, 3 HISTORY OF CONGRESS THE Fortieth Congress OF THE UNITED STATES. 1867-1869. VOLUME II. By WILLIAM HOEATIO BARNES, A.M., • ': > WITH PORTRAITS ON STEEL. . / NEW YORK: W. H. BARNES & CO., PUBLISHERS, 17 PAEK ROW. 1871. # >\ A I according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870, by WILLIAM II. BARNES, in the Office rarian of Congress at "Washington. BIOGRAPHIES AND PORTRAITS. VOLUME II. EEPRESENTATIVES. DONNELLY, IGNATIUS, DRIGGS, JOHN F. ECKLEY, EPHRAIM R. EGGLESTON, BENJAMIN, EL A, JACOB H. ELDRIDGE, CHARLES A. ELIOT, THOMAS D. ELLIOTT, JAMES T. FARNSWORTH, JOHN F. FERRISS, ORANGE, FERRY, THOMAS W\ FIELDS, WILLIAM C. FINNEY, DARWIN A. FOX, JOHN, FRENCH, JOHN R. GARFIELD, JAMES A. GETZ, J. LAWRENCE, GLOSSBRENNER, ADAM J. GOLLADAY, JACOB S. GOSS, JAMES H. GRAVELLY, JOSEPH J. GRISWOLD, JOHN A. GROVER, ASA P. HAIGHT, CHARLES, HALSEY, GEORGE A. HAMILTON, CHARLES M. HARDING, ABNER C. HAUGHEY, THOMAS, HAWKINS, ISAAC R. HEATON, DAVID, HIGBY, WILLIAM, HILL, JOHN, HINDS, JAMES, HOLMAN, WILLIAM S. HOOPER, SAMUEL, HOPKINS, BENJAMIN F. HOTCHKISS, JULIUS, HUBBARD, AS AH EL W. HUBBARD, CHESTER D. HUBBARD, RICHARD D. HULBURD, CALVIN T. HUMPHREY, JAMES M. HUNTER, MORTON C. INGERSOLL, EBON C. JENCKES, THOMAS A. JOHNSON, JAMES A. JONES, ALEXANDER H. JONES, THOMAS LAURENS, JUDD, NORMAN B. JULIAN, GEORGE W. KELLEY, WILLIAM D. KELLOGG, FRANCIS W. KELSEY, WILLIAM H. KERR, MICHAEL C. KETCHAM, JOHN H. KITCHEN, BETHUEL M. KNOTT, J. PROCTOR, KOONTZ, WILLIAM H. LAFLIN, ADDISON H. LASH, ISRAEL G. LAWRENCE, GEORGE V. LAWRENCE, WILLIAM, LINCOLN, WILLIAM S. LOAN, BENJAMIN F. LOGAN, JOHN A. LOUGHRIDGE, WILLIAM, LYNCH, JOHN, MALLORY, RUFUS, MANN, JAMES, MARSHALL, SAMUEL S. MARVIN, JAMES M. MAYNARD, HORACE, BIOGRAPHIES AND PORTRAITS. MCCARTHY, DENNIS, McCLURG, JOSEPH W. Mccormick, james ii. m< cdllough, biram, McKEE, SAM1 MERCUR, DL1 S MILLER, GEORGE F. MOORE, WILLIAM, MOORHEAD, JAMES K. MORRELL, DANIEL J. MORRISSEY, JOHN, MULLINS, JAMES, MDNGEN, WILLIAM, Ml ERS, LEONARD, NEWCOMB, CARMAN A. NEWSHAM, JOSEPH P. NIBLACK, WILLIAM E. NICHOLSON, JOHN A. NOELL, THOMAS B. NORRIS, BENJAMIN W. NUNN, DAVID A. O'NEILL, CHARLES, ORTH, GODLOVE S. PAINE, HALBERT E. PERHAM, SIDNEY, PETERS, JOHN A. PETTIS, S. NEWTON, PHELPS, CHARLES E. PIKE, FREDERICK A. PILE, WILLIAM A. PLANTS, TOB1 \S A. POLAND, LUKE I'. POLSLEY, DANIEL, POMEROY, THEODORE M. PRICE, HIi: \M. PRUYN, JOHN V. L. RANDALL, SAMUEL W. l: MM. GREEN B. ROBERTSON, WILLIAM II. ROBINSON, WILLIAM L. ROOTS, LOGAN II. ROSS, LI'.W l> W. s\w Vi:i:. PHILETUS, \onnelly that he was " a candidate for the United States Senate. and Burely had no good demand on the party to elect him to the Eon6e of Representatives merely as a stepping stone to the Senate, and to enable him the better to control votes in the contest." Mr. Donnelly has been an active and able member of the House, and his acts and Bpeeches evince not only ability and energy, but are igly marked by patriotic and philanthropic views. Among other speeches of his delivered in the Thirty-eighth Congress, was one on the" Reform in the Indian System," from which we present one or two brief selections: •■ I. e< it not be said that the nation shall advance in its career of greatness regardless of the destruction of the red man. There is room enongh in the world, thank God, for all the races he has created to inhabit it. Thirty million white people can certainly find space somewhere on this broad continent for a third of a million of those who originally possessed the whole of it. "While we are inviting to our shores the oppressed races of mankind, let us at least deal justly by those whose rights ante-date our own by countless centuries. It is the destiny of the white man to overrun this world; but it is as plainly his destiny to carry in his train the great forces which con- stitute hi- superiority, civilization, and Christianity. Weare exhibit- inn-, to. day. the uneqnaled spectacle of a superior race sharing its noblest privileges with the humblest of mankind, and lifting up to the condition of freedom and happiness those who, from the date of time, have been either barbarians or slaves. •• How shall the Indian — a nomad, a hunter, a barbarian — compete on the same soil, and under the same circumstances, in the great struggle for life with the civilized white man? Civilization means energy, industry, acuteness, skill, pel-severance. Barbarism means in- dolence, torpidity, ignorance, and irresolution. How can the two be brought together,and the inferior not fall at once a sacrifice to the rapacity of the superior? This is the problem before us. JOBQ^ F. DEIGGS. TO ^ OTH the grandfathers of John F. Driggs were soldiers of the Revolution. His ancestors were residents of Con- necticut, whenc his parents removed to Ivinderkook, New York. Here John F. Driggs was born March 8, 1814. In the year 1817 his father emigrated to the banks of the Susque- hanna river ; and after a brief residence there, moved to Fort Mont- gomery in the Highlands of the Hudson, near "West Point. Here he resided until his son was fourteen years of age, when he again moved to the village of Tarrytown ; and after remaining there two years, he settled in New York City. Here the father and mother both died, leaving a large family of sons and daughters, who inherited nothing except a moral and religious training, and limited education. At the age of sixteen John F. Driggs was apprenticed to learn the sash, blind, and door-making business. Having finished his ap- prenticeship, and worked as a journeyman for two years, he com- menced business as a master mechanic. Mr. Driggs received strong anti-slavery convictions at a very early period of his life. When a boy, residing among the Highlands of New York, he had for neighbors many of the men who had been sol- diers during the Revolution, and from them he frequently heard the story of the war. Such influences, together with the teachings of religi- ous and patriotic parents, implanted within him a hatred of oppression and slavery which has been his cardinal principle of action in every phase of life. After his removal to New York, he became vice-president of an anti-slavery society, organized among the young men attached to 2 JOHN F. DRIGGS. the Bedford-Streel Methodist Episcopal Church. This infant organ- ization was strongly opposed by the old and leading members of the church, who considered it their duty to stop all anti-slavery agitation. Extreme measures were resorted to by the church authorities. To show how utterly futile would be their efforts to stifle the liberty of ch and the dictates of conscience, Mr. Driggs wrote the follow- : _ :ues: While life's blood circles through my veins, And of the man one drop remains, My voice shall aid to part the chains That bind the slave. While Southern tyrants wield the rod O'er half-starved images of God, And Northern dupes obey each nod They choose to give ; # I neither seek nor ask applause From men engaged in such a cause; I'd rather suffer by their laws Than have their praise. Go kiss the feet of tyranny, Ye cowards, bend the trembling knee, Nor dare on bleeding Liberty Your eyes to raise. With fiendish passions uncontrolled, The man who man as slave would hold, Would buy and sell his God for gold Had he the power. So would the man in Christian guise Who feels no pangs, nor pity rise, V* here fetter'd slaves, with pleading eyes, Trembling cower. So would the man who claims to be The friend of human liberty, Yet for the wrongs of slavery Will find excuse. So Northern dupes and Southern knaves, Who are yourselves the meanest slaves, No fairer title merit craves Than your abuse. JOHN F. DRIGGS. 3 Opposition to slavery is no new thing with Mr. Driggs, but has been a deeply felt and openly avowed conviction from his early years. Mr. Driggs, being an ardent admirer of Jefferson and the Declar- ation of Independence, was a Democrat, but took no part in politics, except to vote, until 1844, when he actively participated in the re- form movement by which James Harper was elected mayor of New York. Mr. Driggs was appointed by the Common Council Superin- tendent of the BlackwelPs Island Penitentiary, and held the office two years, discharging its duties with fidelity and to the satisfaction of the people. In 1856 Mr. Driggs removed to East Saginaw, in the State of Michigan, where he now resides. On his removal to the West, he immediately identified himself with the Republican party just organ- izing. Two years after his settlement in Michigan, he was elected President of the Village of East Saginaw, by a large majority over an old resident and popular Democratic lawyer. In 1859 he was elected a member of the Michigan -Legislature, re- ceiving three hundred and twenty-seven majority out of five hundred votes cast in his village, and thirty-one majority in the district, which o-ave three hundred Democratic majority on the remainder of the ticket. Upon the accession of Mr. Lincoln to the Presidency, Mr. Driggs was appointed Eegister of the United States Land Office for the Saginaw District. In 1862 Mr. Driggs received the Republican nomination for Re- presentative to the Thirty-eighth Congress from the Sixth District of Michigan. This district is very large, embracing all the Upper Pen- insula, including the entire Lake Superior region, with its vast copper, iron, salt, and lumber interests. In this district, which was claimed by the Democrats, and regarded by the Republicans as doubtful, Mr. Driggs received a majority of eight hundred and fifty- seven votes. He has since been twice re-elected, receiving in 1864 a majority of eighteen hundred and fifty-six, and in 1S66 a majority of tour thousand and forty-six. 4 JOHN F. DRIGGS. after the commencement of the war. Mr. Driggs aided his eldest bod in raisinga company of volunteers for the first regiment of sharpshooters, which he commanded, and which did gallant service until the close of the rebellion. During the war, Mr. Driggs devoted all his time, when not in Congress, to the work of raiding rnen for the army. "When he re- turned home from the long session of 1864, he met Governor Blair in Detroit, who requested him to raise one of the six regiments al- 1 to his State under the last call for three hundred thousand ni.i i. Mr. Driggs replied that he had been absent from his family for eight months, and could not undertake the work. "If we do not "in- country," replied the Governor, "what will become of our families?" Mr. Driggs promptly responded, " I will try." He went immediately to work, and in >ixty days the Twenty-ninth Regiment of Michigan infantry was ready for the field. While in Washington, Mr. Driggs was untiring in his attentions to sick and Mounded soldiers in the hospital. "When an Indian lieutenant in his son's company, and his uncle, a former chief, died heir wounds in the hospital, Mr. Driggs had their bodies em- balmed and sent home to their friends at his own expense. In Congress, Mr. Driggs has been laborious and faithful to the country at large and to the inter,-!- of his widely-extended district. He has been very successful in securing grants of assistance to public improvements, greatly needed in his new and undeveloped district. ■ he took his seat in ( Jongress he has never been absent at the commencement or close of any session. He has laboriously and faithfully Berved on the Committees of Public Lands, Pensions, and Mines and Mining, rarely missing a meeting of his committees or a in the House ^ EPHRAIM R. EOKLEY- PHRAIM R. ECKLEY was born in Jefferson County, Ohio, December 9, 1812, and received such education as could be *^lf acquired in the common schools of the West at that early day. He studied and practised law, but was early drawn aside from the pursuit of his profession by the demands of official duty. From 1813 to 1S50, for the most of the time, he held a seat in the State Senate. In 1853 he was a Representative in the Ohio Legislature. On the breaking out of the rebellion, he went into the army as colonel of the 26th Regiment of Ohio Volunteers and subsequently commanded the 80th Regiment. He served in several battles and at Corinth had command of a brigade. In the fall of 1862 he was elected a Representative from Ohio to the Thirty-eighth Congress, and in the following March resigned his position in the army to take his seat, serving during his first term on the Committee on Pri- vate Land Claims and the Committee on Roads and Canals. He was re-elected to the Thirty-ninth Congress, during which he served on the Committee on Public Lands and the Committee on Accounts. He was re-elected to the Fortieth Congress, receiving 13,917 votes, against 9,275 for a Democratic candidate, and served on the Com- mittee on Public Lands and the Committee on Accounts. He was a delegate to the "Loyalists' Convention," which met in Philadelphia in 1866. Mr. Eckley was watchful of business, both in the Commit- tees of which he was a member and on the floor of the House. He introduced several bills and resolutions of a private nature, but took no part in the public debates. He was a candidate for Clerk of the House, before the Republican caucus, at the organization of the Forty-first Congress, but failed to receive the nomination and retired to private life. BEXJAMIX EGGLESTON. gENJAMIN EGGLESTON, the father of the subject of this sketch, served ten years in the war of 1812, as a Captain, under General Winiield Scott. At the close of the war he devoted himself to agricultural pursuits in Saratoga County, New Y«>rk. where his son, Benjamin Eggleston, the subject of this sketch, was born, January 3, 1816. In 1831, the family emigrated to Ohio, and settled in Athens County. Remaining there one year, they re- moved to Eocking County, where the elder Eggleston continued to le, an enterprising farmer, a respected citizen, and a consistent member of the Baptist Church until his death, in 1855. Soon after settling in the wilds of Hocking County, Mr. Eggleston and his sons took a contract for making rails at thirty-one cents per hundred. When this work was completed, the subject of this sketch, in company with his brother, walked fifty-four miles to the Ohio I il, sixmiles below Chillicothe, and worked on " Arthington's job" at thirteen dollars per month. The next summer, notwithstanding the kind admonition of his father thai a "rolling stone gathers no moss," lie joined the caravan of Gregory and Co., and was assigned to the duty of driving one of the cages, containing the" White Bear." The caravan traveled over nearly all the State, and arrived in Cleve- land about the firsl of October. The Menagerie being now destined for Philadelphia for winter quarters, he determined to accompany it no further. [nclined toward commercial life by what he observed among the boats and shipping in the harbor of Cleveland, he determined to de- v himself to canal-boating. Whereupon, he hired to Capt. Gear BENJAMIN EGGLESTON. 2 of the canal boat Oneida, with whom he made three trips to Fulton Stark County, for wheat, when the boat was laid up, and the crew dis- charged. Nothing daunted in his determination to prosecute his newous.ness, he hired to service on the boat Oswego, commanded by Captam hitter of Chillicothe, and made one trip to Massillon, and re- turned. The Captain was taken sick, and died at Cleveland kindly attended by Mr. Eggleston to the last. He then hired to Captain Warren of the canal boat Aurora, and made one trip to Newark where the boat was laid up, and the crew discharged. .Persevering armd all discouragements in his new pursuit, Mr. Eggleston next hu-ed to Capt. Hull of the Miami, on which he continued until it reached Xew Baltimore, where be left, and reached home the first of December. He had saved about eighty dollars, his father ac- knowledging that his predictions concerning the "rolling stone" had not been verified. In the spring, Mr. Eggleston returned to Cleveland under a previous engagement with Captain Warren with whom be remained until the following August, when the proprietors ot the Ohio Troy and Erie line having noticed bis ability, faithful- ness and industry, promoted him to the command of the boat Mo,, UceUo lie continued aboard this boat till the close of the season and the next year was tendered his choice of all the boats of that me. T he next spring, the proprietors made him their general agent to buy produce in Southern Ohio, and to superintend their boats He continued in their service until 1845, when he bought an interest' m one-half the boats of the line, and took them to the new canal for operation under his sole control. He made his residence in Cincin- nati, and established the first successful line of boats from that city to loledo After running the boats two years in company with ' the original proprietors, he purchased their interest, and took his brother as a partner. I" 1851, he sold out his entire interest in the canal line to hisbrother merchant of Cmcmaati, under the style of « Wilson, Eggleston & ">., one of the largest and most successful business firms in the West. 3 BENJAMIN EGGLESTON. Mr. Eggleston took an early interest in the municipal affairs of the city, and in L853 was chosen a member of the City Council. He held the positions of President of the City Council, and Chairman of the Financial Committee, lie has taken an active interest in all the public improvements of the city. The citizens of Cincinnati highly appreciated and acknowledged his services in devising a plan to save them from an impending calamity caused by the short supply of fuel in 1857. At the breaking out of the rebellion, large numbers of volunteers had entered the army, leaving their families destitute in Cincinnati. In L861, Mr. Eggleston introduced in the City Council a resolution pro- viding for the distribution from the city treasury of §90,000 among the needy families of soldiers. He personally superintended the distribu- tion of this fund weekly, to the worthy recipients of the relief. in L861, Mr. Eggleston was elected a State Senator for the County of Hamilton. He was a member of the Chicago Convention which nom- inated Mr. Lincoln in 1860, and was one of the Presidential Elec- tors of thai year. In L864r, Mr. Eggleston was elected a Representative from Ohio in the Thirty-ninth Congress, and was re-elected in 1866 to the For- tieth ( iongress. In October, 1868, he was a candidate for re-election. After a canvass of extraordinary excitement, the official returns indi- cated his defeat by a majority of two hundred and eleven votes. Evidences of fraud were so numerous as, in the opinion of his friends, to render it the duty of Mr. Eggleston to contest the seat. In Congress, Mr. Eggleston has been particularly active in promot- ing the improvementof Western rivers and harbors. He has labored in behalf of those important interests not only by vote and speech on the floor of the House, but by his efforts in the Committee of Corn- merer, of which he is a member. He has not limited his Congres- sional labors for the promotion of measures for the advantage of his city alone. Chicago. St. Louis, and other Western cities have shared in the benefits of important measures proposed by him. JACOB H. ELA. ACOB H. ELA was born at Rochester, New Hampshire, July IS, 1S20. At fourteen he entered a woolen mill, in M which he worked three years, and then went to Concord for the purpose of learning the printing business in the office of the "New Hampshire Statesman," of which he was afterwards one of the publishers. As early as 1835 he entered actively into the anti- slavery movement; was for several years one of the Board ot Man- ao-ers of the New Hampshire Anti-slavery Society, and the publisher of its or^an, « The Herald of Freedom." He aided actively in the movement against the annexation of Texas, which resulted in the defeat of the Democrats in New Hampshire, and the election ot John P Hale to the United States Senate. He assisted in establishing the "Independent Democrat," at Concord, and was one of its pub- lishers In 1847 he returned to his native town, where he held various local offices. On the repeal of the Missouri compromise he again actively engaged in politics. In 1857 he was elected a Repre- sentative in the State Legislature, and in 1861 was appointed United States Marshal, serving until 1866, when he was removed by Presi- dent Johnson. In 1867 he was elected a Representative for New Hampshire to the Fortieth Congress, in which he was a member of the Committee on Printing and the Committee on Freedman/s Affairs. He spoke briefly and forcibly on several important subjects ot legis- lation ; for example, in a speech, December 3, 1867, he opposed the repeal of the tax on cotton because it would « take from the internal revenue of the country one-fifteenth part of the whole amount derived from excise, without making any provision for decreasing the ex- penses of the government." A few days later he ably revived the President's Message, asserting "that it was full of the spirit of the rebellion, wicked in its assumptions and reckless in its statements Mr Ela was re-elected to the Forty-first Congress by a majority of seventeen hundred votes over the Democratic candidate. OHAELES A. ELDKIDGE. \& lilARLES A. ELDRIDGEwas born in Bridport, Vermont, February 27, 1821. When a child he removed with his parents to the State of [New York, and settled in St. Law- rence County. Here he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1816. In 1818 he removed to Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, where he practised successfully in the circuit and supreme courts of the State, doing a very large business for the place in which he lived. His first appearance in public office was in 1851, when he was a member of the State Senate of Wisconsin. In 1862 he was elected a Representative from Wisconsin to the Thirty-eighth Congress as a .Democrat, and served on the Committee on Revolutionary Claims. His first speech in Congress was against the censure and expulsion of Hon. Alexander Long of Ohio, for words spoken in debate. He was re-elected to the Thirty-ninth Congress, in which he served on the I ■■'imittee on Naval Affairs. During the Fortieth and Forty-first • which he was re-elected, he served on the Committee on the Judiciary. \ "no of the ablest members on the Democratic side of the House, he had occasion frequently to defend the principles and policy of his party, which he invariably did to the satisfaction of his friends. One of the most memorable of his speeches was that against confis- cation, in answer to Hon. Thaddeus Stevens. Another important speecli was his reply to Mr. Boutwell against the regulation of suf- frage by the Federal government. He made several speeches against the Congressional plan of reconstruction, and in favor of the imme- diate r -' >ratinn of the recently rebellious States. Commencing one of eches Mr. Eldridge remarked : " I cannot now stop to argue CHARLES A. ELDEIDGE. 2. that the States to which this bill is intended to apply, are still of right, legally and constitutionally, States in this Union. That they are, is undeniable as that the Union itself is still in existence. If they are not living States in the Union, saved and preserved to it by the war, then all the blood shed and treasure spent within the last six years was in vain." He proceeded to insist that the bill was at war with every principle underlying the Government, and with every prin- ciple of civil liberty intended to be secured by the Constitution. He was on the Committee appointed to make the preliminary in- vestigation with a view to impeaching President Johnson, and with Mr. Marshall of Illinois, made a minority report against impeachment and censure. During the discussion of the resolution for the impeach- ment of the President, reported by the Committee on Reconstruction, Mr. Eldridge addressed the House in a speech of which the following is an extract : " This proceeding to impeach the President is another wave of the war. of the surging passions it evolved. It is the third time it has threatened to overwhelm and submerge the present Executive in an effort to impeach him. It is an effort no more hostile to him and to his honor than to the exercise of the executive power as one of the constitutional powers of this government. The President and the power will go down together. It is a war upon the government itself, and it does seem as though these oft-repeated assaults will ultimately be successful. . . . Sir, I believe that this is a part of a great and organized plan to get rid of the Executive and to invest Congress with all the powers of government. It is the execution of a great and determined purpose to subvert and overthrow the Constitution and destroy all the constitutional departments of the government. It is the carrying out of a purpose long since formed by the most radical portion of this Congress to retain power, right or wrong — to hold on to the offices heretofore subject to the disposition of the Ex- ecutive, even if by such holding the government of the Constitution and all the great interests of the people shall be involved in one common ruin." THOMAS D. ELIOT. j^wHOMAS D. ELIOT was born in Boston, Massachusetts, fS March 20, 1808, but spent the years of his early life in the city of Washington, where his father, William G. Eliot, held an important position connected with the Treasury Department. Young Eliot graduated at Columbia College, Washington, in 1S25, studied law, and settled in New Bedford, Massachusetts. He served in both houses of the Massachusetts Legislature, and was elected a Representative to the Thirty-third Congress for the unexpired term of Zeno Scudder. He was re-elected to the Thirty-sixth, Thirty- seventh, Thirty-eighth, Thirty-ninth, and Fortieth Congresses, serv- ing throughout on the Committee on Commerce, of which, durino- his last term, he was the chairman. He was also chairman of the Special Committee on Confiscation of the Property of Rebels, of the Special Committee on Emancipation, and on Freedmen. He drew several important bills relating to the colored people, for whose benefit he secured much important legislation. His interest in this oppressed people began very early. He ussed to tell with special satisfaction the story of a colored woman whom his father rescued from slavery when she was quite young. As a member of Con- gress he bore a leading part, and exercised an important influence on the legislation of the country. His integrity was unquestioned, and his fidelity to principle undoubted. At the close of the Fortieth Congress it was found that his exhausting labors had impaired his health. It was hoped, however, that rest would restore his wonted energies, but in this he was disappointed. He daily grew weaker, until in March, 1870, he sought relief by a visit to Savannah, but without any benefit from the change. After about a month's sojourn there he returned, and gradually sank until he^died, June 14, 1870, from a malignant tumor within the abdomen. JAMES T. ELLIOTT. AMES T. ELLIOTT was bora in Monroe County, Georgia, April 22, 1823. He received a common school education ; studied law, and commenced practice in 1854. He was chosen president of the Mississippi, Ouachita, and Tied River Railroad in 1858; established the " South Arkansas Journal," a Republican paper, at Camden in 1867, and was its editor and proprietor. He was chosen judge of the Sixth Judicial Circuit of Arkansas in 1866 ; and was elected a Representative from Arkansas to the Fortieth Congress, as a Republican, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the assassination of James Hinds. Having been admitted to his seat, on the 22d of January, 1869, he addressed the House on the life, character, and tragic death of his predecessor. On the 2d of February, 1869, he spoke on the joint resolution proposing the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution, making statements relating to his own life, as follows : " You are now being addressed by a truly and thoroughly reconstructed rebel . . . Though for nearly three years a rebel against our Government, I can declare with, entire truth and sincerity that I have always been at heart a Union man. I was always opposed to seces- sion, and always thought it was wrong in principle as well as policy to break up or attempt to break up that glorious Union which, was devised by the wisdom and cemented by the blood of our brave old revolutionary sires. I fought against secession with all the energy I could put forth. But I could not stop the frantic current of revolu- tion that seemed to be borne along by the irresistible hand of destiny, carrying, like the besom of destruction, every thing before it. Ar- kansas, by a majority of five thousand votes, decided against seces- sion ; but the members of our convention, exhibiting a fatal weak- ness, allowed themselves to be shorn of their locks, and thus Arkansas fell from her loyalty." J0H3T F. FAEXSWOETH. J OHN F. FARNSWORTH is a native of Eaton, Lower Canada, and was born March 27, 1820. He was of New England parentage, and his father, though poor, was well educated. In 1S34 the family removed to Michigan, then a territory. Here the father engaged in farming and land surveying; his sod John assisted him in both occupations, at the same time going to school at intervals, pursuing among other things the study of sur- veying, that by practising it he might secure means for further study, and especially for his contemplated study of the law. In L843 Mr. Farnsworth, now a young man of twenty-three, went to St. Charles, Illinois, and made his permanent residence there. Having previously been admitted to the bar, he now engaged in the practice of law, " having, at that time," to use his own words, "neither money, friends, or library, and but little knowledge or experience." Mr. Farnsworth was, by education, a Democrat; and in the cam- paign of 1844 engaged heartily in advocating the Democratic ticket, and in promoting the election of Polk to the Presidency. In 1846, however, upon the annexation of Texas, he left the Democratic ranks, allied himself with the Liberty party, and assisted in the nomination of < >wen Lovejoy for Congress. Since that time he has constantly given his influence and support to the cause of anti-slavery. In 1856, and again in 1S58, he was elected to Congress by very large majorities, from what was then known as the Chicago District. He assisted in the nomination of Mr. Lincoln in 1860, leaving his seat in Congress and making a journey to Chicago for that purpose, and he seems to have been the only member of Congress from Illinois, at that time, who believed in the possibility of Mr. Lincoln's nomination. JOHN F. FARNSWORTH. 2 In the spring of 1861 the war came on, and, in the following October, Mr. Farnsworth raised the 8th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, nearly 1200 strong, and proceeded with it to Washington. For about thirteen months he commanded this regiment as its colonel ; and, during this time, he participated, together with his regiment, in most of the battles under McOlellan, upon the Peninsula, and those of South Mountain, and of Antietam in Maryland. In these battles his regiment was almost invariably in advance when approaching the enemy, and in the rear when retreating from him. In Nov- ember, 1862, he received the appointment of brigadier-general, and was assigned to the 1st Cavalry Brigade, which he continued to command till after the battle of Fredericksburg. At this time, owing to a severe lameness caused by being constantly in the saddle, Gen. Farnsworth was obliged to request leave of absence for medical treat- ment ; and having, in the fall of 1862, been re-elected to Congress, he, on the 4th of March following, resigned his commission in the army. In the succeeding autumn, however, he was authorized to raise another regiment of cavalry, the 67th Illinois, officering it chiefly from his old regiment. In 1864 Gen. Farnsworth was again elected to Congress, and was also honored with a fourth election in 1866, the two last nominations being by acclamation, and on both of these occasions he received the largest majority, at his election, given by any district in the United States. During the Fortieth Congress he was chairman of the Com- mittee on Post-offices and Post-roads, and a member of the Commit- tee on Reconstruction. He took an important part in legislation, and was a frequent and forcible speaker on the floor of the House. In the Forty-first Congress, as chairman of the Committee on Post-offices and Post-roads, he reported and advocated a bill abolish- ing the franking privilege, and, as a member of the Reconstruction Committee, he favored the readmission of Virginia, Georgia, and other States on terms of great liberality to those who participated in the Rebellion. Vol. 2. 2 OBANGE FEREISS. yf^ RANGE FEREISS was born at Glen's Falls, Warren County, |l|F New York, November 26, 1S14. His father, John A. Ferriss, was one of the early settlers of the town, having moved there from Dutchess County in the year 1794. His paternal ancestors were from Wales, emigrating to this country before the Revolutionary war. His mother, whose maiden name was Hannah ALlen, was a lineal descendant of John Alden, of the Mayflower, there being but four generations between them. The subject of this sketch was educated at the University of Ver- mont. He studied law in his native place, and was admitted to the bar in 1840. He was appointed Surrogate of Warren County in 1841, by Governor William H. Seward, and served four years. In 1845 he was a candidate of the Whig party for Member of Assembly, but was defeated, the county being largely Democratic. In 1851 he was elected County Judge and Surrogate by a majority of more than two hundred over his Democratic competitor, while the remainder of the Democratic ticket had five hundred majority. He was re-elected Judge and Surrogate in 1855, and again in 1859, thus serving in that capacity for twelve years. In 1SG0 he Avas elected a Representative from the sixteenth dis- triet of New York to the Fortieth Congress, and was re-elected. He served on the Committees on Revision of Laws, Mines and Mining, Coinage, and Weights and Measures. He opposed the purchase of Ut-ka, and made an able speech against the acquisition of that ter- ritory. He earnestly advocated the Impeachment of President Johnson, and delivered an effective speech in support of this movement March 2, 1868. The following extract, which is the closing paragraph of ^^4/ ORANGE FERRISS. 2 that speech, indicates the earnestness of his Radicalism, and his admi- ration of New England and her institutions : " The contest in our country has been between republican ideas on one side and aristocracy on the other— the Pilgrims and the Cavaliers. Jamestown typifies the one, and Plymouth Rock the other. Weeds and thistles have overgrown the site of the first settlements on the banks of the James, but Plymouth Rock remains ; and ages after the waves of the ocean shall have worn away the last vestige of that rock, the free civilization and social ideas of New England will be doing their work of Christianizing the races, and inculcating a love for liberty which is as broad in its philanthropy as the universe and knows no distinction of race or color." Mr. Ferriss possesses an eminently practical order of statesmanship. He is prone to take common sense rather than sentimental views of the subjects of legislation, as is evinced by the following extract from his speech in opposition to the purchase of Alaska : " I implore the members of this House to remember that the nation is oroaninI1X FOX was born June 30, 1835, at Frederickton, New Brunswick, to which place his parents had emigrated from Ireland in 1S26. "When he was five years old his parents removed to New York City, and shortly afterward his father died, leaving a widow with three children, of whom John was the second and destined to be the chief support, as the death of his father left them in an almost destitute condition. John attended school in the 1st Ward until he was nine years old, when he was compelled to assist his mother in supporting the family. "When thirteen years old he was apprenticed to the block and pump making business, serving until he was nineteen years old, when he was employed as a journey- man. He was ambitious, attended night school when it was pos- sible, and occupied his spare time in reading and study. II* was appointed master-blockmaker in the Brooklyn Navy Yard when he was twenty two years old, being the youngest man who ever held that responsible position. On the occasion of his ex- amination for this position, which lasted four days, the examining board reported him " a first-rate mechanic, a well-informed and intelligent young man,"" but they believed him " too young to en- force discipline." The Navy Department overruled the objection t~ his age, and he was installed as master-blockmaker on the 4th of March, 1861, from which position he was removed for political rea- sons, by the Republican party, in August, 1S61. In April, 1861, he married Miss Ellen Byrnes of New York City, a highly educated lady who has borne him three children, and to whom is due much of his success in life. Saving from the time of his majority taken an active part in pol- itics as a Democrat, he was in 1802 elected alderman of the First JOHN FOX. 2 District of New York City, comprising the 1st, 2d, 3d, part of the 4th and 6th Wards. The rebellion having broken out, he took strong ground in favor of the Union, and worked night and day to advance its cause. In 1863 he was one of the most active in suppressing the riots. He organized all the firemen in his district, who patrolled the streets in the lower part of the city for several nights, and succeeded in quelling all riotous demonstrations in that quarter. In 1864, before his term as alderman had expired, he was elected supervisor of the county of New York by 18,000 majority. He served on several of the most important committees, and soon became prom- inent in the Board, although its youngest member. He was active in raising troops and filling the Union quotas demanded from New York City. In 1866 he was elected a Representative to the Fortieth Congress from the Fourth Congressional District of New York, comprising the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th and Sth Wards, by 10,246 majority over Horace Greeley. He served on the Committee on Post-offices and Post-roads, and the Committee on Mileage. He acted constantly with the Democratic party, and stood firmly by President Johnson, sus- taining his policy and opposing impeachment. He was re-elected to the Forty-first Congress, in which he served on the same committees as before. For the last eight years he has represented his district in the Demo- cratic State Conventions. Industrious, enterprising and persevering, Mr. Fox has amassed a moderate fortune by the judicious buying and selling of real estate, in which he has been engaged since 1861. He still resides in the 1st Ward, and is known and respected throughout the city as an honest, charitable, Christian gentleman, of pleasing address and polished manners. In religion, he is strict Roman Cath- olic. He is prominently identified with many charitable institutions, and has been president of the New York Foundling Aid Society since its establishment. The poor of his neighborhood, both in the city and at his country seat on Long Island, speak with gratitude of his uni- form kindness and benevolence. JOES' E. FEEISTOH. M ) 1 1 X E. FRENCH, a son of Deacon Joseph French, was born at GHlmanton, N. H., May 28, 1819, deriving Scotch blood \ from his mother, whose maiden name was Mary Stuart. His father, an intelligent and industrious mechanic with a large family, in a retired country village, could not well give even one of his sons the advantages of a college education. The boy, how- ever, possessed a brightness of intellect, with a youthful ambition which led him to seek a wider field of operations than his home afforded. Accordingly at the age of thirteen he left the family roof, and entered the office of the "New Hampshire Statesman " as an ap- prentice to the printing business, and before many months was put- ting in type his own communications. Garrison, and his few brave comrades, organized the anti-slavery movement in 1831. In 1833 the cause had only secured public at- tention so far as to be pretty universally hated — and our printer lad, on a stormy November night of that year, led a company of noisy boys to mob the first public anti-slavery meeting attempted in their village. But, in that spirit of manly fairness which has ever been a leading trait of his character, young French suggested that they "first hear the man." Hearing he was converted; and from that night consecrated his life to that warfare, then so despised — now so gloriously triumphant. The countless wrongs heaped upon the friend- less negro — the daily perpetrated outrages upon justice and liberty — stirred his generous nature to such determined opposition as even in those boy-days lent a fiery eloquence to his tongue, and before he was sixteen years of age he was well known in the anti-slavery lecture-room, and upon the platform of its conventions. In his devotion to that cause in summer and winter he travelled the hills JOHN R. FRENCH. 2 and valleys of his native state, until there was scarcely a village that was not agitated and roused by his impassioned appeals. In those days there was published at Concord an anti-slavery . newspaper known as the " Herald of Freedom " — one of the earliest, as by far the ablest, of that class of papers. It was edited by K. P. Rogers, a man of genius as rare as his intrepidity and single hearted- ness. The timid and the base could not brook the publication of such a sheet ; and so an attempt was made to crush it out. At this time Mr. French was twenty years of age. He had obtained a release of one year from his apprenticeship, and entered a school at Concord, where he found as fellow-students several young men since honorably known to the country ; among them Senator Wilson and Judge Chamberlain, of Massachusetts, and Gen. Hobart of Wiscon- sin. Seeing this attempt to suppress this gallant anti-slavery paper, without a moment's hesitation Mr. French gave up his school and books and many fond ambitions, determined that his knowledge of printing should serve him in saving this hated " Herald of Freedom." With no money, but with that which serves all the better in carrying a forlorn hope, a heart full of pluck, he undertook the publication of the paper. Like natures were touched by this devotion to princi- ple ; in a few days the young printer was furnished with money for purchasing press and type, and so the defiant anti-slavery banner was nailed to mast-head. Mr. French continued as publisher and associate editor of that famous sheet until the death of Mr. Rogers, in the autumn of 1816. With a lively interest in the kindred cause of temperance, during two years of this period he also pub- lished and edited the " White Mountain Torrent," a sparkling advo- cate of that cause, which had a large and useful circulation. In 1S52,'53 and '51, Mr. French edited the "Eastern Journal," at Biddeford, Maine, and took active part in the temperance and anti- slavery movements, which regenerated parties in that State — making Anson P. Morrill Governor, and placing Mr. Fessenden in the United States Senate. In the autumn of 1854, Mr. French removed to Ohio, and became 3 JOHN R- FRENCH. proprietor and editor of the " Painesville Telegraph." Three years later he was elected to the Ohio Legislature, representing Lake County in that body for two years. In April, 1861, upon receipt of news of the firing upon Sumter, he enlisted 'as a common soldier. In 1861 he was sent by Mr. Lin- coln to North Carolina, as one of the Board of Tax Commissioners for that State. In 1867 the Eepublican Unionists of Chowan County, by a large majority, elected him as their delegate to the North Carolina Constitutional Convention. In 1868, after such a campaign as was rarely before known in that State, he was returned by the' Kepublicans of the First District as a representative in the Fortieth Congress, by a majority of 5,000, out of a poll of 25,000 votes. He served in the Fortieth Congress during the few months which elapsed after the admission of North Carolina to representation, and was subsequently elected to the office of sergeant-at-arms of the Senate. Mr. French is not above the medium stature and is slender but compact in person, with black eyes, and hair intermingled with gray. He is ardent and impulsive in manner, and possesses qualities that win favor with casual associates, and the geniality and frankness that endear him to many old friends. Always tender and devoted to his family, his warm heart has carried abroad, wherever the sphere of his life has extended, the beneficence and charity that have their root in the hearth of home. He has always held liberal yet decided convictions on moral and political questions, and has never failed to support his honest belief with honorable action. JAMES A. GARFIELD. H E triumph of energy and talent over poverty and adver- sity is illustrated in the lives of nearly all whose names are conspicuous in the Congress of the United States. In no case has this triumph been more signally achieved than in that of James Abraham Garfield, of Ohio. He was born in the township of Orange, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, November 19, 1831. Abraham Garfield, the father, who had emigrated from New York, died in 1S33, leaving a family of four children, of whom James was the youngest, dependent upon the exertions of a widowed mother. James was permitted to attend the district school a few months of each year, and at intervals aided in supporting the family bv working- at the carpenter's trade. This not proving very remunerative, in his seventeenth year he secured employment as driver on the tow-path oi the Ohio Canal, and soon rose to be a boatman. The dream of his ambition was to become a sailor on the lakes. The hardship and exposure incident to his life on the Canal brought on the fever and ague in the fall of 1818. "When the young boatman had recovered from a three months' illness, it was too late to carry out his purpose of shipping on the lakes. He was persuaded to defer this step until the following fall, and meanwhile to spend a few months in attending a high-school in an adjoining county. Early in March, 1819, young Garfield entered "Geauga Acad- emy." Being too poor to pay the ordinary bills for board, he carried with him a few cooking utensils, rented a room in an old unpainted farm-house near the academy, and boarded himself. His mother had saved a small sum of money, which she gave him with her bless- 2 JAMES A. GARFIELD. in tr at his departure. After that lie never had a dollar which he did n o1 earn. He soon found employment with the carpenters of the village; and working mornings, evenings, and Saturdays, earned enough to pay his way. The summer vacation gave him a longer interval for work, and when the fall term opened he had money enough laid up to pay his tuition and give him a start again. The close of this fall term found him competent to teach a district school for the winter, the avails of which were sufficient to pay his expenses for the spring and fall terms at the academy. He continued for several years, teaching a term each winter, and attending the academy through spring and fall, keeping up with his class during his absence by private study. By the summer of 1851, young Garfield, now twenty-three years old, prosecuted his studies as far as the academies of his native re- gion could carry him. lie resolved to go to college, calculating that he could complete the ordinary course of study in two years. From his school-teaching and carpenter work he had saved about half enough to pay his expenses. To obtain the rest of the money, he procured a life insurance policy, which he assigned to a gentleman who loaned him what funds lie needed, knowing that if he lived he would pay it. and if he died the policy would secure it. In the fall of 1854, young Garfield was admitted to the junior class of Williams College, in Massachusetts. He at once took high rank as a student, and at the end of his two years' course bore off the metaphysical honor of his class. On his return to his Western home, Mr. Garfield was made teacher of Latin and Greek in the Hiram Eclectic Institute. So high a position did he take, and so popular did he become, that the next year lie was made President of the Institute. His position at the head of a popular seminary, together with his talents as a speaker, caused him to be called upon for frequent public addresses, both from platform and pulpit. The Christian denomination to which he be- long, d had no superstitious regard for the prerogatives o± the clergy, to prevent them from receiving moral and religious instruction on JAMES A. GARFIELD. 3 the Sabbath from a layman of such unblemished character and glow- ing eloquence as Mr. Garfield. It was not Mr. Garfield's purpose, however, to enter the ministry ; and while President of Hiram Institute he studied law, and took some public part in political affairs. In 1S59 he was elected to represent Portage and Summit Counties in the Senate of Ohio. Being well informed on the subjects of legis- lation, and effective in debate, he at once took high rank in the Legislature. His genial temper and cordial address made him popu- lar with political friends and opponents. The legislature of Ohio took a bold and patriotic stand in support of the General Government against the Rebellion which was just be- ginning to show its front. Under the leadership of Mr. Garfield a bill was passed declaring any resident of the State who gave aid and comfort to the enemies of the United States guilty of treason against the State, to be punished by imprisonment in the penitentiary for life. "When the first regiments of Ohio troops were raised, the State was wholly unprepared to arm them, and Mr. Garfield was dis- patched to Illinois to procure arms. He succeeded in procuring five thousand muskets, which were immediately shipped to Columbus. On his return Mr. Garfield was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the Forty-Second Regiment of Ohio Volunteers. Soon after the organization of the regiment, he was, without his own solicitation, made its Colonel. In December, 1861, Colonel Garfield, with his regiment, was ordered to Kentucky, where he reported to General Buell. He was immediately assigned to the command of the Eighteenth Brigade, and was ordered by General Buell to drive the Rebel forces under Humphrey Marshall out of the Sandy Yalley in Eastern Kentucky. As Humphrey Marshall threatened the flank of General Buell's force, it was necessary that he should be dislodged before a movement could successfully be made by the main army upon the Rebel posi- tion at Bowling Green. Vol. 2. 3 4 JAMES A. GARFIELD. A citizen soldier, who had never been in battle, was thus placed in command of four regiments of infantry and eight companies of cavalry, charged with the duty of leading them against an officer who had led the famous charge of the Kentucky Volunteers at Buena Vista. Marshall had under his command nearly five thousand men stationed at Paintville, sixty miles up the Sandy Valley. He was expected to advance to Lexington, and establish the authority of the Provisional Government at the State Capital. Colonel Garfield took command of his brigade at the mouth of the Big Sandy, and moved with it directly up the valley. Marshall heard of the advance, and fell back to Prestonburg, leaving a small force of cavalry near his old position to act as an outpost and to pro- tect his trains. This cavalry fled before the advance of Colonel Garfield's force. He pushed the pursuit with his cavalry till Mar- sh all's infantry outposts were reached, and then, drawing back, he encamped with his whole force at Paintville. On the morning of the 9th of January, Garfield advanced with twenty-four hundred men, leaving about one thousand waiting for the arrival of supplies at Paintville. Before nightfall he had driven in the enemy's pickets. The men slept on their arms under a soak- ing rain, and by four o'clock in the morning were again in motion. Marshall's force occupied the heights of Middle Creek, two miles west of Prestonburg. Garfield advanced cautiously, and after some hours came suddenly in front 'of Marshall's position between the forks of the creek. Two columns were moved forward, one on either side of the creek, and the rebels immediately opened upon them with musketry and artillery. Garfield reinforced both his columns, but the action soon developed itself mainly on the left, where Marshall concentrated his whole force. Garfield's reserve was under fire from the enemy's artillery. He was entirely without artillery to reply, but from behind trees and rocks the men kept up a brisk fusilade. About four o'clock in the afternoon reinforcements from Paintville arrived. Unwonted enthusiasm was aroused, and the approaching JAMES A. GARFIELD. 5 column was received with prolonged cheering. Garfield promptly formed his whole reserve for attacking the enemy's right and carry- ing his guns. Without awaiting the assault, Marshall hastily aban- doned his position, fired his camp equipage, and began a retreat which was not ended till he reached Abingdon, Virginia. Now occurred another trial of Garfield's energy. His troops were almost out of rations, in a rough mountainous country incapable of furnishing supplies. Excessive rains had swollen the Sandy to such a hight that steamboat men declared it impossible to ascend the river with supplies. Colonel Garfield went down the river in a skiff to its mouth, and ordered the Sandy Valley, a small steamer which had been in the quartermaster's service, to take a load of supplies and start up. The captain declared it impossible, but Colonel Garfield ordered the crew on board. He stationed a competent army officer on board to see that the captain did his duty, and himself took the wheel. The little vessel trembled in every fiber as she breasted the raging flood, which swept among the tree-tops along the banks. The perilous trip occupied two days and nights, during which time Colonel Garfield was only eight hours absent from the wheel. The men in camp greeted with tumultuous cheering the arrival of the boat, with their gallant commander as pilot. At the pass across the mountain known as Pound Gap, Humphrey Marshall kept up a post of observation, held by a force of five hun- dred men. On the 14th of March, Garfield started with five hun- dred infantry and two hundred cavalry to dislodge this detachment. On the evening of the second day's march he reached the foot of the mountain two miles north of the Gap. Next morning he sent the cavalry along the main road lpading to the enemy's position, while he led the infantry by an unfrequented route up the side of the moun- tain. While the enemy watched the cavalry, Garfield led the in- fantry undiscovered to the very border of their camp. The enemy were taken by surprise, and a few volleys dispersed them. They re- treated in confusion down the eastern slope of the mountain, pursued for several miles into Virginia by the cavalry. The troops rested JAMES A. GARFIELD. for the niglit in the comfortable huts which the enemy had built, and the next morning burnt them down, together with everything left b} the enemy which they could not carry away. These operations, though on a small scale compared with the magnificent movements of a later period in the war, yet had a very considerable importance. They were the first of a brilliant series of successes which re-assured the despondent in the spring of 1862. They displayed a military capacity in the civilian Colonel, and a bravery in the raw recruits which augured well for the success of the volunteer army. Colonel Garfield received high praise from Gen- eral Buell and the War Department. He was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General, his commission bearing the date of the battle of Middle Creek. Six days after the capture of Pound Gap, General Garfield re- ceived orders to transfer the larger part of his command to Louisville. On his arrival there, he found that the Army of the Ohio was already beyond Nashville on its march to the aid of Grant at Pittsburg Landing. He made haste to join General Buell, who placed him in command of the Twentieth Brigade. He reached the field of Pittsburg Landing at one o'clock on the second day of the battle, and bore a part in its closing scenes. His brigade bore its full share in the tedious siege operations before Corinth, and was among the foremost to enter the abandoned town after its evacuation by the enemy. He soon after marched eastward with his brigade, and re- built all the bridges on the Memphis and Charleston Kailroad be- tween Corinth and Decatur, and took post at Huntsville, Alabama. ^ General Garfield was soon after put at the head of the court- r martial for the trial of General Turchin. He manifested a capacity for such work which led to his subsequent detail for similar service. About the 1st of A ugust, his health having been seriously impaired, lie went home on sick leave. As soon as he recovered, he was ordered to report in person at Washington. He was made a member of the court-martial for the trial of Fitz-John Porter. Most of the autumn waa occupied with the duties of this detail. JAMES A. GARFIELD. 