisiana, and all north and west of these States, eastward of the Mississippi. 3. The Algonquins, like each of the other nations, were divided into tribes, or collections of families, who often quarreled, and made war upon each other, just as brothers and sisters some- times wickedly do, I am sorry to say. But when the white peo- ple came and treated them badly, these quarrelsome tribes became friends, and joined to fight their oppressors. For many, many years, the Indians did the white people a great deal of harm, as you will learn hereafter. 4. The greatest man of all the Algonquins was Pontiac, who was a sachem and chief He caused many of the tribes in the neighborhood of the more western lakes to join together to kill all of the white people, but did not succeed. You will hear more of this before we get through with the whole storv. 5. The Huron-Iroquois lived in a much smaller portion of Questions.—'". Wlie-" did the Algonquins live 1 3. What did the Algonquins do ? 4. What can you tell of Poatiic ? 12 I N D I AN II IS TOR Y. The Huron-Iroquois and the Cherokees. country, and were completely surrounded by the Algonquins. They dwelt in a part of Canada, in large portions of New York, and in parts of Pennsylvania and Ohio, along the southern shores of Lake Erie. A few of them lived in a small part of Vir- ginia and North Carolina. 6. The nuron-Iroquois, in the north, were divided into five tribes. These met around a great fire, at one time, and agreed to be friends forever. They formed a league, and were known as the Five Nations when the white people came. Finally those who lived in the south, and were called Tuscaroras, came north, joined the others, and then they were called the Six Nations. I. Almost all of the Six Nations joined the British in the War of Independence, and fought the Americans. Two of their greatest men were called, by the white people, Joseph Brant and Red Jacket. The first was a great warrior, and the last was a great orator or speech-maker. 8. The Cherokees lived in the south-west. Their country was a very beautiful one, having high mountains and hills, fertile valleys, and many pleasant streams. Their dwelling-place cov- ered the whole upper part of Georgia, and extended from the Carolina Broad river on the east, to the Alabama river on the west. 9. Because their country was so full of mountains, the Chero- kees were called the mountaineers of the South. They were brave and warlike, and often had bloody battles with the Five Nations, who used to travel through the woods away down there to fight them. They, too, joined the British against the Amer- icans, in the Revolution, but after that old war they were our friends. 10. The Cherokees lived in their beautiful country until a few years ago, when they were compelled to leave their nice farms, and settle in the wilderness west of the Mississippi. At that time they had schools, and churches, and printed a newspaper. II. The Cherokees have fine farms, and schools, and churches Questions.— .">. Wliern did the Huron-Iroquois live ? 6. What did they do? 7. What c-»n you trll of thn Six Nitions? 8. Where did the Cherokees live? 9. What can you tell about, Uiuin? ID. Where arc they now, and what are they doing? INDIAN HISTORY. 13 The Catawbas, lichees, and Natchez. Y in their new country, and they are now the best Indians in America. I wish you could visit them, for they would treat you kindly. 12. The Catawbas lived in a very pleasant coimtry in parts of North and South Carolina, between the Yadkin and Catawba rivers. They, too, were very brave, but were peaceable. They seldom went away from home ; but whenever quarrelsome In- dians came there to fight them, they soon sent them about their business, I can assure you. Then the quarrelsome Indians would stay away. 13. The Catawbas were generally the friends of the white people, and were the good neighbors of the Americans in South Carolina in the old wars. Now there are not a hundred of them left. They could all stand in a barn. These live on the banks of the Catawba, in South Carolina. Very soon not one will be living. How sad to think of a whole nation gone forever ! 1 4. The UciiEES lived in a warm, and very beautiful country. It extended from Augusta, on the Savannah river, across the whole State of Georgia. Their principal town was near Mil- ledgeville. They said to the white people when they came, "We were the first inhabitants who ever lived in this country." Even then there were very few of them left. BocTnESN ixwans. 15. The language of the lichees was harsh, but their dis- positions were mild, like the climate. They never engaged in war, yet they appeared to be brave. Theie are now a few of them among the Creek tribe of Indians, west of the Mississippi. 16. Tlie Natchez occupied a very small portion of country, extending from the east bank of the Mississippi river, up the valley of the Pearl river to the head waters of the Chickasaw. 17. The Natchez worshiped the sun, believing it to be the Questions. — I''. Where did the Catawbas live? What was their character? ''ti. Whr\t morn cm you tell about them? 14. 'Where did the Uchees live? 15. What caj vo.i IcU about them? 16. Where did the Natchez live;' 14 INDIAN HISTORY. The Natchez and the French people. Great Spirit, as the Indians in South America did. They were proud and warlike. When, more than a hundred years ago, some French people came to live on the banks of the Mississippi, the Natchez agreed among themselves to kill them all, for they thought they had no business in their country. MEETING OF WHITE MEN AND INDIANS. BEE PAGE 50. 18. The French people soon lieard of what the Indians in- tended to do, and instead of waiting for the Natchez to come and attack them, they took their guns, went to the homes of the Questions.— 17. What can yoii tell about the Natchez? 18. What did the French dor I N D I A N II 1 S T O U Y . 15 The Mobilian Tribes. Indians, and in a short time killed nearly all of them. There are now only about three hundred ©f-the-Natchez Indians left. 19. The MoBinANS composed a very extensive nation, for there were a great number of tribes. They lived chiefly in the warm country along the Gulf of Mexico, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi river, a distance of six hundred miles. 20. Their country also extended up the Mississippi river to the Ohio river, and up the Atlantic to the Cape Fear river. It in- cluded the greater part of Georgia, the whole of Florida, Ala- bama, and Mississippi, and part of South Carolina, Tennessee and Kentucky. 21. In the Mobilian nation were three great leagues, com- posed of several tribes. These were called Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws. The climate was so mild that these people re- quired very little clothing in winter, and in summer they went almost naked. 22. These southern Indians have given the white people a great deal of trouble. But I must confess that the white people have been most to blame, because they have not treated the poor Indians fairly. Of these troubles I shall tell you more hereafter. 23. Most of the Mobilians have been compelled to go to the wilderness west of the Mississippi, Many of a tribe called Semi- noles yet remain in Florida, and refuse to go. They are dan- gerous and troublesome neighbors. 24. Nearly all that are left of these seven Indian nations are now in the country west of the Mississippi, between the Red and Missouri rivers. Their present country, as you will see by tlio map, is now called Indian Territory. I fear it will not ba theirs a great while, for white people are already going there, and will crowd the Indians out, I expect. 25. The eighth nation is composed of the northern and south- ern Sioux, who are sometimes called Dacotahs. When the French people went into their country, two hundred years ago, Questions. — 19. What can you tell of the Mohilians? 20. Where did they live ? ?1. What more can you tell about the Mobilians? 22, 23. What have they done, and where are they now? 24. Where are now those seven Indian nations? 25. What can you tell about the eighth nation ? 16 I X D I A N II X S T O R Y . The Northern and Western Indians. there were a great many of them. It is an immense country, west of the Mississippi, extending from the Arkansas river on the south to Lake AVinnipcg on the north, and westward to the foot of the liocky Mountains. 26. The northern tribes in particular, are very fierce and war- like, and have always been fighting each other. They all yet remain in the country where they were first found, because the white people have not wanted it. But the white man will soon tell them to go further west, into the wilderness, because he wishes to raise grain, and build villages and cities where their cabins and Avigwanis now stand. And they will go. 27. Away beyond the Rocky Mountains on the shores of the I'acific Ocean, from Mexico on the south, to the northern line of Washington Territory, there arc scattered tribes of Indians, some of whom are very weak and few, while others are strong and many. 28. These occasionally try to beat off the white people who settle among them, but they always get badly beaten themselves. Year after year, these, as well as all of the other Indians in America are becoming fewer, and, as I said before, you may live until not a live Indian can be found. 29. I hope you have looked at the map attentively, while I have been telling you about the Indians. If you have, you will know much that is useful, because these very Indians, many of them, will be mentioned again in the course of my story. And when you are older, and come to learn more of them in a larger book, you will be glad that you were attenti\e now. Questions.— •?«. Wliat of the northern trihes ? CT. What cun you tell of the western Indians'? 2S. What is their fate ? CHAPTER II. THE GREAT SAILORS OR DISCOVERERS. SEC'l'ION I. THE GREAT SAILORS FROM SPAIN. The trade with India desired. 1. Almost four liundred years ago, before there were any wliite people in America, there was a good young man named Christopher Columbus. He was born in Genoa, a city in Italy in the southern part of Europe. He studied hard at school, Avas much pleased with stories about the sea, and when he was old enough, he became a sailor. 2. At that time merchants, or store-keepers, in Italy, who lived near the sea, sent ships and traded with the people of that part of Asia called India, and became very rich. Tlieir neigh- bors in Western Europe, especially in Spain and Portugal, wished to trade with them too. But the Italians were selfish and strong, and would not let the ships of their neighbors sail eastward in the Mediterranean Sea. 3. What must be done ? Look on the map, and I will tell you Avhat ivas done. Some bold sailors went in ships around the southern part of Africa, which is called the Cape of Good Hope, and then sailed across the Indian Ocean to India. But this was a very long way to go from Portugal and Spain. 4. Columbus thought a great deal about the matter. He had been in a ship away up in the ocean at the north, where there is ice all summer, at an island called Iceland. I think Qttestiotjs. — 1. What can you tell about Columbus? 9. What did Italian merchants do ■? 3. AVhat did some bold sailors do ? 4. What can you tell about North America ? 2 18 DISCOVERIES. The ideas of Columbus. His efforts and trials. NOKTiiM^VN s snip. NORTHMAN. he must have beard of some rough sailors of that cold country called Northmen, who, it is said, came over to America five hundred years be- fore, in queer shaped vessels. 5. Columbus had also got the idea into his head that the earth was ~^ round like an orange, and not flat like a cake, as every body then thought it was. He tliought that if the earth was round, India could be reached by sailing westward across the Atlantic Ocean, as well as sailing eastward ; and he believed it could not be half as far to it in that direction as around the Cape of Good Hope. 6. Columbus went to Lisbon, in Portugal, and told the king and other great people, what was in his jnind. The king thought well of it, but most of the great people who did not know half as much as Columbus did, laughed at him, and lie went away very sorrowful. Y. Columbus was poor. He had a little son named Diego, whose mother was dead. So he took his boy by the hand and started on foot for Spain, to ask the rich king of that countrv to let him have a ship with which to sail '; >/-~J' \ westward on the Atlantic Ocean in search of India. 8. Ferdinand, the King of Spain, had an excellent wife, named Isabella, who loved God and her fellow-crea- tures, Columbus was a Christian, and thought that he could tell the people of new countries that he might find in searching _ QuKBTioxs — .5. What thoughts had ColumbuR' 6. WJiat was done in Portnga!? 1- What did ColunibuB do? S. What can you fell about the Queen of Spain ? THE GREAT SAILORS FROM SPAIN. 19 Departure of Columbus for America. The Discovery. for India, about Jesus and the Bible, and the Gospel, and so do them good. 9. Columbus told Queen Isabella all that he would like to do, in searching for India and helping the heathen. Her heart "was kind, and his words brought tears to her eyes. She prom- ised to help him even if she had to sell all the diamonds in her crown to buy a ship for him. She spoke to her husband about it. He was willing, and she fitted out two small vessels for Columbus. 10. The great sailor was now full fifty years of ago, and every body thought well of him, because he had always acted right. His friends fitted out another ship, larger than those of the queen, and with plenty of company, Co- lumbus left the town of Palos, on the Tinto river, on the 3d day of August, in the year 1492. 11. It was a hot summer day when Columbus and his men sailed down the river. But when they were out on the ocean, the breeze was cool and delightful. They were soon out of sight of land, and could see nothing but water, and sky, and clouds. 12. They sailed on and on, week after week, and saw nothing but the water, and the sky, and the clouds. All but Columbus grew afraid, and wanted to go back. The common sailors even threatened to throw him overboard if he would not turn back. He trusted in God, and kept on unharmed. 13. Just at sunset on a pleasant day in October, Columbus felt sure that land was nigh. During the evening the perfumes of flowers came to his nostrils. The great sailor watched all night. In the morning all saw green forests, and soon they heard the singing of birds. Qur-STIONS.— •>. What dii Isfibclla do ? 10. Whr.t did Columbus then do? 12. Wliat happened on the ocean ? 13. What can you tell about seeing land ? THE VESSELS OF COLtTMnTJS. 20 DISCOVERIES. Landing of (Julumbus. The Indians. OOLTJMUnS 1)I8:;0VEBIN« LAND. 14. The sailors who were so afraid and so wicked, now joined witli C'ohiinhiis in praisini-; (iod. All went on shore, among the beantiful shrubs and sweet flowers, and there on their knees they sang a hymn of thanlcsgiving to God. 15. They were on an island not very far from the continent of America. Thev saw men, women, and chiUh'cn, hiding among the trees and bushes. These were very timid, for they liad never seen white people before. As T liave told you — [verse 2, page QtjK.STiONR. — \i. Wli it dill all who were with Columbus do V 15. What ca:i you tell n'jout the landing of Columbus? THE GREAT SAILORS FROM SPAIN. 21 Other discoveries. Americas Vcs;)i!cius C0LU.MI>TT(3 ON BAN SAL- VADOK. 7] — Columbus thought this island Avas a part of India, so he called the copper-colored people, Indians. The island he named San Salvador, the Spanish words lor Holy Saviour. 16. Colunibns found other islands in the neighborhood, and these, as you will see by the map, were afterwards named West Indies. When he went back to Spain, he took some Indians, and parrots, and other things with him. Then King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella were so pleased with the great sailor, that they made him rich and strong. 17. Soon after Columbus went back, another Italian, named Americus Vespucius, came over the Atlantic Ocean with one of Columbus's great sailors, named Ojeda. He visited the West India Islands, sailed southward, and discovered the American continent, near the mouth of the Oronoco river. It was an easy matter after Columbus had led the way. 18. Some people said to Columbus, " It was easy to find Amer- ica." He asked them to make an egg stand on its end. They tried in vain. Columbus cracked one end of his, so made it flat, and it stood. Then they did the same. " It is easy enough when I have told you how," said the great sailor. Then they all felt ashamed. 19. A\Tien Americus returned, he wrote a letter, which was printed in a book. It told of what he had discovered, and he claimed the honor of first seeing this New World. Columbus, in another voy- age, had seen it at the same place QtrESTioxs. — 16. What did Columbus then do ? What can you tell about Columbus and the eggs S America ? AMEEICITS TESPtJCrnS. 17. Who else came to America? IS. 19. Why was the New World called 22 DISCO VEHIES. How America was named. Ponce de Leon. Spanish adventurers. in South America, a year sooner. But he was not allowed to tell the world what he had discovered, so this wonderful country was named America, in honor of Americus ^'e?pucius. 20. Many Spanish people now came to live in Cuba and other West India Islands. Among these was an old man named Ponce de Leon. He was very proud, and did not wish to die. He was told that on an island north-west from Cuba, there was a spring Avhose waters would make him young again, and keep him so. 21. In the spring of the year he sailed in a ship, in search of that island. He sought in vain, but finally he discovered a lai.d that seemed full of flowers, and partly on that account he named it Florida. That was twenty years after Columbus made his first voyage. It was our pleasant Florida. 22. Other Spaniards went to the same country afterward, and going westward, dis- covered the Mississippi river. Others again went up the coast into the present Carolinas ; and some warriors sailed to Mexico, and took possession of that country. They all treated the kind Indians most shamefully. Of these warriors and their deeds you will learn more when you grow older. A BFANISn WABBIOB. SECTION II THE GREAT SAILORS FROM ENGLAND AND FRANCE. 1. When it Avas known in Europe that a new world had been found beyond the Atlantic Ocean, the kings and merchants made a great ado about it. In Spain, Portugal, France, Holland, Italy, and England, the people talked about it a great deal. Qui-RTioNR.— 20. What can yon tell of Done" de TiGon? 21. "What did he find? 22. V/liat did otlier Spaniards do? 1. What did finding a new world produce? SAILORS FROM ENGLAND AND FRANCE. 23 Cabot's voyages. Cabot's discoveries. 2. Henry, the King of England, who refused to listen to Colum- bus before his first voyage, was now glad to do all he could to assist John Cabot and others, who were merchants in Bristol, in sending ships across the Atlantic in search of new countries. 3. Four years and a half after Columbus made his first voyage, John Cabot prepared two ships, and with these, his son Sebastian sailed. He was a young man about twenty years of age. At first he sailed toward Greenland ; then he turned southward, and in the course of a few weeks he came in sight of the rugged shores of Labrador, and saw many icebergs float- ing in the sea. 4. Cabot did not land, but sailed sebastian cauot. southward, and discovered a large island, which he properly named New-found-land. There he saw great numbers of cod- fish, which are yet abundant in the sea in that region. He landed at several places, and then sailed to England to tell his countrymen of the new world he had found. 5. Sebastian Cabot crossed the Atlantic Ocean the next year, and sailed all along America from the icy coasts of Labrador to the sunny shores of our Carolinas. He was the first discoverer of North America, for this voyage along the shores of the United States was made about fourteen years before Ponce de Leon, of whom I have told you [verse 20, p. 22], landed in Florida. 6. Sebastian was a very great sailor, and was upon the ocean nearly all his life. He sailed all along the coast of Brazil, iu South America, discovered the great river La Plata, and wer.t on its bosom in a boat four hundred miles up into the broad wil- derness. He was an old man, with a large white beard, when he died. 7. After Cabot had told of the many codfish near Newfound- laml, bold sailors went from England, Brittany, and Normandy, Questions.— 2. What did the King of England do ? 3. "WTio sailed to America from Eniilvid, and how ? 4. What did Cabot discover ? 5. What else did he do ? 6. Whnt oth.r discoveries did Cabot malce? 7. What did other sailors do? 24 DISCOVERIES, Verrazzani and his discoveries. Cartier's voyages. to catcH tliem. The fish were so vcrj numerous that the sail- ors soon filled tiieir little vessels with them and went home. 8. Some of the fishermen had seen the neighboring coasts of Nova Scotia, and the stories they told of the beautiful land there, got to the ears of Francis, the first French king of that name. 9. At that time there was a great sailor in France, who came from Florence. His name was John Verrazzani. The king fitted out four vessels, with plenty of men and provisions, and sent Verrazzani with them to explore the coasts of America along which Cabot had sailed. 10. Three of Verrazzani's ships were injured by a storm, and he crossed the Atlantic with only one. lie first reached the coast of our North Carolina, and then he went into almost every bay from there to Newfoundland. He talked a great deal with the Indians wdio came out of the woods to sec liim and his blf/ canoe, as they called liis ship. He named the whole country New France. 11. Four years afterward, another great sailor, named James Cartier, came from France to this New World, He first landed at Newfoundland, afterward he sailed into a great gulf and the mouth of a very large river, and then returned to France, 12. Cartier came back in another ship the next year, and sailed up that great cAETinEs SHIP. ,.iver to a town which the Indians ealle'ord, and its meaning — an agreement. 9. The Plymouth Company first tried to make settlements in their part of America, but failed. The London Company soon afterward collected together more than a hundred Adventurers, fitted out three good ships for them to sail in, and then sent a great sailor, named Newport, to conduct them to the island of Roanoke, wdiere, you remember [verse 30, page 28], Walter Raleigh tried to make a settlement more than twenty years be- fore. This was at the close of the year 1606. QuESTiONB. — 5. AVliat can you tell about the claims of the English ? C. "\^^lat can you Bay of a new King of England ? 7, How was America divided by the Englisli ? 8. What can you teU of two companies in England ? 'J. Wlitit dil these companies do I B4 SETTLEMENTS. Arrival of Adventurers. Captain Smith. Troubles in Virginia. 10. A heavy storm drove the ships of the Adventurers away to the northward, and they entered the mouth of a great river, after passing two capes at the entrance to Chesapeake Bay. To please the king, they named the great river James, and the two capes Charles and Henry, after his two sons. 11. The Adventurers sailed more than fifty miles up that river, and landed on a sort of island. Every thing appeared beautiful, for it was in warm April weather, and the earth and trees were covered with flowers and blossoms. There they com- menced building a village, which they called Jamestown. 12. Captain John Smith, a very great soldier, of whom you have heard, I dare- say, was one of the Adventurers. He had been in many fights with the Turks in eastern Europe, and had done wonderful things there. Many of the Adventurers were rather bad characters, and they be- came jealous of Captain Smith, for they knew he was smarter and better than JOHN SMITH. thev. 13. Smith was accused of wrong intentions during the voyage, and was put in prison on board the ship. "When the Adventur- ers landed, they proceeded, according to King James's orders, to open a sealed box, which he had given them. Then it was found that the king had appointed Captain Smith to be one of the gov- ernors of the settlement. Greatly fearing the king's displeasure, they set him at liberty, and for many years Captain Smith wag the greatest and best man in the New World. 14. Newport sailed for England in June, IGOV, for more Ad> venturers and provisions. Soon after he left, the provisions of the settlers became scarce, and the poisonous vapors which arose from the swamps near by, made a great many sick. Before the close of summer, full one half of the Adventurers died, and were buried in the ground at Jamestown. Qtn?8TiON6. — 10. Wliat happened to the Adventurers in Newport's ships? 11. What did they do? 12. What can you say of John Smith and his companions? 13. What had been done to Captain Smith? 14. What happened to tlie settlers? ADVENTURERS IN VIRGINIA. 35 Smith in captivity. His life saved by Pocahontas. 15. Every one now began to think of death and starvation, for the Indians had not received them very kindly, and would not l)rino: them food. The man Avhom tlie Adventurers had chosen to be their chief ruler, was a very bad one, and it was not long before they asked Captain Smith to take his place. 16. Smith soon made the Indians respect him, and bring food for his companions. He now resolved to know more of the country he was in. He had already been up the James River to the Falls at Richmond, and had seen a large stream coming in from the north, just above Jamestown. With a few companions he went up that stream, which the Indians called Chickahom- iny. While away from his boat, in the woods, some of the In- dians, who had been watching the white people, sprang forward and made Captain Smith a prisoner. 17. The great Emperor of the Indians was called Powhatan. Captain Smith was taken from one Indian village to another, so that the women and children might see him. Then he was con- ducted to the dwelling of the emperor on the York river. He was kindly treated ; but when the great men around Powhatan had talked the matter all over, they concluded to kill him. 18. A huge stone was placed before Powhatan, on which the head of Captain Smith Avas laid. His hands were tied behind him, and he could not stir. Then two strong Indians raised each a heavy club to kill him, and there appeared no lielp for him. 19. Powhatan had a beautiful daughter, ten or twelve years old, named Pocahontas. She sat by the side of her father, who loved her very much. She was a good girl, and pitied poor Captain Smith. Just as the Indians raised their clubs to kill him, she leaped from her seat, clasped the head of the captive in her arms, and begged her father to spare his life. Pocahon- tas was an angel of deliverance, for Powhatan not only gave Smith his life, but sent a guard of twelve men to conduct him back to his friends at Jamestown. 20. During his captivity Smith learned much that was useful Questions. — 15. What were the troubles of the settlers? 16. What did Smith do ? What happened to him? 17. What did the Indians do with Smith? 18. What oc- curred before Powhatan? 19. How was Smith's life saved? 30 . SETTLEMENTS. Smith's exploilag voyage. riist women in Virginia. to him, about the Indians and their country. But he was grieved to find every thing in confusion at Jamestown, and only forty of his companions alive. These were just preparing to leave, but he caused them to remain, and by his own exertioLs he procured food enough from the Indians, for them all. 21. Newport arrived with more Adventurers and provisions, the following spring. Then Smith started, in an open boat, to explore the Chesapeake Bay. lie visited every bay and river along its coasts ; and, on foot, he went up into the wilderness as far as the country of the Five Nations in the southern part of New York. 22. Altogether this was one of the most wonderful voyages I have ever read about. Smith and his companions were gone three months, and traveled about three thousand miles. That is the distance across the Atlantic Ocean, from New York to London. 23. A pleasant thing happened not long after Smith's return. Some more adventurers came from England, and with them, two women ; the first from Europe ever seen in Virginia. They were very good women, but I am sorry I can not say the same of the men. Most of those who were in Virginia, were very lazy. They would not raise grain for food, but looked for gold, or did nothing, day after day. 24. Smith coaxed the Indians to give the white people footl, or they would have all starved. Finally, when he went to En- gland on account of being badly hurt, the Indians not only re- fused to let the white people have food, but laid a plan to kill them all. The good and beautiful Pocahontas, like a divine angel, went to Jamestown, told the Adventurers what the Indians thought of doing, and so made them prepared to defend them- selves. 25. The Indians did not attack the people at Jamestown. After awhile, an English sailor, named Argall, who was a sort of Qtn^STiONR. — ".0. What can you toll nhont Smith's retnm? ■\Aniat did ho do? 21. What can you toll about his oxplorinp; voyage ? 2'J. What about that voyaco ? 2:i. What ploasant thiuf^ now happonod ? What can you say about the men in Virginia? 24, What nioro can you toll of the goodness of Pocahontas? ADVENTURERS IN VIRGINIA. 37 Pocahontas a prisoner. Marriage of Pocahontas. sea-robber, came there, coaxed Pocabontas on board of bis ship, and kept ber a prisoner for a long time. Iler fatber was greatly grieved. But tbe robber would not let ber go until ber fatber sent plenty of food to tbe half-starving Adventurers. 26. And now another pleasant thing occurred. While Poca- hontas was on the ship, a young Englishman, named John Rolfe, MAEEIAGB OP POOAnONTAS. fell in love with her. She became a Christian, was baptized, and married Piolfe. This made ber fatber a good friend of tbe En- glish as long as be lived. Qttestioxs.— 05. What can you tell about Argall and Pocahontas ? 26 "WHiat othor pleasant thing now happened ? > . wi 38 SETTLEMENTS. Death of Pocahontas. Dutch traders in America. 27. Pocahontas went to Encrland with lior husband not lon. What did they then do '! 17. What can you tell about their coming to America ? IS. What was done in the May-Flower t 19. What of Governor Carver? GOVEKNOH CAKVEE S CHAIE. 44 SETTLEMENTS. Landing of the Pilgrims. The English in New Hampshire. 20i The May-Flower was anchored in a fine bay, in sight of Cape Cod. Do yon reinembcr how that sandy point came to be named so? [See verse 38, j^age 29] Some of the boldest of the men went in a little boat to find a good landing-place. Among them was Captain Miles Standish, a small man, but a great soldier. They did not see any Indians, because a terrible pestilence had killed almost every one of them in that neighbor- hood. They soon found a good place. Then all the people on board the May-Flower landed, and they called the place New Plymouth. 21. The winter was cold, the snow was very deep, and the Pilgrim Adventurers suifered very much. Before the flowers bloomed, in the spring, the governor and his wife, and about one half of the Adventurers, died. The rest remained, cleared thn ground, raised grain, and were joined by other Puritans from England. The settlement became a permanent one, and thus the colony of Massachusetts was founded. SECTION IV. ADVENTURERS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. 1. Yon see by the map that the State of New Hampshire lies north of Massachusetts. Two years after the Pilgrims came to America, John Mason, who was the Secretary of the Plymouth Colony, and Sir Fernando Gorges, both wealthy gentlemen, ob- tained permission to make settlements in that more northerly region, which they named Laconia. 2. Soon afterward, parties of fishermen built log houses near the present Portsmouth and Dover. In 1G29, a minister of the gospel, named AVheclwright, bought of the Indians the whole QtrnsTiONS.— 20. AVliat can you tellahout the landing of tho Pilgrims? 21. What can you tell of t'le Pilgrims in America? 1. Who were permitted to settle in New llaiiip- fihire ? 2. What can you tell of settlements ? ADVENTURERS IN MARYLAND. 45 Settlements in New Hampshire. Lord Baltimore. ;ountry between the Merrimac and Piscataqua rivers, and cora- nenced a settlement at Exeter. Fishermen commenced settle- nents, also, along the coast of Maine, and at several places log mts were built. 3. The most of these settlements became permanent. Mr. dason, who had been governor of Portsmouth, in Hampshire ounty, England, named the whole region New Hampshire. The )eople were too much scattered to get together to make laws, 0, in 1641, they agreed to become a part of the colony of Mas- achusetts. 4. Forty years afterward, when the settlers became numerous, hey met and made laws, chose a governor, and formed the olony of New Hampshire. SECTION V. ADVENTURERS IN MARYLAND. 1. Now look further south on the map, and you will see the lame of Maryland, between Pennsylvania and Virginia. It was ailed so to please King Charles the First, whose wife's middle ame was Maria, or Mary. 2. I have told you how the mean King James worried the 'uritans. He hated the Roman Catholics just as much, and per- ecuted them in many ways. There was a smart Irishman, amed George Calvert, who said he was a Roman Catholic, but id not act much like one before the king. He was so much ked by King James that he made him Secretary of State. He Iso made him a nobleman, and called him Lord Baltimore. 3. This smart Irish lord got permission from the king to form settlement for Roman Catholics in America. He went first to Newfoundland, but the soil Avas so sandy, and the French settlers Questions.— 3. What was done in 1G41 ? 4. What can you tell about forming a Jlony? 1. Why was Maryland so called ? 2. What can you say of Lord Baltimore? 46 SETTLEMENTS, Settlement of Maryland. were so near, that he left, and sailed for Virginia. The Church of England people there would not allow him to settle among them ; and he well knew that the Puritans would not allow him to live in New England. 4. Lord Baltimore was in a quandary. He had heard that when America Avas divided into North and South Virginia, a space of two hundred miles was left between them, so that the Plymouth and London Companies should have no cause for dis- putes about the line that separated their territories. Baltimore resolved to settle on this strip which nobody owned. 5. While Lord Baltimore was looking for a place to settle in, King James died, and his son Charles became monarch of En- gland. Charles gave Baltimore a charter, but about that time the L-ish nobleman died. His brother, Cecil Calvert, then be- came Lord Baltimore. , The first company of Roman Catholic settlers who came to the territory of the United States, arrived in 1634. Their governor was Leonard Calvert, Lord Baltimore's brother. 6. These Adventurers sailed up the Potomac river as far as Mount Vernon, where Washington afterward lived, but they did not find a good place to commence a settlement. So they sailed down the river, and on the shores of Chesapeake Bay they landed, built log houses, and called the place St. Mary. They bought the land from the Lidians, and this honesty was always remembered by those children of the forest. 7. Calvert called a meeting of the people to make laws. Within five years after these Adventurers sailed up the Potomac, the settlement had much increased, for many more Roman Cath- olics had crossed the Atlantic. The first Legislature — a number of men chosen by the people to make laws — met at St. Mary in 1639, and then the colony of Maryland was formed. Questions.— 3. What did Baltimore do ? Who opposed him ? 4. What can ycu tell of the region named Maryland ? 5. What can you tell about its settlement ? 6. What did the first Adventurers do ? 7. How did the settlement grow to a colony ? ADVENTURERS IN CONNECTICUT. 47 The Dutch and English in the Connecticut Valley. SECTION VI. ADVENTURERS IN CONNECTICUT. 1. The river that rises in Canada and empties into Long Island Sound, was called by the Indians Quon-eh-ta-cut, which means, in their language. The Long River. It was discovered in the spring of 1613, by Block, that great Dutch sailor who, you remember, [verse 3, page 39] built a ship where New York now stands. 2. Dutch traders went up that river soon afterward, and, near where Hartford now stands, they built a fort and trading-house. The white people spelled the name of the river as it sounded to them — Connecticut. The Puritans of New Plymouth having heard of the beautiful country through which it flowed, were very anxious to make a settlement there, before the Dutch should do so. 3. The Plymouth Company claimed this region. So they gave permission to sevei'al English gentlemen to make settlements there. Quite a number of Adventurers went up the Connecticut river in the autumn of 1633, in a sloop commanded by Captain Holmes. The Dutch well knew what they came for, and de- clared that they should not pass their fort. Captain Holmes declared that he would, and so he did. The Dutch grumbled about it, and the next year sent seventy men to drive the Puri- tans away, but they could not' do it. 4. Two years after this, a company of men, women, and children traveled through the woods from Plymouth to the Connec- ticut river. The following winter was very cold. Many of their cattle died, and food became so scarce that the people were com- pelled to eat acorns that fell from the oak rrasTMEKTUfG-Hotrsr;. Questions. — 1. What can ymi tell about the Connecticut river? ?., What did the Dutch and Puritan-i do ? 3. What can you tell of the troubles hetweea the Dutch and English ? 4. What can you tell of settlers from Plymouth ? 48 SETTLEMENTS. Emigration to Connecticut. Pequod War. trees. Some left in the spring, but many staid, and where the city of Hartford now stands, they built a small meeting-house of logs — the first ever erected in Connecticut. 5. In the summer of 1636, a very excellent minister of the Gos- pel, named Thomas Hooker, who lived near Boston, went away through the wilderness to Hartford, with several families, con- sisting of about one hundred people. These Adventurers drove cows with them, and lived upon their milk and the berries which they found on their way. 6. It was on the fourth of July when they reached Hartford, and the next Sunday they all assembled in that little first meet- ing-house, where Mr. Hooker preached to them. Some of the fiimilies settled there, and others went up the valley and founded Springfield and other places. 7. Just as these Adventurers were preparing to establish a permanent colony, they were called upon to endure great trouble. There was a tribe of the Algonquin nation [page 11], called Pequods, who lived east of the Connecticut river. They de- termined to kill all the white people, and tried to get the Narra- gansets, further eastward, to join them. This, Roger "Williams (of whom I will tell you presently), prevented. 8. The Pequods, from time to time, murdered several white people. The Adventurers in the Connecticut valley, seeing no chance for peace with them, resolved to kill them all. The set- tlers in Massachusetts agreed to help them, and they got the Indians who lived on Narraganset Bay, in Rhode Island, to join them. 9. In May, 1637, full five hundred warriors, white people and Indians, were marching toward the country of the Pequods, whose great sachem and chief, Sassacus, felt no fear. He had a strong fort a few miles from the present New London, and could call around him almost two thousand warriors. But Sassacus felt stronger than he really was. 10. Captain Mason, a famous Indian fighter, commanded the QUF.8TI0N8. — T). What can you tell of other settlers from near I5osfon ? fi. W'hal did the new settlors do? 7. What trouble appoarol? 8. What did the ludians do? !>. What preparations for war were made ? ADVENTURERS IN CONNECTICUT. 49' Destruction of the Pequods. Settlement at New Haven. Connecticut Colony. army that marched against Sassacus. One morning, before day- light, he surrounded the Indian fort, set it on fire, and, when the sun arose, more than six hundred men, women, and children had perished in the flames, or by the sword and spear. Only seven escaped. 11. Sassacus was amazed; and when he heard that other soldiers were coming from Massachusetts, he fled westward with his remaining warriors, to a great swamp near Fairfield. There a severe battle was fought, and the Indians were nearly all slain. Sassacus again fled, and took refuge with the Mohawks, one of the Six Nations, where he was murdered. The whole territory of the Pequods was desolated, and the tribe was destroyed. 12. The white people who followed the Pequods in their flight, discovered the beautiful country along Long Island Sound. Ad- venturers soon came from Massachusetts to examine it. In the autumn they built a log hut on a little stream near a bay, and spent the winter there. 13. The next spring the Adventurers were joined by John Davenport and others. Davenport was a Gospel minister, and preached his first sermon to the people under a large oak tree. They purchased the land of the Indians, made a covenant by Avhich they agreed to be governed, and called their settlement New Haven. 