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HISTORY OF GARDNER. 
 
H I S T O K Y 
 
 Of 
 
 GAEDFEU, 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS, 
 
 ITS EARLIEST SETTLEMENT TO 1860 
 
 BY 
 
 LEWIS GLAZIER 
 
 WORCESTER: 
 PRINTED BY C H A S . HAMILTON, 
 
 CENTRAL EXCHANGE. 
 
 18G0. 
 

TO THE READER. 
 
 This work was left unfinished by the author at the time 
 of his death ; he had collected together most of the scat- 
 tered materials of which it is composed, leaving it in a form, 
 that little else was to be done but to prepare it for the press. 
 
 In putting this work together, I may fail to mention some 
 things that ought to be recorded, for want of information. 
 I have taken considerable pains to learn what I could with 
 regard to the Town since its formation as such, to the 
 present time. 
 
 A very interesting part of the history of some towns will 
 be lost sight of here ; I refer to those places that were once 
 settled by the Indians ; some of them were one hundred 
 and forty years previous to the incorporation of this town. 
 
 To you who have given your patronage by kindly furnish- 
 ing us with statistical and other facts, with regard to the 
 ecclesiastical, the manufacturing, the mechanical, and other 
 interests of the people here, I would return my sincere 
 thanks. m. k. g. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 I am aware that it would seem to be the very height 
 of presumption for a man at the age of eighty-six, to 
 attempt to write a book. My object in the first place 
 was merely to note down some facts with regard to the 
 early history of Gardner, recorded only in the memory 
 of a few of the oldest inhabitants of the Town. The 
 pleasure experienced in this employment was such as to 
 lead me to extend it to the present time. 
 
 Some may object to the minuteness of detail, and fa- 
 miliarity of scene indulged by the author. Every writer 
 has his own way of stating things ; his peculiar mode of 
 address ; his individual style of writing. Then too, the 
 tastes of readers differ widely ; what is dull to one may 
 be interesting to another ; facts may be recorded that will 
 afford interest in reading to those who may recollect the 
 circumstances in connection, that would appear dry or 
 insipid to one of the present generation. I am aware 
 that it will be remarked, (and with truth too,) that "I 
 could have written a better history myself, or at least a 
 more interesting one." "We do not make special claims 
 
INTRODUCTION. vii. 
 
 to erudition, or a style of writing which shall attract for 
 
 its novelty. I doubt not your friend could have done 
 better in the meridian of life. 
 
 I would cherish the hope therefore, that this little 
 volume may find readers whose charity will induce them 
 to deal gently with the infirmities of age. In writing 
 this history we shall endeavor to avoid all prejudice or 
 partiality, and hope it may meet with a kind reception 
 from an indulgent public. 
 
 Gardner, Sept., 1857. 
 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Incorporation of the Town, 
 
 Situation and Extent, 
 
 Family History, 
 
 Town History, 
 
 Notice of Daniel Shays, .. 
 
 Power and Duty of the Overseers of the Poor, 
 
 Power and Duty of the Master of the "Work-house, 
 
 Duty of the Inmates, 
 
 List of Town Officers, 
 
 Valuation, &c, 
 
 Amount of Money raised in 1858, exclusive of Highway Tax, 
 
 List of Persons paying Twenty Dollars and upwards, .. 
 
 Roads, 
 
 Military, 
 
 Fire Department, .. 
 
 Music, 
 
 Fires and Injuries by Lightning, 
 
 Hail Storm, 
 
 Casualties, .. 
 
 Cemeteries, 
 
 Justices of the Peace, 
 
 Medical Practitioners, 
 
 Schools, 
 
 Business, .. 
 
 Libraries, .. 
 
 Ecclesiastical History, 
 
 Pag« 
 
 g 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 5? 
 80 
 94 
 90 
 90 
 99 
 110 
 110 
 110 
 114 
 115 
 118 
 118 
 119 
 122 
 122 
 127 
 129 
 129 
 131 
 133 
 137 
 137 
 
HISTORY OF GARDNER. 
 
 INCORPORATION OF THE TOWN. 
 
 In the month of May, 1785, Mr. John Gla- 
 zier, of Westminster, drew a petition to which 
 he obtained abont thirty signatures, and pre- 
 sented it to the Massachusetts Legislature, pray- 
 ing that honorable body to set off from the north- 
 westerly part of Westminster, the west part of 
 Ashburnham, the south portion of Winchendon, 
 and the east part of Templeton, all in the County 
 of Worcester, land enough for a Town. And 
 in duty bound will your petitioners ever pray. 
 Accordingly the Legislature granted their re- 
 quest and incorporated a Town by the name of 
 Gardner, in honor of Col. Thomas Gardner, a 
 noble patriot, who fell in battle righting for the 
 liberty of his country. 
 
 Gardner was incorporated June 15th, 1785. 
 The number of inhabitants then in town were 
 about three hundred and seventy-rive, and sixty 
 
 2 
 
|0 HISTORY OF GARDNER. 
 
 families; they were poor (with few exceptions) 
 and lived in small ordinary houses; like new 
 settlers in other places, they were obliged to 
 labor hard to subdue the land and bring it into 
 a state of cultivation. There were but few me- 
 chanics in town at this time ; — three blacksmiths, 
 four carpenters, and three shoe-makers. 
 
 SITUATION AND EXTENT. 
 
 Gardner is situated fifty-eight miles north-west 
 from Boston, and twenty-five miles north from 
 Worcester. It is 422° north latitude, and con- 
 tains about nineteen square miles, or 14,000 
 acres. 
 
 Its surface is uneven ; there are no mountains 
 in the place, though the traveler, in passing 
 through the town, would think it pretty well 
 dotted with hills. 
 
 There is a very pleasant one east of the com- 
 mon, familiarly known by the name of Esq'r Gla- 
 zier's hill, now owned by Capt. Joel Cowee. 
 About one-half mile west of the common, is 
 another, owned by Dea. S. W. Bancroft. South- 
 west of the common is one owned by William 
 Lynde. In a south-east direction is one belong- 
 ing to Dr. Parker, formerly known by the name 
 of Capt. Bickford's hill. 
 
HISTORY OF GARDNER. i i 
 
 The original growth of timber in this town, 
 w r as beech, birch, maple, hemlock and ash, with 
 some elm and bass-wood. In the west part of 
 the town was a large growth of white pine. A 
 walnut tree may be found on the land of Capt. 
 John Eclgell, nearly opposite his residence ; its 
 origin was a walnut from West Boylston, planted 
 by Mrs. John Glazier, in the year 1800. An- 
 other of the same description is located in the 
 garden of Jonathan Brown; the walnut was 
 planted by a brother of his, when a lad. 
 
 The soil is better adapted to grass than grain. 
 
 A little north-west and near the centre of the 
 town, is a beautiful pond, about a mile in length 
 and nearly one-half a mile wide; it is so well 
 known by the inhabitants of the town that it 
 needs no description; suffice it to say, that it is 
 a pleasant resort for the pleasure-seeker and 
 lover of nature, as many can testify who have 
 enjoyed a sail across its smooth waters.* There 
 is also a small pond in the south-westerly part 
 of the town. 
 
 Gardner is pretty well watered, although there 
 are not many large streams in it. Otter river 
 
 * Since writing the above, at a meeting' for the purpose, the Town voted to 
 give the name of Crystal Lake to this pond ; a very appropriate name for so 
 clear a body of water. 
 
12 
 
 HISTORY OF GARDNER. 
 
 runs four or five miles on trie south-west side of 
 the town. 
 
 There is a brook having its rise in Winchen- 
 don, called the Bailey brook, running through the 
 westerly part of the town and uniting with Otter 
 river near the Goodnow mills, so called. 
 
 Another, by the name of Kneeland brook, 
 rises in the northerly part of the town and runs 
 in a southerly direction nearly parallel with the 
 Bailey brook, terminating in Otter river, just be- 
 low Parker & Bancroft's saw-mill. On this 
 stream there is a large tract of meadow-land 
 which is supposed to have been cleared by bea- 
 vers, as there was no wood or timber thereon at 
 the time of the first settlement. 
 
 There is another, rising in the north part of 
 the town, between the other two, called the Wil- 
 der brook ; after running in a southerly direction 
 it unites with the Kneeland brook at the upper 
 end of beaver meadow. 
 
 About one-half a mile north-east of Gardner 
 center, may be found the head of a stream run- 
 ning in a north-easterly direction, through South 
 Ashburnham, a corner of Westminster, and on- 
 ward, losing itself in the Nashua river. 
 
 There are two streams rising in the east part 
 of the town; after making very circuitous courses, 
 
HISTOKY OF GARDNER, i r» 
 
 they unite a little above the mills of E. C. J. and 
 O. A. Travers. After their junction they con- 
 tinue in a south-westerly course to Otter river, 
 near the pail factory of Amasa Bancroft. 
 
 There is another stream of some size, which 
 has its rise in the town of Hubbardston, running 
 in a northerly direction and uniting with one of 
 the last mentioned streams, near the house of 
 Joseph Maynard. On this stream is a large res- 
 ervoir for the benefit of the mills below. 
 
 The last stream which I shall mention, is called 
 the Pond brook : it is the outlet of Crystal lake, 
 and runs in a southerly direction into Otter river; 
 on this stream, as also on most of the others, are 
 more or less mills, of which I shall speak more 
 particularly hereafter. It will be seen by the 
 preceding, that the people of Gardner have geo- 
 graphically taken a high stand ; as the water 
 flows from its surface in opposite directions to 
 the Connecticut and Merrimac rivers. 
 
 2* 
 
FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 The early inhabitants of the town were from 
 the State of Massachusetts ; from thirty different 
 towns, and mostly from the comities of Middlesex 
 and Worcester. They were distinguished as a 
 class of people for their independence, perse- 
 vering enterprise, intelligence, industry and pro- 
 bity. 
 
 They were subject to many hardships and pri- 
 vations. Without roads or carriages, or even 
 beasts of burden ; their own shoulders bore their 
 grain to the distant mill, with no other guide 
 than marked trees. With the lofty forests frown- 
 ing upon every side, it was their mission to " go 
 ahead " with their iron powers of locomotion, 
 and make glad " the wilderness and the solitary 
 place," while " the desert shall rejoice and blos- 
 som as the rose." 
 
 We would not regard it as a calamity that we 
 have in this department so little that is allied to 
 fame ; it is but the common lot of humanity. 
 While it is true that few of our citizens have 
 
FAMILY HISTORY. 1 r 
 
 been known to fame, it is also true that fewer 
 have been known to infamy. As it is of fami- 
 liar every-day incident, mainly, that the fabric 
 of life is formed, we therefore claim an equality 
 with common people. 
 
 Without doubt there may be found some mis- 
 takes in connection with the family register: 
 this part of the work has been the most labori- 
 ous and difficult to the writer. To those who 
 have aided us in collecting these materials we 
 render our sincere and hearty thanks. 
 
 If the register of any family is omitted resid- 
 ing in town previous to the year 1800, it is be- 
 cause it could not be gathered from any accessi- 
 ble sources of information. 
 
 Abbreviations. — Hau. for daughter, m. for married, ch. for children, ae. for 
 age, and d. for died. 
 
 EARLY SETTLERS. 
 
 Bickford, Capt. William, from Reading, bought a tract of 
 land on the great road to Royalston : he put up a saw and 
 grist-mill, — the first that were built in Gardner, — where E. 
 C. J. & 0. A. Travers' chair-shop now stands. He was in- 
 strumental in building up the town ; was chosen Captain of 
 the first Militia company formed here. He served a pe- 
 riod in the French war at Nova Scotia, and would have been a 
 
16 
 
 FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 pensioner had he lived until the act was passed. He m. 
 Tabitha Parker: their ch. were: — 1. Tabitha, m. Nathan 
 Howard ; whose ch. were : — Amos and William. 2. Wil- 
 liam, m. Betsy White; whose ch. were: — Cassandana, 
 Amanda Malvina, d., and Betsy, d. 3. Ebenezer, m. Sarah 
 Hill; whose ch. were: — Roena, George W., Francis A., 
 Asa D., Sarah, David, Mary, Martha and William. 4. Na- 
 than, d. 5. David, d. 6. Edmond, m. Nancy Emory; 
 whose children were : — Albert, Lucinda, Tabitha, Oliver 
 E., Nancy, Betsy, d., Lydia, Charles and Otis, d. 7. David, 
 d. Mr. Bickford d. in 1832, ae. 89. 
 
 Beard, Andrew, from Reading, settled in the south part 
 of the town, in the early part of the town's history. Was 
 a carpenter and a hard working man. The remnant of an 
 aged tree is now standing near his former residence upon 
 which he killed a bear. He married Miss Burnap ; their 
 ch. were: — 1. Lizzie. 2. Tabitha, m. Abel Woodward; 
 whose ch. were : — Aaron, Abel, Tabitha, Isaac, Mary, Nancy 
 and Lock. 3. Andrew, m. Lucy Dunn ; whose ch. were : — 
 Andrew and Vinal Cranston. 4. Artemas, m. Lydia Baker; 
 they had one child whose name was Lydia. 5. Aaron, m. 
 Anna Dunster ; whose ch. were : — Betrix, Mary, L}^dia, 
 Hephzibah, Anna, Dorcas, Lucy, Maria and Aaron. 6. 
 Mary. 7. Abel. 8. Bethia. 9. Dorcas, m. Mr. Jewett. 
 10. Hephzibah. 11. Lucinda. Mr. Beard d. in 1831. 
 
 Bolton, Ebenezer, from Reading, was a farmer in the 
 south part of the town. He was a minute-man at the battle 
 of Bunker hill ; at one time he felt the bullets brush his 
 hair as they passed him. He received a pension for his 
 services. He m. Elizabeth Holt ; their ch. were : — 1 . Betsy, 
 m. Nathan Taft ; whose ch. were : — Nathan, Hollis, Jerusha, 
 
FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 17 
 
 Lovina and Asa. 2. Esther, d. 3. Jerusha, m. Silas 
 Holt ; whose ch. were : — Reuben and Esther. 4 and 5. 
 Abram and Asa, (twins,) d. 6. Ebenezer, m. Lenday Le- 
 land ; whose ch. were : — Hollis, Horatio Nelson, Panthia, d., 
 Emily, Ransom, Rhoda and Bellarmin. Mr. Bolton d. in 
 1835, ae. 87. 
 
 Baker, John, from Marlborough, was a farmer in the 
 south part of the town. He m. Elizabeth Marshall ; their 
 ch. were : — 1. Milley, m. Nathan Eaton; whose ch. were: 
 — John, Milley and Myra. His second wife was Ellen 
 Parmenter ; whose ch. were: — Mary, d., Nathan, Mary, 
 James, Eleanor, Benjamin, Marshall, d., Marshall, Eleazer, 
 Stilman, William, Nancy and Sarah. 2. Esther. 3. Lydia. 
 Mr. Baker d. in 1835, ae. 87. 
 
 Baker, Jonas, from Marlborough was a farmer in the 
 south part of the town. He m. Miss Adams. His second 
 wife was Susan Simonds ; whose ch. were : — Joseph Si- 
 monds, Jonas and Betsy. 
 
 Baker, George, from Marlborough ; he was brother to the 
 two last mentioned individuals ; they all located in the same 
 vicinity and were of like occupation. He m. Dinah Par- 
 menter ; their ch. were: — 1. Artemas, m. Sarah Nichols; 
 whose ch. were : — Artemas, David, Luther, Sarah, Quincy, 
 Isaac, Ibri, Uri, Persis, Amos and Chloe. 2. Persis. 3. 
 George Adam, m. Olive Holden ; whose ch. were : — George 
 Holden, Willard, Roxa and Sumner. 4. Nancy. 5. Dinah, 
 m. Eber Underwood ; whose ch. were : — Gilman, Curtis, 
 Dexter, Israel and Calvin. 6. Amos. 
 
 Baker, Thomas, from Westminster, settled on a farm now 
 owned by Daniel Adams. He m. Mary Lewis ; their ch. 
 
18 
 
 FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 were : — 1. Ezra, m. Lucy Priest ; whose ch. were : — Fanny, 
 Joel, Levi, d., Betsy, Joseph and Charles. 2. Richard, in. 
 Althina Whitney; whose ch. were: — William, Lucy, d., 
 Mary, Walter, Betsy, Francis L., Richard Baxter, Calvin 
 H., Lucy Ann and Angeline Maria. 3. Mary, m. David 
 Nichols ; whose ch. were : — Roena, Marietta, Noyes and 
 Marcus. 4. Joseph, m. Esther Holt ; his second wife was 
 Lucy Davis ; whose ch. were : — Alexander and Lucy. 5. 
 Roena. Mr. Baker d. in 1842, ae. 81. 
 
 Baldwin, Josiah, one of the first inhabitants, lived in 
 town a few years ; was a soldier in the revolutionary war 
 three years. He m. Susanna, dau. of Israel Green ; they 
 had one child whose name was Susanna, who m. James 
 Cowee ; their ch. were : — Persis, Joel, Rebecca, Susanna, 
 Betsy, Mehitable, Sarah, Lucinda, Person, George Wash- 
 ington, Aaron, James, William, John and Ruel Green. 
 