7 In January, 1863, General Garfield was appointed Chief of Staff of the Army of the Cumberland, which was commanded by General Rosecrans. He became the intimate friend and confidential advisor of his chief, and bore a prominent part in all the military operations in Middle Tennessee during the spring and summer of 1863. The final military service of General Garfield was in the bat- tle of Chickamauga. Every order issued that day, with one excep- tion, was written by him. He wrote the orders on the suggestion of his own judgment, afterwards submitting them to General Rosecrans for approval or change. The only order not written by him was that fatal one to General "Wood, which lost the battle. The words did not correctly convey the meaning of the commanding general. General Wood, the division commander, so interpreted them as to destroy the right wing. The services of General Garfield were appropriately recognized by the "War Department in his promotion to the rank of Major-Gen- eral of Volunteers, " for gallant and meritorious conduct in the bat- tle of Chickamauga." About a year before, while absent in the field, General Garfield had been elected a Representative to the Thirty-eighth Congress from the old Giddings district of Ohio. He accordingly resigned his commission on the 5th of December, 1S63, after a service of nearly three years. General Garfield immediately took high rank in Congress. He was made a member of the Committee on Military Affairs, of which in the Fortieth Congress he became chairman. In this committee his industry and his familiarity with the wants of the army enabled him to do signal service for the country. He soon became known as a powerful speaker, remarkably ready and effective in debate. General Garfield was re-nominated for the Thirty-ninth Congress by acclamation, and was re-elected by a majority of nearly twelve thousand. He was made a member of the Committee of Ways and Means, in which he soon acquired great influence. He studied finan- 8 JAMES A. GARFIELD. cial questions with untiring assiduity, and was spoken of by the Secretary of the Treasury as one of the best informed men on such subjects then in public life. In 1866, General Garfield was re-elected to the Fortieth Con- gress, in which he was made chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs. At a time when everything seemed drifting towards green- backs and repudiation, he took a bold financial position. As his views were opposed to those of many leading men of his party, and to the declarations of the Republican State Convention of Ohio, he seemed to hazard his re-nomination, but he did not hesitate firmly and fully to avow his convictions. His financial doctrines were at length adopted by the entire party, and fully indorsed in the Chicago Re- publican Platform. On the 24th of June, 1868, he was renominated and in October following was elected to the Forty-first Congress. General Garfield is ' one of the most popular men now in public life. He is generous, warm-hearted, and genial. He is one of the most accomplished scholars in the country, and by laborious study of all subjects which require his attention, he is constantly adding to his breadth of intellect. In person he is about six feet in hight. He has a large head and a German cast of countenance, which a friend has aptly called a " mirror of good nature." J. LAWEE^CE GETZ. LAWRENCE GETZ was born at Reading, Pennsylvania, September 14, 1821. His father was an officer in the navy, and fought under Captain Lawrence in the war of 1812. His grandfather on the maternal side was a soldier of the Revolution. He received an academical education, and read law in the office of Hon. William Strong, afterwards of the Supreme Court of the United States, and was admitted to practice in 1816. Immediately, how- ever, he became connected with the press as editor of the Reading " Gazette and Democrat," which for many years was the English organ of the Democracy of " Old Berks." In 1856 he was elected to the Legislature, and served with ability as chairman of the Com- mittee on Education. In 1857 he was re-elected and made Speaker of the House by the unanimous caucus nomination of his Democratic colleagues. His course as Speaker was distinguished for quickness of perception, readiness in rendering decisions, and strict impartiality. In 1866 Mr. Getz was elected a Representative from Pennsylvania to the Fortieth Congress, in which he served on the Committees on Mileage, Soldiers' and Sailors' Bounties, and Public Expenditures. He was re-elected to the Forty-first Congress as a Democrat, receiving 13,738 votes against 7,172 votes for his Republican competitor. Mr. Getz was not a frequent speaker on the floor of the House, but during his first term in Congress he delivered a eulogy on his deceased colleague, Hon. Charles Denison, and a speech against the impeachment of President Johnson which he characterized as " polit- ical assassination." He subsequently advocated an abolition of the income tax, and a general reduction of internal taxation. ADAM J. GLOSSBKEN^ER. tk DAM J. GLOSSBRENNER was born in Hagerstown, Maryland, August 31, 1810. He received a common >$SSW school education, and was apprenticed to the printing bus- iness. "When seventeen years old he journeyed westward, and worked as foreman in the office of the Ohio " Monitor," and afterwards of the " Western Telegraph," at Hamilton, Ohio. In 1829 he returned to Maryland, and subsequently settled at York, Penn., where he edited the York " Gazette" from 1S35 to 183S. He was clerk of the Pennsyl- vania Legislature in 1838, and during two years ensuing "was in charge of transportation on the State railroad at Columbia. He was cashier of the contingent funds of the House of Representatives for the Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth Congresses. In 1848 and 1849 he was in the State Department as a confidential clerk to Secretary Buchanan. He was sergeant-at-arms of the House of Representa- tives for the Thirty-first, Thirty-second, Thirty-third, Thirty-fourth and Thirty- fifth Congresses. In 1860 and 1861 he was President Buchanan's private secretary. In 1863 he established the Philadel- phia "Age." In 1864 he was elected a Representative from Penn- sylvania to the Thirty-ninth Congress, and was re-elected to the Fortieth Congress. Addressing the House in opposition to the impeachment of President Johnson, he said: "The little band of Democratic Representatives w r ith which it is my pride to be num- bered and associated on this floor, have opposed this unrighteous movement step by step. Outnumbered, our rights as a minority trampled upon, every barrier established in the rules of the House by our predecessors swept away at the behest of party impatience or party convenience, we cannot prevent, and under the recently emas- culated rules of the House, we can no longer even postpone this wrong." JACOB S. GOLLADAY. ^ACOB S. GOLLADAY was born in Lebanon, Wilson County, Tennessee, January 9, 1819, and was educated at Campbell Academy. He removed to Nashville in 1838, andthence to Kentucky in 1845. In 1851 and 1852 he was a mem- ber of the State Legislature of Kentucky. In 1853 he was elected State Senator. In 1860 he was an elector on the Bell and Everett ticket, In August, 1S6T, he was elected a Kepresentative from Ken- tucky to the Fortieth Congress, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of Elijah Iiise, who was elected to the Fortieth Congress in May, 1867, and a few days after committed suicide, alleging the gloomy political prospects of the country as a reason for the act. As Mr. Iiise died before the certificate of election was issued, the oppos- ing candidate, who had received but about one-fourth of the votes cast, contested the seat, even after Mr. Golladay had been chosen at a special election to fill the vacancy. The Committee on Elections reported in favor of Mr. Golladay, and he was sworn in December 5, 1867, after having been permitted to address the House in his own behalf. On the 24th of January following, Mr. Golladay introduced resolutions of respect for the memory of his predecessor, which he advocated in well-chosen words of eulogy. February 24, he made an elaborate speech against impeachment. June 15, 1868, Mr. Golla- day spoke against the reconstructed State Government of Tennes- see, in answer to a speech of Mr. Maynard, delivered the 12th of December previous, declaring that he spoke as one who " first saw the light in that once grand old State," to " vindicate her character from the unjust aspersions which have been so wantonly heaped upon her true citizens." February 13, 1869, the House being in Commit- tee of the Whole on the state of the Union, Mr. Golladay made a long and elaborate speech to show that the election of General Grant to the Presidency was an event fraught with evil to the country. JAMES H. GOSS. w-AMES H. GOSS was born August 9, 1820, at Union Court ^|J& House, South Carolina, a place which continued to be his residence when he was a Representative in Congress. He received a common school education, and in early life entered into mercantile pursuits. After the passage of the Reconstruction acts, he advocated their acceptance by the people of South Carolina. He was elected a member of the Convention which framed the Constitu- tion under which South Carolina was re-admitted. He was elected a Representative from South Carolina to the Fortieth Congress, as a Republican, receiving a majority of 2,800 votes ; his district being the Fourth, comprising the counties of Fairfield, Chester, York, Spartanburg, Union, Laurens, Ocovee, Pickens and Greenville. The credentials of Mr. Goss and Mr. Whittemore, members-elect from South Carolina, having been referred to the Committee on Elections, Mr. Dawes, chairman, reported, July 18, 1868, that they had examined the credentials and found them in due form of law, and that the state of South Carolina had conformed in all respects to the requirements of the laws of Congress. They therefore recommended that the Representatives-elect be admitted to seats in the House, upon taking the oath of office prescribed by the statute on July 2, L862. Mr. Goss then took the oath, and was assigned to the Com- mittee on Revolutionary Claims. During the brief term of his ser- vice in Congress he took no public part in its deliberations, content- ing himself with giving his votes upon subjects of legislation. JOSEPH J. GKAVELY. *OSEPH J. GEAYELT was bom in Henry County, Vir- ginia, in 1828. He received a common school education, and spent his youth mainly in labor on a farm. He was a member of the legislature ot the State of Yirginia in 1853 and 1854 In the latter year he emigrated to Missouri, and participating actively in the politics of his adopted State, he was in 1860 elected to the Constitutional Convention of Missouri. In 1862 and 1861 he was elected to the State Senate. During a portion of the late civil war he served in the army as colonel of the 8th Missouri Cav- alry After the close of the war he turned his attention to the practise of law, and was subsequently elected a Representative from Missouri to the Fortieth Congress, as a Republican, receiving 6,083 votes against 1,929 votes for the " Conservative " candidate. During the Fortieth Congress he served on the Committees on the Militia, and Education and Labor. During the consideration of the Tax bill, Mr. Gravely intro- duced aii amendment, in support of which he said: « The tax on tobacco is higher in proportion to its actual value previous to the imposition of the tax than the tax on any other article upon which a revenue tax is now levied. I am and have been acquainted with the original value of tobacco, and I know that from five to ten cents per pound was all it could be sold for in market. For the last two or three years the tax has been forty cents per pound, or five hun- dred per cent., at least, upon the original value of the article. In my opinion there are a great many frauds practised in the Southern States, especially in Yirginia, in Maryland, in Kentucky, and to some extent in Missouri, in consequence of the enormous tax now imposed upon tobacco." JOH^ A. GRISWOLD. r$ rOIDST A. GRISWOLD was born at Nassau, Rensselaer County, New York, in 1822. His grandfathers fought in the war for Independence, and one of them was confined in the " Jersey Prison Ship." The subject of this sketch is described as in youth kind and generous, despising falsehood and deceit, devel- oping strength of body by much out-of-door activity, and at the same time cultivating his mind by diligent attention to study. His tastes tending to commercial pursuits, when seventeen years of age he went to Troy, and entered the iron and hardware house of Hart, Lesley & Warren. At the expiration of a year he accepted the position of book-keeper in the cotton manufacturing and commis- sion house of C. H. & I. J. Merritt. During this period of his life, he lived in the family of his uncle, Major-General Wool, thus enjoy- ing the influence of a refined and cultivated society in developing his social, nmral. and intellectual character. In a few years, Mr. Griswold embarked in business for himself, in a wholesale and retail drug establishment. He subsequently became interested in the manufacture of iron, as a partner in the Rensselaer Iron ( lompany. He soon reached a leading position among the busi- ness men of the country as a manufacturer of iron. Owing to the exertions of Mr. Griswold and others engaged in similar pursuits, the city of Troy lias gradually grown to be one of the most important iron centers of the United States. The introduction into the United States by Mr. Griswold and his associates of the process of iron manufacture known as the Bessemer steel process, promises within a few year, to substitute the steel rail for the iron rail on the railroads of this country. C^Uts JOHN A. GRISWOLD. 2 Although immersed in business, Mr. Griswold deemed it his duty as a citizen to give attention to public affairs. In 1855, he was elected Mayor of the city of Troy. During his term of office, he gave careful attention to the affairs of the city, and as the presiding officer in the common council, gave acknowledged satisfaction by his urbanity and impartial administration of parliamentary laws. At the breaking out of the rebellion, Mr. Griswold at once arrayed himself among the supporters of the Government. On the 15th of April, 1861, the day after the arrival of the news of the fall of Fort Sumter, he presided at a mass meeting held in Troy for the purpose of raising men to protect the United States against rebels, and means to support the families of those who should enter the service. On this occasion, at the organization of the meeting, he in a few words disclaimed any partisan action in his own conduct, deplored the dis- tracted state of the country, declared that any man who should be influenced by political considerations in such a crisis, ought to recei ve universal public execration, and expressed the hope that the citizens would respond with alacrity to the call of the President for men. The Second Regiment of New York State Yolunteers was the result of the efforts which followed this and similar meetings. Mr. Gris- wold also aided in raising the 30th, 125th, and 169th regiments of New York Yolunteers, as well as the Black-Horse Cavalry and the 21st New York, or " Griswold Light Cavalry." In August, 1861, Congress made an appropriation for the construc- tion of iron-clad steamships, or floating steam batteries. A few weeks later, C. S. Bushnell of New Haven, John F. Winslow of Troy, and Mr. Griswold, were at Washington engaged in closing a contract with the Government for clothing a wooden vessel with iron. This business having been concluded, these gentlemen called the attention of the Naval Board to a model of an iron-clad vessel made by John Ericsson, which they had brought with them, and suggested the propriety of building a vessel after his plans. These gentlemen subsequently had interviews with President Lincoln, who manifested great interest in the ideas presented. Taking up the model, he exam- 3 JOHN A. GKISWOLD. ined it closely and critically, commented in his shrewd and homely way upon the principles involved in the construction of a vessel on such a model, spoke favorably of the design, and proposed that they should meet him, with the model, at the Navy Department. This meeting, suggested by Mr. Lincoln himself, was held, he being present. In their report, which was made soon after this meeting, the Naval Board, Commodores Joseph Smith and H. Paulding, and Captain C. H. Davis, recommended that an experiment be made with one bat- tery of the description presented by Captain Ericsson, with a guar- antee and forfeiture in case of failure in any of the properties and points of the vessel as proposed. The contract as made, stipulated for the completion of the battery within one hundred days from the signing of the contract, which was on October 5, 1861 ; and the extraordinary provision was introduced, that the test of the battery, upon which its acceptance by the United States Government de- pended, should be its withstanding the lire of the enemy's batteries at the shortest ranges, the United States agreeing to fit out the vessel with men and guns. The contract price for building the battery was $275,000. The work was begun in October, 1861, at the Continental Works, Green- point, Long Island, by Mr. J. F. Rowland, under the direct super- vision of Captain Ericsson. The plating of the vessel, and portions of her machinery and other iron work, were manufactured at the Rensselaer Iron Works and the Albany Iron Works. On January 30, 1862, which was the one hundred and first working day from the time the contract was entered into, the Monitor was launched at Greenpoint, and was delivered to the Government March 5, 1862. Her subsequent history is well known. Formidable in appear- ance, and invulnerable in structure, she appeared at Fortress Monroe at ten o'clock on the evening of Friday, March 8, 1862. On the following day, in conflict with the rebel iron-clad Merrimao in Hampton Roads, she not only compelled her antagonist to retire in a disabled condition, but saved Fortress Monroe from capture, JOHN A. GRISWOLD. 4 preseived millions of shipping and public property, and thousands of lives, put an end to all the plans and expectations of the rebel authorities based upon their experimental vessel, and gave as pres- tige abroad, the worth of which to us as a nation was inestimable. Speaking of the views that obtained concerning this vessel before and after that celebrated sea-fight of March 9, 1862, one writer has well said, " Never was a greater hope placed upon apparently more insignificant means, but never was a great hope more triumphantly fulfilled." The thanks of Congress were officially returned to Cap- tain Ericsson, the designer of the Monitor ' and President Lincoln and his Cabinet personally awarded to the contractors the position of public benefactors. In the following October, Mr. Griswold was nominated by the Democratic party of the Fifteenth Congressional District, as a can- didate for Representative in the Thirty -eighth Congress. His nomi- nation was received with great cordiality. Although nominally a Democrat, his course for months past had shown that he could not allow party attachments or considerations to rise superior to his patriotism. Ever liberal and magnanimous in his political actions and views, he had signally displayed these noble characteristics in his efforts to sustain the Government in crushing the rebellion. In the election that followed, and in a district strongly Republican, he was chosen as Representative in Congress by a majority of 1,287 votes, while in the same district the Republican State ticket received a majority of 817 votes. Mr. Griswold's course in the Congress to which he was then elected, was such as to distinguish him as a firm and decided friend of the Government. He refused to affiliate with those members of the Demo- cratic party who were doing their utmost to embarrass the Government, and obstruct the war. As questions of administrative policy, and those of a still more important character — involving the very life of the Republic — arose., he voted promptly and unhesitatingly to provide the nation with everything necessary for its welfare, and his guiding principle was that " the Republic should receive no harm." He 5 JOHN A. GRISWOLD. favored all measures having for their end a more vigorous prosecu- tion of the war; and on all questions of furnishing supplies, on all matters of financial policy, and upon every declaration of the duty of crushing the rebellion and preserving the Government, he constantly and uniformly gave his vote with the Union men in Congress. As a member of the Naval Committee, he labored indefatigably and effectively to strengthen and promote the efficiency of the navy. Acting ever from principle, the agency of former party friendships was exerted in vain to impose upon him a course of conduct that in- volved the spirit of disloyalty. Unflinching patriotism, such as was his, stood unshaken by the dictation of caucus, or the persuasion of earlier political ties. With such a record he returned home at the close of the session of 1864. As one man, the Union men of his dis- trict resolved to return him to the seat in Congress which he had filled with such distinguished honor. On the 14th of September, 1864, a Union nominating convention for the Fifteenth Congressional District met at Salem, in Washington County, and, without a ballot, selected him by acclamation as their candidate for Eepresentative in the Thirty-ninth Congress. On this occasion the Hon. A. D. Wait, a member of the convention, said of Mr. Griswold : " He has a record that the best man in the land may be proud of. He has passed through the furnace of party influence seven times heated, and escaped without so much as a smell of fire upon his garments." Againsl the most determined efforts of the Democratic party Mr. Griswold was again elected to Congress for the term commencing March 4, 1S65. During his second term in Congress, his course was distinguished by the same devotion to the principles of patriotism and liberty that marked his conduct there during his first two years. With men of vacillating natures, disloyal views, vindictive dispositions, or of characters in which ambition and discontent were the main ingre- dient^ he had no sympathy. The object at which he aimed was to put down tin' rebellion byforce of arms ; and the means by which he sought to effect this end, were the suoport of the Government to which this labor was especially intrusted. All his sympathies and opinions JOHN A. GRISWOLD. 6 were in unison with the grand design of preserving the Republic, and all his energies were bent toward the fulfillment of that work. In common with the noble army of patriots in Congress which posterity will delight to honor, his later, like his earlier votes, were in consonance with the # Union sentiments of the North. The Republicans of the Fifteenth Congressional District indicated their approval of this patriotic course, by nominating Mr. Griswold for re-election to the Fortieth Congress. At the election which followed, he received a majority of 5,316 votes, the largest ever given to any Representative from his district. On returning to Washington for the third term, he was placed on the Committee of Ways and Means, in which position he labored with zeal and industry, bringing to the discharge of his duties the results of his previous legislative experience, an extensive knowledge of the manufacturing interests of the country, a comprehension of the differences existing between the labor of the United States and the labor of Great Britain, and sagacity in reaching ends beneficial to the nation by the most acceptable means. In July, 1868, Mr. Griswold was nominated by the Republican State Convention for the office of Governor of New York. During the laborious and exciting canvass that ensued, Mr. Griswold steadily grew in favor with the people. Neither he nor his friends had sanguine hopes of overcoming the majority of 48,000 by which the Democrats had carried the State in 1867. Official returns of the election gave Mr. Hoffman a majority of 27,9-16. Subsequent investi- gations made by a Congressional Committee disclosed the fact, that more than 30,000 fraudulent votes were cast for the Democratic candidates in the city of New York. Vol. 2. 4 ASA P. GROYER VlMr SA R GROTER was born in Ontario County, New York, JJi^Sb in 1819. He was educated at Centre College, Kentucky, \h^KJ and became a resident of that State in 1817. He studied and practised law, and in 1857 he was elected to the Kentucky State Senate. He was re-elected in 1861, and remained in office eight years. In May, 1867, he was elected a Representative from Ken- tucky to the Fortieth Congress, as a Democrat. Acts of disloyalty having been alleged against him, his credentials were referred to the Committee on Elections who reported him as qualified, and he took his seat as a member of the Fortieth Congress, December 3d, 1S67. He was appointed a member of the Committee on Expenditures on the Public Buildings. He introduced a bill " to encourage com- merce and internal trade by facilitating direct importations," which was referred to the Committee on Commerce. Mr. Grover favored an appropriation " towards completing the Louisville and Portland Canal," and advocated it in a speech, June 29, 1868, making the fol- lowing interesting statements : " Let it be remembered that the Ohio River and its tributaries drain the whole of parts of ten States of the Union, the great grainery of the country, the Egypt of the nation, and is one of the most important in a system giving eighteen thousand miles of navigable water. ... It is the matured judgment of those who are believed to know that the amount of freight transported on the Ohio River in the year 1867, including rafts of timber and lumber, equaled 3,733,420 tons ; that the average distance to which said freight was carried was five hundred and sixty-seven miles ; to transport which would require thirty-five railroads three hundred miles long, running four heavily-laden trains each day." CHAELES HAIGHT/ ,-JHAKLES HAIGHT was born at Colt's Neck, Monmouth County, New Jersey, January 4, 1838. He graduated at Princeton College in 1857. He studied law, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1862 as an attorney, and in 1864 as a counsellor. He was a member of the State Legislature of New Jersey in 1861 and 1862, serving during his last term as Speaker of the House. He was commissioned as a brigadier-general of militia in 1S61, and was active in raising troops for service in the war against the rebellion. He went into politics as a Democrat, and as such was elected a Rep- resentative from New Jersey to the Fortieth Congress, during which he served on the Committee on Naval Affairs. Mr. Haight pre- sented to the House a resolution of the Legislature of New Jersey, purporting to withdraw the assent of that State to the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution, which, by vote of 80 to 17, was re- turned to him as " disrespectful to the House and scandalous in char- acter." February 24, 1868, Mr. Haight addressed to the House an argument against impeachment. February 9, 1869, he made an able and elaborate argument against the bill to authorize the building of a military and postal railroad from Washington to New York. In the course of this speech he said : " The State of New Jersey was the pioneer in the railroad system of this country. The first rail of iron for railroad purposes was laid in the State of New Jersey by one of her citizens . . . According to her population and territory I believe her enterprise in railroads is behind no State in this Union. The amount expended in the construction of railroads in the State of New Jersey will reach in the aggregate the sum of $70,000,000, and the number of miles of railroad already built and in successful opera- tion cannot fall far short of a thousand miles." GEOEGE A. HALSET. 'EORGE A. HALSEY was born in Springfield, Essex County, New Jersey, December 7, 1827. Before he was of age his ^i> family removed to Newark, where he entered early into business life. He almost immediately developed into a prudent, enterprising, and successful business man. The qualities which have since given him reputation and honor were early manifested, and he soon became a director in the largest banking and other financial institutions of the city of Newark. At the breaking out of the war, in 1861, the firm, of which he was the head, met with severe reverses, their business being confined to the Southern States. In 1860, Mr. Halsey was sent to the New Jer- sey Assembly, from the district of the city of Newark, in which he resided. Notwithstanding his large Southern trade, and his intimate associations with business men in the South, he had been a strong and active Republican since the organization of that party in New Jersey. He formed one of a minority in the Lower House of the Legislature, but, even under such unfavorable circumstances, his prompt business qualities, his sterling integrity, and sound judgment, gave him large influence, and through that critical period he was one of the strong aids of the patriotic administration of Gov. Olden. He was re-elected to the Assembly in 1861. Upon the organization of the Internal Bevenue Bureau in 1862, he was appointed Assessor for the Fifth District of New Jersey. The revenue law was new, unusual in its provisions, searching in its in- quisitorial features, and extremely difficult of execution ; but with such ability and integrity did Mr. Halsey discharge his duties, deli- cate as many of them were, that he commanded, throughout, the un- diminished respect and confidence of the entire community. His GEORGE A. HALSEY. 2 sphere of duties comprised one of the largest manufacturing districts in the United States, and the questions raised were frequently of the most complicated character ; but his decisions were always sustained by the Commissioner, and, in a short period, he acquired an influence in the department, which he has ever since retained. He was frequently consulted by the Commissioner in reference to the con- struction and revision of the law ; and at the close of the rebellion was selected by that officer to visit tlje Southern States, to instruct the newly appointed revenue officers in their duties ; but the official requirements of his own district so fully occupied his time, he was obliged to decline. His services to the government, however, were not confined to the performance of his official duties. He cordially sustained the admin- istration of Mr. Lincoln in its prosecution of the war for the preser- vation of the Union, and to this end his labors and energies were freely given until the close of the rebellion. In 1866, an attempt was made by Mr. Johnson to remove him from bis position ; but the Senate refused to confirm the nomination of a successor, and Mr. Halsey retained the assessorship. The act, however, of the President, and the high esteem in which Mr. Halsey was held by his friends, naturally called the attention of the Repub- licans of his district to him as their best nomination for Congress. He was almost unanimously selected by the convention, and, after a vigorous contest, was elected by a large majority. In Congress he maintained the high character he had previously acquired. He was consulted upon all questions affecting the manufacturing and finan- cial interests of the country, while his services to his constituents were constant and invaluable. He served on the Committee on the District of Columbia ; was appointed on the Joint Select Committee on Retrenchment, and served, with Senators Edmunds and Bucka- lew, on the sub-committee of the same, " to examine the method of printing and issuing bonds, notes, and other securities," the results of which secured important reforms in the Treasury Department. In 1868, Mr. Halsey was unanimously renominated for Congress, 3 GEORGE A. HALSEY. but was defeated. His popularity was attested by the fact that his vote in the district largely exceeded that of Gen. Grant. Upon relinquishing his seat in Congress, he actively resumed the duties consequent upon his association with the manufacturing busi- i ness with which he has been connected since 1866. He is not un- mindful, however, of the large interests which centre around him, and which naturally look to him for their promotion, but gives to them much time and attention. When Mr. Boutwell assumed the position of Secretary of the Treasury, having known Mr. Halsey since 1862, and having early recognized his merits and ability, he tendered him the important office of Register ; but Mr. Halsej^'s connection with the large manu- facturing house to which we have alluded, prevented his acceptance of that position. In the prime of life, decided in his political convictions, popular in the best sense of that term, universally recognized as a man of the purest personal integrity and honor, his friends are confident that his services to his State and country have not yet terminated. RIDA OHAELES M. HAMILTON. ^StlARLES M. HAMILTON was born in Clinton County, ||P Pennsylvania, November 1, 1S40. His father's farm hav ing the Alleghanies rising in its rear, and the broad Susque- hanna sweeping in its front, he was familiar from .his boyhood with scenes of grandeur and sublimity in nature. One of the most remarkable phenomena attending the "Great Uprising of the North " at the outbreak of the Rebellion was the zeal with which students of academies and colleges enlisted in the service of the country. It was his early entrance into the army that deprived the subject of this sketch of the honors of a collegiate education, he having, in April, 1861, enlisted as a private soldier in the 5th Regiment Pennsylvania Reserve Corps. He participated in the varying fortunes of the army of the Potomac until 1863, passed through sixteen bat- tles and was three times severely wounded. At the battle of Fred- ericksburg, on the 13th of December, 1862, he was wounded through the knee while charging in front of the regiment with the colors in his hand, snatched from the grasp of the dying sergeant. Three color- bearers were killed, under the galling concentration of the enemy's fire, in less than five minutes, and the fourth was providentially stricken down with only a shattered limb. He was taken prisoner the moment he fell, but was left for five days and nights on the field of battle among the dead and wounded before he was removed to Libby Prison at Richmond. A masonic sign was the means of saving his life as he fell into the hands of the enemy. He was at length exchanged, and removed 'to his home in Pennsylvania, where he en- dured a protracted sickness arising from starvation and want of medi- cal treatment at Libby Prison. For a long time his friends had no hope of his recovery, but at length being partially restored he was 2 CHARLES M. HAMILTON. removed to Chestnut Hill Hospital, Philadelphia, where he was sub- sequently transferred by promotion to a lieutenancy in the 9th Regi- ment, Veteran Reserve Corps. Lieutenant Hamilton's tall and soldierly appearance and superior qualifications attracted the notice of his superior officers, and he was given an appointment on the staff of General Martindale, Military Governor of the District of Columbia. He served as judge-advocate of a general court-martial, and pass officer of the military district until it was abolished in 1864. A new appointment as judge-advo- cate was immediately conferred upon him by General Dent. The duties of this office were discharged with marked success and credit until November, 1865, when he was ordered by the Secretary of War to report to Major-General O. O. Howard, for assignment to duty in the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. He was assigned to duty in Marianna, West Florida, with jurisdic- tion over seven counties. Upon his arrival there in December, 1865, he received the rank of brevet-captain, and before his muster-out on the 1st of January, 1868, he was breveted colonel of United States Volunteers for gallant and meritorious services during the war. The duties of the " Bureau Officer " were of a peculiar and oner- ous character, comprehending a union of civil and military functions. His first duty was to protect " the wards of the nation " from the as- saults and persecutions of their late masters, and save the latter from the horrors of retaliation at the hands of maddened and starving freedmen. The next important work was to inaugurate the free labor system upon safe and just foundations. No officer of the bureau in the State of Florida identified himself more thoroughly with these great ends of official duty than Colonel Hamilton. His reputation for efficiency and just administration was so wide-spread that the poor and oppressed, ignorant that State lines could interpose an obstacle in their way, came hundreds of miles, out of the lower borders of Alabama, to lay their grievances before his tribunal. Mr. Hamilton took an active part in the reconstruction of Florida, successfully advocating the liberal policy under which the Republican CHARLES M. HAMILTON. 3 party gave the State a constitution which contained no prescriptive feature to prevent in the future the political harmony and reunion of all the people of the State, irrespective of participation in the re- bellion, or previous condition of servitude. On the 25th of February, 1868, the Republican State Convention unanimously nominated Mr. Hamilton as their candidate for Con- gress. In the canvass that followed, the zeal and eloquence with which he addressed the people was inspired by the desire as much for the adoption of the State constitution as the palladium of freedom and equal rights, as for his own election. He was successful in both ; the constitution was ratified and he was elected the first Representa- tive in Congress from the disenthralled and rehabilitated State of Florida. On the 25th of June, 1868, the State was restored to the Union, and Mr. Hamilton was admitted to a seat in the Fortieth Con- gress. In December, 1868, he was re-elected over the regular Demo- cratic candidate, and an independent colored Republican candidate. " The Florida Union," the leading Republican paper of the State, said on this occasion, " Col. Hamilton received the nomination of the party and secured its vote at the election in May, on the double ground of fitness for the position, and of his services in behalf of the party ; his consistent course as a radical Republican, in all matters involving political questions, and his unwearied and successful exer- tions in behalf of Union men and freed men while an officer of the bureau at Marianna. During his few weeks in Congress last spring, he took a prominent and active part for so young a member, and comes back to his constituents with a good record and without re- proach." ABXEE C. HAKDIN'G, .^?* J&$j$[ BNEE C. HARDING was born in East Hampton, Connec J^^L ticut, February 10, 1807. He studied and commenced the y". practice of law in the State of New York, but subsequently removed to Warren Co., Illinois, where he has since resided, engaged in the practice of his profession, in extensive farming operations, and in railroad management. He was a member of the State Constitu- tional Convention of 1818, and subsequently of the Legislature. In 1802 he enlisted as a private in the Eighty-third Regiment of Illinois Infantry, and was commissioned as Colonel. His military service is chiefly noted for his gallant and successful defence of Fort Donelson, Tennessee, February 3, 1863. The army of Rosecrans was awaiting reinforcements and supplies, which must come by the Cumberland river. The rebels appreciating the situation deter- mined to cut off the line of the Cumberland by re-taking Fort Donel- son. For this purpose they organized a force of eight thousand men, and thirteen pieces of artillery, under Generals Wheeler, Forrest, and Wharton. This force quietly moved north, between the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, flanking General Rosecrans, and on the morning of February 3, were within seven miles of Fort Donelson, when a colored man brought to Colonel Harding the first intelligence of their approach. Colonel Harding immediately prepared to defend his position. His whole effective force did not exceed eight bun- ded men. with four six-pounder rifled guns, and one thirty two pounder. He sent all the women and refugees on board a small steamer — the " Wild Cat,"' with orders to drop down the river. Forrest's command surged up the hill in repeated charges, only to be repulsed with terrible slaughter everywhere around the lines. The rebels, maddened by the unexpected resistance from this handful of heroes, charged with fiend- ish yell- until their dead and wounded strewed the hill-sides. They gained a strong position between the Union forces and the river, thus cutting them off from water; but Colonel Harding leading a charge in person, speedily dislodged them at the point of the bayonet. It i E-Penne. HON ' ABNER C. HARDING. 2 was now growing dark ; the unequal contest had been maintained for more than six hours. The Union forces had suffered considerable loss, and were much fatigued by their constant fighting and rapid movements from one part of the line to the other. Soon after dark a rebel officer came in with a flag of truce and peremptorily demand- ed a surrender. To this Colonel Harding returned a prompt and positive refusal. The rebel emissary affected great amazement at this response, but no sooner had he rejoined his forces than they began to withdraw. In a few moments after their departure the hoarse cough of gun-boats was heard as they rounded the bend of the river two miles below, followed by the shriek of the shell which they threw into the tim- ber back of the fort. The steamer " Wild Cat " had gone down the river until she had met Captain Fitch, with a fleet of gun-boats, con- veying a large number of transports with sixteen thousand men, and immense stores for the army of the Cumberland. As soon as informed of the state of things, Captain Fitch signalled the gun-boats to put on all steam and started to the rescue. In this battle the rebels lost more men in killed, wounded, and pris- oners, Aan Colonel Harding had in his command. The latter lost about one hundred men. The importance of the result of this engagement is not easily over-estimated. Had Wheeler succeeded in capturing or driving out Colonel Harding, he would have immediately occupied Fort Donelson. From that position he could have checked the gun- boats, prevented reinforcements from reaching Rosecrans, and perhaps compelled him to retire from his advanced position at Murfreesboro. Thus the work of two grand armies for a year would have been lost. Colonel Harding was promptly promoted Brigadier-General, and had the high compliment of being confirmed by the Senate without ref- erence to a committee. He was subsequently stationed at Murfreesboro for a short period, from whence he was transferred by the people to the House of Representatives at Washington. Taking his seat as a Rep- resentative for Illinois in the Thirty-ninth Congress, he served on the Committees on Manufactures and the Militia. He was re-elected to the Fortieth Congress and served on the Committees on Union Pris- oners, Claims, and Militia. THOMAS HAUGHEY. iHOMAS HAUGHEY was born near the city of Glasgow, Scotland, in 1826. He emigrated to the United States at an early age, and settled in Alabama. By his own exer- tions he obtained a classical and clerical education, and having taught school a few years he saved enough of his earnings to enable him to study medicine and graduate at the New Orleans School of Medicine in 1858. At the outbreak of the rebellion he was a resident of Elyton, Alabama, successfully engaged in the practise of his profession, but having taken a prominent part against secession, he was compelled to abandon his home and take refuge within the Union lines. Entering the Union army as a surgeon, he served from August, 1862, until Octo- ber, 1865, when he was honorably discharged. In 1867 he was elected to the Constitutional Convention of Alabama, and aided in framing the Constitution under which that State was restored to the Union. In February, 186S, he was elected to the Fortieth Congress from Alabama, to represent the district in which he had resided over twenty-live years. He was admitted to his seat July 31, 1868, immediately after the announcement that Alabama had ratified the Fourteenth Amendment, and was appointed to the Committee on Expenditures on the Public Buildings. Soon after his admission he introduced a resolution providing for extending the provisions of ihe law of July -4, 1864, providing for the payment of certain demands of loyal citizens of States not in rebellion for quarter- masters' stores and subsistence supplies furnished to the army of the United States, so as to include loyal citizens of the State of Alabama. In support of this resolution he made an able speech, January 5, 1869, and again addressed the House at length on the same subject March 2, 1869. ISAAC E. HAWKINS. SAAC E. HAWKINS was born in Maury County, Tennes- see, May 16, 1818 ; and when ten years old removed to Car- roll County, of the same State. He received a common- school education, and was mainly employed in agricultural pursuits until twenty-two years of age, when he commenced the study of law. In March, 1843, he was married, and commenced the practice of law at Huntington, Tennessee, where he has ever since resided. In 1816 he went as a lieutenant to the Mexican war, and was at the siege of Yera Cruz. Keturning from the war, he continued in the practice of law, and, in 1861, he was elected by the Tennessee Legislature, a delegate to the Peace Conference of February in that year. In May and June of 1861, he stumped his State against secession, and was, by 3,000 majority, elected to the convention for the consideration of Federal relations. In the following year he was elected a circuit judge, but, preferring the military service, entered the army as lieu- tenant-colonel of the 7th Tennessee Cavalry. In 1864 he was captured with his regiment at Union city, Tennessee, and was im- prisoned at Mobile, at Macon, Georgia, and at camp Oglethorpe, and was one of the fifty officers who were placed under fire at Charleston. Being exchanged in August of that same year, he re- sumed active service, and until the close of the war commanded the cavalry force in "Western Kentucky. In July, 1865, Mr. Hawkins was commissioned by Gov. Brownlow one of the chancellors of Tennessee ; but being a candidate for Con- gress, he declined to qualify, and, in August, was elected a Kepre- sentative to the Thirty-ninth Congress, and was subsequently re- elected to the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses. DAVID HEATO^T. JAVID HEATON was born at Hamilton, Ohio, March 10, 1823. His father was an early settler in Ohio, and was somewhat prominent in the political affairs of the State. The subject of this sketch, after receiving an ordinary English educa- tion, read law, and practised as an attorney for several years. In 1855 he was In the State Legislature as a Senator for the counties of Butler and Warren. In 1857 he removed to Minnesota, and served three terms in the Senate of that State. " He removed," says Sena- tor Ramsey of that State, " with the hope that the climate of Minne- sota would arrest the disease which has at length terminated his life. He found the change favorable, but the enthusiasm and self-forget- fulness with which he devoted himself to every good word and work did more to prolong his life than the change of climate. " He never wearied of the noble task of adapting the experience of his native Ohio to the organization of the institutions of Minnesota. He was soon chosen to represent Hennepin County in the State Senate, and continued in that position nearly six years. He was a laborious and faithful public servant, and to no single man is the State more indebted for the efficiency of the public school system and the restoration of the University of Minnesota, and its successful operation at St. Anthony, than to David Heaton. " "When, in 1861, it devolved upon me as governor to co-operate in raising troops for the national defence, I found him a tower of strength. His patriotism, his eloquence, his personal sympathy were all enlisted, and a new life seemed to animate his feeble frame." In 1863 Mr. Heaton was appointed by Secretary Chase as special agent of the Treasury Department, and United States depositary at DAVID HEATON. 2 Newbern, Forth Carolina, a place which he adopted as his residence. He was appointed third auditor of the Treasury, but did not accept the office. He became president of the National Bank of Newbern in the fall of 1865. He was an active member of the Republican party, and was the author of its platform, adopted at Raleigh, March 27, 1867. For more than twelve years he defended Republican prin- ciples by frequent contributions to the public press. In 1867 he was elected to the North Carolina Constitutional Convention, in which he was chairman of the Committee on the Bill of Rights. He was elected a Representative from North Carolina to the Fortieth Con- gress, in which he served for a few months, and was re-elected to the Forty-first Congress. He served on the Committee on Elections and the Committee on the Census, and as chairman of the Commit- tee on Coinage, Weights and Measures. So infirm was the health of Mr. Heaton that he was unable to participate prominently in the deliberations of Congress. Yet so highly did his constituents estimate the value of his services, that he received the unanimous renomination of his party for re-election to the Forty-second Congress. His health, however, gradually declined until his death, which occurred in Washington, on Saturday morning, June 25, 1870. The announcement of this event having been made in the Senate and House of Representatives, appropriate addresses were made, resolutions were adopted and the two Houses adjourned. This sketch may appropriately close with the following extract from the address of Hon. Joseph C. Abbott in the Senate on this occasion : " In his last breathings he sent out prayers and benedictions toward his people, and especially toward those whom he, as I do, always re- garded as the nation's wards, I mean the colored people. " He was also buoyed up in his last hours by the consolations of the Christian faith, in which he had always firmly believed. " His remains are to be deposited, at his own request, in the national cemetery at Newbern, so that he will sleep surrounded by those who fell in defence of their country and with the national flag perpetually waving; above him." WILLIAM HIGBT. ;ILLIAM HIGBY was born at Willsborough, Essex County, New York, August 18, 1813. He spent his boyhood on a farm, and subsequently engaged in the lumber and iron business. He graduated at the University of Yermont, in 1840, after which he studied law, and practiced ten years in the New York State Courts. The discovery of gold in California, in 1848, led thou- sands of the most enterprising of all classes and professions to the Pacific coast in quest of fortune. The most of them remained only until their hopes for sudden wealth were either realized or disappointed, but some remained to become permanent and valuable citizens of the rising State. Among the latter was Mr. Higby, who emigrated to California in 1850, and soon entered upon a successful practice of his profession. From 1853 to 1859 he was district-attorney for Cala- veras County, and in 1862 was a member of the State Senate. In 1863 he was elected a Representative from California to the Thirty eighth Congress, during which he served on the Committees on Public Lands and Expenditures in the Navy Department. Re-elected to the Thirty-ninth Congress, he served on the Special Committee to visit the Indian tribes of the west, on the Committees on the Death of President Lincoln and Appropriations. He was a delegate to the "Philadelphia Loyalists' Convention" of 1866. In the Fortieth Congress, he served on the Pacific Railroad Committee, and was chairman of the Committee on Mines and Mining. On the 23d of February, 1869, Mr. Higby delivered a speech on the bill for strengthening the public credit, which, within a limited space, ably set forth the true theory in regard to the national debt and its payment. JOKST HILL. 5 OHN HILL was born at Catskill, New York, June 10, 1821, and spent his youth among his native hills which constitute some of the most picturesque scenery in America. He received but limited advantages of education in the schools, but in boyhood was trained to business in a bank, and subsequently went into mercantile pursuits. In 1811 he went to New Jersey, and settled in Boonton, where he engaged in mercantile business. After hold- ing a number of local offices he was elected to the State Legislature, of which he was a member in 1861, 1862 and 1866, serving during his last term as Speaker. He was efficient in raising troops for the Union army during the rebellion. He has been for many years an elder in the Presbyterian Church, and an active friend and promoter of Sunday schools. From the first he was an active Republican, and as such was elected a Representative from New Jersey to the Fortieth Congress, and was re-elected to the Forty-first Congress. He was appointed on the Committee on Coinage, "Weights and Measures, and the Committee on Post-offices and Post-roads. He introduced a bill for promot- ing* a steamship line between New York and European ports by authorizing the Postmaster-General to contract with an Ameri- can Company for carrying the United States mails. Mr. Hill sup- ported the measure by several speeches, and it finally passed both Houses of Congress, but it did not accomplish the end designed through failure of Postmaster-General Randall to make the contract provided for. Mr. Hill introduced a bill to abolish the franking privilege, which was referred to his Committee, and in a modified form passed the House of Representatives, but was defeated in the Senate. Vol. 2. 5 JAMES HI^DS. 'AMES HINDS was born in Hebron, Washington County, New York, December 5, 1833. He was educated at the New York State Normal School at Albany. Removing to the West, he engaged in the study of law, and attended the courses of instruction given in the law schools at St. Louis and Cincinnati, graduating at the latter place in 1856. He then settled in St. Peters, Minnesota, for the practise of his profession. He served three years as district-attorney for thirteen counties of Minnesota, and subsequently for a short time filled the office of United States district-attorney for the State. At the breaking out of the rebel- lion, he was among the first to offer his services to the government, enlisting as a private, but the examining surgeon refused to accept him, deciding that he was physically incapable of marching. Never- theless, when General Sibley made his expedition against the hos- tile Indians of the West, Mr. Hinds succeeded in enlisting in the cavalry, and did good service during the campaign. In 1S65 Mr. Hinds removed to Little Rock, Arkansas, and resumed the practise of law, taking but little part in politics until after the passage of the Reconstruction acts. He boldly and ably advocated the Reconstruc- tion measures, at the same time taking great pains to teach the lately enfranchised colored men the nature and extent of their newly acquired rights and duties as citizens of the United States. He was selected as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, and aided efficiently in forming the Constitution under which Arkansas was re-admitted. In March, 1868, he was elected a Representative to the Fortieth Congress, and was admitted to his seat, June 21. Dur- ing the few weeks of his service in Congress, he introduced a bill for the sale of the Hot Springs of Arkansas, which passed the House, JAMES HINDS. his object being to promote the interest of the school fund of the State He also introduced a resolution proposing to open the Court of Claims to loyal claimants from Arkansas, which passed the House; and a resolution extending to the State of Arkansas the benefits of an act of Congress aiding in the establishment of agri- cultural colleges ; and a bill to place colored soldiers enlisted as "slaves" on an equal footing with white soldiers in regard to bounty. On the adjournment of Congress, not having seen his aged mother for eleven years, he visited the home of his boyhood, and leaving his wife and two children among his relatives, he hastened back to Arkansas, to join in the political campaign then in progress, lhe legislature in redisricting the State, separated the county in which he° resided from the district he represented, which prevented him from being renominated. Nevertheless he engaged with ardor in the campaign, laboring with zeal and efficacy for the success of the Republican party in the November election. On the 22d of Octo- ber 1868, he was on his way, accompanied by a friend, to a place where he was to speak, six miles from the village of Indian Bay. He was belated through the refusal of a steamboat captain to give him passage because he was a « Radical," and stopped a moment at the village of Indian Bay to inquire the way. He was directed by one Georo-e W. Clark, who, as soon as Mr. Hinds had gone on, took his gun, mounted his horse and pursued him. Coming up behind, he assassinated Mr. Hinds and wounded his companion, who however succeeded in making his escape. Mr. Hinds lay bleeding and dying on the road, until he was discovered by friends coming from the meeting he was to have addressed, and lived but a few moments longer. « His assassination," said one of his colleagues in the House, « was but one of a number which seemed to have been planned and executed with snch diabolical precision and cruelty as to convince all unprejudiced minds that the fell spirit of treason still burns in the hearts of many of the late rebels in our State." The tragical fate of Mr Hinds was announced to the House of Representatives, 3 JAMES HINDS. January 22, 1869, and to the Senate the day following. Touching and appropriate addresses were delivered in the House by Messrs. Elliott, Arnell, Boots, Boles and Buckley, and in the Senate by Messrs. Bice, McDonald, Sumner and "Warner. The brief but elo- quent remarks of Senator Sumner concluded with the following passage : " Often it happens that death, which takes away life, confers what life alone cannot give. It makes famous. History does not forget Lovejoy, who for devotion to the cause of the slave was murdered by a fanatical mob, and it has already enshrined Abraham Lincoln in holiest keeping. Another is added to the roll ; less exalted than Lincoln, less early in immolation than Lovejoy, but like these two, to be remembered always among those who passed out of life through the gate of sacrifice." Wl^. WILLIAM S. HOLMAST. °~-j^ILLIAM S. HOLMAN was born in Yerdstown, Indiana, September 6, 1822. His father was one of the first Judges of the Supreme Court of Indiana, and after giving him a common school education, instructed him in the science and prac- tice of the law. Soon after his admission to the bar, he was elected Judge of the Probate Court, an office which he held from 1843 to 1846. He was Prosecuting- Attorney from 1847 to 1849. A Conven- tion having been called in 1850 to revise the Constitution of Indiana, Judge Holman was elected a member, and took an important part in the deliberations. In the following year he was a member of the lower branch of the State Legislature. In 1852 he was elected Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, a department of the State Ju diciary which was created by the new Constitution to supersede the Probate Court, with more extended jurisdiction. Judge Holman held this office until 1856, when he resumed the practice of law. In 1858 he was elected a Representative from Indiana to the Thirty- sixth Congress as a Democrat, and was re-elected to the Thirty- seventh, Thirty-eighth, Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses. An undeviating Democrat during his entire Congressional service, he resisted secession, and was steadily for the Union, which he desir- ed to serve by compromise until that was rendered impossible by the hot blood of the rebellious South. He was then for war, but war for the Union only. Few men on the side of the minority in Congress have more influence with political friends, or more respect among partisan opponents than Judge Holman. He is a rapid, fluent, and impressive speaker, with all his extensive legal attainments and politi- cal resources effectively at hand in the emergencies of debate. He is prepossessing in appearance, agreeable in manners, and genial in social intercourse. SAMUEL HOOPER ""AMUEL HOOPER was born on the 3d of February, 1808, at Marblehead, a seaport town in Massachusetts, about "A^/ fifteen miles from Boston. The people of Marblehead at the time of Mr. Hooper's birth and early life there, were bold and hardy fishermen, largely engaged in the cod-fisheries on the banks of New- foundland, and having considerable business relations and inter- course with the "West Indies, Russia, and Spain. They sent their fish to the "West Indies for sale, and bought sugars with the proceeds, which they carried thence in their ships to Russia, bringing home in return iron, hemp, and other products of that country. They also shipped large quantities of fish to Spain, and sold them there for doubloons, which they brought back to this country. Mr. Hooper's father was largely engaged in the European and West Indian trade ; and. as his agent, Mr. Hooper in early life visited more than once Russia and the West ladies, and passed a whole season in Spain. In 1833, he became a junior partner in the firm of Bryant, Stur- gis & Co., at that time one of the leading houses in Boston, con- ducting extensive enterprises on the Western coast of this Continent and in China, sending their vessels to California (it was nearly twenty years before the gold discoveries there) for hides, which were then the great export of that cattle-grazing region, to the North- west coast for furs, and to China for teas and silks. In this firm Mr. Hooper continued for about ten years, and until its senior mem- bers, whose names it had long borne, and who had grown gray in honorable mercantile pursuits, M-ished to retire from active business. He then became a member of another large house engaged in the China trade, and remained in that business for many years. 0f9 HON. si ' ' SAMUEL HOOPER. 