14. In the winter of 1639, the settlers in the Connecticut valley met and formed a covenant, and chose a governor. They called their settlement the Connecticut Colony. Although these and the New Haven settlements were not united under one government until twenty-six years afterward, the foundations of the colony of Connecticut were laid in these covenants made by the Adventurers in each, in 1639. Qttestions. — 10. What can you tell of an attack upon the Indians ? 11. "What about Sassacus and his warriors ? 12. "What did the white people discover? And what did they do? 13. What can you tell about Newllave:i? 14. How was the Connecticut colony formed ? 60 SETTLEMENTS. Roger Williams and the settlement of UUode Island. SECTION XII. ADVENTURERS IN RHODE ISLAND. 1. William Blackstono, the first white man who lived where Boston now stands, was also the first one Avho lived in the State of Rhode Island. Although he was the first settler there, he was not the founder of the colony. 2. There was a minister of the Gospel in Massachusetts, named Roger Williams. The Puritans there wanted every body to be- lieve and act as they did. AVilliams would not, and so they told him he must leave that settlement, or they would put him in prison. 3. Williams went off" among the tribe of Indians, called Nar- ragansetts, and their great sachem, Canonicus, gave liim some land at the head of Narraganset Bay. Williams, and a few men, formed a settlement there ; and because of the goodness of God in preserving their lives in the wilderness, he called the place Providence. It is now the chief city in Rhode Island. 4. Williams gave permission to every one to worship God as he pleased. Many in Massachusetts, when they heard of this freedom, went to Providence, and the settlement grew quite fast. The great Indian sachem loved Williams, and matters wont on smoothly. 5. In 1G39, some people who came from Boston, and joined Williams, were presented by Miantonomoh, another Narragansett sachem, with the beautiful island of Aquiday, now called Rhode Island. They settled at the north end of it, and founded Ports- mouth. Others, who came afterward, settled near the south end, and founded Newport. Each of these settlements formed a league, or covenant, for their government. 6. Roger Williams went to England to get a charter fi-om th.c QtrF.8TioN8. — 1. Who was tlio first wliite man in Rhode Island? 2. What can you ti'U of Roger Williams? 'S. Wliat pan you toll about the settlint; of Providonc(>? 4. Whit can you Bay of freedom there? 5. What c;ii yoti tA\ of the settlinir of Rhode ADVENTURERS IN DELAWARE. 51 * The Swedes on the Delaware. king, in 1G43. But tlie Parliament, or Legislature, of England, was then at war witli the king, and had the power in their hands. So the next spring, Parliament gave him a charter, and all of the settlements were united into one colony, with the name of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. SECTION VIII. ADVENTURERS IN DELAWARE, NEW JERSEY AND PENNSYLVANIA. 1. The settlements in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Dela- ware, were so connected that I must tell you about them all, in one story. We will begin with DELAWARE. 2. Some Dutch Adventurers came over in two ships, com- manded by Peter Heyes, in 1631, and landed where the village of Lewiston, in Delaware, now is. The Indians murdered the whole of them. 3. At this time, the King of Sweden, in the north of Europe, had formed a plan for some of his people to establish a colony in America. That king was killed in battle, and he left his little daughter, who was only six years of age, to be queen. She was too little to do any thing, so some great men managed affairs until she became a woman, 4. Some people of Sweden joined, and formed the Swedish West India Company. The great men who managed affairs there gave them a charter, in the name Of the dear little queen, and, in 1638, quite a number of Adventurers landed on the shores of the Delaware. They built a church and fort, bought a large tract of land of the Indians, and named the territory New Sweden. Questions. — 0. How was a charter for Rliode Island obtained ? 2. Who first settled in Delaware? 3. What can you tell of the King of Sweden, and the little queen? 4. What about some Swedish Adventurers ? 52 SETTLEMENTS. End of New Sweden. Settlers in NSw Jersey. 5. Now the Dutcli claimed all this land as a part of New Netherland, and told the Swedes they must leave it. The Swedes refused to go, and they and the Dutch quarreled about it for more than a dozen years. The Dutch governor on Manhat- tan finally sent soldiers there, to drive off the Swedes. The Swedes agreed to be governed by the Dutch, if they would let them stay, and so, in the year 1055, New Sweden was no more. NEW JERSEY. C. New Jersey was a part of New Netherland, and some Danish traders settled first at Bergen, and then on the Delaware river. The Dutch built a log fort just below Camden ; and near there some families from Manhattan went in 1G23. 7. Settlements v^-erc soon afterward made in other places in New Jersey. In 1030, a Dutchman purchased Staten Island, and all of the land around Jersey City, from the Indians. When, in 1604, the English took New Netherland away from the Dutch, the territory between the rivers Hudson and Delaware, was called New Jersey. 8. Soon after that, some families from Long Island settled at Elizabethtown. In 1665, Philip Carteret, brother of one of the owners of New Jersey, who had bought it from the Duke of York, came over with a charter, as governor of that territory. Then the people, for the first time, met together to make laws, and the colony of New Jersey was formed. PENNSYLVANIA. 9. I shall tell you pretty soon how the people of England caused the head of their king to be cut off. It was at about that time that a very excellent man, named George Fox, began to teach the people to please God rather than man, to dress plain, to never go to theaters or other places of amusement, and in a hundred ways to be plainer, and better than people were QuKSTiONS.—r 5. Wliat can you toll about a quarrel between the Dutch and the Swedes ? f). Who were the first settlers in New Jersey '! T. Wliat else can you tell about settlers tJicre? S. IIow was the colony formed ? '.'. What was the ori-i.i of the Quakers? ADVENTURERS IN PENNSYLVANIA. 53 AVilliam Ponn and the Quakers. Settlement of Pennsy .vania. in general. When he preached, he shook or quaked all over ; so the people called him and his friends, Quakers. 10. The son of one of England's best admirals, or great war- sailors, became a Quaker. Ilis name was William Penn. The Quakers were despised in England, and he felt anxious to find a home for them in America. And he did so. Through him they were enabled to purchase the western half of New Jersey. Quite a large number of them came over in 1676, and settled there, and they named their 1 T 1 CI 1 WILLIAM PENN. landing-place oalem. 11. Soon after that, Penn received from King Charles the Second, a charter for a large territory west of the Delaware river, which he named Pennsylvania. That means Penii's ivoody country. It included the Swedish settlements. Tliese people, as well as the Indians, became William Penn's warm friends, because he was a good and just man. 12. Many Quaker Adventurers, and others, came over and set- tled in Pennsylvania. In 1682 Penn obtained possession of the present State of Delaware ; and, at about the same time, he sailed for America. 13. Penn arrived in November, and was warmly welcomed by the people. Already the inhabitants had been together and made some laws. He soon met them in a general assembly at Chester, and gave them a charter for a freer government than they had enjoyed before. Then the colony of Pennsylvania was estab- lished. QtiESTiONS. — to. Wliat can you tell of a celclDrated Quaker? 11. Wliat can you say about the beginning of Pennsylvania? 12. What did Penn do in 1682? 13. How was Penn received in America, and what did he do ? 54 SETTLEMENTS. The English in the Carolinas. SECTION IX. ADVENTURERS IN THE CAROLIXAS. 1. The beautiful country between Virginia and Georgia once belonged to the same persons, and it was not divided into North and South Carolina until the year 1729. I will first tell you about NORTH CAROLINA. 2. You remember what I told you on page 27, about the efforts of Walter Raleigh to make a settlement on Roanoke island. That island is near the coast of North Carolina, which Queen Elizabeth then named Virginia. 3. First a few people went from Captain Smith's settlement at Jamestown, and lived, some near the Roanoke river, and some nearer the sea. Almost fifty years afterward, quite a large num- ber of Adventurers went from Virginia and settled at Edenton. Others soon followed, and, in 1G03, William Drummond, a Presbyterian minister of the Gospel, was made their governor. 4. It was in the same year that King Charles the Second gave a charter to several Englishmen, for the whole country from A^ir- ginia to Florida. To please the king they called it Carolina. Two years afterward some people from the island of Barbadoes settled near Wilmington. This settlement also had a governor. These settlements, and others near, afterward formed the colony of North Carolina. SOUTH- CAROLINA. 5. After a while, the owners of Carolina sent three ships full of Adventurers, to make settlements further south. After trying one or two places without being suited, they commenced a city near the sea, where the Ashley and Cooper rivers come together, QxTESTiONS.— 1, 2. What have you to say about the Carolinas? 3. Who first setUed in North Carolina ? 4. What can you tell about a charter, and North Carolina becom- ing a colony? 5. What can you tell me about settlers in South Carolina? ADVENTURERS IN GEORGIA. 55 Oglethorpe's benevolent plan for settling Georgia. and, to please King Charles, they called it Charlestown, We call it Charleston. G. Adventurers from Europe, and many Dutchmen from New York, soon joined them. They met in Charleston and made laws ; and the same year when William Penn came to America, the South Carolina colony was fairly commenced. That was in 1G82. SECTION X. ADVENTURERS IN GEORGIA, 1. More than a hundred j-ears ago there were a great many very respectable people in the prisons of England, because they could not pay their debts. You will say they certainly could not work in jail and earn money to pay their debts. You are right. AVhile they and their families suffered, no one was bene- fited. 2. A good man and fine soldier, named Oglethorpe, had thought a great deal about the folly and wickedness of putting people in prison for debt. He was a member of Parliament, which, you know, is a collection of great men who make laws in England, just as Congress does here. He spoke against putting these people in j^il, and he got the king and Parliament to agree to a 2:)lan to help them. 3. His plan was to let all out of prison who would agree to go to America and settle in the wilderness south of the Savannah river. Oglethorpe even went so far as to ofi'er to go with them, and be their governor. The plan pleased every body. 4. In the autumn -of 1732, the very year in which Washing- ton was born, Oglethorpe and one hundred and twenty Adven- turers, who were chiefly from the debtors' prisons, sailed for QrEBTioNs. — 0. Who joined them? and what did they do? 1. What can yoii Fay about debtors in prison? 2. Who took their part? and what did he do? 3. What were his plans? 4. What can you tell about the first Adventurers in Georgria ? 56 8ETTLEMENTS. Oglethorpe and To-mo-chi-chL America, went up the Savannah river, and landed Avhere the city of Savannah now stands. There they had a long and pleasant talk with the Creek Indians. 5. The chief man among the Indians was old To-mo-chi-clii, who presented Oglethorpe with a buffalo skin, on which was the figure of an eagle. " Here," he said, " is a little present ; I give you a buffalo's skin, adorned on the inside with the head and feathers of an eagle, which I desire you to accept, because the eagle is an emblem of speed, and the buffalo of strength. The English are swift as the bird and strong as the beast, since, like the former, they flew over vast seas to the uttermost parts of the earth ; and, like the latter, they are so strong that nothing can withstand them. The feathers of an eagle are soft, and signify love ; the buffalo's skin is warm, and signifies protection ; there- fore I hope the -English will love and protect our little families." O, why did n't they do it? [Look at the picture on page 14.] C. On that spot the Adventurers built rude cabins, and com- menced the city of Savannah. Other Adventurers soon came, and, in 1733, the colony of Georgia was begun. It was so called in honor of Kino; Gcor them? 7. Wli.it ihaiiirc did the king make y 8. What occurred under GnveriKir Berkley* 0. What did the people iu England do? PLANTERS IN VIRGINIA. 69 Conduct of Governor Berkeley. Bacon's rebellion. and so was Governor Berkeley. But there were many who were Republicans, or opposed to the king. Between these parties there was much trouble ; and finally, a young man named Ba- con placed himself at the head of the Republicans, and defied the governor. This was after the dead king's son, Charles the Second, was made monarch of England. 11. The people had been severely taxed for some time, and the governor, who was a very proud man, and belonged to the Church of England, made Quakers and Baptists pay him a great deal of money, because they did not believe as he did, and would not worship God as he did. And there were now a great many idle people in the colony, who were proud because they had grand relations. They said the governor was right. The best men — the industrious planters and mechanics — said he was wrong, and these took sides with Bacon. 12. A sort of war soon commenced, and there was great trouble in Virginia, for awhile. Bacon having the most and the best peo- ple on his side, felt strong, and soon drove Governor Berkeley from Jamestown. Not long afterward, he was told that royal troops from England were coming up the river, to assist the governor and his party. Then he set fire to the village, and fled toward the York river. Every thing was consumed except the brick tower of the church, which is yet standing there. This was in 1676. 13. A fever soon caused the death of Bacon, and the war ceased. Some of his friends were hanged, many were im- cuuhch toweb. prisoned, and the governor ruled the people ^orse than before. And when Berkeley went away, other governors who came while any king named Stuart was monarch of England, were generally haughty and cruel. 14. Charles the Second died, and his brother, James, became Qttestions.— 10. What now happened in Virginia? 11. What can you say of the governor and some of tlie people ? 12. What can you tell me about a war in Virginia ' 1R. What then happened ? 60 COLONIES. King James driven from England. Planters in Massachusetts. king. The people of England hated the very name of Stuart, and wished to get rid of him. So when his son-in-law, William of Orange, came from Holland with troops, the English people joined him, and soon drove the bad king away. 15. William was a better man, and his wife, Mary, was a good woman. So when King James the Second had fled to France, William and Mary became monarchs of England. Then in Vir- ginia, and in all the colonies' in America, there were better rulers, because the people had more power. 16. From that time, which was in the year 1689, the planters of Virginia prospered wonderfully. They increased rapidly, were no more troubled by Indians, and raised every thing in abundance. They had a great many negro slaves, who did all of the hardest work. 17. Slaves were first brought to Virginia, from Africa, by a Dutch vessel, in the year 1620. When the great French and Indian war commenced, of which I shall tell you presently, there were fifty thousand people in Virginia, and one half of "them were nea:roes. SECTION II. PLANTERS IN MASSACHUSETTS. 1. " Welcome, Englishmen ! welcome. Englishmen !" were the first words which the Pilgrim Fathers (of whom I have told you in verse 18, page 43) heard from the lips of an Indian. It was the voice of a chief who had learned a few English sentences from fishermen on the coast of Maine. 2. Tlie Pilgrims had then been on the cold shores of Massa- chusetts Bay about a hundred days, and this was the first Indian who had ventured to approach them. He told them of Massa- QiTEBTiOMS. — 14. What occurred in Rnfrland?" 15. What can you say of William and Mary? l(i. What of the Vir.irinian Planters ? 17. What can you tell about nciiro slaves? 1, 2. What happened to the Pilgrims at Plymouth ? Wliat oan you tell of Massasoif ' PLANTERS IN MASSACHUSETTS. 61 MassaBoit and the Pilgrims. Massachusetts Bay Colony. soit, a Wampanoag sachem who dwelt not far oflF; and the gov- ernor of the Pilgrims sent for him. Massasoit came in stately- pride, with sixty warriors as a guard, and seated himself upon a neighboring hill. There he smoked the pipe of peace with Gov- ernor Carver, and made a treaty of friendship with the English, which remained unbroken for fifty years. 3. I have told you [verse 21, page 44] that Governor Carver and almost one half of his companions died before the flowers bloomed in the spring. For more than a year afterward, the re- mainder, and others who followed them from England, sufl'ered dreadfully from cold and hunger. But they trusted in God, and endured all, until they could raise grain and build themselves comfortable houses. Then they were quite happy, except when troubled by unfriendly Indians, who sometimes threatened to de- stroy them. 4. At length the Pilgrim Planters and the London merchants who were in partnership with them, you remember [verse 15> page 42], disagreed. The Planters bought out the merchants, di- vided the soil equally among themselves, and prospered. 5. When the Puritans in England heard of the happiness of their friends in America, many more of them came over. A hundred of these came with John Endicott, in 1628, and settled at Salem, and two hundred more came the next year, and built cabins and planted at Charlestown. 6. In 1630, about three hundred more families came to Salem. They soon scattered into little settlements around the peninsula where Boston now stands. All of these settlements were united together, and were called the Massachusetts Bay Colony, with John Winthrop for their governor. Finally, the Plymouth settlement was •'^^'^ w^thkop. joined to these, and from that time, that whole region where QtTESTiONS.— S. What can you tell of the settlers and their progress ? 4. What did the Plmtersdo? 5. What can you tell about other settlers? C. What about settlers at Salem, and the action of the Plymouth people ? 62 COLONIES. Founding ol" Boston. Commencement of commerce. Puritan intolerance. the Pilgrims and the Puritans lived, was called Massachusetts Bay. I. The water at Charlestown and other places was very un- Viholesome, and from this, and other causes, full two hundred of the emigrants who came over in 1 030, were laid in the grave before the next winter. A curious old man lived alone on a pe- ninsula, or land almost surrounded by water, near by. The In- dians called the place Shawmut, which means " living fountains," because a spring of pure and sweet water bubbled out of the earth there. 8. The old man of Shawmut told Governor Winthrop about that spring, and he and many leading men built cottages near it, and lived there. Such was the beginning of the large city of Boston, now the largest town in all New England. 9. Winthrop was a wise man, and governed well. He made the Indians his friends, and invited the chiefs to his table. lie had friendly letters from the Dutch on Manhattan ; and pretty soon a ship came to Boston from Virginia, laden with corn and some tobacco. Then it was that American commerce, or trading by ships, was commenced. 10. The Puritans liad made themselves a good home, where those who differed from them in religion could not hurt them. In their great desire to be alone, as it were, and not let those who differed from them, live among them, they became persecutors themselves — that is, they treated others Avho did not believe as they did, very badly. They even drove a minister of the Gospel, named Roger Williams, away into the wilderness among the In- dians, because he would not do as they wished him to, and talked very plainly to them. I will tell you about A\"illiams pres- ently. II. And now it was fifteen or sixteen years since the Pilgrims landed, in the snow, at Plymouth. Ship after ship had come with people from England; and in the year 16:1G, there were no less than twenty settlements in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. QcT.STiONS.— 7. Ilnw (lid the settlers snffpr? AAHiat thon happenod ? ''. Wlint lod to t1i« foundinjr of Hosfnn ? 0. What can you tell of Winthrop ? 10. How did the Puritans behave toward others? 11. What can you tell of the increase of settlers? PLANTERS IN MASSACHUSETTS. C3 Troubles in Massachusetts.' John Eliot. Increase of New England. 12. There were wise men and rich men, good men and some wicked men, among them. They did not all think alike, especi- ally about religion; and the people, and ministers, and rulers, had warm disputes. A smart woman, named Anne Hutchinson, of- fended the ministers greatly, and the rulers first put h(?r and her family into prison, and then drove them into the wilderness among the Indians. They wandered through the woods, almost to Manhattan island, and lived in a hut. There all but one of them were murdered by the Indians, who hated the white people. 13. Already a good man, named John Eliot, had preached to thousands of Indians around Massachusetts Bay, and many had become Christians. He visited them in their wigwams, and wrote the whole Bible for them in their own language, and taught them to road it. When he died, many years afterward, there were five thousand prayinfj Indians, as the converts were called, in New England. 14. King Charles, who afterward lost his head, began to fear that the people of Massachusetts, who were increasing so rapidly, and were so independent because so far off", might soon defy him, and perhaps have a king of their own. So he did all in his power to prevent English people from going there. But he could not stop them. They went by hundreds, because they were badly used at home. But when the king was dead, and persecution ceased, very few came over the ocean to America, because they were happy in England. 15. In giving an account, on page 48, of Adventurers in Con- necticut, I have told you about the war with the Pequod Indians. At the close of that war, the people of the settlements in New England thought it best to form a union, so as to act together for their safety in future. The best men, in the different settle- ments, met and agreed upon a union in 1643. 16. At this time there were twenty thousand people and fifty villages in New England. That union gave these white people great strength, and the bond lasted more than forty years, when Qtjestioms. — 1^. What happened among the Puritans? What to Mrs. Hutchinson? 1". What can you tell about Eliot's labors? 14. What can ynn tell about King Charles? 15. What about an union. 16. What can you tell about the New England Colonies? 64 COLONIES. First money coined in the United States. The Quakers at Boston. eacli colony had become strong enougli to act for itself. The union was similar to that of our United States. Their Congress was a meeting of men, appointed by each colony, to attend to the general affairs of the whole. 17. Uftlike the people of Virginia, nearly all of the inhabit- ants of Massachusetts Bay were against the king who lost his head, and favorable to Oliver Cromwell. "While Cromwell ruled England, they had perfect freedom, and prospered wonderfully. They built ships and traded with the Spaniards in the West India islands, which Avere discovered by Columbus and othei great sailors. 18. They also made shillings and sixpences of silver which i»-'°""'t\v'"""^v. t'^^y obtained from the Span- ^^««<^r^\ iards. On one side of these iLsii^®^ ^%^'\ coins, was the figure of a pine- i;t^|X^U 11//^] tree, as you will see in the This was always pine-tree money." It FIEST MONEY COINED IN THE UNITBD BTATE6. yf^^ H^Q fij-gt mQUey eVCr madc in the United States. It was not half as beautiful as our dimes and quarters, but just as good for use. 19. I have already told you that the Puritans did not like to have people who differed from them come among them. I have also told you a little about the Quakers [page 52], when speak- ing of William Penn. Well, in the year 1G5G, two women, called Quakers, came to Boston. The Puritans had heard of such people, and they put these woriien in jail as soon as they arrived. Eight others came during the year, and they were all put on board of a ship and sent back to England. 20. Other Quakers came, and so annoyed the Puritans by their fault-finding with the ministers and the rulers, that they passed very harsh laws against them. Yet they continued to come, and the head men at Boston got very angry with them. They hanged some of them, whipped others naked through the streets, Questions. — 17. Wliat can you tell about the New Englanders and Oliver Cromwell? 18. What about tliiir money? 1!). What can you tell about the Quakers? 20. How were the Quakers used iu New England ? PLANTERS IN MASSACHUSETTS. 65 Persecution of tho Quakers. Defiance of the king. The Wampanoag chief. put several in prison, and drove others away, telling them that they should be hanged if they ever came back. 21. The Quakers did come back, and suffered much. Finally the Puritans ceased persecuting them, and the Quakers stopped preaching against the ministers and rulers. They went to teach- ing the Indians, and became good, quiet citizens. Persecution is always wrong. You may try to persuade people to believe and act as you do, but you should never attempt to force them to do so, because you may have the power. 22. When, in the year 1660, Charles the Second, son of the beheaded king, became monarch of England, the people of New England suffered some. The king had heard how they had liked Cromwell better than his father, and it made him angry with them. He dared not persecute them here, as his father and grandfather had done in England, but he annoyed them very much by injuring their trade with the West Indies and elsewhere. I will tell you how. 23. The king ordered the people of New England to pay him so much money, for every thing they received in certain ships. He sent men to collect the money in Boston and other places, but the New England merchants would not pay it, and the people said they were right. The king finally got tired of trying to col- lect the money, and he told his tax-gatherers that they might as Avell come home. This was the first grand act of defiance by the American people, toward the monarch of England, but not the last one, I can assure you. 24. And now, very serious trouble appeared. Old Massasoit, the AVampanoag sachem — the friend of the English — was dead. He had a brave son, named Metacomet. The white people called him King Philip. He saw the lands of his people where they hunted, and the streams wherein they fished, constantly passing into the possession of the English, and, in his cabin at Mount Hope, he sat and thought long about the future. He saw no hope for his nation, but in a war that should destroy all the QUESTiONB. — ^21. What was done at last? 2"*. What can you tell ahout the second King Charles? 2.^. How did the king use the Neir Englanders? and how did they act? 2-4. What can you tell ahout a new trouble ? 5 COLONIES, King Philip's war. strangers. These strangers had wronged him, and he soon kindled a war.' This is called KING PHILIPS WAR. KING rniLiP. 25. On a Sabbath day, just as the people of a little village, called Swanzey, were returning from their churches, Philip and his warriors fell upon them. Several were killed, and some escaped to other settlements. The white people seized their arms, and surrounded a swamp, in Rhode Island, in which Philip had a sort of fort, and where he was gathering his warriors for other bloody deeds. 26. The white people watched closely, but Philp and his men escap- ed. He hastened toward the Connecticut Valley, and aroused other Indians on the way. They spread death and destruction in every direction. In the course of a few weeks, several settlements were destroyed, the people were murdered, and their houses were burned. Philip was finally checked, and retreating to Rhode Island, he took refuge with the Narragansets. 27. Quite a large army of white people now fell upon the Narragansets, who, with Philip and his men, full three thousand in number, were in a swamp. In a little while, a thousand war- riors were slain, many were made prisoners, and five hundred wigwams, with all the winter provision of the Indians, were burned. 28. Again Philip escaped, and he persuaded several tribes of the New England Indians to join him against the white people. These were soon upon the war-path ; and in the course of a few weeks, in the spring of 1676, they spread terror, desolation, and death over a space of three hundred miles. Many of the fright- QUKSTIONB. — 55. How (lid King Philip's War commonce? 2C. WHiat happeiipd in the Connecticut Valley ? 27. What can you tell of an attack on the Indians "/ 118. AVhat was done in the spring of 1676 ? PLANTERS IN MASSACHUSETTS. 67 The Indians conquered. The feelings of King Charles of England. Governor Andros. ■ ened peojjje had palisaded tlieir houses with sharpened sticks driven in the ground, but these did not always keep the Indians away. 29. The white people chastised the Indians severely, after this. During palisaded houses. • that year, they killed almost three thousand of them. King Philip was chased from one hiding-place to another, and finally he was shot in a swamp by an Indian friendly to the En- glish. Then his head was cut off, and carried in triumph upon a pole, into the village of New Plymouth. So perished the last of the princes of the Wainpanoags, and with him the strength of the New England Indians. 30. King Charles the Second would have been glad, I have no doubt, if the Indians had killed all of the white people in Massa- chusetts, for he feared and hated them. They Avere increasing rapidly in numbers and wealth, and at the close of the war, the territories of the present New Hampshire and Maine were added to that of Massachusetts, and made the colony still stronger. 31. At length, the king determined to take all power in New England into his own hands, and not let the people govern them- selves. He had already taken steps to do so, when God took his life away, and his brother James became king. James was worse than Charles. He hated a people who despised kings, like himself, and he gladly sent a proud man, named Andros, to be- come governor of all the Planters in New England. 32. Andros was as bad as his master, and the people hated and despised him because he was cruel and wicked. The Plant- ers of Massachusetts were about to send him ofi" to England in a ship, as they did the Quaker women, and then tell the king to help himself, if he could, when the people in that country drove James away to France, and William and Mary became their monarchs. 33. The King of France took sides with James, and the French Qttestions. — 29. What was finally done to Philip and the Indians ? 30. "WTiat can yon say of King Charles and the people of New England? til. What can you tell of Kings Charles and James ? 32. What cau you toll about Governor Andros ? COLONIES. Destruction of Schenectada. Expedition against Quebec Union of colonies. and English went to war with each other. The FrQpch and En- glish people in America quarreled and fought, too. These trou- bles continued for several years, and the event is called K I N G W I L L I A M 's W A R , « 34. The white people of New England suffered dreadfully during King William's war, because the Frenchmen in Canada persuaded the Indians to join them in murdering the English. Several villages in New England were burnt, and many white people were killed. Women and little children were not spared. 35. On a cold night in February, 1690, the French and Indians came softly in the snow, and burned the village of Schenectada, near Albany, in New York. The people were fast asleep, and were awakened by the yells of the Indians and the burning of their houses. As they ran into the streets, they were killed by their enemies. The boldness of the French and Indians, in com- ing so near the thick settlements, caused the people of New York and New England to join together and make war upon Canada, where their enemies came from. 36. They made great preparations. They sent strong ships, with armed men, up the St. Lawrence to attack Quebec, and hun- dreds of soldiers by land. But they did not succeed. The troops did not get to Canada, and the people in the ships, who landed at Quebec, found the city too strong for them, with its soldiers, and cannons, and heavy walls around it. 37. This war finally ended in 1697. In the mean while, King William had united the colonies of Plymouth, Massachusetts, Maine, and the region beyond, called Nova Scotia, or New Scot- land, made them into a royal province, and called it Massachu- setts Bay Colony. Sir William Phipps who commanded the ships sent to Quebec, was appointed governor. But the people did not like the new arrangement very well, and plainly told the king's officers so. QtTESTiONB— nn. Wniat foUowpd the oxpulsion of KinR, lames from England f 34. What happened in Xcw r,ni;land '! .T>. Wli.'it can you tell about the destruction of Schc-ioc- tada? and what was the offoct? "P. What cin you tell about an expedition to . What can you tell of Andros? f What did he r.fterwai'd try to do ? PLANTERS IN CONNECTICUT. 81 Andros and the Connecticut charter. The charter preserved. Then the charter, nicely packed in a long mahogany box, was brought and laid upon the table. Just as Andros stepped for- ward to take it, the lights were all imt out. ANDKOS AND THE CIIAETEE OP CONNECTICUT. 8. When the candles were again lighted, the charter could not be found. A plan had been laid to keep it from Andros. In the darkness. Captain Wadsworth snatched it up, ran some distance into a field, and hid it in the hollow trunk of an old oak-tree. There it remained until Andros was driven away from New En- gland, when it was brought out. Questions. — 7. What can you tell about Andros and the Connecticut charter ? 8. Hew was Andros outwitted ? 6 82 COLONIES. The charter oak. Governor Fletcher and Captain Wadsworth. TUB ClIAKTiiB OAK. 9. That venerable and venerated tree stood in the city of Hartford, one hun- dred and sixty-nine years afterward. On a very stormy night in August, 1856, it was blown down, and now it has passed away forever. It was known by the name of The Charter Oak. 10. Again the people of Connecti- cut showed their bravery and love of freedom. Governor Fletcher, of New York, claimed the right to rule in Connecticut. The people there refused to obey him. He went to Hartford, called out the militia, and commenced reading a paper which gave him the right. That same Captain Wads- worth who hid the charter, now commanded the militia, and he ordered the drums to be beaten. "Silence," said the governor, angrily. The drummers stopped, and he began to read. "Play," said Wadsworth to the drummers. "Silence!" shouted the gov- ernor. Wadsworth then stepped in front of him and said, " Sir, if they are again interrupted, 1 '11 make the sun shine through you in a moment !" The frightened governor put the paper in his pocket, and went back to New York, very much out of patience I can assure you. 11. From that time until the French and Indian war, when there w^ere one hundred thousand people in Connecticut, the Planters there shared in all the labors and expenses of the con- flicts that occurred. They were also very prosperous. SECTION VI. PLANTERS IN RHODE ISLAND. 1. I have told you how Roger W^illiams was driven from Mas- sachusetts, and became the founder of Rhode Island. Those who Questions.— 0. What can you tell ahoiit the Charter Oak ? 10. Tell the story of Governor Fletcher and the Connecticut people. PLANTERS IN NEW JERSEY. 83 The Rhode Island charter. Newport. Sale of New Jersey. drove him away soon became jealous of him, and afraid of his free opinions ; and it was claimed that "Williams's Narraganset Plant- ations," as they called Rhode Island, belonged to Massachusetts. 2. The charter that Williams obtained in 1643, was pro- nounced, in 1652, to be good by the Legislature of England, called the Long Parliament, and Massachusetts then gave up its claim. But there Avas a dispute about the boundary line between Rhode Island and Massachusetts, for almost a hundred years. It was settled in 1741. 3. Roger Williams was chosen the first governor of the Prov- idence and Rhode Island Plantations, in 1653, and, the colony prospered greatly, for every one was free. Ten years afterward Charles the Second gave them another charter, which Andros took away. It was afterward restored, and under it the people lived one hundred and fifty-seven years. 4. Newport soon became a thriving town; and when, in 1*732, Dr. Franklin's brother commenced printing there, it contained five thousand inhabitants. There John Smibert, the first man who painted good portraits in America, lived for some time. The colony always bore its share in wars until the French and Indian contest, of which I shall soon tell yon. SECTION VII. PLANTERS IN NEW JERSEY. 1. New Jersey was a part of New Netherland, and was in- cluded in the gift [page 75] which Charles the Second made to his brother James, the Duke of York. The same year when the English took possession of New Netherland, the Dutch sold New Jersey to two noblemen, named Berkeley and Carteret. Questions. — 1. What can you tell of Roger Williams and others? 2. What can you tell of the claim of Massachusetts to Rhode Island? ?>. What can you tell of the pro- gress of Rhode Island ? 4. What can you tell about Newport? 1. What can you tell about Now Jersey? 84 COLONIES, Liberality of the owners of New Jersey. Trouble with the settlers. The Quakers. 2. These noblemen, anxious to have the country settled, oflFered the land without rent or taxes, for five years. This liberality, and the fine climate, caused many planters to go there, and farms were seen in all directions. The people first met to make laws, in 1668. 3. Every thing went on smoothly during the five years ; but then, when the owners asked for a rent of only a half-penny an acre, the people grumbled, and declared they would not pay it. They quarreled with the owners for two years, and then drove away the governor they had appointed, and chose one themselves. 4. The ojvners were about to compel the people to pay the rents, when the Dutch, as I have told you [verse 16, page Vo] took possession of the whole country again. When it went back to the English, new regulations were made, and the western half of New Jersey was bought by a Quaker, as a place for his friends in England and elsewhere, to settle and have peace. It afterward went into the hands of William Penn and others, and the prov- ince was divided into East and West Jersey. 5. More than four hundred Quakers came from England and settled in West Jersey, in 1677. They lived peaceably together, as Quakers always do, and prospered. Andros, the tyrant, tried to rule them, but they would have nothing to do with him ; and, in 1681, the first Legislature of West Jersey met at Salem, and made some excellent laws. 6. After awhile the Quakers bought East Jersey also; and Thomas Barclay, who wrote a large book about his people, was made governor. Every thing was going on well, when the Duke of York became King James, and the charters were taken away from both the Jerseys. 7. Now all was confusion, and remained so for several years after King James was driven away to France. Finally, in 1702, the Jerseys were united and made into a royal province, under Lord Combury, a bad man who was the governor of New York. Tliirtv-six years afterward. New Jersey was made independent of Questions. — *?. What can yon toll of a liberal offer? .S. How did the people bnhnvp ? 4. What, chanpes took place? 5. What can you tell of Quaker settlers in West Jersey .' G. What of them in East Jersey? 7. W^hat changes again took place? PLANTERS IN PENNSYLVANIA. 86 The character of William Penn. Founding of Philadelphia. New York, and remained so. Lewis Morris was its first gov- ernor. It became an independent State in 1776. SECTION YIII PLANTERS IN PENNSYLVANIA. 1. I have told you that WiUiam Penn joined the territory of Delaware to Pennsylvania in 1682. Then the colony of Penn- sylvania fairly commenced, and a great many Planters came. 2. Penn was a just man, and treated the Indians so well that they loved him, and called him "Good Father Penn." He bought their lands instead of taking them without leave ; and he told them that he and his people Avished to live with them as brothers. " Thou'lt find," said the Quaker, "in me and mine, But friends and brothers to thee and to thine ; "Who abuse no power, and admit no line 'Twixt the red man and the white. " And bright was the spot where the Quaker came To leave bis hat, his drab and his name, That wiU sweetly sound from the trump of Fame, Till its final blast shall die." 3. In the autumn of 1682, Penn laid out the city of Phila- delphia. That word means " City of Brotherly Love." Within a year, almost one hundred houses were built, and every day the Indians came with wild fowls and the flesh of deer, to present to Good Father Penn. Never was a State blest with a better be- ginning; and, as long as the Quakers ruled Pennsylvania, peace and prosperity prevailed there. QiireTioNB.