LIBRARY OF CONGRESS i! DDDD273mEt, 5^ ^ ^^Xv ^"^^^ ^ **. O M O - ^^ ^^, -S*. "0-0 • ^^'% ^^ ,o«o^ ^^^ o . . - ^ ^ ■-^0 .' 4^^% Outlines, Recreations and Questions (With Answers) in the History of the United States for use of Teachers Normal Schools and Eighth Grade Pupils PUBLISHER HOWARD R. MYERS ALTOONA. PA. OUTLINES, RECREATIONS AND QUESTIONS (WITH ANSWERS) In the History of the United States FOR USE OF Teachers, Normal Schools and Eighth Grade Pupils By CHARLES MORRIS ^^r HOWARD R. MYERS, Publisher ALTOONA, PA. Copyright, 1915, by Charles Moreis wn\j !8 1915 j)aA416416 Preface The purpose of this handy compendium of United States history speaks for itself. It is hoped that it will be a useful aid to teachers in their history classes. No effort has been taken to make its series of topical subjects, questions and answers and other details exhaustive, the object being to confine these to items of importance, adapted to give students a conception of the leading facts in our country's history. The questions and answers supplement the topical statements, giving more detailed infor- mation than could be included in these. The method pursued is in consonance with that usually employed by experienced teachers in dealing with historical subjects, and it is hoped that instructors in general will find this work helpful to them in their class labors. Contents PAGE Periods in History of the United States 7 Aboriginal Period 7 The Northmen in America 8 Period of Discovery and Exploration 8 Spanish Discoveries 9 British and French Explorers 10 Claims of the Nations 10 Period of Settlement and Growth 11 Piirposes of the Colonists 12 Forms of Colonial Government 13 Period of Intercolonial Wars 14 The French and Indian War 15 Period of Revolution and Independence 16 Military Events 16 First Period of Nationality 18 Second War with Great Britain 20 Later Events 21 Period of Civil War and Reconstruction 23 Period of Development into a World Power.. 25 Questions in American History 28 General Topics and Questions 117 Subjects for Discussion 117 Subjects for Written Compositions 121 Words and Phrases to be defined 122 Place Names and their Historical Significance. . . 124 Authors, Artists, Inventors, etc 127 Suggestive Quotations 128 Suggestive Historical Dates 130 6 Periods in History of the United States Aboriginal Period, -1492. Discovery and Exploration, 1492-1687. Settlement and Growth, 1607-1733. Intercolonial Wars, 1689-1763. Revolution and Independence, 1763-1783. First Period of Nationality, 1783-1860. Civil War and Reconstruction, 1860-1876. Development into a World Power, 1876 to Present Time. Aboriginal Period Topics to be taught Personal Characteristics of the American Natives. Dwellings, Food and Occupations. Implements and Weapons. Government, Language and Religion. Skill in Woodcraft. Ferocity in Warfare. Distinction into Savage and Barbarian Tribes. The Mound Builders and their Works. The Pueblo Indians and Cliff Dwellers. Origin of the name Indian. The Northmen in America The Vikings or Sea Rovers of Scandinavia. Iceland discovered by them about A. D. 850. They discover and settle in Greenland, 986. {Biarne Harjulfson, sailing to Greenland, is driven from his route by storm and sees a new land.) Lief Erickson explores this land, 1000. {He names it Vineland. Its exact locality is not known, whether Labrador or New England.) A settlement is made; the settlers are driven away by hostile natives. (The story of these events was written and kept in Iceland. It was forgotten in Scandinavia and was not known in Southern Europe. Thus the American continent lay open to new discovery.) Period of Discovery and Exploration Ignorance of the earth and its inhabitants in medi- eval Europe. Trade relations between India and Europe. Marco Polo in China and his story, 1279-95. The Portuguese begin their voyages of discovery, 1418. They reach the Cape of Good Hope, 1487. Hindustan is visited by them, 1497. Cabral, a Portuguese captain, driven from his course, touches on Brazil, 1500. {This incident gave Portugal its claim to Brazil.) 8 Spanish Discoveries Spain follows Portugal in discovery. Columbus discovers America in 1492. {The greatest geographical discovery ever made.) Balboa discovers the Pacific in 1513. Magellan traverses the Pacific and one of his ships circuronavigates the earth, 1519-21. (These were second in importance only to the achieve- ment of Columbus, For the first time the size and shape of the earth were learned and what was justly called a ''new world'' was discovered.) Amerigo Vespucci visits Brazil in 1502 and the new continent is named after him. Spanish adventurers become very active; Cortez conquers Mexico in 1519-20; Pizarro conquers Peru in 1532-33. (Gold and silver were the lure to these conquests.) Many Spaniards explore the territory of the later United States in search of treasure. Ponce de Leon discovers Florida in 1513. Pamfilo de Narvaez traverses the Gulf region m 1528. {Caheza de Vaca, one of his officers, crosses the con- tinent to the Pacific.) Fernando de Soto discovers the Mississippi in 1541. Francisco de Coronado explores from Mexico to the Nebraska region in 1540-42. Pedro Menendez founds St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565; Antonio Espejo founds Santa Fe, New Mexico, in 1582. (These are the two oldest cities in the United States.) British and French Explorers John and Sebastian Cabot, sailing from England, discover the American continent, 1497-98. John Denys, a French fisherman, explores the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1506. Jacques Cartier sails up the St. Lawrence to the site of Montreal in 1534. Marquette and Hennepin traverse the Mississippi, 1673, 1680; LaSalle descends this river to its mouth and founds the province of Louisiana in 1682. French Huguenots plant colonies in Florida, 1562-64. {The settlers are massacred by the Spaniards under Menendez.) Raleigh plants unsuccessful colonies on Roanoke Island, 1584-87; Henry Hudson, in the Dutch service, sails up the Hudson River, 1609.) (The above, while not all, are the more important discoveries.) Claims of the Nations Spain claimed Florida and held that it extended north without limit. This claim was based on discovery and exploration. 10 France claimed the region from New York to Labrador on the Atlantic coast; also the basin of the Great Lakes and the valley of the Mis- sissippi. These claims were based on the dis- coveries of Verrazzano, Cartier, Champlain and LaSalle. England claimed the region from Florida to Labrador and indefinitely westward. This was based on the discoveries of the Cabots. Holland claimed the country from Cape May to Nova Scotia and indefinitely westward. This was based on the explorations of Hudson. These rival and overlapping claims finally resulted in warfare between the colonists. Period of Settlement and Growth The London and Plymouth Companies are formed, 1606. The Plymouth Company sends settlers to Maine. This effort fails, 1607. The London Company founds a successful colony on James River, Virginia, 1607. Dutch trading stations are established on Manhattan Island, 1614. The Pilgrims settle at Plymouth, Massachusetts, 1620. The Puritans settle on Massachusetts Bay, 1628-30. 11 {The Pilgrims and Puritans were religious bodies that seceded from the Church of England and sought to escape persecution.) Roger Williams foimds the colony of Rhode Island, 1636. (He leaves Boston on account of persecution by the Puritans.) English and Puritan settlements are made in Con- necticut, 1633-36. Lord Baltimore plants a colony in Maryland, 1634. Swedes settle on the Delaware, 1638. Settlements are made in North Carolina, 1663. First settlement in New Jersey, 1665. South Carolina is settled near Charleston, 1670. Pennsylvania is settled by the Quakers, 1682. Oglethorpe founds a colony in Georgia, 1733. Purposes of the Colonists The Spanish colonists sought gold and silver, but also planted agricultural settlements, using the natives as slaves. The French and Dutch occupied themselves largely in the fur trade. The British devoted themselves mainly to agrictilture and trade. The British colonies were largely settled by emigrants seeking escape from religious persecution. This was the case with the Pilgrims and Puritans of New England, the Rhode Island colonists, the Quakers and German refugees of Pennsylvania, 12 the Catholics of Maryland, and the French Huguenots and Scotch Irish of various settle- ments. In Georgia the poor debtors from London prisons were settled, also German religious refugees and Scotch Highlanders. Forms of Colonial Government Paternal Government. — A system of autocratic rule under which the people had no voice in law- making or government. This system existed in all the Spanish and French colonies. It existed in Virginia until 1619; in New York until 1683; in the Carolinas and Georgia until ended by resistance of the people. Royal Government. — ^This embraced a governor ap- pointed by the king and an assembly elected by the people. The legislature consisted of two bodies, but the upper body was chosen by the governor and did not represent the people. Proprietary Government. — This was under proprie- taries to whom the province had been granted by the king and who appointed the governor. Otherwise it resembled the government of the royal provinces. Charter Government. — This was the form established in Plymouth, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut, in which the people elected their governors and legislatures and enjoyed almost complete political liberty. 13 Religious Restraints. — Those were very strict and severe in Massachusetts, in which the Puritan Church controlled the government, only church members being allowed to vote or hold office; also in Virginia, in which the Church of England was dominant, and New Amsterdam, where the Dutch Protestants were in control. There was no religious persecution or supremacy elsewhere, except for a period in Maryland. Great religious freedom existed in Rhode Island and Pennsyl- vania and much toleration in several other colonies. Period of Intercolonial Wars Wars in Europe between England, France and Spain led at various periods to hostilities between their respective colonists. The first of these, known as King William's War, lasted from 1689 to 1697. Towns in New York and New England were destroyed by the French and Indians. The Iroquois Indians attacked Montreal and were severely punished by the French. Acadia was conquered by the English, but was restored to France after the war. Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713, led to similar results. Acadia was again conquered and was now retained. Spain took part, St. Augustine was taken and plundered by the British and Charles- ton was attacked by the French and Spanish. 14 War with Spain in 1739-43 led to attacks upon St. Augustine and an invasion of Georgia by the Spanish. War between England and France in 1741-48 led to no permanent results. The only effect of all these wars was the possession by the British of Acadia (Nova Scotia). The French and Indian War (1754-63) This war arose from hostile relations between the French and English colonists, beginning in a struggle for the Ohio country. Success remained with the French until 1758, with the British after that date; the war ending in the capture of Quebec and surrender of Montreal. Its most interesting events were the defeat of Braddock's army by the French and Indians in 1755 ; the expulsion from their country of the Acadians (as enemies or spies); defeats of the British at Forts William Henry and Ticonder- oga, and the notable exploit of General Wolfe at Quebec. {As a result France ceded all its possessions on the North American continent to England, which gained enormously in territory.) 15 Period of Revolution and Independence The period between 1760 and 1775 was one of growing discontent in the British Colonies. James Otis declared in 1761 that "Taxation without Representation is Tyranny." Arbitrary measures of the King and his ministers led to great indignation. The colonists had hitherto voted their own taxes and now refused to pay those levied upon them without their consent. These were the taxes on stamps and tea, which they declined to use. A cargo of tea was thrown overboard at Boston ; the port was closed; hostilities arose between the soldiers and citizens; an attempt in 1775 by the soldiers to destroy military stores at Concord led to hostilities, and war began. A Continental Congress met at Philadelphia in 1774; a second in 1775, which sustained the rebellion and in 1776 issued a Declaration of Independence. Military Events The chief events of the Revolutionary War in the North were the siege of Boston by the colonists ; the appointment of George Washington as commander-in-chief; the evacuation of Boston and capture of New York by the British in 1776; an important victory by Washington at Trenton in December, 1776; the invasion of 16 Pennsylvania and capture of Philadelphia by the British in 1777; the invasion of New York from Canada by Burgoyne in 1777, with his defeat and surrender; an alliance with France in 1778, and the retreat of the British from Philadelphia to New York. Other notable events in the North were the sufferings of Washington's army at Valley Forge in the winter of 1777-78; the massacre of Wyoming by the Indians; the capture of Stony Point by General Wayne in 1779, and the act of treason by General Benedict Arnold in 1780. Another event of note was the brilliant naval victory of Paul Jones in 1779. War in the South included the capture of Savannah by the British in 1778; the defeat of General Lincoln's army in 1779; the capture of Charles- ton and defeat of General Gates by the British in 1780; the enterprise of Marion and other patriot leaders; the successful campaign of General Greene in 1781, and the famous march of Washington's army and capture of York- town, with the army of Cornwallis, in 1781. A treaty of peace, acknowledging the independence of the United States, was signed September 3, 1783. (The new nation thus founded extended from the Atlantic to the Mississippi and from Canada to Florida. It did not reach the Gulf, as Florida then extended by a coastal strip to the Mississippi.) 2 17 First Period of Nationality The "Articles of Confederation," under which the Union of the States existed during the war, proved unfitted for times of peace. There was no head of the government and Congress was given little power. It could not lay taxes, collect duties, enlist soldiers, regulate trade, or enforce treaties. It had to depend upon the States for money, and obtained little, the people being poor and the country deeply in debt. Washington and the other leaders saw that the Union could not be sustained under such condi- tions. It must either dissolve or a strong central government be formed. This led in 1787 to a convention for a revision of the Articles of Confederation. The result was the formation of a new Constitution, which was adopted September 17, 1787, and under which, with occasional amendments, the coimtry has since remained. (The Constitution established a threefold division of the government, with executive, legislative and judi- cial sections, with full power to control the Union in its general affairs, and sole power in dealing with foreign nations.) Washington was unanimously elected as first Presi- dent of the Federal Republic and the first Congress under the Constitution met on March 4, 1789. 18 {The most notable event of the first administration was the admirable system of finance organized by Alexander Hamilton, which enabled the country to pay its debts, and put it on a sound financial basis.) The most important events of the early nineteenth century had to do with the foreign relations of the Union. The long-continued hostiHties between France and Great Britain during Napoleon's career led to intolerable assaults on American shipping. Many merchant ships were seized, and many American citizens were taken from them by British war vessels on the plea that they were British subjects. Assaults on American commerce by French priva- teers led to a short naval war with France in 1799. To punish England for her acts of insult and affront, an Embargo Act was passed by Congress, prohibiting all foreign trade. This proved so injurious to American interests that it was repealed in 1809, and a Non- Intercourse Act took its place. The latter permitted com- merce with all nations except France and Great Britain. Little advantage resulted from these acts. One of the most important events of the period was the purchase from France of the Louisiana territory in 1803. (This region, long held by Spain, had been taken possession of by France. It extended from the 19 Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and added greatly to the domain of the United States. The price paid was $ij,ooo,ooo.) Hostility of feeling against England and France for their acts of injury grew rapidly during this period. (The feeling against England was the strongest, as imprisonment of American seamen and seizure of merchant vessels on slight pretexts had continued for years.) Second War with Great Britain As a result of her injurious acts war was declared against Great Britain in June 18, 1812. The war thus inaugurated led on land to defeats of the United States, with few victories. Efforts to invade Canada met with no success, and in 1814 Washington, the American capital, was captured and its public buildings were burned. In the naval part of the war a different state of affairs existed. The Americans were highly successful, winning many *bcean battles and others on Lake Erie and Lake Champlain. There were only two defeats. A treaty of peace was signed December 24, 1814, but before news of this had crossed the ocean, General Jackson defeated a strong British army at New Orleans in the most signal battle of the war, 20 Later Events In the presidential election of 1820 a remarkable event took place. Of the two parties, the Democratic and the Federal, the latter had disappeared and for the first time no party division existed. Monroe would have had the entire electoral vote but that one elector voted against him, declaring that Washington should have no rival in this honor. (The presidential campaign of 1824 was also a personal one, there being only one well-defined party and no national issue.) The Missouri Compromise of 1820, while admitting Missouri as a slave state, prohibited any other slave territory north of 36° 30'. It dealt with the first stage of the slaveholding controversy. The Monroe Doctrine, 1823, declared that the United States would not permit the occupation of American territory by any foreign power, a declaration of much later significance. The Erie Canal, begun in 1817, was finished in 1825. It was of very great benefit to New York City as a seaport. The temperance cause became very active in 1826; a tariff bill, with high protective rates, was passed in 1828. President Jackson, elected in 1828, introduced the system of ''rotation in office," know^n subse- quently as the "spoils system," and of long continuance. 