./ 
 
E 
 403 
 
 .1 
 
 .6^ lr3 
 
 Iif« ill J udlit^ty ci-inr^^ 
 
 '^•n. Scatt, illustrated with j. 
 anecdotes and spiritad sngravin-Bv, 
 
 He-w York, 1847, 
 
\* 
 
 Thevmost Entertaining Book of the ^ason! ^ J^'l 
 
 THE LIFE AND MILITARY CHARACTER OF 
 
 3IAJ. GEN. SCOTT, 
 
 Illustrated with Numerous Anecdotes and 
 
 SPIRITED ENCRAVIIMCS. 
 
 ICl 
 
 
 3. 
 
 i 
 if 
 
 
 Together with his Views upon the Principal Moral, Social 
 and Political Topics of the Age. Vv\6^ 
 
 With full Particulars of the Surrender of 
 the Castle and City of Vera Cruz, 
 
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 NEW YORK; 
 
 PUBLISHED BY S. FRENCH, 
 
 293 Broadway. 
 
 "<S^*2>*v"<Si2>''' 
 
 1847. 
 
 Price 15 cents. !§ 
 
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 le»ed according to Act of Congress, in the year 1847, by John B. HaLL, in the Cler 
 Office of the District Court of Massachusetts. 
 
 

 oi ^-.VJ 
 
 A 
 
^ 
 
 <r> 
 
 THE LIFE AND MILITARY CHARACTER OP 
 
 MAJOR-GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT. 
 
 " The enemy say we are good at lon:r sl.ot, bnt cannot stand the cold iron. Om, 
 men! give the slanderers the lie. Charge I" — Command of Scott. Sceji.O. 
 
 CHAPTER L 
 
 Sirlh (inil EdiicnUon — ^ippaintrd a Captain of Light Jirtilhrij — Ordered to Louis- 
 iund — Court Miirtiid — Spi:nd:i a year in the study of Military U'orhs — -ippoinled 
 Lie</t. C^''i'nel — Battle of Queeitstown — Seott a Prisoner — His opposition to 
 J'.riti.'ik Oiprers — Lores the Trisk Soldiers — Seott as Adjvlavt-Geverdl of the 
 jtrmy — PuUs doien the British Colors at Fort Geornc — Routs a British force 
 under Col Dennis — Seott jiromotid to the rank of Brigadier- General. 
 
 '^rilE position whicli this gallant soldier now occupies before 
 the Aiiiorican public lends additional interest to the narrative 
 c:l"liis |ast life and services, contained in the following pages. 
 
 Gknkiiai, ScoTt was born in Petersburg. Virginia, in June, 
 i78B, and as coeval, therefore, so to speak, with the Constitution 
 •if the United States, which has ever been with him an objoct 
 
4 LIFE OF GENERAL SCOTT. 
 
 of such reverence, that no exigencies of war, or other extremi- 
 ties, have tempted, or could, we firmly believe, tempt him to 
 any act in violation of its letter or spirit. Educated with a 
 mother's vigilant and affectionate care — for his father died 
 when he was only four years old — his mind and disposition 
 were early trained to gentleness and truth, in the fear and the 
 love of God his heavenly Father, who had no longer a father 
 upon earth. Scott was designed for the profession of the law, 
 and in 1806, having completed his course of study, he was 
 admitted to the bar of Virginia, and rode the circuit during two 
 terms. He then determined to pursue his profession in 
 Charleston, S. C. — for now he was wholly an orphan, his 
 mother, too, being dead — but finding that a year's previous 
 residence in tliu State was required, Scott returned to Virginia, 
 but not to the pursuits of the law. The aggressions of the 
 Euroi>ean powers upon our rich and defenceless commerce, 
 and especially the attack upon the United States frigate Chesa- 
 peake, had roused the ardent spirits of the land and turned 
 their hopes and aspirations to the career of arms. A bill to 
 increase the army was passed by Congress in the winter of 
 1807-8, and Scott was appointed a captain of light artillery. 
 But the rumor of war passed off — albeit, Scott, who was warmly 
 in feeling with that party headed by Jefferson and Madison, 
 believed and openly maintained that the dignity and honor, 
 not less than the true interests, of the nation, required resist- 
 ance by arms to the aggressions of England. Such, however, 
 was not the decision of the country or the government, and 
 Scott was, in 1809, ordered to Louisiana, where General Wil- 
 kinson then held command. For this commander — of whose 
 connection with Burr in what was deemed a traitorious enter- 
 prise, Scott had the opportunity, during Burr's trial in Rich- 
 mond, to form a distinct opinion — the young captain of artillery 
 entertained little respect. Wilkinson, who needed support, at 
 first tried to conciliate the young officer, who could write, 
 speak and fight well, but failing therein, he resolved to ruin 
 him. Scott's indiscretion soon furnished a pretext, and he was 
 arrested and tried by a court martial, mainly for words spoken 
 disrespectfully of his superior officer, in violation of the rules 
 and articles of war. On this charge he was found guilty, and 
 sentenced to one year's suspension : then came another charge, 
 imputnig a fraudulent withholding of a small sum of money 
 paid to him on account of clothing, &c., for his company ; but 
 of the allegation of fraud the court, without hesitation, acquitted 
 him. This year of suspension was to him a year of benefit, 
 for he passed it in Richmond with Ins early friend Benjamin 
 
LIFE OF GES'ER.VI, SCOTT. S 
 
 Walkins Lciqh, in close and assiduous study of military works 
 and all others connected with his new career. Not a stain, 
 nor shadow of stain, was left upon his name by the result of 
 this trial; for his offence was one of patriotism, however indis- 
 creet, when he denounced his commander as unworthy of 
 public confidence, as he believed him to be — and the opinion 
 of the nation, it may, we think, now be added, ratified the 
 distrust expressed by Captain Scott. 
 
 After rejoining his command, Scott went through the ordi- 
 nary routine of a soldier's duty in lime of peace, till 1812, 
 when war was declared against Great Britain. In a few weeks 
 after the declaration, Scott was appointed Lieut. Colonel of the 
 2d regiment of artillery, and marched immediately to the 
 Niagara fro. 'ier, so soon to become the theatre of his fame, 
 though not without first tasting of adversity. At the battle of 
 Queenstown, at which he was a volunteer, and vrhich but for 
 the backwardness of the militia to stand by and succor their 
 companions, his skill and gallantry would have converted into 
 glorious victory ; Scott after displaying great resources as a 
 soldier, was finally compelled to surrender to greatly superior 
 numbers, and, with the whole of his small force, becom"; 
 prisoners of war. He, with his fellow-captives, was sent to 
 Q-uebec, whence upon being exchanged, he soon after em- 
 barked for Boston. But before this occurred, one of those 
 scenes in which the decision of character of Scott, and his 
 impartial love for the soldiers who, with him, were serving 
 their country, was strikingly displayed. When the prisoners 
 were embarked on board the transport to be conveyed to Boston, 
 they were mustered on the deck by British officers, acting under 
 the express commands of Sir George Provost, and every man 
 whose tongue, in answering to his name, betrayed his British 
 birth, was set apart to be sent to England as a traitor, there to 
 be tried and executed. As soon as Scott, who was in the cabin, 
 became aware of what was going on, he sprang to the deck ; 
 and, finding his men ranged in ranks, and answering to the 
 roll called by the British officers, he forbade his soldiers to make 
 further answer. Already twenty-three had been selected amd 
 set apart for a shameful death. Silence followed Colonel 
 Scott's command, and no threats of the British officer could 
 induce the men again to speak. Scott, amidst constant inter- 
 ruptions from the British officer, then addressed the twenty-three 
 selected men — encouraged them to be of good cheer, and sol- 
 emnly pledged himself to them, that if a hair of the head of 
 one of them was touched because of their having served in the 
 American army, retaliation should be made upon British 
 
D LIFE OF GENERAL SCOTT. 
 
 prisoners in the hands of the Americans. These twenty-three 
 men, all Irish, wore, nevertheless, put in irons, and sent to 
 England ; but they bore with them the pledge of a gallant 
 soldier, which, they knew, would not fail them; and accordingly, 
 his first care on landing at Boston, was to repeat all the circum- 
 stances to the Secretary of War, and tiie ejlect of this report, 
 immediately comminiicated to Congress, was, that a law was 
 passed vesting the President of the United States with the 
 power of retaliation, (March 3d, IS 13,) and two months after, 
 at the capture of Fort George, Scott iiaving made many 
 prisoners — true to his pledge to the Irish soldiers sent in irons 
 to Great Britain — selected twenty-three of his prisoners, and 
 confined them to abide the fate of the twenty-three natmalized 
 Americans. In making this selection, Scott was carel'nl not to 
 include a single Irishman. This step led to the confinement 
 on both sides, as hostages, *of many men and olRcers, the lives 
 of all of whom were of course dependent upon the fate of the 
 original twenty-three. 
 
 The British authorities saw the peril, and, it may be pre- 
 sumed, the injustice of the step they had taken, and not one of' 
 these prisoners was tried or harmed. There is a poetical jus- 
 tice, rare in real life, in the setpicl of this story, which is thu3 
 told by his biographer: 
 
 ■ In July, 1S15, when peace had been some months con- 
 cluded, and Scott (then a Major General) was passing along on 
 the East River side of the oity of New York, he was attracted 
 by loud cheers and bustle on one of the piers. He, approached, 
 and great was his delight to fiiid that it was the cheers of his 
 Irish soldiers, in whose behalf he had interlered at (Quebec, 
 and who had that moment landed in triumph, after a confine- 
 ment of two years in British prisons ! lie was quickly recog- 
 nized by them, hailed as their deliverer, and nearly crushed by 
 their warm-hearted embraces ! Twenty-one were present, two 
 liaving died natural deaths." 
 