— 1. What was done in 16S2? 2. What can you tell about William Penn ? B. What can von tpll of Ppnn nnd Phil.adelplii i ? 86 COLONIES, Fenn's kindness to the Planters. His visit to America. His death. 4. In 1683, Penn called the representatives of the people to- gether, and gave them a " Charter of Liberties." It was so very just, that all were made happy. It was agreed that all might worship God as they pleased ; and to the people he gave the privilege of choosing their own rulers. So they were a perfectly free people, as we now are. 5. Penn returned to England, and soon afterward King James ■was driven away to France. He and Penn had always been good friends, and because the Quaker would not speak harshly about the king, he was suspected of being an enemy to the new monarch. He was put in jail, and Pennsylvania was taken from him, and made a royal province under the control of the Governor of New York. 6. Not long afterward Penn Avas let out of prison, for it was found that he was a friend of William and Mary. Pennsylvania was given back to him, and he came over to America in 1 099, to look after his affairs. 7. The people asked Penn for a more liberal charter, and he granted it in 1701. The people of Delaware now asked him to let them have a Legislature of their own, and he granted that 'too. From that time, until the War for Independence in 1776, Pennsylvania and Delaware were under one governor, but had distinct Legislatures. 8. Soon after making these arrangements, AVilliam Penn re- turned to England. He never came to America again, for his health failed, and he died in 1718, leaving Pennsylvania to his three sons. These and their heirs owned the province until 1776, when it Avas purchased by the people for more than half a million of dollars. QxTESTlONS.— 4. Wliat did Penn do for the people? 5. What happened to Penn in England ? 6. AVhat was the result ? 7. What more ran yon say of Penn and his family? 8. What can you tell of Pennsylvania and Delaware? PLANTERS IN THE CAROLINAS. The proposed government for North Carolina. Troubles with the Planters. SECTION IX. PLANTERS IN THE CAROLINAS. 1. The owners of the Carolinas, knowing that they possessed a very beautiful country, and that a great many Planters were going there, thought it would be fine to make a government for it, like that of England, with all sorts of grand people, except a king. So they employed two or three learned men to write a Constitution for the purpose. 2. At first, the Planters in the Carolinas laughed at the idea of having fine gentlemen who would do nothing, with their fine houses, and horses, and carriages, and servants, in the woods of America ! And when they found that the owners were in earn- est, the strong and industrious Planters told them plainly that they would have no such government. 3. There was a long quarrel about it, and finally the owners were compelled to give up their grand scheme. Then they tried to get money from the Planters, by making them pay so much for every thing that came in ships, and in other ways. The peo- ple got very angry at last, drove the governor and other ofiicers away, and for two years they managed their own affairs. 4. "When these quarrels were settled, a very mean man, named Seth Sothel, who loved money more than any thing else, came to govern the Carolinas. He cheated every body. After being there six years, he left, just as the people were going to put him on a ship, and send him to England. Then some better govern- ors came, but none made the people so happy and prosperous as the good Quaker governor, John Archdale. 5. These troubles happened in the northern part of the Caro- linas. At the same time, the Planters in the southern part were prospering, and Avere rapidly increasing. They formed a Legis- QtTESTiONS. — 1. What did the owners of the Carolinas wish to do? 2. What did the Planters think of their scheme? 3. What can you tell about the owners and the Plant- ers ? 4. AV.i-.i' on you tell of Pothel and others ? f>. AAHiat was done in South (larolina? 88 COLONIES, The people of South Carolina. Troubles with the governor. John Archdale. lature in 1674, but there was such a mixture of people, that they did not agree very well. There were English, Scotch, Irish, and Dutch, Protestants and Roman Catholics, and they disputed continually. G. But when, in 1680, the Indians attacked the settlements, they all united for defense, and forgot their quarrels, while they conquered the Indians. That same year, the city of Charleston was laid out, and it soon became a flourishing village. The Planters continually increased, and many went up the Santee and Edisto rivers, where they cultivated fine farms. 7. Many Huguenots came from France to settle there, and have peace. The English disliked the French, and would not allow them to take any part in making laws, or in other manage- ment of aftairs. The French people were treated so for about ten years, when the English, finding them better than they ex- pected, began to love and respect them, and then gave them all the privileges of citizens. 8. Like their more northern friends, the Planters in the south refused to have any thing to do with the grand movement pre- pared by the owners. They quarreled with the governor, drove him away, and took public matters into their own hands. This happened in the year 1690. 9. In the midst of this trouble, Seth Sothel came there, and the people foolishly allowed him to be their governor. He rob- bed and cheated them, as he did the people of the northern colony, and at length they drove him away. After that they would have no other governor from the owners, till the good Quaker, Archdale, came to rule both Carolinas, in 1695. 10. The Planters had peace and prosperity while Archdale remained, which was not a great while. From the close of his time, the histories of the two Carolinas are quite distinct, although the provinces were not separated until 1729. Qu'STiONS. — G. What can you toll about the Indians and the Planters ? 7. ITow were French p-onle tronted there ? 8, 0. What can you tell about the government of South Carolina? 10. What can you say of Archdale? PLANTERS IN THE CAROLINAS. 89 The white people and the Indians. The Spaniards at St. Augustine. NORTH CAROLINA. 11. At the beginning of tlie year IVOO, Planters were culti- vating lands in North Carolina from the sea-shore to the Yadkin river. The Indians were dying rapidly. Many had gone further into the forests, and the people of different countries were coming to occupy their lands. 12. For several years all Avas peaceful, and the Planters no longer dreaded the Indians, when a terrible calamity befell them. The Tuscarora Indians were yet quite strong, and they persuaded the broken Indian families in that region to join them in killing all the white people, in 171 1. In one night they murdered one hundred and thirty Germans ; and for three days they destroyed the people, and plundered and burned their buildings, in all direc- tions. 13. The people of South Carolina came to help their neigh- bors. The Indians were driven back, but the war continued more than a year. Finally, in the spring of 1Y13, eight hundred Tuscaroras were made prisoners, and the rest fled north and joined their brethren, the Five Nations, in New York. Then was formed the union of the Six Nations, of which I have told you on page 12. SOUTH CAROLINA. 14. The Spaniards at St. Augustine, in Florida, became trou- blesome, and in 1702 the governor of South Carolina prepared twelve hundred soldiers to go there and attack them. Half of these were white people, and half of them were friendly Indians. 15. Some of these soldiers went by land, and some by water. They did not succeed in driving the Spaniards away from St. Augustine, as they expected to, and they went home disappointed. This affair cost the. Planters of South Carolina many thousand dollars. They had very little gold and silver, so they made paper Questions. — 11. What was the condition of North Carolina in 1700? 12. What can you tell of an Injlian massacre? 1.^. What about an Indian war? and how did it end? 14 What car you tjU about the Spaniards in Florida ? 15. What did t!io Carolinians do? 90 COLONIES. Troubles in South Carolina. , An Indian war. money for the first time — such as we use — to pay the expenses Avitli. 10. The next year, the governor and some soldiers marched against the Indians in Georgia and Florida, -who were friends of the Spaniards. They took several hundred of them prisoners, and desolated their country. 17. Soon after this, another governor of South Carolina tried to make all the people worship God according to the forms of the English Church. Those who would not, were persecuted. This made a great many people uneasy, and disputes continued a long while. The Churchmen had to give up, at last, and the people were allowed to think and act about religion as they pleased. 18. A greater trouble appeared in 1706. The angry Span- iards sent many soldiers, in several French and Spanish ships, to attack Charleston and take possession of the country. The ships came into Charleston harbor, and eight hundred soldiers landed. The South Carolinians were ready to meet them. They soon drove them all to their ships, and took one of the French vessels. 19. A still darker trouble appeared a few years later. Several Indian tribes joined for the purpose of killing all of the white people in South Carolina, in the spring of 1715. In this great band there were full six thousand w'arriors. They commenced so secretly that one hundred people had been murdered in the back settlements before the news reached Charleston. 20. The governor of South Carolina acted promptly. "With twelve hundred men, he marched against the Indians. After several hard fights, he drove them far back into the wilderness, and killed a great many. The Indians were dreadfully fright- ened ; and believing the white people to be such mighty war- riors that they could not be conquered, they let them alone after that. 21. The people of South Carolina were now heartily tired of proud and money-loving governors. The owners, or Proprietaries, had never spent a dollar in helping them build up a State, or for QtTESTioNS. — 16. What was dona to the Indians? 17. What oHier trouble occurred in South (Carolina ? IS. What trouble did the Carolinians have in 170G ? 19. What further trouble a few years afterward ? 20. What can you tell about an Indian war? PLANTERS IN GEORGIA. 91 Division of the Carolinas. Georgia. Oglethorpe and the Spaniards. paying tlie expenses of Indian wars. They had made the Planters pay their rents punctually, and in every way acted ungenerously toward them. At last the Planters asked the king to take the country into his own hands. He did so, and South Carolina be- came a royal province in 1720. 22. The people of North Carolina were just as tired of their governors, too, and talked of taking matters into their own hands, when the king bought the territory in 1729, and it he-, came a royal province. The two Carolinas were thus separated. But the people were not much better oft" under the royal gov^ crnors, and with these they were continually disputing, until they became independent in 1776. SECTION X. THE PLANTERS IN GEORGIA. 1. The town of Savannah, laid out by Oglethorpe, was upon a high bluff", beautifully shaded with palmeto and other evergreen .trees. It grew rapidly ; and within eight years, full twenty -five hundred people had come to Georgia, from Europe. Quite a large number of these were German and Swiss families. There were also many lazy people among the immigrants ; and, as the climate was very hot in summer, very little work was done in the fields. So the colony did not prosper. 2. Oglethorpe was wide awake. He knew the Spaniards at St. Augustine would soon become jealous of his colony. B6ing in England in 1736, he persuaded three hundred tall and stout Scotch Highland soldiers to come over with him. With these he thought he might defy the Spaniards. 3. A great soldier of the cross, as gospel ministers are some- QiTESTiONB. — 21. Wh.it brought about a change in South Carolina? and how? 22. What was done in both Carolinas ? 1. What can you tell about the Georgia colony? 2. ^Vhat can you tell about Oglethorpe ? 02 COLONIES. Preparations to fight the Spaniards. Story about a French deeerter. times called, came with him at the same time, to preach to the Indians and persuade the planters to be better people. It was John Wesley, the first great Methodist. But the people cared very little for what he said. Then the great preacher, George Whitefield, came, and tried to do them good in many ways, but he labored almost in vain. Oglethorpe felt dis- couraged, for he well knew that without industry and goodness, his colony would not thrive. 4. As Oglethorpe expected, the Spaniards soon began to show their jealousy. So he built some forts in the lower part of Georgia. This made the Spaniards very angry, and they told Oglethorpe that he and all the English must leave the country below the Savannah river, or they would drive them out. 5. Oglethorpe was not alarmed, but he went to England and got six hundred more good soldiers. Just then war broke out between England and Spain, and Oglethorpe concluded not to wait for the Spaniards to come against him, but he marched against them, with his own troops, and some South Carolinians and Indians. He had almost reached St. Augustine, when sick- ness and want of food compelled him to go back to Savannah. 6. Two or three years afterward, the Spaniards, with many vessels and soldiers, came to invade Georgia, and drive the Planters awa\'. Oglethorpe was prepared for them, and in the ■ lower part of Georgia, and upon an island near there, the En- glish and Spanish soldiers came very near having hard battles. 7. One day, when Oglethorpe Avas preparing to go secretly around and attack the Spaniards, a Frenchman in his arm_v ran away and told the enemy all about it. Oglethorpe laid a plan to punish the runaway and trick the Spaniards. 8. He wrote a letter to the Frenchman, telling him that a British fleet was near St. Augustine, and also spoke about his doing all he could for the English, in the Spanish camp. Then he gave a young Spaniard, who was his prisoner, some money and told him to carry the letter to the Frenchman. Instead of Questions —3. What nhniit pood mon in Georgia? 4. What offonded the SianiardR? niid what was done? 5. Whitdid 0.i;letliorpe do ? C. What did tlio Spiiii irds do? 7. Whi;t dia a Frenchman do ? 8. What story can yon tell ahont the Frcnoliman ? THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 93 The Spaniards deceived. Prosperity of Georgia. The strife for power. that he carried it to the Spanish commander. That was just what Oglethorpe wanted. The Frenchman was arrested as a spy, and the Spaniards were dreadfully alarmed at the idea of a British fleet being near St Augustine. 9. Just then some Carolina vessels appeared. The Spaniards thought they were the English fleet. They resolved to attack one of Oglethorpe's forts, and then go to St. Augustine as quick as possible. On the march Oglethorpe attacked them, and so many Spaniards were killed that the spot is yet known as Bloody Marsh. So Georgia was saved. 10. Oglethorpe went to England in 1743, and never returned to America. That year a sort of government was formed in Georgia, but the colony did not prosper. The Planters did not own the land they cultivated, and they were not allowed to traflRc with the Indians nor trade, in ships, with the people of the West India islands. On these accounts, there was very little inducement for the people to be industrious and improve the lands. 11. Finally a change came. The king took possession of Georgia in 1752, and from that time until our War for Inde- pendence, it remained a royal province. The people might now own their own lands, traflfic with the Indians, and trade in ships with the people of the West Indies. From that time Georgia began to thrive wonderfully. Negro slaves were now intro- duced, and from that time to this, they have performed most of the hard labor in that State. SECTION XL THE STRIFE FOR POWER ; OR, THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 1. I have already told you of the wars in which the French and Indians fought the English in America. These were called, you remember, King William's war. Queen Anne's Avar, and Questions — 0. What can yon tell ."bout a battle between the Enelisb and Spaniard^? 10 What chanpie took plac:^ ? Why did the colony not prosper ? 1 1. WTiat happy cha"^ occurred .■' 1. What were the wars bstween the French and English in America called ? 94 COLONIES. The French and English in the Ohio country. King George's war. The quarrels that brought on these wars were about matters in Europe. 2. The war I am now going to tell you about, began in a quar- rel about the boundary line between the English and French in the Ohio country. At that time there were about one hundred thousand French people in America, and ten times as many peo- ple in the English colonies, 3. The French were great traffickers with the Indians, all over the country west of the Alleghany mountains, from Lake Erie to New Orleans, and they built a great many forts in the wilderness. This made the English jealous. 4. After awhile, some English people, by permission of King George of England, went into the Ohio country, and commenced marking out land upon which to settle. The French told them that they had no business there, for the country belonged to the King of France. So they quarreled about it, when, in fact, the country belonged to the Indians. One smart old Indian, who heard the quarrel, said, " You English claim all one side of the river, and you French all the other side ; where does the Indians' land lay ?" They could not answer. 5. The French had soldiers there, and, with these, they caught some of the English and put them in prison, and drove the re- mainder away. Dinwiddic, the Governor of Virginia, whose rule extended over a part of that country, now thought it high time for him to take up the quarrel. So he sent a young man, named George Washington, to ask the French commander what he meant by such conduct. 6. Young Washington, who afterward became the greatest man in America, was prudent and brave, and could be relied on. In cold weather, he traveled through the woods and over rivers, with ice and snow everywhere, full four hundred miles, before he found the French commander. He had a long and polite talk with him, and carried a letter back to Governor Dinwiddle, which was not very satisfectory. QtTRSTiONe. — 1. How did the French and Indian war commence? ". WHiat can yon tell of the French ? 4. What can you toll of events in the Ohio country ? .'>. What did th3 French and the Virginia governor do ? 6. What can you tell about Washington ? THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 95 Expedition against the French. Battle at Fort Necessity. Congress at Albany. Y. The French captain gave Dinwiddle to understand, that he had a right to be in the Ohio country with his soldiers, and that he should stay as long as he pleased. Dinwiddle then mustered the Virginia soldiers, and sent them to drive the French away. He made young Washington a major, and gave him the com- mand of the first body of troops that went against the French, 8. While these things were taking place, the English com- menced building a fort where the city of Pittsburg now is. The French drove them away, finished the fort, and called it Du Quesne, which was the name of the Governor of Canada. This is pronounced Du Kane. 9. Washington marched rapidly forward ; but hearing that a large number of French soldiers were coming to meet him, he went back a little way, and built a fort, which he named Neces- sity. At that time. Colonel Fry, who commanded all the troops, died, and Washington became the chief leader. 10. The French attacked Fort Necessity; and after fighting ten hours, Washington and his soldiers were compelled to give up, and became prisoners. The next day the French commander let them all go, and they returned to Virginia. 11. In the summer of 1754, a number of men, appointed by several colonies for the purpose, met at Albany, in New York, to consider how they should proceed to keep the French back. They first made a covenant of peace with the strong Six Nations, and then they agreed upon a plan made by Dr. Franklin, by which the colonies should all be united as one, as our States now are. Many of the people, as well as the English Government, did not like it, and the colonies were not united until twenty years afterward. 12. Excited by the French, the Indians now commenced mur- dering white families on the frontiers of New England and other places, and the English saw no better way than to make a reg- ular war upon the French. Qttestions. — T. What did Governor Dinwiddie do? and why? 8. What happened where Pittsburg is? 9. What can you tell of Washington's expedition? 10. What; about a battle? 11. WTiat was done at Albany in 1754? 12. What happened in New England ? 96 COLONIES. Troops from Great Britain. War in Acadie. Braddock's defeat and death. 13. The English Government agreed to help the colonists; and in February, 1755, Edward Braddock, a great Irish soldier, came to America, with troops, and took tlie chief command. He met the governors of several colonies at Alexandria, in Virginia, and they arranged a plan of operations, or THE CAMPAIGN OF 1755. 14. Three separate armies were to be mustered. One Avas to march against the French at Fort Du Quesne ; another against French forts near each end of Lake Ontario ; and a third against strong forts on Lake Champlain. 15. Already a fourth expedition had been arranged to drive the French out of Acadie, or Nova Scotia. Three thousand men sailed from Boston for the purpose. They took the French forts, and then cruelly drove the poor and innocent inhabitants to the woods, destroyed all their crops, and carried many away in ships. In one month a happy people were made the most wretched of any on the earth. How dreadful is Avar! IG. With two thousand men, Braddock marched from the Potomac river, toward Fort Du Quesne, having Washington for his aid. Braddock was a proud man, and would not listen to the advice of young Washington, concerning the best way to be pre- pared for the Indians. He marched proudly on, when, just at noon, on a hot day in July, a shower of bullets and arrows came from the woods around him. 17. A dreadful battle now commenced. There were a thou- sand dusky warriors concealed in the woods. For three long hours the fight continued ; and every officer who rode a horse, except Washington, was killed or wounded. The dead bodies of the white people covered the ground ; and finally Braddock was shot, after having several horses killed under him. 18. Washington now took command. God had preserved liim for greater deeds in after years. An Indian warrior declared that Questions. — 13. What was done in 1755 ? 14. What was the plan of the campaign for ITW? 15. What occurred in the East? IG. What can you toll about Braddock? 17. What can you tell of a battle ? THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 97 The preservation of Washington. Burial of Braduock. he had fifteen good shots at him, but could not hit him. Ha tried no more, for he knew the Good Spirit protected him. Un- der Wasliington's directions, the troops retreated, and the Indians did not follow. BtrUIAL OP BKADDOCK. 19. Braddock was carried from the field and soon died. Ho was buried in the woods by torch-light ; and on the margin of the grave, with sorroAving officers around him, Washington read the solemn funeral service of the Church of England. Then all the troops went back to their homes. Questions. — IS. AVhat can you tell of Washington? 10. What about the buriil of Braddock ? 98 COLONIES. Operations in Northern New York. Battle at Lake George. Fort William Henry. 20. Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts, commanded the troops that were to march against the French forts on Lake Ontario, lie did not succeed in reaching them. He went to Oswego, but storms on the lake, and sickness in his camp, prevented his going further. So he commenced building a fort there, and, leaving a few troops to take care of it, he marched back to Albany with the remainder. 21. The troops intended for Lake Champlain were commanded by an Indian agent among the Mohawks, named William John- son. About six thousand of them were collected at Fort Ed- ward, under General Lyman ; and when General Johnson arrived there, he led nearly all of them to the head of Lake George, and formed a camp, in September. 22. Indian scouts now informed Johnson that Dieskau, the French commander, was coming with many Canadians and Indi- ans to attack him. He sent Colonel Williams, with a party of ■white soldiers and Mohawk Indians, to meet him. They were assailed and beaten by Dieskau, who then marched rapidly for- ward to attack Johnson's camp. 23. Johnson had two cannons, upon a pile of logs and brush, which the French and Indians knew nothing about. When they came rushing forward, these were firecL Many of the enemy were killed, and the remainder, dreadfully frightened, fled to the woods, and Johnson won the battle. Dieskau was badly wounded, and died some time afterward. 24. General Johnson was told that the French were very strong at Crown Point and Ticondcroga, on Lake Champlain, and con- cluded not to go there. He built a fort where his camp was, and called it William Henry. He then left some troops there and at Fort Edward, and with the rest of his army marched back to Albany in October. Thus ended the campaign of 1755. 25. There was now a regular war between the English and French in America. As there appeared no prospect of the quar- QtTESTioNB. — 20. What can you toll about Shirley? 21. What cin you tell about Willi:uu .iDhnson? '.'■2. What can vou tell of a battle near Lake GcorRc ? ?•''. Whiit can yivu till of another battle? 24. What did General Johnson then do? 25. What DOW occurred ? THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 99 Campaign of 17T(5. Lord Loudon. Capture of Oswego. rel being settled soon, preparations Nvere made on both sides of the Atlantic, for THE CAMPAIGN OF 1756. 26. Lord Loudoun, a very indolent man, was appointed chief commander of all the troops, but he did not come to America until late in the summer. General Abercrombie, a great soldier, came in his place, in June, with a large body of troops from England and Ire- land. England and France had then declared war against each other, and the battles were nearly all to be fought in ABEECKOMBiE. Amei'lca. 27. The plan of this campaign was similar to that of the last. Fort Du Quesne, and the forts on Lakes Ontario and Champlain were to be attacked. When Abercrombie arrived, there were seven thousand troops at Albany, ready to march against the French on Lake Champlain. On account of some foolish diffi- culties they did not start until August, and then that great French soldier. General Montcalm, was well prepared to fight. 28. Early in August, Montcalm, with five thousand Frenchmen, Canadians, and Indians, went up Lake Ontario, and after a pretty hard battle, took the forts at Oswego away from the English. They also made fourteen hundred of them prisoners, and took from them many cannons, and vessels in the harbor. 29. The loss of Oswego was very disheartening, Loudoun was alarmed, and he ordered all the other expeditions to be aban- doned. Forts William Henry and Edward were made stronger. A large number of soldiers were placed in block-houses and other small fortifications along the frontiers of Virginia and Pennsylvania, under the command of Washington ; and similar strong places were made in the Carolina?. QlTESTiONS. — 26. WHiat can you tell of Loudoun and Abercrombie? 27. What can you tell of the plan of the campaisn of 1750? 28. What occurred at Oswego ? £9. What was then done by Loudoun .'and what movements took place ? 100 COLONIES. IndUns i.i WesterQ Pennsylvania. Expedition agai ist I.ouisbnr-. 30. During the spring and summer of 175G, the Indians killed or carried away almost a thousand white people on the western frontier of Pennsylvania and Virginia. Hearing that a greater portion of these Indians were at Kittaning, their chief town. Colonel Armstrong and three hundred soldiers attacked them there one night early in September. Their chiefs were killed and their town was destroyed. After that they were quiet. So ended the campaign of 1*756. 31. It was a pity that the slow, and weak-minded Lord Loudoun liad the chief commaud of the troops, for some greater soldiers were ready to do much more than he. The French had got possession of Louisburg, and Loudoun resolved to make the cap- ture of that fortress the chief business of THE CAMPAIGN OF iVoY. 32. Most of the people were disappointed, for they wished to have the French driven from Lake Champlain and the Ohio country. 33. Loudoun arrived at Halifax at the close of June, where ho met a large number of war-ships and five thousand troops, from England. He was about to start for Louisburg, when he was told that the French had many more men and ships there, than he had with him. So he thought it more prudent to leave them alone. He returned to New York in August, when he was mor- tified and alarmed by the news that Montcalm had been doing a great deal of mischief in the north. 34. Toward the close of July, Montcalm and a large number of French, Canadians, and Indians, left Ticonderoga, and attacked Fort William Henry at the head of Lake George. The garrison, as troops in a fort are called, was commanded by Colonel Monro, a very brave officer. The chief commander. General Webb, was at Fort Edward, and when Montcalm approached, Monro sent to him for help. Questions. — 30. AMmt can yon teli of Indians in wostuni Pon-isylvania ? ?A. Whs*; can you say al)out Loudoun ? H". TTow did tlie p'-opli; feel? 33. Wlnt more can you st.y of Loudoun.' 34. Wliat can you t.^^11 of an attaclc upon Fort Willixm Henry? THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 101 Capture of Fort WUliam Henry. Indian MaEsacre. Pitt prime minister. 36. For six days the brave Monroe refused to give up the fort, every day expecting help from Webb, It was not sent, and at last he could hold out no longer, and surrendered. Montcalm admired Monro's bravery, and promised that he and his troops should be used well, and conducted to Fort Edward. 36. Montcalm's intentions were honorable, and he endeavored to fulfill his promises. But his blood-thirsty Indians, two thou- sand in number, could not be controlled. Soon after the English left the fort, these savages fell upon them, killed a great many, plundered their baggage, and chased them almost to Fort Ed- ward. Then Fort William Henry and all belonging to it were destroyed, and Montcalm marched back to Ticonderoga. 37. This disastrous event ended the campaign of 1757, and with it the command of Lord Loudoun in America. Thus far the English had lost by the war, chiefly for the want of a good chief commander. The Colonists knew this all the while, and felt ir- ritated. If they could have chosen their own generals, and car- ried on the war themselves, no doubt they would have ended it the first year, by driving the French back to Canada. 38. Yet, whenever money or men were called for, the Colonists furnished them cheerfully, even while feeling the injustice of their own rulers, and of the English government. By these misfor- tunes the pride of the English people was touched, and at last, to their great joy, their wishes were gratified by having William Pitt, the smartest man in England, made the prime minister, or chief manager of public afl"airs. He commenced, with great energy, preparations for THE CAMPAIGN OF l758. 39. Pitt appointed General Abercrombie in the place of Lord Loudoun. A large number of armed ships were prepared, and placed under the command of a great war-sailor. Admiral Bos- cawen ; and in America every body was determined to do some- thing great this year. QursTioNB. S5. What can you tell of Colonel Monro? r>6. What dreadful event oc- cii-rcd ? 37. What can you say about the war, so far ? 38. How did the Colonists feel / and what gratified them ? 39. What preparations were made for the campaign of 175? ? 102 COLONIES. Campaign of 1758. Operations on Lake George and Cbamplnin. 40. It was agreed to attack Louisburg, Ticonderoga, and Fort Du Quesne. Late in May, Boscawen, with forty ships, left Halifax. Two great soldiers, Generals Amherst and Wolfe, with twelve thousand men, Avent with him, and early in June thoy landed near Louisburg. For almost fifty days there was fighting there. Then the French gave way, and five thousand of them became prisoners to the English. 41. AMiile these things were going on in the east, General Abercrombie and young Lord Howe were leading almost twenty thousand men toward northern New York, to attack Ticonderoga. They went down Lake George, in flat-boats, on a beautiful Sab- bath in July, and the next morning commenced marching through the woods and swamps toward Ticonderoga. Pretty soon they were attacked by the French, and Lord Howe was killed. 42. Every body mourned when they heard of the death of young Howe. He was so good that they all loved him. Cap- tain Schuyler took his body to Albany and put it in a vault. Many years afterward his coflin was opened, when behold ! his beautiful brown hair had grown very long. 43. Abercrombie heard that more troops were coming to help the French, so he pushed on through the woods, without his can- nons, to attack Ticonderoga. But he found it too strong for him, and after a hard fight for four hours, and losing almost two thousand men, he marched back to Lake George, and finally to Albany, leaving the French still in possession of Ticonderoga. 44. From Lake George, Abercrombie sent Colonel Bradstreet and three thousand soldiers to attack the French at Frontenac, where Kingston, in Canada, now is. They captured the fort in August, and then marching through the woods to the Mohawk river, where the village of Rome now stands, they assisted in build- ing fort Stanwix. 45. The army that marched against Fort Du Quesne was com- manded by General Forbes. Colonel Washington was with him. Questions — 40. Wtuit can you tell of th(! pxppdition apainst L(uiiKt,tir<: ? 41 WI —l occurred in northern New York? 4'2. What c;in vou tell of Lord Howe? 43. What iMil Abercrombie do ? 44. What can you tell about Bradstreet? THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 10 J Capture of Fort Du Quesne. Prepaiatioas to iavads Canada. Forbes, like Loudoun, was a very slow man, and it was late in the Autumn before lie got over the Alleghany mountains. 46. Washington then marched rapidly forward. The French at Du Quesne heard of his approach, and being greatly alarmed, they set fire to the fort and escaped down the Ohio river in boats. The name of Fort Du Quesne was then changed to Fort Pitt, in honor of England's prime minister. There the city of Pittsburg now stands. 47. From what I have told you, }-ou perceive that the English did do great things this j'car. They took from the French three of their strongest forts, Louisburg, Frontenac, and Du Quesne, and frightened the Indians so, that they agreed not to figlit the En- glish any more. The American Planters now began to feel safer, though the war was not ended. 48. The final struggle was now at hand. Pleased with what had been done in iVoS, Pitt determined to do more in THE CAMPAIGN OF 1759. 49. He resolved to send good officers and troops enough to conquer all Canada, and thus put an end to French power in America. For this purpose he appointed General Amherst to the command of all the troops in America and those to be sent from England. 50. In the spring of 1759, Amherst found tw'enty-four thousand trdops in America, ready to invade Canada. Ships and soldiers were also sent from England. loed amueest. It was arranged to send one division by the way of the St. Law- rence river, to attack Quebec ; another was to drive the French from Lake Champlain ; and a third was to attack them at Fort Niagara. 51. When, on a hot day in July, Amherst appeared before Qtjr.BTiONS — 45. Wliat can you say ahout Forlies? 46. What can yon tell of tb'* r>ia>-ch against Fort Du Qupsne ? 47.' What had the F.np;liRh done ? 48, 4'^. Whai- did Pitt resolve to do ? 50. What c;in you tell about the plan of the campaisn for 1750 ? 104 COLONIES rVIXS OF TIC0NIIE30G.V. The French driven from Lake Champlain. Taking of Fort Niagara. Wolfe. Ticonderoga, with eleven thousand men, the French, who had just heard that an English army, under Wolfe, was at Quebec, fled in liaste to tlieir fort at Crown Point. Amherst pur- sued them. They were dreadfully frightened, took to their boats, and fled overthe Lake toward Canada. So the French were driven from Lake Champlain, and never returned. Fort Ticon- deroga was partly destroyed. 52. Generals Prideaux (pronounced Pre-do) and Johnson sailed from Oswego in July, to attack Fort Niagara, at the mouth of the Niagara river. Prideaux was killed by the bursting of a gun at the first assault, and Johnson took command. For three weeks the French held out, when some of their countrymen and many southern Indians came to help them. But the English conquered them all, and took possession of the fort. 53. Wolfe, the greatest soldier of them all, was now near Quebec, with eight thousand troops, and a large number of battle- ships under the command of Admirals Holmes and Saunders. Quebec was a strong, walled town, a part of it three hundred foet above the river St. Law- rence. It was a hard city to fight against. 54. That great French soldier of whom I have told you [page 100], General Mont- calm, was the commander, and his army was in a strong camp along the St. Law- Q-J-9T.ONB — ">■. AVhit oan you tell of Amherst on Lake Cluimplain ' 5\ What oc- currf 'I lit NiaK ira ? >>'■ Wh-it can yon tell of events at Quebec ? 54. What ca:i you tall of the niovenientJ of Wolfe and Montcalm ? GF.NF.KAI, WOLFE. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. lOo liattle on the shore of the St. Lawrence. Attack on Quebec. Wolfe wounded. rcnce, from Quebec to the Montmorenci river. Wolfe first landed ou the island of Orleans, below the city, to attack this French camp. He also took possession of Point Levi, opposite, where General Monckton was stationed. 55. Early in July, Wolfe formed a camp below the Mo: t- morenci, and a number of English troops crossed from Point Levi, and attacked the French just above that stream. On the beach, in the midst of a terrible thunder-storm and the. roar of the waters, a hard battle was fought, and full five hundred of the English perished. 56. Week after week now passed away. Wolfe was waiting, in vain, for Amherst to come and help him. At length, j» fever laid the great soldier prostrate in his tent. At the beginning of September he called his wisest officers to his bed- side, and consulted upon what it was best to do. They soon decided. 57. Back of Quebec, and as high above the river, is a level spot, called the Plains of Abraham. It was resolved to scale these heights, and attack the city on its weakest side. Feeble as he was, the brave Wolfe determined to lead the troops. On the evening of the 12th of September, they went secretly in their boats, and at midnight they were on shore at a ravine that led up to the Plains of Abraham. 58. Montcalm had no suspicion of what the English were doing, and you may imagine his surprise when, early in the morn- ing, he saw their scarlet dresses and bright bayonets flashing in the sun, upon the Plains of Abraham. He immediately marched his whole army across the St. Charles river, and at- tacked the English. 59. A hard battle commenced at ten o'clock. Wolfe led the English, as the two armies came together, notwithstanding he was already wounded twice. Soon a musket-ball pierced his breast, and he fell. He was conveyed to the rear, fainting from QursTioxs— W. What cin you tell of a battle ? 53. What cxn yon U 11 of Wolfe .inrt I'iK plans? 57. What was Jiow do-'p ? and how ran yon fl escribe the places? 5S. Whaf can you toll of Montcalm? 50. What can you tell of the battle, and death of Wclfo ? ;:06 COLONIES. Death of Wolfe and Montcalm. Capture of Quebec. Montreal taken. loss of blood. Just then he heard a shout, " They run ! they run !" " Who run ?" asked Wolfe. " The French," was the reply. " Then I die con- tented," he said, and expired. 60. Montcalm was killed at about the sam;3 time ; and now, in the city of Quebec, one tall monument stands in memory of both of them. Five days after the battle, Quebec was given over to the English. Fighting then ended for the season, but Canada was not yet conquered. That ■■ event was accomplished in THE CAMPAIGN OF ITGO. 61. In the spring of 1760 the French made efforts to get Que- bec back again. But they failed ; and their army was compelled to leave that neighborhood and flee to Montreal. That was now the last strong place held by the French in Canada. 