21 The protective tariff caused strong opposition in the South, and South Carolina declared it null and void in that State, threatening secession. Presi- dent Jackson sent military and naval forces to Charleston in 1832 and obliged the State to submit. Jackson vetoed the bill to renew the charter of the United States Bank. A great financial panic soon followed. Texas, which had gained freedom from Mexico, was admitted to the American Union as a State in 1845. War with Mexico resulted in conse- quence. As a result New Mexico and California were occupied. Vera Cruz was taken, and Mexico City was occupied in 1837, peace being made in 1848. {The treaty ceded New Mexico and Calif crania to the United States; a sum amounting to $i8,joo,ooo being given to Mexico in return.) Florida had been purchased from Spain in 1819, and the United States obtained the Oregon country in 1846. These, with the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, completed the continental territorial growth of the country, with the exception of Alaska, later obtained. The Anti-Slavery movement, which became active about 1830, had grown greatly in strength by 1850, when the Compromise, or ''Omnibus," bill was passed. One feature of this was a 22 stringent fugitive slave law, which was strongly opposed in the North. The Kansas-Nebraska bill of 1854, which opened Kansas and Nebraska to slavery at option of their people, led to warlike conditions between the two factions in Kansas. The John Brown raid of 1859 added to the tension between the slavery and anti-slavery parties. The Republican party, organized in 1856, was suc- cessful in electing its candidate, Abraham Lincoln, in 1860. The result of these various events, and especially the Republican victory, was a secession of all the far Southern States from the Union. An attack upon and capture of Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor followed, and war began between North and South, other States seceding. Period of Civil War and Reconstruction In the East the Confederate army, under General Lee, was remarkably successful until the battle of Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863, when it met with a disastrous defeat. An Emancipation proclamation was declared by President Lincoln, September 22, 1862, after the Federal success at Antietam. It was put into effect on January 1, 1863, all slaves in territory under Confederate control being declared free from that date. 23 In the West the Federal armies were successful; penetrating far southward; capturing New Orleans April 25, 1862; taking Vicksburg July 4, 1863, and opening the Mississippi July 9. Grant was made commander-in-chief in 1864 and began a vigorous campaign against Lee, fighting a series of drawn battles and beginning a siege of Petersburg, south of Richmond, on June 18. Sherman, in command at Chattanooga, advanced on and captured Atlanta, September 20; marched through Georgia to Savannah, and then turned north through the Carolinas. The final battles took place near Petersburg, Lee was flanked and retreated April 3, 1865, was pur- sued to Appomattox, and surrendered April 9. President Lincoln was assassinated five days later, April 14, 1865. Results of war: A National debt of $2,775,000,000; value of paper money reduced to 35 per cent of par value; the South lost its slave property; its paper money became valueless; it was left in a state of ruin. The deaths in battle and from other causes num- bered over half a million. The 13th Amendment to the Constitution, ratified by the States December 18, 1865, abolished slavery throughout the Union. The 14th Amendment, ratified in 1868, gave citizen- ship to all persons born or naturalized within the United States. 24 The 15th Amendment, ratified in 1870, gave the right of voting to ail citizens, whatever their color or previous condition of servitude. The acceptance of these amendments by the seced- ing States completed the work of reconstruction and they were fully restored to the Union, Period of Development into a World Power Great fire in Chicago, 1871. A severe business panic began in 1873 and lasted for several years. A Centennial World's Fair, commemorating the himdredth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, was held in Philadelphia in 1876. Specie payments, stopped during and after the war, were resumed January 1, 1879. President Garfield was assassinated in 1881 by a disappointed office seeker. The Washington monument, begun in 1848, was completed in 1885. The Interstate Commerce Commission, since very active, was organized in 1887. The Pan-American Congress held its first meeting at Washington in 1889; later meetings were held in Mexico, 1901; Rio de Janeiro, 1906; Buenos Ayres, 1911. The Columbian Exposition, celebrating the fourth centennial of the discovery of America, was held at Chicago in 1893. 25 American sympathy with the persecuted Cubans and the sinking of the ''Maine" in Havana harbor, led to war with Spain in 1898. The result of the war was the capture by the United States of Cuba, Porto Rico, and the PhiHppine Islands. Cuba was made independent; the others were ceded to the United States: Spain being paid $20,000,000 for its pubhc property in these islands. An insurrection in the PhiHppines was quelled in 1901. President McKinley was assassinated by an Anar- chist in 1901. The first wireless signal was sent across the Atlantic in 1902. (The first commercial wireless message crossed the Atlantic in IQO'/.) The Louisiana Purchase Exposition was held at St. Louis in 1904. The first successful aeroplane flight was made in 1904. The Panama Canal work was begun by the United States in 1904; completed in 1914 San Francisco was devastated by earthquake and fire in 1906. Legislation for the suppression or control of oppres- sive Trusts begun under President Roosevelt. The North Pole was discovered by Robert E. Peary in 1909. 26 The 16th Amendment to the Constitution, taxing incomes, was ratified February 3, 1913. The 17th Amendment, providing for the direct election of United States Senators, was ratified April 18, 1913. Woman Suffrage, first adopted in Wyoming in 1869, has since been granted in a number of States. The Initiative and Referendum principle was adopted in Oregon in 1902 ; in several other States later. A Commission form of city government was adopted in Galveston in 1901. Since then in many other cities. A World's Fair was held at San Francisco in 1915, in honor of the opening of the Panama Canal. Questions in American History 1. When and by whom was America discovered? A. First, by the Northmen before 1000 A. D.; second, by Christopher Columbus, in Spanish service, in 1492. 2. What purposes were involved in these discoveries? A. Maritime adventure by the Northmen ; to find a westward route to Asia by Columbus. 3. What was known of geography in the early fifteenth century? A. Little was known beyond the borders of Europe, Southwestern Asia, and Northern Africa. Marco Polo had described China and neigh- boring coimtries; trade relations existed with India; nothing was known of America and almost nothing of Central and Southern Africa. 4. What was thought to he the shape of the earth? A. It was generally held to be a fiat expanse. Only learned geographers believed it to be round. 5. What important discovery aided navigation in this A. That of the magnetic compass. This always pointing north and south, enabled navigators to learn what direction they were pursuing. 28 6. By what nation was the coast of Africa explored and an eastward ocean route to India dis- covered? A. Portugal. 7. Who first undertook to prove the roundness of the earth by sailing westward? A. Christopher Columbus, an adventurous native of Genoa, Italy, who sailed in the service of Spain. 8. How many voyages were made by Columbus and with what results? A. Four. In the first and second he discovered the Bahamas and a number of the West India Islands; in the third the continent of South America, at the mouth of the Orinoco; in the fourth the coast of Honduras. 9. Why were these islands named the West Indies and their inhabitants Indians? A. From the belief of Columbus that he had reached the Asiatic country of India. 10. Who were the first, after the Northmen, to reach the coast of North America? A. John and Sebastian Cabot, in 1497 and 1498. 11. What region did they reach? A. In 1497 the coast of Canada or Cape Breton Island; in 1498 that of the United States to Cape Hatteras or possibly farther south. 12. On what did Portugal base its claim to Brazil? A. On the voyage of Cabral, a Portuguese captain, whose ship, on a voyage to the East Indies 29 in 1500, was blown to the Brazilian coast by a storm. 13. What is meant by the Line of Demarcation^^ A. It was a line drawn on the map by Pope Alexander VI to separate the lands claimed by Spain and Portugal. The meridian line drawn gave the eastern section of Brazil to Portugal, and all west of that line to Spain. The line lay 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands, and crossed the eastern part of Brazil. 14. By whom was it proved that America is a separate continent? A. First by Balboa, a Spanish adventurer, who discovered the South Sea (the Pacific Ocean) from the Isthmus of Panama in 1513 ; second by Magellan, a Portuguese captain in the Spanish service, who sailed across the Pacific to the Asiatic coast in 1519. 15. Why was the new continent named America, instead of being called Columbia, in honor oj its discoverer? A. Amerigo Vespucci, a Portuguese explorer, ex- plored the coast of Brazil in 1501. His interesting account of this voyage led to the coast traversed being called America, after his name. This title was gradually extended to the entire continent. 16. Magellan discovered a southwest passage to Asia; has a northwest one ever been discovered? 30 A. One was sought by Frobisher in 1576, by Davis in 1585, and by many since, but none was discovered until 1851, by McClure. It was first traversed in a ship by Amundsen in 1906. 17. What were the characteristics of the natives of America? A. In color they were of a copperish hue; savage or barbarous in habits; cruel in warfare; lived largely by hunting; had a few simple industries; dwelt in huts made of poles and skins ; were skillful woodsmen ; had few tools and weapons and crude ideas of government. 18. What is meant by Mound Builders? A. Large earth mounds exist built by the Indians. They were formerly thought the work of a more civilized race, but now are believed to have been built by ancestors of the present Indians. 19. Were all Indians of the same grade of development? A. No. Those of the GulE States were more ad- vanced in habits and industries than those of the north, and these more so than those of the far west. 20. What is meant by Pueblo Indians and Clijff Dwellers? A. Many of the Indians of New Mexico and Arizona dwell in commimal houses built of stone or adobe, large enough to hold a whole tribe. These are called '^ pueblos." The Cliff 31 Dwellers lived in cavities in the sides of steep hills, with walls of stone to make them habitable. This location afforded them protection from their enemies. 21. Which nations oj Europe took part in the discozery of America? A. The Spaniards, English, Portuguese, French and Dutch. 22. Which took part in the early settlement? A. Those named, also Germans and Swedes. 23. On what discovery did each nation base its claim to regions of America? A. Spain on the discovery by Columbus; Portugal on that of Cabral ; England on that of the Cabots; France on those of Denys, Verraz- zano, Cartier and others; Holland on that of Hudson. 24. Who first landed on United States soil? A. So far as we know Ponce de Leon, at Florida, in 1513, was the first. 25. What was his purpose? A. To find the fabled Fountain of Youth. 26. What other Spanish explorers traversed United States soil? A. De Narvaez, De Vaca, De Soto, Coronado, and Espejo. 27. Who made the first settlement? A. Vasquez De Ayllon, in 1526, probably on the James River, Virginia. It failed through sickness and Indian hostility. 32 28. What other Spaniards made settlements in United States territory? A. Pedro Menendez, at St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565, and Antonio Espejo, at Santa Fe, New Mexico, in 1582. 29. What was the purpose of Menendez? A. To drive out the French Huguenots who had settled in Florida. He succeeded by captur- ing and killing them. 30. Who made the first successful French settlement? A. Poutrincourt, at Port Royal (now Annapolis), Nova Scotia, in 1604. 31. Where and by whom was the first battle fought with the northern Indians? A. On Lake Champlain, by Samuel de Champlain, in 1609. 32. Who was the greatest of the French explorers? A. Robert de la Salle, who discovered the Ohio in 1669, traversed the Great Lakes in a vessel in 1679, went in a canoe down the Mississippi to its mouth in 1682, and secured the great province of Louisiana for France. 33. What Englishmen were unsuccessful in seeking to make settlements? A. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, in Newfoundland, 1579 and 1583; Sir Walter Raleigh, on Roanoke Island, North Carolina, 1584-87; Barthol- omew Gosnold, at Cape Cod, 1602; Sir George Popham, in Maine, 1607 3 33 34. What induced many French sailors to seek America? A. The story told by the Cabots of the great abun- dance of codfish seen by them brought many fishermen from Brittany and Normandy. Period of Settlement and Growth 35. When and where was the first successful English settlement made? A. At Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. 36. Why did Raleigh's and Popham's settlements prove failures? A. The first on account of Indian hostility, the second from inclement winter weather. 37. Who saved the Jamestown settlement from failure? A. Captain John Smith, who forced the colonists to work and made friends of the Indians. 38. What was the chief purpose of the Spanish in coming to America? A. To seek for gold and silver. 39. What of the French and Dutch? A. To obtain furs from the Indians. 40. What of the English? A. To cultivate the ground and engage in trade and manufacture. 41. How did the Spanish settlers treat the Indians? A. With shameful cruelty. 34 42. How did the French and English treat themf A. The French made friends of them. The same was the case with some of the EngHsh. Others were unjust to them and aroused their enmity. 43. Where was the second successful English settle- ment made? A. At Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620. It was followed by others at Salem in 1628 and Boston in 1630. 44. How did the New England and Virginia settlements differ? A. New England was settled by persons who sought a home free from religious persecution; Virginia by *' gentlemen," as they called themselves, who sought for gold and despised farm labor. 45. How did the English colonial governments differ from the Spanish and French? A. The latter were under governors chosen by the kings and had no voice in law making. The English established representative gov- ernment and in New England chose their own governors. 46. To whom was the Dutch settlement on Manhattan Island due and how was it governed? A. It was due to Henry Hudson, who discovered the Hudson River in 1609. It was governed under a system like that of the Spanish and French. 35 47. When and where were the Swedish settlements made? A. On the west side of the Delaware River in 1638. 48. What became oj these settlements? A. They were captured by the Dutch in 1655 and their sites occupied by the English in 1665, but the Swedes were not disturbed as settlers. 49. Why was Massachusetts settled more rapidly than the other colonic sf A. On account of political disturbances and reli- gious persecution in England. 50. Why did Roger Williams leave their settlement? A. On account of religious persecution on the part of the Puritans. 51. What ideas then prevailed in Europe about religious liberty? A. Every country had its State church, or system of rehgion, supported by the government, and those who held other religious beliefs were often persecuted. 52. By whom was full religious liberty first granted? A. By Lord Baltimore in Maryland in 1634, Roger Williams in Rhode Island in 1636, and William Penn in Pennsylvania, in 1682. 53. What ideas about religious liberty now prevail? A. State church establishments still exist in England and other coimtries, but persecution on account of religious belief has generally disappeared. No such system exists in the United States. ze 54. Why had Rhode Island and Connecticut each two capitals until recently? A. Because in each there were originally two settlements, each with its capital. The capitals were retained after the colonies joined. 55. What colonies were founded under proprietary government? A. New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, the Caro- linas and Georgia. Maine, New Hampshire and Virginia had such governments for short periods. Delaware was under the pro- prietary of Pennsylvania. 56. What under charter government? A. Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island. William Penn, Lord Baltimore and the Lon- don Company were also give charters for their colonies. 57. Which under royal government? A. All of them for a period except Pennsylvania; New York and Virginia for long periods ; the New England colonies for short periods. 58. Which was the least liberal of the charters? A. That of Pennsylvania. Laws passed there had to be approved by the king, who also had the right to tax the colony, though he never did so. This was not the case in New England and Maryland. 