2 During the period of his active business* life, however, foreign commerce did not alone engage or absorb his interests or his ener- gies. He became early interested in the development of our domes- tic resources, and embarked both time and capital in the iron busi- ness, to the understanding of which and of the true interests of this branch of industry in this country, he gave much attention. The subject of currency and finance early interested him, both as a theo- retical question, and as a practical matter affecting the real pros- perity and substantial growth of the country. In the House of Rep- resentatives of the State of Massachusetts, in the years 1851, '52 and '53, and subsequently in the State Senate of that State in 1858, he distinguished himself by the interest he took in the subject of bank- ing and finance, by the knowledge he displayed upon it, and by the judicious and thoughtful measures which he introduced to check the evils of our unstable currency, and to establish on an impregnable basis the banks then existing in Massachusetts under State charters. During this period he wrote and published two pamphlets on cur- rency or money and bank notes, which are full of sound thought and clear statement, and are remarkable for their broad, thorough, and comprehensive views of the whole subject. In the summer of 1861, he was elected from Boston to the Thirty- seventh Congress, to fill a vacancy occasioned by the death of Mr. William Appleton. Possessing at this time a commercial experience and knowledge, the result of extensive transactions in foreign com- merce for more than a quarter of a century with all parts of the globe, and of active, if less extensive, operations at home, and a very clear and thorough understanding of that great mystery of finance and money as applied both to public and private affairs, the fruit of much study, reading, and sagacious and patient observation for an equally long period, and being thoroughly in sympathy with the Administra tion, and earnest in devising the best means for enabling the Govern ment to obtain the funds necessary for the prosecution of the war, on the one hand, and the people to bear the heavy burden it entailed on the other, Mr. Hooper became at once a trusted adviser of the 3 SAMUEL HOOPEK. Treasury Department, and a most useful and indefatigable member of the Committee of Ways and Means of the House of Represen- tatives. An extract from a letter of Mr. Chief- Justice Chase to the author, will serve to show his appreciation of Mr. Hooper's patriotism and public services during the critical period when Mr. Chase was Secre- tary of the Treasury : " Washington, Jan. 2, 1869. "My impressions of Mr. Hooper, until April, 1861, were derived almost wholly from the opinions of others. These gave me great confidence in his sagacity, integrity, and patriotism. "I do not now recollect where our personal acquaintance com- menced ; but it was, I think, not long before the 6th of April, 1861. I then advertised for proposals for a loan of $11,901,000 in money (coin) in exchange for Treasury notes. The proposals were to be opened five clays afterward, on the 11th. " This was at a time of great anxiety and depression. Before the day for opening the proposals arrived, the expeditions for the rein- forcement of Pickens and the provisionment of Sumter had already sailed ; and on that day, the correspondence between Beauregard, commanding the rebels, and Anderson, commanding the Fort, was going on, in reference to the surrender of Sumter. The next day the rebel batteries opened fire. " No time could be more unpropitious to the negotiation of a loan. Yet the advertisement could not be withdrawn without serious injury to the public credit ; and a failure to obtain the amount advertised for, would have had, perhaps, at that particular juncture, a still worse effect. " Mr. Hooper happened to be in Washington, and was a subscriber for $100,000. On opening the proposals I found that the offers fell short of the amount required, by about a million of dollars. I sent for Mr. Hooper, then personally almost a stranger to me, and asked him to take that sum, in addition to what he had before subscribed, assuring him he should be protected from loss in the event of his SA3IUEL HOOPER. 4 being unable to distribute the amount in Boston. He complied with my request without hesitation, and disposed of the whole amount without any aid from the Treasury. His readiness to come to the aid of the Government at the critical moment, and the personal con- fidence he shared in me, made an impression on my mind which cannot be obliterated. The sum does not now seem large, but it was large then, and the responsibility was assumed when most men would have shrunk from it. " On another and even more important occasion, my obligations to Mr. Hooper for support and co-operation, were still greater. " Very few months had passed, after I took charge of the Depart- ment, before I became fully satisfied that the best interests of the people, future as well as immediate, in peace as well as in war, de- manded a complete revolution in currency by the substitution of notes, uniform in form and in credit-value, issued under the authority of the nation, for notes varying in both respects issued under State authority, and I suggested to different financial gentlemen the plan of a National Banking System. The suggestion was not received with favor, or anything like favor. " But my conviction of the necessity of some such measure, both to the successful management of the finances during the war, and to the prevention of disastrous convulsions on the return of peace, was so strong, that I determined to bring the subject to the attention of Congress. "In my report on the finances submitted on the 9th of December. 1861, I therefore recommended the adoption of a National Banking System, upon principles and under restrictions explained partly in the report, and more fully in the Bill drawn up under my direction, and either sent to the Committee of Ways and Means, or handed to one of its members— perhaps to Mr. Hooper himself. However the bill may have gone to the Committee, I am not mistaken, I think, in saying that Mr. Hooper was the only member who gave it any sup- port. I am pretty sure that the only favor shown it by the Com- mittee was a permission to Mr. Hooper to report it without recom- 5 SAMUEL HOOPER. mendation, on his own responsibility. He took that responsibility, and the Bill was reported and printed. " ISTo action was asked upon it at that session. If action had been asked, it is not improbable that it would have been rejected with very few dissenting votes — so powerful then was the influence of the State Banks, so reluctant were they to accept the new measure, and so strong was the general sentiment of the Members of Congress against it. " Before the next session, a strong public opinion, in favor of a uniform currency for the whole country, and of the National Bank- ing System as a means of accomplishing that object, had developed itself; and Mr. Hooper found himself able to carry the measure through the House of Representatives. It still encountered a for- midable opposition in the Senate, and I well remember the personal appeals I was obliged to make to Senators, as I had already to Rep- resentatives, in order to overcome their objections. " The Bill found a powerful and judicious friend in Mr. Sherman, and at length passed by a clear vote. It was approved by Mr. Lin- coln, who had steadily supported it from the beginning, on the 25th of February, 1863. "I think I cannot err in ascribing the success of the measure in the House to the sound judgment, persevering exertions, and disinter- ested patriotism of Mr. Hooper. The results of the measure during the war fulfilled, and since the war have justified the expectations I formed. It received valuable amendments in both Houses of Congress before its enactment, and has since been further amended ; and is, I think, still capable of beneficial modification in points of much im- portance to the public interests. " But this is not the place nor the occasion for a discussion of this matter ; all that you desire is my estimate of the services of Mr. Hooper. I have mentioned only the two principal occasions on which I was specially indebted to him; but they were by no means the only occasions in which he aided me, or rather the Department of the Government of which I then had charge, both by personal counsel and by Congressional support. SAMUEL HOOPEK. Q " During the whole time I was at the head of the Treasury, I con- stantly felt the great benefit of his wise and energetic co-operation. It would be unjust, saying this of Mr. Hooper, not to say that there were others in and out of Congress, to whom in other financial rela- tions the Treasury Department and the country were very greatly indebted ; but it is simple duty to add that the timely aid which he rendered at the crisis of the loan of April, 1861, and in promoting the enactment of the National Banking Law, placed me, charged as I was with a most responsible and difficult task, under special obliga- tions which I can never forget, and shall always take pleasure in acknowledging. " With great respect, yours very truly, " S. P. Chase." In accepting a re-nomination for the third time in the autumn of 1866, Mr. Hooper announced to his constituents his intention of retiring from Congress at the end of that term ; and in the spring of 1868, he re-affirmed the same intention in a formal and decided letter to the people of his district, in which he thanked them most cordially for their continued support of him ; but his constituents would take no refusal. They insisted upon his reconsidering the matter. He was unanimously nominated, and for the fifth time was elected to Congress after a sharp contest in a very close dis- trict, by a majority of nearly three thousand votes. More accustomed to writing than to public speaking. Mr. Hooper has not been in Congress a frequent or lengthy speaker ; but when- ever he has spoken, he has commanded the attention of the House. His speeches have all been distinguished by a thorough understand- ing of the subject matter, by vigorous and comprehensive thought, exact logic, and clear and forcible statements. They have been mostly on financial questions, and have attracted the attention and received the approval of the sound thinkers and of the public presg^ both in this country and in Europe. BEXJAMEsT F. HOPKESTS. •ENJAMIN F. HOPKINS was born at Hebron, Washing- ton County, New York, April 22, 1829. "He was not a graduate," says one of his colleagues in Congress, " nor so far as I can learn, ever a student of any college, but to the credit of the public schools of his native town, he acquired an education in the useful and the practical, and a discipline of the mind that would reflect honor on the proudest Alma Mater." He emigrated to Wis- consin in 1849, and settled at Madison, the State capital, where he engaged - actively in business pursuits. He became manager of one of the pioneer telegraph lines of the West, and such was his success in this and other enterprises, that he accumulated a large fortune. "Few lives," says Senator Howe, "have been more logically ordered than that of Mr. Hopkins. His first effort seems to have been directed to the acquirement of that competency which would put him and those dependent upon him beyond the reach of want, and secure to him that freedom from personal cares which is so essential to one who is engaged in the public service. That competency he early acquired, and so secured as to demand the least possible share of time in the management of it. And the immutable method of his life was perhaps in nothing more conspicuous than in the fact that he aimed at competency and not fortune, and in the further fact that when competency was achieved he rested from that endeavor. He did not attempt to supplement competency with fortune. When he had secured that competence, he directed his undivided energies to public affairs." He entered active political life in 1856, as private secretary to Governor Bashford of Wisconsin, and he has always been regarded as justly entitled to a large share of the credit of the success of that officer's administration, and of the ascendency of the Eepublican party in that State. In 1862 he was elected to the State BENJAMIN F. HOPKINS. 2 Senate, and served two years, and was subsequently a member of the Assembly of the State. At the outbreak of the rebellion, Mr. Hopkins was " untiring," as testifies Governor Randall of Wisconsin, " in his efforts to arouse the people to the exigencies that were upon us. He spent much time and much of his own means, without hesitation or faltering, in gath- ering in the Wisconsin troops, and urging forward enlistments for the war. He was always ready at my summons, by night or day, to leave his own private business to attend the public service. I was indebted to no man not in public life more than to him. He was never discouraged, but loyal, patriotic, and devoted to his country. He was a good citizen, public-spirited, generous and charitable." In 1866 Mr. Hopkins was elected a Representative from Wisconsin to the Fortieth Congress, and having taken his seat, soon acquired influence, and won a high place in the confidence and esteem of his fellow-members. " He was not an eloquent sayer of things," says one of his colleagues, " he was rather a diligent doer of things ; he was not rhetorical but he was eminently practical." Judge Law- rence, • who was associated with him in Committee service, said : " His grasp and force of intellect, his faculty of comprehending all subjects on which he was called to act, made him a most able, valua- ble and efficient member of the House, as he was of the committee." At the close of the first term of the Forty-first Congress, he left Washington with his health somewhat impaired. During the summer he declined, and when Congress re-assembled in November, he was detained at his home and confined to his house. Early in December he was stricken with paralysis, and languished until the first of Jan- uary, when he expired, " sustained to the last by the fortitude of Christian faith and hope." Gen. Washburn describes him as "of manners mild, genial and courteous ; of a temper kind and concilia- ting in the highest degree ; with a hand ever open to the calls of charity." His large circle of personal and political friends deeply lamented the untimely death of one so promising and so useful, but " That life is long which answers life's great end." JULIUS HOTCHKISS. 'ULIITS HOTCHKISS was born in Waterbury, Connecticut, Jul}- 11, 1810. After receiving a common school education he engaged in mercantile pursuits, and subsequently turned his attention to manufactures. In 1851 and 1S5S he was a member of the Legislature of Connecticut, and meanwhile was Mayor of "Waterbury. In 1854 he was a candidate for the office of Comptrol- ler of the State. In 1867 he was elected a Representative from Connecticut to the Fortieth Congress, during which he served on the Committees on Territories and Freedmen's affairs. Mr. Hotchkiss acted uniformly and consistently with the Democrats in opposition to the majority, and in support of the policy of President Johnson. On the 21th of February, 1868, Mr. Hotchkiss addressed the House in a long and elaborate argument against the Impeachment of the President, in which he reviewed in terms of severity the course of Secretary Stanton, and eulogized Mr. Johnson. The following pas- sage from this speech, though not a specimen of the argument in the speech, is pertinent to a biographical sketch : " I come here from the busy scenes of a business life. I only review the question from the light of that experience and common observation outside of those legal acquirements possessed by the great majority of this House. I am not skilled in the subtleties of legal ratiocination, of that art which sometimes clothes falsehood with the garb of truth, and thus often deceives the honest inquirer after the genuine article. I leave the task of making the worse appear the better reason to the gentle- men of the legal profession, who compose two-thirds of the radical side of the House, which fact alone would almost indicate that the whole proceeding is a conspiracy of lawyers for partisan purposes." ASAHEL W- HUBBARD. MSAHEL W. HUBBARD was born at Haddam, Connec- ticut, January 18, 1819. Having received a common ^gff school education, he removed to Indiana in 1838, and en- gacTed in school teaching. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1841 He was elected to the Legislature of Indiana m 1847, and served three years. In 1857 he removed to Iowa, and made Ins home in Sioux City, where he practised his profession. He was sub- sequently elected judge of the Fourth Judicial District of Iowa. In 1862 he was elected a Representative from Iowa to the Thirty-eighth Confess, during which he served as a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and the Special Committee to visit the Indian tribes of the West. He was re-elected to the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Congresses, serving on the Committees on Public Expenditures and Mian Affairs. In the Fortieth Congress he introduced a bill to facilitate the resumption of specie payments, and a bill amenda- tory of an act granting lands in the State of Iowa to aid in the con- struction of railroads. The latter bill was designed to extend the time for the completion of the Dubuque and Sioux City Railroad, and consisted mainly of limitations and restrictions on the original grant. In explaining the bill, Mr. Hubbard said : "I have inserted those provisions in the bill for the purpose of protecting the interests of the people along the line of the road as well as the interest of the Gov- ernment. They are guards and restrictions and limitations on the original grant." Beyond the explanation and advocacy of this measure, Mr. Hubbard took no part in the discussions and deliber- ations of the Fortieth Congress, as he was frequently absent from his seat on account of bad health. CHESTEK D. HUBBARD. W: HESTER D. HUBBAED was bom in Hamden, Connecti- cut, Nov. 25, 1814. In the following year, his father re- moved to Western Pennsylvania, and, in 1819, to "Wheeling, Virginia. Here young Hubbard prepared for college, and then en- tered the Wesley an University at Middletown, Conn., where he graduated in 1810. He then returned to Wheeling, and engaged in business pursuits. He was interested in the manufacture of lumber and iron, and was for several years President of the Bank of Wheeling. Mr. Hubbard was a Whig in politics, and, in 1852, was elected to the lower house of the Virginia Legislature, where he won esteem and confidence for a devotion to principle which was to bring him forward, in due time, to a wider field of usefulness. During the stormy period which preceded the rebellion in Vir- ginia, and when it not unfrequently cost a man his life to proclaim his adherence to the General Government, Mr. Hubbard was clear and outspoken. In 1861, he was elected a delegate to the Richmond Convention, which passed the ordinance of secession. To the inqui- ries propounded to him as to his views, and the course he would pur- sue in that Convention, he published a letter in the Wheeling Intelli- gencer, of which the following is an extract : " I realize that in the present condition of affairs much will de- pend on the course Virginia shall adopt. If she be found faithful — and who can doubt it ? — to herself and the Union, all may be saved. If she wavers, and turns her back on the work of her own hands, all is lost ; and the dial of human progress goes backward, and the hopes of humanity are blasted for untold ages. Therefore, the necessity — L- - '■- - ""- CHESTER D. HUBBARD. 2 the stern, unbending necessity — that none but Union men, sound tt the core, should be found in the approaching Convention. " Nor can I conceive that loyalty to the Union is want of fealty to Virginia. I would despise myself, and count myself unworthy to be numbered among her sons, which has ever been my pride and my boast, if I did not feel that every pulsation and instinct of my nature beat warmly and undividedly for the welfare of our good old Com- monwealth ; and while I would not relinquish a single fraction of her rights, I unhesitatingly believe that every interest and every right , can better be secured and maintained in the Union than out ; and that disunion, so far from being a remedy for any evil, is the Pan- dora's box of all evils." As a member of the Convention, Mr. Hubbard was positive, and resolutely determined in his opposition to all the schemes of the se- cessionists in that body for taking the State out of the Union. After the passage of the ordinance of secession, against which he voted, he immediately returned to his constituents in Western Virginia, and foreseeing that war was surely to follow the success of the plans of the Richmond secessionists, he urged the formation of military com- panies for the defense of the loyal people of the State. The compa- nies thus formed became the nucleus of the first regiment of three months' volunteers, and the advanced guard of loyal men who saved Western Virginia from the grasp of secession and rebellion. For his active opposition thus manifested to the measures of the secessionists, he was expelled from the Convention at Richmond — which expul- sion only increased his zeal and devotion to the Union. Mr. Hubbard was a member of the Wheeling Convention which organized the restored government of Virginia, and after the forma- tion of the new State of West Virginia he was elected to the State Senate. Toward the close of the Senatorial term, he was proposed as a candidate for Representative in the Congress of the United States, and published a letter addressed to the Union voters of his District, setting forth his views of public policy, from which we make the following brief extract : Vol. 2. 6 3 CHESTER D. HUBBARD. " Having, from the beginning, labored to make West Virginia a free State, I rejoice, to-day, that on this question we occupy no doubtful position before our sister States ; and what I desire for my- self, I desire for others. Slavery having been taken out of the ark of the Constitution by its friends, let it go down and perish beneath the onswelling wave of freedom. It is but retributive justice. Slavery sought to destroy the life of the nation ; let it pay the forfeit with its own life. The welfare of the whole country, North and South, de- mands that the future policy of the National Government shall be Free- dom and not Slavery. ' Wages for labor,' sustained by the declaration of Holy Scripture — ' The laborer is worthy of his hire,' is the only doc- trine worthy of Republican institutions, the surest guarantee of civil liberty, and the only safe basis of a Democratic Republic." Mr. Hubbard concludes by adding, in reference to the candidacy for Representative to Congress : " I may say, in conclusion, that I do not claim any particular fitness for the position. I have had but little experience in legislation, having been trained to the business of activ life rather than those studies which peculiarly qualify the statesman. Yet I love West Virginia ; I glory in her high position before the country; and whether I shall be selected as your candidate or not, I shall labor for her welfare with the same untiring purpose and effort." Mr. Hubbard was elected to the Thirt}*-ninth Congress, and re- elected to the Fortieth Congress. As a speaker, Mr. Hubbard is clear and impressive, presenting his views with force and directness. As a sample of his style, we quote the following from a speech delivered by him in reply to Mr. Van Trump of Ohio, who had attacked the position of West - Virginia as one of the States of the Union : " I do not propose to enter into a discussion of any constitutional question connected with the admission of the State. It is sufficient for me to know that West Virginia has been admitted as a State by the Congress of the United States, that branch of the Government authorized by the Constitution to admit new States, and I presume the members of that Congress understood their constitutional obligations. CHESTER D. HUBBARD. 4 "West Virginia has been acknowledged as a State by the executive department of the Government in all its branches. Her name has been entered on the roll of States by the Supreme Court of the United States — no Justice on that bench, so far as I know, dissenting therefrom. She has fulfilled all her constitutional obligations as a State since her admission. She furnished her full quota of soldiers for the defense of the Union — all volunteers, no drafted men among them. Can the gentleman's district say as much ? She has paid her share of the direct tax, and stands as ready to-day to sustain a preserved Union as she did to defend it in its time of danger and peril. " I know she is not a State by the consent of rebels or rebel sympa- thizers. I know her name is not called in Democratic convention, that it is not enrolled on Democratic banners, for she does not muster in that camp ; and I am not surprised that the gentleman's ire is ex- cited by seeing her Representatives on this floor. But I am surprised at the bitterness of invective with which she is assailed, and especially that it should come from a Representative from the State of Ohio -^a State which, of all others, (I speak it in no spirit of boasting), has most reason to thank God for the loyalty of "West Virginia. For four long years of fire and death, "West Virginia stood between the citizens of Ohio and the destroyer. "We were her wall of defense ; while our fields were laid waste and desolated, theirs were rich with fruitful harvests ; while our homes were left without a roof-tree by the ruthless hand of war, theirs were the abodes of peace and plenty ; and yet a government and recognition among the States of the Union, secured by such earnest devotion, and won by such heroic sacrifices, must be branded as ' illegitimate,' ' conceived in sin and born in in- iquity,' and that by a Representative of the people who have been most benefited by that devotion and that sacrifice. O shame, where is thy blush ? " EICHAED D. HUBBABD. W ICHAKD D. HUBBARD was born in Berlin, Connecticut, September 7, 1818. He graduated at Yale College, studied law, and devoted bis entire attention to his profession. In 1867 be was elected a Representative from Connecticut to the For- tieth Congress, and served on the Committees on Claims, and Expen- ditures in the Post-office Department. Elected as a Democrat, he acted steadily with the minority in opposition to the measures of the Republican majority in Congress. His first speech before the House was made January 13, 1868, against the bill defining a quorum of the Supreme Court. " The Supreme Court," he said in this speech, is not the child of legislative power, but is created by the same authority which created the House and Senate. Both children came from one parent, and when one child seeks to slay the other, it is guilty of the crime that Cain committed in the elder world." On the 17th of January, 1868, Mr. Hubbard addressed the House against the Supplementary Reconstruction bill, maintaining that it was " a measure of revolutionary usurpation, because it attempts to strike down the executive department of the government." On the 2d of March, Mr. Hubbard addressed the House in opposition to the Im- peachment of President Johnson " because," as he expressed it, " no case is presented which is worthy of the House and of the dignity of the proceeding, and because, in the second place, the constitu- tional tribunal for the trial of the charges presented has. by its own misconduct incapacitated itself to pass a fair, an honest and just judgment in the premises." On the 22d of March, 1868, Mr. Hubbard addressed the House in opposition to an act to amend the Judiciary, and in support of the President's veto of that measure. UMfU/t CALVE* T. HTJLBUKD. JSSBhE immediate ancestors of Calvin T. Hulburd were of New "; W[ England birth and Welsh descent. They emigrated to ^51? St. Lawrence County, New York, when that portion of the State was a wilderness. Here Calvin T. Hulburd was born, June 5, 1809. Having enjoyed the limited advantages which the common schools of his neighborhood afforded, at the age of fifteen he entered an academy for the purpose of preparing for college. He finished his preparatory studies, and entered Middlebury College, Vermont, in 1825. During his four years' continuance there, he was known as a ready. debater — one of the best Belles Lettres students of his class, and an easy and graceful writer. Though not allowed by the college regulations to be very prominent in politics, yet, during his college course, he was more than once left in editorial charge of the only Democratic paper then published in the vicinity of the college. In 1830, Mr. Hulburd commenced the study of law with the ven- erable Abraham Yan Yechten, of Albany. The following year he spent at the law school connected with Yale College, and after an- other year in law offices of Troy and Albany, he was admitted to the New York bar. During the three years above named Mr. Hulburd not merely read but studied law ; and Judge Daggett, the then accom- plished principal of the New Haven Law School, is known to have said that he made, while there, the best proficiency of any student ever con- nected with the institution. All his friends anticipated for Mr. Hulburd a professional career of usefulness and honor. But when his professional studies entitled him to apply for admission to practice, his close application to books had 2 CALVIN T. HULBURD. seriously impaired a strong constitution. He found, on repeated trials, that lie could not bear the drudgery and close confinement of the office, and thus, at the very entrance to his chosen profession, he was constrained to turn anew to a more active business. In 1839, associated with an enterprising brother, Mr. Hulburd purchased a few hundred acres of unimproved land, embracing a portion of the bed and banks of the St. Eegis river, in the boun- daries of the town of Brasher. In the development of the re- sources of the town, and especially the improvement of its water- power, the brothers soon built up quite a manufacturing village, and gave to it the name of Brasher Falls — which it still retains. In 1812, Mr. Hulburd was elected, on the Democratic ticket, to the State Legislature, where, in the first month of the session, he so de- fined his own position and that of his county, in the financial crisis of the State, as ever afterwards to be heard with respect and atten- tion. In the Assembly of 1843, he was placed at the head of the Committee on Canals — also that on Colleges, Academies, and Com- mon Schools. As Chairman of the latter Committee, he made a lie- port setting forth the necessity of retaining in the School system of !STew York the office of County Superintendent, and suggesting va- rious amendments in the laws ; all of which were adopted. In 1811, he was again returned to the Assembly ; and as Chairman of the Ed- ucational Committee, he was required once more to examine and re- view the whole educational system of the State, expose its deficien- ces, and suggest remedies. In his labors and investigations pertaining to this important commission, Mr. Hulburd proved himself greatly efficient, and as already possessed of those liberal and enlightened views respecting the true theory of Public Schools which are doubt- less destined to universal prevalence in the country. In his Report to the Assembly, he asks : " Is it too Utopian a hope to be indulged, that even in our day we shall be permitted to see education free — free in the district school, free in the academy, and free in the college — every advantage, every facility, free to all? Would not this be indeed Democratic ? " CALVIN T. HULBURD. 3 By order of the Assembly, Mr. Hulburd was directed to visit Massachusetts for the purpose of examining the workings of the for- mal schools established there. Returning, he made a Report com- prising the result of his observations and investigations. In this Re- port, he traced, in a clear and succinct manner, the origin, progress, and results of the establishment of teachers' seminaries in Europe, and in Massachusetts, so far as they had been tried there, and con- cluded by recommending the establishment of such an institution in the State of New York, and the introduction of a Bill accordingly. This Bill, though encountering much opposition, was sustained by ar- guments so able and conclusive by Mr. Hulburd, and others, that it became a law by a large majority. After several years of voluntary retirement, in the fall of 1861 Mr. Hulburd was again elected to the Assembly, and was placed at the head of the Committee of Wajs and Means, then as now the post of honor, and in the war exigences of the times, a position of peculiar responsibility. Early in the session he introduced important Reso- lutions, looking toward the adoption and maintenance of a sound financial system for the country. In the State legislature, Mr. Hulburd had the reputation of being a clear and vigorous thinker and an effective debater. In these par- ticulars he was classed with such men as Allen of Oswego, Bosworth of iSTew York, Hoffman of Herkimer, Sampson of Rochester, and Seymour of Utica, It was remarked of him by Mr. Hoffman, that he was the ablest man — Silas Wright excepted — ever sent to Albany from St. Lawrence County. In 1862, Mr. Hulburd was elected to the Thirty-eighth Congress from what is familiarly known as the St. Lawrence District, and one of the most Radical in the State. He was made Chairman of the Committee on Public Expenditures, and a member of the Committee on Agriculture. During the first session he delivered his maiden speech on the President's Emancipation Proclamation. Of this speech it was well said, that " had an older member with a recog- nized position uttered that speech, it would have attracted more at- 4 CALVIN T. HULBURD. tention than it received for the soundness and sagacity of its views. It will, whenever and wherever read, be regarded as a complete, scholarly, and convincing argument — remarkable for the positions taken, and yet more remarkable that subsequent events have fully confirmed its correctness." But chiefly was Mr. Hulburd conspicuous in the Thirty-eighth Congress for his examination and fearless exposure, in a Report to the House, of abuses and corrupt practices existing in connection with the New York Custom House. Re-elected to the Thirty-ninth Congress, Mr. Hulburd was con- tinued at the head of the Committee on Public Expenditures, and placed also on the Joint Committee on the Library. Daring this session, he spoke on the finances, Niagara ship canal enterprise, and other subjects. But his efforts were mainly directed to a continu- ance of the New York Custom-House investigation. By order of the House, he spent some time in Boston, examining the so-called Williams wine cases ; and his report of these cases settled not only Jieir legal status, but the moral status of several officials implicated. The report resulting from the New York investigation, while it ex- posed other flagrant abuses, brought out clearly' the corrupt purposes and practices of the Collector of that port, so that a resolution was passed by a more than two-thirds vote, declaring that the Collector ought to be removed. The publication of this report produced a great sensation, not only in New York, but in the country generally, and is considered as one of the most fearless and masterly documents that ever emanated from the American Congress. Mr. Hulburd, having been elected to the Fortieth Congress, was still continued Chairman of the Committee on Public Expenditures. He has also served on the Reconstruction Committee, occasionally speaking on subjects emanating from that committee. He also deliv- ered a brief speech on the question of the Presidential impeachment. Mr. Hulburd, though a Radical, has never been regarded as an ex- tremist. On all subjects, his views have been characterized by libe- rality, comprehensiveness, and practical common sense. JAMES M. HUMPHEET. AMES M. HUMPHREY was born in Holland, Erie County, New York, September 21, 1819. Having received a com- mon school education lie studied law and practised in the city of Buffalo. In 1857, 1858 and 1859 he was district- attorney for the county of Erie. From 1863 to 1865 he was a member of the State Senate, and was president of the Democratic State Con- vention. He was elected a Representative from New York to the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Congresses as a Democrat, serving on the Committees on Commerce, the Civil Service, and Expenditures in the State Department. In a speech, February 29, 1868, Mr. Humphrey addressed the House in opposition to the Articles of Impeach- ment, reported by the Judiciary Committee. After denouncing the movement to impeach the President at considerable length, he closed by saying : " If Mr. Stanton and his associates suppose that the people of the United States can be betrayed and subjugated to such a tyranny without an appeal to that God of battles who pro- tects the right, I fear they will find that they have underrated the intelligence and patriotism of the American people." In a speech, June 27, 1868, Mr. Humphrey favored liberal appro- priations for the improvement of rivers and harbors, maintaining the willingness and ability of the people to pay taxes for such purposes. He opposed a bill to provide for the construction of a ship canal around the falls of Niagara in an elaborate and able speech, delivered January 14, 1869. He offered a substitute providing for a grant by the Federal government, to the State of New York, of the sum $10,000,000, on condition that the Oswego and the Erie canals should be enlarged to a size sufficient to enable the passage of vessels two hundred and fifty feet in length, and thirty feet in breadth. MOKTON 0. HUNTER fORTOK C. HUNTER was born at Versailles, Indiana, February 5, 1825. He was educated at the Indiana Uni- versity, and in 1847 graduated in the Law Department. On the 26th of September, 1848, he was married to Miss Martha A. La Bertew, and soon after located in Bloomington for the practice of law. He immediately took a leading position among the members of the Bloomington bar, which in ability has always ranked as one of the foremost in the State. In politics he was a Whig, and cast his first vote for General Taylor for President in 1848. After the disintegra- tion of the Whig party he attached himself to the Republican organ- ization, and has since been a bold and successful advocate of its prin- ciples. In 1858 he was the Republican candidate for representative in the State legislature, and was elected by over three hundred majority in a county which had always been relied upon as strongly Demo- cratic. He was a leading member of the legislature, and gave shape to much of its most important legislation. In 1860 he was the Lin- coln elector for the Third District, which, after a thorough canvass, was carried for the Republicans by a large majority. In 1861 he was appointed by Governor Morton, brigadier-general of the fifth military district of Indiana, and for the purpose of organizing the militia therein he spent three months in canvassing the counties, neither charging nor receiving anything for pay or expenses. On the 19th of August, 1862, he was put in command of the mili- tary camp at Madison for the purpose of raising the 82d Indiana Regiment. He was commissioned colonel, and on the first of Septem- ber landed at Louisville, Kentucky, with his regiment fully armed and equipped. The regiment was placed in a brigade under command E R ■ RESEUTATIVE F ' MORTON C. HUNTER. 2 of General Burbridge, and remained in the vicinity of Louisville just one month, marching from point to point to resist the Rebel General Kirby Smith who was then threatening the city. Subsequently Col. Hunter's regiment, as apart of the army under General Buell, marched through Kentucky in pursuit of Bragg's forces, and was at the battle of Ferrysville. It took part in the battle of Stone River, in the fight at Hoover's Gap, and in the Tullahoma campaign which drove Gen- eral Bragg and his forces across the Cumberland River. The regi- ment next participated in the battle of Chickamauga. It was the first regiment that took position upon the memorable hill, the hold- ing of which in that battle saved the Union army. It was also in the fight at Brown's Ferry, which broke the rebel lines and opened communication by the Cumberland River with our army at Chatta- nooga, then in an almost starving condition. It was next in the storming of Mission Ridge, and, on the 25th of February, 1863, was in the fight at Rocky-Face Ridge in which its lieutenant-colonel, Paul E. Slocum, was killed. On the 7th of May following, the regiment marched with the grand army under Major-General Sherman, and shared all the hardships, battles, and successes of the memorable campaign which won Atlanta, the m-eat rebel stronghold of the south-west. At Atlanta Colonel Hunter took command of the 1st Brigade, 3d Division of the 14th Army Corps, and commanded it until the close of the war. He joined in Sherman's grand march to the sea, and in the arduous campaign through the Carolinas by way of Richmond to the national capital. He participated in the grand review at Washington on the 25th of May, 1865, after the surrender of the rebel armies. He was breveted brigadier-general for meritorious services. During the three years he was in the army he was away from his command but once, and that only for fourteen days to visit a sick member of his family. His command was always in the front when the fighting was done, never performing garrison or guard duty in the rear. In 1866 Mr. Hunter was the Republican candidate for Congress in the Third District of Indiana, and was elected by a majority of 3 MORTON C. HUNTER. 696 votes, notwithstanding a heavy importation against him, his dis- trict bordering on Kentucky, and lying between the Second and Fourth Districts both of whicli were strongly Democratic. As a member of the Fortieth Congress, Mr. Hunter performed valuable service for his constituents and the country. On the 18th of December, 1867, he introduced an elaborate and carefully pre- pared bill " To provide internal revenue, to support the government, to pay interest on the public debt, and for other purposes," the great object of which was to relieve the industrial interests of the country from internal tax, and to place the same on luxuries and the wealth of the country. This bill was referred to the Committee on Ways and Means, who subsequently reported some of its material features in "a bill abolishing the tax on manufactures," and "a bill abolish- ing bonded warehouses," both of which were passed. He also in- troduced a bill "to fund the national debt, and for other purposes," which was referred to the same committee. A bill " to tax green- backs, and other national currency, by the States in like manner as other personal property " introduced by him was referred to the Com- mittee on Banking and Currency, the substance of which was re- ported upon favorably and is now the law. He was also the author of a bill granting pensions to the soldiers of 1812, and a certain class of soldiers of the Mexican war. He made but few speeches, but in these evinced profound thought and extensive research. His speech on finance was regarded as one of the ablest made on that subject. He is a man of fine physical development, being six feet in height and well proportioned. He is strictly temperate, never having used spirituous liquors nor tobacco in any form. Of excellent attainments, sound judgment, and untiring industry, he has fulfilled every public duty with honor to himself and satisfaction to his friends. I E SENTATWE FROM IL1 EB(m O. I^GEKSOLL. ^ON CLARK INGERSOLL was born in Oneida Comity, New York, December 12, 1831. In 1813, be removed with bis father to Illinois. Having finished bis education at Pa- ducl Kentucky, be entered upon the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1851, and located himself at Peoria, Illinois, for the prac- tice of his profession. In 1856 Mr. Ingersoll was elected to the Illinois legislature. He served for a time, as Colonel of a Regiment of Illinois Volunteers m the War of the Rebellion. In 1861, he was elected a representative to the Thirty-eighth Congress for the unexpired term of Hon. Owen Lovejoy; and has been re-elected to the Thirty-ninth, Fortieth, and Forty-first Congress. In the Fortieth Congress, Mr. Ingersoll held the responsible po- sition of Chairman of the Committee on the District of Columbia. He has shown himself an active and able Representative m Con- cress His speeches give evidence of earnestness, joined with a sound and discriminating judgment. In his speech on the government of the insurrectionary States, delivered on the Tth of February, 1867, he thus advanced his views touching the status of these States as affected by their rebellion: « I hold that the rebel States, by rebellion, destroyed all civil govern- ment within their boundaries, and destroyed their political organiza- tions known to the Constitution of the United States, and, conse- quently, they ceased to be States of this Union ; and by the operation of the' act of secession, culminating in armed rebellion, they became the territory of the United States, when we, by our successes on the battle-field, made a conquest of their armies." 2 EBON C. INGERSOLL. "We present an extract from another speech by Mr. Ingersoll, which is interesting, not only as a specimen of extemporaneous oratory, but as an illustration of opinions of the President entertained in Con- gress, pending the great contest between him and the Legislative branch of the Government : " Sir, Andrew Johnson has made no sacrifices worthy of any men- tion, and if he has, an appreciative and grateful people would re- member them without his thrusting them in their faces on every oc- casion. What has he suffered ? He has not suffered so much as the humblest private that fought in our armies during the rebellion. The humblest private that fought at Gettysburg or in the "Wilderness is entitled to more credit than is Andrew Johnson for what he has done. Has Andrew Johnson ever fought the enemy in battle? No, sir. Has he ever made an effort to find the enemy on the tented field? Never. Has he ever even smelled gunpowder ? Has he ever camped on the frozen ground ? Has he ever stood guard in the stormy and dreary nights numbed with the frosts of winter \ Has he ever suffered any of the privations common to the soldier, or endured any of the hardships of campaign life ? No, never ; not even an hour ! " "What has Andrew Johnson suffered % He suffered being United States Senator in 1861 ; he has suffered being military governor of Tennessee, snugly ensconced in a mansion at Nashville, with a briga- dier-general's straps on his shoulders, and feasted and toasted, with sentinels pacing before his door while he was securely and quietly sleeping through the watches of the night, while others braved the dangers he never met ! "And will the American people allow him to impose his infa mous policy of " restoration " upon them because he claims to have suffered so much ? No, sir, not even if his pretended sufferings were real. Andrew Johnson has suffered nothing worthy of remark, un- less it be that he has suffered the pangs of an uneasy conscience for his perfidy to the principles of the Union party. That kind oi suffering would be good for him, and I hope he may have plenty of it. There is certainly plenty of cause, and I trust it may have a good effect." // THOMAS A. JE^CKES. |HOMAS A. JEtfCKES was born in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1S18. Having graduated at Brown University in 1838, lie studied law, and by his ability and industry soon rose to eminence in his profession. His practice was not merely of a local character, but the nature of the litigations of which he had charge, which were mostly in the courts of the United States, carried him frequently into other States and to Washington. He first entered into public life in 1840, as Clerk of the Rhode Island House of Representatives, and held the office five years. During the Dorr Rebellion, he was Private Secretary to Governor King. From 1845 to 1855, he served as Adjutant-General of the State Militia. From 1851 to 1859, he was in the State Legislature — four years in the House, and one year in the Senate. In 1863, he was elected a Representative from Rhode Island to the Thirty-eighth Congress. He was appointed Chairman of the Com- mittee on Patents, and of the Special Committee on the Bankrupt Law. He was re-elected to the Thirty-ninth Congress, in which he was continued at the head of the Committee on Patents, and was appointed Chairman of a Select Committee on the Civil Service. His services in Congress have been of great value, and are such as entitled him to high rank among the legislators of the country. Among these^ services may be mentioned first his agency in the passage of the bill to establish a uniform system of Bankruptcy throughout the United States. He was the author and principal advocate of this bill, which is considered as by far the best act of the kind ever passed. In his speech upon this bill, June 1, 1864, we have the following: beautiful introduction : 2 THOMAS A. JENCKES. " Mb. Speaker : I take pleasure in introducing into this House a subject for its action which is entirely unconnected with political or partisan questions. It relates solely and entirely to the business and men of business of the nation. Its consideration at the present time is demanded by every active business interest. It is a subject which we can discuss without acrimony, and differ upon without anger. If a division is had upon it, the lines will not be those of party. It is a green spot amid the arid wastes of party strife, and one to which the fiery scourge of civil war has not yet extended. It presents unusual claims upon us at the present time, when all the business interests of the country are in a state of constant agitation. The life of the nation is in the prosperity and energy of its active men. While they are encouraged, and their rights and interests protected by just legislation, their efforts will continue, and the nation will endure. 1 ' Mr. Jenckes then proceeds to specify the general purpose of the bill : " What is now proposed is the enactment of a law with a different purpose from the ephemeral laws which have preceded it, and which shall form the basis of a permanent and uniform system of legisla- tion and jurisprudence on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the country. We desire that henceforth there shall be no longer upon this subject one law in Maine, and another law in Wisconsin, a third in California, and a fourth in Kentucky, and so on throughout all the States ; but one law for all ; which the citizens of the United States, inhabiting each and all the States, may acknowledge, live un- der, and enjoy, and feel it to be as stable as the Constitution upon which it stands." Mr. Jenckes states the points aimed to be secured by the bill to be., first, the discharge of the honest debtor upon the surrender of his property ; and, second, the protection of the creditor against the fraudulent practices and reckless conduct of his debtor. Further on, he thus depicts the former condition of an honest bankrupt : " If he possesses integrity and ability, those very quali ties are a disadvantage in any attempt to procure a discharge. The THOMAS A. JT3NCKES. 3 creditor says to him, fc Some day you will recover yourself, or your friends will set you up in business, and then I can secure my debt.' The qualifications for success are thus made to increase the penalties and sufferings of misfortune. * * * "The laws formerly in force by which the creditor could keep his debtor in prison for an indefinite period, without relief, have been abolished in all Christian countries. But there may be a pun- ishment of death without the knife, and an imprisonment without the bolts and bars of the jail. When in this country one enters the gates of hopeless insolvency, all his life must be passed within the imprisonment of mercantile dishonor, the pain of uncanceled obli- gations, the surveillance of creditors, and there is no release except by death. Who enters here may hereafter write over such habita- tion as he may have during the remnant of his life, the motto that the poet found inscribed over the gates of hell : ' Who enters here abandons hope.' To him thenceforth — 'Hope never comes, that comes to all.' "Whatever may be his talents, whatever his skill the result of long business experience, whatever his opportunity, whatever his integrity and character, so long as creditors stand unwilling to release him, his life is one continuous thralldom, without the power of relief by his own exertions, and beyond the aid of his friends. Why should this be, and for what good ? To what end % Do the public gain by it % Do the creditors \ No one can answer in the affirmative." The speech of Mr. Jenckes before the House, Jan. IT, 1868, in favor of " Supplementary Reconstruction," though brief, was one of the very best on that side of this great question. By the precedent of President Tyler's administration bearing upon the difficulties in Rhode Island in 1842, in connection with the " Charter government," and the " People's government," as well as by the decision of the Supreme Court in that case, Mr. Jenckes clearly demonstrated that the authority and power to decide what is, and what is not, the con- stitutional government of a State, is with Congress, in distinction' Vol. 2. 7 4 THOMAS A. JENCKE8. from either of the other departments of the General Government. He then presented the whole existing case and icondition of affairs as follows : " Now, in the light of this precedent, what is the true ground for the action now proposed? "We all agree with the opinion of the present President, in the spring of 1865, when he issued his procla- mation of the reorganization of the State of North Carolina, that there "was no civil government there ; that all civil government there had been utterly destroyed by the rebellion. During the period immediately preceding the meeting of the last Congress, he undertook to do what his predecessor, Mr. Tyler, under similar circumstances, said he had no power to do — to raise and construct State governments. It is true, he said all the time, that the action of the people of these States, and the executive department in that region, would be subject to the approval and ratification of Congress when it assembled. " Now, when Congress did assemble, the acts of the President and those under his authority were not satisfactory to that tribunal. It was a long time before the Thirty-ninth Congress could obtain official information of what had been done. Congress met on the first Monday in December, and the message of the President, transmitting the information to Congress, was not received until the month of March following. " In the mean time, evidence of hostility to the Government of the United States, which was unmistakable in its character, had been received from every quarter of the South. The Executive did not con- ceal his disappointment at the coolness with which his efforts at reconstruction had been received by the people. Congress undertook to settle the difficulty by proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, establishing a due proportion between the repre- sentation and the voting constituency. Insteal of the acceptance of that amendment either by these pretended State governments or by the Executive, it was opposed by the latter, and rejected by the S ates most interested in it. * * * " What was to be done ? Was Congress to allow a new rebellion to THOMAS A. JENCKES 5 be instigated, to be fostered into life by the Executive? or were they to undertake other means for keeping peace throughout the nation ? They decided that it was their duty to undertake other means, and those means are these Reconstruction Acts." But perhaps the most important Congressional service yet rendered by Mr. Jenckes, remains to be sketched. We refer to a bill of which he is the author, and which he lately introduced in the House, en- titled " a bill to regulate the civil service of the United States, and to promote the efficiency thereof." The first section of this bill will sufficiently explain its purpose and drift. It provides, " That hereafter all appointments of civil officers in the several departments of the service of the United States, except postmasters and such officers as are by law required to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall be made from those persons who shall have been found best qualified for the performance of the duties of the offices to which such appointments are to be made, in an open and competitive examina- tion, to be conducted as herein prescribed." An admirable and very able speech from Mr. Jenckes, accompanied the presentation of this important measure, of which we have space for merely the outlines. He began by submitting that what the bill proposes was substanti- ally the same principle as has always been applied to the Military and Naval service, illustrating the statement by reference to Military and Naval schools, and the examinations there required. Then, after glancing at certain reasons why the same principle has not been applied to the Civil service, he expatiates upon the necessity of a thorough reformation in the mode of appointment to office, and the duties of Heads of Departments and Members of Congress with regard to appointments to office. He also dwells upon the tendency of the present system of appointments toward centralization; and in stating the conclusion of the Committee upon this point, he makes the following startling announcement : " It is safe to assert that the number of offices may be diminished 6 THOMAS A. JENCKES. one-third, and the efficiency of the whole force of the civil service increased one-half, with a corresponding reduction of salaries for discontinued offices, if a healthy system of appointment and discipline be established for its government." Mr. Jenckes then comes to the remedy — the measure he is advo- cating — and the mode of applying it. For the latter he proposes, first, open admission to these offices to all ; in other words, a free competition ; at the same time, suggesting that the requirement of a proper examination into qualifications, and scrutiny into character, will greatly diminish the number of applicants. He proposes, second, that the most worthy candidates receive appointments ; and he ex- plains, third, how the best attainable talent can be secured. In the remainder of this important speech, Mr. Jenckes descants upon the grand effect of the proposed system, and incidental topics, and concludes with the following summary : " Thus, while this proposed system will stimulate education and bring the best attainable talent into the public service, it will place that service above all consideration of locality, favoritism, patronage, or party, and will give it permanence and the character of nation- ality as distinct from its present qualities of insecurity and of cen- tralized power. A career will be opened to all who wish to serve the Republic ; and although its range is limited, yet success in it will be an admitted qualification for that higher and more laborious and uncertain competition before the people, if any one should be tempted to enter upon it. The nation will be better served ; the Government will be more stable and better administered ; property will be more secure ; personal rights more sacred ; and the Republic more respected and powerful. The great experiment of self-govern- ment, which our fathers initiated, will have another of its alien elements of discord removed from it, and in its administration, in peace as well as in war, will have become a grand success." E ng i byG-EPe rv: - e ^^/^ .iSON JAMES A. JOHNSON. 'AMES A. JOHNSON was born at Spartanburg, South Carolina, May 16, 1829. He received a common-school edu- cation, and studied medicine and law. From 1850 to 1853 he was employed as a writer and correspondent for various news- papers. In 1853 lie went to California, and engaged in mining and mercantile business. In the fall of 1859 he left these pursuits for the practice of law, .in which lie has ever since been engaged. He served two terms in the Legislature of California. In 1867 he was elected to the Fortieth Congress as a Democrat. The Legislature of California having meanwhile changed the time of holding Congressional elections from the odd to the even years, he was in 1868 re-elected a Represen- tative in the Forty-first Congress. In the Fortieth Congress he was appointed to positions on the Committee on Post-Offices and Post- Roads, and the Committee on Agriculture. Mr. Johnson has made several speeches on the Public Lands, Railroads, and other subjects of special importance to his State. On the 30th of June, 1868, he made a speech in favor of the bill making an appropriation for the purchase of Alaska. He gave interesting facts and figures relating to the extent and resources of the Territory, and showed the import- ance of the acquisition to the whole country, and especially to his own State. We make the following extract : " California is a young State, but is mature in all that constitutes the elements of a rising and prosperous commonwealth. Minerva-like, she sprung out fully developed from the fertile brains of her own statesmen. As a commercial, agricultural, mechanical, and wealth- producing State, despite disasters from floods and fires, she has at- 2 JAMES A. JOHNSON. tained a greatness which makes the records of her prosperity appear almost fabulous. Experience has developed her channels of prosperity, and she stands to-day the most notable example in the world of the energy, enterprise, and industry of a people. Scarce nineteen years ago, her hills and plains were settled by the best young bloods of our country, when she commenced an existence with all the elements to make her an excelsior State. " With her first life she was possessed of all the advantages of the improvements of the age, and did not have to grow into their use by overcoming the prejudices of the past. We are of the present time, and availing ourselves of the advantages of the day ; and as each pro- gressive benefit for the community is developed, we have incorpor- ated it with our daily life, thus lending vitality ever to our young blood and venturesome spirits. Too much honor can never be done the .young men of California. Among us are settled young men from every country in Europe. With the liberal spirit of the age and our own institutions, we have adopted all that is good to the community from each. Such valuable traits, methods, and means of future benefit as were consonant with our institutions, w T e have wove into the fabric of our social as well as business life, and have thus become more liberal and expansive in our views, more progressive in our exertions. We differ essentially in our manners and customs from other communities, which are trammeled by old-fashioned rou- tine and by old traditions, and worse, by old prejudices. We are daring and venturesome. Old fogies would call us daring, extrava- gant, and perhaps reckless, but our course is controlled by rules of pn igress and commerce which accord with the spirit of the age, and so we make our paths of industry broader, brighter, and more invit- ing than can be found elsewhere. The wants of the community, and the natural impulse of enlarging the sphere of commercial interests— an interest which binds together the States of this Union — rational- izes our progress. " We need no better example to illustrate this than the recent change into our hands of the trade of China, via California, which JAMES A. JOHNSON. 