62. General Amherst made great preparations during the sum- mer, and, early in September, three English armies appeared before the doomed city of Montreal. Amherst came down the St. Lawrence with ten thousand troops and a thousand Indian v/arriors, and was met the same day by General ]\Iurray, from Quebec, with four thousand men. The next day Colonel Hav- iland arrived from Crown Point, with three thousand troops. 63. The French commander now saw that all was lost. lie gave up the city and all Canada, on the 8th of September, and General Gage, of whom I shall tell you more, was made gov- ernor. So the French and Indian war ended in America, but all was not settled, until a treaty, or bargain, was made at Paris, in 1763. 64. Frenchmen kept the Indians at the South very restless. In the spring of 1760, some Cherokces having been injured by- some white people, the whole nation commenced a bloody war- Qu"8t:oxs. — 60. What more can you sny nhout Wolfo and Montcalm? What wis acciiinplishort ? 61. What can you tell a'out t')i> French? 62. What occurred at Moi- trcal ? 03. What further occu;red at Montreal ? THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 1)7 Pontiac's war. Death of Pontiac. Close of French and Indian war. fare upon the frontiers of Virginia and the Carolinas. Tin's con- tinued for more than a year. Finally the Cherokee villages were destroyed, and many of the warriors were killed by a small En- glish array, and their power was broken forever. Go. Soon after this, Pontiac, an Ottawa chief, induced several of the north-western tribes to join in endeavors to drive the Avhite people from their country. Pontiac was one of the great- est Indians ever known. Like King Philip, he saw the lands of his people passing into the hands of the English, and in despair, he kindled the war. It was terrible for a time, but the Indians Avere finally conquered. 66. Pontiac fled to the country of the Illinois tribe, Avhere he Avas basely murdered by an Indian, who dicl it for a barrel of rum given him by an Englishman. The great city of St. Louis now covers his burial place. This Avas nearly the last sad act in the French and Indian War. 67. Here, my Young Friend, the story of the American people as English colonists draws to a close. I am now to tell you how they became tired of being ruled by a king and legislature be- yond the ocean, and resolving to rule themselves, struggled many years and gained the victory. A ncAv and more interesting scene. Avill now open. Listen attentively. Q-jT-sTioNs. — '^4. What can you trll of an Indian w.ir? C5. What can you tell about I'^ritiic? C6. What can you tell of Pontiac's death ? G7. What am I to tell you about HFXt ? CHAPTER V. SKCTION I. THE STRIFE FOR FREKUOM ; OR THE REVOLUTION. I'he Great Patriots. The War for Independence. 1. The story of the great Patriots, or those who loved their country better than their own ease and comfort, than silver and gold, houses and lands, and willingly suffered every thing for their country's good, is one of great interest to you, my Young Friend. 2. When you shall have heard the whole story of the Revolu- tion, I am sure you will not only love those great Patriots who suffered and worked so much, but you will wish to do all you can for the good of your country. I will first tell you about THE PRELIMINARY E \'^E NTS, or what happened to bring about the war, called the Revolution, or the War for Independence. 3. You have heard how, for a long time, the English people in America had troubles with their governors ; and that they did not like the Kings of England any too well. But each settlement or colony was too small and weak to defy the king, so they submitted to wrong. 4. Then you have heard how they joined against the French and Indians ; and how, at last, being helped some by soldiers and sailors from England, they took the whole northern countrv 0ci;8Tio.N-8. — 1. What are Patriots? 2. AVhat is first to be rolateij ? H. What has been Suid of the Americ ns? 4. What more hav.; you heard about them? PRELIMINARY EVENTS, 109 Strength of the Planters. George the Third. Taxation. away from the French, made the Indians afraid, and became really one great nation of Planters. 5. Well, these things made the Planters know how strong they were when united, and they felt a desire to become one people. They talked about this a great deal, and finally they re- solved that if the king and governors did not use them better than they had done, they would defy them all, and govern them- selves. 6. When the French and Indian War closed they hoped for jetter times, for a good young man had just become King of En- gland. This was George the Third, who lived almost sixty years a king. If he could have had his own way, he would have been kind and indulgent to the Americans, but bad, and often ignor- ant men advised him, and things went wrong. 7. The war just ended had cost England a great deal, and all the money in the king's treasury was spent. He asked his min- isters or advisers how he should get more. " Tax the Amer- icans," they said ; " they are rich, and are willing to give you as much money as you want. Make them pay so much upon every thing they receive in ships. It is but little, and they will not mind it." 8. Tlie young king did so, and sent men, called Commissioners of Customs, to collect the money. The people grumbled about it, and disliked the commissioners; and a great patriot, named James Otis, of Massachusetts, spoke his mind plainly, and ad- vised the people not to pay a penny. So the king did not get much money in this way. 9. The king and his advisers now tried another way to get money from the Americans. They made a law that every piece of paper on which bargains or agreements of any kind were written, should have fastened to it a little piece of blue paper, on which were stamped certain Avords. It was decreed that all bargains or agreements, written upon paper without this, should be good for nothing. Qctesttovg. — 5. "What did the Plasters know and do? 6. What can yon say of a young kinfr? T. What can you tell aliont taxing the Americans? 8. What did the king do? and how did the Americans feel and act ' 0. How did the king and his friends try to get moiioy from the Americans? no THE REVOLUTION. Tbp P'riinp Af-t. Patrick Henry and his eloquence. 1 0. Those bits of blue paper were called hnnps, and were furnished by the king ami his advisers, only, for which they lurged certain prices. It was thought I iiat, in this way, money could be got from e Americans, because they would have t'l buy paper with these stamps on, or else I il bMlLLLNCi ' '^^^ none that was good. This law was V' ', \ '■ ■ ' I .ailed The Stamp Act. ' " 11. The Americans were very indignant because of this attempt to get their money. In Virginia, a great Patriot, named Patrick Henry, boldly advised the people to write bargains on whatever paper they pleased, and pay no attention to the Stamp Act. PATHICi: Iir.XTlT IN THE VIBGINIA ASSEMULT. 12. Henry charmed every body by his manner of speaking. "Wlien, in the Virginia Legislature, he boldly defied the king and his government, and in speaking of the danger a monarch was in OtTFSTioxe.— 10. AVImt ran you tell of stamps and the Stamp Act? 11, H. What can you tell about Patrick Henry? PRELIMINARY EVENTS. Ill The Stamp Act Congress. Sons of Liberty. Repeal of Stamp Act. who oppressed his people, he had said, " Caesar had his Brutus, Charles the First his Cromwell, and George the Third" — he was interrupted by persons who cried, " Treason ! Treason !" Henry finished by saying — "may profit by their example; if .that be treason, make the most of it." 13. All over the country the people were very much excited. The ministers in their pulpits, speakers at public meetings, and the newspapers spoke against the Stamp Act. At length men were appointed in several colonies to meet in New York in the Autumn of 1765, to talk the matter over, and advise the people what to do. 14. This meeting was called the Stamp Act Congress. Very wise men were there ; and they wrote excellent letters to the king, and to the English Parliament or Legislature, asking both to be just toward the Americans. They also wrote what they called a Declaration of Rights, or a statement of what privileges they were entitled to under the constitution and laws of England and their own charters. 15. After that, the people resolved to have nothing to do with the stamps. Men who had agreed to sell them were insulted everywhere. Many persons formed societies, and called them- selves So)is of Libert//. Merchants agreed not to buy any more goods in England, while that act was a law ; and the women spun W'Ool and flax, and made cloth for their brothers and husbands to wear, rather than have them buy it in England. 10. The king and his ministers soon saw that they had made a serious mistake. The great William Pitt, of whom I have told you [page 101], was in Parliament, and advised the repeal of the Stamp Act ; that is its being done away with. His advice was taken. The Act was repealed in the spring of 1 766, and there were great rejoicings in England and America. 17. Tbc advisers of the king not knowing how to obtain as much money as they wanted, determined to try some other way to get it from the Americans, So they induced Parliament (for Questions.— 13. What can you tell of the excitement of the people ? 14 What can yon tell of the Stamp Act Concress? 15. "Wliat did the American men and women do? IG. What was done in England ? 112 THE REVOLUTION. The Americans and taxation. Entrance of Gage into Boston. only Parliament coukl do it) to decree that the Americans should pay to the king's officers so much money whenever they bought any tea, paper, glass, painters' colors, etc., brought in ships. 18. Knowing that the Americans would object to this, they sent soldiers over here to compel the people to pay the money. This made the Americans very angry. They could not bear the thought of being enslaved by soldiers ; and, in every colony, the Legislature took the matter in hand. In the year 1768, almost every Colonial Assembly had declared that Parliament had no right to tax the Americans, unless Americans were allowed to bo- come members of Parliament. Their opinion was, that TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION IS TYRANNY. 19. But the king, his advisers, and -Parliament, did not mind what the Americans said. They sent officers over to collect the duties or tax, and threatened to send more soldiers, if the Amer- icans did not become quiet, and pay the money without saying a word against it. 20. Those proud men in England did not know what bold, and wise, and good men they were dealing wifli, or they would never have acted so foolishly and wickedly. The tax-gatherers came, but they were treated with contempt. In Boston they were insulted, driven from their houses, and compelled to take shelter in a fort in the haibor. 21. General Gage, who, you remember [verse 63, page 106], was made governor at Montreal, was then in Halifax with an army. He went to Boston, with many soldiers, to compel the people to pay the duties or tax. It was a quiet Sabbath morn- ing in Si'ptember, 1768, when he marched into the town, with flags flying and drums beating, as if it had been a conquered city. But the people, strong in the right, felt no dismay. 22. The colonial governors became more proud, insolent, and overbearing, when they saw the determination of the English Q1TE8T10N8. — IT. 'Wliat else was dono to fret mnney from the Americans? IS. What was do u! to force tho .\mpricans to pay money ? Wliat did the Assemblies do? 10. What di'l the king and Parli.iment do ? TO. W'hat then happened, and why ? 21. Wliat can you Il'II about Gates's arrival in Boston? . PRELIMINARY EVEiITS. 113 Boldness of the Boston boys. Their demand for redress. The soldiers and citizens. government to force the Americans into obedience. They treated them as rebels, and in every way the Americans were irritated beyond endurance. Yet they acted manly and re- spectful, while they were firm and unyielding. 23. Even the children partook of the boldness of their fathers and mothers. On one occasion, in Boston, the soldiers had beaten down some snow-hills which the boys had raised. This had been done before, and the lads determined not to endure it longer. The larger boys held a meeting, and several of them were appointed to see General Gage about it. 24. When the boys entered Gage's room, he asked why so many children had called upon him. " We come, sir," said the tallest boy, " to demand satisfaction." " What !" said the gen- eral, " have your fathers been teaching you rebellion, and sent you to exhibit it here ?" " Nobody sent us, sir," replied the boy, while his eyes flashed, and his cheeks reddened, at being accused of rebellion. 25. The lad then told Gage how" the soldiers had broken down their snow-hills, and how, when they complained, they were called young rebels. " Yesterday," he continued, " our works were destroyed the third time, and we will bear it no longer." The general's heart was touched by the noble courage of the boy. " The very children here," he said to an officer at his side, " draw in a love of liberty with the air they breathe." He then assured the boys that their snow-hills should not be touched again. 2G. The soldiers in New York and Boston became very insol- ent, and they and the citizens frequently quarreled. In the latter city, on the 5th of March, 17*70, a quarrel took place, and that evening there was a riot. Three citizens were killed, and four were dangerously wounded, by the soldiers. 27. The excitement was very great. All the bells of the city were rung , and no doubt there would have been a great deal of bloodshed, if the governor had not promised justice to the people. Questions. — '^2. How did the frovernors act ? 23, 24. What did soldiers do to Bosfon hoys? 24, ?5. What cin you tell about hrave Boston boys ? C6. What sad event hap- pened i-i Boston ? C7. What then was done ? b 114 THE REVOLUTION. The tax upon tea. The Regulators in North Carolina. They demanded the instant removal of the troops from Boston. This was done, and quiet was restored. The " Boston Massacre," as it was called, was long reincinbered. 28. The advisers of the king, seeing how much trouble there was in America, concluded to take the tax oft' of every thing, except tea. This was continued, because they wished to assert the riyht of Parliament to tax the Americans. 29. But the Americans would not be satisfied so long as a single tax remained without their consent. It was not the amount of the tax that they cared for, but they denied the riffht to tax them at all. Seeing that the Americans were firm, and would not buy goods in England, to the great hurt of the merchants there, the ministers tried to put the tax upon tea, in another shape, as I shall explain presently. But it would not do. " No taxes, without our consent," said the Americans. 30. In North Carolina the home taxes were very heavy, and the people joined in the arrangement of measures to regulate aftairs. These associations were in the back settlements, and the members were called Regulators. 31. The governor, finding his officers could not collect the taxes there, marched to these districts himself, with a body of soldiers. The Regulators now prepared to meet him, and in May, 1771, they had quite a battle near the Allamance creek. The Regulators were defeated, and several leaders were hanged. From that time the people hated the rule of the king and his p-overnors. 32. A year later, the people of Rhode Island showed their defiance, by burning a vessel belonging to the king, which was in Narraganset Bay, to enforce the collection of taxes. On a starry night in June, 1772, Captain Whipple and more than sixty men, went in a boat and set the vessel on fire. Three years afterward, the Captain of a British vessel wrote to the leader — " You, Abraham Whipple, on the l7th of June, 1772, - » QnrsTiONS — '^'5. Whnt dnn'ro in taxing was made? 29. IIow did the Amerioans fcol about it, and act? ".0. What can ynn toll abnut the Rppilators in North C'.nrolin.i 'i SI. What can you tell about a battle there? 3;'. What occurred in Ni.rrn2an£et Bay in 177- ? What three years aftcr'.vard. PRELIMINARY EVENTS. 115 ' Captain Whipple and the Gaspfe. A new scheme. Destruction of tea in Boston harbor. burned liis majesty's vessel, the Gaspe, and I will hang you at the yard-arm. James Wallace." AVhipple immediately replied : " To Sir James Wallace : " Sir, — Always catch a raa,n before you hang him. " Abraham Whipple." Whipple was neither caught nor hanged. 33. The English merchants complained because the Amer- icans would not buy goods of them while there was a tax upon tea. So the king's advisers thought to please the Americans by making an arrangement with the East India Company, that brought all the tea from China, to sell it at a less price to the Americans. The tax, also, was made very small. 34. Now, thought Lord North (the chief minister) and the East India Company, all will be well ; and ship after ship was filled with tea and sent to America. But all was not well. There was yet a tax upon tea, though ever so small,' and the Americans would not yield an inch. 35. The ships arrived, but nowhere was the tea allowed to be sold. In most places it was not permitted even to be landed. In Boston the people had resolved beforehand what to do, when any tea ships should arrive. The captains were to be ordered to leave the harbor at once, and if they refused, their cargoes were to be destroyed. 36. Two ships came to a Boston wharf in cold December, 1773, and would not leave. The people held a great meeting in Faneuil Hall ; and at dusk, a large number of men, dressed like Indians, went on board the vessels. broke open every chest of tea, and cast the contents into the water. So, as fakeujx hau,. QuKSTioNS.— 33. What can you toll about English merchants and the king's alvisers ? 34. What can yon tell about t a sent to America? "5. What can you tcU about the tea that came ? 36. What happened in Boston aad its harbor ? 116 THE REVOLUTION. Punishment of the Boston people. Preparations for war. Samuel Adams. they said at the time, " Boston harbor was made a great tea- pot !" 37. When news of this event reached England, the king, his advisers, and the Parliament, were very angry, and they resolved to punish the people of Boston by prohibiting vessels from leaving or entering that harbor. 38. On the 1st of June, 1774, General Gage came to Boston as Governor of Massachusetts, and troops were ordered there to carry out the measures for punishing the people. Of course, all business was stopped, and the inhabitants suftered very nmch. But the patriots all over the country sent them food and other necessaries, and a considerable amount of money was sent to them from London. So they managed to get along, though it was hard work, I assure you. 39. The patriots of Massachusetts were not discouraged, even in the midst of their sutFerings. They knew themselves to be right, and remembered that " Thrice armed is he who has his quarrel just." They relied upon God for guidance and aid, and they found that reliance to be not in vain. 40. It was now perceived by the patriots all over the land, that war was probable, and they prepared their minds for it. Certain men, called Committees of Correspondence, were chosen in each colonv, to give and receive information. Those of Massachusetts seemed to be the most active of all, for persecution gave them strength. 41. Among these, no one was more active than Samuel Adams, who, from the beginning, had been one of the firmest opposers of the king and his advisers. At his suggestion, the patriots of Massachusetts met in council, and sent forth an invit- ation to all the colonies, to choose men to meet in a general Congress, and consult upon what was best to be done. QlTESTioN's.— ?.T. How did the kincr and his friends feel and act? 38. Wliat can vf>u toll of Gage, and the punishment of the Bostn-i people? HO. Wliat can you say of thft MaBsachusetts patrinfK? 40. What can you tell about Committees of Correspondence ? •^1. What can you tell ahout Samuel Adams and other Massachusetts patriots? PRELIMINARY EVENTS. 117 First Continental Congress. The first union. Proceedings of Congress. The IIIIIIIIMIJJI JJJIIIJIIIIIIHW- T UNITE OR PIE. SNAKE Dr.vicn. 42. The idea of Union now filled all minds and honrts. newspapers were also filled with it ; and some of them had at their head the rep- resentation of a snake in parts, each part representing a separate colony. Under- neath it were the words, Unite, or Die — that is, the colonies must form a Union, or become slaves. 43. The whole country was much excited during the summer ; and be- fore August, delegates for the Congress were appointed in all the colonies but Georgia. These met in Carpenters' Hall, Pliiladelphia, on the 5th of Sep- tember, 1774. That assembly is known as the First Continental Con- gress. 44. Peyton Eandolph, a great pa- triot of Virginia, was chosen President of the Continental Con- gress, and Charles Thomson of Pennsylvania was appointed Secre- tary. Then it was that a union of the colonies was really commenced, and the first grand step was taken toward forming our noble Republic, The United States of America. 45. That Congress continued fifty days. The members showed so much wisdom and firmness, that the greatest men of Europe were astonished. When they separated, they agreed to meet again on the 10th of the next May, unless, in the mean while, the king and his advisers and the Parliament, should treat the Amer- icans justlv, when there would be no necessity for such meeting. 46. But the king and Parliament were not just to the Amer- icans; and before the 10th of the next May, British troops and armed patriots had commenced The Revolution — the old AVar for Independence. Of this I shall now tell yon. CAEPENTEES HALL. Questions. — i". What can you tell about the union of the people ? 43. Wliat can you tell about the First Continent:il ConCTess ? 44. What can you tell about the meeting of the Congi-ess ? 45. What did the Congress do? 40. Wnat can yon say of the king and Parliament ? 118 THE REVOLUTION. Continued preparations for war. Alarm of General Gage. Gathering of the Patriots. SECTION II. FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [iTVo.] 1. England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland, formed one king- doni, called Great Britain. Hereafter, I shall say Great Britain instead oi Enrjland, and the British instead of the English, Do not forget tliis. 2. During the summer of 17*74, the Americans made prepara- tions for war, for they saw no disposition in the king and rarlia- ment to be just. They made guns and gunpowder, practiced military movements, and formed themselves into companies to bo ready for battle at a minute's warning. On this account they were called Minute-men. 3. General Gage became alarmed. He was afraid the people of Massachusetts would attack him and his troops, so he built a strong wall of wood, and stone, and earth, across what is called Boston Neck, and placed cannons there, to keep the patriots away. 4. Early in September the news went abroad that the British were firing cannon-balls upon Boston, from their ships. The Minute-men, from every direction, started for Boston, and within two days full thirty thousand of them were on their Avay. Ths story was not true ; but General Gage was made to see how dan- gerous it would be to provoke the people. 5. The patriots felt their strength, and paying no attention to what Gage said, ninety of them met at Salem, formed what they called a Provincial Congress, and taking all matters of govern- ment into their own hands, they prepared for war in earnest. This was the first really independent government ever formed in AuK'rica. C. When the king and his advisers hoard of these things, they Qnr8Tir.-;8.— 1. What conntrios formed Great Rri^ain ? ?. What did t'.ie Aiiierica''/t ",? V ,,'. ' ■''• '^^'"'' '^''^ Goner.il Gige do? 4. What cm you tell about the (ratherin," ot till' Minutc-nicn ? 5. What can j-o>i tell about an independent government? FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR. 119 Britisli troops in Boston. Conflicts at Lexington and Concord. The effect. were at their wits' ends. Dr. Franklin was then in London, and he begged them to treat the Americans well. Good men in Parliament did the same, but they would not listen. They went rio-ht on doinff more and more to make the Americans dislike them. v. When the trees budded, in the spring of 1775, there were three thousand British troops in Boston, sent there to frighten the Americans. Yet they were not frightened. They saw that they must fight for freedom, or be slaves, and they resolved to defy the fleets and armies of Great Britain. 8. With all these soldiers, Gage felt strong. Hearing that the patriots were collecting powder and balls, muskets and provisions, at the village of Concord, he sent a party of soldiers, on the night of the 18th of April, to seize them and carry them to Boston. 9. These troops reached Lexington at daylight. A good many Minute-men were watching for them there. A sharp fight took place, and eight of the patriots were killed, and the rest driven away. This was the beginning of the old War for Independence. 10. The British now marched on to Concord to sieze the Stores, and there they had another fight with the patriots. They soon found that the Minute-men were coming from all quarters, so they turned and fled to Boston as fast as their feet could go. When they got there, they found that two hundred and seventy-three of their number had been killed or wounded. 11. When the news of this bloodshed became generally known, there Avas great excitement among the patriots all over New England and elsewhere. Hundreds of people, armed and un- armed, started for Boston ; and, before the 1st of May, full twenty thousand men were there, building fortifications to keep the British army fi'om coming out of the city. Among them were Putnam, Stark, and other brave soldiers, who had learned the art of fighting in the French aud Indian War. QurSTiONS. — G. "What was done in Encland? 7. What can you tell about British trnops and Amerirans? 8. What did Gage do? 0. Wliat can you tell of a fight at l."xricrton? 10. What of a fight at Concord and flight to Boston? 11. "What hap- pened when these fights were known ? 120 TIIEREVOLUTIOX, Capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point Breed's Hill fortified. 12. In other parts of the eountry the Sons of Lihcrtij took bold steps. They seized powder, cannons, muskets, and other things ; tohl the royal governors to leave the country as soon as possible, and plainly said to the king and Parliament, " Now we are ready to fight for our freedom. Send on your soldiers as soon as you please." 13. At Fort Ticonderoga, the British had a great many can- nons and much powder. Early in May, some Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont people, led by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold, went across Lake Champlain one night, and just at daylight rushed into that fort, in spito of the sentinels. 14. Ethan Allen was a rough, but very brave man. He called to the British commander, who was in bed, to give up the fort. The commander came to the door, and said, " By what authority do you demand it?" "By that of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress !" shouted Allen. The commander thought the authority sufficient, and gave up the fort. Crown Point was taken two or three days afterward, and the cannons from Ticonderoga were conveyed to Boston, and used against the British. 15. Toward the close of May, several war-vessels came from England with troops and those famous soldiers. Generals Howe, Clinton and Burgoyne, of whom you will hear a great deal. There were then twelve thousand British troops in Boston, and many large war-ships were in the harbor. 16. Feeling very strong. Gage now determined to march out and attack the xVmericans. The patriots determined that he should not; and on a warm and starry night in June, a thousand of them, under the great patriot, Colonel Prescott, marched silently over Cliarlestown Neck, to build a redoubt, or sort of fort, on Bunker's Hill, so as to fire cannon-balls directly into Boston. By mistake, in the dark, they fortified Breed's Hill. 17. The British, in Boston, vns^a very much alarmed when they saw this redoubt, nlmost finislu-d, at dawn of the iTth of June. OnEBTiONB.— 19. What (lid thopeojilR do? in. What can you tell about Ticonderoga 8"(1 Crown Point? 15. Who mid what now cinic from England? 10. What can you tfcU ubouj Americans on Breed's Ilill ? FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR. 121 Battlo of Bunker's Hill. Death of Warren. They had cannons upon Copp's Hill in Boston, and these, with others in the ships, commenced firing upon the Americans. But the Americans were not harmed. 18. At noon, General Howe, with three thousand British soldiers, crossed over in boats and attacked the redoubt. The Americans had no cannons, but with their muskets they killed a great many of the British, and compelled them to fall back twice. In the mean while, Charlestown, at the foot of the hill, had been set on fire, and the whole scene was terrible. 19. At last the Americans had used up all their powder. The British had plenty, and rushing up, they drove the patriots from the redoubt. Gen- eral Putnam was on Bunker's Hill with troops, but could not get them formed in i'l'' |,^^X«3rfiiP^'k time ; so the Americans were completely driven away. One of their best men, and greatest patriots. Gen. Warren, was killed. 20. In this battle the Americans lost in killed, wounded, and prisoners, about four hundred and fifty men. The British lost about eleven hundred. This conflict, though on Breed's Hill, is called the battle of Bunker's Hill ; and the tall obelisk of granite, 220 feet in height, that stands where the redoubt was, is called the Banker's Hill Monument. 21. While these things were taking place in New England, the patriots in the other colon- ies were just as bold and busy. In Virginia, Patrick Henry, who spoke out so plainly about the Stamp Act, you remember [page 110], JOSEPH WAEI'.EX. isuinkfe's hilt, monl'mext. Qttestionb. — 17. What fl:d the British do? 18. V,niat can you tu'll of a fight and i burning town? 19, 20. What more can you ttll c.f the bnttlo of Bunker's Hill? -1. What was din" in other colo-.ios? 122 THE REVOLUTION. Boldness of Patrick Henry. The Second Contineatal Congress. Washington. talked still more plainly now ; and he finished a speech in Richmond with these noble words, Give me Liberty or givk ME Death ! 22. Soon after this, llcnry marched at the head of a band of Minute-men, and compelled Governor Dunmore, at Williamsburg, to give up some powder he had seized, Avhich belonged to the people. And before the battle of Bunker's Hill, the patriots had driven the royal governor on board of a British war-ship, and he dared not come back. 23. In the back country of North Carolina, the patriots had also been bold and busy. They came together in May, and de- clared themselves free and independent of British rule. In New York, South Carolina, and Georgia, they seized powder and guns, drove away the royal governors, and declared themselves ready to fight for freedom. 24. While the people were thus excited, the Second Conti- nental Congress met at Philadelphia. The wise men and great Patriots collected there, said to the king — "Be just, and wc will lay down our arms, and be your best friends. But know, O king, that we have counted the cost of war, and find nothing so dreadful as slavery. Be just, or we will fight your fleets and armies until we become a free people." 25. The Congress did not wait for the king's answer, but wisely prepared for war. They appointed George ^^'ashington, the brave soldier who was with Braddock, twenty years before [page 96], to be the commander-in-chief of the continental armies, with several great I'atriots as his chief assistants. 2(3. Washington went immediately to Cambridge, near Boston, and there, under the shadow of a fine elm-tree, yet standing, he took the command of the army on the 3d of July. That army w'as made up of all sorts of people, with all sorts of dresses, and all sorts of weapons. Washington began at once to put them in g'^o 1 ooTulition ; and all that summer and autumn, and the next Questions. — 12. AVli-it can yon tell about Patrick TTenry ? TS. "Whatdirl the ratriofg do olsewliere? 94. What p:\t you say aliout th(^ Secn-id CM'itiionhi'. (;\e Valuetherco/ inGoLD OrJILVER dtrordilij-to aRtsoluticn of COV GRESS KuUMat Phi. ' lidelphia NevZ-iy/G- ^m^^m^ ^ E >^ a HI A ;;iLi. OF cnoi'iT, ou continkntal jioni.v. of paper money similar to our bank bills, but printed on coarse paper, and very rough in appearance. 2. These bills the people used freely, expecting to get gold and silver for them after the war. But they did not. Congress issued cart-loads of them. They answered the purpose for the time, but the people lost a great deal by them, for before the war was ended they became worthless. 3. The Conjrress also ordered some war-vessels to be built ; and they c;ave ])rivate persons permission to arm vessels and take QursTiONS— 1,2. What can yon tell about Continental monvy? 3. What di.l Con- gress do? and what can you tell about irivateers? SECOND YEAR OF THE WAR. 127 British preparations for war. Expulsion of the British from Boston. any Britisli ships tliey miglit find. These were called Privateers, and soon there were a great many of them on the ocean. 4. Great Britain also made large preparations foi- war against the Patriots. Besides mustering thousands of soldiei's and pre- paring a great many war-vessels, for tbe purpose, seventeen thou- sand German soldiers, called Hessians, were hired and sent over to help make the Americans slaves. How wicked and cruel this was ! 5. When Washington heard of these preparations, he resolved to do his best to drive the British from Boston immediately. He then had fourteen thousand soldiers. He fired many cannon- balls upon the city from time to time ; and finally, on the even- ing of the 4th of Marcb, 177G, he sent a strong party to build embankments for cannons on Dorchester Heights, now in South Boston. 6. When the British saw this at daylight, they were alarmed, and Howe ordered troops to go and drive the Americans away. A storm prevented their going. So the Americans completed their works, and the British now saw plainly that the sooner tliey left Boston the better it would be for them. 7. Howe sent word to Washington, that if he would let him and his troops leave Boston quietly, in his ships, he would do so. Washington consented; and on Sunday, the l7th of March, 1776, the British and a great many Tories, left Boston forever. The American army then took possession of it, to the great joy of the people, and its harbor was opened for business. 8. Before this, a great British soldier, Sir Henry Clinton, left Boston with troops, in ships. Washington thought he might be going to attack New York, so he sent a brave oflScer, General Charles Lee, to raise troops in Connecticut and go to that city. 9. Clinton heard of this some Avay, and thought it best not to go into New York harbor. He sailed southward to attack Charleston, and Lee went on by land to watch his movements. Questions. — 4. What preparations did Great Britain make? 5. Wliat can yon tell about Washington at Boston? 6. What did the Brili-h perceive and do? 7. Wht can yon tell about the British leivi-iK Boston ? 8, 9. What can you tell about (Jli.itoa a.;d Let ? 128 THE REVOLUTION. Events in Charleston harbor. Bravery of Jasper. The battle and its results. 10. When Howe sailed from Boston, Washington thought that he, too, miglit be going to attack New York. He left troops enough to keep Howe from coming back, and then went to New York himself with quite a large army, and built forts there and on the Hudson river. 11. Clinton was joined on the coast of North Carolina by sev- eral battle-ships, commanded by a great sea-warrior named Park- er, and early in June they all reached Charleston harbor. The Patriots there were prepared for them, and General Lee arrived soon afterward 12. Within that harbor is an island, on which the Patriots had a fort nearly completed. Five hun- dred sokliers, under Colonel Moultrie, and many cannons, were placed in it, when they saw the British fleet com- ing. While Clinton and his men were trying in vain to reach the fort by land, several of the battle-ships came in and fairly rained heavy iron cannon-balls upon it. 13. These balls did little harm, for the fort was made of soft palmeto logs. One of the balls cut down the staff on which the patriot flag was fastened. The flag fell outside of the fort. A brave young man, named Jasper, climbed down in the midst of the flying cannon-balls, picked up the flag, fastened it upon the ramrod of a cannon, and then placed it on the fort in such a way that it kept flying during the whole battle ! 14. This fight lasted almost ten hours. The patriots fired can- non-balls from the fort upon the British ships, so fast and continual, that they were half cut in pieces, and more than two hundred of the people in them were killed or wounded. The ships were dreadfully shattered and their sails torn. They got away from the fort as quickly as possible. The troops went on board the Questions.— 10. What did Washington do? 11. W'hat was done on the Carolina coistB? l-\ W'hnf cMn yoii tell of n fort near Charleston? 1^. Whit cm you ttl". of ii br.ive yo.mg soldier there' 14. W'hit c.-.n you tell about the bat'.lo ? COLON. L MOULTSrE. SECOND YEAR OP THE "WAR. 129 Desires for Independence. Action of Congress. Declaration of Independence. best vessels, and all sailed away, sorry enough that they ever went there. 15. The Americans now felt certain that the British would never be just toward them, and that there was no use in trying to be friends with the king and Parliament. So they thought much of being a free and independent people, without a king, and at liberty to choose their own rulers. First the Patriots in one colony, and then those in another, met together, and talked it over ; and finally the Continental Congress took the matter into consideration. IG. In June, 1776, Richard Henry Lee, a great Patriot of Vir- ginia, arose in Congress and declared that the United Colonies were, and ought to be, free and independent states, and then asked other members to think about it, and talk it over. They did so for almost a month, and on the 2d of July Congress agreed to it. Con- gress then held its meetings in the State House, Philadelphia, and 6TATK HOUSE. John Hancock was president. 17. Five great Patriots, named Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston, had written a long paper, giving reasons w'hy the Americans ought to be free ; and this, with the words of Richard Henry Lee, is called The Declaration of Independence. 18. This Declaration Avas agreed to on the Fourth of July, 1776. So, every year, on that day, at sunrise and sunset, we ring the bells and fire the guns ; and at noon the soldiers are out with their flags flying, and drums beating. The boys, full of glee, let off crackers from morning till night, and in the evening splendid fire-works are shown, to the delight of every body. This is as it should be, for that was the birth-day of the United States of America. Questions. — If). "What did the Anipricnns now feel and do? 16. What was done in Congress? 17. What can you tell of a Committee of Congress? 18. What more can you say about the Declaration of Independence? 9 ISO THB REVOLUTION, Destruction of the King's statue. Battle near Brooklyn. Escape of the Americans. 19. I would like to tell you more about the Declaration of Independence, but I have not time. Yet one thing more 1 wiil tell you. In the city of New York was a fine statue, or figure, of the kinij on horseback. It was made of load, and covered with gilding-. AVhon the people and soldiers there heard of the r>oolaration of Independence, they pulled down that leaden statue, and made bullets of it, with which they fought the British. 20. At about the time of the Declaration of Independence, General Ilowe came in ships with many troops, and landed on Staten Island, near New York. A month afterward. Sir Henry Clinton came there from the South, with many more troops ; and two or three weeks later, a large number of the hired Hessians came and landed there. 21. Washington was in New York with the American army. He sent a large number of them over to Brooklyn, to build ^ fort and oppose the British, for he believed that they would come to the attack of New York by that way. And so they did. They crossed the Narrows between Long and Staten Islands, marched up, and near Brooklyn they had a severe battle with the Amer- icans. Many of the Patriots were killed and made prisoners, and the British were the victors. 22. The Americans called their strong work at Brooklyn, Fort Putnam. In and near that the remainder of their army wore col- lected, while the British prepared to attack them again. Early on the third morning after the battle (the 30th of August), they all escaped across the East river in boats, under cover of a heavy io'j,, much to the astonishment and mortification of the British. AVhon the fog rolled away, and the sunlight burst upon Brook- lyn and New York, the last boat-load of Patriots had reached the city shore. - 23. The Americans were not allowed to remain much longer in New York. Washington saw that the British army was a great deal stronger than his, and that Howe Mas preparing to Questions. — 10. Wlint can yon tell nbont n stntuc of Kinjj Goorso? 