59. Why was Massachusetts deprived of its charter? A. King James II thought it was given too much 37 liberty and wished to bring it under his direct control. 60. What was the character of the new charter given Massachusetts by William Illf A. It restricted the power of the people and made the colony effectively a royal one. It combined into one the Plymouth and Mas- sachusetts colonies. 61. Why was the charter of Connecticut hid in ''Charter Oak''? A. To prevent Governor Andros from seizing it on the king's order. 62. Why is the title ''New^* added to so many names in America? A. To indicate the countries from which their settlers came, as New England; the pro- prietor of the settlement, as New York, and for other reasons. 63. Why did Manhattan Island sell for so small a price as twenty-four dollars in 1626? A. Because the Indians considered it of little value and also did not know the small worth of the trinkets given for it. 64. How do American cities compare in age with those of Europe? 65. The oldest of them is little more than three hundred years old, while there are cities in Europe more than two thousand years old. 66. What large cities were there in Colonial times? A. None that would now be called large. Phila- 38 delphia, with less than 40,000 population, was the largest. New York came next and Boston third. 67. By what class of people was Georgia settled? A. By debtors taken from English prisons. Settlers of other origin soon followed. 68. By whom was Florida settled? A. First by Huguenots from France. Afterwards by Spaniards, who held it until 1819. 69. Did any others besides British settle in the United States region? A. Yes, Dutch on the Hudson, Swedes on the Delaware, French along the Mississippi and on the Gulf coast, Spanish in Florida and New Mexico. 70. What was the extent of New France? A. It included the country north of the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes, parts of the region south of the lakes, the country bordering the Mississippi and the settle- ments of Biloxi, Mobile and others in the Gulf coast region. The Ohio country was afterwards claimed. 71. How did the settlers of the northern differ from those of the southern colonies? A. The northern settlers came from the working people of England and Europe ; many of the southern settlers largely from the cavalier or the titled class. With these, however, were numbers of mechanics and tradesmen. 39 72. Who were the ''Apprentices'! A. Criminals and vagrants, also kidnapped persons and some who entered this class to get to the New World. They were hired out to settlers to work for a term of years and were often treated like slaves. 73. What became of the Apprentices after their service ended? A. Some became planters, some himters and trappers, some troublesome vagabonds. 74. What other class of people were sent to America? A. Young women were sent to Virginia to become wives of the colonists. The cost of sending these was paid by the planters who married them, the price being from 100 to 150 pounds of tobacco. 75. When was negro slavery introduced? A. In 1619, when a Dutch vessel brought twenty negroes to Jamestown and sold them as laborers to the planters. 76. How long did the system of apprenticeship last? A. Until about 1700, by which time there were enough negroes for the needs of the planters. 77. What political rights had the first settlers in Virginia? A. None at all. A council and governor chosen by the London Company made all the laws. 78. Where else did this lack of political rights exist? A. For a time in New York, the Carolinas and Geor- gia. It existed throughout the Spanish and French settlements. 40 79. When and where was representative government first introduced into America? A. In Virginia, where the people were permitted in 1619 to elect a representative assembly. 80. Where else did the people in time obtain representa- tive govermnentf A. In New York, the Carolinas and Georgia. 81. What colonies began with representative govern- ment? A. Plymouth, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con- necticut, Pennsylvania and Maryland. .82. Which colony founded its own government? A. Plymouth, under a form of government decided upon in the cabin of the ^^ Mayflower." S3. Which colony had the first constitution? A. Virginia, which was given a written constitution by the London Company in 1621. 84. Which colony wrote a constitution for itself? A. New Haven, one of the two Connecticut colonies, in 1639. This was the first constitution known in history made by a people for its own government. Early History of the Colonies. 85. Who was the leading person in Virginian history? A. Captain John Smith. 86. What is said of him? A. He tells his own story, and may have exaggerated his exploits, but seems to have been a capable 41 and resourceful man. He was an active explorer, established friendship with the Indians, forced the settlers to work and had an effective way of breaking up profanity, had comfortable houses built and cornfields planted. When an accident obliged him to leave Virginia the people quit work and w^ere soon in a starving state. 87. How was the colony saved? A. By the arrival of supply ships under Lord Delaware, a new governor, just as the colonists were about to abandon Jamestown. 88. What system of industry at first prevailed in Virginia? A. A system of communism, in which all things belonged to the community and all products were kept in a public storehouse. This system encouraged idleness and a new gov- ernor changed it by giving every settler a tract of land on which he could work for himself. This soon changed laziness to industry. 89. What special product brought prosperity to Virginia? A. Tobacco, for which an active demand arose in England. 90. Who was Pocahontas? A. The daughter of Powhatan, an Indian chief, who is said to have saved Captain Smith's life when the Indians were about to kill 42 him. She afterwards married John Rolfe, the first tobacco planter. 91. What led to an Indian massacre? A. The death of Powhatan, who was a friend of the whites. His brother, who hated the whites, laid a plot to kill them all and many were slain. 92. What was the result of this? A. The settlers rose against the Indians, burnt their villages, and killed great numbers of them. 93. What other Indian outbreaks took place? A. One in 1644, in which five hundred whites were slain. Another in 1676, in which the savages attacked the frontier settlements and were severely punished. 94. What was the result of this last outbreak? A. Governor Berkeley, who had oppressed the people, would not call out a military force for fear it might act against him. Nathaniel Bacon, a young planter, raised a force and fought the Indians. The governor pro- claimed him a traitor. On Bacon's return from fighting the Indians he proceeded against the tyrant, drove him out of James- town and, to prevent Berkeley using it as a stronghold, burned it to the ground. It was never rebuilt. 95. What was the end of ''Bacon's rebellion''? A. He took sick and died and Berkeley, regaining power, hung more than twenty of his princi- 43 pal followers. King Charles II recalled Berkeley and reprimanded him so severely that he died of a broken heart. 96. What did Berkeley think about education? A. He thanked God that Virginia had no public schools and no printing press. 97. Who gave New England its name? A. John Smith, who explored and mapped its coast in 1614. 98. Who were the Pilgrims? A. A body of "Separatists" who left the Church of England and in 1608 fled to Holland to escape persecution. 99. What did the Pilgrims afterward do? A. They left Holland in 1620 and set sail for America in a vessel named the '^Mayflower." They gave themselves the name of Pilgrims. 100. Where did they settle? A. On the coast of Massachusetts, at a place on the shore of Cape Cod Bay which Captain Smith had named Plymouth on his map. 101. What military leader came with them? A. Captain Miles Standish, a valiant soldier, who helped them in dealing with hostile Indians. 102. What other religious colony settled in New England? A. One made up of Puritans, who had also with- drawn from the Church of England. 103. Where did the Puritans settle? A. The first party at Salem, in 1628. Others came 44 in 1629, bringing a charter with them. Boston was settled in 1630 and emigration soon became active. 104. What was the character of the Puritans? A. They were stern and. bigoted and did not believe in freedom of worship. 105. How did they act towards those of different beliefs? A. Drove them from their settlement. Among those thus treated were Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson, both of whom held liberal religious views. 106. How did they act towards the Quakers who sought their colony? A. Burned their books, fined and flogged them, branded them as heretics, put them in jail, and finally hung four of them. 107. How did this persecution end? A. In an order from King Charles II that such punishments must cease. After that the trouble died away. 108. What led to the outbreak called **King Philip's War''? A. Ill treatment of Philip, chief of the Wampanoag Indians. 109. Describe the war. A. It began in June, 1675, and continued for more than a year, with severe fighting and much bloodshed and cruelty. The Narragansett Indians, who were about to join Philip, were 45 severely punished, many of them being sold into slavery. In the summer of 1676 Philip was killed and the war came to an end. 110. What Indian war preceded this? A. One with the Pequots, a warlike tribe of Con- necticut. HI. How did this end? A. After many settlers had been killed the Pequot stronghold was attacked and set on fire. Few Indians escaped, and the remainder of the tribe were pursued and nearly all slain. 112. What is meant by the Salem witchcraft? A. A delusion in which many people of Salem were believed to be witches. Before it ended twenty of these had been put to death. 113. Who were the proprietaries of Maine and New Hampshire? A. Sir Ferdinando Gorges and Captain John Mason. 114. What became of Maine? A. The heirs of Gorges sold it to Massachusetts in 1652. 115. What is the story of New Hampshire? A. Four towns were settled, and were annexed by Massachusetts in 1641. The colony was made a royal province in 1679. 116. Who settled Rhode Island? A. Roger Williams founded Providence in 1636, and in 1644 this and adjoining settlements were named Providence Plantations. Anne 46 Hutchinson and others founded Portsmouth in 1638. These two settlements became known in 1662 as ''Rhode Island and Providence Plantations . ' ' 117. What important act was done by Roger Williams? A. He established complete freedom of belief; not only to Christians but to people of any religious faith. 118. What can be said about the charter of Rhode Island? A. Williams obtained a charter from King Charles I in 1644, and a new and very liberal one from Charles H in 1663. This charter was annulled by Governor Andros in 1687. It was restored after James II had been driven from the throne. 119. What settlements were made in Connecticut? A. The Dutch built a fort on the Connecticut River in 1633 and emigrants from Plym- outh settled on the site of Windsor. Saybrooke was settled in 1635, Hartford in 1636, and New Haven in 1638. These became separate colonies, one called Con- necticut, the other New Haven. 120. How did the history of these two colonies end? A. They were joined into one, known as Con- necticut, by the charter of 1662. This had two capitals, Hartford and New Haven, until 1873. Since this date Hartford has been the sole capital. 47 121. What other double colony had two capitals? A. Rhode Island. Providence and Newport were its capitals until 1900, when Providence became the sole capital. 122. When was the first confederacy oj colonies formed? A. In 1643, when Plymouth, Massachusetts, Con- necticut and New Haven joined for defense against the Dutch and Indians. 123. By what name were they known? A. *'The United Colonies of New England.** 124. Why was not Rhode Island included? A. On account of religious differences. 125. What is said about the suffrage? A. In Massachusetts and New Haven only church members had the right to vote. In Con- necticut and Rhode Island all freemen could vote. In 1692 William III gave all citizens in New England the right to preach, vote and hold office. 126. Who were the settlers of New York, and what name did it first bear? A. The Dutch. They named it New Amsterdam. 127. What did they call the country claimed by them? A. New Netherland. 128. What was their purpose in coming to America? A. To trade for furs with the Indians. 129. When and where was their first regular colony founded? A. In 1623, on Manhattan Island. 48 130. How did the Dutch deal with the Indians? A. They bought from them all the land they needed, paying for it with cloth, beads, buttons and other cheap trinkets. 131. To what company was New Netherland granted? A. The West India Company, a Dutch trading corporation. 132. What steps did they take to settle it? A. Any man who could bring out fifty settlers was offered a tract of land on the Hudson sixteen miles wide and running far back into the country. If on both sides of the river its width was eight miles. 133. What were these great landholders called and how did they live? A. They were called ''Patroons." They were required to pay the Indians for their land. They lived like absolute lords, the people on their estates being given no political rights. 134. Which was the greatest of these estates? A. That held by a man named Van Rensselaer. This extended for twenty-four miles on each side of the Hudson and twice that distance back. 135. What else may be said about these great landed estates? A. Settlers on them had to pay an annual rent in produce. This continued until 1840, when many of the farmers refused to pay rent. 4 49 These were known as "Anti-Renters." Fights and other troubles followed. In the end the tenants bought the rights of the heirs of the Patroons and the difficulty ended. 136. What led to an Indian war? A. Ill treatment of the Indians by one of the Dutch governors. It lasted from 1643 to 1645 and the colony was nearly ruined. 137. How did the Dutch deal with the Iroquois, the great Indian confederacy of New Nether land? A. They treated them well and kept their friendship. The Iroquois traded furs for guns, with which they fought their enemies, the French of Canada. 138. Who was the last Dutch governor and how did he treat the people? A. Peter Stuyvesant. He was a stern old one- legged veteran, who refused the people the right to vote and to have religious freedom. 139. How and when did the Dutch rule end? A. In 1664 an English fleet appeared in the harbor and demanded the surrender of New Amster- dam. Governor Stuyvesant swore he would never surrender, but the people, whom he had treated harshly, refused to aid him and he was forced to yield. 140. Who had sent this fleet? A. The Duke of York, who had been given this land by his brother Charles IL Neither had any 50 just right to it, but it was taken by force and the settlement was named New York, after its new owner. 141. What political rights were given the people? A. None imtil 1683, when they were permitted to elect an assembly. In 1685, when the Duke of York became king, as James II, he took away this right and made New York a royal province. The right to vote was restored after William III became king. 142. What led to Leisler's Rebellion? A. The struggle for power between the aristocratic and the popular parties. Jacob Leisler, a German merchant, headed the popular party, gained control of the city, and for two years ruled it in an arbitrary manner. 143. What was the end of the Leisler rule? A. A new governor, named Sloughter, was sent to New York and Leisler was arrested and hung as a traitor. 144. How was the right of free speech gained? A. A governor named Rip Van Dam arrested a newspaper editor for something printed in his paper ; but a jury acquitted the prisoner and freedom of newspaper comment was won. 145. What is the story of New Jersey? A. It was granted by the Duke of York to two of his friends. Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. It was named in honor of the 51 latter, who had been governor of the English island of Jersey. Elizabethtown was founded in 1665 and Newark in 1666. In 1674 Berkeley sold his half, the western, to two rich Quakers, and in 1677 the heirs of Car- teret sold their haK to other Quakers, one of them being William Penn. 146. What was the later history of New Jersey? A. It was taken from the proprietors and made a royal province, under the governor of New York, in 1702. It had its own assembly, and in 1738 it was given a governor of its own. 147. Who were the first to settle on the Delaware River f A. A party of Dutch, near Lewes, Delaware. They ill-treated the Indians and were killed by them. 148. Who next laid claim to this region? A. The King of Sweden. A settlement was made in 1638 near the site of Wilmington. They called the country New Sweden. 149. Where else did they settle? A. At Upland ; now Chester. Their farms extended as far as the site of Philadelphia. 150. What happened to the Swedish settlement? A. The region of the Delaware was claimed by the Dutch of New York, and they took possession of the Swedish settlements in 1655. When the Duke of York took New Amsterdam, he claimed all the country held by the Dutch, including the Delaware region. 52 151. What is the story of William Penn? A. He was the son of an English admiral, but became a Quaker and desired to found a colony in America for the persecuted Quakers. To do this he joined the Quakers who bought part of New Jersey, and in 1681 obtained from Charles II a grant of land on the west side of the Delaware in payment of a debt which the king ow^ed his father, the admiral. 152. What was the extent of this grant? A. It covered two degrees of latitude and five of longitude. It included also the country afterwards known as Delaware, granted to Penn by the Duke of York. 153. What is meant by the name Pennsylvania? A. Penn's woodlands or sylvan realm. 