 Scott, although then on the jwint of embarking for Enrojie, 
 and sulTering still from the ell'ects of the wound received at the 
 bloody battle of the Niagara, immediately wrote to the War De- 
 partment, recalled the case of these men to notice, and claimed 
 for them their arrears of pay and the bounty of land to which 
 they were entitled. The claims in both respects were admitted 
 and satisfied. 
 
 As soon as e.vchanged, .Scott again sought active service, and 
 appeared ^ adjutant-general of the army in)der General Dear- 
 born, on t!ie Niagara frontier, in the si)riiig of 1813. His first 
 act was in leading the advanced column of the attack, which 
 
I-IFE OF OENERAL SCOTT. 7 
 
 go completely succeeded, on tlie 27th May, on Fort George, at 
 the mouth of the Niagara river. The enemy w^is driven from 
 the work and the field : and but for repealed and peremptory 
 orders of recall from his superior, Scott would probably have 
 captured the wiiolc British force. The Ibrt. the colors of which 
 had been taken down by Col. Scott himself, became the head- 
 quarters of the American troops, and in command of it Colonel 
 Scott was left when the main body of the army went down 
 (he St. Lawrence, in the summer of that year, to attack 
 Moulreal. The whole summer passed without any attack from 
 the British, and, burning (or active operation, Scott was per- 
 mitted by General Wilkinson to turn Fort George over to 
 General McLure of the New York militia, and to join the mam 
 army at Sacket's Harbor; marching to the mouth of the Gem- 
 see river, where the commander-in-chief promised that trans- 
 ports should meet him. In this, however, Scott was disaj)- 
 pointed, and he was compelled to march over roads almost 
 impassable along the whole distance from Niagara to the 
 St. Lawrence. Leaving his column near Utica, under the 
 command of Major Hindman, Scott hastened forward himself, 
 reached the St. Lawrence at Ogdensburg on the f-lh November, 
 in time to take part in the descent, and was appointed to com- 
 mand the advance guard ; and owing to his being in advance, 
 had no part in the indecisive battle of Chrystler's field, or the 
 events which took place in the rear. He did, however, en- 
 counter and overcome severe resistance at the Hoopholecreek, 
 near Cornwall, where he routed a nearly coual British force*under 
 Colonel Dennis — making many prisoners and pursuing the 
 fugitives till night ; and also at Fort Matilda, erected to guard 
 the narrowest part of the river. He took the fort, its com- 
 mander and many of his men. But with victory v."ithin his 
 gras]i — for there was no force between Scott and Montreal 
 which could have arrested his march six hours, and no garriscn 
 in Montreal that could have obstructed his entry — he was 
 doomed, and the nation was doomed, to disappointment by the 
 incompetency and the quarrels of two of its Generals — Wilkin- 
 son and Wade Hampton: Wilkinson ordering a retreat because 
 Hampton would not join him with his detachment, and Hamp- 
 ton refusing to join, because, as he alle"ged, provisions were 
 insufficient ; the campaign closed in disaster. But it was 
 brilliantly redeemed by that of the following year. On the 
 9th March, 1814, Col. Scott was promoted to the rank of 
 brigadier, and immediately joined General Brown, then in full 
 march from French Mills to the Niagara frontier. Brown, who 
 was an able but self-taught commander, perceiving the need of 
 
B LirE or GENERAL SCOTT. 
 
 instruction and discipline, left the camp expressly for the pur- 
 pose of giving the command to Gen. Scott, and enabling him 
 to carry out a system of instruction and discipline with the 
 troops as they assembled at Biiflfalo. For more than three 
 months this duty was assiduously and most successfully dis- 
 charged by General Scott. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Scott rtpulsei a British regiment — Battle and Victory at Chippewa — Gtneral 
 Brown s praise of Scott^ . title and triumph at Lundy's Lane — Description of 
 the Battle — JV«ioJ of Peace — l>egrte of A M. conferred upon Scott bij the Faculty 
 of Princeton College — Governor Snyder^ at the head of a division of Militia, 
 marches out to welcome Scott to Philadelphia — Reduces the Army to a peace 
 establishment — Scott sint to Europe by Government — Conrrrss presents Scott a 
 a Gold Medal — Elected an honorary Member of the Cincinnati. 
 
 fs^ ■'P« ^^i^J^ OW it was that the knowledge of the art of 
 gg,"j-v'^ r^ig? war, which he had so sedulously acquired dur- 
 t^l rrVl r» ^'^o '^'^ y^^^ °^ suspension, came into play. He 
 ;/ LMJ U ^t personally drilled and instructed all the otlicers, 
 
 *^'^Y^^^;v^ [^^ and then in turn superintended them as they 
 instructed the soldiers. By assiduous labor, he 
 ?a3i^S^ -.^^SsSffl succeeded, at the end of three months, in pre- 
 seiitiiig in the field an army skilful in mancEuvres, and 
 confident alike in their officers and in themselves. When 
 all was ready for action. General Brown resumed the com- 
 mand. The army was crossed over to Canada in two brigades, 
 Scott's and Ridley's, the former below, the latter above Fort 
 Erie, wliich almost immediately surrendered, and then marched 
 to attack the main British army, lying behind the Chippewa 
 river, under the command of Riall. On the morning of the 
 4th of July — auspicious day! — Scott's brigade, several hours 
 in advance, fell in with the 10th regiment, British, com- 
 manded by the Marquis of Tweedale, and kept up a running 
 fight with it, till it was driven across the Chippewa. Scott 
 encamped for the night behind Street's creek, about two miles 
 from the British camp, behind the Chippewa ; with a leve> 
 plain extending between, — skirted on the east by the Niagara 
 river, on the west by woods. On the 5lh — a bright, hot day — 
 the morning began with skirmishing in the woods, between 
 the New York Volunteers, under Genoral Porter, and the 
 British irregulars ; and it was not till 4 o'clock in the after- 
 noon, and just as Scott, despairing of bringing on an action 
 that day, was drawing out his brigade on the plain for drill, 
 
LIFE OF GENERAL SCOTT. V 
 
 that General Brown, who had been reconnoitering on the left 
 flank, and perceived that the main body of the British army 
 was moving forward, rode up to Gen. Scott, and said, "The 
 enemy is advancing ; you will have a fight ; " and without 
 giving any order, such was his reliance upon Scott, proceeded 
 to the rear to bring up Ripley's brigade. Scott immediately 
 prepared for action ; and there, on the plain of Chippewa, with 
 his own brigade only, consisting of the 9th, 11th, and 25th 
 regiments of infantry, with a detachment of the 22d, Towson's 
 company of artillery, and Porter's volunteers, — in all 1900 
 men, — encountered, routed, and pursued a superior force of 
 some of the best regiments of the British service — the Royal 
 Scots, the 8th and 10th regiments, a detachment of the 19th 
 dragoons, another of the Royal Artillery, and some Canadian 
 Militia, — in all 2100 men. Here it was that the discipline so 
 laboriously taught by Scott, in the camp of instruction, told ; 
 and this it was that enabled him, as at a turning point of the 
 battle he did, in a voice rising above the roar of artillery, to 
 say to McNeil's battalion of the 11th infantry: "The enemy 
 say we are good at long shot, but cannot stand the cold iron. 
 1 call upon the Eleventh instantly to give the lie to the slander. 
 Charge!" And they did charge; and, aided by Leaven- 
 worth's battalion, they quickly put the enemy to rout, before 
 the 21st of Ripley's brigade, which was hastening to take part 
 in the battle, or any portion of that brigade, could get up. 
 
 Justly, indeed, did General Brown, in his official report of 
 the battle, say : " Brigadier-General Scott is entitled to the 
 highest praise our country can bestow : to him, more than to 
 any other man, am I indebted for the victory of the 5th July." 
 The fight was fierce and bloody in an unwonted degree, the 
 killed on both sides amounted to 830, out of about 4000 en- 
 gaged — more than one in five. This action — which was 
 chiefly valuable for the good efl"ect it produced upon the feel- 
 ings of the nation, by proving that in the open field, and hand 
 to hand, our troops were equal at least, and in this instance 
 had proved themselves superior, to the best troops of England — 
 was followed in just three weeks by another, yet more decisive 
 of the courage and discipline of the American army — that at 
 Lundy's Lane. General Riall, unknown to General Brown, 
 had been largely reinforced by Gen. Drummond from below; 
 and when, on the morning of the 26th July, Gen. Scott, in 
 advance, as usual, was on a march to attack Gen. Riall's forces, 
 he suddenly came upon the British troops, which, reinforced 
 that very day by Drummond, were thcrnselves bent on attack. 
 Scott had with him but four small battalions, commanded, 
 
10 l;fh of general scott. 
 