 Bacon, Joseph, from Sherburne, was a farmer and car- 
 penter, residing about \h miles north-west of the center of 
 the town, on the place now occupied by Joseph Whitney. 
 He m. Abigail Cole; their ch. were: — 1. Charlotte. 2. 
 Arna, m. Betsy Sawin ; whose ch. were : — Betsy, and So- 
 phronia. 3. Joseph, d. 4. Abigail. 5. Atarah, m. Mr. 
 Burbank ; whose ch. were : — Abigail, Mary, Joseph and 
 Benjamin. 6. Eliab, m. Christiana Comee ; whose ch. 
 were : — Calvin Cole, Eliza Caroline, Francis, Nancy, Cyn- 
 thia Maria, James and Matthias Clark. 7. Arathusa. 8. 
 Joseph, m. Lucy Wood ; whose ch. were : — Sereno, Almi- 
 ra and Francis. 9. Francis, m. Malinda Kendall; whose 
 ch. were: — Mary, Charles, Maria and Asa. Mr. Bacon d. 
 in 1808, ae. 62. 
 
FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 19 
 
 Bancroft, Jonathan, from Ward, (now Auburn,) was a 
 farmer and shoe-maker, living where now resides his grand- 
 son, Dea. S. W. Bancroft. He very narrowly escaped being 
 drowned while attempting to cross the pond one evening on 
 the ice ; coming to an ope,n place unawares, he fell in, but 
 managed to get on to the ice again and returned home. He 
 was at the taking of Burgoyne in 1777. He m. Sarah Case ; 
 their ch. were : — 1. Jonathan, m. Betsy Parker ; whose ch. 
 were: — Sophia, Mary, d., Laura French, d., Jonathan Or- 
 mond, Mary Amanda, Laura Elvira, Jesse Parker,* Lucius 
 Lorenzo and Smyrna Osgood. 2. Smyrna, m. Sarah Whit- 
 ney ; whose ch. were : — Harvey Mansfield, Smyrna Wins- 
 low, Mary Elmira, Sarah Whitney, Amasa and Viola. 3. 
 Sarah. 4. Mary, d. 5. Betsy. 6. Lucy. 7. Roxa, m. 
 John Phillips ; whose ch. were : — Warren, d., Eliza, Caro- 
 line, Warren and Mary Bancroft. Mr. Bancroft d. in 1826, 
 ae. 76. 
 
 Brick, Jonas, from Sherburne, was a farmer, living in 
 the south part of the town. He m. Hannah Richardson ; 
 their ch. were : — 1 . Silas, m. Anna Pike ; whose ch. were : — 
 Eliza, Milly, Maria and Ann. 2. Asahel, m. Betsy Snow.; 
 whose ch. were : — Asahel Augustus, Ephraim Sumner, Susan 
 Sawyer, Jonas Richardson and Jerome Snow. His second 
 wife was Mrs. Carpenter ; they had one child whose name 
 was Jane Elizabeth. 3. Charlotte, m. Mr. Wells ; whose 
 ch. were : — Emma, Charlotte, Judith, Willard, Wealthy, 
 Sarah and Elizabeth. 4. Sarah. 5. Enoch. 6. Elijah, m. 
 
 * Fitted for College at Andover and Leicester, Mass. Entered Dartmouth 
 College in 1837 ; graduated in 1841. Commenced the general practice of med- 
 icine in 1845, in St. Johnsbury, Vt., and continued there till 185T, when he re- 
 moved to Concord, N. H., to take charge of the N. H. Asylum for the insane 
 as Superintendent and Treasurer, in which office he is now engaged. 
 
20 
 
 FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 Sarah Comee ; whose ch. were : — Alfred Harrison, David 
 Comee, Mary, d., and Maria, (twins,) Eliza, d., Sarah, Mary, 
 and Walter. 7. Jonas, d.. 8. Judith. 9. Jonas, m. 
 Esther Whitney ; whose ch. were : — Mary Ann and Esther. 
 Mr. Brick d. in 1822, ae. 64. 
 
 Brooks, Joel, from Stow, was a farmer, living in the west 
 part of the town, where now resides Levi Curtis. He m. 
 Tameson, clau. of Ebenezer Howe; their ch. were: — 1. 
 Lydia, m. David Nichols. 2. Lucy, m. George Scott. 3. 
 Betsy, m. Isaac Jackson ; whose ch. were : — Susan Elvira 
 and Betsy Tameson. .His second wife was Mehitable 
 Minott ; whose ch. were : — Rockwell, Maria, Melancy, d., 
 Ellen, d. Daniel Webster and Edward. 4. Joel, m. 
 Cynthia Taylor; whose ch. were : — Betsy and Lucy Ann. 
 
 5. Silas, m. Emily Conant ; whose ch. were: — Luke, Syl- 
 vanus, Emily Elmira, George, Joel Josiah and Webster. 
 
 6. Luke, d. 7. Ann, m. Isaac Hall. Mr. Brooks d. in 
 1840, ae. 84. 
 
 Coolidge, James, from Sherburne, located as a farmer in 
 the west part of the town. When Gardner was incorporated 
 he was opposed to being taken from Winchendon, and pe- 
 titioned the Legislature to set him back to that town, but 
 was refused the favor : after a few years he became recon- 
 ciled, and took hold in earnest to assist others in building 
 up the Town. He m. Sarah Gould; their ch. were : — 1. 
 Sarah. 2. Joseph, m. Achsah Hale ; whose ch. were : — 
 Catharine, Lucy, Joseph Hale, Sarah, Artemas and Charles 
 Monroe. 3. Betsy. 4. James, m. Annis Sawin; whose 
 ch. were : — Warren, Betsy, Charles,* Samuel Sawin, Sarah, 
 d., Martha, James and Abigail. Mr. Coolidge d. in 1847, 
 ae. 94. 
 
 * Is a Physician in Warsaw, Illinois. 
 
FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 21 
 
 Cliilds, Daniel, was a farmer, living in the north part of 
 the town, where Mr. Harty now resides. He in. Phebe 
 
 their ch. were : — 1. William. 2. Daniel. 3. Jonas, d. 4 
 Mary. 5. Timothy. 6. Nathaniel. 7. Cynthia. 8. Jonas 
 m. Amelia L. F. Osgood ; whose ch. were : — Lucius A. 
 Amelia A. and Amanda. 9. Betsy. 10. Harriet. 11 
 Lucy. 12. Charles, m. Roena Baker. 13. Abijah. 14 
 Francis. 
 
 Comee, David, from Lexington, located as a farmer in 
 the east part of the town ; was a soldier in the Revolutiona- 
 ry war ; he was in a fierce battle, when a ball from the enemy 
 cut the hair from his head, (it being clubbed up,) another 
 ball struck his gun as it was poised before him ; it tore the 
 barrel out of the stock and left the ball remaining. He 
 m. Christian Maltman ; their ch. were : — 1. David, m. Es- 
 ther Baker ; whose ch. were : — David, Betsy, John and 
 Louisa. 2. James Maltman, m. Sarah Putnam ; whose ch. 
 were : — Maria, Christian, Sarah, James M., Mary, William 
 W., Abby, John Porter, d., Leander Porter, Eliza and 
 Daniel Webster. His second wife was Hannah Maltman ; 
 their ch. were : — 1. Benjamin, d. 2. Christian. 3. Mary, 
 m. William Fletcher ; whose ch. were : — Mary Adaline, 
 Eliza, William and Francis. 4. Benjamin, d. 5. John, d. 
 6. Hannah. 7. Sarah. 8. Ruhamah, m. Abram Jaquith ; 
 they had one child whose name was Abby Mead. 9. Mar- 
 tha, m. Ebenezer Fenno ; whose ch. were : — Lucy Ann, 
 Harriet Newell, Sarah, Henry Clay and Bernerd Maurett. 
 10. Benjamin, m. Lovina Mead ; whose ch. were: — Char- 
 lotte Emeline, Caroline Augusta, Martha Ann, James 
 Monroe and Sarah Mead. His second wife was Mrs. E. A. 
 Seager ; whose ch. were : — Rosette, William, Esquire and 
 Helen. 11. Joseph, m. Miriam Stone ; whose ch. were; — 
 
 3 
 
22 
 
 FAMILY HISTORY, 
 
 Christopher Columbus, Samuel, Martha S. and George. 
 12. George "Washington, m. Fanny Vining. His second 
 wife was Betsy Howard : whose ch. were : — George Marse- 
 na, Francis, Fanny and Frank. Mr. Comee d. in 1828, 
 ae. 82. 
 
 Conant, Josiah, from Westminster, was a farmer, residing 
 in the east part of the town ; the place is now owned by 
 Dennis Gates. He m. Annis Derby; their ch. were: — 1. 
 Aaron, m. Lucy Bancroft ; whose ch. were : — Catharine, 
 Roswell B., d., Roswell, d., Smyrna Bancroft, Emily, d., 
 George Farewell, Aaron Winslow, Mary Bancroft and Sarah 
 Case. 2. Lucy, m. Isaac Miller ; whose ch. were : — Gard- 
 ner, Mary, William, Lucy, Lyman, James, John and Nancy. 
 3. Nancy, m. Alpheus Simonds ; whose ch. were: — Ada- 
 line, Abigail, Nancy, Maria, Myranda, Caroline, Hannah, 
 Augusta, Sylvenus and Rebecca. 4. Betsy. 5. Farewell, 
 m. Lucy Wright ; whose ch. were : — Rebecca, Mary Ann, 
 Calvin, John Wesley, Charles Wright and Lucy Maria. 6. 
 Abigail, m. Jonathan Brown ; whose ch. were : — Abigail, 
 Maria and Myranda, (twins,) Emily, Jonathan Leroy, Elisha, 
 Martha, Charles, Lucy, Mary and Edward Reynolds. 7. 
 Mary, m. Asahel Corey ; whose ch. were : — Jonas and 
 Charles. 8. Josiah, m. Hannah Graves ; whose ch. were : — 
 Harriet, Augusta, William, d., Walter, Joseph Lewis, d., 
 Francis, Ellen Maria, d., George Alvah and Eliza Jane. 9. 
 Emily. 10. Susan, m. Asa Temple; whose ch. were: — 
 Elizabeth Holland and Christopher Columbus. 11. Lyman, 
 m. Emma Wells ; whose ch. were : — Caroline Elizabeth, 
 Mary, Edward and Theodore. 12. Maria, m. Joseph P. 
 Howe ; whose ch. were : — Maria, Abby, Edward Payson 
 and Emergene. 13. Lanson, d. 14. Sylvester Thomas, 
 
FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 23 
 
 m. Sarah Bickford ; they had one child whose name was 
 Charles. Mr. Conant d. in 1835, ae. 77. 
 
 Clark, Joseph, from Sherburne, was a farmer in the west 
 part of the town. He was a soldier in the Revolutionary 
 war seven years, and received a pension ten years or longer. 
 He m. Mary Maltman ; they had one child whose name was 
 Joseph, who m. Sarah Sawyer; their ch. were Leonora, 
 Sylvester, Mary and Joseph Monroe. Mr. Clark d. in 1837, 
 ae. 80. 
 
 Clark, Benjamin, (brother to the one last mentioned,) 
 from Sherburne, was a farmer, residing in the west part of 
 the town ; the place is now occupied by his son, Dea. Samuel 
 H. Clark. He m. Martha Minott ; their ch. were: — 1. 
 Esther M. 2. Benjamin, m. Rebecca Richardson ; whose 
 ch. were : — Elizabeth and Mary Ann. 3. Mary. 4. Betsy, 
 m. Lowell Leland ; whose ch. were: — Leaden, Esther M., 
 Elizabeth, d., Martha Elizabeth, Lucy, Henry and Joseph 
 W. 5. Sarah. 6. Joanna M. 7. Samuel Harrington, m. 
 Mary Bennett ; whose ch. were : — Greorge and William Ray- 
 mond. Mr. Clark d. in 1827, ae. 65. 
 
 Dunster, Hubbard, from Westminster, was a cooper, re- 
 siding on the place now occupied by Elijah Foster. He m. 
 Rebecca, dau. of Benjamin Kendall; their ch. were: — 1. 
 Martin, m. Sarah Nichols. 2. Prudence, m. Isaac Fitts. 
 3. Rebecca, m. Grilman Robbins ; whose ch. were : — George, 
 Charles, Sarah, Caroline and Joseph. 4. Louisa. 5. Aseph, 
 m. Sarah Stoddard ; whose ch. were : — Lydia Ann, Caro- 
 line, Rebecca and Lucy. 6. Jane, m. Stephen Tyler; whose 
 ch. were : — Mary Jane and Adaline. 7. Lydia, m. Joel 
 Nichols; whose ch. were: — Eliza Ann, Frank and Emma. 
 
24 
 
 FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 Dapheny m. Mr. Parsons ; they had one child whose name 
 was Warren. Mr. Dunster d. in 1818, ae. 45. 
 
 Eaton. John, from Needham, located as a farmer in the 
 north part of the town, where now resides his son, John 
 Eaton. He was a soldier in the taking of Burgoyne's army. 
 He m. Mary Larkin ; their ch. were: — 1. Lncy, m. Mr. 
 Boyden; they had one child whose name was Mary Ann. 
 
 2. Josiah, m. Mary Weston ; whose ch. were : — Merrick, 
 Mary Ann, Josiah, Otis, Danford, George, Nancy and 
 Charles. 3. Mary, m. Isaac Williams; whose ch. were: — 
 Mary, Charles and Calvin. 4. John, m. Betsy Esty ; whose 
 ch. were : — George, Warren, Franklin, Eliza, John, Amasa, 
 Mary, Maria and Oliver. 5. Nancy. 6. Peter, m. Catha- 
 rine Coolidge ; whose ch. were : — Mary Ann and Charles. 
 His second wife was Mrs. Knowlton. Mr. Eaton d. in 1827, 
 ae. 81. 
 
 Eaton, Ebenezer, from Needham, was a farmer in the 
 south part of the town. He m. Joanna Hutchinson ; their 
 ch. were : — Ebenezer, Jonas and Sarah. His second wife 
 was Mrs. Richardson ; whose ch were : — Betsy, George and 
 Clarissa. 
 
 Eaton, Jonathan, (brother to the two last mentioned,) 
 was a farmer, living in the west part of the town. He m. 
 Bulah Ward; their ch. were: — 1. Bulah. 2. Jonathan, d. 
 
 3. Joseph, d. 4. Benjamin, d. 5. Jonathan, m. Miss Lane. 
 6. Rebecca. Mr. Eaton d. in 1819. 
 
 Edgell, Joseph, from Westminster, was a farmer, living 
 near the west village, where Charles Stacy now resides. He 
 
 m. Dorcas ; whose ch. were : — Charles, Nancy, Joseph, 
 
 d., Rebecca, Joseph and Kendall. He moved back to West- 
 minster many years ago. 
 
FAMILY HISTORY. nr 
 
 Edgell, Benjamin, from Westminster, was a farmer and 
 cooper, in the south part of the town, living where Joseph 
 Metcalf now resides. He in. Priscilla Graves ; their ch. 
 were: — 1. Susan. 2. Benjamin, m. Mary Ann Dollonson. 
 3. Catharine. 4. Priscilla, m. Newell Brown ; whose ch. 
 were : — Charles, Sarah and Henry. 5. Mary, m. Luther 
 Alden ; whose ch. were : — Luther and Silas. 6. Farewell, 
 m. Mary Ann Sawin ; whose ch. were : — Emily, d., Elvira 
 C. and Emily Janette, d. His second wife was Mary Ann 
 Minott ; they had one child whose name was George. 7. 
 Louisa. 8. Lucy, m. Aseph Wood; whose ch. were : — Pru- 
 cius M., d., Prucius M., Amanda, Theophilus, d., Lucy Au- 
 gusta, Theophilus and Adelia. His second wife was Abby 
 H. Pierce ; they had one child whose name was Eliza H. 9. 
 Abigail, m. Edward L. Turner; whose ch. were: — Francis 
 E., d., Martha P., Edward S., Frank H. and Harriet A. 
 10. Martha, m. Jonas Pierce; whose ch. were: — Calvin 
 and Catharine, d. His second wife was Mrs. Nichols ; they 
 had one child whose name was Erastus N. Mr. Edgell d. 
 in 1817, ae. 46. 
 
 Fisher, Gideon, was one of the first inhabitants of the 
 town, living in the north part : was a great help to the 
 place in clearing it of wild animals. He m. Mrs. Rebecca 
 Hutchins ; they had one child whose name was William. 
 Mr. F. sold in a few years and left the place. 
 
 Foster, David, from Reading, was a farmer and carpenter. 
 He was engaged in the Revolutionary war nine months, and 
 was the last man who fled from the enemy at the battle 
 of Bunker hill. He m. Betsy Minott; their ch were: — 1. 
 Betsy, d. 2. Susanna. 3. David, d. 4. David. 5. Betsy. 
 Mr. Foster d. in 1815, ae. 70. 
 
 3* 
 
26 
 
 FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 Foster, Samuel, from Beading, lived in the west part of 
 the town. Hem. Elizabeth Boyden ; their ch. were: — 1. 
 Lizzie. 2. Samuel, m. Mary Payson ; they had one child 
 whose name was Joseph Payson. His second wife was Mary 
 Persons. 3. Dolly, m. Mr. French. 4. Peter. 5. Jesse. 
 6. Assenath. 7. Jonah. 8. Bufus. 
 