154. What was Penn's opinion of the real ownership of this region? A. That it belonged, not to the king, but to the Indians. He paid these original owners for all he used of it. 155. When did settlement begin? A. In 1681. Immigrants came in numbers in 1682, Penn coming with them. 156. Where was the chief city of Pennsylvania located and what was it named? A. On a tract of land between the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers. It was named Phila- delphia, a word meaning *'city of brotherly love." 53 157. What were the terms of Penn's ''Great Law''? A. Freedom of worship was granted; the death penalty was restricted to two crimes, murder and treason; prisons were to be used as workshops and reformatories; the people were to make their own laws, the assembly to be presided over by the governor or his deputy. 158. What else did Penn dof A. He made a compact or treaty with the Indians in which peace and good will were provided for. This was not broken while Pennsyl- vania continued under Quaker rule. 159. What other people besides Quakers came? A. Many Germans. These settled Germantown and other places north and northwest. Later came many Scotch-Irish, who settled farther west. 160. What more can be said about Penn? A. His province was taken from him in 1692, for political reasons, but was soon returned. He came again in 1699, and gave the people a very liberal constitution. He went to England in 1701, fell heavily into debt and for some time was imprisoned for debt. He died in 1718. 161. What are the chief points in the story of Delaware? A. Its people, who were not Quakers, became dissatisfied and withdrew from union with 54 Pennsylvania, Penn giving them a lieutenant- governor of their own. The union was restored by Governor Fletcher of New York in 1692, during the time Penn was deprived of the province. Penn gave Delaware a separate assembly in 1703, but one governor ruled over both provinces until after the Declaration of Independence in 1776. 162. What was the purpose of Lord Baltimore in settling Maryland? A. To provide a refuge for the Catholics of England, who were then deprived of civil and religious rights. 163. In what places did he seek to settle? A. First in Newfoundland, but found the climate too severe. Next in Jamestown, but found the people too intolerant. Then he selected the coimtry on Chesapeake Bay, north of the Potomac River, where he foimd a delightful climate and no settlers to trouble him. 164. Where was the first settlement made by Lord Baltimore? A. At St. Mary's, near the mouth of the Potomac, in 1634. 165. What was the character of his laws? A. Full political rights were granted and the colony was free to Christians of any system of worship. 55 166. What crops were planted and what towns settled? A. Tobacco and grain brought prosperity. Provi- dence — afterwards Annapolis — ^became the capital. Baltimore was founded in 1729. 167. What brought trouble to the Maryland colony? A. A dispute with William Clayborne, a fur trader in the Chesapeake, and religious discussion with the Puritans, many of whom came to Maryland. 168. What was the result of this ill feeling? A. Fighting took place, Clayborne and the Puritans were victorious, and an assembly was called which forbade any Catholic to vote and prohibited Catholic worship. 169. By whom was Lord Baltimore restored to his rights? A. By Oliver Cromwell. 170. What happened under William III? A. Maryland was made a royal province in 1691, and Catholic worship was again forbidden. It was not permitted again under English rule. 171. What happened in I'/ij? A. The province was restored to the Lord Baltimore of that date, who was a Protestant. 172. Who was the first to settle on the Carolina coast? A. Jean Ribault, a Huguenot, in 1562. He named the country Carolina, after Charles IX of France. The English afterwards adopted this name in honor of Charles II of England. 56 173. To whom did Charles II grant this region? A. To the Duke of Albemarle, the Earl of Clarendon, and six others of his associates. 174. What settlements were made? A. Those of Albemarle in 1663 and Clarendon in 1665 in the north, and one in 1670 on the Ashley River in the south. This was removed in 1680 to a new site called Charles- town — now Charleston. 175. Whence came these settlers? A. In addition to the English from Virginia and elsewhere, were Huguenots from France; also Germans, Scotch-Irish, Scotch High- landers, and Dutch from New York. 176. What kind of government was given them? A. A highly aristocratic one, called the ** Grand Model," which the people bitterly opposed. 177. What was the result? A. A state of turbulence and rebellion which con- tinued for more than twenty years; the ''Grand Model" being abandoned in 1693. 178. When was Carolina divided into North and South Carolina? A. In 1729 it was formally divided, the divisions being made royal colonies. Before that they had been given separate assemblies and usually had separate governors. 179. When did an Indian war break out? A. In 1711 the Tuscarora tribe rose and killed 57 many people in North Carolina. They went to war again in 1712 and were then defeated and driven from the country. 180. What became of the Tuscarorasf A. They went north to New York and joined the Iroquois, of which Indian family they were a branch. These, previously known as the ''Five Nations," were afterward called the "Six Nations." 181. When and where was Georgia settled? A. On the Savannah River, the settlement being named Savannah, the settlers being debtors taken from English prisons by James Oglethorpe, its proprietary. 182. What classes of people came there besides English debtors? A. Moravians and Lutherans from Germany and Scotch Highlanders. 183. What industries were established? A. Rice and indigo plantations, and silk making. Cotton in time was grown and the production of silk was abandoned. 184. What famous preachers came there? A. John and Charles Wesley, the founders of Methodism, and George Whitefield, an able orator. They hoped to Christianize the Indians. 185. When did Georgia become a royal colony? A. In 1752, when Oglethorpe surrendered it to the crown. 58 Period of Intercolonial Wars 186. What caused hostilities between the English, French and Spanish colonists? A. Wars in Europe, the effect of which extended to America. 187. By what name is the first of these wars known? A. King William's War (1689-1697). 188. What were its chief events in America? A. Attacks were made by French and Indians on Schenectady, New York, and Durham, New Hampshire, many people being killed. Military and naval expeditions were sent against Quebec and Montreal, but they proved failures. Acadia was taken, but was restored after the war. 189. What was the French plan of operations? A. To descend the Hudson and capture New York. An attack by the Iroquois Indians on Mon- treal caused its failure. 190. How did the French take revenge on the Indians? A. Count Frontenac invaded their country and wrought such havoc that they were forced to beg for mercy. 191. When did war again come? A. In 1702. It continued until 1713 and became known as Queen Anne's War. 192. What operations were undertaken by the English colonists? A. An expedition against Quebec was checked by a violent storm at sea, but Acadia (Nova 59 Scotia) was taken, its capital, Port Royal, being named Annapolis, after Queen Anne. 193. What was done by the French and Indians? A. Deerfield and Haverhill, Massachusetts, were taken, many of their people being killed or made captive. 194. What took place in the south? A. Spain took part in the war, and St. Augustine, Florida, was captured and plundered by the English in 1702. In 1706 a French and Spanish fleet attacked Charleston, but was driven off with heavy loss. 195. What part did the Indians take? A. The Indian allies of Spain were defeated in 1703. In 1715 a confederation of all the tribes was made, but they met with defeat. 196. What led to another war with the Spaniards? A. The settlement of Savannah by Oglethorpe, on what was claimed to be part of Florida. 197. What were the events of this war? A. Oglethorpe besieged St. Augustine in 1740, but was repulsed. In 1742 the Spaniards invaded Georgia, but were put to flight by a shrewd stratagem. In 1743 Oglethorpe made a second unsuccessful attack on St. Augustine. 198. What was the chief event oj King George's War oj 1744-48? A. The strong French fortress of Louisburg, Cape Breton, was attacked and taken in 1745. France sent a fleet to retake it, but storm 60 and disease mined the expedition. Louis- burg was restored to France after the war. 199. To what result did these wars lead? A. France and Spain gained nothing, England gained only Acadia and control of the New- foundland fisheries. 200. What intercolonial war originated in America? A. The French and Indian War of 1754-63. 201. To what was it due? A. To conflicting claims for the ownership of the country west of the Alleghanies and along the Ohio. 202. Why had this country been left so long unclaimed? A. The English had hitherto found room enough in the region between the mountains and the sea and the French had confined themselves to the extensive waterway of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River. 203. Who were the first to move towards the Ohio country? A. The English. The Ohio Company, formed in 1748, obtained a large grant of land in the Ohio val- ley. They sent out surveyors in 1750. This alarmed the French, who began to build forts on the tributary streams of the Ohio. 204. What action was taken by the English? A. Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia in 1753 sent George Washington, then a young surveyor, to these forts to order their removal from territory claimed by Virginia. 61 205. What came from Washington's mission? A. The French refused to leave, and in 1754 seized a fort which the Virginians had begun to build at the headwaters of the Ohio. This they finished, naming it Fort Duquesne. 206. What was the first warlike act? A. A skirmish between a body of militia under Washington and a party of French, whose commander was killed. 207. Describe the Fort Necessity affair. A. Washington found the French too strong for his small force, and built a stockade which he called Fort Necessity. Here he was attacked by a superior body of French and Indians and forced to surrender, being given the honors of war. 208. What important event took place at Albany the same year, 1754? A. A colonial convention was held at which Benjamin Franklin presented a plan for the union of the colonies. 209. Was it accepted? A. No. Neither the king nor the colonies approved of it. As a result the colonies remained dis- united during the French and Indian War. 210. What was the first important battle of the war? A. Troops sent from England, led by the British General Braddock, and Virginia militia, led by Washington, marched upon Fort Du- quesne in 1755. The expedition fell into an 62 ambuscade of French and Indians and met with disastrous defeat. 211. To whom was this disaster due? A. To Braddock, who persistently refused to take Washington's advice. 212. What other battle took place in 17 jj? A. One on the shores of Lake George in which the French were defeated. 213. What led to the expulsion oj the Acadians? A. The French settlers of Acadia, or Nova Scotia, then held by the English, gave aid and information to the French and many of them refused to take an oath of allegiance to the EngUsh king. As a result more than 6,000 of these were driven from their homes, which were burned and their farms laid waste. They were put on shipboard and sent away, many of them seeking the French colony of Louisiana. 214. What were the principal events of 1756? A. A declaration of war between England and France and the capture of the port of Oswego, on Lake Ontario, by Montcalm, the French commander. 215. What took place in 1757? A. Montcalm marched down Lakes Champlain and George and captured Fort William Henry, many of the prisoners taken being massacred by the Indians. 63 216. Name the principal military events of 1758. A. General Abercrombie attacked the French in Fort Ticonderoga, but was defeated. Gen- eral Forbes marched upon Fort Duquesne, which was abandoned by its garrison. Washington led the Virginians, who took the fort. 217. What was the great event of 1759? A. The capture of Quebec by General Wolfe. 218. How was this accomplished? A. After a fruitless siege, Wolfe led a strong force at night up a steep cliff to the Heights of Abraham, supposed inaccessible. Here a battle took place, the French being defeated and Montcalm, their commander, killed. Wolfe also received a mortal wound. 219. What took place in 1760? A. The French made a vain effort to retake Quebec and Montreal surrendered to the English. 220. When was peace declared? A. In 1763, the war having continued in Europe until this date. It became known there as **The Seven Years' War." 221. Did this end the war in America? A. Not fully. An Indian outbreak followed, led by Pontiac, an Ottawa chief, who hoped to drive the English from the country. Many forts were taken by stratagem and many settlers murdered, but the contest ended in 1766 with triumph for the whites. ¥ 64 222. What were the terms of the treaty of peace? A. France lost all its possessions in North America except two small islands near Newfound- land, used for fishing purposes. England gained Canada from France and Florida from Spain, the latter coimtry being given New Orleans and the region west of the Mississippi. 223. Describe the results to the colonies of the war. A. They lost fifty thousand men and spent many millions of dollars. But they drove their enemy and rival from the land and gained much training in the art of war. Also they developed skillful military leaders. Period of Revolution and Independence 224. Did the French and Indian War have any influence upon the relations between England and its colonies? A. Yes. 225. What was the character of this influence? A. The English government sought to make the colonists pay part of the costs of the war and failed in this. 226. Does this effort seem just? A. Yes. The colonists had gained much from the war. 227. To what, then, did they object? A. To the methods pursued by the King and Parlia- 5 65 ment. They were willing to vote money for government use but not to be taxed by a legislative body in which they were not represented. 228. Had they any other reason for discontent? A. Yes. They were bitterly opposed to the oppres- sive navigation laws and the laws forbidding manufacture in the colonies. 229. Was the new king, George III, fitted to deal with a self-respecting people? A. No. He was too strongly impressed with his authority and too obstinate in carrying out his views. 230. Were the Navigation Laws enforced? A. Only to a small extent. Most of the goods received in the colonies were brought in by smugglers. 231. What action was taken to stop smuggling? A. "Writs of Assistance" were issued in 1761. These gave the custom officials the right to break into any warehouse or dwelling in search of smuggled goods. 232. Was this method effective? A. No ; it was strongly opposed by the people, on the ground that ''Every man's house is his castle," into which no one has the right to intrude. 233. What else was proposed by Parliament? A. To send a small army for the defense of the colonists, who were to pay its expenses. 66 Also the governors, judges and crown attor- neys were to be paid by the colonists. 234. Did the colonists object to this? A. Not in principle, but in method. They were willing to vote money for these purposes, but not to pay taxes levied on them by Parlia- ment. 235. On what did they base this sentiment? A. On the fact that they had always voted their own taxes and paid their own officials. 236. Did the British recognize that the Americans were justified in this? A. Many of them did, including some members of Parliament. But the king and his advisers held opposite views. 237. What sentiment became a watchword of the people? A. That ''Taxation without Representation is Tyranny." 238. What act was passed by Parliament in 1J64 affecting the colonists? A. One adding to the restrictions on commerce. 239. When was the first direct tax enacted? A. In 1765. This provided for the sale of stamps, which were to be placed on all public documents, legal papers, newspapers and almanacs. 240. How was the Stamp Act received? A. With bitter opposition and acts of riot. The people seized and burned the stamps and 67 every one refused to use them. They also determined to use no article of British manufacture till this act was repealed. 241. What is meant by the Stamp Act Congress? A. A congress held in New York, to which most of the colonies sent delegates. It issued a Declaration of Rights and a petition to Parliament and the King. 242. What other steps were taken? A. Associations called ''Sons of Liberty" were formed to resist the Act. 243. What was the final result? A. The Americans won. Parliament repealed the Act in 1766. 244. Describe what followed. A. William Pitt and Edmund Burke, famous states- men, told Parliament that it had no right to tax the Americans arbitrarily against their will. This had no effect. In 1767 a new law was passed, laying taxes on glass, paper, lead, paints and tea. Also trade with certain West India islands was forbidden. 245. What else was done tending to increase the dis- content? A. Troops were sent to enforce the new laws, the colonies being ordered to feed and shelter these soldiers. This the assemblies refused to do and they were in consequence forbidden to hold sessions. 68 246. When were troops sent to Boston and how were they received? A. In 1768. The people looked on them as enemies and refused to provide them with quarters. 247. What is meant by the "Boston Massacre"? A. A quarrel in 1770 between a crowd of citizens and a party of soldiers, in which the soldiers fired, killing four persons and wounding others. 248. What followed? A. The indignation was so intense that the soldiers had to be taken from the town to an island 'in the harbor. The soldiers who fired were tried and two of them sentenced to be branded in the hand. 249. What other act of resistance took place? A. In 1772 the ''Gaspee," a revenue vessel whose officers had given offense, was seized and burned. 250. What came of the efort to force the people to pay taxes? A. The articles taxed were not used, except when smuggled, British trade suffered severely, and the tax laws had to be repealed. 251. Did this state of affairs teach discretion to the King and Parliament? A. No. George III continued determined to make the colonists pay taxes. The tax on tea was retained, but the people would not use any tea, except that smuggled from Holland. 