3 will eventually make San Francisco the center of the commercial world, and place in the lap of her queenly and capacious robes the wealth of Asia, however this may be to the disadvantage of England. This is one of the revolutions resulting from our progress ; and does it not reflect equal credit on the commercial enterprise of the great marts of the Atlantic, whose interests are so closely interwoven with our own as to be almost identical ? Any benefit accruing to California, , is a benefit to them in a commercial point of view. We are rais- ing up in our youths, as it were, a new nationality, educated on a scale unknown elsewhere in the Union. The blessings of a free education are not confined to the channels of Eno-lish knowledge alone ; but the German, French, and Spanish classics are taught in our public schools, as also are the fine arts, the law, medicine, me- chanics, metallurgy, music and painting, while theology is not neg- lected. We intend that our posterity shall possess the same vigor mentally, that a beneficent God has given them physically ; for we are blessed with a climate beyond compare, and a soil teeming with richness, bearing with an astonishing prolificacy all the cereals and fruits of the most temperate as well as tropical climates." On the 8th of February, Mr. Johnson addressed the House on the subject of Reconstruction, in which he denounced " the tyranny which loads the people with unbearable taxation, and enthralls the white citizens of ten States." On the 24th of February, 1868, the House having under considera- tion the Resolution reported from the Committee on Reconstruction to impeach the President, Mr. Johnson remarked : " Is it wise, is it desirable, is it necessary to impeach the President of the United States ? Is there an uprising of the people demanding the impeachment of this high officer ? One word answers all these questions : No. There is not a man in the United States, outside of Congress, who desires the impeachment of the President, except those who desire it on political grounds, and those speculators and agita- tors who hope to make capital out of their country's misfortunes, and hope that by possible convulsions they may be shaken to the 4 JAMES A. JOHNSON. surface, and may profit by the general ruin. No possible advantage, not attainable other ways, will be gained by this impeachment ; and untold misfortunes may result from it. Whatever tends to weaken the respect of the people for high official station, for our courts and laws, weakens the force of the Constitution. This proceeding has such tendency. Whatever tends to make uncertain our laws and institu- tions, certainly should be regarded as against good policy. What- ever tends to render uncertain and above the courts any tenure, whether of constitutional and lawful place, of property, or of life, should be avoided as dangerous to liberty, and as leading to chaos and anarchy on the one side, or a despotism on the other. The un- restrained bad passions of hot and hasty politicians involved us in a fearful civil war seven years ago, the horrors of which can never be written. By it ten States of this Union have been reduced from happy, prosperous, and rich commonwealths, to a state bordering upon starvation, to misery, despondency, and the most terrible con- dition of poverty, with their governments turned over to the keeping of ignorant and lawless bands of degraded negroes. Desolation and ruin have swept over that portion of our common country. Where the torch and the sword passed by, and left a little green, fertile spot, with its happy cultivator undisturbed, the speculator has since gone ; the happy tiller of the soil has been turned out penm less and homeless ; and the little green spot, by a convenient mode of confiscation, has become the property of some political thief who v rayed for a civil war in his own country, his own land." ALEXANDER H. JOKES. 'lEXANDER, H. JONES was born in Buncombe County, North Carolina, July 21, 1822. He received an academical 0f education, was bred a farmer, engaged in mercantile pur- suiTsf and finally became an editor just before the breaking out of the rebellion. He took an uncompromising stand for the government of the United States, and in so doing provoked a hostility which compelled him to take refuge within the Union lines. He was com- missioned by General Burnside to raise a regiment of loyal North Carolinians, and while recruiting he was captured by the rebels. He was ironed and imprisoned at Asheville, Camp Yance, Camp Holmes, and in Libby Prison at Richmond, Virginia. He was con- scribed into the rebel army, but made his escape, November, 1S61, without performing any service. He succeeded in reaching the Union lines at Cumberland, Maryland, December 7, 1864. His health being broken by his long imprisonment, he was kindly cared for at Cincinnati, and Knoxville, Tennessee, until the surrender of General Lee, when he returned to his home. He took an active part in the reconstruction of North Carolina, and in the summer of 1865 he was elected to the convention to form a new State Constitution. Mr. Jones was elected to the Thirty-ninth Congress, but reconstruc- tion not having been consummated, he was not admitted. Having been re-elected to the Fortieth Congress, he was admitted to his seat July 20, 1868, and was subsequently elected to the Forty-first Congress. THOMAS LAUEE^S JONES. 'HOMAS LAURENS JONES was born on his father's estate, " White Oak," in Rutherford County, North Caro- lina, January 21, 1819, and was reared in the village of Spartanburg, South Carolina. After pursuing his studies at the Columbian College, of South Carolina, and at Yale College, he grad- uated at Princeton, New Jersey in 1840, and subsequently at the Law School of Cambridge. After travelling in Europe two years, he farther prosecuted the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1846. He was a member of the Kentucky State Legislature in 1853 and 1854, and was a delegate to several State and National Conventions. In May, 1867, he was elected a Representative from Kentucky to the Fortieth Congress, and was admitted to his seat December 3, 1867, serving on the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds. July 25, he proposed a resolution requesting the President, " in furtherance of the harmony, fraternity and union of our beloved country, be requested to issue a proclamation of complete amnesty." December 16, Mr. Jones introduced a resolution, which passed the House by a vote of 124 to 27, "that all females in the employment of the Government be allowed equal pay when they perform like services with males." On the last day of the Fortieth Congress Mr. Jones made a speech in favor of restoring the Washing- ton family relics to Mrs. Robert E. Lee, in which he said : " If General Grant at the fall of Yicksburg could allow his prison- ers to retire with the arms he had subdued, and if he could, with more majestic courage and dignity of soul, on the final field of Ap- pomattox return his surrendered sword to the grand leader of the rebellious hosts himself, can we not find it in our hearts to restore to the unoffending wife of his bosom these poor tokens of peace, the treasured relics of her ancestors ? Oh, how glorious to be -' In war renowned, in peace sublime.' " ;. E.Pernx J^ VvAAj HON. NORMAN" B. JUDD, REPRESENTATIVE FROM ILL ^TORMAK" B. JUDD. ^ORMAN B. JUDD was born at Borne, N. T., January 10, 1815. He descended from New England ancestors, jj$j/ combined with the Dutch stock to which the region adja- cent to the Hudson owes so much of its thrift. Young Judd received the rudiments of education at the common schools, and subsequently attended Grovernor's High School at Borne. Upon his graduation from the school, he was qualified to enter col- lege ; but being unwilling to burden his parents with the expenses of his education, he determined to enter at once upon business pursuits. He was employed for a short time as a merchant's clerk ; but finding this an uncongenial pursuit, he entered upon the study of law in his native town, and was admitted to the bar in the spring of 1836, hav- ing just attained his majority. One of Mr. Judd's schoolmates and friend, at Grovernor's, after- wards distinguished as Chief-Justice Caton, had removed to the West, and settled in Chicago, where he had laid the foundation of a lucrative law practice. He wrote to Mr. Judd, requesting him to come to the new city, which had already commenced to attract attention. The letter from his friend, and the advantages which the West then held out to young men, induced him to comply with the request. He arrived in Chi- cago in November, 1836, and at once entered into a partnership with Mr. Caton. His abilities as a lawyer immediately gave him prom- inent position at the bar, and secured for him an election as the first City Attorney, during the mayoralty of Hon. William B. Ogden, in the year 1837, a position which he filled successfully for two years. 2 NORMAN B. JUDD. In 1838, Judge Caton removed to Plainfield, 111., and the partner- ship between him and Mr. Judd was dissolved. Immediately there- after, he entered into partnership with Hon. J. Y. Scammon, and they remained together in the successful practice of the law for nine years. Mr. Judd held many city offices during the time, and had become known as one of the leading lawyers of the State. He became largely engaged in railroad business, which he managed with so much ability and satisfaction to the companies, that he was permanently retained as the attorney for the Michigan Southern, the Chicago and Eock Island, the Mississippi and Missouri, and the Pittsburg and Fort Wayne railroads. He also held the office of president of the Peoria and Bureau Yal ley Railroad, president of the Railroad Bridge Company at Rock Island, a director of the Chicago and Rock Island railroad, and a director of the Chicago and Milwaukee Railroad. He has been engaged in nearly all the railroad enterprises that centered at Chicago, manifesting rare abilities for organizing that vast system which is now a source of wealth to the State, and of growth to the city. His active political life commenced in 1811, when he was elected to the State Senate, on the Democratic ticket, from the district of Cook and Lake Counties, to fill a vacancy occasioned by the resigna- tion of Hon. Samuel Hoard. He was re-elected to the same position in 1846, and (the new constitution cutting off half his term) again in 1818. His career in the Senate was so satisfactory in the ad- vancement of the best interests of Chicago, that he was re-elected in 1852, and again in 1856. During the sixteen years that he was State Senator, he gave his best energies and abilities to securing the material growth and prosperity of Chicago. He also did much to place the impaired credit of the State on a healthy basis, and, aided by his close knowledge of the law and his position as an attorney, he helped largely to mould, by legislation, the character of the courts of Chicago. We come now to an important era in Mr. Judd's political life, the NORMAN B. JUDD. 3 events of which brought him more prominently than ever before the people of the State. The repeal of the Missouri Compromise was agitating the entire country at the election in the autumn of 1853, and was the entering-wedge that was to divide parties. The Legis- lature of Illinois, elected that year, was made up of three parties : ■ Democrats, "Whigs, and Anti-Nebraska Democrats. The General Assembly, in joint session, was composed of one hundred members. Of these the Whigs and Anti-Nebraska Democrats numbered fifty- one, and the Democrats forty-nine. Mr. Judd belonged to the Anti- Nebraska Democrats, and was a zealous and unflinching advocate of their doctrines, although the party seemed to be in a hopeless minor- ity. On the meeting of the General Assembly, the full strength of the party was eight, three Senators and five Representatives. Before the election for Senator came on, that small minority was still further reduced by the loss of three of its members. Honorable James Shields, who had voted to repeal the Missouri Compromise, was a candidate for re-election. Mr. Lincoln was the candidate of the Whigs, who had forty-six votes. Judge Trumbull was the can- didate of the Anti-Nebraska Democrats, who could muster five votes. After several ballots, the Democrats dropped General Shields, and cast their votes for Governor Joel A. Mattison. On the nineteenth ballot, the friends of Mr. Lincoln, at his request, dropped his name, and joining the Anti-Nebraska Democrats, elected Judge Trumbull as Senator. The action of the small minority in this election caused an intense excitement among the Whig politicians throughout the State ; and afterwards, in 1860, when Mr. Judd was a candidate for nomination by the Republican party to the office of Governor, his opponents charged him with treachery and bad faith toward Mr. Lincoln. A letter was addressed to Mr. Lincoln, inquiring into the truth of these charges. He replied with characteristic candor, fully justify- ing " the wisdom, politically, of Mr. Judd's course," and testifying to " his honesty, honor, and integrity." In 1856, Mr. Judd was a member of the famous Bloomington Con- 4 NORMAN B. JUDD. vention, that organized the Republican party in Illinois. He was one of the prime movers of that Convention, and brought to bear upon it that executive ability which has always marked his career in the organization of conventions, the management of canvasses, and the direction of great political movements. His prominence in the Convention, both as a counselor and projector, placed him- on the Committee on Resolutions, and secured for him the appointment of Chairman of the State Central Committee — a position which he held during the canvass of 1856, the Lincoln and Douglas Senatorial campaign of 1858, and the canvass of 1860, which resulted in the election of Mr. Lincoln to the Presidency. During that period, his practical experience and cool judgment did much to place the party in the majority ; and he managed all its canvasses with remarkable suc- cess. His forte was not so much on the stump — although he was always a clear, able, and forcible speaker — as in planning the battle, choosing the ground, distributing the forces, and governing their movements. In this direction he brought a rare generalship to bear upon campaigns. The next important event in Mr. Judd's political life, was the Philadelphia Convention, that nominated John C. Fremont for the Presidency, to which Mr. Judcl was a delegate from Illinois, and chairman of the delegation. He was selected by the delegation as a member of the National Republican Committee. By his efforts in that Committee, he secured Chicago as the locality for the Republi- can Convention of 1860. In 1858, after a consultation with Mr. Judd, Mr. Lincoln con- cluded to ask for a joint discussion with Judge Douglas on the great issues of the day. Upon Mr. Judd devolved the duty of making the preliminary arrangements, and managing the executive part of a discussion which must ever be regarded as one of the most memorable events in the political history of the country. The next political movement in which Mr. Jndd was prominently engaged was the Convention that nominated Mr. Lincoln for the Presidency, held in Chicago, in 1860, in which he was chairman of NORMAN B. JUDD. the Illinois delegation. The contest in the Convention was between the friends of Mr. Seward, under the leadership of the New York del- egation, and the friends of Mr. Lincoln, under the leadership of the Illinois delegation. Mr. Seward was placed in nomination, in behali of the New York delegation, by Hon. William M. Evarts ; and Mr. Lincoln, in behalf of the Illinois delegation, by Mr. Judd. The con- test throughout was one of the most animated ever known in the his- tory of political conventions. Mr. Seward's interests were in the hands of some of the most astute and influential politicians ot the East, and some of the prominent party-leaders of the West. At the outset Mr. Seward's chances seemed the most favorable ; but the ground had been carefully reviewed, and the preliminaries had been skillfully planned by the friends of Mr. Lincoln. Although the struggle was a long and severe one, Mr. Judd's generalship was suc- cessful, and Mr. Lincoln received the unanimous nomination of the Convention to be the standard-bearer of the Kepublican party. Mr. Judd was one of the party that accompanied Mr. Lincoln when he went to Washington to assume the duties of the Presidency. When the party arrived in Cincinnati, Mr. Judd received a letter from Mr. Allen Pinkerton, a detective officer in Baltimore, informing him that there was a plot on foot to assassinate Mr. Lincoln on his passage through that city. Additional evidence communicated at Buffalo, New York, and Philadelphia, convinced Mr. Judd that the murderous and treasonable conspiracy was a reality. He kept the matter a pro- found secret from Mr. Lincoln and his company until they reached Philadelphia, and then, in the Continental Hotel, laid all the proofs of the conspiracy before them. The evidence was so conclusive that Mr. Lincoln was fully convinced of a plot to assassinate him, and acquiesced in Mr. Judd's arrangement, by which he returned from Harrisburg, and leaving Philadelphia by the night train, proceeded immediately to Washington, where he arrived a day earlier than was expected. He thus eluded his enemies, and deferred the fatal blow of assassination which fell upon him and appalled the world a little more than four years later. 6 NOKMAN B. JUDD. On Mr. Lincoln's accession to the Presidency, March 4, 1861, the first appointment that he made after nominating the members of his Cabinet, was that of Mr. Judd to be Minister to Berlin. He imme- diately sailed for his new field of duty, where he remained during Mr. Lincoln's administration, one of the most energetic, faithful, and ac- complished of our Representatives in foreign countries. Honored by Mr. Lincoln in being made the recipient of his first appointment, Mr. Judd was also distinguished by Mr. Johnson as the first victim in the series of removals by which he marked his departure from the party that elected him to office. Mr. Judd came home from Berlin in October, 1865. He was at once spoken of by prominent Republicans in Chicago as the suitable man to receive their nomination for Representative in Congress. Hon. John Wentworth, a gentleman of great ability and political influence, was his opponent before the Convention. They had been rivals for twenty years in the Democratic and Republican parties. The contest for the nomination was very spirited, but Mr. Judd triumphed over his rival, and received the nomination. He was elected by a majority of nearly eleven thousand votes. In the deliberations and discussions of the Fortieth Congress, Mr. Judd. took a prominent and influential part. By his devotion to the interests of his enterprising constituency, and his patriotic regard for the good of the country, he merited the testimonial which was give: in his re-election in November, 1868. HON. GEORGE W. JULIAN, REPF [VE FROM INDIANA GEOBGE W. JULIAN. iP^l^HE Julian family is of French origin. The first of the rl3s& name came to America sometime in the last century, ami • M^ settled on the eastern shore of Maryland. Their descend ants, however, soon scattered in various directions. One of the family is mentioned in Irving's " Life of Washington," as living near Winchester, Virginia, soon after Braddock's defeat. The next notice we have of the family, is in North Carolina, where Isaac Julian, the father of the subject of this sketch, was born and reared among the Quakers, who gave that State a character for loyalty and anti-slavery sentiment, found nowhere else in the South. Early in the present century, he removed to Indiana, where he was one of the earliest of the pioneer settlers. He was a man of sound judgment and practical ability. He took a part of some prominence in the affairs of the young State, and was at one time a member of the State Legislature. His son, George W. Julian, was born near Centreville, Indiana, May 5, 1817, in a log house, which is still standing in a good state of pres- ervation. When George was six years old, his father died, leaving to the excellent mother and six children an inheritance of poverty and hardship. George was a boy of very industrious habits, exhibiting at an early age those sterling qualities of character which have since distinguished him. He was particularly remarkable for his close application to study, and his unconquerable resolution. When not engaged in labor necessary for the support of himself and other members of the fam- ily, he was constantly poring over books, which he had managed to borrow from kind neighbors. His principal opportunities of study Vol. 2. 8 2 GEORGE W. JULIAN. were by fire-light, and after the other members of the family had re« tired to rest. Thus he soon prepared himself for teaching ; and long before he came of age, he was engaged during the winter months at the head of a district school. In the twenty-second year of his age, and while engaged in teach- ing in Illinois, he commenced, without a preceptor, the study of law ; and so diligent and successful was he in his law studies, that, in the following year (1810), he was admitted to the bar. He began the practice of his profession in Greenfield, Indiana ; and after two years he returned to Centreville, where, with little interruption, he contin- ued the practice of law for more than twenty years. In 1845, Mr. Julian was elected to the State legislature, to repre- sent the county of Wayne. He took a prominent part in advo- cating the abolition of capital punishment, and in support of what was then known as the " Butler Bill," by the passage of which one- half of the State debt was cancelled, and the State probably saved from repudiation. Mr. Julian, though a strong Whig, yet possessed that fearless and independent spirit which could rise above party ties whenever its principles were likely to be perverted by designing leaders. No party could ever be made strong enough to hold him in its ranks for a moment after he believed it had once deserted the great principles of justice and humanity. It was doubtless this stern conviction of right that ultimately separated him from the Whig party. From his earliest connection with the politics of the country, he abhorred slavery, and regarded with contempt those who would cringe to its power. For years he seems to have foreseen the terrible crisis through which the country has recently passed, and warned the peo- ple to resist the encroachments of the slave power, as the only means of averting a great national calamity. Actuated by such sentiments, Mr. Julian, in ISIS, aided in the nomination of Yan Buren and Adams, the Free-Soil candidates for President and Vice-President. He returned from the Buffalo Con- vention overflowing; with enthusiasm in the cause of freedom. He was GEORGE W. JULIAN. 3 appointed elector for his District for Van Buren and Adams, and en- gaged with heart and strength in the unequal contest. In this new and great career on which he had entered, he endured the disruption of social ties, and received the hisses and execrations, the abuse and calumnies of many of his former political associates, but courageously confronted his ablest opponents, and lashed the adversaries of free- dom until they cowered before him, and confessed the strength of his cause. All parties were astonished at his power and success, which was so great that in 1849 he was elected to Congress over the late Hon. Samuel "W. Parker, a prominent Whig politician, and one of the best speakers of the West. Though elected principally by Democratic votes, Mr. Julian faith- fully sustained, against all temptations, and during his entire term in Congress, the principles upon which he was elected. His speeches on the slavery question, and his uncompromising course in opposition to that system, tended still further to widen the breach between him and his former associates. He was one of the fathers of the Home- stead Law. Grace Greenwood thus wrote of his speech on the sub- ject of the public lands, delivered during his first term in Congre-s : " This was a strong, fearless, and eloquent expression of a liberty- loving and philanthropic spirit. It is lying before me now, and I have just been reading some of its finest passages ; and, brief and unstudied as it is, it does not seem to me a speech for one day, or for one Congressional session. It seems moved with the strength ot a great purpose, veined with a vital truth, a moral life-blood beating through it warm and generous. It is something that must live and work yet many days." In 1851, Mr. Julian was again a candidate for Congress in opposi- tion to Mr. Parker, but was this time defeated. In 1852, he was. by the Free-Soil Convention at Pittsburg, placed upon the ticket with Hon. John P. Hale, as candidate for Vice-President. This served to increase his reputation among the more liberal thinkers of the coun- try, and made his name less than ever the property of his own State. 1854 was the year of Know-Xothingism— a new and strange order, 4 GEORGE W. JULIAN. which failed not to find in Mr. Julian a most formidable and uncompro- mising opponent. He continued to wage an incessant warfare against it, until it ceased to exist as an organization. His anti-Know-Noth- ing speech, delivered at Indianapolis in 1855, is esteemed by many as the ablest argument which this remarkable movement called forth. In February, 1856, occurred at Pittsburg the great National Con- vention of all who were opposed to the Democratic party. It was at this convention that measures were taken for the organization of the National Republican party. Of this important convention, Mr. Ju- lian was one of the Vice-Presidents, and Chairman of the Committee on Organization, through whose report of a plan of action the party first took life. In I860, Mr. Julian received the Republican nomination for Con- gress in the Fifth District of Indiana, and in spite of much and va- ried opposition, was elected by an overwhelming majority. He has since been four times re-elected, in the last instance largely by a new constituency, the State having recently been re-districted for Congressional purposes. At the organization of the Thirty-seventh Congress, Mr. Julian was placed upon the Committee on Public Lands, and also on the important Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War. On the election of Mr. Colfax as Speaker of the Thirty-eighth Congress, he appointed Mr. Julian Chairman of the Committee on Public Lands. He was continued on the Committee on the Conduct of the War so long as this committee continued to exist. Mr. Julian has been an exceedingly active and efficient member of the National Legislature. Among the important measures introduced by him during his ten years' service in Congress, may be men- tioned the bill repealing the Fugitive Slave law of 1850 and 1793 ; a bill abolishing the coast-wise slave trade ; a bill providing homesteads for soldiers and seamen on the forfeited lands of rebels ; a bill provid- ing for the sale of the mineral lands of the Government ; a bill fixing eight hours as a day's work for all Government employees (laborers and mechanics) ; a bill extending the homestead law over the public GEORGE W. JULIAN. 5 lands of the Southern States, in restricted allotments to white and col- ored, with a prohibition of further sales in that region ; a bill equaliz- ing bounties amono- our soldiers and sailors on the basis of eight and one-third dollars per month in lieu of bounties in land ; a bill pre vent- ing the further issue of Agricultural College scrip to the rebellious States ; a bill establishing the right of suffrage in the District of Col- umbia, without regard to race or color ; a bill establishing the same principle in all the Territories of the United States, being the first introduced in either House on the subject; the bill declaring forfeited the lands granted to Southern railroads in 1856 ; a bill making the public domain free to honorably discharged soldiers and seamen ; and a bill withdrawing the public lands from further sale except under the pre-emption and homestead laws. W. H. Goddard, Esq., in a brief sketch of the life and services of Mr. Julian, published two years ago, thus enumerates his most im- portant speeches : " The speeches of Mr. Julian during the war, both in Congress and before the people, have been among the very ablest of the crisis. That delivered in the House on the 14th day of January, 1862, on the ' Cause and Cure of our National Troubles,' is one of which his friends may well be proud, and today reads like a prophecy fulfilled. His speech on ' Confiscation and Liberation,' delivered in May fol- lowing, is similar in character. That delivered in February, 1863, on the ' Mistakes of the Past ; the duty of the Present,' is a merciless review of ' Democratic Policy,' as seen in the tacts and figures which had been supplied by the investigations of the Committee on the Conduct of the War. In the winter of 1863-4 he delivered a very thorough and forcible speech on his bill providing homesteads for sol- diers on the lands of rebels, which was followed by another on the same subject, involving a controversy with Mr. Mallory, of Kentucky, who met with a most humiliating discomfiture. During the session of 1S64-5, Mr. Julian delivered an able speech on the sale of mineral lands, and another on ' Radicalism and Conservatism ' closino- with a handsome and eloquent tribute to the anti-slavery pioneers. His Q GEORGE W. JULIAN speech on 'Beconstruction and Suffrage,' delivered last fall before the Legislature of Indiana, is reckoned among the most thorough and effective he has yet made ; whilst his speeches at the present session of the Thirty-ninth Congress on ' Suffrage in the District of Columbia,' and on ; Amending the Constitution,' add still further to his reputation as a thinker, and a perfectly independent man who knows how to say what he thinks. All his speeches breathe the spirit of freedom, and have the merit of careful thought, methodical arrangement, and a re- markably clear and forcible diction." In addition to the speeches enumerated above, should be named those he has since delivered on " Radicalism, the Nation's Hope," " The Punishment of Rebel Leaders," " Regeneration before Recon- struction," " Forfeiture of the Southern Land Grants," " The True Policy of Land Bounties," and finally his speech of March 6, 1868, on " Our Land Policy, its Evils and their Remedy." The latter, made in support of his great measure now pending, forbidding the further sale of our public lands except to actual settlers, is perhaps the ablest and most thoroughly practical of all his speeches. In 1860, Mr. Julian lost his excellent wife, and was soon after still further bereaved by the death of two promising sons. In December, 1863, he was married to Miss Laura Giddings, the talented and ac- complished daughter of the late Hon. Joshua R. Giddings, of Ohio. Mr. Julian is tall in stature, possessing much physical as well as intellectual vigor. His expansive brow indicates clearness and strength of thought. His face bespeaks a man of firmness, con- scientiousness, and benevolence. While deficient in many of the arts by which the politician wins popularity, he possesses the superior ability by which the statesman earns enduring fame. / ! /k^^ HON. WILLIAM D KE LLIT WILLIAM D. KELLEY. HE subject of this sketch, William Darrah Kelley, was born in Philadelphia, April 12, 1814. His grandfather, - / >§£ L Major John Kelley, was an officer of the Revolutionary war. His father followed the business of watchmaker and jeweler in Philadelphia. During the financial troubles accompanying the close of the war of 1812, Mr. Kelley fell into pecuniary difficulties; his business was ruined, and he was stripped of all his possessions. He soon afterwards died, leaving his family in very straitened circum- stances, when "William, who was the youngest, was but two years old. His mother, thus left with a dependent family of three daughters and a son, succeeded in maintaining herself and her children respect- ably. William was sent to a neighboring school until eleven years of age, when he left it finally with only the rudiments of an ordinary English education, while any further progressive study must depend upon his own exertions. He served for some time as an errand boy in a book store, and afterwards entered the office of the Pennsylvania Enquirer as a proof-reader, and remained there until his fourteenth year. He then apprenticed himself to a jeweler until twenty years of age — leaving his mother's roof and taking up his residence with his employer, where he continued during the term of his apprentice- ship. Young Kelley keenly realized the deficiencies of his early educa- tion, and applied himself diligently to remedy it by reading. Books, however, being difficult of access, he united with a number of his companions to found the " Youth's Library," afterwards called the " Pennsylvania Literary Institute." A library of about two thousand 2 WILLIAM D. KELLEY. volumes was soon accumulated, and the association sustained for several years an annual course of lectures. The original members and officers were nearly all apprentice boys, and the influence thus exerted upon them was of a highly salutary character. The society continued to exist until its early members had become scattered, or too deeply involved in active business to give it their attention as formerly. Young Kelley's indenture expired in the spring of 1834 — the period of pecuniary embarrassment which followed the struggle between the United States Bank and the Government. In Philadelphia, the seat of the operation of the bank, the consequent excitement and panic were intense, and with the many painful scenes that transpired around him, Mr. Kelley became familiar. Nurtured from childhood in the Democratic faith, and loving its course with all the intensity of an ardent and impulsive nature, he could not but be excited to a strong protest and resistance. He labored earnestly to strengthen the spirits of his Democratic associates against what he considered the tyranny of those who favored the interests of the bank, and it is thought that much of his intense energy of purpose and power of vehement decla- mation were developed by these exciting times. Thus, when "William Kelley attained his freedom, it was a season of extreme depression, which all the forms of fancy business like that which he had spent his youth in learning, were the first to feel and the last from which to recover. 'Nor had his course been such as to secure the favor of such employers as were of opposite politics. Hence, failing to obtain employment at his trade in Philadelphia, he pro- ceeded to Boston, where, for four years, he pursued his calling with unremitted industry. His peculiar branch of the trade was enamel- ing, in which he seems to have excelled, and which he is said to have pursued with the enthusiasm of an artist as well as the skill of a cun- ning workman. During his residence in Boston, Mr. Kelley was not careless of mental improvement, although he pursued his business with steady industry. He read perseveringly, and gathered around him such a WILLIAM D. KELLEY 3 choice collection of standard literature as is seldom seen in the humble apartment of a mechanic. His reading was well selected, while an unusually retentive memory enabled, him to profit by it in a greater degree than most others. Nor did his political fervor abate. His enthusiastic attachment to the great distinctive principles of Demo- cracy never grew cold for a moment. Much of his leisure time was devoted to political and historical reading and the details of party organization. It was now that his peculiar talent as a public speaker was first recognized. His style may have been crude and juvenile, but was fresh, vigorous, and impetuous ; and he soon became a favor- ite with the masses of the party. In the Democratic papers of that day his name occurs frequently in association with those of Bancroft, Brownson, and A. H. Everett, He also commenced the cultivation of a written style, with enviable success; and, even while in the workshop, his name appears in more than one programme of lectures with those of Channing and Emerson. The following testimonial of Mr. Kelley, while in Boston, from the pen of the assistant editor of Bur riffs Christian Citizen, will be in place here : " It was our good fortune, when an apprentice-boy in Boston, to enjoy the intimate companionship of this now eminent jurist and philanthropist, who was then a journeyman mechanic, devoting his days to hard manual toil, and his nights to the acquisition of knowl- edge. We were made a wiser and. a better boy through the influence of his instruction and example ; and scores of young men, who were then our companions, but who are now scattered all over the country, from Maine to Oregon, can say the same. And we rejoice, as no doubt they do, that our early friend now occupies a position which enables him to impress the influence of his noble nature upon a whole community, and carry forward his plans for the benefit of his fellow- men, with the co-operation of the wise and good, in the common- wealth which shows its appreciation of his worth by elevating him to one of its most important and responsible trusts." Being persuaded by his numerous friends, as well as by his own 4 WILLIAM D. KELLET. inclination, Mr. Kelley finally resolved to abandon his calling for the study of the law, and with that view returned to Philadelphia. Here he pursued his studies with characteristic industry and perseverance, and was admitted to the bar in the spring of 184:1. Entering upon the practice of his profession, he at once acquired a considerable busi- ness. Meanwhile, his political labors, and his connection with nu- merous literary and philanthropic associations, gave him a very ex- tensive acquaintance. Very few men, certainly, were acquainted with so many of his fellow-citizens, while all knew him in some con- nection creditable to himself and calculated to inspire confidence in his manliness, integrity, and intelligence. Even before his admission to the bar, Mr. Kelley took a warm and active part in the politics of his native State. Popular as a speaker, his influence grew stronger every day. Possessing unusual gifts as a popular orator, the warmth and energy of his speeches roused and attracted his auditors, so that his appearance on the stand was always loudly called for and enthusiastically cheered. He enjoyed, in fact, at this period, a popularity and influence seldom attained by one of his age ; and when one of the newspapers of the day, in referring to his efforts to allay the public excitement consequent upon the suspen- sion of specie payments in 1842, spoke of him as the " tribune of the people," certainly no other man in Philadelphia deserved the compli- ment as well. Mr. Kelley rendered efficient aid in the canvass which resulted in the election of Mr. Polk to the presidency ; also in the gubernatorial contest which preceded in Pennsylvania. During this campaign he traversed the State in company with Mr. Shunk, the Democratic can clidate for Governor, addressing meetings in various places. Where- ever he was heard, his practical good sense, his genuine republican- ism, and his enthusiasm in the cause for which he was battling, were thought to have excited a decided influence upon the ensuing elec- tion, which made Mr. Shunk Governor of the State. In 1845, Mr. Kelley was deputed, in conjunction with an associate, to conduct the prosecutions in the courts of the city and county of WILLIAM D. KELLEY. 5 Philadelphia. To a young lawyer, hardly initiated into practice, this was a commission of special honor as well as responsibility; nor was the latter diminished by the important State trials arising from the riots of 1845. On the part of Mr. Kelley, as well as his colleague, these prosecutions were conducted with skill, fearlessness, and energy, while it is thought to be not too much to say that the firm and cap- able administration of justice to which Mr. Kelley 's exertions so much contributed, averted a threatened civil war. Among the last acts of Governor Shunk's administration was the appointment of Mr. Kelley to a seat on the bench of the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia, In the important trust thus im- posed upon him, he united to the industry and capacity that always characterized him a sound appreciation of the moral wants of the community, and an untiring energy and boldness in the exercise of his judicial functions. His decisions were said to be stamped not only by clearness of perception and vigor of reasoning, but by a general and profound acquaintance with the literature of his pro- fession, for which even his friends had scarcely given him credit. Judge Kelley's elevation to the bench, while it removed him, of course, from participation in party politics, did not, however, deprive him of his interest in public movements of a general character. In whatever concerned the elevation of the laboring community and the development of the rich resources of his native State, his interest re- mained deep and abiding. His eloquent and successful appeals in behalf of the Central Pennsylvania Eailroad, and his exertions for the establishment of public night-schools in Philadelphia, for those whose daily employment would have otherwise cut them off from all means of instruction — these and other nobler efforts during his judgeship are not forgotten. As a writer, Judge Kelley has evinced no mean abilities, and is capable of wielding the eloquence of the pen as well as that of the lips. His style is clear, terse, and compressed, and his thoughts' eminently rational and practical. For our sketch of Judge Kelley, as thus far presented, we are in- 6 WILLIAM D. KELLEY. debtee! substantially to an article in the " United States Magazine and Democratic Review " for June, 1851, from the pen of Dr. Henry S. Patterson. Not far from the time when this article appeared, Judge Kelley united in a decision in a contested election case by which a Democrat, who had secured a fraudulent return of votes, was ousted from a district-attorneyship, and the "Whig candidate was placed in the office to which lie had been elected. The judiciary of Pennsyl- vania having become elective, and the Democratic i^ominatino- Con- vention refusing his name for re-nomination, the people took him up spontaneously, and re-elected him to the bench by a majority of about 10,000. He continued, however, to vote the Democratic ticket until that party repealed the Missouri Compromise. In 1856 Judge Kelley resigned his judgeship and accepted a Re- publican nomination for Congress. He made a vigorous and able canvass, but failed of an election. He then resumed the practice of his profession, and with distinguished success. In 1860 he was a member of the Chicago Convention, and was the Pennsylvania mem- ber of the Committee of one from each State to inform Mr. Lincoln of Lis nomination. In October ensuing he was elected a Represen- tative to Congress, which office, by successive elections, he has held to the present time. In the spring of 1867 Mr. Kelley made a tour in the South, and delivered addresses in the principal cities. While speaking to a large assemblage in Mobile, Alabama, he was assailed by a mob, and nar- rowly escaped with his life. As a public speaker Judge Kelley has singular ability. His voice is remarkable for its deep, full, sonorous tone ; his manner is deliber- ate and graceful, and his enunciation most distinct. He speaks as one deeply impressed with the truth and importance of what he says, and never fails to command profound attention. FEAE"OIS W. KELLOGG. fRANCIS W. KELLOGG was born inWorthington, Hamp- shire County, Massachusetts, May 30, 1810. Having re- ceived a limited education, he removed to Michigan and en3ed in the lumber trade. In 1856-57 he was a member of the Michigan Legislature. He was elected a Representative from Michi- gan J the Thirty-sixth Congress, and served on the Committee on Invalid Pensions. He was re-elected to the Thirty-seventh Congress, during which he served on the Committee on Public Lands and Expen- ditures in the Post-office Department. He was also re-elected to the Thirty-eighth Congress, and served on the Committee on Military Affairs In 1865 he was appointed by President Lincoln collector of Internal Revenue for the Southern District of Alabama, where- upon he removed to Mobile. He was elected a Representative from Alabama to the Fortieth Congress, and on the 21st of July, 1868, was admitted to take the oath of office. Mr. Kellogg thereupon took his seat in the Fortieth Congress, and was appointed to the Committee on Commerce. He took an active part during the brief period of his service, introducing several measures designed to benefit the region which he represented, for instance : a bill to provide for the improvement of the bay and harbor of Mobile ; a bill granting the New Orleans, Mobile and Chattanooga Railroad the right of way through the public lands; and a bill to renew the grant of lands to aid in the construction of a railroad from Selma to Gadsden in the State of Alabama. He also introduced a resolution directing the Postmaster-general to open negotiations with the several European governments with whom we have postal trea- ties for a further reduction of the rates of international postage. WILLIAM H. KELSEY. >ILLIAM H. KELSEY was born in Smyrna, New York, October 2, 1812. After receiving a common school education, at the age of fourteen he entered a printing office. Having learned his trade, in 1835 he started and conducted the Livingston " Register," and subsequently the Livingston "Demo- crat," both Whig weekly newspapers published in Geneseo. Mean- while he studied law, and in 1840 he was appointed Surrogate of Livingston County. He was admitted to practise in the Supreme Court, and gave continuous attention to the duties of his profession for many years. In 1854 he was elected a Representative from New York to the Thirty-fourth Congress. Although elected as a Whig, he entered this memorable Congress with an intense hostility to sla- very and a purpose of doing all he could to effect its overthrow. He took an active part in the remarkable contest for the election of Speaker which lasted nine weeks, and resulted in the election of Banks. The day before the contest closed, the Republicans held a caucus in which a majority resolved to abandon Banks and give their votes for Pennington, but Mr. Kelsey and five or six others, seeing that this would be to give up all the advantage gained in the long struggle, declared that they would not be bound by the action of the caucus. The result was that the majority receded from their resolu- tions, all held together, and the next day Mr. Banks was elected Speaker. The new men, who combined in the Thirty -fourth Con- gress as Republicans, exercised a controlling influence upon its action, and prominent among them was Mr. Kelsey. The brutality and arro- gance of the Southern members, which was exhibited in the assault upon Charles Sumner in the Senate Chamber, would have produced W.1LLIAM H. KELSEY. 2 other instances of violence and bloodshed, and even murder, had it not appeared that many of the Northern members were ready to meet the insults and assaults of the Southern bullies with their own weapons. The brave stand taken by Burlingame, Potter, Kelsey and others, in resenting the arrogance of the slave-holders, gave them the first contradiction of their favorite theory that Northern men were too cowardly to defend themselves and their personal honor. During these trying times in Congress, preceding the civil war, Mr. Kelsey was attentive to the work of legislation, and the special interests of his constituents. Kepresenting one of the richest farming regions in the Union, he appropriately served on the Committee on Agriculture. At the breaking out of the war, Mr. Kelsey was active and suc- cessful in raising volunteers for the army, and during the progress of the great struggle he gave constant and efficient support to the gov- ernment. In 1S66 Mr. Kelsey was re-elected a Kepresentative from New York, and took his seat in the Fortieth Congress in March, 1867. He was one of the fifty-seven members who voted for the first resolution to impeach Andrew Johnson. On the 22d of February, 1S68, he addressed the House in favor of the impeachment, and argued with much ability that the President should be suspended from official power pending the trial. He proposed a bill for funding and paying the national debt, which he supported in a speech before the House. Mr. Kelsey was re-elected to the Forty-first Congress, during which he served, as he had done in the preceding Congress on the Com- mittee on Appropriations. In that capacity he was an earnest advo- cate of retrenchment and economy ; himself reporting a bill provid- ing for a reduction of $167,000 in the expenses of the government for consular services. He opposed the treaty for the annexation of of San Domingo. MICHAEL O. KERR »*--- JICHAEL C. KERR was born at Titusville, Pennsylvania, March 15, 1827. Deprived of his father at the age of ■'spc' twelve years, he was left to push his way in the world without material assistance from any one. By his own efforts, and with little aid from schools, he made respectable attainments in knowledge, and commenced the study of law. At twenty years of age he went to Kentucky, where, until 1852, he labored as a teacher, pursuing meantime his law studies. Graduating in the law depart- ment of the University of Louisville, Kentucky, he in 1852 settled in New Albany, Indiana. Here he engaged diligently in the prac- tice of his profession, and presently formed a partnership with Hon. Thomas L. Smith, ex-Judge of the Supreme Court of Indiana. This partnership continued thirteen years, and in the pursuit of his pro- fession he enjoyed a high degree of success. In 1856 Mr. Kerr was elected to the State Legislature of his State, having previously and for some time held the office of prosecuting attorney, and for two years that of city attorney of JSfew Albany. He served in the State Legislature for two years, and in 1862 he was elected reporter of the decisions of the Supreme Court of In- diana. This office he held two years, during which time he pub- lished five volumes of reports which were executed in a manner highly satisfactory to the profession. In 1864 Mr. Kerr was elected a member of the Thirty-ninth Con- gress, and was re-elected to the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses, during which he served on the Committee on Elections and the Committee on the Judiciary. He made many speeches which were marked by great legal and logical ability and strict adherence to Democratic policy. JOHN" H. KETOHAM. J OHN H. KETCHAM was bom in Dover, Dutchess County, New York, December 21, 1831. He received an academi- cal education, and engaged in agricultural pursuits. His neighbors signified their appreciation of his sterling qualities by elect- ing him supervisor of his native town soon after he was eligible. After holding this office two years, he was, in 1856 and 1S57, a member of the Assembly of New York. In 1860 and 1861 he was a member of the State Senate. The civil war breaking out, he was unwilling to remain at home, and in 1862 he entered the army as colonel of the 150th New York Volunteers. He participated with his regiment in the battle of Gettysburg, and in other important engagements. He was with Gen. Sherman in the Atlanta campaign, sharing in the labors, dangers, and successes of that important mili- tary movement. He was promoted to be brigadier-general, and was subsequently breveted major-general. In December, 1861, he was severely wounded in an attempt to intercept the escape of Gen. Har- dee on the Savannah. The war having virtually ended he felt at liberty to re-enter the civil service, hence he resigned his commission in the army on the 3d of March, 1865, and on the following day took his seat in the Thirty-ninth Congress, to which he had been elected by the people of the Twelfth District of New York. He was subse- quently re-elected to the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses, serving on the Committees on Military Affairs, Naval Affairs, and Public Lands. "While taking no part in public debates, he has been atten- tive to the business of legislation, and watchful of the interests of his constituents. Vol. 2. 9 BETHTJEL M. KITCHEN. Ik GRICULTURE is a pursuit occupying a majority of the >v/» population of the United States, and employing a large \h%Qjl proportion of the capital of the country, yet it has very few representatives in Congress from its own ranks. Not more than a dozen members of the Fortieth Congress are set down as " Farmers," and of these but a small proportion are practical agriculturists. To the latter very limited and select number belonged Bethuel M. Kitchen. He was born in Berkley County, Virginia, March 2, 1812. He received a common-school education, and devoted himself to agricul- tural pursuits in the fertile Shenandoah Valley. In 1861 and 1862 he was elected to the Legislature of Virginia. In 1863 he was elected a Eepresentative from Virginia to Congress, but since the State was deemed to have lost its right of representation through rebellion, he was not admitted to a seat. Residing in a region which was alter- nately overrun by the armies of the Rebellion and the Union, he suf- fered severe losses during the war. At the close of the war little of his farm was left but the naked soil. Mr. Kitchen took an active part in the organization of the State of West Virginia, and was a member of the first Senate of the new commonwealth. In 1866 he was elected a Representative in Con- gress from the Second District, embracing sixteen counties of "West Virginia. In the Fortieth Congress he served on the Committees on Agriculture, and Expenditures in the Treasury Department. He is distinguished as having been a silent member, not making a speech of any sort during his entire term in Congress. I - i.Peiune As6- fe>£ '^fc^L HON BETHUEL M.KLTCHEE", J. PEOOTOE KJTOTT. PROCTOR KNOTT was born in Marion County, Ken- tucky, August 29, 1830. After receiving a liberal educa- tion he studied law, and removed to Missouri in 1850. He was elected to the Missouri State Legislature in 1858, but resigned in 1859. In 1S60 he was elected attorney-general of the State, and was a delegate to the " Missouri Convention " of 1861. He returned to Kentucky in 1861, and in May, 1867, was elected a Representative from that State to the Fortieth Congress. Charges of disloyalty having been brought against him, his credentials were referred to the Committee on Elections, who made a report, December 3, 1867, that he was entitled to his seat, and he was accordingly sworn in. He was appointed to the Committee on Mines and Mining. His first speech was delivered January 22, 1868, on the death of Hon. Thomas E. Noell of Missouri, on which occasion he spoke " as a former citizen of the glorious commonwealth, and honored in times gone by by the same noble constituency who sent him here." February 1, 1868, he .made an elaborate argument in a contested election case, in behalf of John Young Brown of Kentucky. March 18, 1868, he spoke at great length against the bill to guaranty to the several States a Republican form of government. In closing an argument against the Suffrage Amendment, "from a legal stand point," Mr. Knott said : "Like Richelieu, 'I appeal to time.' When the passions and the prejudices of this hour shall have been forgotten, when some sub- ject of the future empire shall look back upon the days of the old Republic, when liberty was protected and justice administered by law, or when, as I would rather hope, our government shall have reared again the ancient landmarks of the Constitution, and " Returning Justice lift aloft her scales," then, and perhaps not till then, will my position on this question be vindicated." WILLIAM H. KOONTZ. ^^ILLIAM H. KOONTZ was born in Somerset, Pennsyl- vania, July 15, 1830. He received a common school education, studied and practised law. In 1854 he became district-attorney for Somerset County, and held the office three years. In 1861, 1862, and 1863 he was prothonotary and clerk of the courts of Somerset County. From the first he acted with the Republican party, and in 1861 was elected a Representative from Pennsylvania to the Thirty-ninth Congress, and was re-elected to the Fortieth Con- gress. He served on the Committees on the District of Columbia, and on Expenditures in the Interior Department. Mr. Koontz ad- vocated a resolution for the relief of the destitute in the Southern States, not only as a measure dictated by the teachings of Christianity, but as a " most powerful measure of reconstruction." On the 25th of January, he addressed the House on the Supplementary Reconstruc- tion bill, which he maintained, with much force of reasoning, was necessary to a proper enforcement of the reconstruction acts hereto- fore passed, and to a just and fair settlement of this vexed question. Although he at first voted against impeachment, yet he finally favored the proceeding, and in a speech, March 2, 1S68, he argued that the violation of the tenure of office act was a sufficient ground for summoning Mr. Johnson to the bar of the Senate, closing with the remark : "If the highest officer of the government has violated the laws, and subjected himself to removal from office, a law-abiding and intelligent people will acquiesce in the verdict." Mr. Koontz delivered in the House an impressive and appropriate eulogy on Hon. Thaddeus Stevens, whom he characterized as " ripe in years and in wisdom, and honored with the confidence and love of his fellow-countrymen." ADDISON H. LAFLIIST. - 'dDISON H. LAFLIN was born in Lee, Berkshire County, Massachusetts, October 24, 1823, and graduated at Wil- liams' College in 1843. He went to Herkimer County, New York, in 1849, and became largely interested in the manufacture of paper. In 1858 and 1859 he was a member of the State Senate of New York. In 1S64 he was elected a Representative from New York to the Thirty-ninth Congress, and was made chairman of the Committee on Printing. He was re-elected to the Fortieth and Forty- first Congresses, remaining at the head of the Committee on Print- ing. In this position he was watchful of the interests of the govern- ment and the people, and was influential in promoting economy in public printing. The following extract from one of his speeches on the Legislative Appropriation bill presents an interesting compari- son : "°The amount paid for printing and for paper for the House of Representatives for the fiscal year 1859-60, was $665,210 95 ; the amount paid for printing for the House of Representatives for the fiscal year 1866-67 was $151,339 97; being $200,870 98 less than the amount paid for printing during the fiscal year 1859-60, when we were upon a gold basis. Adding to the cost of materials in 1S59 -60 the extra amount called for by the cost of materials in 1866-67 we shall find that the cost of printing during the fiscal year 1859-60 would have been $882,865 57, or within $15,811 37 of just double the amount paid for printing for the House during the last fiscal year. The amount paid for Congressional printing during the Thirty-third Congress, 1853-55, Linn Boyd, Speaker, was $2,220,715 ; while during the Thirty-ninth Congress, 1865-67,' Schuyler Colfax, Speaker, the amount paid for Congressional printing was $1,535,791 72— a difference of $684,923 28 in favor of a Republican over a Demo- cratic administration." ISEAEL G. LASH, lUT few men of wealth and position in the South had the courage to resist the rebellion in its inception, and the per- sistent loyalty to remain true to the Union through all the trying and weary years of the war. The subject of this sketch, how- ever, stands forth in honorable distinction as maintaining such apart. Israel G. Lash was born August 18, 1810, in Bethania County, North Carolina, where his ancestors settled about the middle of the last century. His opportunities for early education were few, and closed when at fifteen he left school to engage in labor on his father's farm. At the age of twenty he embarked in mercantile pursuits, in which he was remarkably successful. Five years later, he engaged largely and successfully in the manufacture of tobacco and cigars. At the age of thirty-five he removed to Salem, and added the busi- ness of banking to his other pursuits. When the signs of the times indicated an early outbreak of rebellion, Mr. Lash, with wise forecast, invested largely in Northern and Western lands, of which, at the commencement of the civil war, he owned not less than two hundred thousand acres. This ultimately proved to be his best investment, since Southern stocks and bonds were rendered worthless by the war. During the former part of his political life he was a Whig, and remained such until he became a Republican. Many years before the war he was appointed a magistrate, an office which in North Carolina was held during good behavior. The rebel government required all magistrates to take an oath to support the Confederate Government. This Mr. Lash refused to do, but, as he made no attempt to perform official duty, no effort was made to remove him. At the close of the war he was able to resume the duties of his mag- I c ISRAEL G. LASH. 2 istracy, and was the only civil officer in that region competent to administer an oath. To test the disposition of Mr. Lash, and to commit him to the sup- port of the rebellion, he was offered a position under the Treasury Department of the Confederacy, which he promptly declined. He at first refused to receive Confederate money in his bank, saying that it would not be long before the bonds of the Confederacy could be bought for a dime a basketful. For taking this stand he was sub- jected to much abuse by the Kichmond "papers. He persisted in his refusal to receive Confederate money until near the close of the re- bellion, his bank being the only green spot in the vast financial desert of the South. At last he was compelled by the authorities to receive Confederate paper, and, through forced obedience to this order, his bank lost several hundred thousand dollars within a few days. He was the owner of nearly one hundred slaves. As they had generally been educated as mechanics, they were worth, according to the prices current of those days, at least eighty thousand dollars. This species of property was, of course, all swept into the vortex of rebellion. Not only at the peril of his property, but at the risk of his life, he took a decided stand in favor of the Union and against rebellion. His staunch loyalty subjected him to severe disabilities imposed by the rebel government, but ultimately inured to his benefit. His conspicuous loyalty attracted the notice of the Federal Govern- ment, and, when the armies penetrated that portion of the State in which he lived, his influence availed to save not only his own property, but that of his rebel neighbors from destruction. Peace having returned, his fellow-citizens gave evidence of their confidence in his wisdom and ability, by electing him to the conven- tion to form a constitution under which North Carolina should be reconstructed. In 1868, he was elected a Representative from North Carolina to the Fortieth Congress, and was re-elected to the Forty- first Congress. He was appointed on the Committee on Banking and Currency, for the duties of which the success and experience of his life had thoroughly fitted him. GEOEGE V. LAWEEWCE. ^POTpHE father of the subject of this sketch was himself a Mem- ?Mk ber of Congress. Hon. Joseph Lawrence was a Kepresen- rM>^ tative in Congress from Pennsylvania, from 1S25 to 1829, and again from 1841 to the time of his death, which occurred in Washington, April 17, 1S42. His son, George Y. Lawrence, was born in "Washington County, Pennsylvania, Nov. 13, ISIS. He was a student at the "Washington College for a time, but through loss of his health failed to graduate. He afterwards labored for ten years at farming. In 1844, he was elected to the State Legislature from his native county, and re-elected in 1847. He was also a member of the State Senate for six years, in which, during his last term in that body, he was chosen Speaker. In 1864, he was elected to Congress, and was re-elected in 1866. Mr. Lawrence represents a District of extensive agricultural re- sources, with immense capacity for stock-raising and wool-growing, in both of which his constituents are largely engaged. In these pur- suits, their representative is also deeply concerned, and has a thor- ough knowledge of all the relations of a protective tariff to the manufacturing interests and the revenues of the country. He also possesses the ability requisite to present this subject before the country for intelligent legislation. In presenting his views in a speech on this general subject, he gave the following interesting statistics relating to sheep and wool- growing : " From 1840 to 1860 there was little increase in the production of wool, or number of sheep — really no substantial advancement in twenty years — and this during a period when other interests were, ; I GEORGE V. LAWRENCE. 