 re.s^':;ii.'ol/. b/ B;j..ly, Jossiip, Leavenworth, and JfcNeil ; 
 aaJ Towso.i's arliller)', wiili C'jptaui Harris's detachment of 
 ragnlarand irrc^nlar cavalry. — tlie whole column not exceeding 
 .13JJ men. With Ihi.s small lorce, Scott found hnaself in 
 presence' of a superior body. His position was critical, but it 
 w.as precisely one of those wliere !ironii)tness and decision of 
 action must supply the want of hutalioiis. Dispatcliiug offi- 
 cers to the rear, to apprise Gen. lirown that the whole British 
 army were before him, Gen. Scott at once engaged the enemy, 
 ^vho all the while believed they had to do with the whole of 
 General Brown's army, not at all expecting that a mere de- 
 tachment of it would venture upon the ap|)arenlly desperate 
 coiirsd of encountering such greatly superior numbers as the 
 British knew they had in the field. The battle began about 
 half an hour before sunset, within the spray, ulmost, of the 
 everlasting Falls of Niagara, and beneath the halo of its irra- 
 diated bow of promise and of hope. It is recorded as a fact, 
 that the head of our advancing column was actually encircled 
 by this beautiful bow, an^l all took courage from the omen. 
 'I'iie battle raged with unequal fortune and desjierate valor, till 
 fir into the night. When Miller made his famous and decisive 
 charge upon the battery of the British, which was the key of 
 tlieir position, dirkness covered tlie earth ; and Scott, who 
 knew the localitifs, piloted Miller on his way, till the fire from 
 t!ie battery revealed its position com[)letely. Scott then re- 
 sumed the attack in front, while Miller gallantly stormed and 
 carried the battery, and Indd it against repeated charges from 
 the oft-rallied, but as oft-dispersed, British troops. Twice, 
 meantime, had Scott charged through the British lines — two 
 horses had been killed under him — he was wounded in the 
 side — and about 11 o'clock at night, on foot and yet fig'itiug, 
 lie was finally disabled by a shot which shattered the left 
 shoulder, and he was borne away about midnight from the 
 liatlle, — his commander, Gen. Brown, having been previously, 
 in like manner, carried away wounded from the field. 
 
 The honors of the field belonged to the American arms, 
 although, from the want of horses, they could not carry olf the 
 British camion, captured with so much gallantry by I\Iiller. 
 But the American troops retired to Chippewa, and thence lo 
 Fort Erie, where they were soon besieged hy (ien. Druminond. 
 Scott was absent, suirering under his wounds; but the spirit 
 and the discii)line with which his elforts and liis example had 
 inspired the army, failed not, though he was no longer with 
 them, and after being beleagured near fifty days. Gen. Brown, 
 who had sulficieutly recovered to resume the command, made 
 
LIFE OF GENERAL SCOTT. 
 
 11 
 
12 LIFE OF GENERAL SCOTT. 
 
 a sortie, on tlie 17th September, in which he defeated the 
 troo[)s in the trendies, cajitiired and destroyed their works, and 
 so elTectiially overthrew all that it had cost Ions weeks to 
 accomplish, that the British commander, General Drummond, 
 withdrew his troops, and soon after the American army went 
 into winter-quarters at Buffalo. This was virtually, in this 
 region, the end of the war; for peace was negotiated at 
 (Jhont at the close of 1814, and was ratified early the ensuing 
 Spring. 
 
 Scott, who had been carried to Buffalo, where he was most 
 knidly and cordially received and watched over, as soon as he 
 could bear the motion, was borne in a litter from place to place 
 by the citizens themselves, who would not commit to mer- 
 cenary liands the care and comfort of a gallant soldier, still 
 disabled by his wounds, until he reached the house of his old 
 friend Nicholas, at Geneva. But his great desire was to reach 
 Phila<Jel[ihia, in order to avail himself of the eminent skill of 
 Docts. I'hysick and Chapman ; for the possibility of being so 
 crippled, for life, as to be incapable of farther service to his 
 country, was to Scott an intolerable thought, and hence he 
 sought the best surgical aid. He iherelore, by slow progress, 
 reached Philadelphia, — every where welcomed and honored on 
 his route as the suffering representative of the army on the 
 Niagara, which had won imperishable laurels for the country 
 and itself. .\t Princeton, where he happened to arrive on the 
 day of the annual Commencement, the Faculty, students and 
 citizens, all insisted on his taking part in the ceremonial ; and, 
 pale, emaciated, and weak as he was, that he should be present 
 during a part, at least, of the public performances. lie was 
 fain to comply; and when, in the close of an oration "on the 
 public duties of a good citizen, in peace and in war," the 
 voiithful and graceful orator turned to Scott, and made him the 
 personification of the civic and heroic virtues which had just 
 been inculcated, the edifice rang with applause, woman's gentle 
 voice miugling in with the harsher tones of the other sex. 
 The l-'aculty conferred on him the degree of A. M., which his 
 early training and literary pursuits, not less than his public 
 services, rendered wliolly appropriate. On approaching Phila- 
 delphia, he found the Governor of the State, Snyder, at the 
 head of a division of militia, with which he had marched out 
 to receive him. 
 
 Baltimore being still menaced by the British, Gen. Scott, at 
 the earnest re(]iic'»t of the citizens, consented, all wounded as 
 he was, and incapable of exertion, to assume the command of 
 the disMrict, and in such command the tidings of peace found 
 
LIFE OF GENERAL SCOTT. 13 
 
 him. After declining the post of Secretary of War, proffered 
 to him by President Madison, and aiding in the painful and 
 delicate task of reducing the army to a peace establishment, he 
 was sent by the government to Europe, both for the restoration 
 of his health and professional improvement. He was moreover 
 commissioned to ascertain the views and designs of different 
 courts and prominent public men respecting the revolutionary 
 struggle then commenced in the Spanish American colonies, 
 and especially those of England respecting the island of Cuba, — 
 all at that time subjects of solicitude at Washington. How he 
 acquitted himself of these commissions, may be inferred from 
 the fact, that, by order of President Madison, a special letter of 
 thanks was written to him by the Secretary of State. After 
 two years spent in Europe, where he associated with the most 
 distinguished men in all the walks of life, attended courses of 
 public lectures, and visited and inspected the great fortresses 
 and naval establishments, Scott returned to the United States, 
 and was assigned to the command of the seaboard, making 
 New York his head quarters ; and there, for twenty years, ex- 
 cept with occasional absence on duty in the West, he remained. 
 The gratitude of the country for his war services was testified 
 in various shapes. Congress voted him a gold medal, and 
 passed resolutions of thanks, in which he was not only compli- 
 mented for his skill and gallantry at Chippewa and Niagara, 
 but for his uniform good conduct throughout the war — a com- 
 pliment paid by Congress to no other officer. The gold medal 
 was presented by President Monroe. Virginia and New York 
 each voted a sword to him ; which, for Virginia, was presented 
 by Governor Pleasants — for New York, by Governor Thomp- 
 kins. He was also elected an honorary member of the Cincin- 
 nati, and numberless States named new counties after him. 
 
14 
 
 LIFE OF GENERAL SCOTT. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Contror'rsy trith G'.ntra' Jackson — RecnncUiatwn,S,-c — Controversy beKeeen Scott 
 and Unines — diMtC rc-visUs Europe — Takes command of tlu llLack Hawk War in 
 1^32 — General Scott in tUe midst of lUf. Cholera — Scott concludes a 'iicuty icith 
 the. Sirs and Fores — M.^kcs « Treaty teilh the Winnebaaoes — General Scolt de- 
 tailed to maintain the siiprcmar.y of Law against South Carolina J^uUiJicatioit — 
 Scott in the. midst of the Florida It'ur — Public dinners tendered to ScoU— Canada 
 troubles in I'i'iT. 
 
 Y the closing of the war, a loner interval 
 of comparative inaction ensued, during: 
 whicli time Scott's services Avere availed 
 of by the general government, in that 
 most ])ainfiil task of reducing the army 
 to a peace establishment, wiiich neces- 
 sarily imposed upon the General the re- 
 sponsibility of deciding between the merits 
 and fitness of many jfallant men, who had 
 stood with him unflinching on the red 
 fields of battle. Bnt in the discharge of 
 this, as of ev^ery other duty to his country, Scott acted with 
 a single eye to its honor and welfare. Neither the relations 
 of general friendsliip, nor the inHuences of various sorts, 
 brought to bear from without, were snflercd to warp his 
 firm mind. He was there for his country, and in consonance 
 with what he thought its clear interests, was his course 
 throughout. The next impi>rtant benefit rendered, and which, 
 perhaps, w.as not the least of ail the many he was capable of 
 rendering, was to translate from the French, prepare, digest, 
 and adapt to our service, a complete system of military tabetics. 
 In the execution of this trust, his previous military studies 
 gave him great' facilities and advantages; and the system thus 
 introduced, carried into effort, bv those jewels of the nation, 
 the \Vest-P(MUt Cadets, has recently proved itself at I'alo Alto 
 and Flirt Brown, Rcsaca de la Palma, and Monterey. 
 
 The frankness of his nature, and hw'high sense of subor- 
 dination, and ever-present ami .active respect for the spirit as 
 well as letter of the Constitution of his country, involved him, 
 about th(^ year 1S17. in an unpleasant controversy, first with 
 General Jackson, and second, as a coiiseiiuence of the first, 
 with De Witt Clinton. The particulars of the controversy- 
 have passed from memory, and it is not our purpose to revive 
 them. In the lifetime before the presidency of General Jack- 
 
LirE OF GENERAL SCOTT. 15 
 
 son, a very complete and soldierly reconciliation took place 
 between General Scott and himself. But we may add, in the 
 way of caution and reprobation, that the whole difficulty arose 
 from the unjustifiable and ungentlemanly repetition of some 
 observations, made at a private dinner table by Gen. Scott. 
 