69 252. What plan was next adopted? A. The price of tea was reduced so that, even with the tax, it was cheaper than that smuggled. It was thought that the Americans would be ready to use this cheap tea. 253. What did they do with the cheap tea? A. That sent to New York and Philadelphia was ordered to be taken back. At Boston the custom house officers determined to unload the tea ships. 254. What is meant by the ''Boston Tea Party''? A. A party of men dressed as Indians, who seized the ships and emptied the tea into the harbor. 255. What is meant by '' The Intolerable Acts''? A. Five acts passed in 1774. The Boston Port Bill ordered the closing of the harbor till the lost tea should be paid for. The Transportation Bill ordained that soldiers or officials who committed murder in quelling resistance to the laws might be sent to England or Nova Scotia for trial. The Massachusetts Bill put all power into the governor's hands. The Quebec Act put the coimtry west of the Alleghanies under Canadian government. Another act required the colonists to provide quarters for the troops. 256. What was the effect of these acts? A. They added greatly to the indignation of the people. The Boston Port Bill caused severe 70 distress in that city and other parts of the country sent food and money. 257. How was legislation conducted? A. As the assemblies were forbidden to meet, government was carried on by ''Committees of Correspondence" between the towns. 258. When and where did the first Continental Congress meet? A. At Philadelphia, on September 5, 1774. 259. Did it pass any disloyal acts? A. No. It professed loyalty to the king, but asked him to redress the wrongs of the colonists. It demanded the right of the assembhes to meet, to make all laws, and to levy all taxes. 260. What evidences of revolutionary spirit were shown? A. A "Provincial Congress" met in Massachusetts in 1774 which made active preparations for war. Other colonies showed a similar spirit. Patrick Henry told the Virginia Convention that they must fight. 261. What is meant by the "Minute Men''f A. Men in New England who pledged themselves to march and fight at a minute's notice. 262. What other warlike acts took place? A. Munitions of war were gathered at various points and other threatening steps taken. 263. Did the British government recognize the critical state oj a fairs? A. It did eventually. Parliament in February, 1775, declared that rebellion existed in 71 Massachusetts and a fleet and several thou- sand additional troops were sent to Boston. 264. What else served to incense the people? A. Fishing on the banks of Newfoundland was for- bidden, this throwing 20,000 men out of employment. Several towns were visited by troops in search of military stores. 265. What critical act took place on April i8, iJJSf A. A party of soldiers was sent out from Boston to arrest the patriots, Samuel Adams and John Hancock, at Lexington, and destroy some stores collected at Concord. 266. What is meant by ''Paul Revere' s Ride'*? A. An agent of the patriots named Paul Revere made a ride by night to warn the people of Lexington and Concord of the coming troops. 267. What took place at Lexington? A. A body of minute men, drawn up on the village green, were fired upon by the troops and seven of them killed. 268. To what did this act of violence lead? A. To the Revolutionary War and eventually to the freeing of the American colonists from British rule. 269. What was its immediate result? A. A fight at Concord, the rising of the people in arms, the flight of the troops, and the fall of nearly three hundred of them in their retreat. 72 270. What acts of war followed? A. The New England militia besieged the British army in Boston, and the "Green Mountain Boys" of Vermont captured Forts Ticon- deroga and Crown Point. 271. Who were the leaders of the Vermontersf A. Ethan Allen and Seth Warner. 272. When and where did the Second Continental Congress meet? A. In Philadelphia on May 10, 1775. 273. Who was its president? A. John Hancock, a Boston patriot. 274. What steps did Congress take? A. It recognized George III as its "rightful sov- ereign," but sustained the siege of Boston, called for recruits, and appointed George Washington commander-in-chief of the Con- tinental army. 275. Where was the first battle of the war? A. On Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill, heights which overlooked Boston. Here the Continentals fought until their ammunition ran out. The victory was a costly one for the British. 276. When and where did W ashington take com- mand? A. On July 3, 1775, under an elm tree near Harvard College, Cambridge. 277. What unsuccessful enterprise was attempted? A. An invasion of Canada. The capture of Quebec was vainly undertaken. 73 278. What act of the British government added greatly to the indignation of the Americans? A. The hiring of Hessian troops to add to its army. 279. Who were the Hessians? A. Natives of Hesse-Cassel and other small princi- palities of Germany. 280. How did the siege of Boston end? A. That city was evacuated by the British and occupied by the Americans March 17, 1776. 281. What was the next warlike act? A. A British fleet attacked Fort Moultrie, in Charles- ton harbor, and was repulsed with heavy loss. 282. What steps were taken towards independence? A. The people of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, declared themselves free of alle- giance to the British king. Similar steps were taken in Rhode Island and Virginia. 283. Who wrote ''Common Sense'' and what was its efect? A. Thomas Paine, a Philadelphian. It did much in fostering the revolutionary sentiment. 284. What was done by Richard Henry Lee, a Virginia member of Congress? A. He offered a resolution in June, 1776, that "these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be. Free and Independent States." 285. Who prepared a "Declaration of Independence''? A. Thomas Jefferson. 286. When was it passed by Congress? A. On July 4, 1776. 74 287. What was the effect of this declaration? A. The British colonies were thenceforth known as the ''United States of America." 288. What military events followed? A. A British fleet and army, sent south from Quebec, was met by Benedict Arnold on Lake Champlain and so severely handled that it was obliged to return. General Howe defeated Washington's army on Long Island and occupied New York. Washington retreated to the Delaware. 289. What signal victory restored hope to the Ameri- cans? A. Washington's capture of a Hessian garrison at Trenton, December 25, 1776. 290. Where else was Washington victorious? A. At Princeton, January 3, 1777. 291. What two important movements were undertaken by the British leaders in 1777? A. One for the capture of Philadelphia, by General Howe, and one for the occupation of the Hudson Valley, by General Burgoyne. 292. What was the result of Howe's movement? A. He landed his army at the head of Chesapeake Bay, met and defeated Washington's army on the Brandywine, and occupied Phila- delphia. 293. What was the result of Burgoyne' s movement? A. Forces gathered on his front, defeated a detach- ment from his army at Bennington, met and 75 defeated the whole army near Saratoga and forced it to surrender. 294. Did the British leaders show any military skill in these operations? A. Very little. Howe's withdrawal south with his army at this time left Burgoyne unsupported. 295. When and how was the American flag adopted? A. By act of Congress, in June, 1777. 296. Where were the Stars and Stripes first used in war? A. On Fort Stanwix, on the Mohawk River, where a force of British and Indians was put to flight by a shrewd stratagem. 297. What is thought of the battle of Saratoga? A. It is classed with the fifteen decisive battles of history. Burgoyne 's surrender was the turning point in America's struggle for independence. 298. What important effect did it have in Europe? A. It induced France to sign a treaty recognizing American independence and promising aid in the war. 299. What effect did it have in England? A. It created a feeling of despair. Lord North, the prime minister, sought for peace, offering the colonists everything but independence. He was too late, and his offers were rejected. 300. Where and how did Washington's army spend the winter of lyyy-yS? A. In camp at Valley Forge. Here the men suffered 76 severely from cold weather and lack of clothes, food and proper shelter. 301. What is meant by the ''Conway CahaV'f A. A plot, led by a man named Conway, to induce Congress to dismiss Washington from his command. It failed. 302. What was the most important event of 1778? A. The arrival of a French fleet to aid the Americans and the evacuation of Philadelphia by the British. 303. Where did a battle take place? A. At Monmouth, New Jersey, between the retreat- ing British and the pursuing Americans. 304. What was its result? A. Victory for the Americans was lost by the mis- conduct of General Charles Lee. His retreat at a critical moment enabled the British to escape to New York. 305. What was the ''Massacre of Wyoming''? A. The valley of Wyoming, in Northern Pennsyl- vania, was raided by a band of Indians and Tories and much slaughter and devastation took place. 306. What event occurred in the West? A. Colonel Clark led a force of men from Kentucky to Illinois and captured the British posts in that region. This is thought to have saved the Northwest to the United States. 307. What military events took place in the North in 1779? 77 A. General Sullivan invaded the Iroquois cotintry and punished the Indians for the massacre of Wyoming. General Wayne made a brilHant capture of the stronghold of Stony Point, on the Hudson. 308. What occurred in the South? A. The British captured Savannah in December, 1778. It was attacked in September, 1779, by General Lincoln, aided by the French fleet. They met with a disastrous defeat. 309. What famous naval victory was won? A. John Paul Jones, in the "Bonne Homme Rich- ard," captured the much stronger British frigate ''Serapis." 310. Where did the remaining important events oj the war take place? A. In the South. 311. What had the British gained by four years of war in the North? A. Only the control of New York and Newport. 312. Who now commanded the British forces? A. General CHnton, who had succeeded General Howe. 313. What successes did he gain? A. He attacked and captured Charleston, May 12, 1780, overran South Carolina, and com- pletely defeated General Gates at Camden, August 16, 1780. 314. What class of fighters now kept up the war in this region? 78 A. The partisan militia led by Marion, Sumter, Pickens and others. Of these Marion is the most famous. On October 7th a force of British and Tories on King's Mountain were badly beaten by a band of frontier riflemen. 315. What shameful event took place in the North? A. Benedict Arnold, one of the ablest American generals, turned traitor and sought to sur- render the important post of West Point to the British. 316. What was the result? A. His plot failed, Arnold escaped, but Major Andre, the British agent sent him, was taken and hanged as a spy. 317. Who succeeded General Gates in the South? A. General Nathaniel Greene, an officer of great ability. 318. Where did the first battle of lySi take place? A. At Cowpens, South Carolina, January 17, 1781. 319. By whom was it fought? A. By General Morgan, a leader of riflemen, and Colonel Tarleton, a British raider. Tarle- ton's men were badly beaten. 320. What event followed? A. General Greene, being poorly equipped, retreated before Comwallis, the British leader, and led him to the borders of Virginia, where the pursuit ceased. 79 321. What was the result of the battle of Guilford Court House, March 15, i'/8i? A. Greene was defeated, but handled the British so severely that the defeat had the effect of a victory. 322. What was its influence on the British movements? A. Comwallis withdrew, in bad plight, to Wilming- ton, North Carolina, and subsequently in- vaded Virginia. 323. What effect did this have on the war in the South? A. It brought it to a speedy end. During the remainder of 1781 Greene fought several engagements, and finally shut up the British in Charleston and Savannah. 324. Describe the campaign in Virginia. A. The traitor Arnold was in Virginia, with a British force, and was opposed by General Lafayette. Comwallis took command, did great damage to property, and finally marched to York- town, on York River, where he waited for aid from New York. 325. What was the American situation? A. Washington had kept his army near New York, watching the British there. He was now strengthened by a French force and a large French fleet also arrived off the coast. 326. What did Washington do? A. He sent word to the French admiral to sail to the Chesapeake, and marched his army with all haste southward. By this movement 80 Cornwallis was shut up in Yorktown by an army on land and a fleet in the Bay. 327. What Jollowedf A. Yorktown was besieged and in a week's time Cornwallis surrendered. 328. What significant remark did Lord North make when he heard of this? A. "It is all over." So it was. Fighting ended. American independence was gained. 329. When and where was a treaty of peace signed? A. At Paris, September 3, 1783. 330. What was the extent of the new nation? A. From the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River. England retained Canada and gave Florida back to Spain. This was connected by a strip of land with the Mississippi River, so that the United States had no Gulf coast. Spain held the country west of the Mississippi. First Period of Nationality 331. What was the population of the country at this time? A. About two and a half millions. 332. What was the condition of the country after the war? A. It was in a ruinous state, with no commerce, no money of value, no manufactures, many of its towns devastated, its fields depleted of crops. 6 81 333. Where were the settlements situated? A. Mainly in the coastal region east of the moimtains. A movement into the country west of the mountains had recently begun. 334. What was the condition of the armyf A. The soldiers were so indignant at not being paid that some of them broke into mutiny. 335. What was the cause of ''Shay's Rebellion'' f A. The poverty of the people and the attempt to make them pay taxes. 336. What had been the financial operations of the war? A. Some money was borrowed in Europe. Robert Morris raised large sums to aid Washington in his campaigns. Congress depended mainly on paper money, which by 1780 had become practically worthless. 337. What was the character of the government? A. The ** Articles of Confederation," adopted in 1777, ratified in 1781, gave Congress almost no governing powers. There was no actual union, and the States made little effort to raise money to pay the war debt. 33^. What helped to keep the States together? A. Their conflicting claims to the Northwest Terri- tory. 339. How were these claims adjusted? A. Maryland, which had no claim to western lands, refused to enter the confederation until the other States had agreed to yield their claims 82 to the general government. This was gradually done and gave Congress control of a great region, worth far more than the public debt. 340. What else was felt necessary? A. The granting of more power to Congress. 341. What action was taken? A. Meetings were held in 1785 and 1786 to adjust commercial disputes between neighboring States. The last of these proposed a con- vention in 1787 to extend the powers of the government in this and other directions. 342. What was done in this convention? A. A constitution was adopted which, with the ad- dition of a number of amendments, has since served for every exigency of the government. 343. When and where was it adopted? A. In Independence Hall, Philadelphia, on Septem- ber 17, 1787. 344. What action was taken by the States? A. Many objections to the Constitution were made, but it was gradually ratified, the last to do so being Rhode Island, the smallest State, on May 29, 1790. 345. What branches of government did it establish? A. A Legislative, an Executive, and a Judicial. It also gave the central government full power to raise money, enlist armies, and deal with foreign countries. 346. What were the branches of the government named? 83 A. Congress, consisting of Senate and House of Representatives; President and Vice-Presi- dent; and Supreme Court. 347. Who was the first President? A. George Washington. He was unanimously elected and was inaugurated April 30, 1789. 348. What officials were chosen to assist himf A. Thomas Jefferson, as Secretary of Foreign Affairs (now Secretary of State), Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, Henry Knox, Secretary of War, and Edmund Randolph, Attorney-General. 349. By what name is this body of officials known? A. The President's Cabinet. Other officials have since been added until they now number ten. 350. Where was the seat of government? A. Philadelphia had been the vseat (with some omissions due to the war) until the adoption of the Constitution. New York was the capital 1789-90, Philadelphia 1790-1800; Washington afterward. 351. What was at that time the most important question to settle? A. That of finance. 352. By whom and how was it settled? A. By Alexander Hamilton. He induced Congress to assume the debt of the States. To obtain money to pay these he had a small duty levied on imports. As the interest was 84 promptly paid, the creditors were willing to let their claims stand as investments. 353. What was the effect of this? A. The credit of the government was restored and the debt was gradually paid. 354. What direct tax was laid? A. One on whiskey. 355. What was the effect of this? A. It caused a rebellion among the whiskey distillers of western Pennsylvania. To quell this an army was sent and the outbreak put down. 356. What war took placet A. One with the Indians of the Northwest. General Harmer was defeated by them in 1790 and General St. Clair in 1791. They were finally subdued by General Wayne in 1794. 357. How were the Tories {those who had favored the British side during the war) treated? A. Their property was confiscated and was not paid for as agreed to in the treaty, and bad treat- ment forced thousands of them to leave the country. 