2 the most of them, in a flourishing condition ; indeed, wool is almost the only product that did not increase largely. Our population in- creased over eight millions between 1850 and 1860. The increase of stock, except sheep, in the Western States in these years was one hundred and forty-three and a half per cent., but of sheep only two and seven-tenths per cent., and wool seventeen per cent. All the agricultural products except this increased in the last decade one hundred and twenty-five per cent. In 1850 the number of sheep re- turned was 21,723,220, and the amount of wool at 25,516,954 pounds. The number of sheep in 1860 was 21,823,556, and the amount of wool 60,511,513 pounds. " In Pennsylvania daring the ten years preceding the rebellion, the number of sheep had decreased twelve per cent. ; in Illinois, fourteen per cent. After the war had been waged for four years, and we had been thrown more upon our own resources, and less wool was imported on account of the danger to which foreign commerce was exposed, and also because of the slight protection under the tariff of 1861, the increase in Pennsylvania in the production of wool was seventy-six per cent., and in a greater ratio in some of the Western States. Illinois, for example, had during ten years preceding de- creased fourteen per cent. ; but during the first two years of the war the number increased from 769,135 to 1,206,195. This shows how this interest increased when we had control of the home market, or even partially so. I doubt not many wool-growers will be utterly astonished when I present figures showing the importations of for- eign wool into the United States, and when they see how their in- terests come in competition and are put in jeopardy by products of cheap land and cheaper labor in foreign countries sold in their own market." WILLIAM LAWEEK"CE. wlr'^ the Congressional Library at Washington is a " Historical Genealogy of the Lawrence family, from their first landing in this country, A.D. 1635, to July 4, 1858, by Thomas Lawrence, of Providence, Khode Island." The author of this work says : " The patronymic of our family is of great antiquity, hav- ing originated with the Latins. Several members of the family of Lawrence have held, and still hold, responsible and distinguished stations, as well in the church and civil service as in the army and navy of the British Empire; and many branches, also, have inter- married with the clergy and nobility. Sir Eobert Lawrence accom- panied Richard Cceur-de-Lion in his famous expedition to Palestine, where he signalized himself in the memorable siege of St. Jean d'Acre in 1119, by being the first to plant the banner of the cross on the battlements of that town, for which he received the honors of knighthood from King Richard, and also a coat of arms." In 1635, two brothers, and in 1636, another brother of these English Lawrences, came to this country and settled on Long Island. These are the an- cestors of the Lawrences of the United States. Some of the descendants of these at an early day purchased a tract of land on the Delaware River, near Philadelphia. Embarking in commercial transactions, they lost their landed estate. One of these married a French lady, and had a numerous offspring, among whom was David Lawrence, who died near Philadelphia, in 1805, leaving several children with no estate. One of these was Joseph Lawrence, who, after 'earning the trade of a blacksmith, enlisted in the Philadelphia Guards, and served during the war of 1812. On the restoration of WILLIAM LAWRENCE. 2 peace he removed to Ohio, where he married Temperance Gilchrist, a native of Virginia, a lady of exemplary piety and many virtues. Of these parents, the only surviving son is William Lawrence, who was born at Mount Pleasant, Jefferson County, Ohio, June 26, 1820. William was permitted to spend a portion of his early years in atten- \ dance on the country school ; but the intervals, which were numerous and prolonged, were occupied in assisting his father, who was pursu- ing the double avocation of farmer and mechanic. In the autumn of 1833, he was placed under the instruction of Rev. John C. Tidball, who had recently opened a classical seminary near Steuben ville, Ohio. Under this gentleman, who was an accomplished scholar, he made rapid proficiency, and laid the foundation of a fine classical education. He remained a student in the Seminary until the spring of 1836, when his father procured for him the position of a merchant's clerk. In this pursuit he acquired business habits which have contributed largely to his success. Young Lawrence did not long remain a clerk in the village store. A brilliant display of forensic eloquence, which it was his good fortune to hear, turned his attention toward another profession, and he re- solved to become a lawyer. With difficulty the consent of his father was obtained to this change of plans. That he might lay a founda- tion sufficiently broad and deep for a superstructure of professional emi- nence, young Lawrence resolved to prosecute further his classical and literary education. He accordingly enrolled himself as a student in Franklin College, at New Athens, Ohio, in the autumn of 1836. He accomplished the collegiate course in a very short time, and was grad- uated in the fall of 1838, with the highest honors of the institution. Mr. Lawrence immediately proceeded to Morgan County, Ohio, where he commenced the study of law under James L. Gage, Esq., then the oldest and ablest member of the McConnellsville bar. Dur- ing the following winter and the succeeding summer, he taught a dis- trict school. At the same time he pursued his study of the law, and acquired considerable local fame by the success with which' he con- 3 WILLIAM LAWRENCE. ducted cases before " the dignitaries who presided on the township bench." In the autumn of 1839, Mr. Lawrence became a student of law in the Law Department of the Cincinnati College, where he enjoyed the instruction of Hon. Timothy Walker, author of the "Introduc- tion to American Law." He applied himself with great intensity to his duties, devoting no less than sixteen hours each day to study, and the exercises of the lecture-room. He graduated with the de- gree of L.B. in March, 1S40; but not yet having reached ma- jority, he was compelled to defer making application for admission to the bar. In the memorable political campaign of 1840, he engaged with ardor in advocating the election of Harrison to the Presidency. He spent the winter of 1840-41 at Columbus, in attendance on the Ohio Leo-islature, occupied in reporting its proceedings for the Ohio State Journal. By strict attention to the rules and proceedings of that body, he acquired an accurate knowledge of the details of legislation, which has made him a skillful parliamentary tactician. In the summer of 1841, Mr. Lawrence located in Bellefontaine, Ohio, where he formed a professional partnership with Hon. Ben- jamin Stanton. He soon acquired reputation for great skill in the details of professional business, promptness in the discharge of his duties, and accuracy in his knowledge of the principles of law. In 1842, he was appointed Commissioner of Bankrupts for Logan County. In 1845, he was elected Prosecuting Attorney for Logan County, which office he resigned in 1846, on being nominated as a candidate for representative in the legislature. He was proprietor of the Logan Gazette from March, 1845, to September, 1S47, and was for several months editor of that paper. In 1846, he was elected a member of the legislature, and was re- elected in the following year. In 1849, he was elected a member of the Ohio Senate for the term ending in 1851. At the close of his Senatorial term he was elected, by the legislature, Keporter for the Supreme Court, and reported the twentieth volume of Ohio Eeports. WILLIAM LAWRENCE. 4 In 1852, he was on the "Whig electoral ticket advocating the elec- tion of General Scott to the Presidency. In 1854 and 1855, he was again a member of the Senate of Ohio. As a member of the legis- lature in both its branches, Mr. Lawrence did great service to the State. He took a leading part in legislation as Chairman of the Ju- diciary Committee, of the Committee on Railroads and Turnpikes, on the Penitentiary and on Public Printing. At the session of 1846-7, he introduced a bill to quiet land titles, which was contested at every session until it was adopted in 1849. It was of vast impor- tance to the real-estate interests of Ohio, and is familiarly known as " Lawrence's Law." At the session of 1847-8, he took the lead, as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee, against legislative divorces, in a lengthy argument, report, and protest against their constitution- ality. The Supreme Court afterwards recognized this view ; and the Constitution of Ohio, adopted in 1851, prohibits the granting of di- vorces by the legislature. At the session of 1850-51, he made a Report in favor of a Reform School for the correction of juvenile offenders — a measure which was finally adopted. He is the author of the Ohio "Free-Banking Law, framed at the same session — the best system of State banking ever devised, embodying many of the features of the existing Banking Law of Congress. In 1856, he was elected Judge of the Court of Common Pleas for , the Third Judicial District, for the term of five years. He was re- elected in 1861, and held the office until his resignation in 1864. The decisions of Judge Lawrence, published in the " Boston Law Reporter," the " Cleveland Western Law Monthly," of which he was one of the editors, the " Cincinnati Weekly Law Gazette," and the " Pittsburg Legal Journal," would, if collected, make a large volume of Reports. In 1862, he was appointed, by Governor Todd, Colonel of the Eighty-fourth Regiment of Ohio Volunteer Infantry, mustered into the service for three months, and served with his regiment mainly under General B. F. Kelley at Cumberland and JN"ew Creek. 5 WILLIAM LAWRENCE. Subsequently to his retirement from the bench, Judge Lawrence has occupied himself, in the intervals of business, in the preparation of a work on the Ohio Civil Code, and an elementary treatise on the Law of Interest and Usury. In 1863, President Lincoln gave him, unsolicited, the appointment of Judge of the United States District Court for Florida, which he declined to accept. In October, 1864, he was elected a Representa- tive in the Thirty-ninth Congress, from the Fourth District of Ohio. In 1866 and in 1868 he was re-elected. !No member of Congress has more earnestly advocated the home- stead policy, and the duty of the Government to actual settlers on the public lands, than Judge Lawrence. A practice had grown up by which the President and Senate, by treaties with the Indian tribes, had disposed of large bodies of public lands to corporations and spec- ulators. In June, 1868, a treaty was concluded with the Osage In- dians, by which 8,000,000 acres were about to be sold at twenty cents an acre. Judge Lawrence was the first in Congress, or else- where, to denounce these treaties as unconstitutional and impolitic, as he did in his speech of March 21, 1868. His views were subse- quently sustained by the House of Representatives, June 3, 186S, by the passage of a joint resolution declaring that no patents should issue for lands so sold ; June 18, 186S, by the passage of a resolution unani- mously affirming that sales of public lands " are not within the treaty-making power;" and June 26, 1 868, by a joint resolution re- < quiring all public lands to be disposed of in pursuance of law. For several years prior to 1868, Congress had been making large grants of public lands in aid of railways and other public improve- ments, without any provision securing the land to actual settlers. On the 20th of January, 1868, Judge Lawrence introduced in Con- gress a bill providing that all land thereafter granted to aid public work, whether under existing laws or those afterwards enacted, should be sold only to actual settlers at a limited price, the object being to event a monopoly, and secure the settlement of the lands. The platform of the National Convention of the two great political WILLIAM LAWRENCE. 6 parties of the country in this year, substantially indorsed this policy. During the first session of the Fortieth Congress, Judge Lawrence made several speeches on national affairs. One of his principal works was the preparation of a brief, embracing all the authorities upon the law of impeachable crimes and misdemeanors. He has given the following definition of an impeachable high crime and misde- meanor, which will hereafter have the authority of law in American practice : " An impeachable high crime or misdemeanor is one in its nature or consequences subversive of some fundamental or essential principle of government, or highly prejudicial to the public interest, and this may consist of a violation of the Constitution, of law, of an official oath, or of duty, by an act committed or omitted, or, without viola- ting a positive law, by the abuse of discretionary power from improper motives or for an improper purpose. " It should be understood, however, that while this is a proper def- inition, yet it by no means follows that the power of impeachment is limited to technical crimes or misdemeanors only. It may reach offi- cers who, from incapacity or other cause, are absolutely unfit for the performance of their duties, when no other remedy exists, and where the public interests imperatively demand it. " When no other remedy can protect them, the interests of millions of people may not be imperiled from tender regard to official tenure, which can only be held for their ruin." General Butler, one of the Managers on the part of the House in the impeachment of President Johnson, adopted it, and in his open- ing argument referred to it in the following complimentary terms : " I pray leave to lay before you, at the close of my argument, a brief of all the precedents and authorities upon this subject, in both countries, for which I am indebted to the exhaustive and learned la- bors of my friend, the Hon. William Lawrence, of Ohio, member of the Judiciary Committee of the House of Kepresentatives, in which I fully concur, and which I adopt." WILLIAM S. LINCOLN". rILLIAM S. LINCOLN was born in Newark Valley, Tioga County, New York, August 13, 1S13. Having received a common school education, he was trained in commercial studies, and engaged in mercantile pursuits. He sub- sequently engaged extensively in the manufacture of leather. He was postmaster of Newark Yalley from 1838 to 1868, and was for several years supervisor of his town. In 1866 he was elected a Representative from New York to the Fortieth Congress, as a Republican, receiving 16,261 votes against 10,849 for the Demo- cratic candidate ; his district being the twenty-sixth, embracing the counties of Broome, Schuyler, Tioga, and Tompkins. Taking his seat in the Fortieth Congress, March 4, 1867, he was appointed to serve on the Committee on Post-offices and Post-roads. He took much interest in the subject of Pensions, and introduced two bills for the amendment of the Pension laws. From his committee he reported a bill repealing a section of an act of 1864 which prohibited the over- land mails from carrying printed matter, except newspapers from the office of publication, thus permitting all printed matter to go through the mails — a measure evidently in the interests of enlightenment and civilization. He introduced a resolution, which was adopted, pro- viding for the appointment of a select committee to investigate charges of frauds and peculations in the paymaster-general's office, it having appeared that a large number of claims had been paid to a pretended agent for colored soldiers of New Orleans upon papers made out in Washington, and never seen nor signed by the soldiers whose claims they purported to be. BENJAMIN F. LOA^T. IENJAMIN F. LOAN was born in Hardinsburg, Breckin- ridge County, Kentucky, October 4, 1819. He received an academical education, studied law, and removed to Mis- souri in 1838, settling in St. Joseph for the practise of his profes- sion. On the breaking out of the rebellion, he actively espoused the cause of the Union, and entering the army did active service as a brigadier-general. In 1862 he was elected a Eepresentative from Missouri to the Thirty-eighth Congress, and after his admission he was reported against by the Committee on Elections, but the action of the Committee was not sustained by the House, and he retained his seat. He was subsequently re-elected to the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Congresses, receiving in the last election 10,942 votes against 3,980 for the opposing candidate. In the course of his three terms in Congress he served on the Committees on Military Affairs, the Pacific Eailroad, Freedmen's Affairs, and the Debts of the Loyal States ; and in the Fortieth Congress as chairman of the Com- mittee on Eevolutionary Pensions. Mr. Loan gave expression to radical views on most of the great questions which came before Congress. In a speech on the Supplementary Keconstruction bill, he maintained that " no reconstruction can be successful that contem- plates a union of authority of loyalists and traitors." He opposed the bill for the admission of Alabama, asserting that he was " not willing to release the grasp of the Federal Government placed upon the rebel States so long as the rebel spirit shall rule in those States." He pronounced boldly and decidedly against the purchase of Alaska, declaring that " when Eussia comes in the character of a ' Jeremy Diddler,' claiming the fruits of the confidence game which he has been playing, I respectfully ask to be excused from acceding to his unjust demands." Vol. 2. 10 JOH^ A. LOGAIS". OHN A. LOGAN was born in Jackson County, Illinois, February 9, 1826. His father, Dr. John Logan, came from Ireland to Illinois in 1823 ; his mother, Elizabeth Jenkins, was a Tennesseean. He was indebted for his early education to his father, and to such teachers as chanced to remain for brief periods in the new settlement. At the commencement of the Mexican war young Logan volun- teered, and was chosen Lieutenant in a company of the First Illinois Infantry. He did good service as a soldier, and was for some time adjutant of his regiment. On his return home, in the fall of 1848, he commenced the study of law in the office of his uncle, Alexander M. Jenkins, Esq., formerly Lieutenant-Governor of Illinois. In No- vember, 1849, he was elected Clerk of Jackson County. He at- tended a course of law lectures in Louisville, and having received his diploma in 1857, he commenced the practice of his profession with his uncle. By his popular manners and rare abilities he soon won his way to a high place in public esteem, and was, in 1852, elected Prosecuting-Attorney of the Third Judicial District, In the autumn of the same year he was elected to the State Legislature, and was three times re-elected. In 1856 he was a presidential elector. In 1858 he was elected by the Democrats as a Eepresentative in Con- gress, and was re-elected in 1860. In the Presidential campaign of this year he ardently advocated the election of Mr. Douglas ; never- theless, on the first intimation of coming trouble from the South, Mr. Logan did not hesitate to declare that in the event of Mr. Lincoln's election he would " shoulder his musket to have him in- augurated." When in Washington, in attendance on the called session of Con- JOHN A. LOGAN. 2 gress, in July, 1861, Mr. Logan joined the troops that were marching to meet the enemy. He fought in the ranks at the disastrous battle of Bull Kun, and was among the last to leave the field. Betuming to his home, he announced to his constituents the determination to enter the service of the country, for the defence of the " old blood- stained flag." His stirring and patriotic eloquence rallied multitudes of volun- teers ; and on the 13th of September, 1861, the Thirty-first Regiment of Illinois Infantry was organized and ready to take the field, under command of Colonel Logan. The regiment was attached to Gen- eral McClernand's Brigade. Its first experience in battle was at Belmont, where Colonel Logan had his horse shot under him. And here he assisted materially in preventing the capture of a part of General McClernand's command by leading his men in a bayonet charge, breaking the enemy's line, and opening the way for the force that was being surrounded. He led his regiment in the attack upon Fort Henry. While gallantly leading his men in the assault on Fort Donelson, he received a severe wound, which disabled him for some time from active service. Reporting again for duty to Gen eral Grant, at Pittsburg Landing, he was, in March, 1862, made a Brigadier-General of Volunteers. He took an important part in the movement against Corinth ; and subsequently was given command at Jackson, Tennessee, with instructions to guard the railroad com- munications. His numerous friends and old constituents urged him to become a candidate for re-election to Congress in 1862, as representative for the State at large ; but he replied to their importunities with these glowing words of patriotism : "In reply I would most respectfully remind you that a compliance with your request on my part would be a departure from the settled resolution with which I resumed my sword in defence and for the perpetuity of a Government the like and blessings of which no other nation or age shall enjoy, if once suffered to be weakened or de- stroyed. In making this reply, I feel that it is unnecessary to en- 3 JOHN A. LOGAN. large upon what were, or are, or may hereafter be, my political views, but r would simply state that politics, of every grade and char- acter whatsoever, are now ignored by me, since I am convinced that the Constitution and life of the Republic— which I shall never cease to adore— are in danger. I express all my views and politics when I assert my attachment for the Union. I have no other politics now, and consequently no aspirations for civil place and power. "Ko! I am to-day a soldier of this Republic, so to remain, changeless and immutable, until her last and weakest enemy shall have expired and passed away. " Ambitious men, who have not a true love for their country at heart, may bring forth crude and bootless questions to agitate the pulse of our troubled nation, and thwart the preservation of this Union, but for none of such am I. I have entered the field to die, if need be, for this Government, and never expect to return to peace- ful pursuits until the object of this war of preservation has become a fact established. " Whatever means it may be necessary to adopt, whatever local interests it may affect or destroy, is no longer an affair of mine. If any locality or section suffers or is wronged in the prosecution of the war, I am sorry for it, but I say it must not be heeded now, for we are at war for the preservation ot the Union. Let the evil be recti- fied when the present breach has been cemented for ever. " If the South by her malignant treachery has imperilled all that made her great and wealthy, and it was to be lost, I would not stretch forth my hand to save her from destruction, if she will not be saved by a restoration of the Union. Since the die of her wretchedness has been cast by her own hands, let the coin of her misery circulate alone in her own dominions until the peace of Union ameliorates her forlorn condition." In Grant's Northern Mississippi campaign, General Logan com- manded the third division of the Seventeenth Army Corps, under General McPherson, exhibiting a skill and bravery which led to his promotion as Major-General of Volunteers, dating from November JOHN A. LOGAN. 1 26, 1862. He took an active part in the movement on Yicksburg; the seven steamboats which ran the batteries there with supplies were manned exclusively by men from his command of his own selection. We subsequently see him contributing to the victory at Port Gibson, saving the day by his personal valor at the battle of Kaymond, participating in the defeat of the rebels at Jackson, and taking a prominent part in the battle at Champion Hill. General Grant, in his report of the last mentioned battle, uses the following language : " Logan rode up at this time, and told me that if Hovey could make another dash at the enemy, he could come up from where he then was and capture the greater part of their force." Which suggestions were acted upon and fully realized. In the siege of Vickurg he commanded McPherson's centre, and on the 25th of June made the assault after the explosion of the mine. His column was the first to enter the surrendered city, and he was made its Military Governor. The Seventeenth Army Corps honored him by the presentation of a gold medal inscribed with the names of the nine battles in which his heroism and generalship had been distinguished. He succeeded General Sherman in the command of the Fifteenth Army Corps, in November, 1863, and during the following winter had his head-quarters at Iluntsville, Alabama. In May, 1864, he joined the Grand Army, which, under General Sherman, was prepar- ing for its march into Georgia. He led the advance of the Army of the Tennessee in the movement at Resaca, and participated in the battle which ensued, with Wood's Division, charging and capturing the enemy's lines of works between the fort and the river. At Dallas, on th • 23d of May, he met and repulsed Hardee's veterans. The next day, while pointing out to Generals Sherman and McPher- pon the position of the enemy, he was again wounded by a shot through the left arm ; nevertheless he continued in the field, carrying his arm in a sling. At Kenesaw Mountain he drove the enemy from his line of works, and on the 27th of June made a desperate assault against the impregnable face of Little Kenesaw. 5 JOHN A. LOGAN. At the battle of Atlanta, on the 22d of July, in the hottest of the fight, Logan was informed of the fall of his beloved commander, General McPherson, in another part of the field. Assuming com- mand, General Logan dashed impetuously along the lines, shouting, "McPherson and revenge." The effect was electrical, and thou- sands of rebels slain on that sanguinary field attested the love of the Union soldiers for their dead commander, and their enthusiastic imitation of the valor of his successor. General Sherman, in his report, speaking of the death of General McPherson, says : " General Logan succeeded him and commanded the Army of the Tennessee through this desperate battle, with the same success and ability that had characterized him in the command of a corps or division." And in his letter of August 16th, to General Halleck, General Sherman said : *' General Logan fought that battle out as required, unaided save by a small brigade sent by my orders." On the 28th of July he fought the battle of Ezra Chapel, where, in the language of General Sherman, " He commanded in person, and that corps, as heretofore reported, repulsed the rebel army com- pletely." He was efficient in the remaining battles until after the fall of Atlanta, when his troops being ordered into camp for a season of respite, he went North and spent a few months in stumping the Western States during the Presidential campaign of 186-1. His troops forming a part of Sherman's Grand Army in its march to the sea, General Logan rejoined them at Savannah, Georgia. From Savannah he inarched with his corps through the Carolinas, actively participating in the battle of Benton's Cross Roads or Mill Creek. After Johnson's surrender, he marched with his veterans to "Washington, and took part in the great review of the victorious Union armies on the 23d of May. On the same day he was appointed to the command of the Army of the Tennessee. As soon as active duty in the field was over, he at once tendered his resigna- tion, stating he did not desire to draw pay when not in active service. He was offered the position of Minister to Mexico in 1865, but JOHN A. LOGAN. Q declined the honor. He was elected a Representative to the For- tieth Congress from the State at large, receiving 203,045 votes against 147,058 given for his Democratic opponent. He was re- elected to the Forty-first Congress, and was appointed Chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs. He was one of the managers in the Impeachment Trial of President Johnson. General Logan's military career was remarkably brilliant. From his impetuous personal bravery on the field of battle he was styled " the Murat of the Union Army." In Congress his career has been scarcely less distinguished. His jet-black hair and strongly-marked features render him conspicuous among the members of the House. His impetuous and eloquent oratory never fails to produce a marked effect. WILLIAM LOUGHKIDGE. WILLIAM LOUGHKIDGE was born in Toungstown, Mahoning County, Ohio, July 11, 1827. He received a common school education, studied law, and commenced the practise of his profession in Mansfield, Ohio, at the age of twenty-two. In 1852 he removed to Iowa, settling in Oskaloosa. He was a member of the Iowa State Senate in 1857, 1858, 1859 and 1860. In 1861 he was elected judge of the Sixth Judicial Cir- cuit of Iowa. He was elected a Representative from Iowa to the Fortieth Congress, as a Republican, and was re-elected to the Forty- first Congress. In the Fortieth Congress he was assigned to the Committees on Private Land-claims, Agriculture, and Education in the District of Columbia. He introduced bills to prohibit the sale of the Cherokee lands, in a body ; to grant land for the aid of com- mon schools in the District of Columbia ; to regulate the use of the rranking privilege; in relation to the taxation of United States currency for State and municipal purposes ; and to aid in the con- struction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Rio Grande to the Pacific. He proposed resolutions in relation to the purchase of Alaska ; concerning the public debt ; expressing sympathy with the people of Crete in their struggle for independence ; and instructing the Judiciary Committee to inquire into the power of Congress to regulate the rates to be charged for freight by railroads engaged in commerce between the different States of the Union. He made many speeches and among them the following : on the Supplement- ary Reconstruction bill ; in favor of the Resolution for Impeachment ; in support of the Articles of Impeachment ; on the purchase of Alaska, favoring the ratification of the treaty, but protesting against the action of the Executive and the Senate in concluding it without reference to the prerogatives of the House of Representatives. JOKN^ LY^CH. OEIN" LYKCH was born of poor but respectable parents, in the city of Portland, Maine, February 15, 1825. Having been left an orphan at the age of seven years, he was apprenticed to a house carpenter, with the condition that he should attend school until fourteen, and then serve his apprenticeship of seven years. His .master, soon changing his occupation to that of a retail grocer, took him into the store as "boy of all work." Young Lynch was favored with good opportunities of elementary instruction, and graduated at the Portland Latin High School at the age of sixteen. He soon after became clerk in a wholesale grocery and commission house, where he remained until ISIS, when he com- menced the same business on his own account. This, with the import- ing business, he has continued until the present time, with very satis- factory success. Mr. Lynch became an Abolitionist as soon as he was capable of forming an opinion upon moral and political questions. On becom- ing a voter, he identified himself with the Free-Soil party, and con- tinued to act with it until the formation of the Republican party, of which he has been an active member from the first. He was elected a member of the Maine Legislature in 1861, and was re-elected two years after. He did valuable service to the State on the important committees of " Frontier and Coast Defenses," " Banks and Banking," and " Finance." In 1862 he was appointed Commandant of Camp Abraham Lin- coln, with the rank of Colonel, and organized the Regiments of Maine Volunteers that rendezvoused there. In 1861, Mr. Lynch was elected to the Thirty-ninth Congress, over 2 JOHN LYNCH. Hon. L. D. M. Sweat, Democratic member of the Thirty-eighth Con- gress, by fifteen hundred majority. Two years after, he was re-elected over the same competitor by a majority of about four thousand. His native city, where both candi- dates reside, gave Mr. Lynch more majority than all the votes she gave his competitor. In the Thirty-ninth Congress, Mr. Lynch served on the Committee of Banking and Currency, and on the Special Committee to form a Bankrupt Law. One of the first bills passed by the Thirty-ninth Congress, was that introduced by him to prevent the return and reg- ister of those American vessels which deserted the flag during the re- bellion. In advocating this measure, Mr. Lynch said : " The question arises whether it is right to allow vessels to come back in this way by an evasion of the spirit of the laws ; whether it is just to those owners of vessels who have refused to desert the flag of their country in her hour of peril ? It is a cowardly argument to offer in behalf of these ship-owners, to say the country could not pro- tect them. On the same principle the whole population might leave with their property and place themselves under foreign protection. It is for the people to protect the country in time of war ; they are part of the country, and ought not to desert her when in danger. It would certainly be dangerous policy for a nation to offer inducements for its citizens to desert with their property, and identify their inter- ests with its enemies in time of war. In July, 1866, Mr. Lynch obtained the passage of a law exempting from duty materials to be used in building up that portion of Portland destroyed by the great fire. In March, 1866, he made a speech on the Loan Bill, and against the contraction of the currency. " In regard to our finances;' said he on this occasion, " we have re- ceived and believed in the old and long-established precedents of the nations of Europe. Because it took Great 1 ritain many years to re- turn to specie payments after an exhausting war, the theory has been accepted almost without question that we cannot do otherwise. Sir, JOH^ LYXCH. 3 the experiences of the country for the last five years have exploded many false theories and falsified many sanguine predictions. It was positively asserted by our foreign foes that the South could not be conquered ; that it never yet had been that a free people of the num- bers, resources, and territory of the Southern people were defeated and compelled to submit to the will of a conqueror ; that we could not raise armies sufficient for the work ; that we had no money of our own, and could borrow none in Europe ; that the armies, even if raised, would, upon a return to civil life, so disorganize society that Govern- ment would be upheaved and civil order destroyed. " Well, sir, we have seen the result of all these predictions ; we have astonished the civilized world by setting at naught the most profound theories of these modern sages ; we have overturned the accepted no- tions and ideas of past centuries, and in their stead we have hewn out our own destiny in our own way, until we stand on ground where we may safely bid defiance to the assaults of the combined physical and moral Powers of Europe. " In view of all these facts, so grandly and imperishably carved in our history, why should we follow the ideas of Europe in regard to our financial, any more than we did in regard to our military, admin- istration ? Because the London Times raises the cry, and our own croakers echo it, that " we must have a financial crisis " in passing from a paper to a specie circulation, is it necessary for us to precipi- tate one upon the country in order to verify the predictions of these prophets of evil ? " Every day's experience goes to prove that our true financial policy is to go on and provide for the maturing obligations of the Govern- ment, without contracting or disturbing the currency of the country, which is the life-blood of its commerce. Let it alone, and it will flow when it is wanted, and find ample field for employment." On the 4th of February, 1867, Mr. Lynch introduced bills " to pro- vide against undue contraction of the currency," and " to provide for a gradual resumption of specie payments." He introduced the same bills in the succeeding session of Congress, and on the 7th of March 4 JOHN LYNCH. 1868, made an able speech in support of the measures. " Sir," said he, " in my view, it is of the first importance that the currency of the country shall, as soon as practicable, be placed upon a specie basis. That is the only sure foundation for our system of paper money. * * * A resumption of specie payments cannot be secured by any mere arbitrary enactment that it shall take place immediately or on any specified day in the future ; not by writing at once over the door of the Treasury, ' Specie payments are resumed,' nor by giving an order that such inscription shall be placed there on the 1st day of Jan- uary, 1869, nor by attempting the financial impossibility of borrow- ing $250,000,000 of coin in Europe, where our bonds are now selling at about thirty per cent, discount, and removing it to this country with the expectation of retaining it as the permanent basis of our paper money. If we promise to resume to-morrow, the public know the promise cannot be kept. The margin of forty per cent, existing between gold and paper cannot be extinguished in a day. The chasm between our paper currency and gold cannot be leaped ; it must be bridged. If we promise to resume a year hence, with no provision for appreciating, in the meantime, our paper toward a par with gold, and no provision guarding against the otherwise irresisti- ble effect of a sudden panic after the resumption has taken place, the public will not believe that we can perform our promise ; and this want of faith insures failure. If we undertake only what the finan- cial world regards as practicable to be accomplished, we shall so in- spire confidence as to insure success. To inspire confidence rather than to create distrust, should now be the first aim of our financial policy." Mr. Lynch was among the first to arrive at the conclusion that the President should be impeached. He voted for Impeachment when the measure was first introduced in the House. When it finally passed on the 21th of February, he made an able and effective speech advocating the taking of the step, which he styled " one of the high- est prerogatives of the House." , ^^ £-z?-my/ KTIFTTS MALLOEY. WUFUS MALLORY was born June 10, 1831. His birth- % place was Coventry, Chenango County, New York. Soon after his birth, his parents emigrated to Alleghany County, where they resided until 1838, when they removed to Steuben County. Young Mallory enjoyed such educational advantages as the common- schools then afforded. His allotment in this respect was that which, to this day, is common with farmers' boys ; that is, he attended school in winters, and wrought upon the farm during the remainder of the year. At the age of thirteen, he attended an academy at Alfred Centre during the winter term, returning to labor upon the farm through the summer and fall. After two more terms at the academy, be commenced teaching a district school at the age of sixteen. He continued teaching in winters, laboring upon the farm during the summer, and studying at the academy in the fall, until twenty-one years of age. He now engaged himself as a clerk in a small store in Andover, Alleghany County, in which capacity he acted for about two years, when he purchased an interest in the store, and became a partner. One of his associates in the firm, J. C. Everett, Esq., was a lawyer of superior attainments, who had been thoroughly educated at one of the Eastern colleges, and had commenced practice at the same bar with Daniel "Webster. He had retained his large and well-selected library, and Mallory, under his instruction, commenced the study of law. He continued his studies until 1855, when he left the State of New York, and went to reside in the "West, making his home in Henry County, Iowa. 2 RUFUS MALLOKY. During the three years of his residence in Iowa, Mr. Mallory de- voted most of his time to teaching, yet giving all his leisure hours to the diligent prosecution of his law studies. Leaving Iowa in the fall of 1S58, he emigrated to Oregon- -reaching that territory at New Year, 1859. His first residence here was Roseburg, the capital of Douglas County, where he resumed the business of teaching, which he continued for fifteen months. During this time, through the kind- ness of Hon. S. F. Chadwick, then the County Judge, he had access to an excellent law library — a privilege of which he eagerly availed himself for the prosecution of legal study. In the month of March, 1860, at the term of the Circuit Court of the State, held in Douglas County, Mr. Mallory was admitted to practice as an attorney and counsellor-at-law. In June following, he was elected District Attorney of the First Judicial District, in which capacity he served during two years. In June, 1862, he was chosen to represent his county in the lower house of the State legislature, which held its session in the following September. He was there made Chairman of the Judiciary Committee ; and after the close of the session, he was appointed, by Gov. Gibbs, District Attorney of the Third Judicial District, in place of Hon. J. G. Wilson, appointed Judge of the Fifth District. In 1861, he was elected to the same of- fice, and continued to fill it during the term of two years, when, in 1866, he was chosen a member of the Fortieth Congress by a majority of about six hundred. In politics, Mr. Mallory was a Whig, and cast his first vote for Gen. Scott for President, and continued to adhere to the Whig party so long as it had an existence. In 1860, he voted for Stephen A. Douglas ; but at the breaking out of the war, he was among the first to advocate the rubbing out of all party lines, and of uniting with- out regard to former political opinions for the purpose of crushing the rebellion — thus forming the great Union party that swept the State at the June election of 1862. Mr. Mallory was elected as a Union man to the legislature in that year, and has continued to act with the Republican party to the present time. JAMES MA2OT. *AMES MANN was a native of Gorham, Maine, and served in both branches of the State Legislature. He was a pay- master in the Union army during the war, and on leaving the service settled in New Orleans. He was elected to the Fortieth Congress from the Second District of Louisiana as a Democrat, and was admitted to his seat July 18, 1868. He died suddenly of brain fever in the city of New Orleans, September 13, 1868. His death was announced in terms of eulogy by his colleague, Mr. Blackburn, March 2, 1869, who said, " a man of his magnanimity of soul, and his honesty and purity of impulse and aspiration could not have been taken wholly by surprise, and ushered into the presence of his God and Maker totally unprepared and unprovided. He was of that class who, to some degree at least, are always prepared ; and without assuming to speak or judge as to the future, I can but feel that the friends and relatives of James Mann should not mourn his death in the sense and feeling indulged by those who mourn without hope." Before the death of Mr. Mann, his competitor, Mr. Simon Jones, began a contest for the seat, which was finally decided adversely to the contestant, a few days before the close of the Fortieth Congress, the Committee re-affirming a principle decided in previous cases, " that to entitle a person to be admitted as a member of this House, as duly elected, he must show that he has received a majority or a plurality of the votes cast in his district." Subsequently Mr. J. Willis Menard (colored) appeared with the certificate of election as the successor of Mr. Mann, and Mr. Caleb S. Hunt came as a con- testant for the seat. The case was referred to the Committee on Election, who reported that neither was entitled to the seat. SAMUEL S. MAKSHALL. AMUEL S. MARSHALL was born in Gallatin County, Illi- fnois, in 1821. The educational institutions of the West were at that time of an inferior grade, and although he studied for two years at Cumberland College, Kentucky, he was more indebted for any considerable advance in knowledge to his private studies and to his love of books, than to his educational facilities. After a pretty extensive, but very desultory course of reading, Mr. Marshall commenced the study of law in the office of his cousin, Hon. Henry Eddy of Shawneetown. Mr. Marshall was at that time in very feeble health, with little hope of improvement, and he commenced the study of law more from a desire of extending his range of informa- tion than from a hope of engaging successfully in the practice of the profession. He pursued his studies, nevertheless, with considerable vigor, and was licensed by the Supreme Court to practice in all the courts of the State. He opened a law-office in Hamilton County, Illi- nois, and almost immediately achieved unhoped-for success at the bar. In the full of 1846, only one year from the time he commenced the practice of the law, he was elected to the lower branch of the State legislature. Although the youngest member of the Illinois Legislature, he took an active part in its deliberations and proceed- ings. In March, 1847, he was unanimously elected by that body to the office of State's Attorney for the Third Judicial Circuit, and immediately resigned his seat in the Legislature for the purpose of entering upon the duties of his new office. The Judicial District included fifteen counties, in two of which and in portions of others the people were in open and organized resistance to the authority of the laws. Crimes of every grade were of frequent occurrence, and it had been impossible to get officers or men to enforce the laws. The Legislature that elected Mr. Marshall Prosecuting Attorney passed a law for the " enlargement of the vicinage," which provided that when the Governor should be notified that in any county, by reason of lawless organizations, the laws were powerless, he was au- thorized by proclamation to organize a district composed of all the 9P> 'LYSSES MERCUR was born in Towanda, Pennsylvania, August 12, 1818. During his early youth he enjoyed but meagre opportunities for education, but at sixteen he went t jAYID A. NUNTS" was born in Hayward County, Tennes- see, Jul} 7 26, 1S32. He was educated at the college of ^K West Tennessee, studied law, and practised bis profession at Brownsville, in bis native State. In 1863 be was elected to the State Senate, and in 1865 to tbe House of Representatives of Ten- nessee. He was elected a Representative from Tennessee to tbe Fortieth Congress, from the Eighth District, as a Republican. When tbe Fortieth Congress began its session, March 4, 1S67, the election for Representatives had not yet been held in Ten- nessee, so that the delegation from that State did not appear with their credentials until November 21. On that occasion, Mr. Brooks interposed objections to the swearing in of the whole delegation " upon the ground that the elective franchise law of Tennessee, under which these gentlemen are said to be elected, disfranchises a large portion of the white population of the State of Tennessee." The objection was over-ruled by a vote of 117 to 28, and the dele- gation, except Mr. Butler, were sworn in and took their seats. On the 30th of November, Mr. JSTunn introduced a resolution for the repeal of the tax on cotton, which was referred to the Committee of Ways and Means. His first speech before the House was in favor of this measure, December 4, when he said : " The poor laborers, white and colored, looking with an eye of faith to this Radical Congress for a repeal of this cotton tax, have clung to their crops with a tenacity worthy of their faith, and have the same at their farms and homes waiting anxiously for this repeal proposed. And while I do not propose to aid the speculator I do wish to assist the producer, who has raised and held his cotton at great expense." OHAELES O'KEILL. IHARLES O'NEILL was born in Philadelphia, March 21, 1821. He graduated at Dickinson College in 1840, and entered upon the profession of law, which he practised suc- cessfully in his native city. He was a member of the House of Rep- resentatives of Pennsylvania in 1850, 1851 and 1852. He was in 1853 a member of the State Senate, and in 1860 he served another term in the lower branch of the Legislature. In 1862 he was elected a Representative from Pennsylvania to the Thirty-eighth Congress, and was re-elected to the Thirty-ninth, Fortieth and Forty-first Con- gresses. From the beginning of his service in Congress he was a member of the Committee on Commerce, and more recently of the Committee on Expenditures in the Post-office Department, and Pri- vate Land Claims. Speaking on a bill to modify the warehousing system, he said : " I for one, representing in part a city which is largely engaged in manufacturing, say I want to stand by our own manufacturers wherever and whenever I can." Speaking on the Post-office Appropriation bill, he expressed the following liberal views : " In my opinion, mail facilities ought to be enlarged year by year as our country increases and extends, and that we should not keep our minds solely upon the amount of expenditure, under the impression that we must economise with a view of making the service pay for itself. What we want is cheap postage, frequent and rapid mail communication between the different points of the country, frequent deliveries of mail matter, and if the money appropriated is expended judiciously the cost to the Government to be sure must be considered, but not to the exclusion of the vast accommodations to business interests throughout the length and breadth of the land, which can be greatly improved by enlarged postal facilities." GODLOYE S. OETH. ; ODLOVE S. ORTH is descended from a Moravian family ^JH? which emigrated from one o£ the palatinates of the old Ger- rj^t, man Empire to the colony of Pennsylvania about the year 1725, under the auspices of the celebrated missionary, Count Zinzen- dorf. He was born near Lebanon, Pennsylvania, April 22, 1817. After receiving- such education as was afforded bv the schools of his neighborhood, he spent a few years in attendance at Pennsylvania College, located at Gettysburgh, in which village he subsequently studied law in the office of Hon. James Cooper, and was admitted to the bar in March, 1839. An inclination to mingle in the new scenes and activities of the growing West, led Mr. Orth in that direction, and he located in La- fayette, Indiana, which has ever since continued his home. Here he at once entered upon the practice of the law, and soon won for him- self a reputation for ability and eloquence that placed him in the front rank of his profession. His debut as a political speaker occurred during the famous Har- rison campaign of 1840, in which he took an active part. The effi- ciency of his labors in the campaign gave him political prominence among his neighbors, and in 1843 he was nominated by the Whigs of Tippecanoe County as their candidate for State Senator and was elected in the face of a Democratic majority in the county. Though the youngest, he was recognized as one of the ablest members of the Senate, and before the close of his term was elected its President by an almost unanimous vote. In February, 1846, he was nominated by the Whig State Conven- tion for Lieutenant Governor, which position he declined, and at the urgent request of his constituents, he consented to become a candi- GODLOVE S. ORTH. 2 date for re-election to the Senate. He was again successful, and in 1846 entered upon his second term of three years in the Senate. During this term he was assigned to the important position of chair- man of the Judiciary Committee. This position was conferred by the President of the Senate, who was a Democrat — a rare instance of such a compliment being conferred upon a political opponent. In 1848 he was a candidate for presidential elector, on the Taylor and Fillmore ticket, and as such stumped the northern half of Indi- ana. Upon the close of his second term in the Senate, he withdrew for a time from public life and devoted himself to the practice of his profession, at all times, however, taking a deep interest in current politics, and identifying himself with those who were battling against the encroachments of slavery. In 1861 he was one of the five commissioners appointed by Gov- ernor Morton to represent Indiana in the Peace Congress. His ex- perience in that body satisfied him of the hopelessness of any com- promise with a power which spurned all overtures except such as were dictated by the Southern delegates, many of whom were then plotting the destruction of the Government. On the return of Mr. Orth from the Peace Congress, his neighbors requested him to address a large meeting of his fellow-citizens on the absorbing question of the hour. He complied, and told them plainly that he regarded a conflict as inevitable, and advised them to prepare for the emergency. The outbreak of hostilities at Charleston soon followed, and from that time forth he was zealously committed to the cause of the Union and the suppression of the rebellion, lending all his influence to the support of the administration in its vigorous prosecution of the war. In the summer of 1862, the southern portion of Indiana being threatened with a rebel invasion, the Governor made a call for vol- unteers to meet the emergency. The same day (Sunday) on which this call was issued, it was responded to by a public meeting in La- fayette, at which Mr. Orth closed an eloquent appeal by placing his own name the first upon the roll of volunteers — an example which Vol. 2. 