 Another controversy arose between Gen. Scott and Gen. 
 Gaines, on the subject of brevet rank, on occasion of the ap- 
 pointment of General Macomb to the command of the army, 
 after the death of General Brown. The government did not 
 sustain the views taken by Gen. Scott of the rights of brevet 
 rank, and this oflicer, in consequence, tendered the resignation 
 of his conmrission, not from any mere personal feelings, birt 
 because he thought that in his person a great military principle 
 was violated. Happily, General Jackson (then become Presi- 
 dent) would not act upon the proffered resignation ; and in 
 order to allow time for reflection, and at the same time to pre- 
 vent any damage to the service from an open collision on 
 poiuts of duty between General Scott and his official superior, 
 a furlough of one year was sent to him. Scott took advantage 
 of the furlough to revisit Europe, and on his return, under the 
 earnest advice of his friends, and, as is believed, with the 
 unanimous approval of his brother officers, Scott withdrew his 
 resignation, and reported himself for duty. The Secretary of 
 War, Major Eaton, in acknowledging General Scott's letter, 
 frankly and honorably says: "It affords the department much 
 satisfaction to perceive the conclusion at which you have 
 arrived as to your brevet rights. None will do you the injus- 
 tice to suppose that the opinions declared by you on the subject 
 are not the result of reflection and conviction; but since the 
 constituted authorities of the government have, with the best 
 feelings entertained, come to conclusions adverse to your own, 
 no other opinions were cherished, or were hoped for, but that 
 on your returu to the United States you would adopt the 
 course your letter indicates, and with good feelings resume 
 those duties of which your country has so long had the 
 benefit." 
 
 The General was ordered in conclusion to report himself at 
 once for duty to Gen, Macomb. He was assigned anew to the 
 Eastern Department, and there remained till called by the 
 Black Plawk war in 1S32, to take command of that. 
 
 It was in this command that Scott had the opportunity of 
 showing himself a " hero of humanity," as he had before shown 
 himself a "hero in the battle field." The Asiatic cholera in 
 this year first reached this continent, and, sweeping with rapid 
 but irregular strides from point to point, it manifested itself 
 
16 LIFE OF CnSERAL SCOTT. 
 
 most fatally on board the fleet of steamboats on Lake Erie, in 
 which Gen. Scott, with a corps of about lOUO regulars, cm- 
 barked for (/liicago. They left Buffalo in the beginning of 
 July. Oil the 8th, the cholera declared itself on board the 
 steamboat iikeldon Tkompsnn, in which Gen. Scott and staff, 
 and 220 men wore embarked, and in less than siv days one 
 officer and fifty men died, and eighty were put on shore sick 
 at Chicago. It was amid the gloom atid the terror of this attack 
 from an unknown disease, or only known by its fatal approaches, 
 that Gen. Scott displayed those attributes o{ moral courage, of 
 genuine philanthropy, which should weigh so much more in 
 the scale of national gratitude, than the exercise of physical 
 courage — that (juality connnon to our race in the battle-field. 
 l''rom cot to cot of the sick soldiers, their General daily went, 
 soothing the last moments of the dying, sustaining and cheer- 
 ing those who hoped to survive, and for all, disarming the 
 pestilence of that formidable character of contagion which 
 seemed to render its attack inevitable, and almost synonymous 
 with death, by showing in his own person that he feared it not. 
 Of the numbers whom his heroic self-confidence and generous 
 example, in such circumstances, saved from death, by dissipating 
 their apprehensions, no human estimate can be made ; but such 
 deeds and such devotion are not unmarked by the eye of Provi- 
 dence, and cannot be without their reward. Of the 9.50 men 
 that left Buffalo, not more than 400 survived for active service. 
 On leaving Chicago, with this diminished command, Scott 
 proceeded as rapidly as possible to the Mississippi, and there 
 joined General Atkinson at Prairie da C/iien, who, in the 
 battle of the Badaxe, had already scattered the forces of Black 
 Hawk. In spite of all the precaution adopted by Scott and 
 Atkinson, the cholera was communicated anew to the army 
 assembled at Rock Island, and great were its ravages. Here 
 again, as on board the steamboats, when the malady first ap- 
 peared, Scott's self-sacrificing care and solicitude for his men 
 were unceasing. A brother officer, an eye-witness of what he 
 relates, thus describes the General's course of conduct : — 
 '' It exhibited him not only as a warrior, but as a man ; not 
 
 only as the hero of battles, but as the hero of humanity 
 
 The General's duty, under the rirounistancos, clearly was to 
 give the best direction he could for proper attendance on the 
 sick, and for preventing the spread of the disease. When be 
 had done this, his duty was jierformed, and he might have left 
 the rest to his medical officers. But such was not his course. 
 Ho thought he had other duties to perform; that his personal 
 safety must be disregarded to visit ihe^sick, to cheer the well, 
 
LIFE OF GENERAL SCOTT. 17 
 
 to encourage the attendants, to set an example to all, to prevent 
 a panic — in a word, to save the lives of others, at the risk of 
 his own. All this he did faithfully, and when he could have 
 no other motive than that of doing good. Here was no glory 
 to be acquired ; here were none of the excitements of the battle 
 field; here was no shame to be avoided, or disgrace to be 
 feared, because his arrangements and directions to those whose 
 part it was to battle with disease, had satisfied duty." 
 
 It was far into September before the dread disease was extir- 
 pated from the camp, and then commenced the negotiations 
 with the Sacs and Foxes ; this was concluded by Scott with 
 consummate skill, and resulted in the cession, for a valuable 
 consideration, of the fine region which now constitutes the 
 State of Iowa. Another treaty was made on the same terms 
 by him with the Winnebagoes, by which they ceded some five 
 million acres of land east of the Mississippi and between the 
 Illinois and Wisconsin, now constituting a valuable portion of 
 the Territory of Wisconsin. In reference as well to his suc- 
 cessful negotiations as to his humane conduct under the 
 calamity of pestilence, the then Secretary of War, Gen. Cass, 
 wrote thus to General Scott : — 
 
 " Allow me to congratulate you upon the fortunate consum- 
 mation of your arduous duties, and to express my entire appro- 
 bation of the whole course of your proceedings, during a series 
 of difficulties requiring higher moral courage than the opera- 
 tions of an active campaign under ordinary circumstances." 
 
 Scarcely had Scott reached home and his family in New 
 York, when he was detailed by President Jackson to a new, 
 important and most delicate duty, that of maintaining at home 
 the supremacy of the United States against South Carohna 
 nullification. He immediately proceeded to Washington, and 
 there, in personal interview with the President and the cabinet, 
 becoming fully possessed of their views, and having fully ex- 
 pressed to them his own, he was invested with very ample 
 discretionary power to meet the perilous crisis. In no scene 
 of his life, perhaps, has General Scott exhibited more thorough 
 patriotism — more entire devotion to the laws and Constitution 
 of his country — more anxious, and skilfully-conducted efforts 
 to arrest that direst of calamities, civil war — more self-com- 
 mand — more tact and talent — than while stationed at Fort 
 Moultrie, in Charleston Harbor, and face to face, as it were, 
 with nullification in arms. A single drop of blood shed at that 
 moment might have deluged the nation in blood — and yet the 
 laws of the United States, made in conformity with the Con- 
 stitution, Scott was sworn and cotHmissioned to uphold, defend 
 
18 LIFE OF GENERAL SCOTT. 
 
 and enforce : the point of diflicnlty was to avert the bloodshed, 
 and ycl maintain tlic laws; and he came off entirely sncccssful 
 in both — nndor circnmslances, that history will do justice to, 
 as those who remember the fearfnl apprehensions of thai day, 
 did at the time, and still do. 
 
 His next field of public service was in Florida, where the 
 Seminolcs — in jjossession of the everglades, and havinjj taken 
 our troops at unawares — owing to the wani of adeiinaie prepa- 
 ration hy the administration, although timely warned of the 
 danger by the gallant Clinch — seemed for a time to set the 
 whole ellorts of our country at defiance. On the 20ih .Tamiary, 
 1636, (jieiieral Pcott was ordered lo the conmiand of ilie trocp^s 
 in Florida, and he di.splayed his habitual jTomptiiudi in obey- 
 ing the order. He was a[iprisrd of the will r f the President at 
 4 o'clock in the afterucoii, and asked when he could set foith ; 
 "this night," was the reply. But a day's delay was required 
 to draw up the requisite instructions, and he left Washingtcn 
 the ilst. \Ve enter not here into an examinalion <;f the steps 
 taken and plans devised by General Scott, to bring to a rapid 
 and sure terniinalion those disastrous and discredilible hostili- 
 ties, norinto the maimer or the motives of his nimiilitary recall, 
 and of the subsequent investigation of his conduct by a Court 
 of Inquiry ; these are among the historic archives of llie na- 
 tion. (Hn- only concern here wilh them is to say, that this 
 coin't luianimously ajiproved his eoi. duct — pronoui;ecd the jilau 
 of his Seminole campaign '• well devised, ' and added thai it 
 " was prosecuted " with energy, steadiness, and ability ; and 
 so in regard lo the Creek war., which at ilie same lime fell 
 »ipon his hands, the court found "that the ])lan (.f campaign 
 adopted by Major-Ueueral Scott, was well calculated to lead to 
 successlul results ; and that it was prosecuted by him. as far as 
 practicable, wilh zeal and ability, until he v.as recalled frera 
 the connnand." 
 
 Mr. Van Ruren, who had now become President, aiiprovcd 
 the fnidmg iu the court, and the nation al large ratitied ihe 
 verdict. Public dinners wore tendered to General Scott by ib.c 
 citizens of New York', of Richmond, and of other places, j-ll of 
 which however he declined; and was in tlic discharge of i!ie 
 ordinary <luties of his station, when the patriot troubles brcke 
 out in iSoT on the Canada frontier. 
 