 Fairbanks, Levi, from Harvard, was a farmer in the east 
 part of the town, where his son, Levi Fairbanks, now resides. 
 He m. Eunice Bandall ; their ch. were: — 1. Levi, m. Miss 
 Anderson; whose ch. were: — Phebe, Walter, Mary and 
 Stephen. His second wife was Mrs. Pierce. 2. Jabez, m. 
 Abigail Seaver; whose ch. were: — Abigail and Louisa. 
 His second wife was Nancy Temple ; they had one child 
 whose name was Sardis. 3. Ephraim, m. Susan Weston; 
 whose ch. were : — Nelson, Elisha and Stephen. 4. Joseph, 
 m. Buth Jaquith ; whose ch. were : — Harriet Newell, Buth 
 Jaquith, Joseph and Alonzo. 5. Eunice, m. Stephen Wes- 
 ton ; whose ch. were : — Adaline, Stephen, Maria and Mary. 
 6. Lydia, m. Arba Brooks; whose ch. were: — Eunice and 
 William. 7. Stephen, d. 8. Luke. Mr. Fairbanks d. in 
 the year 1845, ae. 90. His wife d. in the year 1851, ae. 92. 
 
 Fairbanks, Noah, from Harvard, was a farmer in the west 
 village, living where Lewis H. Graham now resides. He m. 
 Hannah Whitcomb ; their ch. were : — 1. Emory, m. Eunice 
 Heywood ; whose ch. were : — Emory H., Francis J., James 
 H., Elizabeth E., Joseph W., Susan A., Lucy Ann and 
 Laura. 2. Noah. 3. Sewell, m. Susan Heywood; whose 
 ch. were : — James H. and Sewell W. 4. Aseph, m. Han- 
 nah Whitcomb ; whose ch. were : — Aseph Waldo, Joel 
 Whitcomb and Martha Malvina. 5. Sophronia, m. Lewis 
 H. Graham ; whose ch. were : — Lucy Jane, Henry Lewis, 
 
FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 27 
 
 Mary Louisa and Lucius Fairbanks. 6. Hannah. 7. Lucy, 
 m. Joseph Barker ; whose ch. were : — Mary Lemira, Eliza 
 Adaline and Martha Maria. 8. Joel, m. Esther Leland. Mr. 
 Fairbanks d. in 1852, ae. 80. 
 
 Fenno, William, from Boston, was a farmer, living in the 
 east part of the town; the place is now owned by Hosea 
 Hadley. He m. Rachel Ray ; they had one child whose 
 name was Mary ; who m. Abel Wood ; their ch. were : — Ly- 
 man T., Hiram, Sophia, Dolly, Hannah, Cynthia, Joel and 
 William. His second wife was Lydia Ray ; whose ch. 
 were: — 1. William, m. Mary Corey; whose ch. were: — 
 Samuel Farrar, Lucy Corey, Elmira, William Wood, Steph- 
 en, Mary, Lucinda and Frances Ann. 2. Asa, m. Grata 
 Wheeler ; whose ch. were : — David Dickerson, William 
 Stone, Mary Emily, Jonas Wheeler, Ray, Elmira, Harriet 
 and Joel. 3. Joel, m. Sarah Corey; whose ch. were: — 
 Sarah Clarinda, Hezekiah Corey, Willarcl Jefts, Charles Al- 
 exander and Joel Carmillus. 4. Elmira, m. Joseph Carter; 
 whose ch. were : — Mary Elizabeth, Adalaide and Eveline. 
 5. Lucinda, m. Washington Nichols ; whose ch. were : — 
 Eliza Jane, George Burknap and Charles Monroe. 6. Ly- 
 man, m. Mary Miller; whose ch. were: — Jane Maria, Ella 
 Isadore, George Henry and Hattie Augusta. Mr. Fenno 
 d. in 1822. 
 
 Green, Israel, the fourth inhabitant of the town, lived one 
 and one-half miles north-west from its center. He had four 
 sons, who were mighty huntsmen, and were noted for killing 
 bears. The sons all enlisted in the Revolutionary war ; 
 only one of them ever returned. He had one dau. who m. 
 Josiah Baldwin. Mr. Green removed to Westminster be- 
 fore his death. 
 
2g FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 Green, Nathan, from Leicester, was a farmer, living in the 
 north-easterly part of the town ; he abstained from all spir- 
 ituous liquors, and in that respect was almost an exception in 
 those clays. About the year 1820 his house was struck with 
 lightning ; Mr. Green and his wife felt the shock. It affected 
 him like a stick of wood coming with force against his lower 
 limbs. It stunned Mrs. Green. They heard no report, 
 though it sounded to others like the firing of a gun ; there 
 was no rain ; the hemisphere was diversified with light and 
 brassy clouds ; there appeared a black cloud in the center, 
 "like a man's hand," from which it was supposed that the 
 electrical fluid proceeded. The carpenter who repaired the 
 house found it considerably shattered and thought there was 
 not a nail but what was either drawn out, or started. 
 He m. a French lady, Margaret, dau. of John D. Jersey, 
 from the Island of Journsey. They had no children. Nathan 
 Green, (a nephew of his,) lived with them from a child, to 
 whom he gave his property ; he m Fanny Bicknell ; they 
 had one child whose name was Charles. Mr. Green d. in 
 1822, ae. 71. 
 
 Glazier, John, came from Shrewsbury in 1773 ; he owned 
 a good farm in the center of the town, and kept a public 
 house ; was an honest, upright man, anxious to promote the 
 welfare and prosperity of the town ; he gave them the use 
 of his house to hold their meetings in, until the meeting- 
 house was built ; it is the place that Asa Richardson now 
 owns, and is supposed to be the oldest house in town He 
 m. Sarah, dau. of Isaac Temple, of Shrewsbury; their ch. 
 were: — 1. Smyrna, m. Bridget Foster ; whose ch. were: — 
 Bridget and Abram Foster. When Smyrna was about four 
 years old he fell into a well and climbed out alone. When 
 he was a young man he was very fond of a gun ; he shot at 
 
FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 29 
 
 a hawk when flying high in the air, and brought it to the 
 ground. At another time he shot at a flock of wild geese 
 and killed two of them with a single ball as they were swim- 
 ming in the pond. He obtained a good common education 
 from his own industry, as schools were scarce in those days. 
 He is now living, and the oldest person in town. His age is 
 92. 2. Lewis, m. Betsy Coolidge ; whose ch. were : — John 
 Coolidge and Sarah Temple. His second wife was Lucy 
 Keyes ; whose ch. were : — Betsy Coolidge, Thomas Edwin, 
 Mary Ann, d., Smyrna Sylvester and Lewis Lysander, 
 (twins,) d., Lucy Ann and Mary Keyes. 3. Ruth, m. Jona- 
 than Prescott ; whose ch. were: — Jonathan, Bushrod 
 Washington, Elizabeth, William, Sarah, George and Ruth 
 Ann. Mr. Prescott was the first merchant in Gardner ; he 
 built the house and lived where Francis Richardson, Esq. 
 now resides : after living in town a few years he removed to 
 Boston, where he was appointed constable, which office he 
 held during life. He d. in 1852, ae. 92. 4. Elizabeth. 5. 
 Sarah, d. in 1786, at the age of 1 year, and was the first 
 one interred in the burying ground. Mr. Glazier d. in 1826, 
 ae. 87. 
 
 Goodale, Peter, from West Boylston, was a farmer, re- 
 siding on the place now occupied by Charles Green. He 
 was a good townsman while he stayed, which was but a short 
 time, when he sold and went back to West Boylston. He 
 m. Abigail, dau. of Benjamin Hinds ; whose ch. were : — 
 Elizabeth, Benjamin, Jason, Peter, Aseph and Junia. 
 
 Greenwood, Jonathan, from Sherburne, was a farmer, and 
 kept a public house in the south part of the town, where 
 his son, Walter Greenwood, now resides. He in. Sybil Hol- 
 brook ; their ch. were : — 1. Alvin, m. Mary Childs ; whose 
 
30 FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 ch. were : — Sophia, d., Sophia, Maria, Calvin S., Alvin Mon- 
 roe, James Holbrook, Charles, William and Mary. 2. Sybil, 
 d. 3. Jonathan, m. Phebe Temple ; whose ch. were : — 
 Walter, Louisa, Thomas, Betsy, Mason and Joel. 4. 
 Walter, m. Rebecca Wright; whose ch. were: — Aaron, 
 Emily, Martha, Rebecca, Edward W., George, Judson and 
 Thomas. 5. Sybil, m. William Whitney ; whose ch. were : — 
 Sybil and Betsy. 6. Leonora, m. George W. Cowee ; 
 whose ch. were: — Sybil C, George Leander, Alvin G., 
 Aaron, Mary M. and Adaline. His second wife was Sarah 
 Wilcox ; whose ch. were : — Frank, d., and Fred (twins,) 
 Frank, Ellen E. and Hattie J. Mr. Greenwood d. in 1821, 
 ae. 66. 
 
 Greenwood, Aaron, from Sherburne, was a farmer, in the 
 south-west part of the town, where his grandson, Aaron L. 
 Greenwood, now resides. He was three years in the Revo- 
 lutionary war, and received a pension a number of years. 
 He m. Anna Learned; their ch. were: — 1. Charles, m. 
 Betsy Temple; whose ch. were: — Aaron L., Francis T., 
 Betsy, Edward and Asa Temple. 2. Anna. Mr. Green- 
 wood d. in 1824, ae. 68. 
 
 Gates, Simon, moved from Westminster to Gardner with- 
 out changing his residence ; the town line crossing his farm, 
 he had a right to belong to the town he chose, and being a 
 just man, decided to come to Gardner, because he thought 
 it his duty to go where he could do the most good. He had 
 a good farm on what is called Beech hill, where his grand- 
 son, Horace Gates, now lives, and was one of the principal 
 men in building up the town. He m. Susanna Reed ; their 
 ch. were: — 1. Nathan, m. Abigail Knowlton ; whose ch. 
 were: — Nathan, Jeremiah, d., Abel, Aseph, Luke, d., Abi- 
 
FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 31 
 
 gail, Luther, Amos, Susannah, an infant dau., d., Lucinda, 
 Clarissa, Jeremiah Knowlton, James Eliot and Benjamin 
 Addison. 2. Simon, m. Sarah Taylor ; whose ch. were : — 
 Louisa, Simon Hazeltine, Horace, Dennis, Mary and Dolly. 
 3. Daniel, m. Phebe Mosman ; whose ch. were : — Daniel 
 Merrick, Sophronia, Leonard Mosman, Lucy, Phebe, Char- 
 lotte and Solomon Keyes. 4. Reuben, m. ; their 
 
 ch. were : — Samantha Keyes, Anna Mosman, Ezekiel, Dar- 
 win and Bial. 5. Ezekiel. 6. Elizabeth, d. 7. Elizabeth. 
 Mr. Gates d. in 1803, ae. 63. 
 
 Holland, Joseph, from Boylston, was one of the first set- 
 tlers in Gardner, his place is the one now owned by Capt. 
 Joel Cowee. After living in town a few years he sold to 
 Mr. Glazier and went north. At this time Mr. Heywood 
 and Mr. Glazier owned about 300 acres of land in the center 
 of the town. Mr. Holland m. Elizabeth Gleason ; whose ch. 
 were : — Joseph, James, Ruth and Ephraim. 
 
 Heywood, Seth, (son of Phineas Heywood, and grandson 
 of Dea. John Heywood, of Concord,) who came from Sterling 
 to Gardner, was one of the first settlers in town ; had a good 
 farm in the center of the town ; he was also a blacksmith. 
 He was a man of superior mind, and had a remarkable memo- 
 ry ; being a great reader, he was able to relate a history of 
 almost any book then known. He was a valuable member of 
 society, and was greatly beloved by all who knew him. He 
 was Lieutenant in the army at Cambridge nine months. 
 He m. Martha, dau. of Isaac Temple of Shrewsbury ; their 
 ch. were : — 1. Betsy. 2. John, m. Mary Hutchins ; whose 
 ch. were : — Mary, John and Betsy Lavette. 3. Sarah, m. 
 Samuel Edgell ; whose ch. were : — Betsy, Sarah, William, 
 Mary, Lucinda and Samuel. 4. Ann, m. William Whit- 
 
o^ 
 
 CLY HISTORY. 
 
 ney se eh. -were: — William. Seth, Joseph, Althina, 
 
 Anna, H ".".>. Aniasa and La y, (I D£ Mr. Whitney d. 
 in 1S46. ae. Si : hi? wife died - b< in after, that their fu- 
 nerals^ Led log titer. Her age was 76. 5. Mary. 
 ■ ~ seph Boyden, M. P.: whose eh. were: — Mary. Wyat 
 Clark. Lney. Ebentier. Fredrick and Joseph. After resid- 
 ing in Gardner a few Years, I>r. Bovden left for Tamworth, 
 N. H.. where he became an eminent physician; but was 
 suddenly cut off in the midst of life, by a fall from his horse. 
 6. Benjamin, m. Mary Whitney: whose ch. were: — Levi. 
 Bviijamin Franklin. "Walter, William. Seth andCharle-. 7. 
 Mirtha. m. Samnel Sawin : whose ch. were : — Samuel Wes- 
 : .. El line, J: hn Harrison and Levi Heywood. 
 S th. 9. Lucy. m. Gardner Pollard : whose ch. were : — 
 Lncy. Martha. L Seth, Ehnira, V-.ncy and Gardner. 10. 
 Levi, "— . Nancy HeaJv ; whose ch. were : — John Healy* and 
 BrDJamin Seth. He graduated at Dartmouth College in 
 1808. Commenced the srudy of law. with Hon. Xathaniel 
 Paine, of Yf rter, and finished with Hon. Elijah Mills. 
 of Northampton : admitted to the bar in 1811. and com- 
 menced practice in Worcester the same year. In Oct.. 1818, 
 he removed to Pickneyville, Louisiana, where he engaged 
 in teaching school. Having kept an office in New York for 
 a short period, he became Principal of the Academy in 
 Haekensaek, New Jersey. He again resumed practice in 
 • : New York, where he died in 1832, ae. 49. Mr. 
 Hrvwood d. in 1817, ae. 89. 
 
 Hi... Marvrick, from Medway. was a farmer, residing in the 
 north pan of the town. His place was adjoining the Green 
 
 * Graduated at Harvard College, wai ordained at Worcester. as a Unitarian 
 Minister in 1837, and settled soon after in Louisville, Kentucky, where he 
 still resi . 
 
FAMILY HI5T0EY. OO 
 
 place. Ht m. . . . — 1. M 
 
 m. Lit Adams ; whose ;■"_. were : — Elizabeth Clark, Junes 
 Marvri s, Lney, :. H 
 
 5, d.. M< ses, Isaac Watte, B ' 
 
 hia and Hirrie: B^ twins _ Jesse, m 
 
 Br: re: — Kenan, Abigail - - 
 
 Julia. Henri::. Jess M 3. Br_ I m. Han 
 
 Baker; wh se ... — re: — - : v, B L 
 
 I - A ca, Moses, Abigail M ; : 
 
 Baker and L . : . iniel,m ..■ 
 
 eh. w^rc : — Tamar, !.. L d M 
 
 thaniel, GL, Merey, 6L, T :^ar and Li: 
 5. Mary. 6. Bffei y 7. Syb - ] m: 
 
 they had - • ; ?. Mrs. H 
 
 in the year 1807 M - _ 
 
 having their g red, M UilJ be 
 
 : - - : s 2 
 
 3 their mot ting 1 : - - ~ - : 
 
 sh live to see il r i I shels oi lesin : 
 
 - - • . - . - . . ■ " : :• m 
 
 a hymn of Dr. Watts', as 
 
 ear"; . : 3 _ I was h.er empl yment th last 
 
 year- : fa -.-: I : - spim the war] : or : — el : : thirl 
 yards after si was ty-thre 5 j 
 
 Hadley. Joseph, was one : the ' - tilers, residing 
 as a farmer in the north part of the tc wn. Bis h. wei — 
 Mehitable, Si - I 
 
 ■ sterity ddentin 1 id litt] 
 
 regard 1 _:em. 
 
 Hinls. Daniel, :; 1 - 
 
 in t". - part of the I wil He m. S a Ho] 
 
 4 
 
u 
 
 FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 whose ch. were: — Sarah, James, Benjamin, Daniel and 
 Milton. He moved back to West Boylston. 
 
 Howe, Ebenezer, from Templeton, located as a farmer 
 about a mile north of the center of Gardner. The place is 
 now owned by Peter Eaton. He m. Elizabeth Deland ; 
 their ch. were: — 1. Tameson. 2. Perley, m. Jane T. 
 Belcher; whose ch. were: — Betsy Deland, Sarah, Eli, 
 Frances M., Ebenezer, Perley, Lydia, Jane R. and Emily 
 Augusta. 3. Ezekiel, m. Susanna Payson ; whose ch. 
 were : — Ezekiel, Franklin, Joseph Payson, Samuel Stillman, 
 Stowell, Mary Payson, Susan, George, David Monroe and 
 Betsy. 4. Sarah, m. Silas Wood ; whose ch. were : — Amos 
 and Phebe. 5. Betsy, m. John Miller ; whose ch. were: — 
 Ebenezer, Eliza, Benjamin, Maria, Amos and Betsy. 6. 
 Benjamin, m. Kesiah Hill; whose ch. were: — Benjamin, 
 Amos, Sarah, Ebenezer Deland, Simeon, Mary Ann, Lucy 
 and Harrison. 7. Amos, whose birth was the first in town 
 after its incorporation; it occurred June 1 7th, 1785; he d. 
 in 1805, ae. 20. His second wife was Mercy Hill. Mr. 
 Howe d. in 1808, ae. 62. 
 