14 o GODLOVE S. ORTH. was at once followed by about two hundred men, who elected him captain, and within twenty-four hours reported for duty at Indian- apolis. Mr. Orth was sent with his men to the Ohio River, and placed in command of the United States ram " Horner," on which he did duty, patrolling the river until his term of service expired. In October, 1862, he was elected a Representative in the Thirty- eighth Congress, his competitor being Hon. John Pettit, who had rep- resented the district for several years. On the organization of the House, Mr. Orth was assigned to duty on the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and the Committee on the Freedmen. It was durino- this Congress that the latter committee matured and reported the several measures of legislation in reference to that large class of people whom the war was daily transferring from slavery to freedom. Mr. Orth was identified with them as well as with the other new and reforma- tory measures of the Republican party. By his intelligent compre- hension of the great questions cast upon Congress, and by his able exposition of them at various times on the floor, he obtained high standing and commanding influence among his fellow-members. As a member of the Thirty-eighth Congress Mr. Orth had the en- viable opportunity of placing his name on the roll with those who voted for the memorable amendment abolishing slavery. While this amend- ment was under discussion, he advocated its adoption in a speech of much force and eloquence, predicting the future greatness of the Re- public, which should culminate in " the American flag floating over every foot of this continent, and the American Constitution protect- ing every human being on its soil." In October, 1864, Mr. Orth was elected to the Thirty-ninth Con- gress. The prominent measure of this Congress was the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which was proposed to the different States for ratification, and this, more largely than any other, entered into the political canvass of 1866. The defection of President John- son and the consequent dissensions in the Republican party, made the campaign of 1866 more than usually important and exciting. The opposition felt much encouraged, and expected to carry enough GODLOVE S. ORTH. 4 of the doubtful Congressional Districts to give them control of the lower house of the ensuing Congress. Mr. Orth was unanimously nominated for re-election, and his district, always close and hotly contested, was now regarded as one which might be carried by the opposition. To effect this, all the elements of opposition, personal and political, were combined against him. The Democrats declined to make any nomination, and united with the " Johnsonized " Repub- licans in support of an " independent " candidate. The alliance had at its command large sums of money which was most liberally used ; it controlled the entire federal patronage of the district, and subordi- nated every other interest for the sole purpose of ensuring his defeat, but in vain. He was sustained by his constituents, and although elected by a reduced majority, the result was everywhere regarded as a splendid triumph for Mr. Orth. In the Fortieth Congress to which he was thus elected, Mr. Orth followed to their logical conclusions the several measures already inaugurated by the Republican party. In 1868 he was again re-elected to Congress — the fourth time he was thus honored by his constituents. The honor was the more dis- tinguished from the fact that never before in his district had any one received so many successive elections to Congress. In the Fortieth Congress Mr. Orth introduced a series of resolutions in reference to the annexation of San Domingo, and on the 5th of April, 1869, made a speech in favor of their adoption, in which he maintained that territorial extension " strengthens our government, increases our wealth, and adds to our power and grandeur." He is entitled to the credit of initiating the measure of annexation which has culminated in a treaty for that purpose now pending in the Senate of the United States. Mr. Orth is a gentleman of fine personal address and of genial manners. His long continuance in public life attests the estimation in. which he is held by those who know him best. Throughout his entire career he has possessed the confidence of his friends and the respect of his opponents. HALBERT E. PAENE. ^ALBERT E. PAINE was born in Chardon, Ohio, February 4, 1826. He graduated at the Western Reserve College in 1845, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in ISIS. He engaged in the practice of his profession in Cleveland until 1857, when he removed to Milwaukee, Wisconsin. On the breaking out of the civil war he entered the military ser- vice, and was commissioned Colonel of the Fourth Regiment of Wis- consin Volunteer Infantry. Receiving orders to join the Eastern Department, the regiment left the State July 15, 1861, and proceed- ed to Harrisburg, Pa., and thence to Baltimore, where they were furnished with arms. Headquarters were established at the Relay House, and for several months the men were employed in guarding railroads and constructing forts. In November the regiment joined an expedition under Gen. Lockwood against the rebels on the " East- ern Shore." On the successful issue of this expedition Col. Paine led his regiment back to Baltimore, where they remained until Febru- ary, 1862, when they were ordered to join Gen. Butler's New Or- leans expedition. Embarking at Fortress Monroe, they made a successful voyage, and, having delayed at the mouth of the Missis- sippi until the capture of Forts Jackson and St. Philip, they reach- ed New Orleans about the 1st of May. The Fourth Wisconsin and the Thirty-first Massachusetts regiments were the first Union troops (landed at New Orleans. With colors flying and band playing, they marched to the Custom House and took forcible possession. Colonel Paine performed provost guard duty in New Orleans until May 8th, and then proceeding up the Mississippi, took possession of Baton Rouge. On the 5th of June General Williams issued an order directing commanders to turn fugitive slaves from their camps, and cxxvoo HALBERT E. PAINE. keep them out. Colonel Paine refused to execute the order, and wad placed under arrest. The Act of Congress of March 15th, 1862, pro- vided that no officer should employ the troops under his command in " returning fugitives from service or labor" to their masters. The order of Gen. Williams directed that they should be turned out of camp and sent beyond the lines. Col. Paine considered this to mean practically the same thing as returning the fugitives, and disobeyed the order, declaring, in a letter to the General, that his regiment would not with his consent be employed in the violation of the law for the purpose of returning fugitives to rebels. The correspondence on the subject was read, at dress parade, before the regiment. His men unanimously sustained their Colonel, and were highly indignant on account of his arrest. On the 17th of June the regiment again embarked and started on an expedition to Yicksburg. The order with regard to Colonel Paine was so modified that when the troops landed fur action he was to assume command, and the arrest was to be renewed immediately on re-embarkation. They reached the mouth of Bayou Black, near Grand Gulf, the 23d, and having dispersed a rebel battery, they went up the Bayou to the Grand Gulf and Port Gibson Kailroad. Keturn- ing, Colonel Paine took the 4th Wisconsin, the 9th Connecticut, and a section of Artillery, and marched thirteen miles in the excessive heat to the rear of Grand Gulf where they engaged and defeated the enemy, capturing prisoners and camp. On the 31st of July Colonel Paine, in obedience to orders, started for New Orleans to report in arrest to General Butler. A few days after, in a battle with the rebels under Breckinridge, General Wil- liams was killed, and General Butler ordered Colonel Paine to pro- ceed at once to Baton Eouge and take command. He was ordered to burn the city to the ground, except the State library, paintings, statuary, and charitable institutions. This course was decided on, inasmuch as the city would furnish quarters for a large rebel army if, as was expected, it should be abandoned by the Federal forces. On reaching Baton Kouge, Colonel Paine found that the rebels had retreated, and the Federal troops, having changed their position, 3 HALBERT E. PAINE. were awaiting another attack. The next day Colonel Paine ordered the removal of the statue of Washington, which was sent to the Patent Office in Washington. Several days were spent in forti- fying the city in expectation of an attack from General Brecken- ridge. On the lSth of August a considerable force approached the works, but were easily repulsed with the aid of the gunboats. Meanwhile Colonel Paine sent a messenger to General Butler with an earnest request that the order for the burning of Baton Kouge might be rescinded, as " he felt sure the rebels could not com- pel an evacuation, and believed that the town would be useful to our army in future military operations." While awaiting a reply, Col. Paine ordered notices printed requiring all the residents to leave the town the following day, and directed that they be posted up in the streets at daylight on the 20th, if the order to burn the town should not be revoked before that time. At this critical juncture, a little before daylight on the 20th, a message was received from Gen. Butler countermanding his order for the burning of the city. During several months which followed, Colonel Paine was engaged in various successful operations on the lower Mississippi. In March, 1863, he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General. On the 7th of April he met a considerable rebel force, which was defeated after a spirited engagement. On the 25th he marched to Opelousas, where he met a large number of mounted rebels who fled, and could not be overtaken by infantry, whereupon the 4th Wisconsin was or- dered to seize horses and transform themselves into cavalry. In two days this work was accomplished. During most of the month of May they were occupied night and day in traversing the Bed-Biver country, in pursuit of the enemy. On the 19th the expedition started for the Mississippi, and by rapid marching reached it ten miles above Port Hudson on the 25th, having Deen engaged in almost daily skir- mishing with Taylor's cavalry, which hovered about their rear. General Paine having received orders from General Banks to hasten forward to Port Hudson, reached the rear of that town on the 2Gth of May. In the first attack upon that rebel stronghold, made on the 27th, General Paine commanded a part of the right of HALBERT E. PAINE. 4 the assaulting line. The 4th Wisconsin lost, in this attack, five officers and fifty-five men, killed and wounded. They pushed on until they reached the ditch surrounding the enemy's fortifications. The final and successful assault was made on the 4th of June. General Paine's division held the center, and advanced within fif- teen rods of the rebel works. Having gone to the extreme front to encourage his men, General Paine fell, severely wounded, soon after daylight. A part of the division had entered the works, but the loss of their leader, and the lack of support, prevented the possibility of success. General Paine lay upon the field in the broiling sun all day. As often as he attempted to move, a furious fire opened upon him. Several soldiers, attempting to reach him with a stretcher, to bear him away, were shot and fell near him. Patrick H. Cohen, a wounded private of the 133d New York, was lying near, and deny- ing himself water, tossed to his suffering commander a canteen cut from the body of a dead soldier, and thus saved his life. In the evening he was rescued by a party under Colonel Kimball, of the 53d Massachusetts. General Paine was taken to New Orleans, where his leg was am- putated on the 23d of June. In less than a month he started for Milwaukee, and on the 1st of September set out for Washington, to do duty as a member of a military commission. In an emergency he commanded a force for the protection of the capital against an attack by General Early. In March, 1SG5, he was brevetted Major- General, but resigned his commission soon after to euter upon the duties of Representative from Wisconsin to the Thirty-ninth Con- o-ress, to which he had been elected. He was re-elected to the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses, serving on the Committee on Reconstruction and as Chairman of the Committee on the Militia. SIDNEY PEEHAM. SIDNEY PEEHAM was born in Woodstock, Maine, March 27, 1819. He was educated chiefly in the common schools, and until thirty-five years of age, he was a farmer and school teacher. He was a member of the Maine State Board of Agriculture in 1S52 and 1853. He was elected a member of the State Legislature in 1851, and was chosen Speaker of the House. He was elected Clerk of Courts for the county of Oxford in 1858, and was re-elected in 1861. He was elected to the Thirty-eighth, Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Congresses — receiving in the last election 6,121 majority. In early life he became interested in the Temperance reform, and by his example and lectures contributed largely to the success of that cause in the State of Maine. During the war he was untiring in his attention to the wants of the soldiers — visiting them in the hospital, communicating with their friends, aiding them in obtaining discharges, furloughs, pay, bounty, pensions, etc., and in every way possible ministering to their neces- sities. He was for six years a member and four years Chairman of the Pension Committee, the duties of which involved a very large amount of labor. He reported and carried through the House most of the provisions of law increasing pensions to invalids in pro- portion to the degree of disability, and giving an additional pension to widows, according to the number of children dependent on them for support. Mr. Perham, as a member of Congress, was always at the post of duty, whether in the committee room or on the floor of the House. He made but few speeches, never claiming the atten- tion of the House unless the interest of his constituents or the business he had in hand required it. We/^z^ U^ JOHIST A. PETERS. *OHN A. PETERS was bora in Ellsworth, Hancock County, Maine, October 9, 1822. He graduated at Yale College at twenty years of age; studied law at the Harvard Law School, and came to the bar at Bangor in 1844. In 1862 and 1863 he was a member of the Maine State Senate, and in 1864 was a member of the House of Representatives. In 1865 and 1S66 he was elected attorney-general of Maine, and subsequently was elected Representative to the Fortieth Congress, in which he served on the Committees on Public Expenditures and Patents He was re-elected to the Forty-first Congress. During the Fortieth Congress Mr. Peters made speeches on the Supplementary Reconstruction Bill — in favor of admission of Ala- bama — in behalf of the loyal Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians — against the purchase of Alaska, etc. In his last-named speech, Mr. Peters insisted upon the worthlessness of the country — upon the cer- tainty that Russia would not part with it were it otherwise than worthless — that its want of population sufficiently illustrates its lack of value — that with an area of 570,000 square miles it has but 9,000 inhabitants, Indians, and all told — that there is no demand of the people for this annexation — that the press for the most part ridicules the acquisition, and that the country has no money for such a purchase. In his Reconstruction speeches, Mr. Peters is equally earnest and fearless in the utterance of his convictions, as the following passage from one of them will show : " We have as much right to pass this (Reconstruction) bill now as we had to force our armies over the Potomac, or to capture Richmond. If we had the right to put down the rebellion, why, in the name of God, have we not the right to keep it down ? "We have the same right to take care of these after-births of the rebellion that we have to seize and try Jeff. Davis, or any other traitor." S. KEWTOE" PETTIS. NEWTON PETTIS was born in Lenox, Ashtabula County, J) Ohio, October 10, 1827. He began the study of law with Wf Hon. Joshua R. Giddings, and subsequently read in the office of H. L. Richmond, at Meadville, Pennsylvania, where he made his residence and practised his profession. In 1861 he was appointed by President Lincoln an associate justice for the Territory of Colorado, but resigned the office in the following year. He was elected a Representative from Pennsylvania to the Fortieth Con- gress, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Hon. Darwin A. Finney. He was sworn in as a member of the Fortieth Congress, December 7, 1868, and was appointed on the Committee on Elec- tions. His first speech in the House was delivered December 18, when he announced the decease of Hon. Darwin A. Finney, his predecessor. From the Committee on Elections Mr. Pettis reported in favor of the contestant in the case of Chaves vs. Clever for the seat of delegate in Congress from New Mexico. On the taking of the final vote, by which the contestant was admitted by 105 against 10, Mr. Dawes, chairman of the Committee, remarked : " The case lias come before the committee, some of it in a foreign language, much of it in a manner altogether unprecedented and unlike any other examination we have had to make. The committee have ex- amined it with great patience, and have heard the parties fully upon the subject. The gentleman from Pennsylvania (Mr. Pettis), com- ing fresh into the committee with the vigor of youth, and not worn out as some of us have been by the labors of this committee from year to year, has addressed himself with a freshness that has really done the committee good to the conclusion to which all the commit- tee have, come." HON. CMS E.PHE1 . ■ ,»:3ENTATTVE F : ~ -LAND. CHAELES E. PHELPS. f)iM NE of the pioneers in the settlement of the "New Hampshire Mtj? Grants," was Charles Phelps, who removed thither from ^jj£\ Hadley, Mass., in 1764. He was a descendant in the fourth generation from William Phelps, who came from England to Massa- chusetts in 1630. The former was by profession a lawyer, and held the office of Colonial Judge under appointment of the crown, and after- wards by commission from the Governor of New York, whose claim of jurisdiction over the " Grants " he persistently supported, first against the pretensions of the State of New Hampshire, and afterwards against! the independent State Government of Yermont. He and his son, Timothy Phelps, who had likewise a commission from New York as High Sheriff of Cumberland County, carried their opposition to the new State movement so far as to subject them both to proscription and confiscation of property by the Yermont authorities. John Phelps, son of Timothy, was a lawyer of reputation, and served at various times in the Council and State Senate. His son, by a first marriage, John Wolcott Phelps, graduated at "West Point, served in the Flor- ida and Mexican wars as an officer of artillery, and was Colonel of the 1st Yermont Yolunteers in the civil war, and afterwards Briga- dier-General of Yolunteers. His son, by a second wife, Mrs. Almira Hart Lincoln, sister of Mrs. Emma Willard, of Troy, N. Y., was Charles E. Phelps, born in Guilford, Yt., May 1, 1833, removed by his parents to Westchester, Pa., in 1837, and to Ellicott's Mills, Maryland, in 1811. On the maternal side, Mr. Phelps is descended from Thomas Hooker, known as the " founder of Connecticut Col- ony," and from Samuel Hart, one of the colonial champions of relig- 2 CHAELES E. PHELPS. ious liberty in opposition to the intolerant code known as the " Bine Laws." His mother, Mrs. A. H. Lincoln Phelps, is the author of a series of elementary treatises on botany, chemistry, natural philos- oj)hy and geology, which have been for many years widely used as school text-books, and is also known through her contributions to lit- erature in other departments, and as a practical and successful edu- cator, first in connection with the Troy Female Seminary, and later as the Principal of the Patapsco Institute in Maryland. After completing his studies at St. Timothy's Hall, Md., Princeton College, !N". J., and at the Law School of Harvard University, Mr. Phelps commenced the practice of law in Baltimore, and in the Court of Appeals of Maryland, and was admitted to the bar of the IT. S. Supreme Court, in 1859. In politics, he took no active part until the autumn of 1860. Shortly before the latter date, the disorders which characterized the local rule of the Know-Nothing organization in the city of Balti- more, had compelled citizens of all parties to unite in an effort for municipal reform. A military organization, known as the " Mary- land Guard," of which Mr. Phelps was one of the originators, speed- ily gathered into its ranks several hundred young men, who volun- teered their services to sustain the measures of the State Legislature for the suppression of ruffian control of the ballot-box, by the estab- lishment of a police system analogous to that already introduced in New York, including a subdivision of the wards into election pre- cincts, and other features designed to secure the freedom and purity of elections. Of the regiment thus formed, Mr. Phelps was chosen one of the first captains, and afterwards major. The nominations of the " Reform Party " were made in disregard of the usual machinery of ward conventions, by a select committee of leading citizens, who assumed the responsibility of appealing to the people at a fair election for the support of their candidates. They were all elected by unprecedented majorities. Mr. Phelps was among those elected to the City Council, where he served as Chairman of the Committee on Police. CHARLES E. PHELPS. 3 Tlie sectional difficulties shortly after culminated in rebellion and civil war, and on the 19th day of April, 1861, a Massachusetts regi- ment was mobbed while passing through the streets of Baltimore on its way to "Washington. In obedience to orders, the Maryland Guard, which still retained its organization, was assembled at its armory, on the corner of Balti- more and Calvert streets surrounded by an excited multitude. It was at once apparent that a large majority of its members were in sympathy with the prevalent spirit of hostility to the Federal troops. A very few, on the other hand, including Mr. Phelps, still major of the regiment, vainly endeavored to stem the current. Great anxiety was manifested by all to know what orders would come from the civil authorities ; and when they at length were re- ceived, the orders were applauded by the crowd. Mr. Phelps de- clined to obey, and withdrew, forwarding immediately a formal res- ignation of his commission, assigning as his reason that he could not conscientiously serve under such orders in view of his construction of the oath which he had taken to support the Constitution of the United States. In August, 1862, he accepted the Lieutenant-Colonelcy of the Tth Regiment of Maryland Volunteers, a new regiment of Infantry raised and commanded by Hon. Edwin H. Webster, then a member of the House of Representatives. In November, 1863, upon the resignation of Colonel Webster consequent upon his re-election to Congress, Colonel Phelps was commissioned and succeeded to the command. This regiment, with the exception of one company from Baltimore t City, was recruited from the border counties of Maryland — Harford, Baltimore, Carroll, Frederick, and Washington. It was ordered in- to the field on the 12th of September, 1862, and was organized with the 1st, 4th, and 8th Maryland Regiments into a separate brigade, under the command of General John R. Kenly. The Maryland Brigade was constantly in active service, at first on the Upper Potomac and in West Virginia, until after the battle of 4 CHAKLES E. PHELPS. Gettysburg, when it was assigned to the First Corps of the Army of the Potomac, under Major- General Meade. On the re- organization of that army by Lieutenant-General Grant, the Mary- land Brigade was assigned to General Robinson's (2d) Division of Gen eral "Warren's (5th) Corps, under the command of Colonel ~N. T. Du- shane, of the 1st Maryland Volunteers, afterwards killed in action. On the second day of the " Wilderness " it was temporarily rein- forced by the 14th New York (Brooklyn) Regiment. In this action, Colonel Phelps had a horse killed under him while rallying his regiment during a temporary confusion. At Spottsylvania Court House, on the 8th of May, 1864, he succeeded to the command of the brigade after the fall of Colonel Denison, severely wounded. The fall of General Robinson, also severely wounded, placed him in command of the division, or its remnant, while in the act of charg- ing a line of breastworks held by a division of Longstreet's corps. The assault was repulsed with heavy loss, and Colonel Phelps, while leading the column, had his horse shot, was wounded, and taken prisoner at the foot of the breastworks. Subsequently, on the recom- mendation of Major-General Warren, approved by General Grant, Colonel Phelps was commissioned Brevet-Brigadier-General for "gallant conduct" in this action. He twice endeavored to effect his escape, and at last succeeded in eluding his guard while being taken to the van, and lay concealed within the enemy's lines, under shell and musketry from the Union side, in expectation of an advance and re-capture. While in this situation, exhausted from the loss of blood, he was discovered and robbed by Rebel stragglers, who threatened his life, and might have taken it, but for the timely arrival of a Confederate Provost Guard. He was taken to their field-hospital and treated with attention, es- pecially by some who had been his comrades in the Maryland Guard. The day after being captured, while on the road to Richmond un- der a guard of the enemy's cavalry, with over three hundred Union prisoners, the convoy was overtaken by the advance of Sheridan's CHARLES E. PHELPS. 5 cavalry, and a brief skirmish resulted in the rescue of the prisoners, and the capture or dispersion of their guard. Those prisoners who were not disabled, armed themselves from an ordnance train cap- tured at the same time, while those who were wounded suffered ex- cessively during the ten days which followed of rapid marching and frequent fighting. It was during this raid that the celebrated Eebel cavalry general, J. E. B. Stuart, was killed at the battle of Yellow Tavern. Here, as well as at the battles of Meadow Bridge, the De- fenses of Richmond, etc., General Sheridan fought and maneuvered his cavalry with an intrepidity and skill which finally secured the success of his expedition in communicating at Haxall's Landing with the Army of the James. Colonel Phelps was in Baltimore, an invalid, when that city was in iminent danger of capture after the defeat of General Wallace at Monocacy, in July, 1864. He volunteered his services to Major-Gen- eral Orel, to assist in the defense of the city, and was assigned to his staff as additional Aid-de-camp until the invaders were repelled. The Third Congressional District of Maryland, consisting of the thirteen upper Wards of Baltimore city, was represented in the Thirty-eighth Congress by Honorable Henry Winter Davis. His Re- construction Bill, reversing the policy announced by President Lin- coln in his Amnesty Proclamation of December S, 1863, passed Con- gress in July, 1861, but was prevented by the President from becom- ing a law. Mr. Davis, in connection with Senator Wade, issued a protest, denouncing President Lincoln and his policy. The Con- gressional District Convention of the Union party met shortly after in Baltimore, and at once nominated Colonel Phelps by acclamation as Mr. Davis' successor. He had been honorably discharged the ser- vice on account of disability from his wound, and accepted the nom- ination in a speech defining his position as " radical in war and con- servative in peace." In the Thirty-ninth Congress, he served on the Committees on Xa- val Affairs and on the Militia. He opposed, by speech and vote, the Radical measures and policy of reconstruction, and advocated the im- 6 CHARLES E. PHELPS. mediate restoration of the Southern States without farther condition than the abolition of slavery secured by Constitutional Amendment. He voted, however, under the shape which it finally assumed, for the additional Amendment known as Article XIV. In 1866, the Democratic party made no nominations in the Third District, but supported those of the Conservatives, by whom Mr. Phelps was nominated to the Fortieth Congress, and elected after a , struggle of unprecedented fierceness. The circumstances that at- tended this election, including the trial and removal of the Police Commissioners by Governor Swann ; the arrest and imprisonment of their successors by order of Judge Bond ; the preparations for riot and bloodshed, and the threats of armed intervention by political organizations outside the State, pervaded the entire country with excitement and alarm. Mr. Phelps' election, though secured by a large majority, was formally contested by his Radical opponent, who, after causing a large mass of testimony to be taken, abandoned the contest with an apology. Mr. Phelps declined a re-nomination to the Forty-first Congress. In the Fortieth Congress, Mr. Phelps was placed on the Committees on Appropriations, and on Expenditures in the War Department. His course on Reconstruction, Impeachment, and other political questions, identified him with the Democratic minority. In September, 1S64, Mr. Phelps served upon a commission ap- pointed by Gov. Bradford to revise and codify the State Militia laws. He was an invited guest of the New England Society at their Anniversary Banquet in New York in December, 1861, and responded to the sentiment, " Free Maryland." He attended the Union " Soldiers' and Sailors' " Conservative Con- vention at Cleveland, Ohio, in September, 1866, as a delegate for Maryland. In February, 1867, he declined an executive appoint- ment as a Judge of the Court of Appeals of Maryland. lie is a Trustee of the Antietam National Cemetery, a member of the Mary- land Historical Society, and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. 'IKE. FEEDEKICK A. PIKE. S^fORTi' years ago, Calais, Maine, was a new settlement on a strip of land just cleared of forest. Situated at the head of %> the navigable waters of the river St. Croix, it was accessi- ble to sailing vessels eight or nine months in the year, and was con- nected with the Western towns by a single road, over which a weekly mail came without regularity, bringing Boston papers six or eight days old. The chief employment of its enterprising pioneer popula- tion was lumbering, a pursuit calculated to give strong and marked development to both body and mind. The exposure to the intense cold in short winter days and long winter nights, the long journeys through trackless forests and over ice-bound lakes, the danger of get- ting lost in the woods, and the expedients necessary to be devised in order to keep alive under such circumstances, all tended to give to the lumbermen of that day a vigor of body and mind which charac- terizes their children to this day. It gave fortitude and contempt for danger such as carried the Sixth Regiment Maine Volunteers, raised in this region, through their bloody charges at St. Mary's Heights and Rappahannock Station. In this then remote settlement of Calais, Frederick A. Pike was bom in 1817. When he was quite young, it was his misfortune to lose his father by accidental death. The care and support of the family thus devolved upon the widowed mother, a lady whose devo- tion, energy, and good sense are shown in the eminent success of her sons. The eldest of these is the well-known " J. S. P." late Minister to the Hague, whose racy epigrammatic articles in the Tribune and other leading journals have given him a wide reputation. The second Vol. 2. 15 2 FREDERICK A. PIKE. son, Charles E. Pike, Esq., recently Solicitor of the Internal Eevenue in Washington, now in active practice at the Boston bar, has long been highly appreciated and eminently successful in his profession. Frederick A. Pike, as a boy, was educated at public schools, taught three summer months by a woman, and three winter months by a man. He subsequently spent a short time at the County Academy, and entered Bowdoin College in the Class of 1839. In those clays boating had not become so common and popular among collegians as at present, yet Mr. Pike made a voyage in an open boat from New Brunswick, Maine, to Boston, a distance of one hundred and fifty miles, across a stormy and unsheltered sea, at so much personal risk as to attract the notice of the newspapers of the day. Leaving college without graduation, Mr. Pike employed himself for some years as a teacher of public schools, and as a mercantile clerk. Meanwhile he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1841. As a lawyer, he early took high rank as an advocate and manager of causes on trial. He completely identified himself with the feelings of his client, and exhibited an unyielding determination to take care of his interests. Skillful in the examination of witnesses, quick to see and take advantage of the mistakes of his opponent, and ready on all the points of law and practice, he attained to a high degree of professional success. He served for several years as Prosecuting Attorney for the County. He was for some time editor of the local newspaper, and has ever since retained, with greater or less intimacy, his connection with the press. In politics, Mr. Pike was originally a "Whig, and was an avowed Abolitionist when the name was odious. Since the formation of the Republican party, he has been an earnest and consistent supporter of its principles. In 1856, Mr. Pike's friends made a strenuous effort to send him to Congress, but failed to secure his nomination. In this year he was elected to the State Legislature, and was returned for the two succeed- ing years, during the last of which he was Speaker of the House. FREDERICK A. PIKE. 3 Iu the Legislature lie held a prominent position. He made many noteworthy speeches, particularly one upon a railroad controversy of general interest, which is regarded as the happiest forensic effort of his life. In I860, Mr. Pike was elected, by the Republicans, a Representative in the Thirty-seventh Congress, and has subsequently served in the Thirty-eighth, Thirty-ninth, and Fortieth Congresses. He most cheer- fully performed the augmented duties devolved upon his office by the emergencies of the war. He was assiduous in his efforts to comply with the numerous requests of his correspondents. In addition to his regular duties as a member of Congress, he was occupied in visit- ing hospitals, looking after the interests of soldiers, and in transact- ing business for his constituents with the various departments of the Government. During the war, Mr. Pike was one of the most fearless and em- phatic supporters of the Government in the halls of Congress. Every measure for the raising of men and money had his earnest support and advocacy. Representing a maritime community, he was, on entering Congress, very properly placed on the Committee of Naval Affairs, of which he was a member during his entire term of service, and its Chairman in the Fortieth Congress. He was prompt and regular in his attention to duty on this committee, and deeply interested in measures emanating from it, advocating them upon the floor with earnestness and force. He has manifested more interest in measures affecting the trade of the country than in those more purely political. Subjects of finance, of tariff, or revenue, coming up for the action of Congress, received his close attention, and frequently called him into discussions. He has been particularly vigilant in his attention to subjects of especial concern to his constituents — the ship- ping, the lumbering, and the fishing interests. He was an early op- ponent of the Reciprocity Treaty with Great Britain, and labored with success for its repeal, believing that it operated unfavorably to the United States, and especially to the State of Maine. When Congress became involved in the controversy with the Presi- FKEDERICK A. PIKE. dent, Mr. Pike was among those who insisted most firmly u^. on the rights, privileges, and power of the legislative department of the Gov- ernment. When the House presented Articles of Impeachment against President Johnson, he gave them his earnest and active support. Mr. Pike's first speech in Congress was made in February, 1862. It was upon the Legal-Tender Bill ; and in connection with that mea- sure, criticized Gen. McClellan's policy, and commended that of Secre- tary Stanton, who had just issued his famous " Mill Spring " address to the army. The speech closed as follows : " The next sixty days are to be the opportunity for the nation to re-assert itself. In them, past blunders can be remedied, and the memory of inefficiency be lost in the brilliancy of triumph. I have all faith in the war, when it shall move to the tones of our new Secretary. It has already done much to enlighten our people as to the destiny of the Republic. Civilians in high station and officers of leading rank have been converted by it to sound doctrines of political action. It is the measure of our civilization and Christianity. In its grand march in the future, it shall carry with it, like a torrent, the sophisms and theories of vicious political organizations ; and pres- ently clearing itself of all entanglements, it will make plain to the world that this is a contest of ideas. It will try aspirants for the leadership ; and when one fails, another shall supply his place ; until, in God's own time, the appointed Joshua, shall be found who shall lead us into the promised land of peace and liberty. " Our duty to-day is to tax and fight — twin brothers of great power ; to them, in good time, shall be added a third ; whether he shall be of executive parentage or generated in Congress, or spring, like Minerva, full-grown from the head of our army, I care not. Come he will, and his name shall be Emancipation. And these three — -tax, fight, emancipate — shall be the trinity of our salvation. In this sign we shall conquer." This was the first announcement in Congress of the necessity of Emancipation to the success of the war. Gurowski says in his " Diary " that it was the key-note of the Thirty -seventh Congress. FREDERICK A. PIKE. 5 Mr. Pike voted with the ultra anti-slavery men on all occasions ; and when the great anti-slavery amendment to the Constitution was pending, in January, 1865, he said : "When, something more than a quarter of a century ago, just commencing active life, I made myself conspicuous in a limited sphere by attacking Slavery, I had no expectation of taking part here and now in the grand consummation of its utter demolition." After arguing the constitutional points, he closed : " Let the amend- ment be adopted, and slavery be destroyed, and hereafter the only contest upon the subject will be, Who did the most to bring about this consummation so devoutly wished for by all good men. The earlier anti-slavery men shall have their full meed of praise. They did well. They brought the wrongs inherent in the institution to the attention of the people of the country. They would not be put down at the bidding of the imperious advocates of the system. But slavery nourished under their attacks. It grew rich and strong. It waxed fat. How long it would have lived, God only knows, if it had not injured itself. But it was not content. It destroyed itself. Our Davids were not powerful enough to inflict a mortal blow upon this modern Goliah, and Heaven would have it that the giant wrong of the age should commit suicide. " And when the genius of history shall write its epitaph on the walls of the great Hereafter, specifying the date of its death, short stay will it make in describing its virtues ; but after cataloguing a por- tion of the great crimes it has committed against mankind, it will add, ' Dead ! dead ! not of Lloyd Garrison or Wendell Phillips, but dead of Jefferson Davis and the Montgomery Constitution.' " God speed the day of its burial, for with it, as creator, ends this war of its creation, and liberty and peace shall come hand in hand, and bless the continent with their presence." Mr. Pike is happy in his domestic life, having married, in 1846, Miss Mary H. Green, a lady of rare endowments of heart and mind. After the experience of a winter in the South, she wrote " Ida May," and some other novels, which were received by the public with great q FREDERICK A. PIKE. favor. Her mental activity and acquirements have been chiefly displayed, however, in a rare conversational talent, which makes her the charm of the social circle. In person, Mr. Pike is of medium height, of dark complexion, with black hair and eyes. He is lively and entertaining in conver- sation, ardent in his friendships, and decided in his dislikes. Proud, sensitive, honorable, and truthful, he possesses all the elements of an original and independent character. WILLIAM A. PILE. ^piSfflfllLLIAM" A. PILE was born near Indianapolis, Indiana, February 11, 1829, He received an academic education, studied theology, and became a clergyman of the Metho- disTEpiscopal Church, and a member of the Missouri Conference. In May, 1861, he joined the First Missouri Infantry, as Chaplain, and was with General Nathaniel Lyon in his campaign embracing the battles of Boonville and Wilson's Creek. After the battle of Boon- ville, Chaplain Pile was sent out with a party of five men to look after the dead and wounded. Believing in the Scripture doctrine, " Let the dead bury their dead," he went after the living rebels and captured twenty-six of them with their arms, and several teams and wagons, which were of great value in pursuing the campaign ; on account of his gallantry in this action, he was called the " fighting parson." In September, 1861, he was commissioned Captain of a battery in the First Missouri Artillery. It was his battery of Parrott guns of which General Pope made such favorable mention during the siege of Corinth. In August, 1862, he was promoted to the Lieutenant- Colonelcy of the Thirty-third Missouri Infantry. In December, 1862, he was promoted to the Colonelcy of the regiment stationed at Helena, Arkansas, where he was placed in charge of the construction of the fortifications of that post. In September, 1863, he was promoted to be Brigadier-General of Volunteers, and placed in charge of the organization of colored troops in the department of Missouri. In a few months, under great difficulties, he enlisted, armed, equipped, and sent into the field over seven thousand colored troops, who rendered efficient service on 2 WILLIAM A. PILE. several hard-fought fields. From Missouri he was ordered to an im- portant command in Texas, and stationed at Brazos, Santiago, where he remained until the commencement of the Mobile campaign, in which he distinguished himself in command of his brigade, at Fort Blakely, being among the very first to enter the Fort, in the charge which resulted in its capture. For his gallantry on that occasion he was breveted Major-General. He was not allowed to retire to private life on beino; mustered out of the army. His course during the war had made for him warm friends among the loyal men of Missouri, who pressed him into service as their candidate for Congress in the First District, against John Hogan, a Democrat. In this contest he made many friends and admirers by his sterling qualities of both head and heart, and secured his election as member of the Fortieth Congress. Mr. Pile has proved himself an able and efficient member of the House of Kepresentatives. His career in life having placed him in contact with the various classes of society, from which stand-point he studied the people and their wants, his speeches are more noted for their plain common-sense view taken of pending questions, than for beauty of style or finished eloquence, although for these qualities they compare favorably with' those of his peers in the House. They evince his sterling patriotism and his concern for the welfare of the country in all its varied interests, urging " the largest freedom for all classes of people, not because of claims of peculiar races, but because freedom is the normal condition of all men. Therefore all would be benefited in proportion as any other class is benefited." His speech pending the question of the impeachment of President Johnson may be considered as a fair sample of his forensic efforts, and from this we present two or three brief extracts : " The President," said Mr. Pile, " has violated the plainest terms of the law solemnly enacted by the Congress of the people, accord- ing to and in pursuance of the provisions of the Constitution. Amid the momentous and multiform duties of this body arising from the con- WILLIAM A. PILE. 3 dition of the country emerging from a great war, with industrial pursuits deranged, business depressed, trade stagnant, values disturbed, the people overburdened with taxes, capital timid and withdrawn from business, and the public mind feverish and unsettled, every man going to Ids chamber at night with an undefined, and therefore all the more disturbing, conviction that ere he wakes in the morning some new danger may threaten the peace or life of his nation— amid all this, the highest officer known to the Constitution and the laws startles the nation, from the shores of the Atlantic, ' where the sons of the Republic keep watch at the rising of the sun,' to the golden shores of the Pacific, ' where they keep watch at the going down of the same ;' has startled and moved the public mind and heart to its pro- foundest depths by a violation of law at once so flagrant and assump- tive as to leave him without excuse, and to make his defenders on this floor morally participants in his crime. * * * What insolent and brazen effrontery is it for his friends on this floor to claim for him innocent intentions and pacific motives ! It will be difficult to find, in the annals of all the past, so many acts of a single tyrant disclosing the same wicked purposes, and exhibiting the same criminal intentions, as are found in this record of infamy made by Mr. Johnson. * * * " The violated supremacy and outraged majesty of the law demand the impeachment of the President of the United States for high crimes and misdemeanors. I urge and press his impeachment in the name and for the sake of the toiling millions of my countrymen, who are wearied and exhausted by the long and fearful struggle of the past, and the unsettled and deranged condition of the present. In the interest of the industrial pursuits of the country, unsettled and depressed as they are ; in the interest of stagnated trade and com- merce, and deranged and fluctuating finance ; and for the sake and in the name of the humanity and civilization of the age, I ask that the official career of this man shall be speedily and for ever terminated, in order that the country may have rest, quiet, and prosperity, and that the nation may continue in its high career of progress and civil- ization. 4 WILLIAM A. PILE. " In the name of the half-million of brave men whose ghastly corpses lie beneath the green sward of the South, and who died for liberty and loyalty, I demand the impeachment and removal of this man, who, in the exercise of the great power of his high office, seeks to betray into the hands of its enemies the country for which they fought and died." In March, 1869, Mr. Pile was nominated by President Grant for United States Minister to Brazil, but failed to be confirmed by the Senate. He was subsequently appointed Governor of the Territory of New Mexico. TOBIAS A. PLANTS. HoBIAS A. PLANTS was born in Beaver County, Penn- sylvania, March 17, 1811. When fourteen years of age he went to* learn the saddler's trade, and served an appren- ticeship of six years. At the close of his apprenticeship, instead of pursuing his trade, he devoted himself to study for the purpose of fitting himself for school-teaching. He removed to Ohio in 1830, and obtained a situation as a teacher in Steubenville, where he re- mained six years, reading law meantime with General Stokely. He subsequently went to Athens, Ohio, where he remained two years, and then removed to Pomeroy, where he made his permanent resi- dence and began the practise of law in 1841. Mr. Plants commenced his political life as one of the organizers of the " Liberty Party," which first made itself known to the country with James G. Birney as its candidate for the presidency. Though unsuccessful in the election of its own candidates, it played an impor- tant part in the politics of the country, and finally formed an impor- tant element in the great Republican party. Having been regarded as an able, honest and efficient man in the old organization, he was one of the first to be recognized as worthy to be trusted as a leader in the new party, and was in 1858 elected to the State Legislature, to which he was re-elected in 1860. He was chairman of the Com- mittee on Schools and Colleges, and had a very severe struggle in maintaining the integrity of the school fund. In 1864 he was elected a Representative from Ohio to the Thirty-ninth Congress, and was re-elected to the Fortieth Congress, serving on the Committees on Public Expenditures, on Mileage, and War Debts of the loyal States. He delivered speeches in favor of the impeachment of the President, and in favor of the bill reported from the Reconstructing Committee to admit Alabama to representation. LUKE P. POLAND. f'UKE P. POLAND was born in Westford, Vermont, Nov- ember 1, 1815. He attended such district schools as the region afforded during his early boyhood. When twelve years old he went for about two years as errand-boy, hostler, and clerk, to live with an excellent man who kept a store in the village. There he learned to write a good hand, to keep accounts, to cast interest, and acquired some knowledge of the common modes of business. Then for four years he lived at home, helping his father carry on a small farm, run a saw-mill on the village brook, and do service in his trade as a house-carpenter. When seventeen years old he went to an acad- emy for a term of five months, and this "finished" him in the schools. He manifested an unusual fondness for reading, and de- voured with eagerness the few books which that remote and rustic neighborhood contained. When fifteen years of age he told his father he thought he could do better for himself than to be a car- penter. His father being unable to do more for him, told him he was free to go forth and take his chances for making headway in the world. So, with his spare shirt and stockings tied up in a handkerchief, he went to the neighboring village of Morristown, and taught a district school during the winter, and in the spring he began the study of the law. He was admitted to the bar in 1S36, and continued in practice until 1848, when he was elected one of the Judges of the Supreme Court. For several years he had come to be recognized as one of the ablest lawyers in the Circuit consisting of Lamoille, Orleans, and Washington Counties, and in these counties he was probably engag- ed in the trial of more causes than any other single lawyer during the same period. Judge Charles Davis had for two years held the office to which Judge Poland was elected in 1818. In Vermont the rt ^c? LUKE P. POLAND. & Judges of the Supreme Court are elected annually by the joint vote of the Senate and House of Representatives. Judge Davis had always been a Whig, and Judge Poland a Democrat. That he was elected over such a competitor as Judge Davis, by a legislature composed in large majority of Whigs, at so early an acre, is of itself ample proof of the public estimate of his ability as a lawyer and character as a citizen. That he received eighteen suc- cessive elections, all but the first by viva voce vote, is decisive proof that he adequately sustained himself in that high position. The mental qualities and the traits of character, the exercise and development of which had raised their possessor so rapidly to his high standing as a lawyer, marked and distinguished him as a Judge. . With a mind of great native strength, quick in its perceptions, rapid in its operations, given to reasoning by a practical, direct, and forcible logic, he easily and with a kind of spontaneous gracefulness addressed himself to judicial duties in a manner which showed that in mak- ing him Judge the State had put " the right man in the right place." None have held that position in Vermont who more effectively, up rightly, and acceptably have ministered in the dispensing of justice according to the principles and forms of law. With a self-possessed placidity and deliberateness of manner that never failed him, with a fortitude and firmness that were strangers to fear or wavering, he was at the same time courteous, complaisant, and kind, so that while the most service-hardened, confident, and captious members of the bar yielded in differential subordination to the power above them, the most inexperienced and diffident were inspired with courage and con- fidence in their efforts to do professional service in the courts over which Judge Poland presided. Hon. James Barrett, one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of | Vermont, and for many years one of Judge Poland's associates at the bar, says in a communication to the author : " In thirty years' conversancy with the bench and bar of Vermont, it has not been ray fortune to know any other instance in which the presiding Judge in his nisiprius Circuit has been so uniformly and by the spontane- ous acquiescence of the bar so emphatically ' the end of the law ' in 3 LUKE P. POLAND. all things appertaining to the business of these courts. As Judge in the Supreme Court sitting in bank, his adaptedness to the place was equally manifest. His mastery of the principles of the law, his dis- criminating apprehension of the principles involved in the specific case in hand, his facility in developing by logical processes and practi- cal illustrations the proper applications and results of those principles, are very strikingly evinced in the judicial opinions drawn up by him contained in the Yermont Reports. His memory of cases in which particular points have been decided, is extraordinary ; and this memory is accompanied by a very full and accurate apprehension of the very points, and grounds, and reasons of the judgment. Some of the cases, in which he drew the opinion of the Court, stand forth as leading cases, and his treatment of the subjects involved ranks with the best specimens of judicial disquisition." Since leaving the bench Judge Poland has engaged somewhat in the practice of the law, appearing in important cases in the State and United States Courts, both at home and in Washington. He has, however, devoted himself more especially to politics. At the outset of his professional career he developed a taste for politics, and soon became an influential member and a local leader of the Demo- cratic party. He was always an anti-slavery Democrat, having be- come so before his party adopted the maintaining of slavery as a dogma of its faith. When the Free-Soil wing of the Democracy took open ground in 1848, he was its candidate for Lieutenant-Gov- ernor of the State. On being elected Judge he withdrew from active participation in party politics ; yet throughout the whole progress of the " irrepressible conflict " he has been true and firm as the cham- pion of free soil and free men ; and from the organization of the Re- publican party he has been one of the most sincere and unwavering of its members. His great ability, manifested at the bar and on the bench, the soundness of his political views, his eminently practical judgment in regard to policy and measures, his fearlessness in maintaining his con- victions of the right, his faculty of making his views and the reasons for them clear and forcible, his courteous bearing and imposing per- LUKE P. POLAND. 4 Bonal presence rendered him eminently fit to occupy the seat in the United States Senate made vacant by the death of the lamented Coll am er. He took his seat in the Senate in December, 1865, for the remain- der of Judge Collamer's term, which expired March 4, 1867. At the latter date he took his seat as a Representative from Vermont to the Fortieth Congress, and was re-elected to the Forty-first Congress. "While in the Senate, though for so brief a period, he made upon his fellow-Senators an abiding impression of his eminent ability and fitness for that position. He at once assumed his full share of legis- lative work, and as a member of the Judiciary Committee he was en- trusted with the care and management of the Bankrupt Bill that had been passed by the House. The Judiciary Committee were almost equally divided in their views respecting it, and so also were the mem- bers of the Senate. Seldom has so important a measure successfully passed so perilous an ordeal. Mr. Poland's judicious management of the measure, with the favor that his personal influence secured for it, saved the bill from defeat, and secured its passage into the present Bankrupt Law of the United States. As a member of the House he has secured the same consideration that was accorded him in the Senate. He was appointed Chairman of the Committee on the Revision of the Laws, a position calling into use the professional ability for which as a lawyer and a judge he had long been distinguished. In 1858 the University of Vermont testified its appreciation of Judge Poland by conferring on him the honorary degree of Master of Arts, and in 1861 the degree of Doctor of Laws. In private life Mr. Poland is very popular, his conversation spark- ling with wit and genial humor. A marked trait is his fearless inde- pendence, which leads him to shun the pursuit of even woithy ends by unworthy means. Says a distinguished jurist of Vermont : " The State, so far as her interests depend upon the character of hor courts, and their administration of the law, has suffered irreparable injury by the transfer of Judge Poland from the chiefship of her Judiciary to a seat in Congress." DANIEL POLSLET. ANIEL POLSLEY was born near Fairmount, Marion County, Virginia, November 28, 1803. He spent his -^W boyhood on a farm, and received a common-school educa- tion. He studied law with Philip Doddridge, and Henry St. George Tucker, and was admitted to the bar in 1827. He practised his profession until 1845, when he retired to a farm, and occupied him- self with agriculture until 1S61. He was a member of the Wheel- ing Convention held in May of that year, for the purpose of reorgan- izing the State government of Yirginia on a loyal basis. He was, in the same year, elected lieutenant-governor of the State, an office which he held until West Yirginia was admitted into the Union. In 1862 he was elected judge of the Seventh Judicial Circuit of West Virginia. In 1S66 he was elected a Representative from West Yir- ginia to the Fortieth Congress as a Republican, receiving 5,211 votes ao-ainst 3,639 for the Democratic candidate. He served on the Com- mittee on Revolutionary Pensions, and the Committee on Invalid Pensions. He made no speeches during his service in Congress, but introduced several bills, principally relating to pensions, and subjects of private interest. On the 2Sth of January he introduced a resolu- tion, which was agreed to, instructing the Committee on Military Affairs to inquire whether the the expenses of the War Department cannot be reduced by mustering out of service snpernumary adjutant- generals and inspector-generals. The only other business which he introduced, possessing more than, strictly private interest, was a bill relating to the Covington and Ohio railroad, and its establishment as a post-route and military road of the United States. At the close of the Fortieth Congress, Mr. Polsley retired to private life. /^^ HON. THEODORE M.POMEROY. CATIVE FBOM THEODOBE M. POMEROY. MlpHEODORE M. POMEROY was born in Cayuga, New ylii York, December 31, 1824. He graduated at Hamilton • js&r College, and adopted the profession of law, making his residence in the city of Auburn. From 1850 to 1856 he was district- attorney for the County of Cayuga, and in 1857 he was a member of the State Assembly. In 1860 he was elected a Representative from New York to the Thirty-seventh Congress as a Republican, and was re-elected for three succeeding Congressional terms. In the Fortieth Congress, he was chairman of the Committee of Banking and Currency, which per- fected measures relating to some of the most important subjects of recent legislation. When the House was in Committee of the Whole, he was generally called to the chair, and displayed great familiarity with parliamentary law, and remarkable' ability as a presiding officer. On the day before the close of the Fortieth Congress, he was unani- mously elected Speaker of the House. In the course of a few impres- sive remarks made on assuming the chair, he said : "It has been my pleasure for eight years to mingle humbly in the labors of this House ; and in retiring, as I expect to do within a brief period, forever from all official connection with the American Congress, I carry with me at least this gratification, that in all those years I have never upon this floor received from a member of this House one word of unkind- ness nor one act of disrespect. . . There is a significance which a man must be differently constituted from myself, if he can ever forget, which arises from the kind personal consideration which is involved in my unanimous election to this most honorable position." Vol. 2. 