358. How was this trouble adjusted? A. By a new treaty with Great Britain in 1795. 359. What source of trouble existed not provided for in this treaty? A. England and France were then at war, and American vessels dealing with French or English ports were frequently seized and their cargoes confiscated. Also sailors were taken 85 from American vessels to serve in the British navy on the plea that they were British subjects. 360. How did the American people regard thisf A. It created intense indignation. It finally led to war. 361. When did Washington retire from office? A. On March 4, 1797, John Adams succeeding him as President. 362. What hostile relations arose in the Adams administration f A. A naval contest with France in which several battles took place. 363. To what was it due? A, To French raids upon American commerce. 364. What two unpopular laws were passed? A. The Alien Law, giving the President the right to banish foreigners whom he disapproved of, and the Sedition Law, making any published attack on the President or Congress punish- able. 365. When did Washington die? A. On December 14, 1799. 366. Who was the first President to reside in Washing- ton? A. John Adams, in the final year of his term. 367. Who was elected President in i8oo? A. Thomas Jefferson, the Democratic candidate. 368. What important controversy attended the election? A. Jefferson and Aaron Burr each received the same 86 number of electoral votes, so that both of them were eligible to the presidency. The difficulty was settled by Congress in favor of Jefferson. Burr, as the second choice, became Vice-President. 369. What was done to prevent any similar controversy? A. An amendment to the Constitution was made providing that nominations should be made separately for President and Vice-President. 370. What war took place in Jefferson's term? A. One with Tripoli, a piratical country of northern Africa. Tripoli was forced to request peace. 371. What event of great importance occurred? A. The purchase of the great Louisiana territory west of the Mississippi. This had been transferred from Spain to France in 1801 and was purchased by the United States in 1802. 372. What famous expedition followed? A. One by Captains Lewis and Clark, sent out to examine the new country acquired. They were the first to cross the coimtry to the Pacific Ocean. 373. What is the later story of Aaron Burr? A. He shot and killed the great statesman, Alexander Hamilton, in a duel, and later formed a plot to seize Texas and found an independent nation. He was tried for treason in 1807, but there was not evidence enough to convict him. 87 374. What notable invention was made? A. That of the steamboat by Robert Fulton, in 1807. This, and the cotton gin, invented in 1793, were of great importance to the country. 375. What disturbing relations with England and France existed? A. Both these countries continued to seize American merchant ships, and English war- vessels to impress seamen from American ships. 376. Describe the ''Chesapeake'' affair? A. The American frigate ** Chesapeake" was fired into by the British frigate "Leopard" in 1807 and four of her crew were seized as British deserters . The ' ' Chesapeake "had been taken by surprise and was not in condition to return the fire. 377. To what legislation did this lead? A. An Embargo Act was passed in 1807, forbidding all commerce with foreign nations. As this caused serious loss to American commerce, it was repealed in 1809 and a Non- Inter- course Act was passed which prohibited commerce with England and France. 378. What important effect came from these acts? A. They led to a rapid development of manufac- tures in the United States. 379. Who was elected President in i8o8? A. James Madison, the Democratic candidate. 88 380. What policy was proposed by President Madison? A. He favored a protective tariff, and wore when inaugurated ''a full suit of woolen cloth, the wool being from sheep raised in the United States, and the cloth from American factories." 381. What hostile events marked his administration? A. France and England continued their assaults on American commerce. The impressment of American seamen continued. The attack on the ''Chesapeake" was avenged by the frigate "President," which replied to an in- sult from the British sloop-of-war ''Little Belt" by a broadside. 382. Where did an Indian war take place? A. In Indiana Territory. Tecumseh, a Shawanese chief, combined the tribes against the whites. A battle took place in 1811 near Tippecanoe River in which the Indians were defeated. 3^3. What was the cause of the English and French depredations on American commerce? A. They arose from the long continued war between England and the French under Napoleon, in which little attention was paid to the rights of other nations. 384. To what did they finally give rise? A. To war between England and the United States, declared June 18, 1812. 89 385. What number of States and what population were there in i8i2f A. Eighteen States and about 7,500,000 population. 3^6. What military events took place in 1812? A. Detroit was surrendered to the British and attempts to invade Canada failed. On the sea the Americans were very successful, winning several victories, the most notable being the sinking of the frigate ''Guerriere" by the American frigate "Constitution." 387. What was the ocean war record for the remainder of the contest? A. America lost the ''Chesapeake" and "Essex," but gained so many victories at sea that Europe was astonished, since Britain had long held the title of ''mistress of the seas." Z^^. What victories were gained on lake waters? A. Commodore Perry defeated a British fleet on Lake Erie, September 10, 1813, and Commo- dore McDonough won a similar victory on Lake Champlain, September 11, 1814. 389. What land battles took place on the Canadian border? A. General Harrison won a victory over the English on the Thames River in 1813 and General Scott won victories at Chippewa and Lundy's Lane in 1814. But the effort to invade and conquer Canada met with no success. 390. What signal event took place in 18 14? A. A British fleet entered the Chesapeake and 90 landed an army which captured the city of Washington. Baltimore was also attacked, but was successfully defended. 391. What shameful deed followed? A. The British burned the Capitol, the President's house and most of the public buildings in Washington, destroying the government records by these fires. 392. What Indian war was fought in the South? A. One with the Creek Indians, who attacked the settlements but were thoroughly defeated by General Jackson. 393. Where was the last battle of the war fought? A. At New Orleans, where General Jackson defeated with great loss a large British army. 394. What fact made this battle especially memorable? A. It was fought after a treaty of peace had been signed. In those days of sailing vessels and no telegraphs it took several weeks for the news of this treaty to cross the Atlantic. 395. What war took place in i8is? A. One with Algiers. It ended in the Moorish nations being forced to desist from piracy. 396. Who was elected President in i8i6? A. James Monroe. Like Madison and Jefferson he was a candidate of the Democratic party. The old Federal party died out after this election. 397. What important political event marked the Monroe administration ? 91 A. The passage of the Missouri Compromise, which put a limit to the northward extension of slaveholding. 398. What other important event occurred? A. Indian depredations forced General Jackson to invade Florida. This caused hostile rela- tions with Spain, which were settled in 1819 by the sale of Florida to the United States. 399. What great work of engineering was performedf A. The construction of the Erie Canal, 1817-25. 400. What gave renown to the Monroe administration? A. The "Monroe Doctrine." This was due to the danger of European nations invading the new republics of Spanish America. It gave the world warning that the United States would not approve of any future colonization of American territory or permit any oppres- sion of an American nation. 401. What is the history of this famous ''Doctrine''? A. It has on several occasions been put in force sucessfully, notably in the case of the French occupation of Mexico during the Civil War. 402. What interesting event took place in 1824? A. General Lafayette, the most distinguished foreign hero of the Revolution, visited America, where he was given an enthusiastic reception. 403. Who was elected President in 1824? A. There were several candidates, Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, William H. Crawford and Henry Clay. Jackson received the most 92 votes, but not a majority of the whole, and the election was thrown into the House of Representatives, which chose Adams. 404. What is meant by the ''Era of Good Feeling''? A. The period of the Monroe Administration, during which there was only one political party, the Democratic. After the Adams election new parties arose. 405. What was the most important event of the J, Q. Adams administration? A. The passage of a tariff bill considerably increasing the duties on imported goods. 406. Where was this tariff strongly opposed? A. In the South. Vice-President Calhoun, of South Carolina, suggested that his State should declare it ''null and void." 407. What name was given to those who held this view? A. ''NulHfiers." 408. What was done to the Creek Indians? A. They were removed in 1826 to the Indian Terri- tory. Many other tribes were sent there in later years. 409. What steps were taken about the evil of intemperate use of strong drink? A. A great agitation in favor of temperance began in 1826, and thousands of persons signed the pledge to abstain from intoxicating drinks. This agitation has never since ceased. 410. What gave rise to the ''Anti-Masonic'' political party? 93 A. The disappearance of a man who had written a book in 1826 professing to reveal the secrets of the Masonic Order. Many believed that he had been murdered by the Masons. 411. Who was elected President in 1828? A. Andrew Jackson, the hero of the South in the war of 1812-15. 412. What action did he take about office holders? A. He dismissed many of them and replaced them by members of his own party, the Demo- cratic. This had not formerly been the custom and it became known as ''rotation in office" and the ''spoils system." 413. To what did the tariff of 1828 lead? A. To an attempt in South Carolina to nullify it, or forbid the collection of duties in that State. 414. Was this successful? A. No. President Jackson took active steps to check the movement. But a compromise tariff was passed which gradually reduced the tariff charges. 415. In what way did President Jackson disturb the finances? A. By refusing to renew the charter of the United States Bank. He also removed from it the government deposits, an action which ruined the bank. 416. What effect had this on the financial world? A. The government funds, put in other banks, were 94 freely loaned and gave rise to an era of wild speculation. 417. What was the final result? A. A severe financial panic, which began in 1837 and for several years caused great distress. 418. What was the Black Hawk War? A. An outbreak in 1832 of the Illinois and Wisconsin Indians under a chief of this name. It was soon put down and a large tract of territory taken from the Indians. 419. When did the movement for the abolition of slavery become active? A. In 1831, when William Lloyd Garrison began to publish his paper, the Liberator. 420. Who was elected President in i8j6? A. Martin Van Buren, who had been Vice-President during Jackson's second term. 421. What were the principal events in his term? A. The business depression spoken of and the adoption of the Sub-Treasury System for the handling of the public fimds. 422. Who was elected President in 1820? A. William Henry Harrison, a candidate of the new Whig party. 423. What followed? A. He died one month after his inauguration, and Vice-President John Tyler succeeded. 424. Was Tyler satisfactory to the Whigs? A. No. He supported Democratic legislation. 95 425. What act of international policy marked his adniinistrationf A. A treaty was made establishing the boundary line between the United States and Canada. 426. Hoixj Jar did this extendi A. From the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. 427. Why was it not carried to the Pacific? A. Because the ownership of the Oregon country had not been settled. 428. When and how was this settled? A. In 1846, when a treaty was made giving the coimtry south of 49° north latitude to the United States, that north of it to Great Britain. 429. What was the ''Dorr Rebellion''? A. An effort of Governor Dorr of Rhode Island to do away with the colonial system of govern- ment which still existed. His violent methods brought him an arrest for treason, but the reforms demanded by his party were afterguards obtained. 430. What new religious sect arose? A. The Mormons, founded in 1830. They later built the city of Nauvoo in Illinois, and in 1843 adopted the systemi of polygamy. This aroused such indignation and violence that they emigrated to Utah in 1846-47. 431. Who was elected President in 1844? A. James K. Polk, the Democratic candidate. 96 Henry Clay, the famous orator, was the Whig candidate, and was defeated. 432. What was the great event of the Polk administra- tionf A. A war with Mexico, due to the insurrection of Texas in 1836 and its acceptance as a State of the American Union in 1845. 433. What was the immediate cause of the war? A. A dispute about the boundary. 434. Who was the most famous leader in this war? A. General Zachary Taylor, who crossed the Rio Grande and won a brilliant victory at Buena Vista. 435. Who else invaded Mexico in the north? A. General Kearney invaded and occupied New Mexico and Captain Fremont did the same in California. 436. What other invasion was made? A. One by General Scott by way of the Gulf coast. 437. Describe his movements. A. He bombarded and captured Vera Cruz in March, 1847, won victories at Cerro Gordo and Puebla, and in September won several victories near the city of Mexico, which he occupied September 14th. 438. When was the treaty of peace signed ajui what were its terms f A. On February 2, 1848. Mexico gave up all claim to Texas and transferred New Mexico and CaHfomia to the United States, receiving in 7 97 return the sum of $15,000,000 and the assumption by the United States of a debt due American citizens of about $3,500,000. 439. What territory was added to this in i8jj? A. A tract of 45,535 square miles south of New Mexico and known as the Gadsden purchase. This was to settle a boundary dispute, the United States paying $10,000,000 for the tract. 440. What highly important event immediately fol- lowed the war? A. The discovery of gold in California, which quickly drew a large population to that region. 441. Who was elected President in 1848? A. Zachary Taylor, the popular hero of the Mexican War. He was candidate of the Whig party. 442. What event followed his election? A. He died July 9, 1850. He was succeeded by Millard Fillmore, the Vice-President. 443. What was the status of the abolition question at this timet A. It had increased in activity imtil there was now a strong anti-slavery party in the North. 444. What work of fiction aided in this? A. Mrs. Stowe's ''Uncle Tom's Cabin." 445. What was the purpose of the Compromise of i85of A. To settle the question of slaveholding in the territory obtained from Mexico and the 98 District of Columbia and to pass a Fugitive Slave Law. 446. What was the effect of the Fugitive Slave Law? A. Many in the North refused to yield to its require- ments. 447. What was the ''Underground Railroad^'? A. Secret methods of aiding slaves to escape. 448. Who was elected President in i8j2f A. Franklin Pierce, the Democratic candidate. 449. What was the Kansas-Nebraska hill? A, A bill opening those territories to slavery and thus practically setting aside the Missouri Compromise. 450. What was its result in Kansas? A. Warlike contest between the settlers from North and South. 451. What new political party was organized? A. The Republican party, made up of the rem- nants of several older parties of minor im- portance. 452. Who was elected President in 1856? A. James Buchanan, the Democratic candidate. 453. What were leading events in his term? A. The Dred Scott decision, opening the North practically to slaveholding, and the John Brown anti-slavery raid on Harper's Ferry. 454. What famous debate took -place in Illinois? A. One between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas, contestants for the United State? Senate and afterwards for the presidency. 99 455. Who was elected President in i86of A. Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate. 456. What followed his election? A. The secession from the Union of seven Gulf and South Atlantic States and the formation of a government entitled *' The Confederate States of America." Period of Civil War and Reconstruction 457. What was the opening act in the Civil War? A. The bombardment of Fort Sumter, in Charleston harbor. 458. What effect did this produce on the North? A. It aroused wide indignation, being regarded as an insult to the national flag. 459. To what did this give rise? A. To an active war spirit and the rapid enlistment of armies in both sections of the country. 460. What else took place in the South? A. Four more States, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas, seceded. 461. What was the state of affairs in Missouri? A. The effort to make it secede led to acts of war. This State and Kentucky were kept in the Union, also Maryland, these being the remaining slave States. 462. Where else were there acts of war in a slave-holding State? A. In the western section of Virginia, War broke 100 out here, with McClellan and Lee among the leaders. Eventually this region was formed into a new State, named West Virginia. 463. Where was the first important battle fought and with what result? A. At Bull Run, south of Washington. The Federal army was defeated. 464. Who was made the Federal commander-in-chief f A. General George B. McClellan, who had shown much ability in West Virginia. 465. What plan of campaign was adopted by McClellan? A. To transport the army by water to the peninsula between James and York Rivers and besiege Richmond, the capital of the Confederacy. 