 Haynes, Reuben, from Sudbury, was a farmer, in the north 
 part of the town; his land joined Winchendon. He was 
 chosen Lieutenant of the first militia company formed in 
 Gardner ; was a soldier in the Revolutionary war three 
 years, and sergeant part of the time; he received $120 an- 
 nually for some years as a pensioner. He m. Susanna Wil- 
 lis ; their ch. were : — 1. Susanna. 2. Ezra Willis, m. Mar- 
 tha Stone ; whose ch. were : — Reuben, Mary and Martha 
 Willis. Her second husband was Elisha Coolidge ; whose 
 ch. were : — Wesley and Charles. 3. Sarah, m. Jonathan 
 Temple ; whose ch. were : — Jerusha, Jonathan, and Willis. 
 
FAMILY HISTORY. o- 
 
 4. Israel, d. 5. Eunice. 6. Reuben, d. 7. Ruth. 8. Re- 
 becca. 9. Jerusha. 10. Asenath. Capt. Ilaynes d. in 
 1841, ae. 86. 
 
 Jackson, Elisha, from Westminster, was the first inhabitant 
 in Gardner. He was a man of stability and force of char- 
 acter accompanied with sagacity ; was a farmer, and kept 
 a public house in the south part of the town where D. W. 
 McFarland now resides. He m. Bulah Taylor ; their ch. 
 were : — 1. Jemima, m. Ebenezer Keyes ; whose ch. were : — 
 Ebenezer, Elisha, Solomon, Lorenzo and Jemima. 2. Lucy, 
 m. Aaron Wood ; whose ch. were : — Lucy, Sarah and Aaron. 
 His second wife was Bethia Beard ; whose ch. were : — 
 Moses, Cyrena, Asaph, Amanda, Emeline, Theophilus P.,* 
 and Abel S. 3. Bulah, m. Jonathan Brown ; whose ch. 
 were : — Jonathan, John, Charles, d., Elisha, Charles, Sarah, 
 d., Sarah, Benjamin Babbitt, Lucy and Nancy. 4. Ruth, m. 
 Nahum.Wood; whose ch. were: — Louisa, Ruth, Catharine, 
 Albert and Nahum Howard. 5. Elisha, m. Relief Beard ; 
 whose ch. were : — Phebe, Lucy, Elisha Stowell, Sophronia 
 and Samantha, (twins,) Joseph Loring, Charles Weston, 
 Elvira and Leonard Franklin. 6. Josiah, m. Arathusa 
 
 * He had the misfortune to lose his father when a child, and, with his 
 brothers, had to struggle with all the difficulties incident to a state of orphan- 
 age. In early life he had laid the foundation of a character for integrity and 
 business talents seldom exceeded ; and obtained an education superior to most 
 of the young men at that time. It may be said in all his various transactions, 
 he was high-minded and honorable, commanding the respect of a numerous 
 acquaintance; his judgment was sound, active, and enterprising; being pos- 
 sessed of a candid and liberal mind, he saw things in their true and just rela- 
 tions, receiving the universal confidence of the community in which he lived. 
 As a merchant he was courteous and affable, public-spirited and honorable. 
 He was not long destined to follow in the path that opened to him so brightly ; 
 after disease had marked him for a prey, he visited a foreign clime, (Cuba) in 
 hopes of recovery but of no avail : in his sickness he enjoyed the hopes and 
 consolations of the gospel. He died soon after his return home, ae. 29. 
 
36 
 
 FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 Bacon ; whose ch. were : — Christiana Bacon, Arathusa Caro- 
 line, Josiah Alexander, Abigail Sanger and Eliza Adaline. 
 7. Ebenezer, m. Susanna Foster. 8. Abigail, m. Timothy 
 Taft ; whose ch. were: — Lucy and Lucinda, (twins,) Proc- 
 tor, Abigail and Roena. 9. Abel, m. Betsy Foster; whose 
 ch. were : — David Foster, Elizabeth, Susan, Harriet and 
 Abel. Mr. Jackson d. in 1814, ae. 77. 
 
 Kendall, Benjamin, from Sherburne, was a farmer, in the 
 south part of the town, dwelling where Walter Greenwood 
 now resides. He m. Keziah Twichell ; their ch. were: — 1. 
 Aseph, m. Eunice Case ; whose ch were : — William, Mary, 
 Benjamin, James, Aseph, Timothy, Bethia and Daniel. 
 His second wife was Hannah Batchelder ; whose ch. were : — 
 Jane and Charles. 2. Rebecca, d. 3. Jonathan, m. Mary 
 Nichols ; whose ch. were : — Aseph, Hubbard, Moses, Eunice, 
 Orrison, Edmund, Cruso, Rebecca, Mary, Fanny and Har- 
 rison. 4. Rebecca. 5. Martin, m. Prudence Kendall ; 
 whose ch. were : — Isaac, Mary, Alvin, Annis, David, Ada- 
 line, Bartlett Stoddard, Benjamin and Martin. 6. Anna, 
 m. Marshall Stoddard ; whose ch. were : — Marshall, Anna, 
 Jane and Benjamin. 7. Miriam, m. Bartlett Stoddard ; 
 whose ch. were : — Bartlett and Nancy Keziah, d. 8. Keziah. 
 Mr. Kendall d. in 1841, ae. 96. 
 
 Kneeland, Timothy, from Harvard, was the third inhabi- 
 tant of the town ; (Samuel Cook was the second inhabitant of 
 Gardner, and lived where Aaron L. Greenwood now resides ; 
 nothing more can be ascertained concerning him, as he moved 
 from town in the early part of its history.) He located 
 about one and one-half miles west of the center of the town, 
 (which was then Winchendon,) was a carpenter, had a good 
 education and was much employed in town affairs. He was 
 
FAMILY HISTORY. gf 
 
 a soldier in the Revolutionary war three years and three 
 months. There are none of his descendants now residing 
 in Gardner. Soon after they came here, (while they went 
 by marked trees,) Mrs. Kneeland visited at Mr. Bancroft's, 
 one of the neighbors ; on her return home she lost the path 
 and wandered several miles until she came to Otter river, 
 and not knowing where she was, called loudly for help ; 
 having a child with her, they sat down on a log to rest, and 
 being warm, she took ofF her bonnet ; hearing a crackling of 
 something coining towards her and thinking it must be a bear 
 or a wolf, she screamed, when her own dog barked in an- 
 swer : she always called that the most joyful moment of her 
 life ; when she got her child asleep she arose and told the 
 dog to go home. She forgot her bonnet and never found it 
 afterwards, or knew the place where the dog found her. Be- 
 fore the incorporation of the town they attended meeting in 
 Templeton ; at one time, the snow being deep, they put on 
 rackets and walked four miles to meeting, carrying a child to 
 be baptized. Mrs. Kneeland was a very enterprising wo- 
 man, as the following anecdote will show : One night after 
 her family had retired to rest she had ten yards to weave to 
 complete the web ; the cloth belonged to a lady in Temple- 
 ton, and being in want of the pay she labored through the 
 night and finished the web at the dawn of day. He m. 
 Maria Stone ; their ch. were : — 1. Maria, m. Josiah Nichols ; 
 whose ch. were: — Andrew, Sarah, David, Levi, Sabria and 
 Fanny. 2. Oliver, m. Betsy Baldwin ; whose ch. were : — 
 Israel, Lucy, Silas, Esther, Betsy, Levi, Abner and Edward. 
 3. John, m. Mary Johnson; whose ch. were : — Mary Cyn- 
 thia, Electa, Lucy, Bial, Arza, Eliza and John W. 4. Mi- 
 riam. 5. Asa, m. Hannah Cheney ; whose ch. were : — John, 
 Phyland, Hannah G., Dulcena, Asa, Maria, Abner, Leonard, 
 
 4^ 
 
38 
 
 FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 Sarah, Gardner and Averill. 6. Abner, m. Waity Orms- 
 bee ; whose ch were : — Waitstill, Sophronia and John S. 
 His second wife was Lucinda Mason ; whose ch were : — 
 Lucinda and Abner 0. His third wife was Mrs. Osburn. 
 His fourth wife was a lady from Boston. Abner Kneeland, 
 whose fame reached almost every country, was brought up 
 in the good old-fashioned ways of our ancestors. Being 
 naturally of a strong mind, he, with but little assistance, 
 gained a good education, and was employed in the capacity 
 of a school-teacher for some time. In 1802 he published a 
 spelling-book of 200 pages, entitled the "American Definition 
 Spelling Book." He was engaged as a merchant for a time, 
 but adhering to the principle of justice and honesty, depend- 
 ing upon prosperity for a living, the tide of fortune rolled 
 the wrong way, and he gave up the business for the carpen- 
 ter's trade; saying, the only way to be rich, is to be con- 
 tented with what you have ; thus making the beggar as rich 
 as the king could possibly be on his throne. In 1805 he 
 was ordained as a Baptist minister in Langdon, N. H., and 
 for several years was a member of that denomination. Af- 
 terwards he was a preacher of universal salvation for some 
 years. Subsequently he became a deist, and was for many 
 years the editor of the Boston Investigator. He d. in 1844, 
 ae. 70. 7. Lucy, m. Paul Stearns; whose ch. were: — 
 Timothy Kneeland, Lucy, Thomas, John Milton, (who is a 
 Counsellor and Attorney at law, in Williamsburg, N. Y.,) 
 Sarah, Benjamin Franklin, (a merchant in Felchville, Vt.,) 
 and George Washington, (twins,) (is a minister and physi- 
 cian in New Bedford, Mass.,) Paul W. and Honestus. 8. 
 Sarah, m. Mr. Phinney. 9. Edward, d. 10. Silas, m. 
 Martha Laws ; whose ch. were : — Lucy, Maria, Martha, Ira, 
 Joel, Nancy, Abel L. M., George W. S. and Mary. Mr. 
 Kneeland d. in 1818, ae. 81. 
 
FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 39 
 
 Kelton, Samuel, from Needham, was a farmer, residing 
 in the north part of the town, where his grandson, Charles 
 Kelton, now lives. He m. Mary Leeds ; their ch. were : — 
 1. Lemuel, m. Martha Angier ; whose ch. were: — Martha, 
 Abigail and Samuel. 2. Esther. 3. Enos, m. Dorothy- 
 Winchester ; whose ch. were : — Louisa, George, Selina, 
 Charles and Lucinda. 4. William. 5. Eliam, m. Sophia 
 Hosley; whose ch. were: — David and Nancy. Mary, m. 
 Stillman Holdeh. Mr. Kelton was 79 years of age. 
 
 Kendall, Abel, from Sterling, was a farmer, residing in 
 the east part of the town ; was a very active man and much 
 employed in town affairs. He staid in town but a few years. 
 The name of his wife is not on record : their ch. were : — 
 Abel, m. Betsy Childs ; whose ch. were : — Betsy, Mary, 
 Silas, d., Lucinda, Silas, Heman, d., Wilder, d., Ezra, He- 
 man Wilder and Lima Sawyer. 
 
 Kemp, John, from Groton, was a miller, in the south 
 part of the town. He m. Sarah Shattuck ; their ch. were : — 
 1. Jonathan, m. Fidelia Johnson. 2. Sarah, m. Amos Ray ; 
 whose ch. were : — Eliza Ann, Sarah Maria, Elvira and 
 Charles Hudson. His second wife was Hephzibah Garfield ; 
 they had one child, whose name was Lucy G. 3. Betsy, m. 
 Amos Gates ; whose ch. were : — Walter, George, Webster 
 and Adaline. 4. Amy, m. John Eaton ; whose ch. were : — 
 Thomas, Milley, Sarah, Nathaniel, James, Wendell, Simeon, 
 Jefferson, Francis and Charles. 5. John, m. Sylvia Sawin. 
 6. Olive, m. Almond Ray ; whose ch. were :— Malvina, Lucy 
 Ann, Harriet, Elmira and Jane. 7. Nancy, m. Benjamin 
 A. Gates ; whose ch. were : — Viola, Francis, Lucy, Mary, 
 Isaac, Newell, Alvin, Hiram, Eliza, Edward and Ellen. 8. 
 Lucy, m. David Kendall; whose ch. were : — Eliza, George, 
 
40 
 
 FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 Webster, Ellen, Josephine, Charles and Frank. Mr. Kemp 
 d. in 1853, ae. 82. 
 
 Leland, Simeon, (son of Simeon, and grand-son of Wil- 
 liam Leland,) from Sherburne, settled as a farmer, where 
 now resides Charles Green. He m. Rhoda Hill ; their ch. 
 were: — 1. Lynda. 2. Hollis, m. Betsy Graves ; whose ch. 
 were :— Charles H., Simeon, Ebenezer Franklin, Almon 
 Augustus, Aaron Sanford, Stephen Nelson, Eveline Eliza- 
 beth, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clinton and Alonzo Davis. 
 3. Btllarmine, m. Harriet Hill; whose ch. were: — Simeon, 
 David W., Ezra, Rhoda, Levi, Bellarmine, d., and Bellar- 
 mine. 4. Simon, m. in the Western country, and was noted 
 for trading with the Indians, who were very fond of whi ky, 
 and would often beg and plead for it ; at one time an Indian 
 plead so earnestly that Mr. Leland asked him if he would 
 have a finger cut off, whereupon he laid his hand upon a 
 block, willing to sacrifice it for whisky. Mr. L. did not ac- 
 cept his hand ; whether the Indian got his whisky or not, I 
 am unable to say. 5. Elbridge, m. Betsy Priest ; they had 
 one child whose name was Lucy R. His second wife was 
 Eliza Punchon ; whose ch. were : — H. N. Bolton, Edwin, 
 Amasa P., Mary Ann, John, Edward, Jane 0., Sarah E. 
 and Rachel E. 6. Rhoda, m. Silas Seaver ; whose ch. 
 were : — Martha, Lvnda, Mary, Amanda, Lucy, Samuel, San- 
 ford, Smyrna and Rhoda Ann. Mr. Leland d. in 1 823, ae. 64. 
 
 Lynde, William, from Maiden, became an inhabitant of 
 Gardner, and owned the valuable farm where his son, Wil- 
 liam S. Lynde, now resides. He was a valuable citizen. He 
 m. Mary Waite ; they had one child whose name was Wil- 
 liam Sargeant, who in. Christiana Comee ; their ch. were : — 
 
FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 41 
 
 Mary Malvina, James Porter,'" Charles, Cclia, Sarah Put- 
 nam and Leander Comee. His second wife was Mrs. Bol- 
 ton ; whose ch. were : — Octavia Ann and Harriet Melinda, 
 d. Mr. Lynde d. in 1841, ae. 76. 
 
 Learned, Samuel, from Cambridge, was a farmer and 
 blacksmith, residing in the east part of the town. He m. 
 Lydia Knapp ; their ch. were: — 1. William, m. Rebecca 
 Nichols ; whose ch. were : — William Howard, Lydia Knapp, 
 Walter Nichols, Rebecca Lynde, Emily Adaline, Francis 
 and Lucy Pierce. His second wife was Lois Davis ; they 
 had one child whose name was Myron. 2. Samuel, m. Abi- 
 gail Jaquith ; whose ch. were : — Samuel and John. His 
 second wife was Jerusha Haynes ; whose ch. were : — Turel 
 and Jerusha. His third wife was Sarah Joslin ; whose ch. 
 were : — William and Frank. His fourth wife was Mrs. 
 Eaton. 3. Lydia, in. Winslow Davis ; whose ch. were : — 
 Samuel, Mary L., Martha L., Silas, Porter, Charles and 
 Sarah A. 4. Anna. 5. John, m. Maria Miller ; whose ch. 
 were : — John, Susan, Abby, Alonzo and Lucy. His second 
 wife was Betsy Miller. 6 and 7. Mary and Martha, (twins ;) 
 Mary, m. Charles Green, whose ch. were : — Fanny, Mary, 
 Nathan, Charles Henry and Emma Augusta. Martha, m. 
 George M. Travers ; whose ch. were : — Martha Elizabeth 
 and Mary Frances. 8. Ebenezer Turel, m. Mary White ; 
 whose ch. were : — Sarah Matilda, Susan Tufts, Mary White, 
 Lydia Knapp, Anna Martha, Ellen Maria and Josephine 
 Dorr. Mr. Learned d. in 1847, ae. 77. 
 
 Matthews, John, from Holden, located as a farmer, where 
 his grandson, Joel Matthews, now resides. He was a soldier 
 
 *Now a practicing Physician in Athol. 
 