20. What or- rnrred on Stnten Island ? ?l."\Vhat did thp Americans and the British do? '.'■.'. VVlia' cin you tell about the escape of the Aiupricnns? SECOND YEAR OF THE WAR. 131 Battle at White Plains. Capture of Fort Washington. Prisons and prison-sbipE. cross over and attack his troops. So he prudently left the city, marched to the lofty ground on the Hudson, where Fort Wash- ington had been built, and there formed a strong camp on what was called Harlem Heights. 24. Howe tried to drive the Americans from this position, but could not. Then he resolved to get in their rear, and went up the East river to Westchester county, with a large number of troops, where he was joined by some fresh Hessians. Washing- ton was wide awake, and went into Westchester, too, when both armies marched up the river Bronx to White Plains, watching each other. 25. The two armies had a pretty severe battle at White Plains on the 28th of October. The Americans were defeated, and fled to the hills of North Castle. A few days afterward, Washington crossed the Hudson river with most of his army, and joined General Greene at Fort Lee, on the Jersey shore, nearly opposite Fort Washington. 26. Less than a fortnight afterward, many Hessians, and some English soldiers, attacked Fort Washington. They took posses- sion of it, after losing a thousand men, and then made more than two thousand Americans prisoners. These, with others, were confined in the loathsome prisons and prison-ships at New York. The most famous of these prison-ships was the Jerseij, in which thou- sands of Americans died. 27. Two days after the capture of Fort Washing- ton, Lord Cornwallis (a great English soldier), with six thousand troops, crossed the Hud- son, drove Washington and his army from Fort Lee, and for three weeks chased them across New Jersey to the Delaware river at Trenton. TIU; JLESr.Y PSISON-BIIIP. QuKSTiONB. — 23. What can you tell about the Americans leaving Xe\r York? ''4. What can you tell about events in Westchester county? 25. What can vou tell of a batUe at White Plains? 26. W^hat can you tell of a battle at Fort Washinston, and of prisoners? 27. What occurred in New Jersey? 13f^ THE REVOLUTION. The AmericanB on the Delaware. Victory at Trcnto.i. 28. The American soldiers were then not more than three thousand in number, and these were wretchedly clad, and half- starved. They crossed the icy Delaware on the 8th of Decem- ber, and sat down, almost in despair, upon the Pennsylvania shore. 29. But the mind of "Washington was full of hope, because he knew that he was engaged in a right cause, and fully believed that God would help the Americans. The Congress, sitting at Philadelphia, knew that the British might easily cross the Delaware, and come and take that city. ITiey were much alarmed, and fled to Baltimore, leaving Washington to do just as he pleased. 30. The British did not cross the Delaware, but fonned small camps near it. The Hessians were encamped at Trenton, and Washington resolved to attack them. Christmas was approach- ing. The Germans always make that a holiday, and Washington very wisely concluded that, after drinking and sporting all day, they would sleep very soundly that night. 31. So, on Christmas night, in the midst of a storm of hail and rain, Washington, with more than two thousand men, and several cannons, crossed the river among the floating ice, eight miles above Trenton, but not in time to reach that town before daylight. The Americans marched in two divisions. One was led by Washington, and the other by General Sullivan. The Hessians were greatly surprised. Their commander was killed, several of his soldiers were slain and wounded, and more than a thousand were made prisoners, and taken to the Pennsylvania shore the same day. 32. This was indeed a brilliant affair. There was great le- joicing among the Patriots all over the country ; and the Con- gress told Washington that he might do just what he liked, for six months. The British were very much astonished and friglit- ened at the boldness of the Americans ; and many true Patriots, QtTKSTiONs. — 58. What can you say about the American soldiers? 20. What can yon say about Washington and Conprress? .W. What cjin you tell about the Hessians at Trenton? 31. What can you tell about crosRinp; the Delaware, and battle at Trenton.' 32. ^Vhat was the effect of the battla at Trenton ? THIRD YEAR OF THE WaH. 13?{ Proceedings of Parliament and Congress. Mission to France. who felt afraid when Washington was chased across New Jersey, now came forward and joined his army, 33. Washington now determined to drive the British out of Now Jersey. He crossed the Delaware again, with the whole of his little army, and formed a camp at Trenton. The British and Hessians joined, and formed a camp at Princeton, only ten miles off. Such was the situation of the two armies at the close of 1776. SECTION IV. THIRD YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [1777.] 1. The British Parliament acted very strangely. They seemed to think that the Americans were nobodies, and that they might kick and cuff them as they pleased. They appeared not to know how bravely the Patriots had acted against almost thirty thou- sand choice British troops and fierce Hessians ; and no doubt they thought that the whole flurry, as they called it, would soon be over. They refused to do justice to the Americans, and pre- pared to send more soldiers over to fight them. 2. The Continental Congress, on the contrary, acted wisely and promptly. They knew how the French hated the English, so they sent Silas Deane to France, to ask the French king to help the Americans against his old enemy. King Louis was glad of the opportunity, and promised great things. Then, after the Declaration of Independence was over, Congress appointed Silas Deane, Dr. Franklin, and Arthur Lee, to be ministers or agents for the Americans, in France. 3. The Congress had, long before, perceived the necessity for laws to bind all of the colonists together. In 1775, Dr. Franklin wrote such laws, and others did so afterward. Pretty early in Questions. — 03. What did the two armies do? 1. How did the British Parliament think and act? '2. What did Congress do? 3. AVhat can you tell about Articles of Coii- f jderation ? 134 THE REVOLUTION. Articles of Confederation. The armies at Trenton. Battle at Princeton. 1777 these were agreed to. They were called Articles of Confederation, or solemn agreements between the different colonies to act as one State, in many things. These lasted ten years. I will tell you by-and-by Avliat was then done. 4. AVe will now see what the Amer- ican and British armies near the Del- DB. FBANKLiN. awaTc wcrc doing. Washington had five thousand soldiers at Trenton on New Year's day. On the 2d of January, Cornwallis came from Princeton with a groat many troops to attack them. He arrived at evening, and con- cluded to wait until the next morning, when he thought it Avould be very easy for him to conquer the Patriots. 5. The Americans were in great peril, and hardly knew what to do. Cornwallis was very strong, the ground was so soft that the cannons could not be dragged away, and they could not get across the Delaware. Toward midnight the wind blew cold, and the ground was frozen, Washington then left some men to keep his camp-fires burning, and, with his whole army and can- nons, he marched oft' to Princeton before daylight. 6. Cornwallis was astonished and mortified, when he found Washington had escaped. Just then he thought he heard the rumbling of thunder in the direction of Princeton. He listened, when one of his officers said, " Thunder, on a clear morning in mid-winter! No, no; to arms, general ! Washington has out- generaled us, and is attacking our troops at Princeton. You hear his cannon. Let ns flv to the rescue !" 7. He was right. Just at sunrise, on that keen frosty morn- ing, the Americans attacked a large party of British soldiers at Princeton, and, after a severe battle, became victors. But they lost General Mercer, one of the bravest and best Patriots in the army. He was wounded, taken to a house near by, and there died a few davs afterward. Questions. — i. What occurred at Trenton ? 5. Wliat rtirl the Americans do ? C. AViiat can you tell about Cannvallis ? 7. What can you ttU of a battle at Princeton .' THIRD YEAR OF THE WAR. 135 British driven from New Jersey. Marauding expeditions. 8. Cornwallis had hastened to Princeton, but when he arrived not a patriot soldier was there. Washington had led them on to a resting-place many miles distant, and then they all en- camped among the hills of East Jersey, at Morristown, until spring. 9. From Morristown, Washington sent out parties to attack the British and armed Tories, and finally drove them out of New Jersey, except at two places. Then Congress returned to Phila- delphia ; and every body now began to think that the Americans would surely drive all the British and Hessians back to Europe. 10. It was almost June before the two armies commenced the summer campaign in earnest. Tlie most of the British were in New York and neighborhood ; and General Howe sent out strong parties of soldiers to do mischief to the Americans, in New Jer- sey, on the Hudson river, and in Connecticut. 11. One of the meanest of these expeditions was under General Tryon, who had been Governor of New York. He went up Long Island Sound with British and Tory soldiers, landed be- tween the villages of Norfolk and Fairfield, and, marching into the country, he burned Danbury. He also treated the innocent in- habitants very cruelly. 12. The Patriots of Connecticut soon gathered, under those brave soldiers, Arnold, Wooster and Silliman, and drove the in- vaders back to their ships, after a sharp battle at Ridgefield. There General Wooster was killed. Tryon lost altogether about three hundred men before he escaped to his vessels. 13. The Americans concluded that they could play at this game, too. So toward the close of May, a party under Colonel i^Jeigs crossed Long Island Sound to Sag Harbor, burned a dozen British vessels there, also the store-houses and their contents, and carried off" ninety prisoners, without losing one of their own men. 14. The British held possession of Rhode Island for several months. Prescott, then commanding general, was a tyrant, and QtrESTtONS. — 8. What followed? 9. What did Washington and Congress do? 10. What can you say about the summer campaign? what was first done? 11. What car. you tell of Tryon's expedition? I'i. What can you tell of Connecticut Patriots? IH. What did the Americans do ? 136 THE REVOLUTION, Washington's perplexity. March to Philadelphia. Burgoyne in the North. treated the people very badly. One night in July, Colonel Bar- ton of Providence, and some others, went across Narraganset Bay unseen, and carried off Prescott from his quarters, without allow- ing him to dress. These things made the British act a little different, for they saw that the Americans were expert players at their own game. 15. At the close of May, 1177, Washington had almost ten thousand troops with him in New Jersey. For a long time he was perplexed to know what the British army was going to do. It had been arranged in England, that the British should take possession of the country on the Hudson river and Lake Cham- plain, and thus separate New England from the other colonies. 16. To accomplish this, a large army, under Burgoyne, assem- bled at St. John's, at the foot of Lake Champlain, in June, and Howe was to send troops up the Hudson. But Howe seemed hardly to know what to do, and his movements perplexed Wash- ington. He went into New Jersey, and tried to draw the Amer- icans into battle. Then he retreated ; and finally, with all of the British troops in New Jersey, he crossed over to Staten Island, and encamped there. 17. In June and July, Burgoyne came up Lake Champlain, a victor, taking Crown Point and Ticonderoga from the Americans, without much trouble, and spreading terror all over the North. At the same time, the British- troops in New York seemed to be preparing to go up the Hudson. All at once, eighteen thousand of them, with Howe at their head, went on board ships commanded by Howe's brother, and sailed southward. 18. W^ashington now saw plainly that Howe was proceeding to capture Phila- delphia. He immediately marched to that GENEBAL LA FAVF.TT". cltv wlth tlic uiaiu portioH of the I'atriut army, and thei'e he was first visited by La Fayette, a young and QtTT.STioNB — U. What occurred on Rhode Island? 15. WTiat can you tell ahont t^-o British pI:i'iR* 16. What can you toll of the movements of Rurcovno and ITowo? IT. What further can you tell about British troops? 18. What did Washington perer-ive and do ? THIRD YEAR OF THE WAR. l-'^'' La Fayette. Battle on the Brandywine. The British victorious. brave soldier who had just come from France to fight for the Americans. 19. La Fayette was a noble young man. He had heard how the Americans were striving for freedom, and he was anxious to help them. He had just married a beautiful girl, and his friends tried to keep him at home. But she, generous as he, cheerfully consented to his departure, and he came here full of love for the Americans. He joined the army under Washington. You will hear much more about him. 20. Howe went up the Chesapeake Bay, because the Amer- icans had obstructed the Delaware river. He landed near the head of it, and proceeded toward Philadelphia. Washington was marching to meet him. On the Brandywine creek, several miles above AVilmington, the two armies had a very hard battle, for a whole day, and the British were victorious. 21. In that battle, La Fayette was badly wounded in his leg, and many good and brave men were lost. Full twelve hundred of the Americans were killed, wounded, or made prisoners, and the British loss was about eight hundred. This occurred on the 11th of September. 22. Washington and his thinned troops fled to Philadelphia, followed by the British. The Congress left that city, and met, first, at Lancaster, and then at York, where they remained sev- eral months. Fearing the British might take their provisions and other things at Reading, the Americans soon left Philadel- phia, and marched i% that direction. Then Howe encamped at Germantown, four miles distant, and prepared to make Philadel- phia the residence of his army for the winter. 23. I have told you that the Americans had put obstructions in the Delaware, below Philadelphia, to keep ships from sailing up to that city. Near there, on each side of the river, they had built a fort. These must be taken from the Patriots, or the Brit- ish army at Philadclpia could not get provisions by water. 24. Lord Howe's fleet came up to the obstructions, and two Qtjestioxs. — 19. What can you tell about La Fayette? ?0. What did thp two armies do? 51. What can you tell about the battle oi the Brandywine? 22. What cnn you tnll of the movements of the two armies ? C3. What can you tell about forts on the Delaware ? 138 THE REVOLUTION. Capture of the forts on the Delaware. Battle at Germantown. Burgoyne victorious-. thousand Hessian soldiers attacked Fort Mercer, on the New Jer- sey side. Soon afterward, British soldiers attacked Fort Mifl3in, on the Pennsylvania shore ; and after a brave defense, both had to be given up to Howe's troops. Then the obstructions were removed, and several British ships went up to the city. 25. Toward the close of September, Washington came down the Schuylkill with his whole army, and early on the morning of the 4th of October, fell upon the British at Germantown. They fought several hours, when the Americans were beaten, with a loss about equal to that on the Brandywine. 26. Washington and his army then marched back, and en- camped at White Marsh. Soon afterward the whole British army went into Philadelphia, where they remained all winter. A little later the American army marched to Valley Forge, built huts, and remained there until spring, suffering dreadfully for the Avant of food and clothing. 27. Let us now see what Burgoyne was doing. The Amer- icans at Ticonderoga, under General St. Clair, were too weak to oppose Burgoyne ; so they fled, and he took possession of the fort. A part of Burgoync's army pursued them, overtook them at Hubbardton, in Vermont, and there a hard fight occurred. 28. Here, again, the Americans were beaten. The same even- ing, some of the British armed boats, filled with soldiers, came up Lake Champlain to Skcnesborough (now Whitehall), and de- stroyed a great quantity of provisions belonging to the Amer- icans. 29. General Schuyler was the chief commander of all the American troops in the North. These Avere very few, and most of them were discouraged. Every thing appeared gloomy, wc may be sure ; and the people began to think that Burgoyne would eat his Christmas dinner at Albany, as a victor, which he liad boasted he would do. 30. Schuyler set his soldiers to tearing down the bridges, and felling trees across the roads along which he knew Burgoyne Questions. — 24. What can you tell of battles on the Delaware ? 25. What can yon toll n^iout the buttle nt Crorniantown ? 90. What did the two armies now do? 27. What f'i'l nnrjrovne and his army do? 28. Wh.it battle occurred? and what happened at Kkenesboroiish? 29. What was the state of thinss at the North ? THIRD YEAR OF THE WAR, IJiO Battle of Bennington. Death of Jane McCrea. would come. In this way, lie made the victor's march slow, and enabled himself to go down the Hudson, and collect the people to fight the British. 31. It was the last of July when Burgoyne reached Fort Ed- ward. Then his provisions were nearly gone, and he sent a 23arty of Hessians and other troops to seize some cattle and food belonging to the Americans, which he heard were at Bennington, in Vermont. 32. The people all through that region shouldered their mus- kets, and, led by the brave General Stark, fought the invaders on the 16th of August, and killed, wounded, and made prisoners, a thousand of them. Burgoyne was now worse off than ever, and hardly knew what to do. 33. Here I must tell you a short, sad story. A beautiful young D-irl, named Jane McCrea, lived at Fort Edward, and had a lover in Burgoyne's army. When that army approached Fort Edward, the lover sent two Indians to bring her in safety to the British camp. She was shot near a spring, by the way. Some said she was killed by the Indians, who quarreled about some rum the lover was to give them; and others said she was shot by accident. 34. Burgoyne had offered the Indians so much money for every scalp (the hair and skin of the top of the head) they would bring him ; and the people generally believed that the Indians had killed this beautiful young girl for her scalp, which they car- ried into the camp. O, how angry the people were with Burgoyne for employing the cruel Indians at all ! It made thousands of young men join the American army, to fight, and drive away, such wicked invaders. 35. While Burgoyne was coming toward the Hudson, St. Leger, a British soldier, was marching from Oswego toward the Mohawk Valley, to attack the Americans at Fort Schuyler, then the name of Fort Stanwix, of which I have told you on par 102. He led many Indians under a great chief, named Brant, and a large number of Tories. Questions.— 30. What did Schuyler do? SI. Wh.it can vnu tell about Burgoyne and his army? 32. What can ynu tell of the battle of Bennington? 39, .^4. Tell the story about Jane McCrea ? 35. What can you tell about St. Leger and others ? 140 THE REVOLUTION. JOSEPH BEANT. Scenes in the Mohawk "Valley. Battles near Saratoga. Capture of Burgoync. 36. The people of the Mohawk Val- ley were very much alarmed. A large number of them, led by General Herki- mer, had a fight with the Tories and Indians at Oriskany, when they were beaten, and their brave general was so badly wounded that he died. Then General Arnold, who had been sent to help them, appeared, and St. Leger and his white and red savages fled to Lake Ontario. 37. Burgoync, very much disheart- ened, marched down to Saratoga. Gen- eral Gates was then in chief command of the Patriots at the North, and had a camp at Stillwater, strongly defended by fortifications, built by a brave and generous son of Poland, named Kosci- uszko. 38. The two armies came to battle on the morning of the 19th of September, and fought hard all day. They battled again on the 7th of October; and ten days afterward, Burgoync and his whole army, almost six thousand in number, were made prisoners by the Americans. 39. This was more than two months be- fore Christmas. Burgoync dined in Albany much earlier than he expected to, but not as a victor. He was a prisoner, and a guest at the table of General Schuyler, Avho gener- ously forgave the British commander for burning his house and mills at Saratoga. 40. On the day before Burgoyne's last .cENEHAi. ncnGOTNE liattlc, Sir TTciirv Clinton and a large num- QUF.8TK>NS. — "r>. "VAHint occiirrrd in fho Mohnwk Valley ? .^T. What c,in you tell of Vw two arniii's? OS. What can you tell of two battles? 30. What more can you tell about Burgoyiie ? KOSCIUBZKO. FOURTH YEAR OF THE WAR. 141 Events in the Hudson Highlands. Valley Forge. ber of British soldiers, attacked Forts Clinton and Montgomery, two strong places in the Hudson highlands, belonging to the Americans. They took them both ; and then many troops went up the river in ships and burned the village of Kingston, They hoped, in this way, to help Burgoyne. But it was too late. 41, When the news that Burgoyne was taken, had spread, there was great joy all over the country. The British were astonished, and the Tories were dreadfully frightened. And when the French King heard of it, he said, " Well, the Amer- icans help themselves pretty well ; I guess it will be safe now for me to send soldiers and ships to help them more, and England may say what she pleases." 42, At the close of 1111, the Third Year of the War for In- dependence, the Americans felt very much encouraged, for they had done wonders during the campaign, and the good opinion of the world was on their side. SECTION V. FOURTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [l778.] 1, Twenty miles northwest from Philadelphia is a little valley that opens upon a wide plain along the banks of the Schuylkill river. Through it runs a stream on which, before the War for Independence, was a forge, where iron was made into various things. It was called the valley forge, and after a while the whole place was named Valley Forge. 2. To that little valley Washington led the American army from TMiitemarsh, through the snow, in cold December. Many of the soldiers were barefooted, and left marks of blood in their tracks in the snow. Qttestions. — 40. What was done on Hudson's river? 41. What was the effect of the rewsof the capture of Burgoyne? 4'''. How did the Americans now feel? 1. What can you tell ahout a little valley ? 2. What happened there ? 142 THE REVOLUTION. The Americans at "Valley Forge. Flight of the British. Chase of the Americans. 3. There the soldiers built rude huts, and spent the dreary winter, thinly clothed and half-starved. They were more willing to suffer so, than to lose their freedom and become slaves to the king and Parliament. At the same time, the British army were enjoying every comfort in Philadelphia. Then it was that the good Washington prayed in secret for God to help his country- men, and his prayers were heard, and answered. 4. By-and-by, when the snow had melted, and the tree-buds began to open, news came that the French King would send soldiers and ships to help the Americans. It made them very joyful. Then came news that the king and Parliament would now do right. Then they were still more joyful. But when they remembered how often they had been deceived, they Avould not believe it. It was well they did not. 5. In the pleasant month of May, Gen- eral Howe sailed for England, and left the British army in charge of Sir Henry Clinton. They gave Howe a great ball and feast, before he left. At the same time the Americans, who loved freedom better than all such things, were suffer- ing at Valley Forge. 6. News now came that the French King had sent one of his war-sailors, named D'Estaing, with many ships, to take the British vessels in the Delaware. The British commander. Lord Howe, was frightened, and left that river as soon as possible. Clinton was also alarmed, and left Philadelphia, with all his army, on the 18th of June. They fled across New Jersey toward Sandy Hook, to get upon Lord Howe's ships that lay at anchor there. v. When Wasliington heard of these movements, he put his army at Valley Forge in motion, crossed the Delaware and pur- sued the British to Monmouth, in AVest Jersey. There, on one CENKItAL CLINTOX. QuESTtoNS. — 3. What can you tell about the American and British soldiers? 4. What news delighted the Americans. 5. What can you tell about General Howe's departure? (5. What can you tell about the French vessels and the British fleet and army ? 7. What can you tell of Washington and a battle ? FOURTH YKAR OF THE WAR. 14H i3attle at Monmouth. Continued flight of the British. The French fleet. of the hottest days ever known, they had a terrible battle. It lasted from nine o'clock in the morning until dark. It was on the 28th of June, 1778. 8. Fifty soldiers died of thirst that day. One soldier, who was firing a cannon, was shot dead. His wife, a young Irish woman, named Molly, who had been bringing water to him, took his place at the gun, and kept firing it all through the battle. Washing- ton was so pleased with her for this, that he gave her the pay of her husband after that, and she wore his soldier-clothes and was called Captain Molly as long as she lived. 9. Washington intended to renew the battle in the morning. But that night, after the moon was dow^n, while he and his wearied soldiers were sleeping, Clinton and his troops marched sileiitly away in the dark, and escaped to Sandy Hook. Then Clinton wrote to his king how valiantly he withdrew in the broad moonlight. One of our poets made fun of him by writing thus : " He forms his camp, with great parade, While evening spreads the world in shade — Then still, like some endangered spark, Steals off on tip-toe in the dark ; Yet writes his king, in boasting tone, How grand he marched by light of moonl" 10. Washington and his army marched from Monmouth to the Hudson river, and crossed into Westchester county, while the British proceeded in ships from Sandy Hook to New York. D'Estaing and his wai- vessels appeared there in July, but the Brit- ish ships were safe in Raritan Bay. The water was so shallow between Sandy Hook and Staten Island, that the heavy French ships could not get over and attack those count ucstxi^g. of Lord Howe. Questions. — 8. What can you tell about Captain Molly ? 9. What can you tell about the escape of the British army? lO. What can you tell about the American army and French fleet? 144 THE REVOLUTION. Events on Rhode Island. Terrible scenes in the Wyoming valley. 11. Washington now determined to drive the British from Rhode Island, and sent La Fayette and General Greene, with some soldiers, to help General Sullivan, who was there with a small army. D'Estaing also went there with his ships, to help them. Early in August, the Patriot army crossed over to the north end of the island, and the French fleet was in Narraganset Bay, near Newport. 12. Many ships from England joined the fleet of Lord Howe, and with these he sailed to attack D'Estaing at Newport. That war-sailor went out to meet them. A terrible storm arose and greatly damaged the ships of both fleets, so that they did not fight. D'Estaing went to Boston to repair his vessels, and left the Americans to help themselves. 13. On the 29th of August a severe battle took place at Quaker Hill, on the north end of Rhode Island, and the Americans were driven away, much disheartened. Many were very angry, be- cause, if the French liad helped them there, they might have driven the British away. 14. Most of the Six Nations of Indians, of whom I have to/d you [verse 6, page 12], fought against the Americans in the Revolution. They were very terrible foes to the white people, especially in the Wyoming, Mohawk, Schoharie, and Cherry valleys, where they murdered men, women, and children, and burnt their houses. 15. Early in July, 1Y78, a Tory leader, named John Butler, went down into the beautiful valley of Wyoming, in Pennsyl- vania, at the head of more than a thousand Indians. Most of the strong men were away, in the American army, and these Indians did about as they pleased. The old men and boys fought them, but without much effect ; and at evening the next day, the savages went through the valley, burning houses and killing people everywhere. Terrible, indeed, was that Massacre of Wyoming, as it was called. Qdestions. — 11. ^Vhat was done to drive the British from Uhode Island ? 1". What can vou tfll ahout (he French and Kn^lish fleets? l:i. What can you tell of a liattli on Rhode Island ? U. What can you tell about the Six Nations? 15. What can you tell aljout Wyoming? FOURTH YEAR OF THE WAR, 145 The Indians in the Mohawk Valley. Capture of Savannah. 16. While these things were going on, Brant, and some wicked Tories, were at the head of Indians and equally savage white men, in spreading death and terror over the country south of the Mohawk. Many Patriots and their families were murdered and their property destroyed. So dreadful were the events there for three or four years, that the region was called " The dark and bloody ground." 17. In November, D'Estaing sailed for the West Indies, to fight the British there. Lord Howe sent several of his ships to oppose him ; and as the British power was thus weakened. Sir Henry Clinton concluded it would be useless to try to do much against Washington for a time. So he sent about two thousand troops, under Colonel Campbell, to attack Savannah, the capital of Georgia. 18. The American soldiers at Savanna;h were commanded by General Robert Howe. There were only about a thousand of them. These fought nobly, but were finally compelled to give up the city, and flee to the country higher up on the Savannah river. Savannah now became the head-quarters of the British army in the South, and it remained in their possession for almost four years. 19. When the year 1778 drew to a close, the two armies were in a position similar to that which they held toward the close of 1776. The British had gained almost nothing toward conquer- ing the Americans, while the Patriots had discovered their real strength, and had obtained the active alliance of the French, one of the most powerful nations in the world. So the Amer- icans, you perceive, had rather the best of it when the campaign of 1778 was ended. QUESTIONS.— 16. What can you tell about Indians and Tories ? 17. What can you tell about the movements of the French and English ? 18. What can you tell about an attack on Savannah ? 10. What can you say about the two armies at the close of 1778 ? 10 146 THE REVOLUTION. The continental money. The armies in the South. SECTION VI. FIFTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [l7T9.] 1. Although the Americans had been successful against the British in 1778, the commencement of 1Y79 was a gloomy one to them. Their bills of credit, or continental money, of which I have told you [page 126], were becoming almost useless, and they could get very little gold and silver; and the promised French army had not arrived. In the South, where the British liad now got a foothold, the Patriots were quite weak, and the Tories were very numerous. 2. Washington and the Congress prepared a good plan for the campaign of 1779. It was determined to confine the British to the sea-coast, at the North and at the South, and chastise the Indians and Tories in the interior, or back country. 3. Soon after Campbell took possession of Savannah, General Prevost marched from Florida with troops, and became chief commander of all the British soldiers at the South. (General Lincoln was apppointcd chief uiimiander of the Patriot army there, ;;iid early in January he collected quite a large number of troops some twenty miles from Savannah. GENEnvL LINCOLN. 4. Liucohi was on the South Carolina side of the Savannah river. Campbell marched up the Georgia side, and took possession of Augusta. This enabled the British to have communication Avith their friends, the Creek Indians, in the west, and also encouraged the Tories. P>ut the defeat of a large body of Tories at about that time, greatly alarmed Campbell, and he prepared to march back to Savaiii'ah. Questions. — 1. What can yon say of American affiiirs at tho hpirinning of 1770? '\ What plan -B-aspr. pared? .S. AVhat was done at the South? 4. What occurretl on Uie Savannah river ? FIFTH YEAR OF THE WAR. 147 Defeat of the Americans. Charleston threatened. Flight of the British. 5. Lincoln sent Colonel Ashe, with a quarter of his little army, to drive Campbell from Augusta, and to pursue him down the Sa- vannah river. Ashe followed Campbell some distance, and then halted and formed a camp. There the Americans Avere attacked by P^evost in the middle of February. A greater portion of them were killed, made prisoners, or scattered. Many of them were drowned while trying to escape across the Savannah river. 6. This was a great loss to Lincoln, yet he was not discour- aged. But Prevost felt stronger ; and at the close of April he crossed the Savannah river with two thousand British troops, and a large number of Tories and Creek Indians, and marched for Charleston, the capital of South Carolina. Lincoln, who had been joined by many Americans, after the defeat of Ashe, fol- lowed him, to prevent his taking that city. v. Prevost arrived near Charleston on the 11th of May, and told the Americans that they must give up the city to him im- mediately, or he would destroy it. They refused, and nobody could sleep in Charleston that night, I assure you, for they ex- pected every moment to have the British cannons firing upon them. 8. When morning came, the scarlet uniforms of the British were seen across the waters upon John's Island, and not a single soldier of the enemy was near Charleston. The Patriots won- dered at this, at first, but it was soon explained. Prevost had heard of the approach of Lincoln, and at midnight he started to go back to Savannah, by way of the islands along the coast. 9. At Stono Ferry, just below Charleston, a fight occurred on the 20th of June, in which the Americans got the worst of it. But Charleston was saved, and they were satisfied. Let us now leave the South, and see what was going on at the North all this time. 10. Sir Henry Clinton, at New York, sent out armed parties to plunder the people in Connecticut and other places. In March, Governor Tryon went to Greenwich with some soldiers, and at- QrF.STiONB. — 5. Wliat can you tell about Colonel Ashe and his men "? 6. What did Prevost do ? 7. What can you tell about Prevost at Charlesfon ? 8. What can you tell about the British leaving Charleston ? 9. What happened at Stono Ferry'/ 148 THE REVOLUTION. Or.NEKAL PUTNAM. Putnam's escape. Marauding expeditions. Capture of Stony Point. tacked and scattered some American troops, under General Putnam. The general escaped, on horseback, down a steep hill and stone steps, while the British bulletswere flying pasthishead. 11. In May, some British vessels, bearing quite a large number of sol- diers, sailed into Hampton Roads and the Elizabeth river, in Virginia. The soldiers plundered the people on both sides of the river, from Hampton to Norfolk. These same ships and troops went up the Hudson river at the close of the month, and took away from the Americans the fort at Stony Point, just below the Highlands'. 12. In July, the same vessels carried Governor Tryon and more than two thousand soldiers to the shores of Connecticut, where they plundered New Haven, and burned the villages of East Haven, Fair- field, and Norwalk. The wicked Try ou then boasted that he was very good because he did not burn every house on the New England coast! 13. But the British did U'^t have it all as they pleased. General Wayne, a brave soldier with Washington in the Highlands, led some Americans, at midnight in July, and attacked the fort on Stony Point, while the British sol- diers were asleep. They awoke, and fought desperately. 14. Wayne was the victor. Though badly wounded in the head, he thus wrote to Washington, at two o'clock in the morning — "The fort and garrison, with Colonel Johnson, are ours." The British lost, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, six hundred men. The Amer- icans lost less than one hundred. This was a brilliant act, and the patriots everywhere rejoiced. QUK9TION8.— 10. What can yon toll about parties sent out by Clinton? 11. What cai you tell about British ships nnd soldiers in the Klizabcth and IIudKon rivers? 12. What was done in ConnooHcut ? 1.^, 14. What c.in von tell about Stony Point' GENKKAI. WATNE. FIFTH YEAR OF THE WAR. 149 The War in the West. Chastisement of the Indians. 15. Three nights after the capture of Stony Point, Major Henry Lee and a few Americans took from the British a fort where Jersey City, opposite New York, now stands. They killed thirty British soldiers, and made one hundred and sixty prison- ers. For these brave deeds, the Congress gave both Wayne and Lee a silver medal. 16. The war extended into the wilderness beyond the Alle- ghany mountains, where Daniel Boone, the great hunter and pioneer, with others, had made settlements. These had been fight- ing the Indians in Kentucky for several years. Further north, in the present States of Indiana and Illinois, the British had forts, and the soldiers there were con- tinually urging the Indians to fight the Americans. "^'^'cr Looxr 17. The patriots finally resolved to take these forts away from the British. George Rogers Clarke, and a few brave men, marched through the wilderness against them ; and in the course of a few months, the Americans captured the forts, and drove the British away. Then the Indians became peaceable. 18. Now it was determined to chastise a part of the Six Na- tions, for their cruelties. In the summer of 1779, General Sulli- van collected an army in the Wyoming Valley, and marched up the Susquehannah into the country of the Senecas. In the course of a few weeks he destroyed forty Indian villages, and a vast amount of corn, fruit, and garden vegetables. After that the In- dians feared and hated the Americans ; and they named Wash- ington, who had sent these soldiers there, The Town Destroyer. 19. Now let us look southward and see what was going on there. Early in September, D'Estaing, the French war-sailor, of whom I have told you, came from the West Indies with his ships, and told the Americans he was ready to help them drive the QtTFBTioNs.— 15. What other hrave deed was done? and what did Congress do? Ifi. "What can you tell about Boone and the Western wilderness ? 17. What can you tell of Clarke and his men ? 18. How were the Senecas chastised ? 19. What now happened i-i the South ? 150 THE REVOLUTION. Attack on Savannah. Disappoiuiment of the Americans. La Fayette in France. British from Georgia. General Lincoln immediately marched his army toward Savannah, and the Americans and French com- menced an attack upon the British works there, toward the close of Septcmher. 20. After firing cannon-balls upon the British works day after day for a fortnight, the two armies concluded to climb the walls and banks, and fight their way into Savannah. This is calknl taking a place by storm. The battle was a terrible one, and many brave men were killed. Among these was Count Pu- laski, another noble soldier of Poland, who came to help the Americans. • 21. Sergeant Jasper, the brave young man I have told you about, who picked up the South Carolina flag on the outside of the fort in Charleston harbor, was also killed there. He was holding a flag made by the ladies of Charleston, when a bullet slew him. His last words w-ere, "Tell Mrs. Elliot I lost my life in supporting the colors she presented to our regiment." 22, All at once D'Estaing said he must leave, or his ships might be injured by the autumn storms. So, just as Savannah was about to be given up by the British, the French all left, and the Americans were compelled to abandon it. Lincoln crossed the river and fled toward Charleston, and the British had it all their own way in the South, for sopie time. I think the Amer- icans had reason to think very lightly of that D'Estaing, don't you? 23. During the summer of ITYO, La Fayette was in France, and he persuaded his king to send many more ships, and a large army to help the Americans, as soon as they could be prepared. When the King of England heard of this, he ordered the British soldiers to leave Rhode Island and go to New York, so that the army in America should not be too much scattered. "When they were all there. Sir Henry Clinton took a large number of them and sailed southward to attack Charleston. I shall tell you presently what he did. QuT.STiONS.— 50. What can you toll about tho nttaok on Savannah ? 21 . What can you toll of Sergeant Jaspor? 2?. How did the French serve the Americans? 5?3. What did La Fayette do? What did the British king and soldiers do? A GUN tOAT AT l;08TON. FIFTH YEAR OF THE WAR. 151 American ships. Exploits of Hopkins and others. 