466. Did this plan prove successful? A. No. A number of battles were fought, ending in defeat for McClellan. 467. Who was now the Confederate leader? A. General Robert E. Lee, the ablest commander in the South. The most famous under him was Thomas J. Jackson, familiarly known as "Stonewall" Jackson. 468. What plan of campaign did he pursue? A. He marched north towards Washington, dis- astrously defeated General Pope near Bull Run battlefield (August 28-30, 1862), forced the recall of McClellan from the James River region, and invaded Maryland. 101 469. What was the final act in this campaign? A. The battle of Antietam (September 1 7th) and the withdrawal of Lee into Virginia. 470. What was done in the West in 1862? A. General Grant attacked and captured Forts Henry and Donelson in Tennessee, was defeated at Shiloh April 6th and victorious April 7th. 471. What is the story of Bragg' s campaign? A. General Bragg, a Confederate leader, marched through Tennessee and Kentucky to the vicinity of Louisville, but was checked and defeated at Perryville and afterwards at Murfreesboro. 472. What was done by General Sherman? A. He attacked Vicksburg, a stronghold on the Mississippi, but was defeated. 473. What important naval events took place? A. On March 8, 1862, was fought in Hampton Roads the first battle of iron-clad vessels, one between the * 'Monitor ' ' and * * Merrimac. ' ' It was a drawn battle. Other events were the blockading of the Confederate ports, Farra- gut's naval battle on the Mississippi, and the capture of New Orleans. 474. What signal political event marked the end of the year? A. Lincoln's "Proclamation of Emancipation," which announced freedom for all slaves in territory then held by the Confederacy, 102 475. What took place in the East in 1863? A. General Lee, who had defeated Burnside at Fredericksburg in December, 1862, defeated Hooker at Chancellorsville, May 23, 1863. Then he invaded Pennsylvania, but was met and defeated at Gettysburg, July 1-3, retreating to Virginia. 476. What was done in the central South? A. Grant besieged Vicksburg, taking it July 4th; Rosecrans was defeated by Bragg at Chickamauga; Grant defeated Bragg at Chattanooga; Knoxville was besieged by Longstreet and relieved by Sherman. 477. What was the character of the campaign of 1864? A. General Grant was made commander-in-chief on March 3d and took personal command of the army in Virginia, appointing Sherman to leadership in the South. They were to advance respectively on Richmond and Atlanta. 478. Describe Grant's operations. A. He fought a series of battles with Lee, at the Wilderness, Spottsylvania and Cold Harbor, made a succession of flank movements, and ended with siege operations against Peters- burg. 479. What was done by Early and Sheridan? A. General Early, of the Confederate army, marched north and threatened Washington. He was 103 met by Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley and completely defeated. 480. Describe Sherman s operations. A. He marched south from Chattanooga, like Grant fighting and flanking, and on September 2d captured Atlanta. 481. Where was the final great battle in the central West? A. At Nashville, Tennessee, between Thomas and Hood, who had marched north from Atlanta. Hood was defeated and his army dispersed. 482. What other movements took place in 1864? A. General Banks invaded Louisiana, via the Red River, and was defeated; Admiral Farragut fought the forts defending Mobile ; the pri- vateer * 'Alabama" was fought and sunk off the coast of France; and Sherman made a daring march through Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah. 483. How did the war end? A. After a long siege Grant flanked and carried the defenses of Petersburg and forced Lee to retreat. He was surrounded and sur- rendered April 9, 1865. Sherman marched north to Goldsboro, North Carolina, and Johnston, his opponent, surrendered April 26th. 484. What distressing event followed the war? A. President Lincoln, who had been re-elected in 1864, was assassinated April 14, 1865, by 104 an actor of Southern sympathies, John Wilkes Booth. 485. What became of Jefferson Davis, President of the Southern Confederacy? A. He was captured and imprisoned for two years in Fortress Monroe, then set free. 486. What were the costs of the war? A. The public debt after the war was about $2,775,- 000,000. The total cost, including property destroyed and value of the freed slaves, has been estimated at not less than eight billions of dollars. 487. How many men were in the armies? A. Probably two million in the Union and nearly a million in the Confederate. 488. What were their losses? A. Probably more than 600,000 died from wounds and disease in both armies, and many thousands were disabled. 489. What were the beneficial results of the war? A. It put an end to the system of slavery, settled the question of secession, and taught foreign nations the strength and power of the great American republic. 490. Who succeeded President Lincoln? A. Andrew Johnson, the Vice-President, a native of North Carolina and resident of Tennessee. 491. What may be said of him? A. When elected he had been bitter against the Confederates. As President he was in sympathy with them and sought to hasten 105 their return to the Union. He was obstinate, lacked judgment and discretion, and was soon in conflict with Congress. 492. What steps did he take? A. Without consulting Congress he issued a procla- mation of pardon to the people of the seceded States and considered that the organization of loyal State governments was sufficient for their readmission to the Union. 493. What did Congress do when it metf A. It disapproved of the President's acts, enacted an amendment to the Constitution abolish- ing slavery and another which gave all civil rights except that of suffrage to the freedmen. A third amendment was passed in 1869, giving the late slaves the right to vote. All these amendments were ratified by the Northern States. 494. What else did Congress do? A. It passed acts of reconstruction over the vetoes of the President and appointed military govern- ments for the seceded States; except Ten- nessee, which accepted the terms offered by Congress and was readmitted. 495. What were the governments established in the Southern States called? A. ''Carpet bag" governments, from the fact that many unfitted and plunder-seeking adven- turers from the North were elected to office in the South by the negro vote. 106 496. What brought about a final break between the President and Congress? A. His disregard of the Tenure of Office Bill passed by Congress. 497. What special act led to his impeachment? A. He dismissed Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War, from his Cabinet, this being in con- travention of the Tenure of Office Act. 498. What was the result of the Impeachment trial? A. He was acquitted, one vote being lacking for conviction. 499. What other events of importance took place dur- ing the Johnson administration? A. France was warned to withdraw its army from Mexico, which had been invaded in defiance of the "Monroe Doctrine," Alaska was pur- chased from Russia, and the first successful Atlantic telegraph was laid. 500. Who was elected President in i868? A. General Ulysses S. Grant. 501. What was done under him to restore the Union of the States? A. Reorganization of the seceded States was com- pleted, they all accepting the new amend- ments to the Constitution and being re- admitted by 1870. 502. What great engineering feat was accomplished? A. The laying of the first overland railroad to the Pacific coast, the last spike being driven May 10, 1869. 107 Development into a World Power 503. What were the ''Alabama claims''? A. Claims against the British government for losses caused by the privateer ''Alabama", which had been built in and sailed from England. 504. How were these claims adjusted? A. By arbitration, Great Britain being required to pay $15,500,000 damages. 505. Where was there a great fire in iSyi? A. In Chicago. It destroyed $200,000,000 worth of property. 506. What caused the panic of i8'/j? A. Probably the active speculation and very rapid railroad building that followed the Civil War. 507. What was its effect? A. There were numerous failures and much distress, depression in business continuing for several years. 508. Where and why was the Centennial Exposition held? A. At Philadelphia, in 1876. Its purpose was to celebrate the one-hundredth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. 509. In what direction had it an educational value? A. In that of art, in which America was then deficient. 510. Describe the Presidential election oj i8y6. A. Rutherford B. Hayes was the Republican, Samuel J. Tilden the Democratic, candidate. 108 Several of the Southern States were claimed by both parties, but the Returning Boards declared Hayes elected. 511. How was the difficulty adjusted? A. By an Electoral Commission composed of mem- bers of Congress and Supreme Court judges. It decided in favor of the Republican candi- date. Its decision was bitterly resented by the Democrats. 512. What action did President Hayes take? A. He removed the troops from the Southern States, leaving them free to govern themselves. 513. What financial action was taken? A. Specie payments were resumed and a large gold reserve was instituted. 514. What was done with the silver question? A. The coinage of silver dollars, which had ceased in 1873, was renewed in 1878. 515. What great strike took place? A. A railroad strike in 1877 in which 150,000 workmen took part, nearly a hundred lives were lost, and $3,000,000 worth of property was destroyed. 516. Who was elected President in i88o? A. James A. Garfield, the Republican candidate. 517. What disaster followed? A. He was shot, July 2, 1881, by a disappointed office seeker, and died September 19th. 518. What was supposed to have led to his assassina- tion? 109 A. The agitation for Civil Service Reform, which was supported by the President. 519. Who succeeded to the office? A. Chester A. Arthur, the Vice-President. 520. When was a Civil Service Reform Act passed? A. In 1883. Its purpose was to select men for office on the ground of ability, not of political service. 521. What were the important events during this administration? A. A World's Cotton Exposition was held at New Orleans; the Washington monument at Washington City was completed; a system of Standard Time, for railroad convenience, was introduced. 522. Who was elected President in 1884? A. Grover Cleveland, the Democratic candidate. 523. What important legislation was enacted? A. An Interstate Commerce Act, for the control of railroad charges, was passed ; also a measure to exclude Chinese from the United States. 524. What labor troubles took place? A. Strikes and rioting were frequent in 1886. A party of Anarchists in Chicago threw a bomb into a squad of police, killing and wounding many. Four of the Anarchists were hanged; others imprisoned for life. 525. Where did a destructive earthquake occur? A. At Charleston, South Carolina, in 1886. 110 526. Who was elected President in 1888? A. Benjamin Harrison, grandson of the former Presi- dent Harrison, the RepubHcan candidate. 527. What is meant by the Johnstown Flood? A. The flooding of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, in consequence of the breaking of a dam. More than 2,000 persons were drowned. 528. When and where was the first Pan-American Congress held? A. At Washington, in 1889. Its purpose was to produce friendly relations between the Ameri- can republics. 529. What pension hill was passed? A. One to pay pensions to all needy American veterans of the past wars. 530. What was the McKinley tariff? A. A new tariff bill passed for the protection of American industries. 531. Who was elected President in i8q2? A. Grover Cleveland, who had been President 1885-89. 532. What important exhibition marked his adminis- tration? A. The World's Columbian Exposition, at Chicago, in 1893, in honor of the four-himdredth anniversary of the discovery of America. 533. What other events of importance may be named? A. A severe business depression, beginning in 1893; the passing of a low tariff bill in 1894; a large increase in the Civil Service system, 111 534. Name an important diplomatic act. A. The settling of a dispute, by the President, between Venezuela and Great Britain, in which the principle of the Monroe Doctrine was sustained. 535. What else was done? A. A series of great National Parks was instituted; also large forest reserves. 536. Who was elected President in i8q6? A. William McKinley, the Republican candidate, author of the McKinley tariff bill. 537. What were leading events in his administra- tion? A. A destructive overflow of the Mississippi; the discovery of gold in Alaska; a war with Spain in 1898. 538. What led to the Spanish War? A. American sympathy with the ill-treated people of Cuba and the destruction of the battleship ''Maine" in Havana harbor. 539. What were its principal events? A. The sinking of Spanish fleets in Manila harbor and at Santiago de Cuba; the capture of Manila and Santiago; the occupation of Porto Rico; the surrender of the Spanish army. 540. What were the results of the war? A. Cuba was made independent, and Porto Rico and the Philippine Islands were ceded to the United States. 112 541. What other territory was gained? A. The Hawaiian Islands were annexed by the United States in 1898. 542. Were there any other warlike events? A. Yes. An insurrection of the Filipinos began in 1899 and continued till 1901. 543. What was the result of the election of igoof A. President McKinley was re-elected with Theodore Roosevelt for Vice-President. 544. What disaster followed? A. .President McKinley was assassinated by an Anarchist in September, 1901, while attend- ing the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, New York. Vice-President Roosevelt suc- ceeded. 545. What important events occurred during the Roosevelt administration? A. The Cuban republic was established, with Ameri- can aid, and the Isthmian Canal across Panama was undertaken. 546. What great exposition was held? A. One at St. Louis in 1904, in commemoration of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. 547. Who was elected President in igo4? A. Theodore Roosevelt, the late Vice-President and President. 548. What important diplomatic event occurred? A. The Portsmouth Peace Conference, between Russia and Japan, instigated by the Presi- dent. 8 113 549. What great disaster took place? A. The ruin, in 1906, of the city of San Francisco, by earthquake and fire. 550. What striking naval event? A. The circumnavigation of the earth by an Ameri- can fleet of battleships, 1907-09. 551. What was the character of legislation? A. Bills were passed to regulate railroad freight charges and for other reforms. 552. What else was done in the interest of reform? A. The illegal acts of the great life insurance com- panies and trust companies were investi- gated. 553. Who was elected President in igo8? A. William H. Taft, the Republican candidate. 554. What important discovery was made? A. The North Pole was discovered in 1909 by Robert E. Peary, of the United States Navy. 555. What is meant by Conservation of National Resources? A. The preservation for the use of the people of the forest, mining and other natural wealth of the United States, including the coal mines recently found in Alaska, was undertaken, and a service for the prevention of forest fires was instituted. 556. What important law suits were carried on? A. Suits to dissolve the Standard Oil Company, the United States Steel Company and other powerful organizations. 114 557. What was done in the Postal service? A. A Postal Savings Bank, founded in 1909, was foDowed by a Parcels Post system, January 1, 1913. 558. What amendments to the Constitution were ratified in igijf A. One permitting Congress to tax incomes, and one providing for the election of United States Senators by popular vote. 559. Who was elected President in igi2f A. Woodrow Wilson, the Democratic candidate. 560. What interesting political event took placet A. The formation of a new political party, the Progressive, headed by Theodore Roosevelt and indicating a revolt from the Republican party. 561. What was the first act oj the Wilson administra- tion? A. The passage of a new tariff bill, largely reducing custom rates, in which the principle of tariff for revenue only replaced that of protection. 562. What financial act was passed? A. One founding a system of Reserve Banks for the regulation of financial conditions. 563. What was done in regard to Mexico? A. President Wilson refused to recognize Provisonal President Huerta, who had seized this post after the murder of President Madero, 115 564. What resulted? A. An insult to the American flag at Tampico led to the seizure and occupation of the Mexican port of Vera Cruz. 565. Did this have any important effect? A. Very little. A successful revolution in Mexico led to the resignation of President Huerta, July 15, 1914. 566. When was the Isthmian or Panama Canal completed? A. In 1914. 567. What were the two great achievements in this undertaking? A. The excavation of Culebra Cut through the mountain axis and of the earth slides that followed, and the building of the Gatun dam and locks. 568. When was the canal first opened to commercial vessels? A. August 20, 1914. 569. What were the dimensions of this great work? A. 41| miles in length, 41 feet deep, 300 feet least width, summit level 85 feet above the sea. 570. How was the completion of the canal celebrated? A. By a World's Fair at San Francisco in 1915. 116 General Topics and Questions I. Subjects for Discussion 1. Purposes of government. 2. Departments of the American government. 3. Advantage of two Houses in Congress. 4. Special powers of Senate and of House. 5. Reason for life term of Supreme Court Justices. 6. Distinction between Common Law and Statute Law. 7. The purpose of the President's right of veto. 8. Difference between direct and indirect taxation. 9. Meaning and purpose of tariff. 10. The need and use of public funds. IL The varied causes of war. 12. The difference between militia and regular troops. 13. How is war declared? 14. Meaning of International law and rights. 15. What is meant by treason? 16. How can immi- grants become citizens? 17. What is meant by patent and by copyright? 