Lira or aKMSKAL scott. If 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 /n 1838 Scott removes the Cherokees — Scott adjusts (At Eastern Boundary Qrtettiam 
 — His Friendship for Sir John Harvey — Scott designated at a Candidate fir 
 the Presidency — 1847, Scott once more in the field of War. 
 
 OR two years the Canadian troubles agitated 
 this country and seriously menaced its peace. 
 To no man in so great a degree as to General 
 Scott is it indebted for the preservation of 
 that peace. His honor and patriotism, his 
 approved military service, his reputation and 
 his bearing as a soldier, gave great effect to his frank and 
 friendly expostulations with the deluded American citizens, 
 who supposed^ they were acting patriotically in taking part 
 with the Canadian revolters ; and by kindness and reason, 
 combined with much skill and assiduity, in discovering 
 and tracing the ramifications of the patriot lodges, he waa 
 enabled to prevent any outbreak that might compromise our 
 country with Great Britain. His return from the Niagara fron- 
 tier was greeted with compliments at Albany and elsewhere, 
 and all felt that a great national good had been accomplished 
 by this gallant soldier. In 1838, another difficult and painful 
 service was confided to General Scott, that of removing the 
 Cherokees from the homes of their fathers, beyond the Missis- 
 sippi. Here, he was eis successful as in all previous public 
 service ; tempering humanity with power, and operating more 
 by moral influence than force, he effected this most trying 
 object in a manner that secured the gratitude of those whom 
 he was, acting for his country, obliged to wrong. It was this 
 service, connected with his subsequent pacific arrangement of 
 the north-eastern boundary difficulties, that drew from the 
 lamented Channing — that apostle of human rights — this fine 
 tribute : — 
 
 " To this distinguished man belongs the rare honor of uniting 
 with military energy and daring the spirit of the philanthropist. 
 His exploits in the field, which placed him in the first rank of 
 our soldiers, have been obscured by the purer and more lasting 
 glory of a pacificator, and of a friend of mankind. In the 
 whole history of the intercourse of civilized with barbarous or 
 half-civilized communities, we doubt whether a brighter paga 
 can be found than that which records his agency in the removal 
 of the Cherokees. As far as the wrongs done to this race caa 
 be atoned for, General Scott has made the expiation. 
 
20 LIfE Of GENERAL SCOTT. 
 
 " In his recent mission to the disturbed borders of our 
 country, he has succeeded, not so much by policy as by the 
 nobleness and generosity of his character, by moral influences, 
 by the earnest conviction with which he has enforced upon all 
 with whom he has had to do, the obligations of patriotism, 
 justice, humanity and religion. It would not be easy to find 
 among us a man who has won a purer fame ; and I am hajjpy 
 to ofler this tribute, because I would do something — no matter 
 how little — to hasten the time when the spirit of Christian 
 humanity shall be accounted an essential attribute and the 
 brightest ornament to a public man." 
 
 This is justly said and most justly applied. 
 
 In 1839, Scott was again deputed by the government to 
 keep the peace, and, solditr as he is, to use all iiis great influ- 
 ence to prevent the occurrence of waf The dispute respecting 
 the contested boundary on the north-eastern frontier had become 
 exasperated — Massachusetts and Maine on one side, and Xcw 
 Brunswick on the other, had in some degree taken the matter 
 into their own hands, and hostile bands stood facing cacii 
 other : a single indiscretion among them might have pre- 
 cipitated war beyond the ]iossibility of its being averted. 
 Happily a friendship formed on the field of battle, in years 
 long f)ast, between General Scott and Gen. Sir John Harvey, 
 the Governor of New Brunswick, contributed to ^mci ih tV.n. 
 difficulties between the two nations. Gen. Scott having ovcr-« 
 come the first great obstacles in soothing the irritated feeling 
 of the American borderers, made ovrrt\ires to Sir John Harvey 
 for the mutual withdrawal of troo]is from the disputed terriicry : 
 and Sir John frankly acceded to them, saying in his letter cf 
 the 23d March, 1S33, to General Scott, " My reliance upon ynv, 
 my dear General, has led me to give my willing assent to the 
 proposition which you have made yourself the very acccplnble 
 nicans of conveying to me." The menacing position of affairs- 
 was now etiectually changed itUo feelings of reciprocal I'ur- 
 bearancc, and Daniel Wclmlcr finally accomplished, by tl;c 
 treaty at Washington, the trood work so satisfactorily crm- 
 menced by the Pacificator, Scott. 
 
 SubKei|uently, the gratitude and admiration of larpe portict.s 
 of the country designated General Scott as a candidate for the 
 Presidency, and many States, in the preliminary conventic ns 
 of nominations, voted for him, but another obtained the vote. 
 In all this matter General Scott was passive — not seeking and 
 not declining the high office — but holding himself, as he .iKvays 
 docs, liable to the call of his countrymen, to serve tlirm in 
 whatever capacity they may think his services needed. 
 
 He IS now once again on the field of war — mature in mind, 
 
LIFE OF GESERAL SCOTT. 
 
 21 
 
 rich in knowledge and experience, robust in healtli, and 
 patriotic, considerativ-e. and law-abiding as in the past. The 
 circumstances under which this command was conferred npon 
 him, honorable alike to him and to the Executive, of them- 
 selves dissipate the poor jests in which, in the thoughtlessness 
 of security, some inconsiderate people have indulged, because' 
 of an over-frauk. literal and common place expression. The 
 glorious fact of Scott"s heroic life, his brilliant deeds of arms, 
 his more ennobling acts as a statesman and pacificator in peace, 
 cry aloud against such wanton injustice to a great name ; and 
 the future will yet vindicate that name which, it may be 
 affirmed with entire confidence, will never be allied with dis- 
 honor, oppression, or det'eat. Mortal, indeed, he is, and he 
 may die by the fortune of war; but, Uving or dying, his life 
 will be consistent to the last ; and as it has been in the past, 
 so will it continue to the end — self-sacrificing, devoted first 
 and always for his country; and striving every where, and at 
 all times, for the supremacy and preservation of its laws and 
 its Constitutions. 
 
 Such is WiNFiELD Scott, to whom all eyes are now turn- 
 ed, as the head of our armies in Mexico ; and whose career, 
 thus far, has been honest, impartial and UNTARNISHED. 
 
 Occupying the position he now does as chief in command 
 of the American army, we may expect movements from 
 the scene of conflict, worthy of this great Statesman, Pa- 
 triot and Warrior, — that he will do better than the illus- 
 trious Taylor, is hardly to be expected; yet with the well 
 known military skill, decision of character and uncompromising 
 perseverance of these distinguished officers, we may confidently 
 rely upon a successful prosecution, and favorable issue of the 
 campaign of our army on the Rio Grande. 
 
St 
 
 LIFE OF GENERAL SCOTT. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 General Scott^s views on the Subjects of Slavery, Peace, 4*c. 
 
 N various important subjects, General 
 Scott has freely and frankly expressed 
 his -views, in answer to inquiries of indi- 
 viduals in different parts of the country. 
 His name having been mentioned in 
 various quarters in connection with those 
 who might be brought forward as candi- 
 dates for the Presidency, a letter was 
 forwarded to him by a gentleman of A'^irginia, requesting an 
 expression of his opinions on the subject of Slavery. General 
 Scott owned no slaves, but was educated in a community 
 where slavery existed. The following is his reply : — 
 
 " Washington, Fcbrnarj 9, 1843. 
 
 " Dear Sir— 
 
 " I HAVE been waiting for an evening's leisure to answer your 
 letter before me, and, after an imreasonable delay, am at last 
 obliged to reply in the midst of official occupations. 
 
 "That 1 ever have been named in connection with the 
 Presidency of the United States, has not, I can assure you, the 
 son of an ancient neighbor and friend, been by any contri- 
 vance or desire of mine ; and certainly I shall never be in 
 tlie field for that high office unless placed there by a regu- 
 lar nomiuation. Not, then, being a candidate, and seeing no 
 near prospect of being made one, I ought, perhaps, to decline 
 troubling you or others with my humble opinions on great 
 principles of state rights an^ federal administration ; but as I 
 cannot plead ignorance of the partiality of a few friends, in 
 several parts of the Union, who may, by possibility, in a rer- 
 tain event, succeed in bringing me within the field from which 
 a Whig candidate is to be selected, I prefer to err on liie side 
 of frankness and candor, rather than, by silence, to allow any 
 stranser unwittingly to commit himself to my support. 
 
 " Y<Mir iiuiniries open the whole question of domestic slavery, 
 which has, m different forms, for a number of years, agitated 
 Congress and the comilry. 
 
 " Premising that you are the first person who lias interro- 
 gated mc on the subject, I give you the basis of what would be 
 my reply in greater detail, if time allowed and the contingency 
 alluded to above were less remote. 
 
LIFE OF GENERAL SCOTT. 23 
 
 "In boyhood, at William atid Mary Ooll<?gc, and in common 
 with most, if not all, my companions, I became deeply im- 
 pressed with the views given by Mr. Jefferson, in his ' Notes 
 on Virginia,' and by Jndge Tucker, in the Appendix to his 
 edition of Blackstone's Commentaries, in favor of a gradual 
 emancipation of slaves. That Appendix I have not seen in 
 thirty odd years, and, in the same period, have read scarcely 
 any thing on the subject ; but my early impressions are fresh 
 and unchanged. Hence, if I had had the honor of a seat in the 
 Virginia Legislature in the winter of 1S31-2, when a bill was 
 brought forward to carry out those views, I should certainly 
 have given it my hearty support. 
 