42 
 
 FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 in the Revolutionary war six months. He m. Patience 
 Graves ; their ch were : — 1. John, m. Mary Turner ; whose 
 ch. were : — Abel, Edward Turner, Betsy Knowlton and 
 Lucy. 2. Abel, m. Lucretia Wilder ; whose ch. were : — 
 Parney and Abel. 3. Patience. 4. Joel, m. Sarah Cool- 
 idge ; whose ch. were : — Phebe, Joel, James Coolidge, Betsy 
 Gould, Sarah, Lydia, Lewis Glazier, Hezekiah and Lucy 
 Glazier. 5. Priscilla, m. Luke Baker; whose ch. were: — 
 Joel, Asa, Richard and Abel. 6. Lydia, m. Joel Fisher. 
 7. Phebe. 8. Hezekiah, Mr. Matthews d. in 1817, ae. 82. 
 
 Martin, Jonathan, came from Lunenburg in the year 1793, 
 established himself as a farmer in the west part of the town ; 
 the place is now owned by Seth Whitney. He m. Susanna 
 Taylor; their ch. were : — 1. John. 2. David. 3. George, 
 m. Panny Brickley ; they had one child whose name was 
 Susanna. He d. of the small pox in Montreal. 4. Jonathan, 
 m. Lydia Dukley. 5. James, m. Lucy Travers; whose ch. 
 were : — David Taylor, Eliza Ann, Susan, James Loyd, John, 
 Edwin and Edward, (twins,) Elijah Travers, George, Jona- 
 than Walter.* His second wife was Mary Wadsworth ; 
 whose ch. were: — Lucy, Maria and Catharine. His third 
 wife was Mary Upton; whose ch. were: — Frederick, Mary 
 and Lucy. His family are all singers and teachers in music 
 and other branches of literature. 6. Susanna, m. Austin 
 Parker; whose ch. were: — Marion B., Frederick, Damaris, 
 and Norman. 7. Betsy, d. 8. Betsy, m. Elijah Travers ; 
 whose ch. were : — George Martin, Lydia Pierce, Charles 
 Sumner, Fidelia Waterman, Betsy Lane Lawrence, Sarah 
 Sergeant, Horace Parker, Elijah Clement and Otis Aureleas. 
 9. Lucy, m. Barton Geary; whose ch. were : — Sarah Eme- 
 
 * A practicing Physician in Worcester. 
 
FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 43 
 
 line, Stephen, Lucy Arminda, Martin Van Buren, Harris, 
 Lafayette and Elmina. Mr. Martin d. in 182G. 
 
 Merriam, Jonathan, from Westminster, was a farmer in 
 the north-east part of the town, where Asa Raymond now 
 resides. He m. Betsy Harris; whose ch. were: — Jacob 
 Harris, (was a minister, receiving his education at Bangor, 
 Maine ;) Nathan, Betsy Winchester, d., Sarah Harris, Samuel 
 Harris, Milton and Betsy. 
 
 Miles, Oliver, from Concord, was a cabinet-maker, living 
 where Mrs. Addison Gates now resides. He m. Sarah Jos- 
 lin ; their ch. were : — 1. Orinda, m. Andrew Mentser ; whose 
 ch. were : — Orinda, William and Andrew. 2. John Joslin, 
 m. Sarah Mosman ; whose ch. were : — Ezra and George. 
 3. Charles, m. Sophia Brown. 4. Walter, m. Miss Ingalls. 
 5. Luke, m. Mary Ann Conant ; whose ch. were: — Mary 
 Ann and Luke. 6. Cyrus, m. Ann Whitney. 7. Harriet, 
 m. Charles Crane. Mr. Miles removed from Gardner some 
 years since. 
 
 Miles, John, from Concord, is now living with his daugh- 
 ter, about a mile east of the center of the town ; was a far- 
 mer while he was able to labor. He m. Mary Mosman ; 
 their ch. were : — 1. Mary. 2. Louisa, m. John Dalrymple ; 
 whose ch. were : — John Miles, William, George Healy, Mary 
 Augusta, Laura Eliza, d., and Ellen Laura. 
 
 Nichols, David, from Reading ; was a farmer and black- 
 smith. He resided near South Gardner, on the place now 
 owned by Joseph Metcalf; was a valued citizen while he 
 lived, but died in the prime of life. He m. Rebecca Bur- 
 knap ; whose ch. were : — 1 . David, m. Rachel Howard ; whose 
 ch. were : — Lydia, David, Betsy, Isaac, Nathan, Rebecca, 
 
44 
 
 FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 Edmund, Amos, Elvira, Emily and Charles. 2. Kendall, 
 m. Deborah Partridge ; whose ch. were : — Amos, Aseph, 
 Joseph, Burlmap, Isaac and William ; the two last mentioned 
 were drowned while on an excursion of pleasure. 3. Re- 
 becca. 4. Mary. 5. Isaac, m. Nancy Dodge ; whose ch. 
 were : — Farwell, Nancy, Lucy and Lyman. 6. Asa, m. 
 Mary Derby ; whose ch. were : — Merrick, Burknap, Wash- 
 ington, Lucy and William. 7. Sarah. 8. Edmund, m. 
 Esther Jackson ; they had one child whose name was Frank- 
 lin. His second wife was Rhoda Forbush ; whose ch. were : — 
 Esther, Edmund, Martha and Amos. 9. John, m. Betsy 
 Stevens ; whose ch. were : — Eliza, Betsy, Charles Curtis, 
 John Loring, Thomas Otis, Abel Stevens, Mary and Mar- 
 tha, (twins,) and Franklin. Mr. Nichols d. at the age of 50. 
 
 Noyes, Adam, from Littleton, was a merchant in South 
 Gardner, and also kept a public house. He m. Mehitable 
 Tuttle ; whose ch. were : — Henry Warren, Thomas Russel, 
 Adam Simedor, Charles M. A., d., Maria Miriam and Charles 
 Addison. He moved from Gardner many years ago. 
 
 Osgood, Jonathan, from Westford, was the first minister 
 settled in Gardner ; (he is spoken of more particularly in 
 the ecclesiastical department.) He m. Orange Wardsworth; 
 their ch. were : — 1. Amelia Lewis Fenn. 2. Eliza Orange 
 Wardsworth, m. Joshua M. Whitcomb ; whose ch. were : — 
 Jonathan 0., Harriet E., Joshua M. and Charles W,* 3. 
 Jonathan Walter Dondolo, m. Eliza Barnard ; they had one 
 child whpse name was Walter B. His second wife was 
 Miss M. F. Stone; whose ch. were: — James S., Eliza F. 
 and Caroline P. He graduated at Dartmouth. College, was 
 
 * Is now a Physician in Barre. 
 
FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 45 
 
 a physician in Tcmpleton for many years, and is now resid- 
 ing in Greenfield. 4. Amanda Almira, m. Clement Jewett : 
 whose ch. were : — George, Mary and Sarah. 5. Harrison 
 Mortimer, m. Miss Leonard. Mr. Osgood d. in 1822, ae. Gl. 
 
 Payson, Joseph, from Framingham, was a farmer and 
 shoemaker, living in the east part of the town, where his 
 grandson, Joseph P. Howe, now resides. He m. Mary Hill ; 
 their ch. were: — 1. Mary. 2. Susanna. 3. Eleanor, m. 
 Uriah Clapp. His second wife was Azubah Wilder ; whose 
 ch. were : — Asahel, Daniel, Mary, d., Bellona and Lovell. 
 His second wife was Betsy Leach. His third wife was Mrs. 
 Hale. Mr. Payson d. in 1832, ae. 89. 
 
 Perley, Allen, from Ward, (now Auburn,) was a farmer, 
 living where his son, Dea. Asa Perley, now resides. He 
 m. Juda Case ; their ch. were : — 1. Susanna, m. Mr. Marsh : 
 whose ch were : — George, Daniel, Ebenezer, Presson and 
 Susan. 2. Allen, m. Anna Greenwood ; whose ch. were : — 
 Martha, Sylvia, and Elizabeth. 3. Sarah. 4. David, m. 
 Miriam Partridge ; whose ch. were : — Almira, Anna, Thu- 
 seba, Hannah Bigelow, David, Mary Ann, Adam and Hiram. 
 (twins,) d., Asa and Henry. 5. Anna, m. George W. 
 Davis ; whose ch. were : — Walter, George, Alonzo and 
 Betsy. His second wife was Betsy Conant ; whose ch. 
 were : — Lyman, Leander, Anna Perley, Maria, Lucy Ann. 
 Silas and Charles. His third wife was Miss Rich. 6. Asa, 
 m. Mary Kendall ; whose ch. were : — Mary Elmira, Asa 
 Proctor, Charles Addison, William Porter, George Allen. 
 James Munroe, Francis Walter, Theophilus Parsons, Lean- 
 der Alonzo, Lewis F. and Ellen Maria. 
 
 Partridge, Jabez, from Sherburne, located as a farmer in 
 
 5 
 
46 
 
 FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 the south part of the towD, where his grandson, Seneca 
 Partridge, now resides. He was one of the first inhabitants 
 of the town. He m. Anna Twichell ; their ch were: — 1. 
 Adam, d. 2. Deborah, m. Elisha Pierce ; whose ch. were : — 
 Nancy, Louisa, Elisha, Amos and Hannah. 3. Adam, m. 
 Mary Jackson ; whose ch. were : — Asa, Seneca, Oran, Caro- 
 line, Loenza, Adam, Mary and Louisa. 4. Hannah, m. Mr. 
 Bigelow ; whose ch. were : — Anna, Cynthia and Miriam. 5. 
 Cynthia, m. Luke Whitney ; whose ch. were : —Orison, Thu- 
 seba, d., Luke, Cynthia, Thuseba, William, Anna, Jerome, 
 Mary, Eliza and Asa. 6. Miriam. 7. Henry. 
 
 Partridge, Reuben, from Sherburne, was a farmer, living 
 in the south part of the town. He m. Mary Perry ; their 
 ch. were: — 1. Deborah. 2. Mary, m. Samuel Hill; whose 
 ch. were : — Amos, Moses, John, Nathaniel and William. 
 
 Pierce, John, was a farmer, living in the east part of the 
 town. He left Gardner many years since. The names of 
 their ch. were : — Nathan, Lucy, Peter, Abigail, John and 
 Susanna. 
 
 Priest, Joseph, from Winchendon, located as a farmer in 
 the west part of the town, where now resides Nahum Wal- 
 lace. He m. Patience Stiles ; their ch. were : — 1. Levi, m. 
 Hannah Woodbury; whose ch. were: — Joseph, Milo, Levi 
 Woodbury, Francis Dana and Nancy. His second wife was 
 Prudence Hyde. 2. Joseph. 3. Lucy. 4. Jacob, m. Mary 
 Clark ; whose ch. were : — Joseph, Willard, Mary, Martha, 
 Betsy, Lucy, Eliza and Harriet. 5. Betsy. 6. Caleb, m. 
 Louisa Gage; whose ch. were: — Lorenzo S., Caleb A., 
 Julius W., George B., Calvin Monroe, Francis 0. and Nancy 
 L. Mr. Priest d. in 1814, ae. 60. 
 
FAMILY HISTORY 
 
 47 
 
 Penniman, Ezra, from Braintree, was a farmer, in the 
 west part of the town, where Heman Ray now resides. He 
 m. Lovisa Eager; their ch. were: — 1. Lovisa, m. Uriah 
 Merritt. 2. Abigail, m. Isaiah Howe ; whose ch. were : — 
 Sylvester, Almira and Franklin. 3. Benjamin. 4. Sarah, 
 m. Jesse Hill ; whose ch. were : — Joseph Milton, Sarah, 
 Edwin, Calvin and Eliza. Her second husband was Benja- 
 min Wood; whose ch. were: — Betsy, Amanda, Lowell, 
 Oliver, Greorge Franklin and Mary Ann. 5. Mary, m. Mr. 
 Chevers. 6. Betsy, d. 7. Susan, m. I. Sumner Merritt; 
 whose ch. were : — Simeon and Ezra. 8. Tabitha, m. Gran- 
 ville Williams. Her second husband was Mr. Bacon. Mr. 
 Penniman d. in 1823. 
 
 Putnam, John, from Dan vers, was a farmer, in the east 
 part of the town. He m. Anna Penniman ; their ch. were : — 
 1. John. 2. Amasa, m. Mary Temple ; whose ch. were : — 
 Amasa, Mary Temple, Lucy, Martha Barker, Nancy, Sarah 
 W. and Betsy Heywood. 3. Nancy, m. Joseph Whitney; 
 whose ch. were : — Ivers, Eliza and Caroline. 4. Elijah, m. 
 M. Elmira Bancroft ; whose ch. were : — Mary E., Viola and 
 William. 5. William, m. Mary Ann Flood; whose ch. 
 were : — Mary Ann, Emeline, Louisa, William Elijah, Lucy 
 Adalaide, James Amasa and Ivers John. Mr. Putnam's age 
 was 77. 
 
 Pratt, Aaron, resided in the south-east part of the town. 
 
 He m. Befesy ; their ch. were : — 1. Aaron. 2. Betsy. 
 
 3. Mercy. 4. John. 5. Lovisa. 6. Susanna. 7. Wil- 
 liam, m. Sarah Matthews ; whose ch. were : — Aaron, Otis, 
 Sarah, Joel, William, Walter and Eliza. 8. llussel, m. Ann 
 Wheeler ; whose ch. were : — John, Henry and Charles. Mr. 
 Pratt d. in 1812. 
 
48 
 
 FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 Richardson, Jonas, from Worcester, located in the north- 
 east part of the town, where Stillman Holden now resides ; 
 he was a shoe-maker, and like other people of that occupa- 
 tion in those days, would take his tools and go about from 
 house to house making up shoes for the year. He m. Mary 
 Bailey; their ch. were: — 1. Azubah, m. Benjamin Pierce; 
 whose ch. were : — Benjamin and Azubah. 2. Abel, in. 
 Sarah Lincoln. His second wife was Mrs. Whitcomb. 3. 
 Mary, m. Benjamin Hill; they had one child whose name 
 was John. 4. Betsy, m. Jonathan Currier ; whose ch. 
 were : — Mary, Hannah, Betsy, Nathan and Almira. 5. 
 Persis. 6. Hattie, m. Daniel Currier ; whose ch. were: — 
 Joseph and Benjamin, (twins,) and Lucinda. Her second 
 husband was Robinson Howe ; whose ch. were : — Huldah, 
 Catharine, Sophia and Mary. 7. Jonas, m. Abigail Currier ; 
 whose ch. were: — Mary Jane, Charles and Abel. 8. Asa, 
 m. Elizabeth Glazier ; whose ch. were : — Lydia, Elizabeth, 
 d., Francis, Lucy, Jonas, Persis, d., and Isaac. 9. Nathan, 
 m. Sophia Boutelle ; whose ch. were : — Thomas B., Louisa 
 B., Charles, LoenzaB., Henry H., Jonas Bailey and Sarah 
 Sophia. His second wife was Lydia Woodbury ; they had 
 one child whose name was Levi, m. Lovisa Pratt ; whose 
 ch. were : — Lydia Elizabeth, Mason and Jason, (twins.) Mr. 
 Richardson d. in 1815, ae. 72. 
 
 Reed, David, from Stowe, was a farmer in the south-east 
 part of the town ; he had a house burnt many years ago ; 
 being frightened, he carried out a tub of sap that was sup- 
 posed to have been sufficient to have extinguished it, had 
 he applied it to that purpose. He m. Naomi Wright ; their 
 ch. were: — 1. Abram. 2. Asa, d. 3. David, m. Mary 
 Smith; whose ch. were: — David, d., Allen, d., David, Joel 
 and Mary Naomi. 4. Asa, m. Rhoda Brooks ; whose ch. 
 
FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 49 
 
 were : — Mary Ann, Rhoda Elizabeth and David Washburn. 
 Mr. Reed d. in 1820, ae. 66. 
 
 Saunders, Samuel, from Ashby, was a farmer, living in 
 the south-east part of the town, where his grand-son, Frank- 
 lin Saunders, now resides. He m. Lydia Boynton ; their 
 ch. were : — 1 . Lydia and Sarah, (twins,) Lyclia, m. Phile- 
 mon Stacy ; whose ch. were : — John, Philemon, and Joseph. 
 Her second husband was William Fortiner. Sarah, m. 
 Whitman Austin. 3. Abigail, m. Jonas Shepherd. 4. Pa- 
 tience, m. Oliver Clark. 5. Ruth, m. Isaac Holbrook. 6. 
 Lucy, m. Asa Fairbanks. 7. Samuel, m. Rachel Turner ; 
 whose ch. were : — Rachel, John, Joseph and Samuel. 8. 
 Moses, in. Sarah Underwood; whose ch. were: — Betsy, d., 
 Cynthia, d., Amos Underwood, d., Willard, Maria, Frank- 
 lin, Eunice, Amos, Isaac, Jacob Wright and Joseph Lee. 
 9 Jonas, m. Hannah Trask. 10. Aaron, m. Sarah Gragg. 
 11. Abram, m. Betsy Trask. 
 