18. The utility of a written constitution. 19. Importance of occasional amendments to the Constitution. 20. What is understood by political activity and office seeking? 21. What by bribery and graft? 22. Why should a member of Congress not be permitted to hold any other office? 23. Disadvantage of political office holding. 24. Advantage of Civil Service reform. 25. The desirability of commercial duties. 26. Util- ity of gold and silver coin; of paper money. 27. The 117 purpose of laws. 28. How are new States organized ? 29. Meaning of a "republican form of government." 30. Advantage of teaching political principles in schools. 31. Former ideas about the shape of the earth. 32. What water routes exist between Eu- rope and Asia? 33. Why were the American natives given the name of Indians? 34. Present location of the United States Indians. 35. Names of noted discoveries. 36. Where was Acadia? 37. For what purpose did Henry Hudson sail up the Hudson River? 3S. Is the northwest passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific likely to become useful? 39. Where are the chief American fisheries ? 40. What animals are of value for their furs? 41. Difference in degree of political liberty between the English and other colonists. 42. Cause of colonial demand for representative government. 43. Difference between intolerance and liberty in religion. 44. By whom was religious liberty granted? 45. Why had Connecticut and Rhode Island each two capitals? 46. Why have these been reduced to one each? 47. What were the Navigation Laws? 48. Is it ever right to disobey laws ? 49. When does a law become oppressive ? 50. The State Church system in Europe. 51. Lack of a State Church in the United States. 52. Original extent of the United States. 53. Present extent. 54. How the various additions were made. 55. Present number of States. 56. Names of existing Territories. 57. Causes of the Revolutionary War. 58. Of the war of 1812. 59. Of the Civil War. 118 60. Of the Mexican War. 61. Of the war with Spain. 62. How can nations avoid war? 63. Growth of the system of arbitration. 64. What was the chief cause of wars with the Indians? 65. When was the first Pacific railroad completed? 66. When the first electric telegraph? 67. When was the Panama Canal begun and when finished ? 68. The Monroe Doctrine and its significance. 69. Name two important retreats in the Revolutionary War. 70. The two most important battles. 71. The most decisive battle of the Civil War. 72. State what Presidents died in office and cause of death. 73. What Presi- dents were elected for two terms? 74. What Presi- dent served nearly two terms? 75. Name the States formed from the Northwest territory. 76. Describe the discovery of gold in California. 77. The Southern Confederacy. 78. The Mason and Dixon's line. 79. The Omnibus Bill or Compromise of 1850. 80. The Venezuelan Controversy. 81. Result of the French and Indian War. 82. The Revolutionary War. 83, The Mexican War. 84. The Civil War. 85. The War with Spain. 86. Amendments to Con- stitution as a result of the Civil War. 87. Recent Amendments. 88. Cause of annexation of Hawaii. 89. Law of Presidential succession. 90. The Em- bargo and Non-Intercourse Acts. 9 1 . Purpose of Wars with Tripoli and Algiers. 92. Territory covered by the London and Plymouth companies. 93. Name the leading disasters in American history. 94. De- scribe the meaning and result of Nullification. 95. The Anti-Slavery Movements. 96. Name the 119 States included in the Southern Confederacy. 97. Purpose of John Brown's Raid. 98. Advantages possessed by North and South in the Civil War. 99. Significance of the battle between the "Monitor" and the *'Merrimac." 100. Causes of assassination of Presidents Lincoln, Garfield and McKinley. 101. The Emancipation Proclamation and its effect. 102. Impeachment of President Johnson. 103. The Portsmouth Peace Treaty. 104. Purpose of the Electoral Commission. 105. Island accessions to the United States. 106. Proposed freedom of the Philippines. 107. Reason for celebrating the Fourth of July. 108. The great public parks of the United States. 109. The purpose of forest, mine and water- power conservation. 110. Rate of increase of popu- lation. 111. Compare the population of 1790 with that of 1890; that of 1910. 112. Duties of ministers and ambassadors. 113. Purpose of the President's Cabinet. 114. The Australian ballot. 115. The right or privilege of suffrage. 116. Woman Suffrage. 117. Development in poHtical rights. 118. Meaning of confederacy. 119. Advantage of political parties. 120. Purpose of a treaty. 121. Difference between a State and Territory. 122. Between a State and the Federal Union. 123. Best methods of studying history. 124. Utility of taking notes in a class. 125. Of map-making. 126. Of stories from history. 120 n. Subjects for Written Compositions 1. The varied forms of government in the colonial and federal history of United States. 2. Need of change from the Articles of Confederation to the Constitution. 3. Unsuccessful and successful attempts to colonize America. 4. Intolerance of the Puritans and its effect. 5. Difference in political and religious conditions in the different colonies. 6. Industries and modes of travel in early times. 7. Development in means of transportation. 8. De- velopment in news sending. 9. The effect of religious persecution in Europe upon the settlement of America. 10. How freedom of the press was gained. 11. The romantic story of John Smith. 12. Com- parison between the colonies of Virginia and Massa- chusetts. 13. What colonies began with liberal institutions and how these were obtained. 14. Na- tionality of the American colonists and causes and difficulties of emigration. 15. Stages of increase in territory from early to present time. 16. Extent of territory gained from Mexico by annexation, war and purchase. 17. Comparison of compromises of 1820 and 1850. 18. Effect on the position of slave- holding from the Kansas-Nebraska Bill and the Dred Scott decision. 19. Origin of the name America. 20. Story of the American Indians. 21. Effect of the invention of the steam boat and the locomotive. 22. Gradual improvements in modes of heating and lighting. 23. Story of coal mining, petroleum and natural gas. 24. Results of inven- 121 tion in America. 25. Purpose and effect of the Monroe Doctrine. 26. The Reconstruction of the seceded States. 27. The Impeachment of President Johnson. 28. Occasions in which the election of a President came to the House of Representatives and why. 29. Cause of Chinese exclusion and the Japanese controversy. 30. The Tariff problem and its political effects. 31. Stages of financial develop- ment. 32. What has been done to widen the area of agriculture ? in. Words and Phrases to be Defined 1. Red men. 2. Wampum. 3. Tomahawk. 4. Mound-builders. 5. Fools' gold. 6. Starving time. 7. Apprentice system. 8. Pilgrims. 9. May- flower. 10. Puritans. 11. Old and New Style. 12. Salem Witchcraft. 13. Regicides. 14. Patroons. 15. Charter Oak. 16. Penn Treaty tree. 17. Wash- ington elm. 18. Grand Model government. 19. Five Nations. 20. Six Nations. 21. Huguenots. 22. Pennsylvania Dutch. 23. Scotch Irish. 24. Hes- sians. 25. Writs of Assistance. 26. Stamp Act. 27. Boston Massacre. 28. Boston Tea Party. 29. Minute Men. 30. Paul Revere's Ride. 31. Stars and Stripes. 32. Conway Cabal. 33. Moll Pitcher. 34. Light-Horse Harry. 35. Marion's Men. 36. Confederation. 37. Constitution. 38. Shay's RebelHon. 39. Whiskey War. 40. X. Y. Z. papers. 41. Louisiana Purchase. 42. Embargo Act. 43. United States Bank. 44. Cotton bale entrench- 122 merits. 45. Erie Canal. 46. Spoils System. 47. Nul- lification. 48. Abolition. 49. Prohibition. 50. Wild- cat banks. 51. Sub-treasury. 52. Anti-renters. 53. Right of Search. 54. "Remember the Alamo." 55. Mormons. 56. Missouri Compromise. 57. Wil- mot Proviso. 58. Gold Fever. 59. Free Soil party. 60. Ejiow Nothing party. 61. Underground Rail- road. 62. Squatter Sovereignty. 63. Kansas war. 64. John Brown Raid. 65. Dred Scott Decision. 66. Secession. 67. Iron-clad. 68. * 'Battle above the clouds." 69. Sheridan's Ride. 70. "Stonewall" Jackson. 71. "Unconditional Surrender" Grant. 72. "Contraband of war." 73. Reconstruction. 74. Impeachment trial. 75. Carpet-baggers. 76. iUabama claims. 77. Credit Mobilier. 78. Sal- ary Grab. 79. Weather Bureau. 80. Specie pay- ments. 81. Standard time. 82. Electoral Com- mission. 83. Australian ballot. 84. Civil Service. 85. Free Silver. 86. Gold standard. 87. Panama Canal. 88. Coxey Army. 89. Rough Riders. 90. Commission government. 91. Initiative. 92. Referendum. 93. Recall. 94. Woman Suffrage. 95. Cotton gin. 96. Florida. 97. Pennsylvania. 98. Massachusetts. 99. Virginia. 100. Maryland. 101. Carolina. 102. Georgia. 103. Louisiana. 104. Vermont. 105. New Amsterdam. 106. New York. 107. New Hampshire. 108. New Jersey. 109. Connecticut. 110. Rhode Island. 123 IV. Place Names and their Historical Significance 1. Vinland. 2. Florida. 3. Montreal. 4. St. Augustine. 5. Santa Fe. 6. Jamestown. 7. Plymouth. 8. Salem. 9. Providence. 10. New Amsterdam. 11. Upland. 12. Philadelphia. 13. Sa- vannah. 14. Charieston. 15. Louisburg. 16. Acadia. 17. Quebec. 18. Boston. 19. New York. 20. Fort William Henry. 21. Fort Ticonder- oga. 22. Fort Necessity. 23. Lexington. 24. Con- cord. 25. Independence Hall. 26. Carpenters' Hall. 27. Brandywine. 28. Valley Forge. 29. Sara- toga. 30. Monmouth. 31. Stony Point. 32. King's Mountain. 33. Yorktown. 34. Detroit. 35. Chip- pewa. 36. Lake Erie. 37. Lake Champlain. 3S. New Orleans. 39. Alamo. 40. Buena Vista. 41. Vera Cruz. 42. Chapultepec. 43. CaHfornia. 44. Har- per's Ferry. 45. Fort Sumter. 46. Bull Run. 47. Antietam. 48. Gettysburg. 49. Vicksburg. 50. Lookout Mountain. 51. Chickamauga. 52. Atlanta. 53. Fredericksburg. 54. Wilderness. 55. Petersburg. 56. Richmond. 57. Appomattox. 58. Mobile. 59. Fort Donelson. 60. Shiloh. 61. Manila. 62. Santiago. 63. Hawaii. 64. Pan- ama. 65. Portsmouth. 66. Hartford. 67. New Haven. 68. Chicago. 69. Cincinnati. 70. St. Louis. 71. Baltimore. 72. Pittsburgh. 73. Nia- gara Falls. 74. Buffalo. 75. Denver. 76. Salt Lake City. 77. San Francisco. 78. Seattle. 79. Los Angeles. 80. West Point. 81. Albany. 82. An- napolis. 83, Washington. 124 V. Personal Names and What They Signify 1. Columbus. 2. Amerigo Vespucci. 3. De Leon. 4. De Soto. 5. Raleigh. 6. John Smith. 7. Miles Standish. 8. Lord Delaware. 9. Roger Williams. 10. Anne Hutchinson. 11. Powhatan. 12. Pocahontas. 13. Henry Hudson. 14. Peter Minuit. 15. Stuyvesant. 16. Lord Baltimore. 17. William Penn. 18. Oglethorpe. 19. John Cabot. 20. Sebastian Cabot. 21. Jacques Cartier. 22. Jean Ribault. 23. Menendez. 24. Champlain. 25. Mar- quette. 26. La Salle. 27. Drake. 28. King Philip. 29. Berkeley. 30. Bacon. 31. Winthrop. 32. An- dros. 33. Leisler. 34. Captain Kidd. 35. Franklin. 36. Washington. 37. Putnam. 3S, Braddock. 39. Wolfe. 40. Montcalm. 41. Pitt. 42. Pontiac. 43. George HI. 44. Ratrick Henry. 45. James Otis. 46. Samuel Adams. 47. John Adams. 48. John Hancock. 49. Paul Revere. 50. John Stark. 51. Ethan Allen. 52. Seth Warner. 53. Howe. 54. Warren. 55. Prescott. 56. Montgomery. 57. Arnold. 58. Moultrie. 59. Thomas Paine. 60. Richard Henry Lee. 61. Jefferson. 62. Corn- walHs. 63. Charles Lee. 64. Lafayette. 65, Bur- goyne. 66. Schuyler. 67. St. Leger. 68. Her- kimer. 69. Gates. 70. Clinton. 71. Pulaski. 72. Wayne. 73. Paul Jones. 74. General Lincoln. 75. Marion. 76. Sumter. 77. Pickens. 78. Tarle- ton. 79. Greene. 80. Andre. 81. Morgan. 82. Henry Lee. 83. Robert Morris. 84. Sergeant Jasper. 85. Hamilton. 86. Madison. 87. Gouver- 125 neur Morris. 8S. Captain Gray. 89. John Jay. 90. Marshall. 91. Pinckney. 92. Burr. 93. Monroe. 94. Lewis and Clark. 95. Harrison. 96. Tecumseh. 97. Clay. 98. Calhoun. 99. Hull. 100. Bain- bridge. 101. Lawrence. 102. Porter. 103. Perry. 104. McDonough. 105. Key. 106. Jackson. 107. Webster. 108. Garrison. 109. Black Hawk. 110. Osceola. 111. Houston. 112. Crockett. 113. Joseph Smith. 114. Brigham Young. 115. Tay- lor. 116. Scott. 117. Fremont. 118. Kearney. 119. Santa Anna. 120. Sumner. 121. Douglas. 122. Lincoln. 123. John Brown. 124. Davis. 125. Stephens. 126. Seward. 127. Chase. 128. McClellan. 129. McDowell. 130. J. E. Johnston. 131. Lee. 132. Jackson. 133. Ericsson. 134. Farragut. 135. Porter. 136. Butler. 137. Beauregard. 138. Anderson. 139. Px^osecrans. 140. Bragg. 141. Mason and Slidell. 142. Grant. 143. Foote. 144. Buell. 145. A. S. Johnston. 146. Bumside. 147. Hooker. 148. Meade. 149. Halleck. 150. Pope. 151. Reynolds. 152. Longstreet. 153. Sherman. 154. Sheridan. 155. Stuart. 156. Custer. 157. Early. 158. Forrest. 159. Morgan. 160. Hood. 161. Banks. 162. Sit- ting Bull. 163. John Sherman. 164. Dewey. 165. Aguinaldo. 166. Roosevelt. 167. Sampson. 168. Schley. 169. Miles. 170. Bryan. 171. Peary. 172. Gorgas. 173. Goethals. 174. Taft. 175. Wilson. 126 VI. Authors, Artists, Inventors, etc. (Prose) 1. Mather. 2. Edwards. 3. Franklin. 4. Paine. 5. Hamilton. 6. Madison. 7. Brown. 8. Irving. 9. Cooper. 10. Hawthorne. 11. Stowe. 12. Taylor. 13. Hale. 14. Thoreau. 15. Curtis. 16. Howells. 17. Cable. 18. Harte. 19. Emerson. 20. James. 21. Alcott. (Poetry) 22. Hopkinson. 23. Freneau. 24. Key. 25. Drake. 26. Halleck. 27. Longfellow. 28. Bryant. 29. Emerson. 30. Whittier. 31. Lowell. 32. Poe. 33, Howe. 34. Holmes. (History) 35. Bancroft. 36. Prescott. 37. Parkman. 38. Ewing. 39. Motley. 40. McMaster. 41. Lea. 42. Fiske. 43. Kirk. (Invention) 44. Whitney. 45. Evans. 46. Fitch. 47. Fulton. 48. Morse. 49. McCormick. 50. Howe. 51. Goodyear. 52. Morton. 53. Hoe. 54. Field. 55. Edison. 56. Bell. 57. Wright. (Art) 58. West. 59. Copley. 60. Stuart. 61. Allston. 62. Trumbull. 63. Cole. 64. Huntington. 65. Church. 66. Bier- stadt. 67. Greenough. 68. Crawford. 69. Powers. 70. Rogers. 71. Story. (Science) 72. Rittenhouse. 73. Godfrey. 74. Franklin. 75. The Bartrams. 76. Audubon. 77. Wilson. 78. Agassiz. 79. Dana. 80. Grey. 81. Morton. 82. Thompson. S3. Draper. 84. Moose. 85. Henry. S6. Leidy. 87. Cope. (There are many others of note, those of recent date being too numerous to mention.) 127 VII. Suggestive Quotations 1. "Now God be praised, I shall die in peace'* (Wolfe). 2. *'I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec" (Montcalm). 3. ''Where is the land of the Indian?" (Complaint of the Indians after the F. and I. War). 4. ''If I am interrupted again I will make the sun shine through you in a minute" (Captain Wadsworth to Governor Fletcher). 5. ** Every man's house is his castle" (Protest against "Writs of Assistance"). 6. "Taxation without Representation is Tyranny" (James Otis). 7. "There must be one tax to keep up the right" (George III). 8. "We must all hang together or we shall all hang separately" (Franklin). 9. "I regret that I have but one life to give to my country" (Nathan Hale). 10. "Give me Liberty or give me Death ' ' (Patrick Henry) . 11." Millions for Defense, not one cent for Tribute" (Charles Pinckney). 12. "First in War, First in Peace, and First in the Hearts of his Countrymen" (Henry Lee in eulogy of Washington). 13. " Proclaim Liberty throughout the Land to all the Inhabitants thereof" (Inscription on Liberty Bell). 14. "Don't fire till you see the whites of their eyes" (Prescott at Bunker Hill). 15. "The King of England could read it without spectacles" (Hancock's signature to the Declaration of Independence). 16. "Don't tread on me" (motto on old rattlesnake flag). 17. "Don't give up the ship" (Captain Lawrence). 18. "We must beat them today, or Betty Stark is a widow" (Stark 128 at Bennington). 19. ''Caesar had his Brutus, Charles the First his Cromwell, and George the Third may profit by their example" (Patrick Henry). 20. "It is all over" (Lord North). 21. ''We are one nation today and thirteen tomorrow" (Washington, on lack of State union). 22. "Free trade and sailors' rights" (War-cry before 1812). 23. "We have met the enemy and they are ours" (Commodore Perry). 24. "He touched the dead corpse of public credit and it sprang upon its feet" (Webster in eulogy of Hamilton). 25. "Liberty and Union, one and inseparable, now and forever" (Webster's reply to Hayne). 26. "What hath God wrought?" (Morse's first telegraph message). 27. "There is Jackson standing like a stone wall" (Incident at Bull Run that led to name of ' ' Stonewall ' ' Jackson) . 28. " We will hold the town until we starve" (Thomas at Chattanooga) . 29. " Contraband of War ' ' (Butler) . 30. "A cheese box on a raft " (turret of the Monitor). 31. "Era of Good Feeling" (Monroe's non-partisan administration). 32. "Father of his country" (Washington) . 33." Sage of Monticello ' ' (Jefferson) . 34. "Old man eloquent" (J. Q. Adams). 35. "Old Hickory" (Jackson). 36. "Old Rough and Ready" (Taylor). 37. "Honest Old Abe," "Father Abra- ham ' ' (Lincoln) . 3S. '' Brother Jonathan ' ' (Jonathan Trumbull). 39. "Uncle Sam" (Samuel Wilson). 40. "E Pluribus Unum" (one from many). 129 VIII. Suggestive Historical Dates 1000 A. D. (Northmen at Vinland). 1492 (Discovery of America). 1497 (Cabot discovers North America). 1541 (De Soto discovers the Mississippi). 1584 (Raleigh's first settlement). 1607 (Jamestown founded). 1620 (The Pilgrims at Plymouth). 1623 (Dutch colony on Manhattan Island). 1628 (Salem settled). 1662 (English take New Amsterdam). 1682 (Philadelphia founded). 1687 (Charter Oak). 1692 (Salem Witchcraft). 1755 (Braddock's Defeat). 1759 (Quebec taken). 1765 (Stamp Act). 1773 (Boston Tea party). 1775 (Lexington). July 4, 1776 (Declaration of Independence). 1781 (Yorktown). 1787 (Consti- tution formed). 1803 (Louisiana Purchase). 1812 (War with England). 1820 (Missouri Compromise). 1823 (Monroe Doctrine). 1845 (Texas annexed). 1846 (War with Mexico). 1848 (Gold found in California). 1850 (Compromise Bill). April, 1861 (Fort Sumter). July, 1861 (Bull Run). March, 1862 (First iron-clad battle). September, 1862 (Emancipation proclaimed). July, 1863 (Gettys- burg). April 9, 1865 (Lee's surrender). April 14, 1865 (Lincoln assassinated). 1876 (Centennial Exposition). 1881 (Assassination of President Gar- field). 1898 (War with Spain). 1901 (President McKinley assassinated). 1906 (San Francisco earth- quake). 1909 (Discovery of North Pole). 1914 (Panama Canal finished). 130 ;v.i. V-' :i^M^iu^* 1' ry :^°^ *^0^ 'j>v .♦^•V. ^^ '»" ' <.•«■' ^^-^r 3* ^-^^ V. o^ ^ ,*"... * a ,-l°«. >°'n*. *°-'<*i. ^°^ ' <«' m^