16 THEODORE M. POMEROY. The House unanimously adopted a resolution of thanks for " the very able, dignified and impartial manner in which he has discharged the duties of Speaker for the brief but very trying period during which he has occupied the chair." At twelve o'clock, noon, of March 4th, 1869, the Fortieth Congress expired by limitation of law, and the Speaker pronounced it adjourned sine die, using the following words which may appropriately close this sketch : " Our personal relations, our sympathies, our kindnesses, all the ties that bind us to each other will forever live as part of ourselves." ' HIEAM PRICE. *IRAM PRICE was born in "Washington County, Pennsyl- vania, January 10, 1814, received a common school edu- cation, and was trained for business pursuits. Removing to Iowa, he settled in Davenport, and devoted himself to mercan- tile pursuits and banking. He became president of the State Bank of Iowa, and was paymaster-general of Iowa in 1861. In 1862 he was elected a Representative from Iowa to the Thirty-eighth Con- gress, in which he was chairman of the Committee on Revolution- ary Claims. Re-elected to the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Congresses, he was chairman of the Committee on the Pacific Railroad. A ready and fluent debater, he frequently took part in the discussions of the House, advocating with zeal the measures and policy with which the Republican party was identified in Congress. On the 22d of February, Mr. Price eloquently advocated the impeachment of the President, and a few days after, in another speech on the same subject, declared the proceeding to be " a legal, financial, and political necessity." In an able speech, July 1, 1868, he opposed the purchase of Alaska, using the following plain and conclusive illustration : " If an individual who was pecuniarily involved to such an extent that he was compelled to renew his notes from time to time, and beg time from his creditors, should take money which he borrowed at an exorbitant rate of interest to purchase a piece of property which he had no kind n i use for, he would be called by all honest and prudent men either a very weak or a very wicked man, and I hold, sir, that the same rule that applies to individ- uals is equally applicable to nations." JOHK Y. L. PEUTN. 'OHN Y. L. PRUYN was born in Albany, New York, in 1811. He received his education mainly at private schools, g| studied law, and was admitted to the Albany bar in 1832. In 1835 he was counsel and director of the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, and was afterwards treasurer of the New York Central Rail- road Company. He was also Master in Chancery during the govern- orship of William L. Marcy. In 1841 he was made a member of the Board of Regents, and in 1862 Chancellor of the University of New York, 'and in the same year was a State Senator. He received from Rutgers' College the decree of LL. D. At a special election he was, in 1863, elected as Representative in Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Erastus Corning. In the Thirty-eighth Congress he was placed on the Com- mittee on Claims. In the Fortieth Congress, to which he was also elected, he served with the Committee on Foreign Affairs and that on the Library. Mr. Pruyn was an active member of the Fortieth Congress, sus- taining a prominent part in the proceedings and debates of the House. He delivered speeches on a variety of important questions ; for exam- ple, on the Impeachment Resolutions presented by Mr. Ashley — on the New York Custom House Affairs — on the veto of the Recon- struction Bill — on the Supplementary Reconstruction Bill — on the Resolution for the Impeachment of President Johnson — on the Treaty-making power — Construction of the Impeachment clause of the Constitution — on the Purchase of Alaska, and on other subjects and occasions. His expressed views on the prominent questions before Congress were in harmony with those of the Democratic party, of which he is an able and efficient member. 4^JZ. wn father. Mr. Stevens complied with the wishes of the poor woman by paying the full value of the slave to the unnatural father. As a lawyer, Mr. Stevens was the enemy of the oppressor and the champii m of the poor and the down-trodden. Injustice and wrong, when perpe- trated by the powerful and great, aroused his indignation and called forth terrible outbursts of denunciation. The same spirit was mani- fested in later years, when he denounced Chief- Justice Taney by saying that the Dred Scott decision had " damned its author to ever- lasting infamy, and, he feared, to everlasting flame." Fierce as was the denunciation of Mr. Stevens against those whom he regarded as wrong-doers, he never had aught but words of kind- no-; and encouragement for the poor and unoffending. In the prac- tice of his profession at Gettysburg, Mr. Stevens was brought into the closest and most confidential relations with the people. They sought and followed his friendly advice in delicate and important matters, which in no way pertained to the laws or the courts. He was not only the legal adviser, but the personal friend of the entire community. The aged inhabitants of Adams County still remember his unaffected benevolence, and unobtrusive charities. No command- ing benevolence, no useful public enterprise, nothing calculated to improve his fellow-men in the region where he lived, was projected or completed without his efficient and generous contribution. Penn- sylvania College, in Gettysburg, has a noble hall bearing his name, which stands as a monument of his services in behalf of education. Mr. Stevens' public political career began in 1833, when he was elected a Representative in the State Legislature. Possessed of the most practical common sense, and the most formidable power of de- bate, he soon became a leader. He was always foremost in every movement that contemplated the improvement of the people. He began his legislative career by proposing- and advocating a law to estaVish a free-school system in Pennsylvania. So great was the 4 THADDEUS STEVENS. io-norance at that time prevalent in Pennsylvania, that one-fourth of the adult population of the State were unable to write their names. The consequence was, that when Mr. Stevens proposed . a system for taxing the people for the education of their children, a storm of obloquy and opposition arose against him. His own constituents of the county of Adams refused to second his educational movements. Again and again they instructed him to change his course. He an- swered with renewed eiforts in the cause, and a more defiant dis- obedience of their mandates, until at last, overcome by his earnest eloquence and unfailing perseverance, they rallied to his support and enthusiastically re-elected him. The school law was just going into operation with the sanction of all benevolent men, when a strength of opposition was combined against it which promised to eifect its immediate abrogation. The miserly, and ignorant wealthy, used their money and their influence to bring it into disrepute, and procured the election by an over- whelming majority of a Legislature pledged to repeal the law. The members of the Legislature were on the eve of obeying instructions to expunge the school law from the statute book, when Thaddeus Stevens rose in hi? seat and pronounced a most powerful speech in opposition to the movement for repeal. The effect of that " sur- passing effort " is thus described by one who witnessed the scene : " All the barriers of prejudice broke down before it. It reached men's hearts like the voice of inspiration. Those who were almost ready to take the life of Thaddeus Stevens a few weeks before, were instantly converted into his admirers and friends. During its delivery in the hall of the House at Harrisburg, the scene was one of dramatic interest and intensity. Thaddeus Stevens was then forty-three years of age, and in the prime of life ; and his classic countenance, noble voice, and cultivated style, added to the fact that he was speaking the holiest truths and for the noblest of all human causes, created such a feeling among his fellow-members that, for once at least, our State legislators rose above all selfish feelings, and responded to the instincts of a higher nature. The motion to repeal the law failed, and a THADDEUS STEVENS. 5 number of votes pledged to sustain it were changed upon the spot, and what seemed to be an inevitable defeat was transformed into a crowning victory for the friends of common schools." Immediately after the conclusion of this great effort, Mr. Stevens re- ceived a congratulatory message from Governor Wolf, his determined political opponent, but a firm friend of popular education. When Mr. Stevens, soon after, entered the executive chamber, Governor Wolf threw his arms about his neck, and with tearful eye and broken voice, thanked him for the great service he had rendered to humanity. The millions who now inhabit Pennsylvania, or who having been born and educated there have gone forth to people other States, have reason to honor the intrepid statesman, who, anticipating the future, grappled with the prejudices of the time, and achieved a victory for the benefit of all coming generations. This same zeal in behalf of education for the humblest and poor- est was cherished by Mr. Stevens to his latest years. When the ladies of Lancaster called upon him for a subscription to their orphans' school, he declined the request on the ground that they refused admission to colored children. "I never will," said he, " Heaven helping me, encourage a system which denies education to any one of God Almighty's household." The year 1835 was one of intense political excitement in Penn- sylvania. Anti-Masonry had just blazed up with a lurid glare, which caused men to take alarm without knowing how or whence it came. Ever on the alert against whatever seemed dangerous to freedom, Mr. Stevens w r as out-spoken in his denunciation of secret societies. George Wolf, a Mason, was then Governor, and a candidate for re-election ; but Joseph Kitner, the Anti-Mason candidate, was elected. Party rancor was very bitter, and personal animosities sometimes broke out in violence. Mr. Stevens was challenged to fight a duel by Mr. McElwee, a member of the House, but instead of going to the field, he retorted in a bitter speech, full of caustic wit and withering sar- casm. That was a memorable period in the political history of Penn- sylvania, when, in the partisan language of the day, " Joe Eitner was 6 THADDEUS STEYEXS. Governor, and Thad. Stevens his oracle, and the keeper of his con- science." Canals and railroads were then originated, which tended to develop the material resources, as free-schools tended to promote the intellectual resources of Pennsylvania. In 1836, Mr. Stevens was elected a member of the Convention to amend the Constitution of Pennsylvania, an instrument framed as early as 1776. The Convention was composed of many of the ablest lawyers and most distinguished orators in the State. Of the one hundred and thirty-three members of the Convention, none took a more active part than Mr. Stevens. He labored with great energy and ability to have the word " white," as applied to citizens, stricken from the Constitution. The majority were unable or unwilling to surmount their prejudices and reject the obnoxious word. So great was the disgust of Mr. Stevens with the work of the Convention, that he refused to attach his name to the amended Constitution. In 1838, the political animosities of Pennsylvania culminated in the " Buckshot War," one of the most remarkable episodes in the his- tory of this country. The trouble originated in alleged election frauds in Philadelphia County at the general election of 1838. The friends of Governor Ritner, who had been a candidate for re-election, maintained that he had been defeated by perjury and fraud. An address was issued soon after the election by the Chairman of the State Committee, advising the friends of Governor Ritner, until an investigation had been made, to regard the result as favorable to them. It seemed that Mr. Porter, the governor elect, would not be inaugurated, and that certain Democrats elected to the Legislature from Philadelphia would not be admitted to seats. On the day ap- pointed for the assembling of the Legislature, three hundred men from Philadelpha appeared in Harrisburg with the avowed purpose of overawing the Senate and House, and compelling them to receive certain election returns which the Whigs regarded as fraudulent. At a certain point in the proceedings of the Senate, the mob rushed down from the galleries and took possession of the floor. The Speaker of the Senate, together with Mr. Stevens and some others, escaped THADDEUS STEVENS 7 through a window from the violence of the mob. "While the mob held possession of the Senate-chamber and the town, the House was the scene of equal confusion ; the members splitting into several bodies under speakers of their own election, each claiming to be the legitimate Assembly. The Governor was perplexed, and alarmed. He issued a proclamation calling out the militia of the State, and applied to the General Government for troops to suppress the out- break which seemed imminent. The greater part of the militia forces of the State at once responded to the call, but the troops asked from the General Government were refused. At length an under- standing was arrived at by which the Whigs yielded, a Democratic organization of the Legislature was effected, and Mr. Porter was inaugurated as Governor. The Democrats having gained the upper hand, singled out Mr. Stevens as the victim of their vengeance. A committee w T as ap- pointed " to inquire whether Thaddeus Stevens, a member elect from the county of Adams, has not forfeited his right to a seat in the House. The offense charged was contempt of the House in calling it an illegal body— the offspring of a mob. Mr. Stevens declined to attend the meetings of the Committee, and wrote a declaration set- ting forth the illegality of the inquiry. Mr. Stevens was ejected from the Legislature, although thirty-eight Democratic members protested against the action of the majority. Sent back to his constituents, he issued a stirring address to the people of Adams County, and he was triumphantly re-elected. An escort to the State Capitol was offered him by his enthusiastic constituents, but he declined the honor in a letter, in which occur the following remarkable, and almost prophetic, words : " Victories, even over rebels in civil wars, should be treated with solemn thanksgiving, rather than with songs of mirth." An- other term of service, to which Mr. Stevens was elected in 1841, closed his career in the State Legislature. In 1842, at fifty years of age, Mr. Stevens found his private busi- ness in a state of confusion, as a consequence of his unremitting atten- tion to public and political affairs. He found himself insolvent, with 8 THADDEUS STEVENS. debts of over two hundred thousand dollars, principally through mis- management by a partner in the Caledonia Iron Works. Resolved to liquidate this immense debt, he looked about for some more remu- nerative field for professional practice than the Gettysburg bar offered, and he removed to Lancaster. There he devoted himself with great energy and success to his profession, and in a few years fully retrieved his fortune. In 1848, Mr. Stevens was elected to represent the Lancaster Dis- trict in the Thirty-first Congress, and was re-elected to the succeeding Congress. He carried to the National Capitol a large legislative experience acquired in another field, and immediately took a prominent position in Congress. The subjects, however, which were acted upon by the Congress of that day were not such as called into conspicuous view the peculiar legislative abilities of Mr. Stevens. After an interval of six years, when elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress, he entered upon that distinguished public career which has given his name a prominent place in American History. He held the important position of Chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means during three successive Congressional terms. In the Thirty-ninth Congress he was Chairman of the Committee on Appropriations. In this and in the Fortieth Congress he was Chair- man of the Committee on Reconstruction. These positions gave him a very prominent place in Congress and before the country. The first measure of Mr. Stevens, which attracted great attention, was introduced by him on the 8th of December, 1S62, to indemnify the President and other persons for suspending the privilege of the habeas corpus. This act assisted much to promote the successful issue of the war. It placed a power in the hands of the great and good Executive of the nation, which was absolutely essential to the suppression of the rebellion. It was ever an object dear to the heart of Mr. Stevens to raise up and disenthrall the lown-trodclen colored population of the South. Foreseeing that this would be accomplished as a result of the war, he became the originator and earnest advocate of man} 7 measures de- THADDELS STEYEXS. 9 signed to effect this end. As early as the first disaster of Bull Run he publicly favored the employment of negroes as soldiers, to aid in putting down the rebellion of their masters. In the summer of 1862, a bill was passed, granting to negroes the privilege of, constructing fortifications and performing camp services. This fell far below the mission of the colored race in the war, as conceived in the mind of Mr. Stevens. On the 27th of January, 1S63, he offered a bill in the House for the enlistment of the negro as a soldier. The bill passed the House, but was reported upon adversely by the Military Com- mittee of the Senate. That body could only bring themselves to the point of agreeing to the enlistment of the negro as a cook ! That which Mr. Stevens was unable to bring about by Congressional enactment, he had the pleasure, ere long, of seeing effected by force of the necessities of war. With "hope deferred," Mr. Stevens impatiently awaited that great act of justice and necessity, the President's Proclamation of Emancipation. After this great Executive act was done, Mr. Stevens was not content until its perpetuity was secured by constitutional guarantees. Accordingly, on the 24th of March following, he offered in the House a joint resolution proposing an article in the Constitu- tion abolishing slavery. A joint resolution of similar import had been previously offered in the Senate by Mr. Trumbull, and agreed to by that body, but it was rejected in the House. After consideration, the resolution of Mr. Stevens was laid over, and the joint resolution of Mr. Trumbull was again taken up on a motion to reconsider, and was finally adopted, January 31, 1865. The biography of Mr. Stevens, written in detail, would be a com- plete history of the legislation of the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Con- gresses, down to the day of his death. At his instance, the Joint Committee on Reconstruction was created, and he occupied the posi- tion of Chairman on the part of the House. He strenuously advo- cated the Freedmen's Bureau Bill and the Civil Rights Bill. He had the honor of proposing in the House the great measure, now a part of the Constitution, known as the Fourteenth Amendment. As Chair- 10 THADDEUS STEVENS. man of the Committee on Beconstruction, Mr. Stevens reported to the House the Military Eeconstruction Bill, under which all the States save Tennessee, which had previously been reconstructed, were destined to be restored to their former relation to the Federal I Union. Mr. Stevens had no patience nor forbearance with Andrew John- son, whom he contemptuously described as " the man at the other end of the Avenue." lie regarded him as a bad man, guilty of " high crimes and misdemeanors." The annals of Congressional ora- tory contain nothing more impressive than Mr. Stevens' scathing and withering denunciations of the character and usurpation of the Presi- dent, Cato was not more earnest and sincere in the utterance of his formula for the safety of Borne — Carthago delenda est — than was Mr. Stevens in his demands that the President should be removed from office. Though in an extreme condition of physical feebleness, Mr. Stevens consented to act as one of the Managers of the Impeach- ment on the part of the House. He proposed the Eleventh Article, which was regarded as the strongest against the President, and was selected as that upon which the first vote was taken. He pronounced one of the ablest arguments delivered before the " High Court of Im- peachment," though unable to deliver more than the opening para- graphs in person. So feeble was he at this time, and for some months before, that he had to be borne to and from his seat in the House, seated in a chair which was carried by two stalwart young men. As they were lifting him in his chair one day, he said : " How shall I get to the House, when you two die ? " This playful expression not only illustrates his humor, but his resolute determination to do duty to the last. For two years Mr. Stevens' health was gradually failing. Month after month he grew weaker and -more shadow-like. It seemed, at last, that he was kept alive by force of an indomitable will and an intense desire to see the country safely through the dangers of recon- struction. On the adjournment of Congress, July 28, Mr. Stevens was too fee- THADDEUS STEVENS. H ble to endure the journey to his home at Lancaster. He rapidly grew worse, until he expired at midnight on the 11th of August. The an- nouncement of his death created profound sensation in all parts of the country. His remains, as they lay in state in the rotunda of the Capitolj were looked upon by thousands, hut by none with so much affectionate interest as by multitudes of the colored race, for whose freedom, enfranchisement, and protection he had devoted so much thought and labor. His body was finally conveyed to its last resting place in Lancaster, amid demonstrations of sincere respect such as are manifested only at the obsequies of public benefactors. At his death Mr. Stevens held but a small proportion of the property which he had accumulated during a long and laborious life. Three times he lost all he had. His latest failure was occasioned by the destruction of his Caledonia Iron Works by the rebels in their raid on Chambersburg. His friends immediately raised $100,000, which they tendered him, but he would accept the gift only on con- dition that it should be turned over to the poor of Lancaster County. Another incident illustrates his kindness of heart towards the poor and the distressed : A few weeks before his death, while on his way to the Capitol, he met a poor woman in great trouble. She told him that she had just lost seventy-five cents, her little market money, and that she had nothing to buy food for her children. " What a lucky woman you are," said Mr. Stevens ; " I have just found what you have lost ! " putting his hand into his pocket and giving her a five-dollar bill. Mr. Stevens, as he appeared in the House near the end of his life, is thus described by one looking clown from the galleries : "And now the members crowd around a central desk. The con- fusion of tongues, which amazes a spectator in the galleries, is hushed for a brief space. The crowds in the balconies bend eager ears. A gaunt, weird, tall old man has risen in his seat — the man who is often called the Leader of the House. Deep eyes, hidden under a cliff of brow, the strong nose of a pioneer of thought, shut, thin lips, a face pale with the frost of the grave, long, bony, emphatic limbs — these 12 THADDEUS STEVENS. cover the uneasy ghost which men call Thaddeus Stevens. The great days of his power are past. Perseus has slain his dragon, and now he would unchain the fair Andromeda for whom he fought, binding her brows with the stars. The new version is sadder than the old, for he will not live to see the glory for which he has wrought. He is wonderful even in his decline. Day after day he comes, compelling his poor body, by the might of the strong soul that is in him, to serve him yet longer. He looks so weary of this confusion which we call life, and yet so resolute to command it still. Erratic, domineering, hard, subtle, Stevens is yet so heroic, he wears such a crown of noble years upon him, that one's enthusiasm, and one's reverence, cling to him:' Thaddeus Stevens was the ablest political and parliamentary leader of his time. Tall in stature, deliberate in utterance and in gesticula- tion, with a massive head, and features of a classic mould, he seemed an orator of the old Eoman type. As a speaker in his later years, he was never declamatory. " Those stilettoes of pitiless wit which made his caustic tongue so dreaded were ever uttered from the softest tones of his voice." He was seldom eloquent, yet every one gave him breathless attention. He possessed a personal influence and a mag- netic power never separated from strong intellect and unbending de- termination, by which he was fitted to be a leader of men. He was unaffected in his manners, and impressive in conversation. He lived both in Lancaster and "Washington in a simplicity of style befitting the leading Republican of his day. THOMAS E. STEWAHT. ^^RhOMAS E. STEWART was bora in New-York City, r J$B September 22, 1824. He received an academical ecluca- (^0fc College, New York, in 1852. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1854. In the following year he was made prosecuting-attorney for Pike County, Pennsylvania. In 1S66 he was elected a Representative from Pennsylvania to the Fortieth Congress as a Democrat. He served on the Committees on Revolu- tionary Claims and the Militia. The only speeches made by Mr. Yan Auken during the Fortieth Congress were upon the subject of the impeachment of President Johnson— the first on the 21th of February, 1868, on the resolution reported for the impeachment of the President, and the second, two days later, on the articles of impeachment. In the latter he denounced " the red-hot haste " with which the committee re- ported in favor of impeachment, and explained it on the ground that " the Jacobin revolutionists in this House fear exposition." He gave as the sole occasion for " this grand march of destruction " that " the President of the United States strives to rid himself of Edwin M. Stanton," and maintained that it could be " shown by the contempo- raneous history of the Constitution, by the uniform practise of the government, general principles of interpretation, and decisions of the highest judicial tribunals of the country, that the President had the legal authority, and had he done less would have been derelict of duty." He concluded that " the argument falls, and the cries of Congress shriekers are stilled. A just verdict comes and has been coming from an ever-watchful people, which says these offenders against their liberties shall be condemned." BURT VAJST HOR^. r >URT VAN HORN was born in Niagara County, New York, October 28, 1823. He was reared a farmer, and his early years were spent in laboring for a subsistence. He is still engaged in agricultural pursuits, to which, however, he has added the business of manufacturing woolens. He was educated in an academy, and completed his studies in Madison University, New York. During three terms successively he served in the ftew York Legislature, and in the fall of 1S60 was elected to Congress. In his first term in Congress he was chairman of the Select Committee on the Niagara Ship Canal, and had control of that subject in Congress. He also served on the Committee on Roads and Canals, and the Commit- tee on Public Lands. Mr. Van Horn was re-elected to the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Congresses, during which he again served on the Committee on Roads and Canals, and was chairman of the Select Committee on the Niagara Ship Canal, as well as that of Revolutionary Claims. He introduced a bill providing that soldiers entitled to artificial limbs might receive their value in money. He reported a bill providing for a ship canal around the Falls of Niagara, to be constructed by the Government at the public expense under the direction of the Secretary of War. He supported the measure by an able speech in which he maintained the commercial importance and military neces- sity of the work. He made a speech in favor of the resolution re- ported for the impeachment of the President, and July 16, 1868, he discussed " the political situation as presented to the country by the two great political parties who have joined issue before the people upon the great questions which divide them." HON. ROBERT T.\7AN" HORN, FRtiS.EE CATIV ' ' IOTIR] EOBEET T. VAN HOEN. /^T& \j^/$.' ( >RE tlian two hundred years ago the ancestors of Robert T. QhlIL Van Horn emigrated from Holland to America, and set- ^^r' tied in New Jersey, near Xmv York. Eis great grand- father, Henry Yan Horn, was a captain in the "Pennsylvania Line" of the Revolutionary war, and died in the service. His son Isaiah, grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was a member of his com- pany, and served until the close of the war. The father of Robert T. Yan Horn enlisted as a soldier in the war of 1812, and is still living, at an age of more than four-score years. His mother, Elizabeth Thompson, was born in the parish of Bannaher, County of London- derry, Ireland, and came to this country while a girl — her father, Robert Thompson, settling in the wilderness of "Western Pennsyl- vania. Robert T. Yan Horn was born in East Mahoning, Indiana County, Pennsylvania, May 19, 1824 He was early put to work on his father's farm, collecting stones from the meadows, picking brush, raking hay. going to mill, and performing such other labors as small boys arc able to do. He generally attended school three months in the year, studying- reading, writing, and arithmetic, but not advancing to grammar, as this branch had not then been introduced into the schools of that region. When fifteen years of age, he was apprenticed to learn the printing business in the office of the Indiana (Pa.) Register, where he remained four years. From 1813 to 1S.V>. he worked as a journeyman printer, in Pennsylvania. New York, Ohio, and Indiana, meanwhile varving his occupation by boating on the Erie Canal a portion of one season, 2 ROBERT T. VAN HORN. teackiug school in winter, publishing and editing newspapers occa- sionally, and steamboating two seasons on the Ohio, Mississippi, Wabash, and other "Western rivers. In addition to all the other per- suits of these twelve years, he studied law, and was admitted to the bar, but practiced only a very short time. He was married in 1848, at Pomeroy, Ohio. In 1855, he located at Kansas City, Missouri, then a small village, where he founded the Journal of Commerce, now the leading daily paper of that part of Missouri. Here he was elected Alderman, and was afterwards Postmaster. In 1860, he supported Stephen A. Douglas for the Presidency. Soon after the Presidential election, the question of secession was forced upon the people of Missouri, and in the canvass for members of the Convention, in February, he took a very active part on the Union side. In April, 1861, he was selected by the Union men of Kansas City, as their candidate for Mayor, and after the most exciting municipal election ever known in the place, was elected to the office. This was the only municipal election that year in Missouri in which the Union issue was openly and fairly made. In May, 1861, Claiborne F. Jackson, Governor of Missouri, having declared for secession, and there being no one to commission military officers, Mr. Yan Horn applied to Gen. Nathaniel Lyon, command- ing at the St. Louis Arsenal, and obtained authority from him to raise three hundred men. The men raised under this authority were the first troops mustered into the United States service in Missouri, outside of St. Louis. On the 18th of July, 1861, Major Yan Horn fought an engage- ment with a rebel force under Col. Duncan, near Harrisonville, Mo., and defeated him. This was three days before the battle of Bull Pun, and was the first fight in "Western Missouri. In September, 1861, he commanded a force under Col. Mulligan, at Lexington, Missouri, where, on the last day of the siege, he was severely wounded. After the exchange of prisoners — Mulligan's command for the Camp Jackson prisoners — he was appointed Lieu- ROBERT T. VAN HORN. 3 tenant-Colonel of the Twenty-fifth Missouri Volunteer Infantry, and was ordered to Tennessee. Colonel Van Horn commanded hit regiment at Shiloh, where lie had a horse killed under liim on the first day of the battle. In the advance upon Corinth, he, for a short time, commanded a brigade. Having remained at Corinth after its evacuation till September 1, he was ordered to Southeast Missouri and Arkansas, under Gen. Davidson, in his movement on Little Rock. The consolidation of Colonel Yan Horn's regiment, near the close of its three years' service, with the First Engineers, terminated his ac- tive military service. While with his regiment in Mississippi, Colonel Yan Horn was elected to the Missouri Senate. He was one of the members of that body who early organized the opposition to the administration of Governor Gamble, a movement which led to the organization of the Radical party of Missouri. At the close of his service in the Senate, Mr. Yan Horn was again, without opposition, elected Mayor of Kansas City, and as such was charged with the organization of the volunteer militia, and the con- struction of defensive works around the city, before its occupation by General Curtis, in his movement against Sterling Price's last invasion of Missouri. In 1864, Mr. Yan Horn was a delegate to the Baltimore Conven- tion, which nominated Mr. Lincoln for re-election to the Presidency. He was, the same year, elected a Representative from the Sixth Dis- tri ct of Missouri to the Thirty-ninth Congress, and has since been twice re-elected. PHILADELPH VAJST TEUMP. Mgf HILADELPH YAJST TRUMP was born in Lancaster, Ohio, ^'m( November 15, 1810. He received a common school edu- •$& cation, learned the art of printing, and published for several years the Lancaster " Gazette and Enquirer." He married, in 1836, Louisa Beecher, youngest daughter of General Philemon Beecher, his predecessor in Congress. He studied law. and was admitted to the bar in 1838, forming a partnership with his brother-in-law, Hon. Henry Stanbery, late Attorney General of the United States, with whom he studied his profession. He was a Whig candidate for Congress in 1850, and although he ran ahead of his ticket, was beaten by a small majority by Edson B. Olds, his Democratic opponent. He was a delegate to the Whig National Convention which nominated General Scott for the Presi- dency, in 1S52. He was a candidate for Senatorial elector on the Fillmore ticket in 1856, and was president of the Bell and Everett Convention in 1860. After the outbreak of the Rebellion he took sides with the Dem- ocrats, and was three times their candidate for supreme judge of Ohio. In 1862 he was elected judge of the Court of Common Pleas, and held the office until 1866, when he resigned. While he was on the bench some of the most exciting and important political questions which then agitated the country, growing out of the great Civil War, came before him for adjudication. In 1863 he arrested Governor Tod, then the Republican occupant of the gubernatorial chair, for kidnapping and transporting Edson B. Olds to Fort Lafayette. This was considered one of the boldest civil acts durino- the war, and apprehensions were entertained as to its results in the then excited state of the public mind. He was the first judge in PHILADELPH VAN TRUMP. 2 the United States who decided the Indemnity Act of March 3, 1863, unconstitutional and void. His judicial opinions on these political and constitutional questions were published in a pamphlet of seventy pages, at Columbus, Ohio, in 1803. In the spring of 18G4, during a time of high political excitement, articles of impeachment were presented against him before the Senate, of Ohio ; but the charges were so groundless that the proceedings were dismissed without debate. He was in 1866 elected a Kepresentative from Ohio to the For- tieth Congress as a Democrat, during which he served on the Com- mittees on the Pacific Kailroad and Manufactures. July 13, 1867, not being able to get the floor, he obtained leave to print a speech, in which he maintained the right of Arkansas to be regarded as a State in the Union, comparing her with West Virginia, which he characterized as a "bastard Commonwealth, a mere political found- ling, without a drop of Constitutional blood in her veins." Mr. Van Trump offered a resolution for the purchase of the key of the Bastile for locking " certain rooms in the basement of the Capitol now being fitted up as a prison-house or bastile for the incarceration of free-born but deluded American citizens." He made a long and able legal argument against impeachment, a speech on the rights of American citizens abroad, and subsequently several other speeches. He was President of the Ohio Democratic State Convention for 1869, and made the opening speech of the campaign. He was re- elected to the Forty-first and Forty-second Congresses. Vol. 2. 22 OHAELES H. YAN WYCK. v OHAELES H. VAN WYCK was born at Poughkeepsie, New York, in 1824. He graduated at Rutger's College, studied and practised law. From 1850 to 1856 he was •district-attorney of Sullivan County. He was elected a Representa- tive from New York to the Thirty-sixth Congress, and served on the Committee on Mileage, and was appointed chairman of the Com- mittee on Government Contracts. He entered the army as colonel of the " Tenth Legion," or 56th New York Volunteers, and after some active service was appointed a brigadier-general by brevet. Re-elected to the Fortieth Congress, he served as chairman of the Committee on Retrenchment. He opposed with great earnestness and fervor whatever in his opinion was calculated to trench fraud- ulently or extravagantly upon the pockets of the people or the treasury of the nation. Speaking on an amendment proposed by him to the Army Appropriation bill, he said : " It is getting to be time that these appropriations to the different departments for con- tingencies should be discountenanced by Congress." Mr. Van Wyck introduced resolutions asserting that " foreign nations should not be allowed to raise the question whether American citizenship was acquired by birth or adoption, the rights of citizenship being the same to all citizens," and demanding that " Great Britain should make complete acknowledgment and full reparation in all cases where American citizens have been treated as the subjects of a foreign power." Mr. Van Wyck supported these resolutions by a speech, wherein he gave a conclusive, historical, and legal argument against the doctrine of perpetual allegiance, and in favor of the right of expatriation. MICHEL YIDAL. 'ICHEL VIDAL was born in the city of Carcassonne, Languedoc, France, where he received a collegiate educa- tion. He emigrated to the Republic of Texas at the time of the administration of President Jones. Shortly after the annexa- tion of Texas to the United States he removed to Louisiana, where he spent two years in literary and scientific pursuits, and in the study of American political institutions. He devoted several years to extensive travels on foot through the United States and the British Provinces. Turning his attention to journalism, he was con- nected as an associate editor with the New York " Courier des Etats Unis," Quebec " Journal," New Orleans " Picayune," New York " Messenger," and New Orleans " Tribune." In 1867 he started in Opelousas, Western Louisiana, the St. Landry " Progress," and was appointed by General Sheridan one of the registrars for the city of New Orleans. He was elected by the unanimous vote of the parish of St. Landry a delegate to the State Convention of 1868, which framed the State Constitution under which Louisiana was re-admit- ted to the Union. In April of that year he was elected as a Repub- lican to represent the Fourth District of Louisiana, receiving 11,000 votes against 13,000 for a Democratic and two Republican candi- dates. His credentials and those of his colleagues, having been referred to the Committee on Elections, on the ISth of July, 1868, Mr. Dawes, chairman, reported that they had examined the creden- tials and found them in due form of law, and that the State of Louisiana had conformed in all respects to the requirements of the laws of Congress. It was therefore recommended by the committee that the member-elect be admitted to a seat in the House upon taking the oath prescribed by the statute of July 2, 1862. HAMILTON WAKD. jAMILTON WARD was born in Salisbury, Herkimer County, New York, July 3, 1829. In his early child- ly hood, his parents removed to Williamsburg, Virginia, and a few years afterwards to Elmira, New York, where Hamilton was employed upon a farm until nineteen years of age. He then entered a law office, and, after a course of study of about three years, he was admitted to the bar. He at once commenced the practice of his profession at what is now Belmont, a thriving village in Alleghany County. His success was encouraging, and five years after com- mencing practice, he was elected district-attorney of the county, retaining this office during three years, when he was re-elected. In 1862 he was appointed by the governor one of the Military Committee for raising men for the army in the Senatorial District in which he resided, and was successful in raising several regi- ments of troops. In 1864 Mr. Ward was elected a Representative to the Thirty-ninth Congress from the Twenty-seventh Congressional District of New York. In his first Congressional term, he served on the Committees of Claims and Accounts. In 1866 he received, by 7.000 majority, an election to the Fortieth Congress, in which he was a member of the Select Committee of Investigation for inquiring into the subject of President Lincoln's assassination, and chairman of the Committee on Revolutionary Claims. In 1868 he was elected to the Forty-first Congress. Mr. Ward received in his youth a fair common-school education, obtained mostly, however, by evening study at his home. A Whig until 1854, he then affiliated with the newly-formed Republican party, with which he has ever since acted, and for whose success and triumph he has labored with great diligence and efficiency. CADWALLADER C. WASHBURN". lADWALLADER C. WASHBURN was born in Livermore, K^0 Maine, April 22, 1818. He entered the profession of law, O^^ and removed to Wisconsin, from which State he was elected a Representative to the Thirty-fourth, Thirty-fifth and Thirty- sixth Congresses. In the last-named Congress he was chairman of the Committee on Private Land Claims, and a member of the Special Committee of Thirty-three on the State of the Union. In February, 1861, this committee made a report recommending a Constitutional amendment making slavery perpetual. Mr. Washburn, of Wiscon- sin, and Mr. Tappan, of New Hampshire, alone dissented from the Committee, and made a minority report which set forth in truthful terms the origin of the secession movement, and opposed any modifi- cation of the Constitution in the interests of slavery. At the breaking out of the rebellion he raised a cavalry regiment, of which he was commissioned as colonel. In June, 1862, he was com missioned a brigadier-general, and having joined Gen. Curtis, in Arkansas, he was assigned to the post at Helena, which he held until November, when the whole cavalry force in Arkansas was placed under his command. In November, 1S62, Gen. Grant mov- ing southward for the capture of Vicksburg, Gen. Washburn with 2,000 cavalry dislodged a force prepared to obstruct the progress of the army at the crossing of the Tallahatchie. In February, 1SG3, he conducted an expedition which opened the Yazoo Pass. About the 1st of March he took command of the cavalry at Memphis, where he remained until early in May, when he proceeded to take part in the siege of Vicksburg. He was ordered with two divisions to hold Haines' Bluff, and watch Gen. doe Johnston, who was hover- ing in the rear with a large force with a view of raising the siege. In August, 1863, Gen. Washburn, in command of the 13th Corps, 2 CADWALLADER C. WASHBURN. joined Gen. Banks for the purpose of taking part in the Texas cam- paign. At the battle of Grand Coteau, La., Gen. Washburn, with his command, saved the 4th Division, under Gen. Burbridge, from annihilation by an overwhelming force of rebels. On the 29th of November, Gen. Washburn landed on the coast of Texas with 2,800 men and compelled the evacuation of Fort Esperanza, a bomb-proof work, cased with railroad iron, surrounded by a deep moat filled with water, manned by 1,000 men, and mounting ten guns. This movement gave the Union forces control of the entire coast of Texas, from Matagorda Bay to the Rio Grande. Gen. Washburn remained on the coast of Texas until January, 1S64, when, becoming satisfied that there would be no further movement made, he availed himself of a leave of absence for sixty days. In the spring of 1864 he was ordered by Gen. Grant to Annapolis to assist in reorganizing the 9th Corps, to which he was assigned. The massacre of Fort Pillow, and other calamities occurring in AVest Tennessee, Major-Gen. Hurlbut was relieved, and Gen. Washburn was ordered to proceed to Memphis and assume command. Here he organized and sent out several expeditions to hold in check a large cavalry force, which would otherwise have operated on the commu- nications of Gen. Sherman. In December he was relieved by Gen. Dana, and was ordered to the command of the district of Yicksburg. His successor, however, was soon relieved, and Gen. Washburn was recalled to the depart- ment of Memphis. The historian of " Wisconsin in the War," asserts that " competent testimony from Memphis says that he was the best commander in that position during the war." Returning to civil pursuits after the war, Mr. Washburn was elected a Representative from Wisconsin to the Fortieth Congress, during which he served on the Committees on Foreign Affairs and on Expenditures on Public Buildings. Re-elected to the Forty-first Congress, he served on the Committees on Appropriations, on Private Land Claims, and the Select Committee on the Causes of the Reduction of American Tonnage, and was chairman of the Special Committee on the Postal Telegraph. ELIIILT B. nYASHBTJRXE. LIHU B. WASHBUENE was Lorn in Livermore, Main.-. September 23, 1816. He served an apprenticeship as a printer in the office of " The Kennebec Journal," and studied law at Harvard University. Removing to Illinois he settled at Galena, in the practice of h is profession. Be was elected as a Whig to the Thirty-third Congress, and was eight times re-elected. In the Thirty-eighth Congress he became the "Father of the House " by reason of having served a longer continuous period than any other member. He acted with the Republican party from its organiza- tion, voting always for freedom, from his vote against the Kansas bill to his vote for the Constitutional Amendment extending suffrage with' nit distinction of color. He was Chairman of the Committee on Commerce in each Congress from the Thirty-fifth to the Thirty-ninth. At the death of Thaddeus Stevens, he became Chairman of the Committee on Appropriations. He has been the distinguished champion of economy in the House, opposing every Bubsidy, and doing Ins best to expose, if he could not defeat, every game of plunder. Perhaps his most distinguished service to the country is that of having been the first to bring the genius of General Grant to public notice and official recognition. Mr. Grant had resided Beveral years ; t < iralena before Mr. Washburne knew him. The latter was then the leading man in his District, owned and resided in one of the mosl elegant residences in the city, while Granl was a clerk in Ins father's leather -tore, and occupied a little two-Story coti At the first war-meeting held at Galena to muster volunteers, Wash- burne offered resolutions and managed the meeting, and Rawlings made a speech. Grant was present, but took no conspicuous part, rhe first company raised elected oneChetlain captain. Jesse Grant's partner, Mr. ( 'ollins, a Peace Democrat, said t . Mr. Washburne, " A 2 ELIHU B. WASHBURNE. pretty set of fellows your soldiers are, to elect Chetlain for captain ! " " Why not ? " " They were foolish to take him when they could get such a man as Grant." " What is Grant's history ? " " He was edu cated at West Point, served in the army eleven years, and came out witli the very best reputation." Washburne immediately called upon Grant and invited him to go to Springfield. He did so, and was employed to assist in Governor Yates's office, and in mustering in regiments. Governor Yates at length appointed Grant colonel of a regiment, but he was indebted for his next promotion to Washburne. President Lincoln sent a circular to each of the Illinois Senators and Representatives, asking them to nominate four brigadiers. Wash- burne pressed the claims of Grant, on the ground that his sectiun of the State had raised a good many men. and was entitled to a briga- dier. Grant, Hurlburt, Prentiss, and McClernand were appointed. When Grant heard of his promotion he said, " It never came from any request of mine. It must be some of Washburn e's work." In October, 1861, while Grant was in command at Cairo, Washburne made him a visit, and then for the first time became impressed that he was " the coming man " of the war. After the battle of Fort Donelson, Grant no longer needed Wash- burne's kind offices to secure his promotion. Nevertheless, Wash- burne found frequent opportunities to give his influence and argu- ments in refutation of unjust criticisms of Grant's soldierly qualities. He framed the bill to revive the grade of Lieutenant-General which had been previously conferred only on Washington, and was an efficient leader in every movement to further Grant's progress toward the chief command of the armies. Upon General Grant's accession to the Presidency he appointed Mr. Washburne Secretary of State. He held this office but a few days, however, when lie was appointed United States Minister to France. Mr. Washburne is a man of marked peculiarities — vigorous in body, duff in manner, vehement in oratory, making no display of learning nor show of profundity in argument, carrying his point rather by strong blows than by rhetorical art. Y? Z/yi^T/ 3BURlsr : HEISTRT D. WASHBURN". ENEF D. WASHBUKN was born in Windsor, Vermont, March 28, 1832. In the same year his father removed to ¥^ Ohio, and Henry, at the age of twelve, was thrown upon his own resources. He was, at thirteen, apprenticed to a tanner, but remained in that occupation only one year ; and from fourteen to twenty he was mostly engaged in attending and teaching school. Meanwhile, he commenced the study of law, and at twenty-one he entered the New York State and National Law School, from which he graduated in the same year. Mr. Washburn then commenced practice of law at Newport, Vermillion County, Indiana. In the following year (1851) he was elected Auditor of Vermillion County, and in 1856 he was re-elected to the same office, in which he served, while continuing his law practice, until 1860, when the latter having become extensive and lucrative, he relincmished the Auditorship, and devoted himself ex clusively to his professiun. On the breaking out of hostilities in 1861, Mr. Washburn was amono- the first in his section of the State to raise a company for service in the army. Of this company he was unanimously elected captain, and was attached to the Eighteenth Regiment of Indiana Volunteers. This regiment was. for gallantry and long and faithful service, second to no other of the many brave regiments of Indiana. August 17, 1861, the regiment left Indianapolis for St. Louis, to join in the Western campaign under General Fremont. Before its departure, however, Captain Washburn was promoted as its Lieutenant-Colonel. This regiment accompanied Fremont in his march to Springfield, 2 HENRY D. WASHBURN. and General Hunter on his return march to Otterville. Afterwards it participated with Pope's army in the movement which resulted in the surprise and capture of a rebel camp at Milford, December 18, 1861. In March following, the regiment took part in the battle of Pea Ridge, a hotly contested fight, in which it performed deeds of great valor, re-capturing several cannon which had been taken by the enemy, and saving an entire brigade from capture. For its gallantry the regiment received, on the battle-field, the high commendations of the general commanding. Shortly after this, Lieutenant-Colonel Washburn was promoted to the Colonelcy of the Eighteenth Regi- ment, and was presented, by the privates of his regiment, a beautiful sword and silver scabbard. In December, 1864, he was breveted a Brigadier-General for gallant and meritorious conduct ; and in July following, was breveted Major-General. During the war he was under command of the following officers, and participated in the battles fought by them: Gen. Fremont's hundred days campaign ; Gen. Pope's Black Water campaign in Missouri ; Gen. Curtis in Southwest Missouri and Arkansas, and his famous march from Pea Ridge to the Mississippi River; Gen. Davidson, S. E. Missouri; Gen. Grant's campaign in the rear of Yicksburg, and the siege of the same ; Gen. Banks' Teche River and Texas Coast Expedition. He also served under Gen. Butler at Deep Bottom, Ya., and under Gen. Sheridan, in the Shenandoah Valley. In January, 1865, General Washburn was ordered to Savannah, and was assigned to the command of the Southern District of Georgia, consisting of forty-five counties. He remained in command until July 26, 1865, when the war being closed he was mustered out of the service one month afterwards. The 18th Regiment, with which he entered the service, and which he subsequently commanded, was also mustered out, and arriving at Indianapolis, was welcomed home by speeches from General Washburn, Governor Morton, and others. On the discharge of the regiment, General Washburn was the HENRY D. WASHBURN. 3 only survivor of its original officers. As a military officer, General Washburn was among the best and most efficient that entered the service from Indiana. Among the first to enter the service of his country to put down armed treason, he was among the last to leave the service; he remained in it until the last rebel laid down his gun, and the flag of the Republic floated in triumph over all the States of the Union. The soldiers he so honorably commanded in so many battles, were among the bravest in the service, and will always che- rish his name as a kind, considerate, and gallant officer. In 1SG5, while in the field, General Washburn was nominated by the Republicans of the Seventh District as their candidate for Con- gress in opposition to Hon. D. W. Yoorhees. After an exciting can- vass, Mr. Yoorhees was declared elected. General Washburn, how- ever, contested the election, and having proven that he was defeated by fradulent votes, he was admitted to a seat in the Thirty-ninth Con- gress. He was appointed on the Committee on Claims, of which he made a most valuable member during the remainder of his term As a member of this Committee he took an active part in opposi- tion to what was known as the " Iron Clad Bill," which had already passed the Senate. This bill appropriated several millions of dollars to the projectors and builders of iron-clad vessels used in the navy during the late war. When the Special Committee of Five to exam- ine into the condition of Southern military railroads was raised, he was appointed one of its members, and as such traversed many of the Southern States in search of facts and evidence. Before the close of the session he prepared and introduced a most elaborate and thor- oughly digested bill for the reconstruction of the Southern States on a sound loyal basis, giving the loyal people of these States the power to form State governments, but subjecting all their legislation to the approval of Congress. He took a deep interest in all legis- lation affecting the interests of soldiers of the late war. In the spring of 1866, General Washburn was re-nominated by the Republicans of his District for the Fortieth Congress, and was elected by a majority of 513 votes. In this Congress he was continued 4 HENRY D. WASHBURN. on the Committee on Military Railroads, and, in addition, placed on the Committee on Military Affairs and the Committee on Pensions for the Soldiers of the War of 1S12. Early in the session, as a mem- ber of the Pension Committee, he introduced " a bill granting pen- sions from date of discharge," also, " a bill providing for paying pen- sions in coin." March 19, 1867, he introduced a resolution declaring that in any future system of funding our national securities, the right to tax for municipal and State purposes should be directly granted. In July of the same year he moved the appointment of a special committee on bounties. The committee was raised, and he was made its chairman. Since then he has made the subject of bounties a spe- cialty, and has introduced many reforms in the payment of the same. In March, as Chairman of the Sub-Committee on Military Affairs, he reported to said committee, and afterwards to the House, a general bounty bill, granting to all soldiers eight and one-third dollar- per month for every month served, deducting all bounties previously paid. As a member of the Committee on Pensions he assisted in fram- ing, and was instrumental in securing the passage through the House of a bill granting bounties to the soldiers of the war of 1812. Besides these legislative labors, General Washburn has made several speeches in Congress which have given him reputation as a skillful debater. He is a popular orator on the stump, and has participated in the political campaign of several States with much acceptance and success. Of a recent speech of his at Keene, 1ST. II., a Boston paper said : " General Washburn held the undivided attention of the crowded assembly for nearly three hours, in a speech full of interesting matter, sound reasoning, and thrilling eloquence. It was one of the best specimens of Western oratory, and universally pronounced to be the most powerful speech which has been made in Keene during the wesent political campaign. Gentlemanly in his address and language, he wields a weapon keen as a Damascus blade. He was well known by the Boys in Blue as a brave and efficient commander on the field of battle during the rebellion, and he is equally efficient in the forum as in the field." WILLIAM B. WASHBURN". [LLIAM B. WASHBURN was bom in Winchendon, Massachusetts, January 31, 1820. He graduated at Yale College in 1844, and engaged in the business of manufac- turing. He also gave attention to banking, and was president of the Greenfield Bank. In 1850 he was elected to the Senate of Mas- sachusetts, and in 1854 he was a member of the lower house of the State Legislature. In 1862 he was elected a Representative from Massachusetts to the Thirty-eighth Congress, during which he served on the Committee on Invalid Pensions, and the Committee on Roads and Canals. Re-elected to the Thirty-ninth Congress, he served on the Committee on Claims and Revolutionary Pensions. He was re-elected to the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses, serving during the last as chairman of the Committee on Claims. He seldom occupied the time of the House with remarks, although he occasion- ally made brief and pertinent speeches upon subjects relating to pend- ing claims, taxation, and finance. In his speeches and his votes he uniformly opposed monopolies and favored legislation in the inter- ests of the whole people. In February, 1868, he made a speech opposing the further extension of a patent for screw machinery, for the benefit of the American Screw Company, which he described as " one of the greatest monopolies this country has ever seen, affecting every manufacturer, mechanic, and farmer in the land." His per- sonal integrity as a legislator is illustrated by the fact that although himself a large dealer in lumber, he opposed a proposition to exempt that article from tax, maintaining that it was " a mistake to say that there is any argument that will apply to lumber, that will not apply to other necessaries of life." MARTIN" WELKEK. KW men in this country have a history which illustrates in a more striking manner what can be accomplished by energy, perseverance, and native talent, under the favoring influences of our free institutions, than that of Martin Welter. He was born in Knox County, Ohio, April 25, 1819. His father, who was of German extraction, was an early settler in Ohio ; and having but little means to educate a large family, the subject of this notice was obliged to rely almost exclusively upon his own resources, which did not consist in money, influence, or friends. His educa- tional advantages in youth were limited to a few years' winter in- struction in the log-cabin school-houses of the West. At an early period he developed an unusual taste for books and knowledge, and such were his habits of application that he very soon acquired a knowledge of the English branches taught in the schools at that time. At the age of thirteen he left his father's farm, and- obtained a situa- tion as clerk in a store, where he remained five years, in the mean time occupying much of his leisure time in studying the higher branches of an English education. At the age of eighteen, having made considerable progress in a general education, he entered a lawyer's office, and commenced the study of a profession in which he has since become distinguished. While engaged in the study of the law, he occupied a portion of his time in the study of the Latin language and general history. In the literary societies with which he was connected at the time, he soon became noted as an able debater and a vigorous and accom- plished writer. ZO&, -r- MARTIN WELKER. 