 Stone, Samuel, from Grroton, purchased a lot of wild land 
 in the north part of the town ; the same that is now the town 
 farm ; he cleared the land and erected buildings thereon ; 
 he was a very substantial man, and a great help in building 
 up the town. He m. Martha Wilder; their ch. were: — 1. 
 Eunice, m. Israel Stone ; whose ch. were : — Simon, Ausbon, 
 Nelson and Mary. 2. Samuel, m. Susan Haynes ; whose 
 ^ch. were : — Martha, Reuben, Susan, Joseph, Willis and 
 Betsy. 3. Joseph, m. Miss Stiles; whose ch were: — -Har- 
 vey and Hezekiah. 4. Josiah, m. Eunice Haynes ; whose 
 ch. were : — Mary, Eunice, Susan, Martha and Ezra. 5. 
 Martha. 6 and 7. Benjamin and Oliver, (twins ;) Benja- 
 min, in. Lucy Wheeler; whose ch. were : — Leonard, d., Ai, 
 Calvin, Albert, Leonard, Samson, Lucy and Judson. His 
 
 5* 
 
50 
 
 FAMILY niSTOEY. 
 
 second wife was Susannah Rolph. Oliver, m. Miss Bradley ; 
 whose ch. were : — Mary, Miranda and Betsy. 8. Mary, m. 
 Jonas Patch ; they had one child whose name was Mary. 9. 
 Abram, m. Abigail Barrel ; whose ch. were : — Abigail, 
 Lydia, Mary, Abram and Fanny. 10. Diedamia, m. Joel 
 Walker ; whose ch. were : — Miriam, Emily, Bellona, Louisa, 
 Lucy, Raymond, Alvah, Martha and Charles. 11. Miriam. 
 Mr. Stone d. in 1831, ae. 80. 
 
 • 
 
 Stone, Simon, from Templeton, was a farmer, and had a 
 saw-mill where Ai Stone now resides. He m. Rhoda Stone ; 
 whose ch. were : — Rhoda and Simon. His second wife was 
 Miss Boynton ; they had one child whose name was Joseph 
 Whitemore. His third wife was Keziah Kendall. Mr. 
 Stone moved from Gardner many years since. 
 
 Sawyer, Jude, from Lancaster, bought a place in the south 
 part of the town, now occupied by Ezekiel Grates ; was a 
 farmer and blacksmith, and was noted for making steel traps ; 
 he made one after he was ninety years of age. He m. Phebe 
 Keyes. Mr. Sawyer d. in 1843, ae. 93. 
 
 Simonds, Elijah, from Shirley, was a farmer, living in the 
 
 south part of the town. He m. Abigail ; their ch. 
 
 were : — 1. Elizabeth, d. 2. Elijah, d. 3. Elijah, m. Persis 
 Richardson ; whose ch. were : — Mary, Asa and Sumner 
 Jackson. 4. Jonathan. 5. Ezekiel. 6. David. 7. Abi- 
 gail, d. 8. Asa. 9. Abigail. 10. Lucy. 
 
 Simonds, Joseph, from Boston, was a soldier in the Revo- 
 lutionary war, and noted for his bravery and faithfulness ; 
 the sentinel's post being dangerous, but few were willing to 
 occupy that place : Mr. Simonds was a volunteer in that 
 department for the sake of the compensation ; he used to 
 
FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 51 
 
 tell a story of its being so dark one night that he " couldn't 
 hold up his hand;" meaning that he could not see it were it 
 before him. He m. Miriam Pratt. 
 
 Sawin, Benjamin, from Westminster, was a farmer, resid- 
 ing about a mile south of the centre of the town ; the place 
 is now owned by G. F. Parish. He m. Lucy Laws ; whose 
 ch. were : — Lucy and Benjamin. 
 
 Seaver, Ethan, from Westminster, was a farmer, in the 
 
 east part of the town. He m. Lydia ; their ch. were : — 
 
 1. Luther, m. Eunice Holden ; whose ch. were: — Sarah 
 Holden, Luther, Mary Bancroft and John Holden. 2. 
 Lydia, m. Mr. Bancroft. 3. Aaron, m. Louisa Fairbanks ; 
 whose ch. were : — Abigail, Fanny, Joseph and Lucy. Mr. 
 Seaver d. in 1823, ae. 58. 
 
 Scollay, James, from Ashburnham, was a farmer, in the 
 east part of the town, where John Brinkman now resides. 
 He m. Dolly Corey ; their ch. were: — 1. Dolly, m. Amasa 
 Whitney ; whose ch. were : — Charles and James. 2. Sarah, 
 m. David Parker, M. D., his first wife was Eliza Sawin; 
 whose ch. were: — Lucy, Eliza, d., and Horace Fletcher. 
 His second wife was Sarah Scollay ; they had one child 
 whose name was Eliza. 3. James, m. Lucy M. Young; 
 whose ch. were : — George and Lucy Maria. 4. Charles, m. 
 Elizabeth A. Garfield. 5. Lucy, m. Alfred H. Brick ; whose 
 ch. were : — Francis, Eliza, d., and Harriet Shattuck. His 
 second wife was Martha C. Mahoney ; whose ch. were : — 
 George A., Henry H., Charles E. and Helen M. 6. Ezra. 
 Mr. Scollay d. in 1852. ae. 69. 
 
 Temple, Ephraim, from Shrewsbury, was a farmer, resid- 
 
52 
 
 FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 ing on the place now occupied by his grand-son, Seth H. 
 Temple. He m. Elizabeth, dau. of Jacob Hinds, of Shrews- 
 bury. His second wife was Mary Farrar ; their ch. were : — 
 1. Francis, was drowned on his way home from Maine, in 
 consequence of a storm, and was cast away on the shore of 
 the town of Rye. 2. Isaac, m. Elizabeth Houghton. 3. 
 Ephraim, m. Sybil Ray ; whose ch. were ; — Mary, Nancy, 
 Asa, d., andPhebe. At the age of sixteen, he enlisted as 
 a soldier in the army, and was on duty most of the time dur- 
 ing the Ptevolutionary war ; he was taken prisoner by the 
 enemy and carried to New York ; after much suffering, was 
 redeemed by way of exchange. After the war was over he 
 spent the remainder of his days in Gardner, as a farmer, 
 residing where his daughter, Mrs. Holden, now lives. He 
 received a pension for many years, and d. in 1840, ae. 80. 
 4. Ezra, it is supposed that he died in the army. 5. Ahio, 
 m. Elizabeth Heywood ; whose ch. were : — Martha, Betsy, 
 Francis, d., Mary, Ahio, d., Asa, Seth Heywood and Lucy, 
 d. He cleared the land and brought it to cultivation, where 
 his son, Seth II . Temple, now lives ; he possessed an enter- 
 prising spirit, was useful and instrumental in building up 
 the town. He d. in 1834, ae. 70. 6. Loammi. Mr. Tem- 
 ple d. in West Boylston, in 1789, ae.. 62. 
 
 Wheeler, Josiah, from Westminster, was a farmer, in the 
 east part of the town ; was one of the first thirty of the early 
 settlers ; he was engaged in the French war a short time. 
 This place is now occupied by Asa Smith. He m. Lucy 
 Graves; their ch. were: — 1. Priscilla, d. 2. Lucy, m. 
 Jonathan Whitney. 3. Abigail. 4. Dolly. 5. Patience, 
 d. 6. Richard. 7. Josiah. 8. Betsy. 9. Levi, d. 10. 
 Reuben, m. Betsy Nichols ; whose ch. were : — David, Cal- 
 
FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 53 
 
 vin, Josiah Mason, Reuben, Elvira and Charles Addison. Mr. 
 Wheeler d. in 1823. 
 
 Wood, Elijah, was a farmer, in the south-west part of the 
 
 town. He m. Isabella ; whose ch. were : — Isabella, 
 
 Elijah Bixby, Susanna, Eunice, Abel, Dolly and Timothy. 
 Nothing more could be ascertained with regard to Mr. Wood 
 or his family. 
 
 White, John, from Lexington, was a farmer, in the east 
 part of the town, and settled on the place now owned by 
 John Brinkman. He m. Ruth Holden ; their ch. were : — 
 1. Betsy. 2. Abigail, d. 3. John, m. Persis Cowee ; 
 whose ch. were : — John, Louisa, Horatio Nelson, Abner 
 and Leander. 4. Mary, m. John Parker ; whose ch. were : — 
 Lucy, d., Adaline, d., Oscar Alonzo, Frederick, Mary, Lucy 
 White and Abner White. 5. Augustine. 6. Abner. 7. 
 Rebecca. 8. Lucy. 9. Abigail. Mr. White d. in 1806, 
 ae. 5.9. 
 
 Wilder, Josiah, from Sterling, was a farmer, in the north 
 part of the town, where Eliam Kelton now resides. He m. 
 Hezediah Larkin ; their ch. were : — 1. Azubah. 2. Katie, 
 m. Abel Burpy ; whose ch. were : — Samuel Stillman, Mary 
 Ann, Catharine Wilder, Sophia, Relief and James. His 
 second wife was Joanna Baker ; whose ch. were : — 1. Heze- 
 diah. 2. Josiah, m. Mary Wheeler; whose ch. were: — 
 Betsy, Mary, Clarissa and Josiah. 3. David. 4. Isaac, 
 m. Percia Jones ; whose ch. were : — Homar, Isaac, Asa, 
 Mary, Abel and David. 5. Joanna. Mr. Wilder d. in 
 1826, ae. 76. 
 
 Wheeler, Joel, from Concord, located as a farmer in the 
 north part of the town ; the place is now owned by his 
 
54 
 
 FAMILY HISTORY. 
 
 grand-son, Francis L. Wheeler ; lie built a grist and saw-mill 
 near where John Cowee's mill now stands. He m. Dorcas 
 Stearns; their ch. were: — 1. Timothy, m. Mary Stearns; 
 whose ch. were: — Stephen and Timothy. 2. Mary. 3. 
 Lucy. 4. Joel, m. Martha Kelton ; whose ch. were : — Ho- 
 ratio Perkins, Francis Lincoln, Edwin Jewett and Lucretia 
 Ann. His second wife was Lydia Emerson ; whose ch. 
 were: — Betsy Emeline, Lucy L., d., and Mary L., d. 5. 
 Betsy, m. Edward Lowd. Mr. Wheeler d. in 1807, ae. 58. 
 
 Whitcomb, Jonathan P., was a farmer, in the east part 
 
 of the town. He m. Tamar ; their ch. were: — 1. 
 
 Jonathan, m. Eunice ; whose ch. were: — David, d., 
 
 Eunice, David, Isaac, Mary and Thomas. 2. Annis. 3. 
 Lucinda. 4. Sullivan. 5. Abram. Mr. Whitcomb left 
 town many years since and little is known to us with regard 
 to his family. 
 
 Wilder, Elijah, was a farmer, living in the west part of 
 the town. He m. Azubah Larkin ; whose ch. were : — Mary, 
 Asawell, Persis, Phenice and Eri. The remainder of their 
 history is unknown to us. 
 
 Whitney, Joshua, from Harvard, was a farmer, in the 
 south part of the town, where his son, Joseph Whitney, now 
 resides : he was engaged in the Revolutionary war three 
 years. He m. Vashti Knight ; their ch. were : — 1 . Oliver, m. 
 Rebecca Nichols ; whose ch. were : — Joanna, Joshua, Ben- 
 jamin, Sarah, Asa, Fidelia., William and Filetus. 2. Dor- 
 cas, m. Edmund Nichols ; whose ch. were : — Joel and Betsy. 
 3. Dolly. 4. Joseph, m. Nancy Sawin ; whose ch. were : — 
 Joshua Avery, Fidelia, Asaph Blakely, Mary Jane, d., Ma- 
 rietta, Nancy Jane, Abigail, Joseph Lincoln, Harriet Newell, 
 
FAMILY HISTORY. r~ 
 
 Mary Sawyer, Frederick and Harvey. 5. Dolly, m. Asa 
 Holden ; whose ch. were : — Eliza, Salome, George and Cal- 
 vin. 6. Joshua, d. 7. John, m. Rachel Osgood ; whose 
 ch. were : — Elvira, Harrison, Martha, Charles, Dexter and 
 Jane. 8. Joel, d. 9. Silas, d. 10. Ebenezer. d. 11. 
 Silas. 12. Mary, m. John Sawyer ; whose ch. were : — An- 
 nis M., Silas and Mary A. Mr. Whitney d. in 1812, ae. 58. 
 
 Wood, Jonathan, was a farmer, in the south-west part of 
 the town, where J. P. Allen now resides. He m. Anna 
 
 ; their ch. were: — 1. Jonathan, m. Betsy Bancroft; 
 
 whose ch. were : — Mary Bancroft, Betsy, Almon and Smyrna. 
 His second wife was Sarah Perley ; whose ch. were : — Sarah 
 Case and Nelson Perley. His third wife was Mrs. Morse. 
 
 2. Catharine. His second wife was Lois ; whose ch. 
 
 were : — Benjamin, Windsor and Oliver. Mr. Wood d. in 
 1818. 
 
 Wright, Joseph, from Sterling, was a farmer, in the south 
 part of the town, where G-eorge W. Cowee now resides. He 
 m. Rebecca Nichols; their ch. were: — 1. Rebecca. 2. 
 Joseph, m. Nancy Eaton ; they had one child whose name 
 was Charles Addison. 3. Nathaniel, m. Susan Edgell ; 
 whose ch. were: — Susan, Marcus, Thomas, Francis and 
 Martha. 4. Lucy. 5. Ephraim, m. Cyrena Wood ; they 
 had one child whose name was William Wood, d. His 
 second wife was Sarah W. Bancroft. His third wife was 
 Eliza Brick ; their ch. were: — William Wood, Edwin, d, 
 Eliza, d., Edwin, Charles, Henry and Anna Eliza. 6. Martha, 
 m. Levi Heywood ; whose ch. were : — Calvin, Mary Whit- 
 ney, Charles, Solon and Helen. 7. Louisa, m. Hiram Clark ; 
 whose ch. were : — Harrison Otis, Joseph Wright, George 
 
o6 
 
 FAMILY HISTORY 
 
 Damon, Cyrus Porter, Eliza M., Louisa A., James F., Mary, 
 Martha, Frederick and Charles. 8. Edward, m. Catharine 
 Conant. 9. David, m. Elizabeth Gay; whose ch. were: — 
 Catharine Augusta and Ellen Elizabeth. 10. Mary, m. 
 Abijah M. Severy.* 11. Emily, m. Seth Heywood ; whose 
 ch. were : — Henry, George, Frances and Mary. Mr. Wright 
 d. in 1824, ae. 64. 
 
 * By industry and integrity Mr. Severy acquired a handsome property, a 
 part of which he bequeathed in the following- manner: $3,000 to be placed in 
 ths hands of Trustees, the income of which is to be paid for the support and 
 maintenance of the Gospel in connection with the Baptist Church and Society. 
 Also, $1,000, the income of which is to be paid for the encouragement of Sacred 
 Music in said Church and Society. He left $1,000, the income to be paid for 
 the support of a School in the south village ; also, he gave in Cash to the So- 
 cial Library Association of said village, $100 ; and left $500, the income to 
 be paid to said Library Association. 
 
 By Iiis benevolence he has caused the inhabitants of the village in which he 
 resided, to cherish his memory with gratitude. Mr. Severy d. in 1842, ae. 34. 
 
 
TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 The first warrant for a town meeting in Gard- 
 ner, was issued by Nicholas Dyke, Esq., of West- 
 minster, directed to Peter Goodale, of Gardner, 
 ordering him to warn all the male inhabitants of 
 Gardner, qualified by law to vote in town affairs, 
 to meet at the house of John Glazier, on Mon- 
 day, the 15th of August, 1785, for the purpose of 
 choosing all town officers, as the law directs, for 
 annual March meetings. 
 
 The meeting was opened by Nicholas Dyke. 
 Esq. 
 
 At a town meeting held September, 1785, 
 
 Voted, that it is the opinion of the Town, that 
 the county road leading from Royalston to West- 
 minster, ought to go through the center of Gard- 
 ner. 
 
 Voted, to build a meeting-house 60 feet in 
 
 length, and 45 in width, with two porches. Chose 
 
 a Committee to select a building spot for the 
 
 same. 
 
 6 
 
5$ TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 Voted, and chose Samuel Kelton, Joseph 
 Bacon, John White, Moses Hill, Committee, to 
 draw a plan of the house ; also, to see what stock 
 is needed for the same. 
 
 Voted, and chose Elisha Jackson, Samuel Kel- 
 ton, Simon Gates, Committee, to hire preaching. 
 
 Voted, to hire four Sabbaths ; also, that the 
 Town allow accounts, and that the Town Clerk 
 provide books for keeping the records. 
 
 Voted, that the Selectmen take a deed of Seth 
 Heywood for four acres of land for the common, 
 and give him security for the same in behalf of 
 the Town. The price of the land is $100. 
 
 Voted, to lay out the road two rods wide. Also, 
 that the annual meeting be held on the first 
 Monday in March. 
 
 Voted, to let out the framing and finishing the 
 outside of the meeting-house. Joseph Bacon 
 took the job with the addition of laying the floor, 
 making the doors and windows, — also, painting 
 the house, the Town furnishing the materials, — 
 for $575. The remainder of the work was let 
 out in small jobs to different individuals. 
 
 About this time the people of Massachusetts 
 were in much distress on account of the scarcity 
 of money, and many, perhaps not without some 
 
TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 59 
 
 reason, supposed the trouble arose from the mal- 
 administration of the affairs of government. 
 
 The discontented portion of the people were 
 called insurgents, and were led by a Mr. Shays ; 
 hence the name of " Shays' rebellion." To show 
 the energy of the first settlers of this town, when 
 they undertook to accomplish an object, the fol- 
 lowing extract of a town meeting, held Septem- 
 ber 25th, 1786, is inserted. 
 