 " I suppose I scarcely need say that, in my opinion. Congress 
 has no color of authority, under the Constitution, for touching 
 the relation of master and slave within a State. 
 
 " I hold the opposite opinion in respect to the District of 
 Columbia. Here, with the consent of the owners, or on the 
 payment of 'just compensation,' Congress may legislate at its 
 discretion. But my conviction is equally strong that, unless it 
 be step by step with the Legislatures of Virginia and Maryland, 
 it would be dangerous to both races in those States to touch the 
 relation between master and slave in this District. 
 
 " I have from the first been of opinion that Congress was 
 bound by the Constitution to receive, to refer, and to report 
 upon i*3titions relating to domestic slavery, as in the case of all 
 other petitions; but I have not failed to see and to regret the 
 unavoidable irritation whicii the former have produced in the 
 Southern States, with the consequent peril to the two colors, 
 whereby the adoption of any plan of emancipation has every 
 where among us been greatly retarded. 
 
 " I own, myself, no slave ; but never have attached blame 
 to masters for not liberating their slaves — well knowing that 
 liberation, without the means of sending them in comfort to 
 some position favorable to ' the pursuit of happiness,' would, 
 in most cases, be highly injurious to all around, as well as to 
 the manumitted families themselves — unless the operation 
 were general and under the auspices of prudent legislation. 
 But 1 am persuaded that it is a high moral obligation of mas- 
 ters and slaveholding States to employ all means, not incom- 
 patible with the safety of both colors, to meliorate slavery even 
 to extermination. 
 
 " It is gratifying to know that general melioration has been 
 great, and is still progressive, notwithstanding the disturbing 
 causes alluded to above. The more direct process of emanci- 
 pation may, no doubt, be earlier commenced and quickened in 
 
24 LIFE or GENERAL SCOTT. 
 
 some communities than in others. Each, I do not question, 
 has the right to judge for itself, both as to time and means, and 
 I consider interference or aid from without, except on invita- 
 tion from authority within, to be as hurtful to the sure pro- 
 gress of melioration, as it may be fatal to the lives of vast 
 multitudes of all ages, sexes and colors. The work of libera- 
 tion cannot be forced without such horrid results. Christian 
 philanthropy is ever mild and considerate. Hence all violence 
 ought to be deprecated by the friends of religion and humanity. 
 Their persuasions cannot fail at the right time to free the 
 master from the slave, and the slave from the master ; per- 
 haps before the latter shall have foiuid out and acknowledged 
 that the relation between the parties had long been mutually 
 prejudicial to their worldly interests. 
 
 " There is no evil without, in the order of Providence, some 
 compensating benefit. The bleeding African was torn from 
 his savage home by his ferocious neighbors, sold into slavery, 
 and cast upon this continent. Here, in the mild South, the 
 race has wonderfully multiplied, compared with any thing ever 
 known in barbarous life. The descendants of a few thousands 
 have become many millions ; and all, from the first, made ac- 
 quainted with the arts of civilization, and, above all, brought 
 under the light of the Gospel. 
 
 " Kroni the promise made to Abraham, some two thousand 
 years had elapsed before the advent of our Saviour, and the 
 Israelites, th,e chosen people of God, were, for wise purposes, 
 sufi"ercd to remain in bondage longer than Africans have been 
 on our shore. This race has already experienced the resulting 
 compensations alluded to; and, as the white missionary has 
 never been able to penetrate the dark regions of Africa, or to 
 establish himself in its interior, it njay be within the scheme of 
 Providence that the great work of spreading the Gospel over 
 that vast continent, with all the arts and comforts of civili- 
 zation, is to be finally accomplished by the black man restored 
 from American bondage. A foothold there has already been 
 gained for him, and in such a scheme centuries are but as 
 seconds to Him who moves worlds as man moves a finger. 
 
 "I do but suggest the remedies and consolations of slavery, 
 to inspire patience, hope, and charity on all sides. The mighty 
 subject calls for the exercise of all man's wisdom and virtue, 
 and these may not suffice without aid from a higher source. 
 
 " It is in the foregoing manner, my dear sir, that I have 
 long been in the habit, in conversation, of expressing my- 
 self, all over our common coimtry, on the question of negro 
 slavery, and I must say that I have found but very ^ew 
 
LIFE OF CENEKAL SCOTT. 26 
 
 persons to differ with me, however opposite their geographical 
 positions. 
 
 " Sucli are the views or opinions which you seek. I cannot 
 suppress or mutilate them, although now liable to be more 
 generally known. Do with them what you please. I neither 
 court nor shun publicity. , 
 
 " I remain, very truly, yours, 
 
 " VViNFiELD Scott. 
 
 "T. P. Atkinton, Esq., Dinville, Virginia." 
 
 General ScotVs views on the subject of Peace and War. 
 
 Gen. Scott, though by profession a soldier, lias proved him- 
 self on various occasions a friend of peace. His conduct has 
 always shown a preference for peace, rather than for a conflict 
 of arms. On page 20th will be found a just tribute to this 
 veteran soldier, from that distmguished philanthropist. Dr. 
 Channing. The following letter on the subject of general 
 Peace, is in answer to a letter addressed to him by the Secre- 
 tary of the Peace Society : — 
 
 " Wuhington, March 2<th, 18i6. 
 
 " I have received your letter of the 21st instant, accompanied 
 by certain Proceedings of the General Peace Convention. 
 
 " My participation in war, as well as endeavors on lereral 
 occasions to preserve peace, without sacrificing the honor and 
 the interests of my country, are matters of public history. 
 These antecedents, together with my sentiments on the ab- 
 stract question of Peace and War, inserted a year ago in a 
 Peace Album, and since published, I learn, in several journals, 
 might be offered as a sufficient reply to your communication. 
 
 "I have always maintained the moral right to wage a just 
 and necessary war, and, consequently, the wisdom and 
 humanity, as applicable to the United States, in the present 
 state of the world, of defensive preparations. If the principal 
 nations of the earth liable to come in conflict with us in our 
 natural growth and just pursuits, can he induced to disarm, 
 I should be happy to see the United States follow the example. 
 But without a general agreement to that effect, and a strong 
 probabdity that it would be carried out in good faith by others, 
 I am wholly opposed to giving up home preparation, and the 
 natural and Christian right of self-defence. 
 
26 LIFE or GENERAL SCOTT. 
 
 " The published sentiments alhided to may not have fallen 
 xmder your observation. I enclose a copy. 
 " I remain respectfully, 
 
 '• Your most obedient servant, 
 
 " WiNriELD Scott. 
 
 " J. C. Beckwilli, Esq., Corresponding Secretary." 
 
 [Written in a Peace Album.] 
 
 Peace and War. 
 
 " If war be the natural state of savage tribes, peace is the 
 first want of every civilized community. Vfsx no doubt is, 
 under any circumstances, a great calamity ; yet submission to 
 outrage would often be a greater calamity. Of the two parties 
 to any war, one, at least, must be in the wrong — not unfre- 
 quently both. An error in such an issue is, on the part of 
 chief magistrates, ministers of state, and legislators having a 
 Toice in the question, a crime of the greatest magnitude. The 
 slaying of an individual by an individual is, in comparative 
 guilt, but a drop of blood. Hence the highest moral obligation 
 to treat national ditterences with temper, justice, and fairness ; 
 always to see that the cause of war is not only just but suffi- 
 cient ; to be sure that we do not covet our neighbor's lauds, 
 ' nor any thing that is his ; ' that we are as ready to give as to 
 demand explanation, apology, mdemnity ; in short, we should 
 especially remember, 'all things whatsoever ye would lliat men 
 should do to you, do ye even so to them.' This divine pre- 
 cept is of universal obligation : it is as applicable to rulers, )n 
 their transactions with other nations, as to private individuals 
 in their daily ijitercourse with each other. Power is intr\isted 
 by ' the Author of peace and lover of concord,' to do good and 
 to avoid evil. Such, clearly, is the revealed will of God. 
 
 " WmriKLD Scott. 
 
 "Washington, April 26, 1844." 
 
LITE or CZNEIIAL SCOTT. 27 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 Anecdotes and Ineidtnts. 
 
 NECDOTE or Gen. Wadsworth and 
 
 Col. Scott. — An instance of the confi- 
 dence felt in Scott, in his early career, by 
 older officers, is shown by the following 
 incident. Just previous to the battle at 
 Queenstown Heights, 1812, lientenant- 
 colonel Scott arrived on the Canadian 
 side, with the intention of taking the 
 command of the whole body engaged ; but finding, quite unex- 
 pectedly, that brigadier-general Wadsworth, of the New York 
 militia, was there before him, he proposed to take only the regu- 
 lars under his command, leaving the other forces to Gen. Wads- 
 worth. "No, sir," promptly replied the generous and patriotic. 
 Wadsworth, " you know best professionally what ought to be 
 done. I am here for the honor of my country, and that of the 
 New York militia, I yield entirely to you." Although they 
 had now met for the first time, Gen. Wadsworth had become 
 much attached to the brave young colonel, and repeatedly 
 interposed his own person to shield Scott from the Indian 
 rifles. 
 