24. Thus ended the campaign of 17V9. Before I go any further I must tell you a little about the sea-fights, or NAVAL OPERATIONS OF THE REVOLUTION. 25. The Americans were not able to build large ships to fight those of the British, nor did the government have a great many vessels of any kind during the war. But privateers, of whom I have told you [verse 3, page 126], took a great many ships away from the British war-sailors. 26. The first vessels that were built were only gun-boats, used by Washington in the harbor of Bos- ton, against the British ships there. These were made of heavy planks, covered over, and having a big cannon at each end, and small ones on the top. 27. The Congress had some small vessels built early in the war, and two or three large ones before its close. The first reg- ular naval officers were appointed late in 17*75. Then Esek Hop- kins was made commodore, or chief conimander, the same as a British admiral. 28. Hopkins first went against Lord Dunmore (of whom I have told you), on the coast of Virginia. Afterward he went to the Bahama Islands, took a town away from the British, and made the governor of one of the islands a prisoner. Then he took some British vessels on the ocean, and sailed into Narragan- set Bay, where his ships were kept a long time by the British, who took possession of Rhode Island. 29. I should like to tell you, if I had time, of a great many brave acts performed by such American war-sailors as Manly, Barry, Biddle, McNeil, Hinman and others; how they made the British very much afraid, and how they took a great many ves- sels away from them. I might tell you, too, that the British took a great many vessels away from the Americans. So the Questions. — 55. "What can you tell about American vessels? 26. "What about gun- biats? 27. "WTiat can you tell of naval arrangements ? 28. What did Hopkins do ? 20. What can you say about other war-sailorB ? 152 THE KEVOLUTION, Paul Jones. His great sea-fight with a British ship. JOHN PAUL JONES. fights went on upon the ocean, as well as upon the land, until the close of the war. 30. I must, however, tell you of one of the greatest sea-fights that took place during the war. There was a very brave Scotchman, named John Paul Jones, who fought for the Americans. Dr. Franklin got the French King to help him fit out some new war-ships on the coast of France. These were placed under the command of Jones, and he went boldly upon the English and Scotch coasts, and attacked the towns and ships there. 31. The vessel in Avhich Jones sailed was named Bonhomme Richard, the French words for Good Man Richard. Just at evening, on a bright September day in 1779, this ship fell in with a large British war-ship, named Serajns ; and during that even- ing, by the light of the moon, thoy had a terrible battle. They became lashed together, and then fired cannon balls through and through each other. 32. Sometimes the ships were on fire, but the flames were soon put out. The men fought with swords and pistols, first on one ship, then on the other, until many were killed. So they struggled on, in fire and smoke, for three hours, when the British gave up, and Jones became the victor. He took possession of the Serapis, and his own shattered vessel began to sink. Not long afterward it sunk to the bottom of the ocean, and Jones went to France with his ])rize. 33. When you are older, you will learn more about the sea- fights of the Kevohition. Questions. — 30. What can you teU about John Paul Jones? ."1. What can you tcU about a terrible sea-fight 1 32. WTiat more can you tell of the batUe, and the end of it ? SIXTH YEAR OF THE WAR. 153 Departure of Clinton for the South. The Americans in Charleston. SECTION VII. SIXTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [l780.] 1. When Clinton sailed for Charleston, as I have told you, he left the few British soldiers in New York in charge of Kny- phausen, the Hessian General. Washington knew how much the patriots at the South would need help, so, early in the spring, he sent the Baron de Kalb, a brave foreign soldier, with many troops, to assist Lincoln who was then in Charleston. 2. There being but few soldiers on either side at the North, during the spring and summer of 1*780, there was not much fighting there. The conflicts were chiefly in the Carolinas, and about these I will now tell you. 3. A strong fleet, with two thousand war-sailors, under Ad- miral Arbuthnot, bore Clinton and his troops to the South. There was a terrible storm on the way, and a great many horses perished. The British finally landed on the islands and shores thirty miles below Charleston, toward the middle of February. There they remained some time preparing to attack Charleston. 4. General Lincoln was in Charleston with few troops, when the British first landed. That great patriot. Governor Rutledge, immediately commenced arousing the people, and soon large numbers joined Lincoln's army. At the end of March, when fli^ British moved toward Charleston, the Patriots there felt strong enough to oppose them and defend the city. 5. The Americans had built strong works across Charleston Neck, and placed many soldiers in Fort Moultrie in the harbor. Near the town was Commodore Whipple (of whom I have already told you something), [verse 32, page 114], Avith a small fleet, and along the wharves quite strong defenses had been built. QiiESTTONS. — 1. What did Clinton and Washington do? 2. Why was there not much fighting at the North? 3. What can yon t^U of Clinton's voyage southward? 4. AVhat caM you tell of the Patriots in Charleston ? 5. What preparations had they made ;' 1)1 THE REVOLUTION. Attack on Charleston. Fall of Charleston. The Americans discouraged. G. On a lovely April morning, Arbuthnot sailed into Charles- , ton harbor, with -his great ships, and at the same time the Brit- ' ish, under Clinton, came nearer the American works on the Neck. Then the British commanders told Lincoln that he must give up his army and the city at once, or they would destroy or capture both. Lincoln refused to surrender, and told them that lie was ready to fight. 1. Not long after this. Lord Cornwallis came with three thou- sand troops, to help Clinton. The Patriots now saw that there was very little chance for them to keep the city, yet they fought on, and suffered on. At length, late on a pleasant evening in May, the entire British army and navy attacked Charleston. The thunders of two hundred cannons shook the city, and at one time it was on fire in five different places. These terrible scenes continued for three days and nights, when the Americans were compelled to give up. Lincoln, his army, and the citizens, five thousand in number, became prisoners of Avar. The British also took four hundred cannons. 8. The loss of this Southern army was a dreadful blow to the Patriots, and for a while all hope of being free seemed to be lost forever. The British commander sent large bodies of troops into the country, in various directions, and these built some forts. The Patri(its, everywhere, were made to tremble, and for a while all was still. Not a Whig was known to be in arms, in South Carolina. Then Clinton and Arbuthnot, feeling that all was safe, sailed for New York with a large number of troops. 9. The silence did not continue long. DcKalb was compelled to move slowly, and did not reach the borders of South A^ Carolina until mid-summer, when Gen- ii; i-^ eral Gates took command of the army. The Southern Patriots felt very hopeful GENEBAL GATES. whcu tlicy kucw that the conqueror of Qtjfstions. — C. What dicHHinton and Arbuthnot do? T. What happened Boon aftor- wird? 8. What was the effect of the loss of Cliarleston? 9. What can you tell of other movements ? SIXTH YEAR OF THE WAR. .1.05 Brave leaders. Approach of Gates. Defeat of the Americans at Camden. Burgoyne was coming, and tliey began to collect in armed bands. 10. Those brave soldiers, Marion, Sumter, Pickens and Clarke, were soon in motion at the head of troops, and they struck the British and Tories many heavy blows in South Carolina and Georgia. When, in August, Gates and his army marched down from the hill country toward Cam- den, the Patriots of that region oenekai. sttmtei. joined him, and he felt strong. 11. Cornwallis had been left in chief command at Charleston. When he heard of Gates' approach, he bastened to Camden, took the lead of the British there (who were under Lord Rawdon), and marched to meet Gates. Their meeting was unexpected to both. It was at midnight, on a sandy road where it crossed a swamp, seven miles from Camden. Their footsteps in the soft sand were unheard. 12. A skirmish occurred there in the dark, and at daybreak a severe battle commenced. The Americans were dreadfully beaten and scattered, and lost a thousand men. The brave DeKalb and other noble soldiers were killed, while General Gates and a few of his troops escaped into North Carolina. 13. This was another severe blow for the Patriots. Within, three months, two of their armies in the South had been de- stroyed, and now the armed bands I have mentioned, were scat- tered to the winds. All seemed hopeless ; and yet the Patriots were not without hope. 14. Cornwallis foolishly thought that harsh treatment would make the Patriots silent, so he commenced oppressing them in every way. But it made them despise him and hate British rule more than before. The Patriots became very indignant, and rc- QiTESTiONS. — 10. What can you say of brave Southern leaders ? What did Gates do ? 11. What can you tell about Cornwallis and the meeting of the armies? 12. What can you tell of a battle? 13. What misfortunes had befallen the Americans ? 14. What ilid Cornwallis do ? What was the effoct ? 156 THE KKVOLUTION. Battle on King's MountaiD. Marion and Sumter. Events in New Jersey. solved to strike again for home and freedom, as speedily as possible. 15. Thinking South Carolina conquered, Cornwallis marched into the North State. At the same time he sent out armed parties to frighten the Whigs and encourage the Tories. One of these parties, under Major Ferg- uson, was attacked at King's Mountain by the Patriots early in October, 1780, and after a severe battle, the British were beaten with the loss of a thousand men uiid fifteen hundred guns. This was as had a blow for Cornwallis as the battle iiL'nr Bennington was for Burgoyne, of which I have told you on page 139. 10. \\ hile these things were going on in the upper country of the Carolinas, the brave Marion was annoying the British and Tories in the lower country, toward Charleston. He was sly, quick, and successful in his movements, and was called The Sivmnp Fox. Sumter, too, who was called The Carolina Game Cock\ now appeared at the head of brave Patriots, and the injured people everywhere began to lift up their heads. Cornwallis perceived danger in this, and marching back into Soutli Carolina, he made his camp between the Broad and Catawaba rivers. 17. Here we will leave the South, for a time, to observe im- portant transactions at the North. 18. Very few military movements occurred at the North during the summer of 1780. Early in June, five thousand British sol- diers, under General Mathews, marched into New Jersey, burned a small village not far from Elizabethtown, and commenced plun- dering the inhabitants. They were met at Springfield by a body of Americans from Washington's camp at Morristown, and were driven back to the coast. 19. A fortnight aftcrv^aril, Clinton having arrived, joined QCFBTIONS. — 15. What can you tell of the Ilritish movements, and u battle? Ifi. Wliat can you tell about Marion and Sumter y 18. AVhat can you tell of events la New Jorscy 1 SIXTH YEAR OF THE WAR. 157 Arrival of the French. The treason of Arnold. Mathews, and marcliing toward Morristown, tried to bring Wash- ington out to fight. They were met by the Americans, under General Greene, at Springfield. A severe skirmish ensued, when the British, after setting fire to the village, fled to Elizabethtowr, and across to Staten Island. 20. Early in June, an event caused the Americans to rejoice greatly. A large French fleet arrived at Newport, with six thousand soldiers under a great leader, the Count de Eocham- beau. The British now became shy, and did not send out any more marauding expeditions. In fact they began to think it dan- gerous to go out to fight at all. At that time Clinton was hoping to accomplish all he wished, through the wickedness of an Amer- ican officer. That officer was the bold soldier, but bad ninu — Benedict Arnold. 21. General Arnold had become very angry with many Americans, and was also deeply in debt ; and, in an evil hour, he resolved to desert his countrymen, do them all the harm he could, and join the British army. For this purpose he obtained the command of the strong post of West Point, in the Hudson Highlands. This he \ agreed to give up to the British for fifty "^=^'="i^'f ai^nolp. thousand dollars and the office of General in the British army. 22. Sir Henry Clinton employed Major Andre, a smart young man, to bargain with Arnold. Late in September, 1780, while Washington was in Connecticut having a talk with the French officers, Andre went up the Hudson in the British sloop-of-war Vulture, and on the shore near Haverstraw he met Arnold. When they had arranged all their plans, and Andre was about to return, the Vulture had disappeared. Some Americans on shore had fired cannon-balls upon the vessel, and it had moved down the river some distance to avoid them. 23. Andre was now compelled to cross the river above, and go Questions.— 1!>. What did Clinton do? What occurred at Springfield? 20. What made the Americans rejoice? How did the British feel? 21. What can you tell about General Arnold ? 22. What can you tell about Major Andre ? 158 THE REVOLUTION. Escape of Arnold. Death of Andrd. The captors. to New York on horseback, down the east side of the Hudson. He was in disguise, and went on well until he had arrived at Tar- rytown, where three young men stopped him. "NYlien they dis- covered that he was a British officer, they searched him, and in his boots they found papers which showed all the wicked intcr.- tions of Arnold. 24. Arnold, at his house in the Higlilands, heard of the arrcf:t of Andre, and, kissing liis wife and babe, left in haste, fled down the river in a boat, to the Vulture, and escaped. Major Andre was tried, condemned, and hanged as a spy, a few days afterward, though every body pitied liim. If the Americans could have cauglit Arnold, they would have hanged him, and let Andre go. 2."). Tiie names of the vouiig men who arrested Andre were John Paulding, David "Williams, and Isaac Van Wart. Every body felt thankful to them for tlius pre- venting the terrible mischief Ar- nold tried to do ; and the Congress \ otcd them each a silver medal, and two liundred dollars a year as long < APTOK8 Mr.DAL. as they lived. We may admire Benedict Arnold the foldicr, but we must ever despise Benedict Arnold The Traitor. 26. And now another year of the war drew to a close. The Patriots were still finn and hopeful. Great Britain had lost much blood and money in attempts to make slaves of the Americans, but to little purpose. Yet the king and Parliament went blindly and wickedly on. They declared war against Holland, and made great preparations for fighting the Americans the next year. Wu shall soon see how it turned out. Questions. — 23. Wliat can you tell about the capture of Andr6? 24. What can you tell of the escape of Arnold and death of Andrii ? 25. What can you tell about the cap- tors of Andro ? 20. What can you say about the British troops and Govoinmenf/ SEVENTH YEAR OF THE WAR. l/jO Discontent of the soldiers. Their patriotism tried. Doings of Congress. SECTION VIII. SEVENTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [iVSl.] - 1. The noble character of the American soldiers was shown at the beginning of 1781. They had suffered every want. The Continental money, in which they had been paid, was worthless; and Congress was not prompt in paying them any thing. They had asked for relief in vain. Finally, more than a thousand of them left Morristown, on the 1st of January, and started for Phil- adelphia, to compel Congress to do something for them. 2. General Wayne went after them. He first tried to coax them to go back. Then he threatened them, and pointed his pistol at the leader. They were firm, and said : " We love and respect you, but if you fire, you are a dead man. We are not going to the enemy ; on the contrary, if they were now to come out, you should see us fight under your orders with as much alacrity as ever." 3. Their patriotism was fairly tried. At Princeton, some men sent by Sir Henry Clinton, tried to hire them to join the British army. They were indignant, and handed these men over to General Wayne, to be punished. Congress, at this time, satisfied them, and they returned to duty. When they were offered a reward for giving up the British spies to Wayne, they nobly refused it, saying, " Our necessities compelled us to demand justice from our government ; we ask no reward for doing our duty to our coun- try against its enemies !" 4. Other signs of discontent in the anny, at this time, made Congress more active in providing money for the use of the troops. Taxes were imposed and cheerfully paid. An agent was sent to Europe to borrow money ; and a national bank was established in Philadelphia, under the management of Robert Morris, which Questions 1. Whnt can you tell about American soldiers? ". What can you tell of General Wayne and the soldiers? 3. What noble thing did the soldiers do? 4. What did Congress do ? 160 THE KE VOLUTION. Arnold in Virginia. Anecdote. General Greene in the South. did good service in furnishing money to buy necessaries for the army. Mr. Morris also used liis private fortune for the purpose, very freely. 5. While the American soldiers were showing their patriotism in the midst of sufferings, Arnold the traitor was in lower Vir- ginia with many British and Tory troops, injuring his country- men as much as he could. He burned a great deal of public and private property at Richmond, and plundered in other places. After doing as much mischief as he could, from January to April, Arnold returned to New York. The Americans tried hard to catch the traitor ; and La Fayette went to Virginia with troops for that purpose. But Arnold was very cautious, for he knew his neck was in danger. 6. On one occasion Arnold had a Virginian as a prisoner. " What would the Americans do with me if they should catch me ?" he asked the Virginian. The prisoner boldly and promptly replied, "They would bury your leg that was wounded at Quebec, with military honors, and hang the rest of you." Arnold asked him no more questions. 7. Let us now look toward the Carolinas, where most of the fighting was done during the cam- paign of 1781. General Greene, the great soldier from Rhode Island, went there in the autumn of 1780, and took command of the little southern army then gathering. A part of it he sent to Cheraw, east- ward of the Pedee river. The re- mainder, about a thousand strong, under General Morgan, were en- camped near the junction of the Pacolet and Broad rivers. Corn- wallis and his army were between the two. 8. Cornwallis was just preparing to march into North Carolina again. Unwilling to leave Morgan in his rear, he sent Colonel V /te GENE12AL GKEKNn. QUEBTtoNS.— 5. What can you tell of Arnold in Virprfnia? C. What can yoii tdl about one of his prisoners? 7. What can you tell about Greene at tlio South'/ SEVENTH YEAR OF THE WAR. 1G.1 Battle at the Cowpens. Retreat of Greene, and pursuit of Cornwallis. .r*^ GENERAL MORGAN. Tarleton, a fiery British horseman, to capture or scatter the Americans. At a place among the mountains, called the Cow- pens, Tarleton and his men, and Morgan and his brave followers, had a severe battle for two hours. The British were beaten and scattered, and many of them were made prisoners. 9. At the close of the battle, Morgan started for Virginia Avith his prisoners. Cornwallis heard of it, and marched forward in haste to head off Morgan. He was a little too late ; Morgan had crossed the Catawba before Cornwallis arrived. Feeling sure of him, as he did of Washington at Trenton, you remember [verse 4, page 134], Cornwallis waited till morning. A heavy rain dur- ing the night filled the river to the brim, and the British could not cross until Morgan had joined Greene on the Yadkin. 10. Now a wonderful flight and pursuit commenced, which ex- tended from the Yadkm to the Dan. Greene and his army were pursued by Cornwallis and his troops full two hundred miles. Three times the rivers Avere filled by rains after the Americans had crossed, and kept the British back ; and in this the Patriots saw the hand of a kind Providence. Greene and his army finally crossed the Dan into Virginia, and Cornwallis, tired of the chase, marched slowly back into the interior of North Carolina. 11. Greene remained in Virginia only long enongh to allow his troops to rest, when he crossed the Dan to prevent Cornwallis gathering the Tories in North Carolina. He sent forward Col- onel Henry Lee, one of the best officers COLONEL IIENEY LEE. Questions. S. What can you tell about Cornwallis and the battle at the Cowpens? 0. What can you tell about Cornwallis and Morgan ? 10. What can you tell of a retreat and pursuit? 11. What did Greene then do? n 162 THE REVOLUTION. Battle at Guilford Court-house. Battle at Camden. Ninety-Sii. in the army, who scattered the Loyalists or Tories, and made all afraid. 12. Greene now felt strong, and determined to attack Corn- wallis. On the 15th of March, 1781, the two armies met near Guilford Court-house, and fought one of the hardest battles of the Revolution, Both suffered dreadfully in killed and wounded. The Americans lost four hundred, and the British full six hun-. dred. There was no victory for either. Cornwallis had rather the worst of it, and hurried off, with his shattered army, to AVilraington, while Greene prepared to enter South Carolina, and attack the British, under Rawdon, at Camden. 13. Greene encamped upon a hill, within a mile of Rawdon's troops at Camden, on the 19th of April. A week afterward the British fell upon him suddenly, and a very sharp battle occurred. Each party lost about the same number of men, killed and wounded. Colonel Washington, a brave soldier in the southern army, took fifty of the British prisoners, and with these, and all his cannons, Greene retreated a few miles and encamped. 14. The two armies were now about equal in strength, and Lord Rawdon became alarmed. So he set fire to Camden, and fled down the country to Nelson's Ferry, on the Santee river. This was early in May, Within a week afterward the Americans took possession of four important British posts, and Greene, with his whole army, was marching toward the stronger station of Fort Ninety-Six, between the Saluda and Savannah rivers. 15, It was toward the close of May when Greene commenced his attack on Ninety-Six, and he continued it for a month, when he heard of the approach of Rawdon with a strong army. In the mean while, Lee, Pickens, and others, had attacked the British and GENESAL PICKENS. Torlcs at Augusta. They took posses- Qttestionb. — 12. "What can you tell about a battle at Guilford ? 13. What can you tell about a battle near Camden ? 14. What did Rawdon do? What did the Americans do? 15. What can you tell about an attack on Ninety-Six and Augusta ? SEVENTH YEAR OF THE WAR. ]G"i Position of the two armies. Battle of Eutaw Springs. Losses of the British. sion of that place on the 5th of June, and then hastened to help Greene. Ninety-Six held out, and before the arrival of Rawdon, the Americans all fled beyond the Saluda. 16. Soon after this, Rawdon marched back toward Orange- burg, and Greene became his pursuer. Then crossing the Con- garee, the Patriot army marched to the High Hills of Santee, below Camden, and there encamped during a portion of the hot and sickly season. Leaving his troops at Orangeburg, in com- mand of Colonel Stewart, who had come up from Charleston, Rawdon went to that city and embarked for England. 17. In August, many North Carolina troops joined Greene upon the High Hills of Santee ; and at the close of that month, the entire Patriot army crossed the Congaree and marched to- ward Orangeburg. The British fled down the Santee and en- camped at Eutaw Springs. There they were attacked by Greene on the 8th of September, and a very severe battle of four hours occurred. 18. Although at the end of the conflict, the British held the field at Eutaw, the battle was really favorable to the Americans. That night the British fled toward Charleston. They had lost about seven hundred men, and the Americans about five huia- dred and fifty. Both pai'ties claimed the victory. It belonged to neither on the battle-day, but it remained with the Patriots. 19. At this time, Marion, Snmter, Lee, and others, were driv- ing small parties of the British and Tories from place to place, and compelled them finally to abandon the country entirely. They fled into Charleston, pursued all the way by the Americans. At the close of 1-781, the British had lost every place at the South except Charleston and Savannah, and to these two cities they were confined. 20. Of all these Southern leaders of small bands, Marion was the greatest. He Avas bold and cautious, and was seldom unsuc- cossful. For some time his camp was upon an island at the QUESTtONs. — 16. What can you tell ahout the movements of the armies? 17. What took place in August and September? 18. What can you sav about the battle at Eutaw Springs ? 19. What was being done to the British in South Carolina ? 20. What can you tell about Marion ? ]6l THE REVOLUTION, Marion and the British officer. OornwalliB In Virginia. GENEEAL MABIOjr. junction of the Pedec and Lynch's creek, amid the tall cypress-trees from which hung the long moss, like banners. 21. To that camp a young British officer, sent to have a talk with Mar- ion, was taken, with his eyes covered. ^'"^ "When about to depart, Marion in- vited him to remain to dinner. To his astonishment, all that was offered were a few roasted potatoes, served upon pieces of bark, with a log for a table. Marion assured the young man that this was rather b^^'tter fare than he and his soldiers were accustomed to. The young officer went back to his camp, and declared that such a people could not be, and ought not to be, conquered. He was right. 22. AVhilc these things were going on in South Carolina, important events were in progress in Virginia. Cornwallis marched from AVilmington, and at the close of May, was at Petersburg, in Virginia, with qiiite a sti'ong army. La Fayette was then in that State, but his troops were too few to do much against Cornwallis, and that whole region appeared doomed to British rule. 23. Cornwallis felt strong, and he marched to Richmond and b'^yond, to fight La Fayette. But that brave officer was cautious, and kept out of the way of the British until he was stronger. So Cornwallis, after destroy- ing much property, marched slowly down the James river, followed by the Americans under La Fayette, Wayne, and Steuben. Steuben was a great sol- dier from Prussia, and taught the American soldiers many useful things in the ait of war. Qttestion-s.— '!]. What Ktorv cnri you tell of Marion and a Briti^ih officpr? "2. Wha was occurring i:i Virginia? 23. Wlxrd can you tell about Co-nwallis in Virsinip ? UABON STEUBEN. SEVENTH YEAR OF THE WAR. ]().) The British at Yorktown. The Allied Annies. Arnold in New England. COUNT DE EOUUAMUEAU. 24. Cornwallis finally went to Portsmouth, near Norfolk. But Sir Henry Clinton, fearing Washington might attack New York, wished Cornwallis nearer the sea, so that he might come and help him, if necessary. All the British in Virginia then went to Yorktown, on the York river, and there they built strong- embankments for cannons, around their camp. 25. Early in July, the French army under Rochambcau, came from New En- gland, wliore they had been almost a year doing nothing, and joined Washington on the Hudson river, in AVestchester county. Then W\ashington resolved to attack the British in New York. But Avhen he heard that a lai'ge number of troops had come from England and joined Clinton, and that De Grasse, a great French war-sailor in the West Indies, could not come and help him, he gave it up, and prepared to march to Virginia to drive Cornwallis from that State. 2G. Washington managed so to deceive Clinton that the Brit- ish in New York had no idea that the Americans and French were going to Virginia, until they were some distance on their way. It was then too late to pursue them, so Clinton sent Arnold, the traitor, to desolate the New England coasts. He hoped this would cause Washington to return for their defense. 27. Arnold went willingly, and burned New London, almost in sight of his own birth-place at Norwich. And at Fort Griswold, opposite, he allowed a dreadful massacre of American soldiers, for which there was no excuse. But these cruelties did not check the march of the Allied Armies, as the French and Americans were called. 28. The Allied Armies, twelve thousand strong, arrived at Yorktown on the 28th of September, 1781. Already De Grasse QTJESTI0N8.— "4. What did Clinton wish? What did the British do? 25. What can vou siy ahout the French army? What did Washington do? 26. How was Clinton deceived ? and what did he do ? 27. What did Arnold do ? 166 THE REVOLUTION, Siege of Yorktown. Capture of Cornwallis. Rejoicings. had arrived with his ships, and had battled with British vessels, under Admiral Graves, near -the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay. Now the French ships were nearer Yorktown, ready to aid the armies. 29. For many days the Allied troops prepared for a general attack upon the British. Then they fired heavy cannon balls upon every part of their camp, and red-hot shot among the Brit- ish ships, which set them on fire. Cornwallis saw that all was lost, and tried to escape one night, but could not. Finally, on the 19th of October, he and all his army, almost seven thousand in number, became prisoners to the Americans and French. Clin- ton, who had just arrived with as many more troops, returned to New York, amazed and disheartened. 30. This was a grand victory. This was the blow that smote to earth all British power in America. The king and Parlia- ment were amazed, and trembled. The Patriots all over this land rejoiced as they had never done before. From churches, legisla- tive halls, fi'om the iirmy and from Congress, went up a shout of thankstnving to the Lord God Omnipotent, for the success of the Allied troops. 31. The news reached PliiUuleli)hia at midnight. The watch- men called out, " Twelve o'clock, and Cornwallis is taken !" Soon lights were seen moving in all houses, and in a few minutes the streets were filled with the excited people. The next morn- ing, the Secretary of Congress read a letter from "Washington to that body, telling of the victory. Then the members all went to- gether to a temple of the living God, and there joined in thanks- giving to the King of kings for the triumph. Yet the war was not quite ended. Qtjebtions. — ^28. What preparations for battle were made ? 21. \Vliat can you toll about the siesc of Yorktown and capture of Cornwallis ? 30. What was the effect of these ? 31. Wljat occurred in Philadelphia ? CLOSING EVENTS OF THE WAR. 167 The American army in the South. End of the war. Treaty for peace. SECTION IX, CLOSING EVENTS OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [1782-1 "789.] 1. General Greene heard of the capture of Cornwallis, at the close of October, and there was great joy in his army. The Pa- triots of the South now felt certain of independence and peace ; and Governor Rutledge called a Legislature together. Yet it was necessary to be on the look-out, for there was quite a large British army yet in Charleston, and Tories were plentiful every- where. 2. Marion kept watch near Charleston ; Greene and his army lay upon the banks of the Edisto river; Wayne, always wide awake, kept the British in Georgia close within Savannah ; St. Clair, marching down from Yorktown, frightened the British at Wilmington, and made them flee to Charleston ; and Washington kept Sir Henry Clinton and his army close prisoners in the city of New York. 3. The king and Parliament now gave up the American col- onies as lost to them forever, and sent word to all the British commanders to stop fighting, and prepare to leave the country. This was in the spring of 1782. On the 11th of July the British left Savannah, and on the 14th of December following they de- parted from Charleston also. But they remained in New York almost a year longer, until every thing was settled. They finally left on the 25th of November, 1783. This is called " Evacuation Day," in New York. 4. Men, called Commissioners, were appointed by the Amer- icans and the British, to make a bargain, or treaty for peace, be- tween the two. This was completed at Paris, on the 3d of Sep- tember, 1783, when the king of Great Britain had acknowledged QtTESTiONS. — 1. Wliat can you say about the army and people at the South ? 2. What were the American officers in the South doinp ? 3. What did the kinp and Par- lianii-nt do? What did the British in America do? 4. W^lat can you tell about a l;-caty ? I fi8 THE REVOLUTION, Americans in New York. Washington's farewell. Rkslgns Lis coiuuiission. the independence of the United States. Then these States became a new nation upon the cartli. 5. The remnants of the American army were then at "West Toint and neighborhood. These were marched down the Hudson river ; and on the morning when tlie British were to have New York, they entered the city, under the command of General Knox, accompanied by George ("linton, the Governor of tlie State of New York. Then they liad tlie pleasure of seeing their enemies leave our shores GENEKAL KNOX. ,■ lorever. 6. A few days after this, Washington bade his officers an affec- tionate farewell, and then went to Annapolis, in Marvland, where Congress was sitting, and gave up his commission as commander- in-chief of the armies, to the President of that body. From An- napolis he hastened to his home at Mount Yernon (where he had been but once during the whole war), hoping to live there in repose the remainder of his life. 7. Although the war was ended, and peace and independence were secured, there was much to be done to make things pros- perous. The Americans had become deeply in debt on account of the war ; and they soon found that the Articles of Confedera- tion, of which I have told you [page 134], would not answer as the great and enduring laws of the Government. 8. Many of the best men in the countrv talked these things over a great deal. Washington was very anxious about it, for he saw that unless something was done very soon, much trouble would come. Finally, several of the leading men in different States, met in IMiiladelphia, in May, lYSY. After thinking and talking for many weeks, they wrote out, and agreed to that great bargain of the whole people of the United States, called The National Constitition. QcrsTioxR — "i. Whnt. cir\ yon tell about the AmericaiiR takin-r pofsefsinn o' \i w Yorky 0. Wlmt did Wiisliinpton do? 7. What was to bo dons? and the meetinjjs of Con;;;ri'SB? 5. What can vou toll about the President's Cabinet? WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. 173 Formation of the government. The North-Western Territory. ALEXANDER IIAJUILTON. government. They took measures to tax the people for every- thing they received in ships, so as to get money to pay the gov- ernment expenses. This required a great deal of care. Fortunately Alex- ander Hamilton, one of the greatest men in the country, had been chosen the IVesident's helper and adviser in money matters, and he soon arranged an ex- cellent Revenue System, as it was called. 7. Next they planned a method for having the laws properly carried out. They appointed five judges, in different parts of the United States, with a chief judge to preside. These formed the Supreme Court ; and what they should decree was to be considered law, without another word from any body. This was called the National Judiciary. 8. Among other things, Mr. Hamilton recommended the estab- lishment of a National Bank. This was done in 1794. Two years earlier, a mint was started, where gold and silver and cop- per coins were made. And so, after about three years, the Ex- ecutive Dc2M7-t7ncnts, the Revenue System, and the Judiciary, were arranged, and the government of the United States, very much as it is now, was put in motion. 9. Immediately after the Revolution, settlers began to go, in great numbers, into the wild country north of the Ohio river. In 1787, the region now covered by the States of Ohio, Indiai:a, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, was put under a governor, and called The North- Western Territory. Four years afterward, a new State was added to the old thirteen, by the adnjission of Vermont. 10. The British yet kept some forts in the north-west. Al- though peace was agreed to, they continually advised the Indians to fight the Americans; and finally, in 1790, they commenced a QCTSTIONS. — 6. What can you tell of the labors of Washington and others ? a'nl of the Revenue System ? 7. WTiat can you tell about the National Judiciary 'i 8. What rise was done? 9. -What can you tell about the Ohio country? 10. What did the British do? 174 TIIKNATION Federalists and Republicans. Troubles with the French. Whisky ineurrection. war upon the white people in the Ohio country, which continued three or four years. 11. At last General Wayne, who you remember, [page 1481, took Stony Point away from the British, was sent there with an army. He beat the Indians here and there, until they were glad to make peace, and agree to behave themselves. They continued quiet for more than a dozen years after that. 12. The leaders in public affairs did not always agree, and at last two parties were formed. Those who were favorable to giv- ing great power to the government, were called Federalists^ and those who wished to give more power to the people, were called Republicans, The chief leader of the Republicans was Thomas Jefferson, who wrote the Declaration of Independence. 13. At this time the people of France, having become tired of a monarch, had cut off the heads of their king and queen and many other great people. Tliey were resolved to be free, and have a president, as the United States had. But they did not know how to manage such affairs, and a bloody time they had. They sent an agent here, named Genet, to persuade our govern- ment to help them, as the French had helped the Americans in the late war. 14. The Republicans wished to aid the French, but the Feder- alists, with Washington and Uamiiton at their head, were unwill- ing to have any thing to do with European affairs. This matter gave the President much trouble. Genet became very imperti- nent, and, finally, Washington asked the French government to call him home. It was done, and another was sent, who behaved much better. 15. This trouble was just passing away, when another appeared. Congress had put a tax upon whisky made in this country. The numerous whisky-makers in western Pennsylvania, declared they would not pay the tax ; and arming themselves, they treated the collectors of the money very badly. Tlie President was compelled to send soldiers there in 1705, to make them behave. Questions. — 11. What can you tell of an Indian war? 12. What can yon tell about two parties? li!. What can you tell about France and a French agent sent here ? !•! What trouble occurred, ar . liow did it happen? Washington's administration. ITS Jay's treaty. Algerine pirates. Navy. and matters soon became quiet. This is known as The Whisky Insurrection. IG. Bad feeling was now growing up again between the Amer- icans and the British. The British refused to act fairly accord- ing to the great bargain or treaty, made at the close of the war, of which I have told you on page 167. Not wishing to have another quarrel, the President sent John Jay, an excellent Pa- triot, to talk the matter over. He did so, and made a new arrangement, which many Americans did not like. They quarreled a great deal about Jai/s Treaty^ but finally they let the matter drop. 17, And now another trouble ap- peared. It seemed as if the United States would never be without some difficulty. Their merchants were send- ing ships to trade in the Mediterranean sea, where there were a great many sea-robbers, who came from Algiers, in northern Africa. They seized and plundered many American ships, and the merchants began to be afraid to send their vessels there. 18, Congress concluded to put a stop to this, and ordered some war-ships to be built and sent there to protect the merchant ves- sels. This was the beginning of the American navy ; and another cabinet officer, to assist the President, was appointed, called the Secretary of the Navy. But the United States could not stop these sea-robbers, called pirates, from plundering, until it was agreed to pay them so much money every year. 19, Washington was twice elected President, which made liis term, or administration, eight years. He and his associates had done a world of work within that time, and every thing was going on smoothly. In the autumn of 1796, the people came QlTESTiONS. — IC. What caused bad feeling between the Americans and the British ? What was done? 17. What can you tell about trouble in the Mediterranean sea? It. What can you tell about the heginnins of the navy, and money paid to the sea-robbers? 