 It appears that a convention of reformers was 
 to be holden at Paxton. 
 
 Voted, to send a delegate to the convention at 
 Paxton. Made choice of Capt. Samuel Kelton. 
 
 Voted, to choose a Committee of three to give 
 directions to the delegate chosen. 
 
 Chose William Bickford, David Foster, Elijah 
 Wilder, Committee. 
 
 Voted, to adjourn this meeting for two hours, 
 then to meet at this place. Met agreeable to 
 the adjournment. The Committee make their 
 Report as follows : 
 
 Whereas, the difficulties and tumults that are 
 rising by reason of the scarcity of money, and 
 large salaries to support government, and high 
 fees of officers at large : 
 
 We desire that you will use your influence 
 
60 
 
 TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 that the salaries may be taken down, and sala- 
 ries given that may be handsome for their sup- 
 port, and not so burdensome to the people at 
 large ; and that the lawyers and inferior Courts 
 may be annihilated, and also that the General 
 Court might not make any grants of State lands 
 to any person except it is to pay State charges ; 
 also, that the General Court may be removed 
 out of Boston into some Country town. 
 
 To Captain Samuel Kelton, chosen to sit in Convention. 
 
 WILLIAM BICKFORD, ) 
 
 DAVID FOSTER, } Committee. 
 
 ELIJAH WILDER, ) 
 
 Gardner, Sept. 25th, 1786. 
 
 Voted, to accept of the Report of this Com- 
 mittee. 
 
 It may be interesting here to insert an extract 
 from Lincoln's History of Worcester, giving an 
 account of the Insurrection in Massachusetts. 
 
 " The struggles of the Revolution were hardly terminated, 
 ere disturbances arose among the people, which, in their 
 progress, brought the Commonwealth to the very verge of 
 ruin. 
 
 Could the existence of insurrection and rebellion be ef- 
 faced from memory, it would be wanton outrage to recall 
 from oblivion the tale of misfortune and dishonor. But 
 
TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 61 
 
 those events cannot be forgotten : they have floated down 
 in tradition : they are recounted by the winter fire-side, in 
 the homes of New England : they are inscribed on roll and 
 record in the archives and annals of the State. History, 
 the mirror of the past, reflects, with painful fidelity, the , 
 dark as well as the bright objects from departed years ; and 
 although we may wish to contemplate only the glowing pic- 
 ture of patriotism and prosperity, the gloomy image of civil 
 commotion is still full in our sight, shadowing the back- 
 ground with its solemn admonition. 
 
 The investigation of the causes of the unhappy tumults 
 of 1786, does not belong to the narrative of their local ef- 
 fects on one of the principal scenes of action. But it would 
 be great injustice to omit the statement, that circumstances 
 existed, which palliate, though they do not justify the con- 
 duct of those who took up arms against the government of 
 their own establishment. After eight years of war, Massa- 
 chusetts stood, with the splendor of triumph, in republican 
 poverty, bankrupt in resources, with no revenue but of an 
 expiring currency, and no metal in her treasury more pre- 
 cious than the continental copper, bearing the devices of 
 union and freedom. The country had been drained by taxa- 
 tion for the support of the army of Independence, to the 
 utmost limit of its means ; public credit was extinct, man- 
 ners had become relaxed, trade decayed, manufactures lan- 
 guishing, paper money depreciated to worthlessness, claims 
 on the nation accumulated by the commutation of the pay 
 of officers for securities, with a heavy and increasing pres- 
 sure of debt resting on Commonwealth, corporations and 
 citizens. The first reviving efforts of commerce overstocked 
 the markets with foreign luxuries and superfluities, sold to 
 those who trusted to the future to supply the ability of pay- 
 
 6* 
 
Q2 TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 merit. The temporary act of 1782, making property a ten- 
 der in discharge of pecuniary contracts, instead of the de- 
 signed remedial effect, enhanced the evils of general insol- 
 vency, by postponing collections. The outlandish demands 
 of the royalist refugees, who had been driven from large 
 estates and extensive business, enforced with no lenient for- 
 bearance, came in to increase the embarrassments of the 
 deferred pay day. At length, a flood of suits broke out. 
 In 1784, more than 2000 actions were entered in the County 
 of Worcester, then having a population less than 50,000, 
 and in 1785, about 1,700. Lands and goods were seized 
 and sacrificed on sale, when the general difficulties drove 
 away purchasers. Amid the universal distress, artful and 
 designing persons discerned prospect for advancement, and 
 fomented the discontent by inflammatory publications and 
 seditious appeals to every excitable passion and prejudice. 
 The Constitution was misrepresented as defective, the ad- 
 ministration as corrupt, the laws as unequal and unjust. 
 The celebrated papers of Honestus, directed jealousy to- 
 wards the judicial tribunals, and thundered anathemas against 
 the lawyers, unfortunately for them, the immediate agents 
 and ministers of creditors. Driven to despair by the actual 
 evil of enormous debt, and irritated to madness by the in- 
 creasing clamor about supposed grievances, it is scarcely 
 surprising that a suffering and deluded people should have 
 attempted relief, without considering that the misery they 
 endured, was the necessary result from the confusion of 
 years of warfare* 
 
 * Could we roll back the tide of time, till its retiring wave left bare the 
 rocks on which the Commonwealth was so nearly wrecked, it is not improba- 
 ble we should discover, that a loftier and more dangerous ambition, and wider, 
 deeper and more unhallowed purposes urged on and sustained the men who 
 were pushed into the front rank of rebellion, than came from the limited ca- 
 
TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 63 
 
 Before the close of the revolutionary contest, whose pres- 
 sure had united all by the tie of common danger, indica- 
 tions of discontent had been manifested. The acts of the 
 Legislature had excited temporary and local uneasiness in 
 former years, as the operation of laws conflicted with the 
 views of expediency or interest entertained by the village 
 politicians. But in 1782, complaints arose of grievances, 
 springing from the policy and administration of government, 
 of more genial character. On the 14th of April, of that 
 year, the delegates of twenty-six towns of the county as- 
 sembled in convention, and attributing the prevailing dis- 
 satisfaction of the people to want of confidence in the dis- 
 bursement of the great sums of money annually assessed, 
 recommended instructions to the representatives to require 
 immediate settlement with all public officers entrusted with 
 the funds of the Commonwealth ; and if the adjustment 
 was delayed or refused, to withdraw from the General Court, 
 and return to their constituents : to reduce the compensa- 
 tion of the members of the House, and the fees of lawyers; 
 to procure sessions of the Court of Probate in different 
 places in the county; the revival of confessions of debt; 
 enlargement of the jurisdiction of justices of the peace to 
 £20 — contribution to the support of the continental army in 
 specific articles instead of money : and the settlement of 
 accounts between the Commonwealth and Congress. At an 
 adjourned session, May 14th, they further recommended, 
 
 pacity of their own minds. We might find that the accredited leaders of 
 1786, were only humble instruments of stronger spirits, waiting in conceal- 
 ment, the results of the tempest they had roused. Fortunately, the energy 
 of government, gave to rising revolution the harmless character of crushed 
 insurrection, saved to after years the inquiry for the catalines of the young 
 republic, and left to us the happy privilege of receiving the coin, impressed 
 with the mark of patriotism, at its stamped value, without testing its defi- 
 ciency of weight, or assaying the metal to determine the mixture of alloy. 
 
64 
 
 TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 that account of the public expenditures should be annu- 
 ally rendered to the towns ; the removal of the General 
 Court from Boston ; separation of the business of the Com- 
 mon Pleas and Sessions, and inquiry into the grants of lands 
 in Maine, in favor of Alexander Shepherd and others. 
 
 The first open act of insurrection, followed close upon 
 the adjournment of the convention held at Leicester, in Au- 
 gust. Although warning of danger had been given, con- 
 fiding m the loyalty of the people, their love of order, and 
 respect for the laws, the officers of government had made 
 no preparations to support the Court to be held in Worcester, 
 in September, 1786. On Monday night of the first week 
 in that month, a body of eighty armed men, under Captain 
 Adam Wheeler, of Hubbardston, entered the town and took 
 possession of the Court House. Early the next morning 
 their numbers were augmented to nearly one hundred, and 
 as many more collected without fire-arms. The Judges of 
 the Common Pleas had assembled at the house of the Hon. 
 Joseph Allen. At the usual hour, with the Justices of the 
 Sessions, and the members of the bar, attended by the clerk 
 and sheriff, they moved towards the Court House. Chief 
 Justice Artemas Ward, a General of the Revolution, united 
 intrepid firmness with prudent moderation. His resolute 
 and manly bearing on that day of difficulty and embarrass- 
 ment, sustained the dignity of the office he bore, and com- 
 manded the respect even of his opponents. On him de- 
 volved the responsibility of an occasion affecting deeply the 
 future peace of the community, and it was supported well 
 and ably. 
 
 On the verge of the crowd thronging the hill, a sentinel 
 was pacing on his round, who challenged the procession as 
 it approached his post. Gen. Ward sternly ordered the 
 
TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 65 
 
 soldier, formerly a subaltern of his own particular regiment, 
 to recover his levelled musket. The man, awed by the voice 
 he had been accustomed to obey, instantly complied, and 
 presented his piece, in military salute, to his old commander. 
 The Court, having received the honors of war, from him 
 who was planted to oppose their advance, went on. The 
 multitude receding to the right and left, made way in sullen 
 silence, till the judicial officers reached the Court House. 
 On the steps was stationed a file of men with fixed bayonets : 
 on the front, stood Capt. Wheeler with his drawn sword. 
 The crier was directed to open the doors, and permitted to 
 throw them back displaying a party of infantry with their 
 guns levelled as if ready to fire. Judge Ward then ad- 
 vanced and the bayonets were turned against his breast. He 
 demanded repeatedly, who commanded the people there; 
 by what authority, and for what purpose they had met in 
 hostile array. Wheeler at length replied ; after disclaiming 
 the rank of leader, he stated, that he had come to relieve 
 the distresses of the country, by preventing the sittings of 
 eourts until they could obtain redress of grievances. The 
 Chief Justice answered that he would satisfy them their com- 
 plaints were without just foundation. He was told by Capt. 
 Smith of Barre, that any communication he had to make 
 must be reduced to writing. Judge Ward indignantly re- 
 fused to do this : he said he " did not value their bayonets, 
 they might plunge them to his heart ; but while that heart 
 beat he would do his duty : when opposed to it, his life was 
 of little consequence : if they would take away their bayo- 
 nets and give him some position where he could be heard 
 by his fellow citizens, and not by the leaders alone, who had 
 deceived and deluded them, he would speak, but not other- 
 wise." The insurgent officers, fearful of the effect of his 
 
66 
 
 TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 determined manner on the minds of their followers, inter- 
 rupted. They did not come there, they said, to listen to long 
 speeches, but to resist oppression : they had the power to 
 compel submission : and they demanded an adjournment 
 without day. Judge Ward peremptorily refused to an- 
 swer any proposition, unless it was accompanied by the 
 name of him by whom it was made. They then desired 
 him to fall back : the drum was beat and the guard ordered 
 to charge. The soldiers advanced until the points of their 
 bayonets pressed hard upon the breast of the Chief Justice, 
 who stood as immovable as a statue, without stirring a limb, 
 or yielding an inch, although the steel in the hands of des- 
 perate men penetrated his dress. Struck with admiration 
 by his intrepidity, and shrinking from the sacrifice of life, 
 the guns were removed and Judge Ward ascending the steps 
 addressed the assembly. In a style of clear and forcible 
 argument he examined their supposed grievances; exposed 
 their fallacy ; explained the dangerous tendency of their 
 rash measures ; admonished them that they were placing in 
 peril the liberty acquired by the efforts and sufferings of 
 years, plunging the country in civil war and involving them- 
 selves and their families in misery : that the measures they 
 had taken must defeat their own wishes ; for the government 
 would never yield that to force, which would be readily ac- 
 corded to respectful representations : and warned them that 
 the majesty of the laws would be vindicated, and their re- 
 sistance of its power avenged. He spoke nearly two hours, 
 not without frequent interruption. But admonition and 
 argument were unavailing : the insurgents declared they 
 would maintain their ground until satisfaction was obtained. 
 Judge Ward, addressing himself to Wheeler, advised him 
 to suffer the troops to disperse: "they were waging war, 
 
TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 67 
 
 which was treason, and its end would be," he added, after 
 a momentary pause, "the gallows." The judge then re- 
 tired, unmolested, through armed files. Soon after, the 
 Court was opened at the United States Arms Tavern, and 
 immediately adjourned to the next day. Orders were then 
 dispatched to the colonels in the brigade to call out their 
 regiments, and march without a moment's delay, to sustain 
 the judicial tribunals : but that right arm on which the gov- 
 ernment rests for defence was paralyzed : in this hour of 
 its utmost need, the militia shared in the disaffection, and 
 the officers reported, that it was out of their power to mus- 
 ter their companies, because they generally favored those 
 movements of the people directed against the highest civil 
 institutions of the State, and tending to the subversion of 
 social order. 
 
 In the afternoon of Tuesday, a petition was presented 
 from Athol, requesting that no judgments should be rendered 
 in civil actions, except where debts would be lost by delay, 
 and no trials had unless with the consent of the parties ; a 
 course corresponding with the views entertained by the Court. 
 Soon after, Capt. Smith, of Barre, unceremoniously intro- 
 duced himself to the judges, with his sword drawn, and of- 
 fered a paper purporting to be the petition of " the body of 
 people now collected for their own good and that of the 
 Commonwealth," requiring an adjournment of the Courts 
 without day. He demanded, in a threatening manner, an 
 answer in half an hour. Judge Ward, with great dignity 
 replied, that no answer would be given, and the intruder 
 retired. An interview was solicited, during the evening, by 
 a committee, who were informed that the officers of govern- 
 ment would make no promises to men in hostile array : an 
 intimation was given that the request of the people of Athol 
 
68 
 
 TOWN HISTORY, 
 
 was considered reasonable : and the conference terminated. 
 A report of the result was made to the insurgents, who 
 voted it was unsatisfactory, and resolved to remain until the 
 following day. 
 
 During the night, the Court House was guarded in mar- 
 tial form : sentinels were posted along in front of the build- 
 ing, and along Main street : the men not on duty, bivouaced 
 in the hall of justice, or sought shelter with their friends. 
 In the first light of morning, the whole force paraded on 
 the hill, and was harrangued by the leaders. In the fore- 
 noon a new deputation waited on the Court, with a repeti- 
 tion of the former demand, and received a similar reply. 
 The justices assured the committee, if the body dispersed, 
 the people of the county would have no just cause of com- 
 plaint with the course the Court would adopt. The insur- 
 gents, reinforced with about two hundred from Holden and 
 Ward, now mustered four hundred strong, half with fire 
 arms, and the remainder furnished with sticks. They formed 
 in column and marched through Main street with their music, 
 inviting all who sought relief from oppression to join their 
 ranks, but receiving no accessions of recruits from the citi- 
 zens, they returned to the Court House. Sprigs of ever- 
 green had been distributed, and mounted as the distinctive 
 badge of rebellion, and a young pine tree was elevated at 
 their post as the standard of revolt. 
 
 The Court, at length, finding that no reliance could be 
 placed on military support, and no hope entertained of being 
 permitted to proceed with business, adjourned, continuing 
 all cases to the next term. Proclamation was made by the 
 sheriff to the people, and a copy of the record communicated. 
 After this, about two hundred men, with sticks only, paraded 
 before the house of Mr. Allen, where the justices had re- 
 
TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 69 
 
 tired, and halted nearly an hour, as if meditating some act 
 of violence. The main body then marched down, and pass- 
 ing through the other party, whose open ranks closed after 
 them, the whole moved to the common, where they displayed 
 into a line, and sent another committee to the Court. 
 
 The sessions, considering their deliberations controlled 
 by the mob, deemed it expedient to follow the example of 
 the superior tribunal, by an adjournment to the 21st of No- 
 vember. When the insurgent adjutant presented a paper, 
 requiring it should be without fixed day ; Judge Ward re- 
 plied, the business was finished and could not be changed. 
 
 Before night closed down, the Regulators, as they styled 
 themselves, dispersed ; and thus terminated the first inter- 
 ference of the citizens in arms with the court of justice. 
 Whatever fears might have been entertained of future dis- 
 astrous consequences, their visit brought with it no terror, 
 and no apprehension for personal safety to their opposers. 
 Both parties, indeed, seemed more inclined to hear than 
 strike. The conduct of Judge Ward was dignified and 
 spirited, in a situation of great embarrassment. His own 
 deprecation, that the sun might not shine on the day when 
 the Constitution was trampled on with impunity, seemed to 
 be realized. Clouds, darkness and storm brooded over the 
 meeting of the insurgents, and rested on their tumultuary 
 assemblies in the county at subsequent periods. 
 