2 In the political campaign of 1840 he took a very active part for one so young. The editorial department of the paper published in the county in which he resided received many able contributions from his pen. At twenty-one he was admitted to the bar, and rapidly rose to distinction as a jurist and advocate. After he had been practicing ten years, he was nominated and elected District Judge of the Sixth District in Ohio, and served for a term of five years. At the close of his term he was re-nominated; but on account of much political excitement at the time, he being a Whig in politic- and the district largely Democratic, he lost a re-election, though running far ahead of his ticket. His judicial career was marked by great industry, legal knowledge of a high order, and the strictest impartiality in the administration of justice. By his urbanity of manner, his uprightness of conduct, his discriminating judgment, and his stern inflexible impartiality, he won the respect of his colleagues on the bench, the members of the bar. and his fellow citizens. Possessed of decided executive ability, and with a great know- ledge of men, and of the means of political advancement, Judge Welter has at all times exerted a large influence in the political or- ganization with which he has acted. In a quiet and unobtrusive way, he has contributed much towards shaping the political destinies of his State. In politics he has been always a firm and unwavering friend of freedom. In the fall of 1857 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor of Ohio, at the same time that Chief-Justice Chase was elected Governor. He Berved one term, and declined re-election. As President of the Sen- ate, r.r-ojfic'o, he was distinguished as a model presiding officer; his sat self-possession, urbanity of manner, legal knowledge, and ex- ecutive ability, admirably adapting him to a position of that kind. At the breaking out of the rebellion, he was appointed a Major on the Staff of General Cox, afterwards Governor of Ohio, and served 3 MARTIN WELKER. out the term for which the first soldiers were enlisted. He was then appointed aid-de-camp to the Governor, and assigned to the duties of Judge- Advocate-General of the State, and served until the expira- tion of the term of Governor Dennison. In this position, by his fine business qualifications, he contributed valuable service in calling out and organizing the Ohio troops. In 1862, he was appointed Assistant- Adjutant-General of the State of Ohio, and was the State Superintendent of the draft in that year. While on that duty he was nominated for Congress by the Republi- can party of the Fourteenth Ohio District, but was defeated by a majority of thirty-six votes. In 1864, he was again nominated, and was elected by a large majority to the Thirty-ninth Congress. In 1866, he was re-elected to the Fortieth Congress, serving on the Joint Committee on Retrenchment and on the Committee for the District of Columbia. In October, 1868, he was elected to the Forty-first Congress. As a representative in Congress, Judge Welker is a working member. When he speaks, he speaks briefly, to the point, and with much force and clearness. Thoroughly Radical in his political views, he has supported with ability all the leading measures of his party. 3N. B.F.WHITTEMORE, B. FRA^K WHITTEMORE. ^lE subject of this sketch is descended from Captain Samuel Whittemore, who, before the Revolution, was an officer in the royal dragoons, and yet, on the breaking-out of hos- tilities, though at the age of eighty, he actively espuused the patriot cause. One of his ancestors, on the maternal side, was William Floyd, of Long Island, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. B. Frank Whittemore was born in Maiden, Mass., May 18, L824. He received an academic education, and was supplied with a broad and practical acquaintance with the world, by travel in Europe and South America, as well as in his own country. In 1859, he entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church as a member of the New England Conference. On the breaking out of the war, such was the earnestness and eloquence with which he urged enlistment, that every male member of his church but two entered the army. Mr. Whittemore himself became a chaplain in the army. He served faithfully until the close of the war, and was ever ready to perform the duty of spiritual adviser, or to share with his comrades the danger and duties of the fight. The Adjutant-General's Department of Massachusetts contains a file of letters showing " his unwavering devotion to his duties in the field, bravery in battle, faithfulness to the sick and wounded — one of the very few of the chaplains that followed his regiment at all times, whether under fire, in the trenches, on the march, or in the hos- pital. " He was with the army of Sheridan at Cedar Creek on the 19th of October, and took command, by orders, of a large body of men, sharing in the reverses and final triumph of that important battle. He was with his regiment in the grand review at Washington, after the surrender of Lee, and was then ordered to the department Vol. 2. 23 2 B. FRANK WHITTEMORE. of the South, and was stationed at Darlington, South Carolina, his present home. There he started and edited the "New Era," the first loyal newspaper published in South Carolina after the war. Through this medium he disseminated loyal sentiments, and advo- cated such doctrines as tended to promote social and political iharmony. In January, 1866, he began a tour through South Carolina, addressing whites and blacks on all questions that interested them as citizens, advising such new usages as would suit the altered con- dition of things. He established schools for the education of the blacks, and built a number of school-houses and churches, the first the colored people of that section could really call their own. He became superintendent of education, and the system of schools organ- ized by him has become a permanent feature of the State of South Carolina. He was one of the pioneers of the Republican party in South Car- olina, and was chairman of the Central Executive Committee that carried the State successfully through the work of reconstruction. He personally labored, and addressed the people in every section of the State, until it was fully restored to the Union with civil govern- ment completely established. He was a member of the convention that framed the present constitution of the State, and himself drafted the Bill of Rights. He was chairman of the South Carolina delega- tion, in the National Republican Convention that nominated Grant and Colfax. In 1868, he was elected to the State Senate, and became one of its leading members. He resigned after a short time, however, having been elected to Congress from the First District of South Carolina by a majority of nearly eleven thousand votes. He took his seat as a member of the Fortieth Congress in July, 1868, and at once dis- played unusual aptitude for the business of legislation. He took an active part in the passage of the resolution proposing the fifteenth amendment, and as a member of the Committee on Reconstruction aided in restoring Yirginia, Mississippi, and Texas. THOMAS WILLIAMS. ZmmSKONAS WILLIAMS was born iii Greensburg, Westmore- TIM l an( ^ County, Pennsylvania, August 28, 1806. He gradu- ^sKr ated at Dickinson College in 1825, and proceeding at once to the study of law, was admitted to the Pittsburg bar in 1828. Mr. Williams soon distinguished himself as an advocate, and rapidly rose to a high position in his profession. Nor did he confine himself strictly to the dry details of law business, but was, mean- while, a diligent student of the belles-lettres, and early attained much proficiency as a writer and public speaker, his eloquence soon securing to him a high degree of favor among the people. Scarcely, therefore, was he fairly launched in his professional career, when he was called to supply a vacancy for the Pittsburg District in the State Senate, to which he was elected in 1838. His first appearance in the Senate was on the occasion of the public disturbance at the capi- tal, which resulted in what has since been known as the ' ; Buckshot War." In his place in the State Senate, Mr. Williams at once participated actively in the debates of that body, and his reputation as a speaker soon became co-extensive with the State itself. He was re-elected in the following year, and served in the Senate with his usual activity, while outside, he took a leading part in the exciting canvass which resulted in elevating Gen. Harrison to the Presidency. On the sudden and lamented death of the President, he, by the unanimous appointment of the two Houses of the Legislature, delivered before that body a funeral eulogium, passages of which, from their eloquence, became subjects of school declamation throughout the country. 2 THOMAS WILLIAMS. Retiring from the State Senate, Mr. Williams actively resumed the labors of his profession, and soon achieved a leading position at the bar of the State, and from this time during several years, he forbore taking any active part in political affairs. At the inauguration of the Republican party, he accepted the position of delegate at large to the Philadelphia Convention of 1856, by which he was appointed a member of the National Executive Committee for his own State, and participated actively in the canvass which followed in several of the adjoining States as well as his own. In 1860 we ao-ain find Mr. "Williams in the State Legislature, actively engaging, meantime, in the great and decisive campaign which brought Abraham Lincoln to the Presidency. In 1862 he was elected to the Congress of the United States ; to which he was re-elected for a second and third term, and by largely increased majorities. In the House of Representatives his well-established reputation as a lawyer, joined with the expressed wishes of his colleagues, resulted in his being placed on the Judiciary Committee, where he continued to serve during his Congressional career. He distinguished himself as a Representative by the authorship and defence of some of the most important measures presented to the House, and held the reputation of being one of the strongest lawyers of the body. Among his many able speeches was his effort as one of the managers on the trial of President Johnson, which was pronounced by the best judg'es as " equal to anything delivered on that, or any other like occasion in the history of the country." During the Fortieth Congress he was an efficient supporter of the policy of his party for the Reconstruction of the rebellious States. WILLIAM WILLIAM-. ^JILLIAM WILLIAMS was bom in Pennsylvania, near Carlisle, May 11. L821. When thirteen years old, his father with his family removed to Ohio, and thence, two year.- afterwards, to Kosciusco County, Indiana. Hi- edncational advantages were but .-lender, he having access <>nlv to common schools, which, especially in Indiana, at that time were very defective. Yet his ambition to improve the privileges which he had. added to his indomitable perseverance and severe application, more than coun- terbalanced his lack of school advantages and helped him t>> become respectable in scholarship. In his seventeenth year he commenced by himself the study of law, and two year- afterwards passed a severe examination and was admitted to the bar. He immediately commenced the practice of his profession in Warsaw, Indiana, which has since continui home. Almost simultaneously with entering upon law practice, he began to participate in political affairs, and, pending the presidential campaign of L840, he entered the contest in behalf of the Whig c didate with all the ardor and enthusiasm of youth, and by hi- - in numerous places, began to acquire an enviable reputation a- a public speaker. Thus "matters proceeded during several succeeding -. wherein the subject of our sketch was employing himself dili- gently in professional labors. In the campaigns of 1844 and 1848 distinguished himself by his enthusiastic and ab les in various portions of the State. During the latter campaign, he was nomin- ated and elected county-treasurer, and continued t" sustain this office until 1852. In the canvass of this year for < rovernor ami Lieut.-Gover- nor, Mr. "William- was pitted against Ashbel P. Willard as a candi- 2 WILLIAM WILLIAMS. date for the latter office. The State had long been Democratic, while Mr. Willard, the rival candidate, was the idol of his party, and pos- sessed many personal advantages. A joint canvass was determined on by the two champions, which was prosecuted with great enthusi- asm ; and although Mr. Williams was defeated, yet his vote ex- ceeded that of his colleague, the Whig candidate for governor,, by about five thousand. This remarkable canvass having passed, Mr. Williams seems to have given much attention to mercantile pursuits, and railroad op- erations, most of which proved prosperous. As the war of the Rebellion came on he, with his characteristic activity, embarked in the cause of the Union. He was commissioned by Governor Morton w r ith the rank of colonel, and placed in command of Camp Allen at Fort Wayne. Within thirty days, by his impassioned and eloquent speeches he succeeded in raising, arming, and equipping three full regiments of infantry, which were at once despatched to the field. No other instance of such celerity in rallying and equipping troops occurred in the West during the war. In June, 1863, he joined Sherman's army in the South-west, continuing with it for more than two years, when he was honorably mustered out of the service. The great popularity of Col. Williams, joined with his well-known ability- as a debater, very naturally designated him as a candidate for Congress ; and in the spring of 1866 he was nominated by the Republicans of the Tenth District of Indiana, and elected. In the Fortieth Congress, he was made chairman of the Committee on Expenditures of the War Department, and served on two or three other important committees. He introduced a bill exempting manu- facturing establishments, where gross receipts were less than five thousand dollars, from the Internal Revenue Tax, which was referred to the Committee of Ways and Means, and incorporated in the gen- eral bill as reported by them. He delivered a speech entitled "Democracy Exposed and Republicanism Vindicated," of which thirty thousand copies were subscribed for and distributed through- out the country. . ^Z^Z^/S / <^^C^>-^^i^- JAMES F WILSON BEFRESEsITAIIVE JAMES F. WILSON". ^gPAMES F. WILSON was horn in Newark, Ohio, October 19, 1828. With no early ad\ antages for education, he, like many Americans who have attained distinguished positions, was dependent upon his own resources for thai measure of culture which fitted him for those public stations which he was to occupy. < Origin- ally he learned a mechanical trade, which, however, he early aban- doned for the study of the law. In 1853, he removed to Fairfield, Eowa, where he entered upou the practice of his profession. For a considerable period he edited with much ability the local newspaper of his party, which brought his tal- ents into public recognition. In 1856, he was elected a member of the Convention to revise the State Constitution. His services in this body gave him a reputation through the State as a wise and judicious legislator, ami a young man of great promise. In 1S57, he was appointed, by the Governor of Iowa, Assistant Commissioner of the Des Moines River Improvement, then the chief work of internal improvement in the State. During the same year, he was first elected to the Legislature of the State, a- a member of the House of Eepresentatives. In L859, la- was el< a member of the State Senate, of which body he was chosen Presi- dent in 1861. During that year. Bon. Samuel R. Curtis, Represen- tative in Congress for the district in which he resided, having resigned his seat to engage in the war for the Union, Mr. Wilson was elected to serve for the unexpired portion of his term. Ee was subsequently elected, without opposition in any of the nominating conventions, the Thirty-eighth, Thirty-ninth, and Fortieth Congresses. Before the 2 james f. wilson: commencement of the canvass for members of the Forty-first Congress, Mr. Wilson published a letter to his constituents announcing his de- termination not to be a candidate for re-election. In politics, Mr. Wilson was originally an Anti-Slavery Whig. He joined the Anti-Nebraska party, which served as a temporary orga- nization for the opponents of slavery during the political confusion which followed the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. Soon after, he assisted in the organization of the Republican party i,n his State, and became at once one of its most distinguished members, as he still remains one of its most sincere and consistent adherents. In all politi- cal conflicts in his own State, as in the more extended sphere of his public life, he has been, from the commencement of his career, an unswerving friend of equal rights, without regard to race, color, or creed. He was an original advocate of the proposition to strike the word "white" from the State Constitution — a measure which finally triumphed in the canvass of 1868. At the commencement of the Thirty-eighth Congress, Mr. Wilson was appointed Chairman of the Judiciary Committee of the House. The progress of events connected with the war rendered that Com- mittee of far greater importance than it had ever before been. So many important, intricate, and novel questions touching the public interest in its most vital parts, were necessarily submitted to it, that its decisions were watched with anxiety, and subjected to the most searching criticism. For the credit of Mr. Wilson in that capacity, it is sufficient to state that throughout the long and terrible turmoil of the war, with the great exactions that it devolved upon the chair- man of that committee, he remained uninterruptedly at its head, with the common consent and applause of the House, and that he did not fail to carry in that body a single important measure which he re- ported lrom it. On the first day of the session of the Thirty-eighth Congress, De- cember 7, 1863, Mr. Wilson gave notice of his intention to introduce a joint resolution for an amendment of the Constitution abolishing Slavery. This was one of the first resolutions looking to that end, if JAMES F. WILSON. not actually the first. Nol long after, he reported the resolution from the Judiciary Committee; and on the aineteenth of March he made a speech in its support, which is, perhaps, the ablest and mosl effec- tive speech that he ever made in the Elouse. Notwithstanding it seems in the retrospect that at thai advanced period of the war the final and legal extirpation of slavery, which was its originating cause, would have been an easy cause to champion, it was nevertheless met by a thousand objections of prudence, interest, timidity, and preju- dice, and was finally carried only after the mosl intense parliamen- tary struggle that occurred during the pendency of the war. The brevity of these sketches forbids lengthy quotations from Congres- sional speeches, but we will introduce here the closing paragraph of the speech of Mr. Wilson upon that greal subject, regretting that space forbids us further quotations or a summary of the argument by which he enforced his proposition. Mr. Wilson said: " The Committee on the Judiciary have authorized me to report to the House the proposed amendment of the < lonstitution of the I'nited States, with a recommendation that it be passed by this body, and submitted to the legislatures of the several States for their acceptance. A concurrence in this recommendation is the plain road over which we may escape from the difficulties which now beset us. A submis- sion of this proposition to the several States will at once remove from Congress the question of slavery. Xo further agitation of this vexa- tious question need disturb our relations if we concur in this recom- mendation, and we shall be far advanced towards a lasting, e\ er-ehdur- ing peace. Send this proposition to the States, trust it to the people, fix it as a center around which public opinion may gather it- potent agencies, and we shall have accomplished more for the future tran- quillity of the Republic than ever was effected by Congress before. The people are now convinced of the incompatibility of slavery with free government. Let us impart to them an opportunity to give effect to their conviction. If we refuse, our succ will he more obedient : for the people have <],■<■]■<■ ■ \ ili.it slavery -hall die, and that its death -hall he recorded by the ( institution. We are t i construct 4 JAMES F. WILSON. the machinery that shall execute the decree, or give place to those who will perform the bidding of the people. "We cannot evade the responsibility which rests upon us by declaring that we ' accept the abolition of slavery as a fact accomplished.' The nation knows that this enunciation is a mere lachrymose, diplomatic intrigue employed by slavery to arrest the grand volcanic action that is upheaving the great moral ideas which underlie the Republic. The nation demands more ; its faith embraces more ; its acute appreciation of the true nature of the disease which preys upon its heart-strings, assures it that the work of death cannot be arrested until the fact of slavery's disso- lution is accomplished ; and that this may not be until, by an amend- ment of the Constitution, we assert the ultimate triumph of liberty over slavery, democracy over aristocracy, free government over abso- lutism." In this Congress, too, Mr. Wilson advocated the employment of negro troops. In order to dispose him to accept the services of black men to aid in the salvation of the Republic, he never had' any preju- dices to conquer. The repeal of the Fugitive Slave Law, with the removal of all the odious relics of the institution of slavery, found him at all times a prompt and indefatigable supporter. Soon after the organization of the Thirty-ninth Congress, Mr. "Wil- son reported from the Judiciary Committee a joint resolution propos- ing an amendment of the Constitution to prohibit for ever the pay- ment of any portion of the rebel debt. This interest was so great, and so complicated with partisan intrigues, that the danger seemed imminent that some proportion or the whole of it might be assumed, and its perpetual inhibition became a matter of great public impor- tance. The resolution was passed by the House. It was not acted upon by the Senate, but the substance of it was included in the four- teenth constitutional amendment as finally adopted. On the 18th of the same month, he reported from the Judiciary Committee the bill introduced by Mr. Kelley, of Pennsylvania, estab- lishing impartial suffrage in the District of Columbia, and opened the discussion in its favor in a very pointed and able speech, support- JAMES F. WILSON. 5 ing the measure energetically in all its Btages through the Eouse, until its final passage over the Executive veto. At the same session, on the 1st of March, L866, he reported, with some amendments, the Civil Rights Bill, which had passed the Senate, and engineered it skillfully through the House. On a motion to re- commit the bill, he made an argument on its legal aspect* and general character. At the second session of the Thirty-ninth Congress, the subject of Impeachment of the President was referred to the Judiciary Committee, and was continued as a subject of their consideration in the Fortieth Congress. After a protracted examination of the evi- dence submitted, and of the law in the case, the committee made divided reports. Mr. Wilson made a report, in behalf of a minority, against impeachment. After an energetic debate, his proposition was adopted by the House. Mr. Wilson went to the examination of this case with the prevailing ideas with regard to the law and the practice in cases of impeachment — that the power to impeach is a vast, vague, almost illimitable prerogative, resting substantially alone in the judg- ment of the Senate as to the character of the offensive acts and the exigencies of the public welfare. The known deeds of the Executive led him to anticipate the necessity of reporting in favor of impeach- ment, and he was not inclined to suspect the legal power to meet the admitted acts by the extreme remedy of the Constitution. But the careful study of the law and history of impeachments which the occasion imposed upon him, forced him to the conclusion that, at least under our Constitution, no Federal officer could be impeached for any offense which was not named in the Constitution, or which was not a criminal offense under the laws of ( longress. No such offense was shown. In supportof his views he comprised in his report a care- ful but succinct review of every important case of impeachment in the British Parliament, and of every case brought beforethe Senate of the United States, with an elucidation of the law and practice under both governments, which forms an interesting and valuable treatise for the jurist and the historian. The report comprised, also, a .-um- 6 JAMES F. WILSON. inary of all the evidence bearing upon every charge made against the President, and a consideration of the character of each specific charge. When the subject came a second time before the House, on new r charges, Mr. Wilson was one of the most prompt and decided of those who demanded the impeachment of the President. In this instance, in his judgment, there was no doubt about the power and duty of Congress. In his view, a penal enactment of Congress had been violated, clearly, knowingly, intentionally, defiantly. He was made one of the Managers appointed by the House to carry the articles of impeachment that were found against the President before the Senate, and to prosecute them there. He gave to that prosecution his best and li-jst active efforts, and the failure of the undertaking affected him more painfully than any public event with which he had ever been connected. In the Thirty-ninth Congress Mr. Wilson was also Chairman of the Committee on Unfinished Business, and was also a member of the Committee on the Air-Pine Railroad to New York. He has taken much interest in the subject of free communication between the Cap- ital of the country and the North, and in the removal of the obstruc- tions of the railroad monopolies on that line and elsewhere. Among other measures which elicited his sympathies in the Fortieth Con- gress, was the bill to protect the rights of American citizens. Since the close of the rebellion he has been an active promoter of measures for the re-organization of the rebel States. He has been careful to provide, so far as any effort of his own was concerned, that they should not be restored except under such auspices and conditions as gave the country the surest attainable guarantees for the future, and yet none have bailed more readily and with greater satisfaction their restoration clothed in the garments of loyalty and law. HON. JOHN T. WILSON, REPRESENTATIVE FROM OHIO. JOH^T T. WILSON". 5 OHN THOMAS WILSON" was born in Highland County, Ohio, April 10, 1811. His lather was in politics a Whig, in religion a Methodist, ami by trade a carpenter. He died when his son, the subject of this sketch, was six years old. High- land County was, at that time, in a wilderness, and it was no unusual thing to hear the wolves howling nightly around the log cabins of the settlers. John commenced business for himself at sixteen years of age. He began with clerking in a store at four dollars a month, and after a short time engaged in teaching school. When nineteen, he went to Tippecanoe County, Indiana, where be spent the winter in splitting rails, at the rate of thirty-seven and a half cents per hundred. In the spring following, Mr. "Wilson rented some ground and planted a corn-field. "When this was "laid by," he engaged himself as a farm hand at seven dollars per month; and in the succeeding winter, again took to the woods with his ax, to resume, at the same price as before, the manufacture of rails. He was now in the twenty -first year of his age; and returning to Ohio, he commenced mercantile life in the County of Adam-, and continued in that business during the twenty-four succeeding years. He commenced in a humble and modest way— hi- first Btock of goods not being much more than sufficient to load a wheel-harrow. At the commencement of the rebellion, Mr. Wilson was one of the first to respond with means and influence for maintaining the Onion. He first gave to his country an only son, a youth of noble intellect and liberal attainments. This young man enlisted in the Thirty-third 2 JOHN T. WILSON Regiment of the Ohio Volunteers, organized at Portsmouth, and commanded by the gallant Colonel Sill. He was appointed Orderly Sergeant of one of the companies, and distinguished himself as one of the most talented and faithful non-commissioned officers of the regiment. But he did not long survive the hardships of a soldier's life, and died by sickness at Louisville, Kentucky, in the following year. As more men were called for by the country, Mr. Wilson himself soon volunteered his services, and accepted a recruiting commission for the Seventieth Ohio Regiment. He was promptly elected captain of one of the companies of this regiment, and after visiting his dying son at Louisville, he joined his regiment at Paducah. He was in Sherman's Division in the expedition up the Tennessee. Reaching Pittsburg Landing, his regiment had its position in front of Grant's army, near Shiloh meeting-house. He was in the sanguinary battle of Shiloh, where, although his company had never before been under fire, it distinguished itself for coolness and bravery. Among the officers honorably mentioned in the Commanding Officer's Report, none were more highly complimented than Captain "Wilson. After the battle, he was violently attacked with disease, and his recovery deemed hopeless. In a state of insensibility he was sent home, and, by careful treatment, he recovered, so as to be able to rejoin his regiment. He continued in the service till forced by disability to resign his command. He was afterwards detailed as Brigade Quar- termaster, which post he filled with ability and faithfulness until the commencement of 1863, when he received an honorable discharge from the service. In 1863, Captain Wilson was elected to the Ohio State Senate, and was re-elected in 1865. In 1866, he was elected to the Fortieth Congress as a Representative from the Eleventh District of Ohio, and was re-elected in 1868. STEPHEN" F. WILSON". .Hsfi&'TEPIIEN F. WILSON was born in Columbia, Bradford MQJ County, Pennsylvania, September 4, 1821. He spent ^/ his boyhood on a farm, and received his education at the Wellsboro Academy. He was an assistant teacher in that institu- tion for one term, and subsequently taught a district school. He was a borough assessor for one year, and a school director for six years. He was a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate in 1863, 1861, and 1865. In the latter year, he was elected a Representative from Pennsylvania to the Thirty-ninth Congress, during which he served on the Committee on Revolutionary Claims, and Public Build- ings and Grounds. He was re elected to the Fortieth Congress as a Republican, and served on the Committee on Education and Labor, and as Chairman of the Committee on Enrolled Bills. In a speech, delivered in the House March 12, 1866, on a bill regulating trade with the British North- American possessions, Mr. Wilson instituted an interesting comparison between the United States and Canada in relation to the manufacture of lumber. "In my district," he said, "about three hundred million feet are manu- factured annually, at an average cost of seventeen dollars per thou- sand feet. Pine lumber can be manufactured and sold in Canada at a cost of six to twelve dollars per thousand feet. The timber stand- ing in my district is worth not less than three dollars per thousand feet. In Canada, pine timber standing is worth only from fifteen to fifty cents per thousand feet. You can get lumber sawed and piled in Canada for $2.50 per thousand feet. In my district, it costs four dollars per thousand feet without regard to quality, and added to this is one dollar per thousand feet boomage. When our lumber is manufactured, it is as far from market as is the Canada lumber. 1 ' WILLIAM WISDOM. •ILLIAM WIKDOM was born in Belmont County, Ohio, May 10, 1S27. He received an academical education, 3^1^ studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1850. He was elected prosecuting-attorney for Knox County, Ohio, in 1852. In 1S56 he removed to Minnesota, making his home in Winona, where he engaged in the practise of law and in political pursuits. He soon attracted the attention and acquired the confidence of the people of his adopted State, and was elected a Representative from Minnesota to the Thirty-sixth Congress, in which he served on the Committee on Public Lands, and on the Special Committee of Thirty-three on the rebellious States. Re-elected to the Thirty- seventh Congress, he served on the Committee on Public Expendi- tures. In the Thirty-eighth Congress he was chairman of the Com- mittee on Indian Affairs, and of the Special Committee to visit the Indian tribes of the West. He was re-elected to the Thirty-ninth Congress, served on the Committee on the death of President Lincoln, and was chairman of a Special Committee on the conduct of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. He was re-elected to the Fortieth Congress, receiving 13,961 votes against 8,021 for the Democratic candidate. In his capacity as chairman of the Commit- tee on Indian Affairs, he introduced and advocated several measures relating to that important subject. He secured the passage in the House of a bill originating in the Senate designed " to establish peace with certain hostile Indian tribes," with which the United States were at war at an expense of $1,000,000 per week. He op- posed a bill, which passed the House, restoring the Bureau of Indian Affairs to the War Department. At the close of the Fortieth Con- gress Mr. Windom declined a re-election, and was subsequently appointed to fill the vacancy in the United States Senate occasioned by the death of Hon. D. S. Norton. *«— HON FERNANDO ' FEEKA^DO WOOD V Quaker ancestry, Fernando A\ odd was born in I niladel- f§3f phia, June 14, 1812. His father was a merchant of good £j& standing of that city. His original ancestor in this country was Henry Wood, who emigrated early in the seventeenth century, settling in Rhode Island; but, being a Quaker, he was driven out of that settlement by the persecutions of the Puritans. From there he went, in 1656, to the Delaware Paver, and became a farmer in the vicinity of Philadelphia, on that which is now the New Jersey Bide of the river. For over two hundred years the family have resided in that neighborhood. The original family burial-ground is yet existing on the banks of the river a short distance north of Camden. The father of Mr. Wood removed to New York in L820, where the latter has resided ever since. He commenced his busy life as a clerk in 1820, but subsequently made cigars, skill in the manufacture of which he had picked up as an amateur and merely from observation. This employment he pursued but a short time. He commenced business on his own account in L832, but the cholera prevailing to a frightful extent in that year in New Fork, he was unsuccessful, and was obliged t«> return once more to the voca- tion of a clerk. In 1836 he again commenced business in a -mall way as a merchant. He met with fair success, but, imbibing an early taste tor political affairs, he devoted much time to those more con- genial pursuits. In 1838 he was made chairman of the Young Men - ( teneral < lom- mittee of Tammany Hall: and in November, L840, was nominated and elected a member of the Twenty-seventh Congress. This was A « 1 . 2. 24 2 FERNANDO WOOD. the memorable ■ presidential campaign resulting in the defeat of Martin Yan Buren, and the election of General Harrison. Mr. "Wood took his seat in Congress at the called session in May, 1841. He was quite a young man, but nevertheless participated in the debates with much success. To do this in a Congress which comprised statesmen of great ability, was no easy thing. In the Senate were Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Silas Wright, Thomas H. Benton, Levi Woodbury, James Buchanan, and others almost equally distinguished. In the House were Millard Fillmore, John Quincy Adams, Caleb Cushing, Robert C. Winthrop, Henry A. Wise, R. M. T. Hunter, and others as prominent. This Congress was not only distinguished for the ability of its members, but also for the great questions which were discussed and passed upon. Henry Clay's Fiscal Bank Scheme, the Tariff, the Distribution of the Proceeds of the Public Lands, and other measures of magnitude and importance, called out the ablest intellect of the times. Mr. Wood spoke on most of these questions, his bearing and mode of handling his subject winning the commenda- tion of even those who differed with him. His maiden speech was delivered in May, 1842, on Mr. Clay's Fiscal Bank Scheme. He spoke an hour, principally against the practicability of the measure, and explanatory of its effects upon the commercial interests of the country. On this occasion, ex-President Adams, then fast declining to the grave, approached him with totter- ing steps and congratulated him on his speech. The chief effort of his service in that Congress was devoted to the success of the application to give the aid of the Government in show- ing the practicability of the transmission of intelligence by magnetic telegraph. Until the year 1842 no such proposition had been made; indeed, the inventor himself had not until then reached that degree of confidence in its feasibility as to venture upon an extensive applica- tion of it for useful purposes. Professor Morse made his application to this Congress for an appropriation sufficient to lay wires along the sleepers of the railroad track between Washington City and Balti- more. He was confident of its success, but not so with members of FERN iNDO WOOD, :; Congress and the public generally. Mr. Wood took an active part in making converts. At his instance Professor Morse placed a mag- netic battery in the Committee Room of Naval Aifairs, of which Mr. Wood was a member, and connecting it bj \\ Ires \\ ith another battery in the Committee Room of Naval Allans in the Senate, Bhowed, by the transmission of communications from one to the other, thai the plan was sufficiently feasible to warrant an appropriation, if onh an experiment. It was with much difficulty, however, thai the pre- judice against it was overcome. M<>rse himself was poor. He became almost discouraged; bul bythe youthful energy and enthusiasm of Wood, aided by his colleague, Mr. Charles G. Ferris, then a member from New York, the bill was finally carried through, the money appropriated, and Morse made the superintendent for its construction and management at a Balary of §2,500 per year. It was soon ascertained thai the jar of the running trains prevented the free transmission of the fluid along the win- when connected with the tracks. Poles, as now used, were substi- tuted, which have been improved upon since in various respe Professor Morse has never ceased to recognize the great obligation-, which he and the world at large are under to Mr. Wood for his early appreciation and active support of the origin of the magnetic I graph. Mr. Wood retired for a time from public life at the end of the Twenty-seventh Congress, March 4, 1843. Being poor, and with the responsibility and care of a young family, he saw that he could not afford to pursue his taste for politic-. I !• resumed business as a mer- chant, commencing in South Street, Now York, as a ship chandler and ship furnisher. Ee eschewed politic- altogether, devoting him- self entirely to his business. Bis efforts were crowned with lie soon became the owner of several vessels, engaged in a profitable trade with the British Wesl [ndia Islands. In 1848 he fitted out the first Bailing vessel thai left New York for California after the discovery of gold there, [d this expedition met with unexpected success, realizing a little fortune by the result. 4 FERNANDO WOOD. The same year he invested a part of these returns in suburban New York property. At that time the city did not extend above Thirtieth Street. Mr. Wood purchased the ground upon which he now resides, lying along Broadway from Seventy-sixth to Seventy -eighth Street, for a few thousand dollars, for which he was offered, in 1868, $400,000. On the 1st of January, 1850, he retired from business, returning to an active participation in the politics of the times. He was the Democratic candidate for Mayor of New York in November, 1850, but was defeated by A. C. Kingsland, Esq., the Whig candidate. Not discouraged by this result, he continued in politics, determined, sooner or later, to rule over a city for which he had so much affec- tion, and where he saw much room for municipal improvement. He was the Democratic candidate again in 1854, and was elected. During his administration of the duties of that office, he reft >rmed nearly all of the great abuses which then existed. He was the chief promoter in establishing the Central Park, and had charge of and carried out the original plan for its ornamentation and arrangement. By his invitation a Board was created for deciding upon the plans, consisting of Washington Irving, George C. Bancroft, William Cullen Bryant, R. C. Winthrop, Edward Everett, and other distinguished men of acknowledged taste and accomplishments. He was the first to place uniforms on the police, and instituted many other improve- ments, which at the time were highly commended, even by political enemies. He was re-elected in 1856 and 1859. During his admin istration of the duties of that office he evinced much energy, and a far higher appreciation of its powers and responsibilities than its in- cumbents usually do. He made war upon the evil-doers always to be found in a large city, and rendered himself odious to political friends and foes by the positiveness of his actions and the indiscrim- inate course he adopted towards all, irrespective of station or political opinions. The leaders of the party to which he was attached became hostile in consequence ; but in opposition to them he organized the Mozart Hall party, so well known in the politics of the city and State ever since. FERNANDO WOOD. 5 He wag elected to the Thirty-eighth Congress, representing the Fifth District of New York. This was during the war. He made several speeches in favor of the appointment of commissioners to pro- cure M cessation of hostilities. He deprecated the continuance of the conflict until every means of procuring an amicable adjustmenl bad been tried and proved futile. He always declared himself againsl the efforts of the Southern States to break ap the Union. Buthethoughl that the South had early seen the error and futility of the Secession movement, and that there would be no difficulty in bringing about an abandonment of the effort and a restoration of peace and good-will. After the close of the war, the enemies of Mr. Wood affected to believe that the allegations which had been published against hi- Loy- alty had found a lodgment in the public mind, and that hi- career in political life was ended. Not being willing to admit this, he resolved on taking the boldest and most effectual means of testing the matter, by presenting himself as a candidate for ( JongreSS on hi- own record, with no other aid than his personal hold on popular esteem. Accordingly, in October, 1S00, Mr. Wood issued an address to the electors of the Ninth Congressional District, in which he announced himself as au independent candidate for Congress, not the nominee of any party, faction, or convention. "Idesire the election," -aid he, •• as a popular rebuke to those who utter the malicious false! 1. that during the war I was a ' rebel sympathizer ' and disunionist ; and also to be placed in an official position where, unrestrained by partisan obligations, I may follow the dictate- ..f my own judgment for the public good." The result of this hold and independent movement w .»- the election of Mr. Wood to the Fortieth Congress by a majority of nearlj two thousand votes. In the proceedings of the Fortieth Congress, Mi - . W 1 took a prominent part. He participated in the debate Resolution to impeach the President, on the Freedmen's Burea /. on the relea Americans imprisoned in Ireland, and on the Internal Revenue Bill. 6 FERNANDO FOOD. His chief effort, and that in which he felt the most interest, was his proposition to pay the public debts, reduce taxation, and return to specie payments by the development, for Government account, of the mineral resources lying in the Pacific States and Territories. To this important proposition he had given much thought and investigation. Satisfied of its practicability, he spoke at length in favor of the plan on the 3d of June, 1868, sustaining his position with force and power. He predicted that the supply of the precious metals would soon cease, unless the Government entered the field with large outlay, and using a higher order of scientific talent in revealing and analyzing the ores. " The mines of California," said he, " have produced $1,100,000,- 000, though worked by feeble efforts, imperfect machinery, and in- sufficient capital. Other territory, even yet more valuable, lias been added to the mineral resources of the nation. All the vast space ly- ing between the 31th and 49th degrees north latitude, and the 101th and 121th parallels of longitude, contains an inexhaustible supply. That territory belongs to the Government by conquest and by pur- chase. I am satisfied that a yield from two hundred to three hun- dred millions a year can be readily obtained, after the proper knowl- edge and talent are obtained to prosecute them ; this may be done after the first year, and increased afterwards. Then why should we not avail ourselves of these resources ? Why borrow, and oppress the people by taxation, external and internal, when we have such re- sources at command?" This important proposition, and the arguments employed to urge its adoption, were received with incredulity. Its author, however, was not discouraged, and predicted the final success of the scheme. Although Mr. Wood was elected to the Fortieth Congress un- pledged to any party, he nevertheless generally acted with the Dem- ocrats. Although differing with many of his Democratic friends in some particulars, he acted with them in opposition to the measures which the majority from time to time proposed and passed. FKEDERLClv K. \\ r O( )I )\\\l\ I )( ; K. ftSjgfREDERICK E. WOODBRIDGE was bora in Vergennes, )qsL Vermont, August 29, L818. Ee 'is a graduate of the Uni- versity of Vermont, of the class of lS-iO. He studied law with his father, Hon. E. D. Woodbridge, and came to the bar in 1842. In 1S19 he was elected a member of the State Legislature, and was also a member of that body in 1857 and 1858. During three years ending with 1S52 he was State auditor. He was prose- cuting-attorney for five years ending with 1858, and was many times chosen mayor of the city of Vergennes. Meanwhile he was, for several years, vice-president and the active manager of the Rutland and Washington Railroad. He was a member of the Vermont Senate during the years 1860 and 1861, in the latter year being president pro tern, of that body. In 1863 Mr. "Woodbridge was elected to the Thirty-eighth Con- gress from Vermont, and served on the House Judiciary Committee. In the Thirty-ninth Congress to which he was elected he was placed on the Committee on the Judiciary, and also on that on Private Laud Claims. Lie was a member of the Philadelphia "Loyalist's Conven- tion " of 1S66, and in the same year was elected to the Fortieth Con- gress. Here he was again on the Judiciary Committee, the Com- mittee on Private Land Claims, and on the Joint Committee, on the Committee to revise and fix the pay of Congressional officials, of which he was chairman on the part of the House. Among the speeches of Mr. Woodbridge during the Fortieth I gress were those relating to the Impeachment of Presidenl Johnson, a measure which he decidedly favored — on the bill relating to the rights of American citizens abroad — on the admission of North Car- olina — and on the purchase of Alaska. GEOKGE W. ¥OOD¥Aim ^k FTER a distinguislied career and a successful public life in another field, Judge Woodward appears for the first time among national legislators as a member of the Fortieth Congress. He was born in Bethany, Pennsylvania, March 26, 1809. His family had settled in Pennsylvania before the Revolution. His two grandfathers formed part of a colony from Connecticut, which had occupied in 1774 the valley of the Wallenpaupack. After the massacre of Wyoming in July, 1778, the colonists were driven from their homes by the Tories and Indians. The women and children took refuge in the counties of Orange and Dutchess, in the State of ISTew York, while most of the men of the colony enlisted in the Revo- lutionary army. Jacob Kimble, the maternal grandfather of Judge Woodward, commanded a company in the Connecticut line through- out the war. After the close of the war, in 1783, the survivors of the settlers returned to the valley of the Wallenpaupack, a region then remote and obscure, where they labored to re-establish their homes and retrieve their fortunes. The father of Judge Woodward was an industrious farmer, who struggled for years against poverty and adversity to maintain a large family. Before the birth of George, who was the youngest son, an event occurred which changed the entire fortunes of the family. As the father was returning from his work one evening, he fell upon his scythe and severed his hand from his body. By this accident Mr. Woodward was prevented from following his former pursuits, and was confined for several months while recovering from his wound. He occupied the time in reading, and improving his mind. On his §§§§§ " rC GEORGE TV. WOODWARD. 2 recovery, he engaged in teaching school ; and having the confidence of his neighbors and fellow-citizens, be was Boon chosen to public offii At the birth of his son George, he was Sheriff of the count} of Wa\ ne, and subsequently became Associate Judge, an office which he held until his death in 1829. In his childhood, young Woodward attended such schools as could be afforded in a community of struggling and straitened settlers. BEe subsequently enjoyed the instructions of an elder brother, who was for the time an accomplished mathematician, and gave his pupil the foundation of a thorough mathematical education. As soon as he attained a suitable age, he was placed at Gem New York, in the institution now known as Eobarl College. Sere he was the classmate of Horatio Seymour, and other young men who have since become distinguished in public life. From Geneva he was transferred to the Wilkesbarre Academy, in the county of Luzerne, in Pennsylvania — an institution which offered to its pupils rare ad- vantages for acquiring thorough classical, mathematical, and scien- tific knowledge. Ending his academical pursuits in 1829, young Woodward entered the office of the Hon. Garrick Mallery, as a student-at-la w. In L831, Mr. Mallery having been appointed Judge of a Judicial District, Mr. Woodward, who had been admitted to the bar in the preceding year, occupied his office, and succeeded to his business. Hi- bucc iss at the barwas very rapid and very great. Within a very short time hewaa in full practice in the counties of Luzerne, Wayne, Pike, Biunroe, and Susquehanna, and in the Supreme Court of the State. In politics, Mr. Woodward was a member of the Den utic party. In 183G, he was elected a delegate to the Convention called to reform the Constitution of Pennsylvania. It- numbers Included the most prominent leaders at the bar, judges who have been long apon the bench, and gentlemen who had held high positions in the S and National Governments. Mr. Woodwardwi Ftheyounj members of the Convention, yet he toot a prominent and influential part in the debates. He advocated a Limitation of the tenure of 3 GEORGE "W. WOODWARD. office in the Judges of the State, who had been appointed for life. He favored a modification of the Constitution, by which the right of suffrage was limited to the white inhabitants of Pennsylvania. At the close of the Constitutional Convention, Mr. Woodward resumed the practice of his profession. In April, 1841, he was ap- pointed, by the Governor to the office of President Judge of the Fourth Judicial District. He discharged the duties of his office with great energy and ability for a term of ten years. In 1814, a vacancy occurring in the United States Senate, by the appointment of Mr. Buchanan to a place in the Cabinet of President Polk, Judge Woodward received the nomination of the caucus of Democratic members who composed a majority of the legislature. By the rules regulating the action of political parties, Judge Wood- ward was entitled to an election, but a sufficient number of Demo- crats deserted their nominee to secure the election of Simon Cameron. In March, 1845, a vacancy occurring in the Supreme Court for the Circuit composed of the States of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, President Polk nominated Judge Woodward to fill the vacancy. The fact that this nomination had been made without consultation with Mr. Buchanan. Secretary of State, in connection with the hostility of Mr. Cameron, led to the defeat of Judge Woodward in the Senate. On the expiration of his term of office as President Judge of the Fourth Judicial District, in April, 1S51, he resumed the practice of law in his former office at Wilkesbarre. In May, 1852, he was appointed, by G overnor Bigler, a Judge of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. By a constitutional amendment adopted in 1850, this office had be- come elective, and the appointment therefore extended only to the first of December, 1852. He was nominated as the Democratic can- didate, by the convention of the party, by acclamation. He now, for the first time, was able to submit his merits and his claims to the de- cision of the people of the State. It was found in his case that the man who is the last choice of the political managers, is the first choice of the mass of the voters. In the county of Luzerne, where GEORGE W. WOODWARD. he had spent his life, and in Beveral adjacent counties, where he wbb intimately known, he received a larger v. .re than had ever been cast for a candidate in a contested election. BLe was elected by a majority in the State, which attested mosj emphatically his professional emi- nence, and his integrity of character. Few men in the country have occupied the Bench for a longer period than Judge Woodward. A- a Judge, he soon reached a repu- tation deservedly high. He pi.--.-~r,] unusual powers of concentra- tion, and great capacity for labor. His style of discussing legal questions is singularly forcible, distinct, and char. Avoiding all affectation of fine writing, lie say- <>f a case just that which it is necessary to say in English that is always simple, accurate, and ele- gant. There are no opinions in the Pennsylvania Reports more in- telligible to plain and unlearned men than those of Judge Wood- ward, and there are none more able, thorough, ami exhaustive. In 1S63, Judge Woodward received the unsolicited nomination of the Democrats of Pennsylvania as their candidate for Governor. Restrained by his judicial commission from taking an active part in the canvass, be encountered all the opposition the national adminis- tration could make, which at that stage of the war was considerable. Notwithstanding these disadvantages, he receive! 25 1.171 votes, the largest number which up to that time had ever been polled \'<>v any gubernatorial candidate. Many well-informed politicians believed then, and still believe, that this was a majority "f the voto but a majority of 15,335 was certified to his competifc Q rnor Curtin, and no scrutiny was ever institute,] to tesl tin- return. As Mr. Woodward's term of office as Judge of the Supreme Court would expire in December, 1SG7, he gave notice as early as I ceding January, that he should decline a re-election. In June, 1 - he went to Europe, and was absent several mouths. Soon after his departure, the death of Mr. Denison occurred, who had been elected to represent the Twelfth District of Pennsylvania in the Fortieth Congress. Judge Woodward was nominate. 1 to fill the vacancy, and was elected before his return from Europe. 5 GEORGE W. WOODWARD. Taking his seat with the minority in the Fortieth Congress, in November, 1867, Judge Woodward at once took a high position as a clear, calm, and logical defender of the principles and policy of the Democratic party. His speeches in Congress have received marked attention from men of all parties. We have space for only a brief extract, which forms the conclusion of an impromptu speech delivered by Judge Woodward in the House of Representatives, March 27, 1868, on the President's veto of the bill withdrawing the McCardle case from the Supreme Court : " Here is an American citizen with the vested right to the judg- ment of that court, about, according to common rumor, to obtain favorable judgment, when the legislative department rushes in and takes the case out of the hands of the judicial department. It de- cides the case against the citizen. * * * This law prostrates all distinction between the coordinate branches into which the political power of this country was divided. It is no longer true that judicial power belongs exclusively to the judicial department. It is hence- forth true that the Legislature may invade the courts and stop the exercise of judicial power in proper judicial cases. In other words, Sir, the first principles of the Government under which we live are trampled under foot by this law. The Constitution, which we have sworn to support, is utterly disregarded by this law. Every man must judge for himself how that oath is to be performed, but I lay the Constitution across the path the majority are pursuing, and I re- mind them of their oaths. " ' If reason hath not fled from man to brutish beasts,' I would like to see these positions either confessed or answered. Powers are distributed ; the judicial power (all of it) belongs to the courts ; ■jurisdiction in McCardle's case had attached : the court were advising on the judgment to render ; the Legislature claims to take the case out of court, and thus in effect to decide it against McCardle. " Mr. Speaker, this is not the only liberty we have taken with the Supreme Court of the United States. At this session we passed a GEORGE W. WOOD W a i; I). 6 law which requires two-thirds of the judges of that courl to unite iu declaring any act of Congress unconstitutional. The Senate has not passed thai bill, and I trusl it never will. I took the liberty to ■ press my repugnance to it when it passed the House. I am glad the Senate lias refrained from passing it. Why \ Because it is a l( . lative interference with judicial functions. Thai is my greal objec- tion to that law, as it is to this one. "Hook upon any interference on the part of Congress with the proper judicial tribunals not only as a great indelicacy, but a most dangerous precedent. We Have found it so in stripping the Execu- tive of his proper constitutional duties. The Tenure-of-Office act and several other laws, which place the Executive in the power of his sub- ordinates, have virtually destroyed the executive power of this Gov- ernment. The legislation to which I have referred, and this bill, are acts directed at the judicial department, and what do they portend ? What are the people of the country to understand from such legisla- tion '. Just this: that the legislative department of the connl determined to consolidate all the powers of the Government into its own hands; determined to consolidate this Government into a --rand legislative oligarchy, the country to be governed by the Legislature, and the Legislature to be governed by a caucus, and the caucus I governed by— the Lord knows who ; for I do not know who will suc- ceed my venerable friend from Pennsylvania [Mr. Stevens as ruler of this House when he shall depart. I hope he will be a man as and good as he is. "Sir, if this legislation means anything, it mean- just tin-: that the President shall not exercise the constitutional film tions of his office, the judges shall not exercise the constitutional powers vested in them, but the legislative will -hall be supreme; which I say is a repeal of the Constitution of the CTnited States, and a consolidation of all the political power of this Government into the hands of a legislative oligarchy to be wielded I know not by whom." Spontai nsly re-nominated in the fall of 1868, Judge Woodward was elected by an increased majority to the Forty-first Congri