19. What can you tell about Washington, and a new election? JOHN J.\Y. 176 THE NATION Death of Washington. Adams's administration. together in different places, all over the country, to choose a new President. The Federalists and the Republicans had a hard con- test. The Federalists beat, and chose John Adams for President. Thomas Jefferson, the Republican, was chosen Vice-President. 20. In September, 1796, Washington sent forth to the people a noble Farewell Address; and, on the 4th of March following, he retired to Mount Vernon, where he lived in repose until the 14th of December, 1799, when he died. Then there was mourning in America and in Europe, for a great and good man — a cham- pion of liberty, and a friend of mankind, had left the earth forever. ADAMS, AND HIS BESTOENCE. SECTION II. ADAxMS's ADMINISTRATION. [1797-1801.] 1. John Adams, the second l^resident of the United States, was very active in Congress and in jMirope, during the whole War for Independence, lie found trouble to begin with when he became President. France and England \ were at war ; and because of Jay's Treaty with Great Britain, and be- cause the American government would not help the French in their Revolution, the rulers of France were very angry with us. 2. Adams soon called the Con- t^ress together to talk over the mnttor. Thoy sent three smart nion as ministers to the French OtjESTTONS.— "0. WTiat more can yoii sav ahont WiRhington? 1. Wliat can y I'l till r.' out Adams anl tl'.3 Verinnin" of his administr.itlon? Jefferson's administration. 1*77 Bonaparte. District of Columbia. President Jefferson. government, to settle all difficulties, but these were insulted, and could do nothing. The French were then ruled by a Director]/, as the government was called, composed of five men. 3. Soon after that, the great Napoleon Bonaparte, then a young man increasing in power, took the government into his own hands. He was courteous and Avise, and it was not long before every difficulty was settled, and the danger of a war with France passed away. 4. In the year 1*790, a tract of land on the Potomac, ten miles square, and called the District of Columbia, was given to the United States, and there the city of Washington was laid out the next year. A building called the Capitol, for Congress to meet in, was commenced. In the year 1800 that city was made the federal capital, and President Adams went there to reside. 5. In the autumn of 1800, the people elected another Pres- ident. Then, again, the Federalists and Republicans had great strife. This time the Republicans were the victors. Thomas Jefferson was elected President, and Aaron Burr Vice-President, not by the people, but by the House of Representatives. When you are older you may better understand how this happened. SECTION III. Jefferson's administration. [1801-1809.] 1. Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States, Uas also active during the whole War for Independence, in Con- gress, and as Governor of Virginia. He, too, was an agent for his country in Europe, but not until after the war. 2. Like Washington, Mr. Jefferson held the office of President eight years. He was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1801. Questions. 2. What ran you tell about trouble witli France ? .^. "What can yon tell rhnut Bonaparte? 4. What can you tell about the federal city and capitol? 5. What can you tell about an election in ISOJ ? 1. What can you tell about Jefferson? 1-2 178 THE NATION, Ohio and Louisiana. Tlie war with Tripoli. He turned a great many Federal- ists out of office, and put his Re- publican friends in ; and he began many and great changes in tho management of public aftairs. 3. In the autumn of 1802, Ohio became a State of the Union. The ij next year, a vast region west of tho Mississippi river, called Louisiana, was purchased of the French for fifteen millions of dollars. This was divided. The southern portion was called the Territory of New Or- leans ; the northern part was called the District of Louisiana. 4. The sea-robbers in the Medi- terranean, of whom I have told you [page 175], were yet giving the mer- chants and traders a great deal of trouble, and the United States Gov- ernment resolved not to pay any more money every year to them. Then Tripoli, one of the robber- governments, declared war against the United States. Jefferson at once sent strong ships there to protect our merchant vessels, and soon there was fighting. 5. One day the United States frigate Philadelphia, com- manded by Captain Bainbridge, a brave war-sailor, struck on a rock in the harbor of Tripoli. Bainbridge and his officers were made pi'isoners, while his men were all made slaves, and suffered dreadfully. 6. Early in 1804, Lieutenant Decatur, who was afterward one of the best men in the navy, sailed into the harbor of Tripoli with a small vessel, on a dark night, drove the Tripolitans from Questions.— •?. What did Jcfforson do? P,. What can vm toll nhont Ohio and Louis- iana? 4. What pan you toll ahout a w.ar with Tripoli? r>. What happened to an American ship, and her officers and crew? C. What can you tell of the brave Decatur? JEPFE280N' AND HIS BEBlnENCE. JEFFERSONS ADMINISTRATION. 179 Bravery of Decatur. Hamilton and Burr. Burr's scheme. the Philadelphia^ set the vessel on fire, and escaped without losing a man. This bold act alarmed the Bashaw, or governor of Tripoli. 7. The Bashaw was a bad man. His place belonged to his brother Hamet, whom he had compelled to tlec to Egypt. Ilamct readily joined the Americans against his wicked brother, and at the head of a number of Mohammedan sol- DEOATTJE. diers, he accompanied some seamen, under Captain Eaton, across the deserts from Alexandria in Egypt. They captured a Tripolitan town on the Mediterranean, and were marching directly for Tripoli, when the terrified Bashaw made peace with the American agent there. So the war was ended. 8. In the summer of 1804, Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton had a duel, or fight with pistols. Hamilton was killed, and after that Burr was gen- erally detested. He had a great desire to be a leading man ; so, in the spring of 1806, he went beyond the Alleghany mountains, where an enterprising and restless people were fast gathering, and took measures to raise a large number of troops, to go, as he pretended, and seize the Spanish territory of Texas and the neighboring States. 9. Many good and brave men joined Burr in this, because, on account of the conduct of the Spaniards, they thought it right. But he was finally suspected of an intention to divide the Union, make a separate government of the Western States, and become its President. He was arrested, and tried in 1807 ; but it could not be proved that he had any such intentions, and they let him go. Oo-^STioxe. — T. Wlnt tnor'^ ran yon tell about Vns wnr with Tripoli ? S. W.i;;t can you tell about Aaro.i Burr ? 0. What c.i'.i you tell of his scheme, and its e;id ? AAEON BURR. 80 THE NATION. >''ulton and navigation by steam. Trouble in Europe and America. IDLTON 8 STE^VMliOAT. 10. This same year a most important thing occurred. Robert Fulton, an American poitrait paijiter, and a good mechanic, who had in- vented machinery for driving boats by steam, phiced some in' a vessel on tlie ^^^ Hudson river. |Jf«p^4^B^fe rhe boat went ifi Mm ^BSbsSIw^^ I'rom New ^ York to Al- KouEET FULTON. bauy in tliirt}- six hours, " against wind and tide," to the great astonishment of every bod}-. This was the commencement of successful steamboat navigation in the world. 11. And now there was great trouble in Europe. There was war almost everywhere. Bonaparte liad made himself Emperor of France, and three of liis brothers kings of other countries. All Einope was in arms against him, and Great Britain, too. The United States would have nothing to do with either party ; and so, for a long time, our merchant-vessels were allowed to trade in all parts, and make much money. 12. A change came. England and France, in their endeavors to injure each other, closed many ports, and both ])artics seized American vessels. Our commerce was very soon ruined, for we had few large ships to protect it. Congress had ordered swarms of gun-boats, but these were liardly sufficient for a coast-guard. 13. These things caused bitter feelings toward Great Britain, which was increased by the commanders of British vessels claiming the right to go on board of American ships, and search for their runaway sailors. This claim became the cliief cause of war between the United States and Great Britaii>. QtrcsTTONS. — 10. What can yon tell of Fulton and stpamboats ? 11. What can yon U II of troubles in Europe? How did tlir; Americans act? 1-. What change came? and what was done? in AA'hnt was tl'O cffcrt ? A FELUCCA GCN-BOAT. Jefferson's administration. 181 The Leopard and Chesapeake. The embargo act 14. One pleasant day in June, 1807, the British ship Leopard attacked the American ship Chesapeake, off the coast of Vir- ginia, because her commander would not allow his vessel to be searched for runaway sailors. The Chesapeake was badly beaten, and was compelled to go into port at Old Point Comfort, near Hampton. 15. This wicked act made the Americans very angry. Pres- ident Jefferson issued a decree, that every British vessel should immediately leave America, and not be allowed to return until satisfaction was given by the king and Parliament, for the out- rage. 16. In the mean while, England and France did all they could to injure each other, while the British would not give up what they called their rights — that was, full liberty to search American vessels for runaways. Finally, when the Congress met in De- cember, a law was made, forbidding all vessels, of every kind, leaving the American shores, and ordering all American sailors abroad to come home immediately, and prepare for expected war. This was called The I^mhargo Act. 17. Merchants, and all others connected with ships, very much disliked the Embargo, for it ruined their business. Nor did it seem to do much good, for the English and French went right on, as before, and paid very little attention to what the Amer- icans said or did. So, early in the spring of 1809, the Embargo law was done away with, and another was made, forbidding all trade with Great Britain or France until they should act more justly. 18. Mr. Jefferson had now been President eight years, and his place was filled by James Madison, a great Patriot of Virginia, who was also a Republican. Questions, — 14. What can you tell of an attack on an American ship ? 15. What was then done? 16. What did the English, French, and American Governments do? 17. What more can you tell about the Embargo ? 18. What can you tell of a new elec- tion? 182 T HE N A T ION. President Madison. Beginning of his administration. King George. SECTION IV. Madison's administration. [1809-1817.] 1. James Madison, the fourth President of the United States, was also active in the Revohition, Though a very young man, he was a member of the Continental Congress, and was one of the warmest friends of the Federal Constitution. 2. Mr. Madison became Pres- ident on the 4th of March, 1809. He chose wise men for his cabinet, or his advisers. On account of the continued troubles with Great Brit- ain and France, he called the Con- gress together a few weeks after- ward, to talk over these matters. 3. King George, who was the same man that ruled Great Britain when the Revolution commenced, almost forty years before, was dis- posed to be just toward the Amer- icans, I think, but he had bad advirers, and he was sometimes crazy, and did not know what he did. lie sent a man over here to settle all difiiculties, and things would have gone on smoothly had not his advisers prevented tlie king from approv- ing of what his agent had done. For awhile the Americans believed things were going on well again, and tliey commenced trading with Great Britain, as before. QUBSTIONS— 1 . What can you say about Madisjn!* 2. What did Madison do? 3. What can you say about King George and his advisers ? MAniSON AND HIS KESIDENCE. Madison's administration. 1^T Conduct of France and England. Naval engagement. War with the Indians. 4. But France and England continued to act very wickedly to- ward the Americans. They allowed their war-ships to seize and plunder our merchant vessels, and in every way acted as enemies, while they pretended to be friends. Great Britain even sent her war-ships to our coasts, to seize American vessels and send them to England as prizes. 5. On one occasion, about the middle of April, 1811, the British ship Little Belt, attacked the American ship President, off the coast of Virginia. They had a pretty severe fight, when the commander of the British ship concluded it was best to stop, and they separated. This event made a great deal of bad feel, ing. 6. I have told you how the British, in the West, a long time before, had caused the Indians to attack the Americans. Now they did the same thing again; and in the spring of 1811, Te- cumsch, a great Indian warrior, united several of the western tribes in a league, in which they agreed to drive the white peo- ple from the country between the Ohio river and the Lakes. 1. General Harrison, who was afterward President of the United States, was then Governor of the Indian Territory. He saw the gathering danger, and caused the people to arm them- selves, and prepare for war. In the summer he marched these armed men into the Indian country, and for several months he watched the savages closely. Finally, on a dark night early in November, while he was on the banks of the Tippecanoe river, the Indians fell upon him and his men. They had a very hard fiiXht until morning, when the Indians were driven away. The battle of Tippecanoe was one of the severest ever fought with the Indians. 8. The people of the United States now saw that they must cither fight or become slaves, as it were, to Gi-eat Britain again. They had become prosperous and happy in peace, and very much disliked going to war. But they could no longer endure the in- QuESTiONS. — 4. "WHiat was done? How did France and England continue to act? ^•. Wbat can you tpll of a fight in Chesapeake Bay? 6. What can you tell about tl'o I'ldians in the West? 7. What did Harrison do? and what can you tell of a battle.'' S. What can you say about the people of tlie United States? What was done ? 18i THE NATION. Second war for independence. Preparations. UuU's surrender. suits and the wrongs of the English, and so on the iVth of June, 1812, Congress declared war against Great Britain. This is known as The Wae of 1812, or THE SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 9. Congress made ample provisions for an army, but the navy was so small that it appeared as nothing when compared with that of Great Britain. The Americans liad only twelve large war-ships, while the British had over nine hundred of all kinds, yet the Americans went boldly and confidently into the war. 10. Henry Dearborn, who had been in the old War for Inde- pendence, was appointed chief commander of the armies ; and Wilkinson, Hampton, Hull, and Bloomfield, who were also soldiers of the Revolution, were chosen to be his chief as^sistants. 11. General Hull was then Governor of the Territory of Mich- igan, and when he heai'd of the declaration of war, he was marching with two thousand troops against the Indians. He was ordered to cross the Detroit river into Canada, and endeavor to take possession of the country. He did so, in July, but he found so many British soldiers and Indians there that he went back again, and remained at Detroit. 12. The British general. Brock, followed Hull across the river, and ordered him to give up the fort and his army at once, or he would take them by force, and let his Indians murder them all. Hull felt sure that Brock could do it, because he had so many more men than himself; so, on the 10th of August, 1812, the army, fort, and all Michigan were given to the British. 13. This loss greatly mortified and oftended the Americans. General Hull was called a coward and a traitor, like Benedict Arnold. In fact he came very near being hanged. But when the war was over the people thought better of him. For my part, I don't think he should be blamed at all for wishing to save his soldiers from being murdered. Questions— 9. What did Congress do? How wpre the Amprieans prepared for war? 10. Who was :ippointo(l coiiimandiT? 11. What can vou tell about General Hull ? 12. What can yon tell about the surrender of Hull? 13. How did the Americans feel about the acts of Hull? SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 185 Invasion of Canada. The war on the ocean. Privateers. 14. During the summer of 1812, a plan was arranged for in- vading Canada across the Niagara river. Many troops were sent there ; and in October, a large number, under Colonel Sol- omon Van Rensselaer, crossed over and attacked the British on Quecnstown Heights. The battle was very severe. The British were driven off, and their general, Brock, was killed. Others at- tacked and beat the Americans in the afternoon of the same day, so that both parties suffered dreadfully. 15. Very little more was done on land, during the remainder of the year. But the little American navy did wonders on the ocean. In August, the frigate Constitution completely destroyed the British frigate Guerricrc. Two months later, the sloop of war Wasp, fought and beat the British brig Frolic, oft" the itnited states fkigate. coast of North Carolina. But the Wasjo was taken by another British vessel that very afternoon, so the victory did not amount to much. 16. A week after this, the frigate United States fought the British frigate Macedonian for two hours, and beat her. The United States was commanded by the brave Decatur, of whom I have told you on page 78. At the close of December, the Constitution and Java had a terrible fight. Many of the British were killed, and the Java was surrendered and burnt. The Constitution was then commanded by Bainbridge, of whom, also, I have told you on page VS. 17. These victories made the Americans proud and joyful. I have told you [verse 3, page 126], what privateers are. Well, there were swarms of these on the ocean, at this time ; and dur- ing the year, they took away from the British about three hun- dred vessels. Feeling stronger on account of these things, the Americans prepared for a lively campaign in 1813. 18. During the excitement of the war, Mr. Madison was again Questions. — 14. What can you tell of an invasion of Canada? 15. What oci-nrrerl on Ihe ocBHn ? 16. What other conflicts occurred on the ocean? 17. How did the Americans feel? What can you tell about privateers ? 186 , THENATION Campaign of 1813. The war in the west. chosen President of the United States. George Clinton, of whom I have told you [verse 5, page 168], had been Vice-President. lie died, and Elbridge Gerry, one of the great Patriots of the Revolution, was chosen in his place. SECTION V. THE SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [1813.] 1. The campaign of 1813 opened with the year. The army was divided. The army of the West was under General Harri- son, at the head of Lake Erie. The army of the Center was under General Dearborn on the Niagara river ; and the army of the North was under General Hampton on the borders of Lake Champlain. Sir George Prevost took Brock's place as com- mander of the British army in Canada. 2. War began in the West. Thousands of young- men came from Kentucky and other western States, to drive the British from Michigan. These wee led by the brave old Governor Shelby, wlio fought valiantly at the battle of King's Mountain, of which I have told you on page 156. 3. Early in January, General Winches- oEifEKAL SHELUT. tcM', witli au amiy of fine young men, marched toward Detroit. Some of them were sent ahead and liad some skirmishing. The British general, Proctor, then on the Canada border, crossed over, and attacked Winchester near the river Raisin. After a hard battle, the Americans were compelled to surrender, on promise of being well treated. 4. Do vou remember what Montcahn promised Monro at Fort William Henry ? and what sad thing happened ? Look at verse QtTESTioNS.— 18. Wh.it cnn yon tell alxmt a new election ? 1. What can you tell about the division of the army? 2. What was done in the West? 3. What can you tell of Winchester and a battle ? SECOND WAK FOR INDEPENDENCE. 187 Indian Massacre. Attack on Fort Meigs. Major Croghan. 35 and 36, page 101. Well, a similar thing occurred now. Proc- tor, who was not half as honorable as Montcalm, went off, without leaving a guard to protect the American prisoners. The Indians soon turned back, murdered a great many of them, set fire to houses, and kept some of the prisoners, to torture them in the Avoods. O, how angry the Kentuckians were. After that, when they attacked the British and Indians, they would cry out "Re- member the river Raisin !" 5. When General Harrison heard of this massacre, he was at the Maumee rapids. There he built a strong work, and called it Fort Meigs. He remained there with his troops till the 1st of May, when he was attacked by General Proctor Avith more than two thousand British troops and Indians. The savages were led by Tecumseh, of whom I have told you on page 183. 6. Proctor and his men were driven away, after five days' struggle. Some Americans pursued them, and were themselves taken prisoners. Then Proctor returned ; but on the 8th of May lie was compelled to fly to the Canada shore. 1. A large number of Americans, under General Clay, re- mained at Fort Meigs. Toward the close of July, Proctor and Tecumseh, with four thousand men, attacked them. Leaving Tecumseh there. Proctor soon marched swiftly to attack Fort Stephenson, at Lower Sandusky, which was defended by Major Croghan — a brave young man, only twenty-one years of age, having with him only one hundred nnd fifty men. 8. " Surrender immediately," said Proc- tor, on his arrival. " Never, while I have a man left," replied Croghan. Then a -j^^j^BI^SBSS^^h '{ ) terrible fight followed. At last the British and Indians, beaten and greatly alarmed, majoe ceoguan. fled in confusion. The shots from a single cannon in the fort, had QtTESTiONS. — 4. What wicked thing was done near the river Raisin ? 5. "What did Harrison do? What happeiu d at Fort Meigs? G. Wh:!t can yon tell ahoiit Proctor'.' 7. What more can you tell about Proctor and the Indians? 8. What can you tell of the bravery of Croghan? ! 88 T II E X A T I O N . Scenes on the Lakes. Perry's Victory. Battle near the Thames. killed or wounded one liundred and fifty of them, while Crogliau lost only one man killed and seven wounded. Tecumseh and the remainder, fled in terror from Fort Meigs. 9. The two great lakes, Erie and Ontario, now became places of much interest. In the autumn of 1812, the Americans com- pleted a small fleet on Lake Ontario ; and in the summer of 1813, another had been prepared on Lake Erie, and placed under the command of the brave young war-sailor. Commodore Perry. 10. The British also had a small fleet on Lake Erie. This and the American fleet met toward the west end of the lake, on the lOtli of September, 1813, and had a very hard battle, which lasted a greater part of the day. Toward evening every British vessel had sur- rendered to Perry, and then lie wrote to General Uarrison — " We have met coMMODOBB PEKBT. thc cncmy, and they are ours !" 11. Harrison was near the western shore of Lake Erie at this time. On the iVth of September, he Avas joined by four thou- sand Kentuckians, under the brave old Shelby, and they pro- ceeded to attack the British at Maiden, on the Canada shore, and to take Detroit away from them. 12. The British and Indians fled into the country in western Canada. A part of the American army took possession of Detroit, and the remainder, more than three thousand strong, leu by Harrison, Shelby, and others, started in pursuit of the flying enemy. 13. They overtook Proctor and his army on the river Thames, on the 5th of Octobei'. There a desperate battle was fought. Tecumseh was killed, and his followers fled in dismay. Almost the whole of Proctor's army were killed or made prisoners, and Proctor himself barely escaped on horseback. 14. Now all that Hull had lost was recovered, and there was QnKSTioNS. — 0. WHiat was done on the lakes? 1(1. What can you tell of Perry and his battle? 11. What can you tell of Marrisoi and Shelhy ? 1?. What can you tell of a pursuit? 13. What can you tell of a battle near the Thames ? SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 189 Capture of York. Death of Pike. Events at Sackett's Harbor. no more war in that region. The people, all over the country, rejoiced. Harrison left Cass with some soldiers, to keep Detroit, and dismissing many of the volunteers, (the young men from Kentucky), he marched with the remainder of his army to Niagara, where they joined the army of the center. 15. In February some British troops had crossed the St. Law- rence on the ice, and destroyed much property at Ogdensburg. General Dearborn now determined to attack the British at To- ronto (then called York), in Upper Canada. Toward the close of April, quite a large number of troops, in ships commanded by Commodore Chauncey, went to that place, and made a strong attack upon it. The Americans were commanded by General Pike ; the British and Indians by General Sheaffe. 16. The British found the Americans too strong for them, so they fled, after setting fire to the powder in the fort, which blew it all in pieces. General Pike was so badly luirt by some of the flying stones and timbers, that he died on Chauncey's ship soon afterward, with the captured British flag under his head. The American flag soon floated over the ruined fort at York. 17. A month afterward, the same troops, borne by the same ships, attacked the British Fort George, on the Niagara river. The British were compelled to give up the fort. They fled to Burlington Heights, at the western end of Lake Ontario, closely pursued by the Americans. 18. Sir George Prevost, Avhom I have already mentioned [verse 1, page 186], came to Sackett's Harbor with ships and troops, while Chauncey, with his fleet, was at the other end of Lake On- tario. On the 27tli of May, 1813, Prevost landed more than a thousand men. General Brown, a brave soldier, was there, Avith a few troops, and he called the surrounding inhabitants together as quickly as possible. Prevost soon became alarmed, and fled to his ships in great haste. 19. Now the Americans planned an attack upon Montreal, in QiresTiONS. — 14. WTiat was now gained ? What did TlarrisoTi do? 15. What can yon t.Ml about an attack on York, or Toronto? 16. Wh;it can ym tell of the fight and other c vents? 17. Wliat did the Amerirans do on the western shores of Lake Ontario ? iS. AVhat occurred at Sackett's Harbor ? 1 j)0 THE N A T I O N Events on the St. Lawrence. Villages burnt Troubles In the Soath. Canada, Dearborn was taken sick, and General Wilkinson took liis place as chief commander. He collected seven thousand troops on the banks of the St. Lawrence, early in November, and went down that river, expecting to be joined for the attack on Montreal, by three thousand troops, under Hampton, from Lake Champlain. 20. The British were wide awake on both sides of the river, and the Americans found it very difficult to pass many places, wnth their boats. Some of them, under General Brown, landed at Williamsburg, and there, on the 11th of November, the Americans and British had a severe fight. The Americans lost more than three hundred men, and the British about two hundred. 21. AVhen he arrived at St. Regis, Wilkinson found that Hampton wouM not join him, so he inarched his army to French Mills, nine niiks in the country, and prepared to spend the win- ter there. They called the place Fort Covington. 22. While these things were going on, there were some ex- citing scenes on the Niagara. The Americans burned the Ca- nadian village of Newark. The British were soon revenged. They took Forts George and Niagara away from the Americans, and burned Youngstown, Lewiston, Mancliester (now Niagara Falls village), the Tuscarora Lidian village. Black Rock, and Buf- falo. These places were all burned in December, and thus ended the campaign of 1813 in the North. 23. 1 have told you that the brave Indian warrior, Tecumseli, was killed in battle, in October, 1813. In the spring of that year, he was among the fierce Southern tribes, to arouse them against the white people. The Creeks [see verse 21, page lo] listened to him ; and late in August th(>y attacked Fort Mimms, on the Alabama river, and murdereil almost three hundred men, women, and children. 24. This terrible massacre made all the white people of the South very angrv ; and full twenty-five luindred Tennesseeans, under General Jackson (one of the greatest of the American war- QrFSTioNs. — 10. "What was plannod? nnd whit Hit! the Americans do' 2'>. A\'i>'<*, cn'i vou toll of a h.ittl(> in Canddi ? ''1. AVhat Hi-l AVilki-'son <1o» 9?. What can you toll of events on the Niagara frontier? 23. AVliat can you tell of Tecumseh? CAPTAIN LAWEENCE. SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 191 The Indians subdued. Battles on the Ocean. Death of Lawrence. riors), marched into the country of the Creeks. They had battle after battle with the Indians, and always beat them. Finally, toward the close of March, 1814, the last battle was fought r.t the Great Horse Shoe Bend, on the Tallapoosa river. There more than six hundred Indian warriors were slain, and the power of the Creek nation was crushed forever. 25. Now I will tell you what happened on the ocean during 1813. On the 24th of February, the sloop-of-war Hornet, commanded by the brave Captain Law- rence, fought and captured the British brig Peacock, off the east coast of South America. A few minutes after the Pea- cock gave up, it went to the bottom of the sea. 26. Captain Lawrence was much praised, and when he came home he was made commander of the frigate Chesapeake, a larger vessel. In this ship he sailed out of Boston harbor on the 1st of June, 1813, and that afternoon had a hard battle with the British frigate Shannon. The brave Captain Lawrence was shot, and as they carried him below to die, he said, "Don't give up the ship!" But they were com- pelled to give it up, for the Shannon was the victor. 27. In August, the British sloop Pelican took the American brig Arffus. A month afterward. Perry gained his great victory on Lake Erie, about which I have told you. A few days before this, the British brig Boxer had surrendered to the American brig Enterprise, after a figlit off the coast of Maine. The com- mander of each vessel was killed, and they were buried in ore grave at Portland. 28. During the summer of 1813, the British admiral. Cock- burn, attacked, plundered, and destroyed towns and other prop- erty on the Chesapeake Bay and vicinity. In March he destroyed the American shipping in the Delaware, and in May he attacked QcTSTiONB. — 54. What can you tell about Jackson and Indian battles? 25. What •^'•- f"'-rfd on the ocean in 1813? ?6. Whnt can you tell about Captain T,awrpnce? -7. What else occurred on the ocean ? CS. ^V^lat can you tcU about Admiral Cockbum ? 19 J THE NATION Cockbum the marauder. i-wvEENCF, rAnniEi) hei.ow. arid burned Havre de Grasse, Goorgctowii, and Froderictown, on the Chesapeake. Then he went into Hampton Koads, at Old Point Comfort, and proceeded toward Norfolk, 29. The Americans on Craney Island, a little below Norfolk, bravely disputed Cockburn's passajje, and drove liim back. The British then attacked and plundered Hampton until they were tired, for the American soldiers there were too few to drive them awav. Then they went South, plundering the Carolina coast all the wav to the Savannah river. OTTr.BTinNs. — Cr. What occurrrd at Craney Island ': What more can yuu tell i,Lout Cockburn ? SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 193 Porter in the Pacific. Movements of the American troops. 30. During 1813, the American frigate Ussex, commanded by Captain Porter, made a long cruise in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and captured many British whaling vessels. At length, in March, 1814, the Essex fought two British vessels at Valpa- raiso. It was one of the hardest sea-fights during the war. The British were victors ; and Porter wrote to the Secretary of the Navy, " We have been unfortunate, but not disgraced," SECTION N[. SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE CONTINUED. [1814, 1815.1 1. It was well for the Americans that Great Britain was at war with Bonaparte all this time, and was prevented sending ships and soldiers across the Atlantic. In March, 1814, Bonaparte was driven out of France, and it was supposed that war would cease. So the British sent fourteen thousand of the great Wel- lington's troops over to Canada. 2. The American army in northern New York was put in mo- tion at the close of February. It was useless to invade Canada in the St. Lawrence region, so Wilkinson led some of the troops to Plattsburg, on Lake Champlain, and Brown marched with others to Sackett's Harbor. 3. In May, a British fleet and three thousand troops attacked Oswego. After fighting a good deal of the time for two days, they were driven away by the Americans, with a loss of over two hundred men. They did not venture back again. 4. At about this time. General Brown led his troops to the Niagara river. On the morning of the 3d of July, some Amer- icans, under Generals Scott and Ripley, crossed the river and captured Fort Erie. The next day, the American and British armies had a very severe battle at Chippewa. The British were Questions.— 30. What more can you tell about Captain Porter and his vessel? 1. What was well for the Americans? 2. Wliat did the Americans in northern Ni w York do ? 3. What ociurred at Oswego ? 4. What occurred near the Niagara river ? 13 194 THE NATION Events on the Canada frontier. Battle at Plattsburg. QENEBAL BBOWN. Ladly beaten, and both armies suffered very much. The British lost about five hundred men, and the Americans three hundred. 5. The British retreated to Burling- ton Heights, where they were joined by General Drummond. Then they all came back, and attacked Brown and his army at Bridgewater, near Niagara Falls. There, at the close of a hot day, one of the hardest battles of the war com- menced, and continued until midnight, when each party had lost a little more than eight hundred and fifty men. The Americans were again the victors ; and the next day they took post at Fort Erie. 6. On the 15th of August, Drummond, with five thousand men, attacked Fort Erie, but was driven oft', after losing almost a thou- sand of them. He was compelled to flee to Fort George ; and finally the Americans destroyed Fort Erie, crossed the river, and went into winter quarters at Buffalo and in its neighborhood. 1. In August, General Prevost, with fourteen thousand men, marched from Canada to drive the Americans from Plattsburg. Each party had a small fleet on Lake Champlain, and these, and the two armies had a very severe battle af Plattsburg, on the 11th of September. The American army was commanded by General Macomb, and the navy by Coumiodorc Mac- doiiough. 8. This was one of the most im- portant battles of the war. The Bi'it- ish fleet was beaten ; and Prevost, much alarmed, fled, having lost in killed, wounded, and missing, twenty- QuRBTiONs. — 5. \Nniat can yon tell nhoiit thfi British army and a battle near Xiajrara Falls '/ 6. What else happened on tho Niagara frontier ? 7. What can you tell of the Brit- i ih and Americans on Lalce Champlain ? 8. What can you tell of a battle at Plattsburg f OOMMOnOKE MAOnONOUOH. SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 105 Burning of Washington. Defense of Baltimore. The " Star-spangled Banner." five hundred men. The Americans lost only one hundred and twenty-one. This victory caused great rejoicings all over the country. 9. At about the middle? of August, General Eoss, one of Wel- lington's bravest officers, came with a large fleet and six thousand soldiers, and landed on the shores of Maryland, With five thou- sand men he marched toward Washington city, and, at Bladens- burg, he had a battle with Americans under General Winder. 10. The Americans were too few to oppose Eoss, and on the 24th of August, the British entered Washington, burned the Capitol, the President's house and man 3^ private buildings, and came very near making a prisoner of President Madison. 11. Early in September, Ross proceeded with the British fleet and army to capture Baltimore. He landed a few miles from the city, and, while marching to attack it, he was killed in a skirmish. Soon afterward, a severe battle, known as that of North Point, occurred, while the British ships were attacking Fort McIIenr)^, in Baltimore harbor. 12. The Americans behaved with great valor, and so opposed the British, at every move, that they concluded it was useless to make further efforts to capture Baltimore. So they sailed away. This defense was considered a great victory. Have you ever heard the song of The Star-sjmngled Banner ? The banner mentioned in it, was the American flag on Fort McHenry at that time. That flag, you know, has a star for every State, and so it is called the " star-spangled banner." 13. During the summer of 1814, British ships continually an- noyed the people on the New England coast. Stonington was attacked in August, but the armed inhabitants, after opposing them for four days, finally compelled the British to leave. After this, the war almost ceased at the North, 14. There was yet much trouble and danger in the South. The Indians Avere pretty quiet, but the Spaniards, who owned Florida, favored the British. The Spanish governor allowed the QiTESTioNS. — ^9. What occurred in Maryland? 10. 'WHiat did the Britifli do? 11. What occurred near Baltimore ? 1-'. What can you tell of the defense of Baltimore, and i: song? 13. What occurred on the Nf%y England coast? i96 THENATION Events in Florida. New Orleans. Battle at New Orleans. fitting out of a British fleet at Pensacola, to attack the American fort at the entrance to Mobile Bay, and encouraged two hundred Creek warriors to go with them. The attack was made on the 11th of September. The British were driven off, with the loss of one of their vesscis and many men. 15, General Jackson, who commanded at the South, told the Spanish governor that he Avould punish him for helping the enemies of the Americans, if he did not give a good excuse for his conduct. The governor paid no attention to what Jackson said. So the general, early in November, marched his army into Florida, drove the British in Pensacola to their shipping, and made the governor beg for mercy, and give up the fort, town, and every thing else.. 16. And now the people of New Orleans were greatly alarmed by the news that a large number of British ships and soldiers were coming to attack the city. They sent in great haste to General Jackson, asking him to come and help them. He ar- rived there in December, and soon after that, General Packen- ham, with twelve thousand of ^Ycllington's soldiers, appeared below New Orleans, lY. Jackson was soon prepared for the invaders. First he had skirmishes with the advancing British. Finally, on the 8th of January, 1815, a very severe battle was fought four miles below the city, where Jackson had erected strong works, armed with a few cannons. These works stretched across from the Missis- sippi river to a deep cypress swamp. 18. Jackson had about six thousand men behind his works, most of them armed with rifles. The British, in full force marched up. "WTien they were within rifle shot, the Americans fairly rained a shower of bullets upon them. Packenham was killed, and soon the whole British army fled, leaving seven hun- dred men dead, and more than a thousand wounded, on the field. The Americans lost only seven killed, and six wounded ! 19. The battle at New Orleans was the last one, on land, of Qn-8TroN8.— 14. What can you tell of events in Florida? 15. "What did General .Tickson do ? IC. AVhat can yoii tell about Now Orleans ? 17. What preparations against tue British were made ? IS. Describe the battle of New Orleans. "WAR WITH ALGIERS. 197 Peace. War with Algiers. Decatur in the Mediterranean. the Second War for Independence. The victory made the Americans rejoice greatly. The American and British govern- ments, through their agents appointed for the purpose, had already made another bargain, or treaty, to become friends. 20. That bargain was completed at Ghent, in Belgium, on the day before Christmas, in 1814 ; and forty days after the battle at New Orleans, the President of the United States proclaimed Peace. Then a day was appointed for the whole nation to join in thanksgiving and praise to Almighty God for that blessed event. 21. The contest with Great Britain had just ended, when the Americans Avere compelled to engage in a short war with ALGIERS. 22. I have already told you [page 1*75], about the sea-robbers in the Mediterranean sea, and how the Bashaw of Tripoli was made to behave himself. The Dey, or Governor of Algiers, hav- ing been deceived by the story that the British had destroyed all of the American war-vessels, began to rob their merchant-ships, and was very impertinent to the American agent there. 