 Scott's Bravert. — On the last day of the attack at Queens- 
 town Heights, the advanced guards of the American line were 
 suddenly driven in by a greatly superior number of the British, 
 and a general massacre appeared unavoidable. Scott imme- 
 diately sent to the American side for reinforcements, and in the 
 meantime kept the enemy at bay as well as possible. Great 
 accessions were making to the enemy's ranks by large-numbers 
 arriving ; and at the moment when destruction seemed inevi- 
 table, news came that a panic had seized our forces on the 
 other side, and they refused to cross ! The British force, in- 
 cluding luiians, amounted to thirteen hundred, opposed to 
 which were less than three hundred Americans. At this state 
 of affairs, Scott mounted a log in front of his diminished band. 
 " The balls of the enemy are thinning our ranks," said he ; 
 " their numbers are great. In a moment the shock must come, 
 and retreat is impossible. We are in the beginning of a na- 
 
28 LIFE or GENERAL SCOTT. 
 
 tiiinal war. IIull's surrender iniisl be redeemed. Let us die, 
 tlien, with onr arms in onr hands. Our country demands our 
 sacrifice. The example will not be lost. Those who follow 
 will avenge our fall. T>7/o dare t» stand?" "All!" was 
 the answering cry. — Tiie Americans fought bravely, but of 
 course unsuccessfully; and after their small but brave band 
 was very much reduced, Scott surrendered his whole force 
 wiili the honors of war. Several messengers were sent to the 
 enemy with a Hag of truce, but none of them being heard from 
 again, Scott went himselC, and narrowly escaped being mur- 
 dered by two Indians who sprang upon him, and would have 
 succeeded, but for the timely assistance of a British officer. 
 Scott was froipiciitly advised to change liis dress, being in full 
 unil'orm, and his tall stature, (six feet five inches in height,) 
 making liim a conspicuous mark for the Indians, — "No," re- 
 jilied he, " I will die in my robes." 
 
 Scott attacked in prison by two Indians. — After flie sur- 
 render of the .\merieans at Ciueenstown Heights, the prisoners 
 were escorted to the village now called Niagara, where the 
 officers were lodged in an imi, under strong guard, whose 
 orders were that no prisoner should be permitted to pass out, 
 but that otherwise they should not be restramed. A message 
 soon came that a person wished to speak to the " tall Ameri- 
 can," meaning Scott. The colonel came through the entry, 
 and to his surprise, found the same two Indians, hideously 
 painted, who made the attempt on his life while he was bear- 
 ing the flag of truce. The Indians iiupiired how many wounds 
 he had received, giving him to understand tlipy bad fired at 
 him a great many times; and one of them seized him by the 
 arm to turn him round, to look at his back. Indignant, Scott 
 threw the savage from Iiim, exclaiming, '' OH", villain ! You 
 fired like a squaw ! " — " Well," said the Indian, " we kill you 
 now!" — Scoit ((iiickly seized a weapon which was near at 
 hand, and prepared to defend himself, and was in a dangerous 
 situation, just as aid was rendered by the timely arrival of a 
 British officer, to whose assistance the preservation of his life 
 was owing. One of these Indians was the son of the cele- 
 brated Hrant. "^riie reason of this attempt to murder Scott, 
 was that the Indians were greatly exasperated against him, 
 on account of so many of their peo])le having been killed by 
 the Americans in ihc battles; and so narrowly was he watched 
 by them, that during his stay at Niagara lie was not safe, 
 while out of the inn, without a Hritish escort. 
 
LIFE OP GENERAL SCOTT. 
 
 29 
 
30 life of general scott. .« 
 
 Scott allowed to view the Falls from the Canadiak 
 SIDE ! — After Scott's capture at Queenstown, and while 
 supping with the British General and officers, one of them, 
 a colonel, inquired if he had ever seen the Niagara Falls. 
 " Yes," replied Scott, "from the American side." The colonel 
 replied, in a sarcastic manner, " Before you can view the cata- 
 ract in all its grandeur, from the Canadian shore, you must 
 have the glory of a successful fight." Among the prisoners 
 taken by the Americans at the battle at Fort George, the fol- 
 lowing year, was the same colonel, badly wounded. Scott 
 gave orders that he should be treated with all possible kind- 
 ness and attention, and afterwards obtained permission for hita 
 to return to England on his parole, at a time when similar 
 favors were refused by the enemy. The prisoner improved 
 the earliest opportunity to return his thanks. "I have long 
 owed you an apology," said he. " You have overwhelmed 
 me with kindness. You can now, at your leisure, view the 
 Falls in all their glory." 
 
 Gen. Scott is represented as strict in enforcing vigorous 
 discipline, and various anecdotes are told illustrative of his 
 punctilious regard to military usage. The results at the hard- 
 fought battles of Chippewa and Niagara show the advantage 
 of this training. The following anecdote is given as a speci- 
 men. He saw a captain pass a sentinel posted, the sentinel 
 saluting him by carrying arms. The officer passed, and took no 
 notice of the soldier. The General sent an aid to him to say, 
 that he (the officer,) "would take care to repass the sentinel 
 within half an hour, and repair the fault, or take a trial before 
 a court-martial." 
 
 CONGRESS PRESENTS GEN. SCOTT WITH A GOLD MEDAL. 
 
 Resolution of Congress, approved Nov. 3</, 1814. 
 
 "Resolved, That the President of the United States be request- 
 ed to cause a gold medal to he struck, with suitable emblems 
 and devices, and presented to Major-General Scott, in testimony 
 of the high sense entertained by Congress of his distinguished 
 services, in the successive conflicts of Chippewa and Niagara, 
 and of his uniform gallantry and good conduct in sustaining 
 the reputation of the arms of the United States." 
 
 The medal thus ordered by Congress, was presented by 
 President Monroe, near the close of his administration. The 
 
LirS OF CENEBAL SCOTT. 
 
 31 
 
 FAC SIMILE OF THE MEDAL PRESENTED BT CONGRESS. 
 
32 T.IFE OF GENERAL SCOTT. * 
 
 medal was presciitetl at tlie Executive Mansion, Feb. 2Cth, 
 1825, in the presence of the Cabinet and many other distin- 
 guished persons. The following are the reniarks made by 
 Mr. Monroe on the occasion. 
 
 Presidt'iit AFonroc's Address. 
 
 "Gen. Scott — Your conduct in the late war merited and 
 obtained, in a high degree, tlie approbation of Congress and 
 your conntry. la the battles of Chippewa and Niagara, in 
 Upper Canada, in tlie campaign of IS 14, your daring enterprise 
 and gallantry in action were eminently conspicuons. 
 
 "In rendering justice to you, I recur with pleasure to the 
 report made of tliose actions by tiie military commander, tlie 
 most competent judge of your merit. In the battle of Chippe- 
 wa, he says, you are entitled to the highest praise your conntry 
 can bestow ; and that we are indebted to you, more than to 
 any other person, for the victory obtained in it. 
 
 "In the battle of Niagara you commenced the acti(Mi, and 
 your gallantry in several severe encounters, until disabled by 
 severe wounds, was equally distinguished. As a testimony of 
 the high sense entertained by Congress of your merit in these 
 actions, I have the pleasure to present you this medal." 
 
 M;ijor-Gencral Scott's Reply. 
 
 " With a deep sense of the additional obligation now con- 
 tracted, I accept, at the hands of the venerable chief magistrate 
 of the Union, this classic token of the highest reward that a 
 freeman can receive — the recorded APj'iuiiiATio.v of his 
 
 COUNTRY." 
 
 Gen. Scott made otlier appropriate remarks, for which we 
 have not room. 
 
 Description of the Medal. 
 
 The medal presented to General Scott is large and of mas- 
 sive gold, and is a beautiful specimen of the numismatic ail, — 
 the ilrawing on the previous page presents both sides of the 
 medal, and its dimensions. The portrait of the General is accu- 
 rately drawn. The inscription of the reverse face is surround- 
 ed with a iialm and laurel wreath, entwined about a serpent 
 formed into a circle — emblematic of youth crowned with 
 victory. 
 
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34 Lire or gcncrai. scott. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 The Castle of Sati- Juan d' Ulloa. 
 
 jHF/i^.ift taken by Gen. Scott in the Mex- 
 ican war, and especially in reducing the 
 Castle at Vera Cruz, render any informa- 
 tion in relation to this noted fortress of 
 great interest. 
 
 ■_ The Castle of San Juan d' Ulloa is un- 
 questionably the most celebrated of all 
 '.merican fortresses. Its construction was commenced in the 
 year 1582, upon a bar or bank in front of the town of Vera 
 Cruz, at the distance of 1092 Caslilian varas, or yards, and it is 
 entirely surrounded by water. The centre of the area occupied 
 by this fortress is a small island, upon which Juan de Grijalva 
 landed a year previous to the arrival of Cortez upon our con- 
 tinent ; and at that period it accidentally received the name 
 which it retains to this present day. It seems that there was 
 a shrine or temple erected upon it, in which human victims 
 were sacrificed to the Indian gods ; and as the Spaniards were 
 informed that these offerings were made in accordance with 
 the commands of the kings of Acolhne, (one of the provinces 
 of the empire,) they confoiuided or abbreviated this name into 
 the word Ulloa, which they athxed to the Island. 
 
 Sixty-one years after the conquest, the building of the Cas- 
 tle was commenced ; and although it seems to have been de- 
 signed not only to defend Vera Cruz, but to attack it, in case 
 of necessity, yet that city was sacked by the pirates, under the 
 renowned freebooter, liorencillo, in the year 1683. 
 