23. President Madison determined to make the Algerine, also, behave himself, so he sent the brave Decatur to the Mediterra- nean, with some war-ships, in May, 1815. lie fell in with the Algerine fleet, took two of the vessels and many prisoners, and then sailed to Algiers. The governor was astonished. Decatur told him he must let every American go, and pay for all the property his people had robbed the Americans of, or he would destroy his ships and his city. The frightened governor did so, and after that he let the Americans alone. 24. Decatur then made the Bashaws or Governors of Tunis and Tripoli do the same thing, and from that time to this, Ave have had very little trouble with the Barbary Powers, as they Qtrr.STiONS. — 19. What can you say of the victory at New Orleans ? What was done 1 f 0. What can you tell about the treaty for peace ? 21 . What happened at that time ? 2?. AVhat can you tell about the sea-robbers in the Mediterranean? 23. What can you tell about an expedition against the AlgerineK ? C4. What tlse did Decatur do ? 198 THE NATION, Close of Madison's administration. American manufactures. were called. In a little while, Decatur did there what all the powere of Europe had not been able to do. 25. And now the stirring administration of Mr. Madison drew to a close. Little else of much importance occurred before its end, except the admission of Indiana into the Union, and giving a new charter to the United States Bank. In the autumn of 1816, James Monroe of Virginia, was elected I*resident, and Daniel D. Tompkins of New York, Vice-President of the United States. MONBOE, AND HIS nKSIDEIfCE. SECTION YII. Monroe's administration-. • [1817-1825.] 1. James Monroe, the fifth Pres- ident of the United States, was a soldier in the Revolution, and be- longed to the Republican party. He chose very wise men for his cabinet, as advisers, and they all went to work industriously to get government matters out of the confusion in which the war had left them. 2. During the war the Amer- icans made cloth and man}' other things, Avhich before they bought in England and France. They spent a great deal of money for machinery to do it with. When U the French and English goods came in abundance after the war. QnrsTioNS. — Or>. What can you say about the olosincj of Madison's administration? 1. Wliat can you tull about Monroe and his cabinet? 2. Wliat can you tell about manufactures? Monroe's administration. 199 Emigration to the West. Indian difficulties. Jackson in Florida. these manufacturers Avere mucli injured, and tliousands of people liad nothing to do. 3. Like many other things, this, that seemed an evil, was a good. Thousands who were compelled to be idle went beyond the mountains into the fertile West, cultivated the soil, and be- came healthier, happier, and wealthier than they could have been had they remained in the East. 4. During Mr. Monroe's administration, the Territories of Mis- sissippi, Illinois, Alabama, and Missouri, were admitted into the Union as States. Settlements also increased very rapidly all over the West. General prosperity was everywhere visible, and every- body hoped for long years of repose, when some difficulty appeared in the South. 5. There were bad British subjects in Florida, who were excit- ing the Indians to injure the Americans. Toward the close of 1817, a large number of Creek and Seminole Indians and run- away negroes, commenced plundering and murdering the settlors on the borders of Georgia and Alabama. Troops were sent to protect the people, but the Indians, becoming aroused, placed all of them in great danger. 6. Hearing of this. General Jackson, with a thousand Ten- nesseeans on horseback, went to the aid of the troops. He caught and hung two white men who had excited the Indians to murder and plunder his countrymen. He then marched to Pen- sacola, took the town and fort away from the Spaniards, and sent the governor and others off to Cuba. 7. Some blamed Jackson for this. Finally, almost every body said he was ri^ht, and had treated the governor just as he de- served to be. Not long afterward the United States and Spain made a bargain, by which all of Florida was given up to the Americans. Then General Jackson was made the first American Governor of Florida. 8. When the people of Missouri asked Congress to admit their Territory into the Union as a State, there arose a great deal of Questions. — ^. What did many people do ? 4. What can yon say ahont Monroe's afl- ministration? 5. AVhat occurred in the South? 6. What did General Jackson do? 7. What did the people thi:;k? What was done ? S. AVliat can you tell ahout Missouri ? 200 THE NATION, The Missouri Compromise. The old soldiers. Pirates. La Fayette. disputing in Congress and out of it, as to whether slaves should be allowed there. These disputes continued about two years, and at times they were very warm. 9. It was finally agreed to allow negro slaves in Missouri ; but it was also agreed that a line should be drawn from the southern boundary of Missouri to the Pacific Ocean, and that north of that line there should never be any slaves, in any new State tliat might be formed there. This was called the Missouri Compro- mise. 10. While this question was disturbing the people, Mr. Mon- roe and Mr. Tompkins were again chosen President and Vice- President. There was very little opposition to them, for the old Federal party had almost ceased to exist. 11. In 1818, Congress made a law by which the old sol- diers of the Revolution, yet living, were to be paid so much money every year. I am sure you are glad of that. The same year an arrangement was made for the Americans to share with the Brit- ish in the Newfoundland fisheries. Do you remember what I told you on page 23, about Cabot seeing so many codfish in the neighborhood of that island ? 12. The sea-robbers, or pirates, were not all in the Mediter- ranean. There were a great many of them among the West India Islands, and they annoyed our merchant-vessels. The President sent some ships there in 1822, and they destroyed more than twenty of the pirate vessels. Commodore Perry cap- tured many more of them the next year, and then the yellow fever deprived him of his life. 13. And now a pleasant thing happened. La Fayette, who, you remember [page 136], helped the Americans so nobly in the old War for Independence, came to visit the people of the United States. He had become an old man. He arrived in the sum- mer of 1824, staid until the next year, and traveled more than five thousand miles among us. A national vessel named Brandy- wine^ in his honor, was then sent to convey him home. Question's. — 0. What was afrrced to? 10. What can you tell ahout a new electic' 11. What can you toll ahout the old Roldiers and the fisheries? 1'2. What can you till about West India pirates? 13. What can you tell about La Fayette? ADAMSS ADMINISTRATION. 201 John Quincy Adams. Prosperity of the United States. 14. In the autumn of 1824, tlie people of the United States chose a new Chief Magistrate. John Quincy Adams, son of the old President, John Adams, was elected to that high office, and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, was chosen Vice-President. SECTION VIII. ADAMs's ADMINISTRATION. [1825-1829.] 1. John Quincy Adams, the sixth President of the United States, was a youth during the Revolution ; yet he saw and knew much of its scenes. He became President on the 4th of March, 1825. At that time the United States were at peace with all the world, and every thing appeared bright with prosperity. 2. How I wish, my Young- Friend, that in telling you the his- tory of the United States, I could have told you of such pleasant and peaceful years as the country was blessed with while John Quincy Adams was President. But, alas I too much of the story is made up of wars and disputes — of the doings of bad men and the sufferings of good men. I hope you will live to see the time when wars and quar- J. Q. ADAMS, AND HIS RESIDENCE. QuESTiONB 14. What about another election"? 1. Wh.at can yon tell about John OMincy Adams ? What can you say about peace and prosperity? 2. What would I like to tell you ? Of what is history made up ? 202 THE NATION. The Erie Canal. A singular coincidence. The TarifC BEwnrr clintok. rels will be no more Leard of. When every body shall try to do right, that time will have come. 3. There was a little trouble in Georgia in connection with the removal of the Creek and Cherokee Indians from that State, at the commencement of Adams'? administration. But this diffi- culty soon disappeared, and U^ese Indians went beyond the Mis- s^Jssippi river. 4, The same year, the great canal in the State of New York, which connects Lake Erie Avith the Hudson river, was completed. It was a most wonderful ^vork, for it was really making a nav- igable river over three hundred and sixty miles in length. Devvitt Clinton did more than any other man to accom- plish the work, and his name will never be spoken but Avith pride. 5. A remarkable occurrence took place in the summer of 182G. On the 4th of Julj', just fifty years after the Declaration of Independence was adopted, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams died. They were both on the Committee that drew up the Declaration, you remember [verse IV, page 129], both had been foreign ministers, and both liad been Vice-rresidents, and then Presidents of the United States. At the time of their death, Mr. Adams was almost ninety years old, and Mr. Jefferson almost eighty-three. G. I have told you how the Americans, who commenced man- ufacturing cloth and other things during the war, Avere injured afterward by such goods coming from England, and being sold cheaper than they could make them. Well, in order to lielp the American manufacturers, Congress, in 1828, decreed that so much should be paid to the government for such and such goods brought from England and France, and used by the Americans. 7. This duty^ or tariff, as it was called, made such goods QtJE8TtON8. — S. Wliat can you tell about the C'roek Indians in Georfna? 4. What can you tell about a great canal ? 5. AVliat remarkable occurrence took place ? 6. What more can you tell about American manufacturers? JACKSONS ADMINISTRATION. 203 Andrew Jackson. His character. dearer, and then the Americans could make money by manufac- turing tliem at tlie same price. This phin to protect our manu- facturers, and get money for the government, was called The American System. It was afterward a cause of trouble, as I shall tell you presently. ' 8. President Adams's term now drew to a close. The nation was very prosperous. The government was very little in debt, and was at peace with all the world. In the autumn of 1828, the people chose the great soldier, Andrew Jackson, to be their Chief Magistrate, and John C. Calhoun was elected Vice-Pres- ident. SECTION IX. Jackson's administration. [1829-1837.] 1. Andrew Jackson, the seventh President of the United States, was the last of the Chief Magistrates, except Harrison, who lived during the Revolution. Jackson, though quite a lad, was in the Patriot army in South Carolina, and a brave boy he was. 2. Jackson became President on the 4th of March, 1829. He was an honest man, with a strong mind ; and he would always do what he thought was right, without caring a fig about what people might say. 3. Things went on pretty smoothly for two or three years. jackbon, and ms eesidexce. Questions. — 7. What can you tell about a tariflf? S. What can you say about onr country, and a new election ? 1, 2. What can you say about General Jackson ? 204 THE NATION. Opposition to the United States Bank. The Black Hawk War. There was a little trouble about the Cherokee Indians, in Georgia, for a while, but nothing caused much uneasiness until the sum- mer of 1832, when matters concerning the United States Bank, the Western Indians, and the Tariff, made a great stir. 4. The Bank could not exist after 1836, unless Congress should decree otherwise. At the beginning, Jackson believed that it ought not to exist, and promptly said so. In the winter of 1832, the oflScers of the Bank asked Congress to recharter it, that is, decree that it should go on and do business after 1836. Con- gress did so, but it was of no use. 5. I have told you [verse 4, page 172] that no decree can be- come a law until the President shall put his name to it. AVhen the Bank decree of Congress was handed to the President for him to sign, he refused, and gave them to understand, that if they should make forty such decrees, he would never put his name to one of them. This refusal is called a Veto. This made a great many people, all over the country, very angry, for they thoi;gLt business could not be done well without the Bank. 6. On page 7 is the picture of the head of Black Hawk, a great Indian chief. Well, in the summer of 1832, Black Hawk led some of the warriors of the Western tribes against the white people near the Mississippi. But the war did not last lorg. United States soldiers beat the In- dians, and Black Hawk was made a prisoner. Then they took him to New York and other great cities, and he was so astonished at the number and power of the white people, that he resolved never to go to war with them again, v. The most serious trouble was about the Tariff, of which I have told you. The people at the South did JOHN c. cALuouN. not likc It ; and those of South Car- QuT-STtONS. — 3. What occurred dnrinR the first two or three years? 4. What can you tell about the United States Bank ? 5. What more can you foil about the Bank, and Congress, and a veto? G. What can you tell about Black Hawk ? JACKSON ADMINISTRATION. 205 Trouble in South Carolina. Henry Clay. Jackson and the United States Bank. oiina declared that they would not pay the duty on goods brought into Charleston. They were upheld in this by Mr. Cal- houn, their greatest statesman, 8. But this was breaking the great bargain made in the National Constitution, and President Jackson plainly told the people of South Carolina that they must pay the duty, or he would send United States troops there to compel them to, as Washington did, you remember [page 174], among the whisky- makers of Pennsylvania. 9. Matters appeared darker and darker every day, and moot people thought there would be war. Then, early in 1833, Henry Clay, one of the wisest men we ever had in Con- gress, proposed a plan, called the Com- promise Measure, Avhich satisfied all parties pretty well. It was adopted, and so the trouble ceased. 10. Again in April, 1833, Jackson made war upon the United States Bank. Almost ten millions of dollars, belonging to the United States, were in that bank, and the use of this money was profitable. Jackson declared that the money was not safe there, and he ordered it all to be taken from the bank, and put into various State banks. This injured the old bank very much, and as it could not get a new charter, it stopped business forever, in 1836. This removal of the deposits, as it was called, made the merchants and others very angry, and business got into great confusion. 11. Jackson was again chosen President of the United States, in the autumn of 1832, and most of the people believed him to be the best man in the world to manage matters. Among other things, he attempted the removal of all the Indians in the United States to a fine country west of the Mississippi, where they would not be disturbed by the white people. Questions. — 7. What trouble now occurred ? 8. Wliat did the President do ? 0. How was the trouble ended? 10. What can you tell about the United "States Bank and the public money? 11. What can you tell of a new election ? What did Jackson try to do ? IIENKT CLAT. 206 THE NATION. The Seminoles and Creeks. Jackson's administration. 12. The Semjnoles in Florida refused to go. Led by Osceola, a brave and cunning cliief, they made war upon the white people, which continued for several years. Many United States soldiers were r|:\ sent there, from time to time, bat the Indians, in their dark swamps, i \,^ W^ defied them, ^ 13. Finally, in 183G, the Creeks joined the Seminoles, and mail- coaches, steamboats, and villages in Georgia and Alabama, were attacked by them. General Scott, of whom I shall soon tell you much more, went there, and beat the Creeks. During the sum- mer of 1836, several thousands of them went to their new homes beyond the Mississippi. 14. President Jackson's second term now drew to a close, lie had ruled with wisdom and energy, and the United States were more thought of by the world than they ever were before. France, and other governments of Europe, were compelled to bo honest in paying what had long been owing to the jK'ople of this country, for injuries done to their ships before the war of 1812. Jackson always acted upon the principle — ask nothing hut what is ri(jht^ and submit to nothing that is wrong. 15. Two more new States had now been added to the Union, by the admission of Arkansas and Michigan. In the autumn of 1836, Martin Van Burcn, of New York, who had been Vice- President for four years, was chosen President of the United States ; and in the following winter the Senate chose Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky, to be Vice-President. Questions. — 19. "VVliat ran you tell about Indians? l.S. Wliat can you tcH of an Indian War"/ 14. What can you say about .Jackson's administration y 15. What c;in you tell about new States? What about another election? VAN BUREN S ADMINISTRATION. 207 Martin Van Buren. Extravagance of the people. SECTION X. VAN buren's administration. [1837-1841.] 1. Martin Van Buren became the eighth President of the United States, on the 4th of March, 1837. lie was born just at the close of the Revolution. He was a poor boy, but by doing right, and study- ing and working very hard, he became the greatest man in the United States, when he Avas fifty- five years old. 2. At this time, business all over the country was in great confusion. The State banks had lent the pub- lic money to almost every body, and almost every body who bor- rowed it became proud and ex- travagant, built fine houses, and even commenced building whole villages. They acted as if they never expected to pay the money back, and a great many did not. Finally, when the banks would not lend any more, these people could not pay the money back to the banks, nor to others, so almost every one suffei'cd. 3. The troubles in business became so great, that Van Buren called Congress together in September, 1837, to talk the matter over. But they did very little to help the people out of their VAN I3UEEN, AND HIS RESIDENCE. Questions. — 1. "What can you tell about Martin Van Buren? ?. What can you say about business and the actions of the people? 3. What can you tell about Congrees? 208 THE NATION. Sub-Treasury. Seminole war. North EaBtern boundary. troubles. Finally it was concluded not to let the banks have any more of the public money. So men called Sub-Treasurers were appointed to receive it at different sea-ports, and keep it until called for. This plan, which has been in use ever since, was called The Independent Treasury System. 4. The Seminole war was continued. Finally Osceola was in- vited to the camp of General Jessup, who commanded the United States troops in Florida, to have a talk about peace. There Os- ceola was made a prisoner, and taken to Charleston, where he died not long afterward. This was unfair ; and yet it seemed the only way to stop the war. 5. Colonel Taylor, who afterward became President of the United States, was in Florida a long time with troops, and had several battles with the Indians ; but they were not finally sub- dued until 1842, when the war ended. It had continued seven years. 6. In 1837, some of the people of Canada resolved to become independent of Great Britain, and commenced a revolution. Many Americans went there to help them, and this caused very unpleasant feelings between the governments of the United States and Great Britain. v. President Van Buren did all he could to keep the Amer- icans from going to Canada, but it was not until 1 841, when John Tyler was President, that a stop was put to it. Then the revolu- tion had been put down ; and, since then, all has been pretty quiet in Canada. 8. At this time the Americans had a serious dispute with the British, about the boundary line between the State of Maine and the province of New Brunswick. This, too, made a great deal of bad feeling, and at one time the people in that region armed themselves for war. General Scott went there and made peace, and in 1842 the whole matter was settled. 9. In the autumn of 1841, General Harrison, of Ohio, of whom I have told you, was chosen President of the United Qci BTiosB. — 4, 5. Wbat morn ran you tell about the Seminole war? G. WTiat can you tell of troubles i!i Canada? 7. Wliat did the Presidents do? 8. What can you tell about a boundary line? Harrison's and tyler's administration. 209 William Henry Harrison. His inaugnration and death. States, with John Tyler, of Virginia, as Vice-President. Now there were two parties, called Whigs and Democrats. Those who were the friends of Jackson and Van Buren, were the Democrats, and those who elected Harrison were Whigs. SECTION XI. Harrison's and tyler's administration. [1841-1845.] 1. William Henry Harrison, the ninth President of the United States, was born more than two years before the Battle of Bunker's Hill, of which I have told you. He was a little boy all through that old war. 2. General Harrison became Pres- ident on the 4th of March, 1841, and precisely one month afterward, he died. There was great grief among his friends all over the coun- try, but the people felt that the event was right, for God had ordered it so. Harrison was an old man, almost seventy years of age. According to the decree of the Federal Consti- tution, the Vice-President became the Chief Magistrate, and on the 6th of April, 1841, the HAKEISON, AND HIS EE8IDENCE. administration of TYLER commenced. John Tyler was a much younger man, and was the tenth President of the United States. QiresTiONS. — ^. What can yon say ahout a new election ? 1 . 'What can yon te'l about General Harrison? 2. What cin yon tell about his dacith and the consequences ? 14 210 NATION. Congress. Tyler's veto. Changes in the country. 3. President Harrison had ap- pointed the last day of May for Congress to meet, to talk over the affairs of the country. They did so, and remained together until the middle of September. Their chief business was to make a law for chartering a United States Bank. 4. President Tyler, like Jackson, refused to sign the law. His politi- cal friends were very much offende1iii Tyler's troubles? What did Webster do ? ti-ation ? TYLEE, AND HIS BE8IDENCB. DANIEL WEUSTER. '•1'vrr'KS? 4. What ran vou tell nhoiit Wiiat occurred durr.ig Tyh;r's auiiii.:is- folk's administration. 211 Texas. Its Annexation. The Magnetic Telegraph. was once a part of Mexico. A great many Americans had settled there, and they finally concluded to be free. But they had to fight for their freedom, and in 1836 the people of Texas became independent of Mexico. v. After awhile the Texas people wished their State to become one of the United States, and arrangements were made for that purpose in 1844. Just at the close of Mr. Tyler's administration in 1845, Congress agreed to it, and Texas became one of the States of our Union, on the 4th of July following. ' 8. The annexation of Texas had much eff"ect on the election of President in the autumn of 1844. A majority of the people were in favor of that annexation, and James K. Polk, of Ten- nessee, who was also in favor of it, was chosen Chief Magistrate, with George M. Dallas as Vice-President. 9. One of the most wonderful things ever before known, oc- curred in 1844 in connection with ]\Ir. Polk. A meeting of Democrats at Baltimore, having selected Mr, Polk as the best man for President, the news of this choice was sent from there to Washington, forty miles, by the Magnetic Telegraph. This wonderful invention by Professor Samuel F. B. Morse, an Amer- ican, by which one man's thoughts may be conveyed to another man, a thousand miles in a second, was then just completed, and tliat was the first public use ever made of it. Now, you know, sending thoughts by Telegraph is a very common thing. SECTION xn. POLKS AD M I N-I STR ATI O N. [1845-184D.] 1. James Knox Polk was fifty years old when he became the eleventh President of the United States on the 4th of March, Questions.— G. What can you say about Texas? 8. What did Texas and the United States do? 8. What happened in 1844? S>. What can you tell about a wonderful inven- tion? 1. What can you say about James K. Polk? 212 THE NATION Trouble with Mexico. Armies on the frontier. 1845. He was a Democrat in politics, and his party was strong throughout the country. 2. The coming in of Texas was the most important event at the beginning of Mr. Polk's administra- tion. The government of Mexico had never acknowledged the inde- pendence of that State, but con- tinued to claim it as a part of that republic. Of course the act of Congress in admitting it was very offensive. 3. This offense and an old quarrel _ about debts due from Mexico to * {-^ people of the United States, soon caused a war. Expecting this, the I'resident ordered General Taylor and fifteen hundred soldierg to go to Texas in July. Tliey encamped at Corpus Christi, not far from the Rio Grande, or Grand River. At the same time some American war-vessels went into the Gulf of Mexico. 4. A large number of Mexican troops collected at Matamoras, near the mouth of the Rio Grande, at the close of 1845. Eail , in January following. General Taylor with most of his troops, formed a camp and commenced building a fort on the opposite side of the river. General Ampudia (pronounced Am-poo-dhee- ah) who commanded the Mexicans, ordered him to leave in twen- ty-four hours, but he refused to do so. 5. General Arista (pronounced Ah-rees-tah) now became the Mexican commander. He was a better soldier than Ampudia, and Taylor's situation became a dangerous one. Soon, armed Questions. — 2. What can you say about the admission of Texas? 3. What can you tcU about preparations for war ? 4. What occurred on the Rio Grande ? 5. 'Wliat can yon tell about tho tv. o armies ? POLK, AND HIS BE8IDENCE. WAR WITH MEXICO. 213 War with Mexico. Taylor's two great battles. Plan of the war. Mexicans crossed the river, and late in April some Americans were killed by them. This was the first blood shed in THE WAR WITH MEXICO. 6. Taylor had left some soldiers, with provisions and other things, at Point Isabel. He heard that a large number of Mex- icans were marching in that direction, so he hastened thither with a greater part of his army. When he had gone, the Mexicans attacked his fort, opposite Matamoras, which compelled him to march back to defend that. 1. On his way back. General Taylor fell in with six thousand Mexicans, under Arista. It was on the 8th of May, 184G. The place where they met was called Palo Alto, and there they had a very hard fight for five hours. The Mexicans were badly beaten, and lost six hundred men. 8. Just at evening the next day, the Americans again fell in with the Mexicans at a place called Resaca de la Palma, three miles from Matamoras. There they had another severe battle, and the Mexicans were beaten, with a loss of more than a thou- sand men. These misfortunes greatly alarmed them. 9. Before these two battles were heard of in the United States, Congress had declared war against Mexico, and the Sec- retary of War, with the help of General Scott, had planned an extensive campaign. Mexico, you will see by the map, extends across to the Pacific Ocean, so it was planned to send war-ships around to attack the enemy on that coast. The President was allowed to raise an army of fifty thousand men, and it was deter- mined to take possession of Mexico. 10. After his successful battles, Taylor drove the Mexicans from Matamoras, and marched toward Monterey, a strong city in Mexico. He took that city on the 24th of September, and then encamped near, where he waited for further orders what to do, from the President of the United States. QlTESTiONB. — 6. What can you tell about the commencement of the war ? 7, 8. What ran you tell about two battles with the Mexicans 'I 9. WTiat did Congress do ? What plans were arranged? 10. Wliat can you tell about General Taylor in Mexico? 214 THENATION, Military movements. General Scott. Northern Mexico conquered. 11. While Taylor was waiting, other officers were busy else- where. General AVool was preparing the recruits, or the new men who joined the army, for military service ; and in October he marched into Mexico, and took possession of some of the coun- try. In November Gciioi'al Worth took one or two places away from the Mexicans. At that time General Taylor was in motion, with his main army. After taking possession of a large tract of country, Taylor encamped at Victoria. 12. General Scott, as commander-in- chief of the armies of the United States, went to Mexico early in 1847, and pre- ])ared to attack the strong town of Vera Cruz, and the fort there. For that purpose, he strengthened his own army, by taking many troops from General Taylor. Yet that brave soldier, with only about five thousand men, marched boldly against the Mexican general, OENEEAL BcoTT. Saiita Auna, who had twenty thousand. 13. At Bucna Vista (pronounced Bwe-nah Ves-tah), AvhicK means " pleasant view," the two armies had a terrible battle on the 23d of February, 1847. It lasted all day. The Mexicans were dreadfully beaten, and left full two thousand men on the field, killed and wounded. The Americans lost about seven hun- dred. 14. All northern Mexico was now in possession of the Amer- icans ; and in the course of a few months, the conquering Taylor returned to the United States, and was everywhere received with the greatest honors. Then the people first began to talk about making him President of our Republic. 15. While these things were occurring, the Americans, under diflfcrent leaders, were taking possession of other parts of northern Mexico. General Kearney was in chief command of what was called the Army of the West; and in August, 1840, he drove Questions.— 11. What can you tell about other movements in Mexico? 12. Wliat can von tell about Generals Scott and Taylor? 13. What can you tell about a battle? 15. What olsn <1iil the Americans do? SCOTT S INVASION OF MEXICO. 215 Fremont and California. Doniphan. Scott's invasion. the Mexicans fi-om Santa Fe, the chief city of New Mexico, and took possession of that broad territory. 10. During the same summer, Colonel Fremont (the brave explorer ^^^^^"^^ of the Rocky Mountains) and others, took possession of California. After some more battling until early in January, 1847, all became quiet. Then a vast territory, stretching along the Pacific Ocean, and several hundred miles into tlie country, came into possession of the Americans. -■ w T 1 1 •! ^ 1 1 COLONEL FEEMOXT. 17. In the mean while. Colonel Doniphan, with a thousand brave Missourians, made a triumphant march into northern Mexico. After capturing Chihuahua (pro- nounced Chee-wah-wah), one of the finest provinces of northern Mexico, he returned to New Orleans, having marched over five thousand miles. General Scott was now on his victorious way toward the great city of Mexico. Listen atteutivelv, and I will tell you something about SCOTt's invasion of MEXICO. 18. Scott landed near Vera Cruz with about thirteen thousand men, early in March, 1847. His troops were borne there by a fleet commanded by Commodore Conner, which remained to assist in the attack on Vera Cruz. That attack occurred on the 18tli of March, and continued nine days. Then the city, the strong castle of San Juan de Ulloa (pronounced San Whan dah Oo-loo-ah), and five thousand prisoners, with five hundred can- nons, were given up to the Americans. 19. On the 8th of April, Scott's army commenced their march toward the city of Mexico. At Cerro Gordo, a difficult place in the mountains, they were met by Santa Anna and a large army. Questions. — 16. What can yon tell about Fremont and others? 17. What can yon tell about Colonel Doniphan ? 18. What ean you tell about the Americans at Vera Cruz ? 1 0. What can you tell of the battle at Cerro Gordo ? 216 THE NATIOK. Progress of the American army. Capture of Mexico. End of the war. There they had a severe battle, when the Mexicans lost, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, over four thousand men. Santa Anna escaped on the back of a mule. 20. AVeek after week, Scott's army continued to move on through that interesting country, taking possession of place after place, and everywhere driving the Mexicans before them. Within two months, that army of not more than ten thousand men, took some of the strongest places in Mexico, made ten thousand pris- oners, and captured seven hundred cannons, ten thousand muskets, and thirty thousand bombshells and cannon balls. 21. Scott rested awhile at Puebla (pronounced Pweb-lah), and in August moved on over the lofty Cordilleras, a chain of high mountains in Mexico. From the summits of these hills, the Americans looked down into distant valleys, and saw the great city of Mexico, the object of their long and perilous march. 22. Onward the conquering army marched, and after fighting several hard battles, and always beating the Mexicans, they ap- peared before the ancient city, where Cortez, a great Spanish soldier, appeared almost three hundred years before. Santa Anna and his army, with the government officers, fled from tho doomed capital at night; and on the next morning, the 14th of September, 1847, General Scott and his brave army entered the city as victors, and took possession of the Mexican empire. 23. The war soon ceased. On the 2d of February, 1848, th(* Mexican Congress and American Commissioners made a bargain or treaty for peace. It was agreed to by the United States Gov- ernment, and then all but New Mexico and California, which had been taken from the Mexicans by the Americans, was given up. These provinces became a part of the United States, and Califor- nia has since been admitted into the Union. 24. In the same month when this treaty was made, gold was first found in a mill stream on the American fork of the Sacra- mento river, in California. Soon it was found elsewhere ; and QtrESTioNe.— 20. ^V^lnt did Scott's army accomrlish ? 21. Wliat can you tell of the approach to the. city of Mexico? 22. What can you tell about the conquest of Mexico? 2.1. What cin you 'tell about the asreements of the two governments? 24. What can you tell ahout fiudinR pold? What did it lead to ? TAYLOR S ADMINISTRATION. 217 Gold in California. General Taylor. His Inauguration. when it was known that gold was plentiful there, thousands of people went from the United States and elsewhere, to dig it. Gold, worth millions and millions of dollars, has been found in California since then, and a fine State of the Union has grown up on that coast of the Pacific Ocean. 25. The war with Mexico was the chief event of Mr. Polk's administration. A difficulty with England, concerning the north- ern boundary of Oregon, had been settled; and in May, 1848, Wisconsin was admitted into the Union as a State. 26. The brave deeds of General Taylor, in Mexico, made him respected and beloved by the people of the United States, and at the election for President, in the ^,. autumn of 1848, he was chosen Jj^^^^ n^, _, Chief Magistrate of the Republic. ^^w^ js^^^ k Millard Fillmore, of New York, was elected Vice-President. SECTION XIII. Taylor's administration. [1849-1850.] 1. Zachary Taylor was sixty- five years of age when, on the 5th of March, 1849, he became the twelfth President of the United States. The 4th of March came on Sunday that year, and he was not inaugurated until the next day. 2. I have told you that thou- sands went to California to dig gold. Very soon there were pco- QuESTiONS.— 25. What were the chief events of Polk's aflministrafion ' "G What p-n you say about a new election? 1. What can you tell about President Taylor and his inauguration ? ' f TAYLOK, AND HIS KEStDENCE. 218 T]iK NATION Admission of California. Disputes about Slavery. Death of Taylor. pie enough there to form a State, and in September, 1849, twenty months after the fii'st gold was found there, they met and formed a constitution, or solemn covenant, by which they agreed to be governed. 3. In February, 1850, the people of California asked Congress to admit their country into the Union as a State. That request made a great stir, for they had said in their constitution that there should be no negro slaves in California. The people of the north- ern and western States liked that, but those of the southern States did not like it at all. At one time it was thought by some that they would go to war about it. 4. This matter was disputed about in Congress for many months. Finally, Henry Clay, of whom I have told you, [p 205,] proposed a j)lan that suited all parties pretty well. It was agreed in that plan, that California might come in without slaves, and that if any slaves ran away from the South into the free States they should be given up to their owners. All this was agreed to in Congress, but many people, particularly at the North, were not pleased with what was called the Compromise Measure. 5. While this matter was being talked over in Congress, Pres- ident Taylor sickened and died. That sad event occurred in July, 1850. He was the second President who had died while in office. The Vice-President, as before, you remember [page 209], then became President, and on the 10th of July, 1850, FILL MO HE S ADMINISTRATION commenced. G. During President Taylor's brief administration of sixteen months, one State and three Territories were added to the Ke- public. One of the Territories was named Utah, but was called by the people who settled there, Dcseret, or the Land of the Honey- bee. It is near the middle of our continent. 7. PTtah was settled by a people called Mormons. I have not Questions. — 2. \^^l.1t more can you say about Californi;i 1 H. AVliat can you tell about California comiin; into the Union? 4. W'hat was finally done? 5. What sad event hap- t enod i 6. Wni;;t occurred during Taylor's administration ? FILLMORE S ADMINISTRATION. 219 The Mormons. Arctic Expedition. time to tell you much about them. It would be a long story. They are a people with a very queer kind of religion ; and they all do as their head man, or Prophet, As he is called, tell them to do. There are now a great many thousands of them in Utah, and I expect there will be much trouble yet, on their account, because they allow things to be done which the people of the United States do not like. 8. Some trouble with Cuba, one of the West India islands belong- ing to Spain, commenced in the spring of 1850, and at one time it threatened to make war between the United States and Spain. But the dispute was fairly settled, and the trouble disappeared. 9. An important expedition left New York in Maj% 1850, under the command of Lieutenant De IiaveT\ It Avent to the Frozen Ocean, at the North, in search of Sir John Franklin, a great English sailor, who went there five years be- fore, and has never returned. Another similar expedition sailed from New York in 1853, under Dr. Kane, and was gone until the autumn of 1855. The commander and his men suffered terrib'y among tlie ice and snows, during the long, dark polar winters. Dr. Kane lived only a little more than a year after his return. 10. In 1852, the United States and Great Britain had a dis- pute about catching fishes in the neighborhood of Newfoundland. They both sent armed ships there, but the difficult)' was finally settled by the better way of talkhnj^ rather than hy fighting. QiTESTiONB. — 1. What can you tell about the Mormons ? S. "Wliat can you tell about Cuba? 9. What can you tell of wonderful expeditions to the North? 10. What can von tell about a fishpry rtistinte? FILLMOKE, AND HIB RESIDENCE. 220 THE NATION, Japan expedition. New election. Frauklin Pierce. 11. In the same year American war-ships went to Japan, off tlic eastern coast of China, and the commander carried a letter to the Emperor, from our President, asking him to allov.- Americans, as ■well as the Dutch, to trade there. The Emperor agreed to it, and the war-ships came home. You will be glad to know a great deal about the Japan people, when you shall be older. 12. In the autunm of 1852, the people of the United States chose Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, to be their next Pres- ident, and William R. King, of Alabama, for Vice-President. Not long afterward a new Territory, called Washington, was made out of Oregon. So the States of our Confederation con- tinually grow. First Territories, then States. SECTION XIV. Pierce's administration [1853-1857.] 1. Franklin Pierce was forty-ni:- • years of age when he -became th ^ fourteenth President of the Unitt i' States, on the 4th of March, 185 • The counti'y was prosperous ai; I peaceful, and nothing disturbed 1,1 v general harmony, except a lit! ; dispute with Mexico about hour ■• aries, which was soon settled. 2. In May of that year, shi;' were sent to explore the easte^:; coast of Asia; and at the saiv time, there were land expeditio; • in progress, searching for a goc ,: route for a railway to the Paci;:; : PUaiCE, AND 1118 RESIDENCE. QU5;8TI0NB. — 11. What can yon tell about an expedition to Japan? 12. What em y til about a new election ? 1. What can you tell about Prcjndent Pierce and the con