 The cost of the Castle has been estimated by various writers 
 to have amounted to the sum of forty millions of dollars, and it 
 may not be regarded as an exaggeration, if we consider the 
 difficulty of obtaining some of the materials of which it is 
 composed, and the fact that a large portion of it is built on 
 foundations laid in the sea, whose waves it has resisted for 
 more than two centuries. 
 
 According to a report made in January, 177.', it was the 
 opinion of a council of war, composed of distinguished oliicers, 
 that this fortress, after all its defences were completed, would 
 require a garrison, for eflective service, composed of 1700 in- 
 fantry soldiers, 300 artillery soldiers, 228 soldiers, ajid 100 
 supernumeraries. 
 
f 
 
 LIFE OF GENERAL SCOTT. S5 
 
 Vera Craz and the Castle taken, March 26. 
 
 Full Particulars of the landing of the Troops, under General 
 >f<cott — Storming of outposts — Surrender of City and Castle. 
 
 We give telow a condensed account of oiir Maval and Military Operations at 
 Vera Cruz, up to the present time. Wj -have taken great pains to separate 
 from the midst of the mass of floating rumors , 'ruth, and believe the follow- 
 ing to be the most authentic account which has y '>een published. 
 
 March 5tk. The scene from the' deck this morning is a beautiful one. More 
 than fitly vessels are in sight, twenty of which are under sa'l, and standing 
 In for Anton Lizardo. Among-st them I observe four lartje steniners, two of 
 which are propellers, one ship rigged, and the other a bark. The lioyal Mail 
 Steamer passed through the midst of the fleet on her way to the city.'tSj, „' 
 
 The Castle has opened a slow and irregular fire of shot and shells <^M 
 one of our steamers, but none appear to have touched her, some passing ove^s 
 and some falling short. The shells all burst too soon by several seconds, and 
 they have stopped firing them. Several ships are in sight standing in. 
 
 2 o'clock, P. M. — The Peirita has just passed us, her hurricane deck pre- 
 senting a most imposing array of military personel. We passed each other 
 very rapidly ; but, with a glass, I observed General Scott, Commodore Connor 
 and Lieutenant Raines, of the 4th Artillery, in the crowd. Smaller or less 
 interesting objects were not easily distinguishable. 
 
 0th, At about eleven the fleet began to move, and before 2 P. M., came to 
 anchor at Sacrificios in the following order: 
 
 The Raritan frigate, containing 2800 troops, just inside Sacrificios ; the 
 Spitfire followed, towing 20 surf boats ; the Princeton, with near 2000 men, 
 came next ; the Massachusetts, bearing the broad flag of General Scott, and 
 over 1000 troops; the propeller bark Edith, the head quarters of Gen Worth, 
 also crowded, the propeller Endora, filled with troops, and the Albany cor- 
 vette, with 900 soldiers, and towing eleven boats, next passed, in the order I 
 have here given them, and came to anchor in beautiful style. 
 
 Then came the Potomac frigate, crowded with soldiers "alow and aloft" 
 I should say, full 3000 men ; then the old Petrita " drew her slow length 
 along," followed by the bark " Floyd," stowed fore and aft with " rough al- 
 lies," — tcamslers, I suppose. The "Vixen" steamer came next, filled with 
 troops, and towing fourteen boats. To her succeeded the Oregon, (ship), full 
 of "red coats," or red backs of some kind; the steamer "New Orleans," 
 with Gen. Quitman and his brigade, or part of it, and Generals Jesup and 
 Shields; next the steamer Virginia, I believe, (with four masts,) crowded ; 
 next the Alabama steamer, crowded also ; then the ship Alabama, ditto ; then 
 the U. S. brig Porpoise, full as a tick — a bed tick ; and the hrigantine Em 
 pire, ditto. Next followed the transports Montezuma and Catharine, also 
 crowded with troops, and the Huron, Maine, Columbia and others, with Mag- 
 azines, Ordnance, Stores, &c., between thirty and forty sail in all. 
 
 Not a single collision occurred. A number of gun boats had preceded the 
 fleet, and taken up their position in a line above the Adams, in front of 
 Sacrificios, at the same time with that ship. The Spitfire and Vixen subse- 
 quently fell into the same line. 
 
 Description of the landing of the Troops. — Before the shipping had all fairly 
 anchored, the process of debarkation commenced with the first division ; Gen- 
 eral Worth in command. The Spitfire and 4 gunboats then shifted their 
 berths, and took a position as close in to the mainland as they could anchor ia 
 with safety. In this movement the Spitfire got ashore, but suffered no injury 
 of moment, and Captain Tatnall, her commander, at once passed with his 
 boat to a point out of the way. 
 
 It would take any quantity of paper to give a full efltct to description of 
 the first landing of our troops on the afternoon of the 9th — a more stirring 
 spectacle has probably never been witnessed in America. In the first line 
 
36 
 
 tIFE OF SEN. SCOTT. 
 
 there were no less than seventy surf boats, containing nearly 4,000 re^ula 
 and all of them expected to tneot an enemy before they struck the shore. 
 
 IVotnithstiindmg this, every man nns anxious to be first — they phinged ij 
 the water waist deep a? they reached tlie shore — the " stars and strif 
 were instantly fli)ating — a rush was made for the eand hills, and amid Ic 
 shouts ibey pressed onward. 
 
 Another account says, at 20 minutes past 5, P. M., at a signal from 
 Massachusetts, the column, or rather, the ffeld of boats, began to movp, i 
 at .Wminnles past 5 the whole l>ne groiin()ed, and the scene became onel 
 >mlescribab)c interest. In an incredibly short ti-me, tlie American sland^ 
 was seen wavinr; on Vhc .•iiininiit of an elevation a few rods from the bet 
 and a regiment was .standing by it, complete and roclt-like. A neighborl 
 hill at the »an>e instant presented the same magicaJ feature, nnd another 
 another the same. The work was done. The soverergr* and indepen(^| 
 State of Vera Croz was a chmtlel of Yankeeland. 
 
 Three long and loud cheers arose from their comrades that were yet I 
 boird, awaiting en>barkation, and meanwhile tlie tops and eyery portion| 
 the foreitrn vessels were crowded with spectators- of the scene. Sol one ' 
 witnrssed it will ever forget tlie landing. 
 
 We are indebted to one of the officers of the Princeton for the fullow] 
 
 summary of the proceedir>g8 in this most briUiant achievement, as achia 
 
 Mient that will redound more to the glory of our Army and Marine among I 
 
 nations abroad, than any tlvat has yet had place in our annals: — 
 
 March 9//i. — Di.serabarkntion of troops commenced. 
 
 l\lh — Investment of the city completed. 
 
 }8lh. — Trfnchos opened at night. 
 
 U.'i<l. — Cily summoned to surrender; on refusal, seven mortars opened 
 
 fire of bomb-shells. 
 
 QAlh- — Navy battery of three long 32 pounders and three 63 pound^ 
 Pai.vhan guns, opened a f?re in the morning— distance 700 yards. 
 
 25M.— Another battery of four 24 pounik^s and three mortars opened 
 day; the naval battery opened a breach in the walls of the city. The] 
 was very destructive to the town. 
 2C>!h — Early in the morning the city proposed for a surrender. 
 Commissioners on the American side, Generafs Worth and Pillow, i 
 Colonel Totten. 
 
 2C/S. — Negotiations completed; city and castfe surrendered — Mexi4 
 troops marched out and laid down their arms — American troops occupied 
 city and batteries of the town and castle. At noon on that day the Ami 
 can ensign was hoisted over both, and saluted by our vessels; the garri/ 
 of about 1000 men, laying down their arms, as prisoners of war. and bel 
 sent to their home.-i on parole — .5 generals, CO superior officers, and 270 cq 
 pany officers being among the prisoners. 
 
 The total loss of the .Ainericnn army, from the day "f landing, March 9lhl 
 Cj persons killed and wounrtcfJ. OfTicera killed: Capl. John R. Vinton, 2d 
 tillery ; Capt. Afliurtis, 2d' Infantry ; Midshipman T. B. Shubrick. Woundi 
 Col. Dickenson, of South Cnrohna Volunteers, severely ; Lieut. A. S. Baldv 
 Wavy, slighily ; Lieut. Deforin, iid Infantry, s^ighl^y; Litnt. Lewis Ncill,| 
 Dragoons, severely. All the wounded are ctoing well. 
 
 Of the Mexicans the shoflrter is said to be immense. The commandl 
 general was stationed in the city, wlii^ his second in-coiiunand held the ca& 
 Their regiiUr forte v/.as about 3^0()(), and Uiey hail atwut tl»e same number 
 irregulars. Oul-iide the city was Gen. Le Vega, with a forse of from & 
 10,000 cavalry. Col. Unrncy, with l)elween 2 and :!00 United Slates dragoci 
 charired on and rep"''*'' "i'* immense force, with terrible carnage, ■catierl 
 them ill alt directions. ' f 
 
 Tlipy had barricaded a bridge to protect themselves, but oar artillery (J 
 knocked away ihia obstacle, and gaw Harney's command a chance at thi| 
 In the altack on the town and castle, oivly our smaller vessels, drawing 
 over nine feet, were available ; bu-l few bhot and i<hells were thrown into 
 castle, the attack being niainlv upon ihe lown. None of the enemy's inis» 
 ■truck our vessels, and Midshipman Sliubrick, who was killed, was servinJ 
 battery on shore. With the loss of the city the hopes of the enemy felll 
 they had not j^rovisioiu enough, in the castle to sustain a protracted siege. 
 
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