 The state of feeling was unfavorably influenced by the 
 success of the insurgents. At a meeting of the inhabitants 
 on the 25th of September, delegates were elected to the 
 county convention at Paxton, with instructions to report 
 their doings to the town. The list of grievances received 
 some slight additions from this assembly. The delay and 
 expense of Courts of Probate, the manner of recording 
 
 7 
 
70 
 
 TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 deeds in one general office of registry, instead of entering 
 them on the books of the town where the land was situated, 
 and the right of absentees to sue for the collection of debts, 
 were the subjects of complaint in a petition, concluding with 
 the request that precepts might be issued for meetings, to 
 express public sentiment in relation to a revision of the 
 Constitution, and if two-thirds of the qualified voters were 
 in favor of amendment, that a State convention might be 
 called. The existence of this body was continued by an 
 adjournment to Worcester. The petition was immediately 
 forwarded to the General Court. A copy was subsequently 
 submitted to the town, at a meeting held October 2nd, for 
 the purpose of receiving a report from the delegates. It 
 was then voted, "That Mr. Daniel Baird be requested to 
 inform the town whether this petition was according to his 
 mind, and he informed the town it was ; but that he did not 
 approve of its being sent to the G-eneral Court until it had 
 been laid before the town." The petition was read para- 
 graph by paragraph, rejected, and the delegates dismissed. 
 
 On the 16th of October, in compliance with the request 
 of 34 freeholders, another town meeting was called : after 
 a long and warm debate, the former delegates were re-elected 
 to attend the convention, at its adjourned session. A peti- 
 tion had been offered, praying consideration of the measures 
 proper in the alarming situation of the country, and for in- 
 structions to the representative to inquire into the expendi- 
 ture of public money, the salaries of officers, the means of 
 increasing manufactures, encouraging agriculture, introduc- 
 ing economy, and removing every grievance. Directions 
 were given to endeavor to procure the removal of the Leg- 
 islature from the metropolis to the interior ; the annihilation 
 of the Inferior Courts ; the substitution of a cheaper and 
 
TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 71 
 
 more expeditious administration of justice ; the immediate 
 repeal of the supplementary fund granted to Congress ; the 
 appropriation of the revenue, arising from impost and ex- 
 cise, to the payment of the foreign debt ; and the withhold- 
 ing all supplies from Congress until settlement of account 
 between the Commonwealth and Continent. Resolutions, 
 introduced by the supporters of government, expressing 
 disapprobation of unconstitutional assemblies, armed com- 
 binations, and riotous movements, and pointing to the Leg- 
 islature as the only legitimate source of redress, were re- 
 jected. The convention party was triumphant by a small 
 majority. While the discussion was uged, a considerate 
 citizen inquired of one of the most zealous of the discon- 
 tented, what grievances he suffered, and what were the prin- 
 cipal evils among them? "There are grievances enough, 
 thank Grod !" was the hasty reply, " and they are all princi- 
 pal ones." 
 
 The jurisdiction of the sessions was principally over crimi- 
 nal offences, and its powers were exercised for the preser- 
 vation of social order. No opposition had been anticipated 
 to its session on the 21st of November, and no defensive 
 preparations were'made. On that day, about sixty armed 
 men, under Abraham Gale, of Princeton, entered the north 
 part of the town. During the evening, and on Wednesday 
 morning, about one hundred more arrived from Hubbards- 
 ton, Shrewsbury, and some adjacent towns. A committee 
 presented a petition to the Court, at the United States Arms 
 Tavern, for their adjournment, until a new choice of repre- 
 sentatives, which was not received. The insurgents then 
 took possession of the ground around the Court House. 
 When the justices approached, the armed men made way, 
 and they passed the open ranks to the steps. There, triple 
 
72 
 
 TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 rows of bayonets presented to their breasts, opposed farther 
 advance. The Sheriff, Col. William Greenleaf, of Lancas- 
 ter, addressed the assembled crowd, stating the danger to 
 themselves and the public from their lawless measures. 
 Reasoning and warning were ineffectual, and the proclama- 
 tion in the riot act was read for their dispersion. Amid the 
 grave solemnity of the scene, some incidents were interposed 
 of lighter character. Col. Greenleaf remarked with great 
 severity on the conduct of the armed party around him. 
 One of the leaders replied, they sought relief from griev- 
 ances : that among the most intolerable of them was the 
 sheriff himself: and next to his person, were his fees, which 
 were exorbitant and excessive, particularly on criminal exe- 
 cutions. " If you consider fees for executions oppressive," 
 replied the sheriff, irritated by the attack, "you need not 
 wait long for redress ; for I will hang you all, gentlemen, 
 for nothing, with the greatest pleasure." Some hand among 
 the crowd, which pressed close, placed a pine branch on his 
 hat, and the county officer retired with the justices, decorated 
 with the evergreen badge of rebellion. The clerk entered 
 on his records, that the court was prevented from being held 
 by an armed force, the only notice contained on their pages 
 that our soil has ever been dishonored by resistance of the 
 laws. 
 
 To this period the indulgence of government had dealt 
 with its revolted subjects as misguided citizens, seduced to 
 acts of violence from misconception of the sources of their 
 distress. Conciliatory policy had applied remedial statutes 
 wherever practicable, and proffered full pardon and indem- 
 nity for past misconduct. Reasonable hopes were enter- 
 tained that disaffection, quieted by lenient measures, would 
 lay down the arms assumed under strong excitement, and 
 
TOWN HISTORY. ~n 
 
 that reviving order would rise from the confusion. But the 
 insurgents, animated by temporary success, and mistaking 
 the mildness of forbearance for weakness or fear, had ex- 
 tended their designs from present relief to permanent change. 
 Their early movements were without further object than to 
 stay that flood of executions which wasted their property 
 and made their homes desolate. That portion of the com- 
 munity, who condemned the violence of the actors in the 
 scenes we have described, sympathized in their sufferings, 
 and were disposed to consider the offences venial, while the 
 professed purpose of their commission was merely to obtain 
 the delay necessary for seeking constitutional redress. All 
 implicated, stood on safe and honorable ground, until the 
 renewal on the 21st of November, of the opposition to 
 the administration of justice. Defiance of the authority of 
 the State could no longer be tolerated without the prostra- 
 tion of its institutions. The crisis had arrived, when gov- 
 ernment, driven to the utmost limit of concession, must ap- 
 peal to the sword for preservation, even though its destroy- 
 ing edge, turned on the citizen, might be crimsoned with 
 civil slaughter. Information was communicated to the execu- 
 tive of extensive levies of troops for the suppression of the 
 judiciary, and the coercion of the Legislature. Great exer- 
 tions were making to prevent the approaching session of the 
 Court of Common Pleas in Worcester, on the first week of 
 December. Gov. Bowdoin and the council, resolved to 
 adopt vigorous measures to overawe the insurgents. Or- 
 ders were issued to Major General Warner, to call out the 
 militia of his division, and five regiments were directed to 
 hold themselves in instant readiness to march. Doubts, 
 however, arose, how far reliance could be placed on the 
 troops of an infected district. The sheriff reported, that a 
 
 7* 
 
74 TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 sufficient force could not be collected. The first instructions 
 were therefore countermanded, a plan having been settled 
 to raise an army whose power might effectually crush resis- 
 tance ; and the Judges were advised to adjourn to the 23d 
 of January following, when the contemplated arrangements 
 could be matured, to terminate the unhappy troubles. 
 
 The insurgents unapprised of the change of operations, 
 began to concentrate their whole strength to interrupt the 
 Courts at "Worcester and Concord. They had fixed on 
 Shrewsbury as the place of rendezvous. On the 29th of 
 November, a party of forty from Barre, Spencer and Leices- 
 ter, joined Capt. Wheeler, who had established his head 
 quarters in that town during the preceding week, and suc- 
 ceeded in enlisting about thirty men. Daniel Shays, the 
 reputed commander-in-chief, and nominal head of the re- 
 bellion, made his first public appearance in the county soon 
 after, with troops from Hampshire. Reinforcements came in, 
 till the number at the post exceeded four hundred. Senti- 
 nels stopped and examined travelers, and patrols were sent 
 out towards Concord, Cambridge and Worcester. On Thurs- 
 day, November 30th, information was received that the Light 
 Horse, under Col. Hitchborn, had captured Shattuck, Par- 
 ker and Paige, and that a detachment of cavalry was march- 
 ing against themselves. This intelligence disconcerted their 
 arrangements for an expedition into Middlesex, and they 
 retreated in great alarm to Holden. On Friday, Wheeler 
 was in a house passed by the horsemen, and only escaped 
 being captured, by accident. Another person, supposed to 
 be the commander, was pursued, and received a sabre cut in 
 the hand. The blow was slight, but afforded sufficient 
 foundation for raising the cry that blood had been shed, and 
 rousing passion to vengeance. The wounded insurgent was 
 
TOWN IIISTORY. 
 
 75 
 
 exhibited and bewailed as the martyr of their cause. As 
 the Light Horse retired, it was discovered they did not ex- 
 ceed twenty. About a hundred of Shays' men rallied, and 
 returned to Shrewsbury, following a foe whose celerity of 
 movement left no cause to fear they could be brought to an 
 encounter. Search was made for the town stock of powder, 
 removed by the vigilance of one of the Selectmen, Col. 
 Cushing, whose house they surrounded, and whose person 
 they endeavored to seize, but he escaped. Consultation was 
 held on the expediency of marching directly to Worcester, 
 and encamping before the Court House. Without clothing 
 to protect them from colfl, without money, or food to supply 
 the wants of hunger, it was considered impracticable to 
 maintain themselves there, and on Saturday they marched 
 to Grafton and went into quarters with their friends. 
 
 The party left at Holden, found one object of their meet- 
 ing, the junction with the insurgents at Concord, frustrated. 
 Those who belonged to the neighboring towns were there- 
 fore dismissed, with orders to assemble in Worcester on 
 Monday following. Shays retired to the barracks in Rutland, 
 and sent messengers to hasten on the parties from Berkshire 
 and Hampshire, in anticipation of meeting the militia of 
 government at Worcester. 
 
 On Sunday evening, the detachment from Grafton entered 
 the town, under the command of Abraham Gale, of Prince- 
 ton, Adam Wheeler, of Hubbardston, Simeon Hazeltine, of 
 Hardwick, and John Williams, reputed to be a deserter from 
 the British army, and once a sergeant of the continental 
 line. They halted before the Court House, and having ob- 
 tained the keyes, placed a strong guard around the building, 
 and posted sentinels on all the streets and avenues of the 
 town to prevent surprise. Those who were oif duty, rolling 
 
76 
 
 TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 themselves in their blankets, rested on their arms, on the 
 floor of the Court room. 
 
 As the evening closed in, one of the most furious snow 
 storms of a severe winter commenced. One division of the 
 insurgents occupied the Court House : another sought shel- 
 ter at the Hancock Arms. The sentinels, chilled by the 
 tempest, and imagining themselves secured by its violence 
 from attack, joined their comrades around the fire of the 
 guard room. The young men of the town, in the spirit of 
 sportive mischief, contrived to carry away their muskets, 
 incautiously stacked in the entry-way, and having secreted 
 them at a distance, raised the alarm that the Light Horse 
 was upon them. The party sallied out in confusion, and 
 panic struck at the silent disappearance of their arms, fled 
 through the fast falling snow to the Court House, where 
 their associates had paraded. The guns were discovered at 
 length, and the whole force remained ready for action several 
 hours, frequently disturbed by the fresh outcries of their 
 vexatious persecutors. 
 
 The increasing fury of the storm, and the almost impas- 
 sable condition of the roads, did not prevent the arrival of 
 many from Holden and the vicinity, on Tuesday, swelling 
 the numerical force of malcontents to five hundred. The 
 Court was opened at the Sun Tavern ,* and in conformity 
 with the instructions of the Governor, adjourned to the 23d 
 of January, without attempting to transact business. Peti- 
 tions from committees from Sutton and Douglas, that the 
 next session might be postponed to March, were disregarded. 
 
 Worcester assumed the appearance of a garrisoned town. 
 The citizens answered to the frequent challenges of military 
 guards : the traveler was admonished to stay his steps by 
 
 * United States Hotel, 1836. 
 
TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 77 
 
 the voice and bayonet of the soldier. Sentries paced before 
 the house of Mr. Allen, the clerk, where Judge Ward re- 
 sided, and the former gentleman was threatened with vio- 
 lence on his own threshhold. Justice Washburn, of Leices- 
 ter, was opposed on his way, and two of his friends, who 
 seized the gun presented to his breast, were arrested and 
 detained in custody. Justice Baker, on his return home- 
 ward was apprehended in the road, and some of his captors 
 suggested the propriety of sending him to prison, to expe- 
 rience the corrective discipline, to which, as a magistrate, 
 he had subjected others. 
 
 On Tuesday evening, a council of war was convened, and 
 it was seriously determined to march to Boston, and effect 
 the liberation of the State prisoners as soon as sufficient 
 strength could be collected. In anticipation of attack, the 
 Governor gathered the means of defence around the me- 
 tropolis. Guards were mounted at the prison, and at the 
 entrances of the city : alarm posts were assigned ; and Major 
 General Brooks held the militia of Middlesex contiguous to 
 the road, in readiness for action, and watched the force at 
 Worcester. 
 
 During the evening of Tuesday, an alarm broke out, more 
 terrific to the party quartered at the Hancock Arms, than 
 that which had disturbed the repose of the preceding night. 
 Soon after partaking the refreshment which was sometimes 
 used by the military, before the institution of temperance 
 societies, several of the men were seized with violent sick- 
 ness, and a rumor spread, that poison had been mingled with 
 the fountain which supplied their water. Dr. Samuel Stearns, 
 of Paxton, astrologer, almanac manufacturer, and quack by 
 profession, detected in the sediment of the cups they had 
 drained, a substance, which he unhesitatingly pronounced to 
 
78 
 
 TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 be a compound of arsenic and antimony, so deleterious that 
 a single grain would extinguish the lives of a thousand. The 
 numbers of the afflicted increased with frightful rapidity, 
 and the symptoms grew more fearful. It was suddenly 
 recollected that the sugar used in their beverage had been 
 purchased from a respectable merchant of the town,*" whose 
 attachment to government was well known, and the sickness 
 around was deemed proof conclusive that it had been adul- 
 terated for their destruction. A file of soldiers seized the 
 seller, and brought him to answer for the supposed attempt 
 to murder the levies of rebellion. As he entered the house, 
 the cry of indignation rose strong. Fortunately for his safe- 
 ty, Dr. Green, of Ward, an intelligent practitioner of medi- 
 cine, arrived, and the execution of vengeance was deferred 
 until his opinion of its propriety could be obtained. After 
 careful inspection of the suspected substance, and subject- 
 ing it to the test of different senses, he declared, that to the 
 best of his knowledge, it was genuine, yellow, Scotch snuff. 
 The reputed dying raised their heads from the floor : the 
 slightly affected recovered : the gloom which had settled 
 heavily on the supposed victims of mortal disease was dis- 
 pelled, and the illness soon vanished. Strict inquiry fur- 
 nished a reasonable explanation : a clerk in the stare of the 
 merchant had opened a package of the fragrant commodity 
 in the vicinity of the sugar barrel, and a portion of the 
 odoriferous leaf, had, inadvertently been scattered from the 
 counter into its uncovered head. A keg of spirit was ac- 
 cepted in full satisfaction for the panic occasioned by the 
 decoction of tobacco so innocently administered. 
 
 Bodies of militia, anxious to testify their reviving zeal, 
 were toiling through the deep snow drifts. Gren. Warner, 
 
 *The late Daniel Waldo, (Sen.) Esq. 
 
TOWN HISTORY 
 
 79 
 
 finding that no benefit could be derived from their presence, 
 sent orders for their return to their homes, and the insur- 
 gents enjoyed the triumph of holding undisputed posses- 
 sion of the town. 
 
 On Wednesday, December 6th, they went out to meet 
 Shays, who arrived from Rutland with 350 men. As they 
 re-entered the street the appearance of the column of 800 
 was highly imposing. The companies included many who 
 had learned their tactics from Steuben, and served an ap- 
 prenticeship of discipline in the ranks of the Revolution : war- 
 worn veterans, who in a good cause would have been invinci- 
 ble. The pine tuft supplied the place of plume in their hats. 
 Shays, with his aid, mounted on white horses, led on the van. 
 They displayed into line before the Court House, where they 
 were reviewed and inspected. The men were then billeted 
 on the inhabitants. No compulsion was used : where ad- 
 mittance was peremptorily refused, they quietly retired, and 
 sought food and shelter elsewhere. Provision having been 
 made for the soldiers, Shays joined the other leaders in coun- 
 cil. At night, he was attended to his quarters, at the house 
 of the late Col. Samuel Flagg, by a strong guard, preceded 
 by the music of the army, with something of the state as- 
 sumed by a general officer. Precautions against surprise 
 were redoubled. Chains of sentinels were stretched along 
 the streets, planted in every avenue of approach, and on 
 the neighboring hills, examining all who passed. The cry 
 of " all \s well," rose on the watches of the night, from those 
 whose presence brought danger to the Commonwealth. 
 
 Committees from some of the neighboring towns, and 
 many of the prominent members of the conventions, assem- 
 bled with the military leaders, on Thursday, the 6th of De- 
 cember. Their deliberations were perplexed and discordant. 
 
80 
 
 TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 The inclemency of the weather had prevented the arrival of 
 the large force expected. The impossibility of retaining 
 the men who had assembled without munitions, subsistence, 
 or stores, compelled them to abandon the meditated attack 
 on Boston, then put in a posture of defence, and more pacific 
 measures were finally adopted. A petition was prepared 
 for circulation, remonstrating against the suspension of the 
 habeas corpus writ ; asking for the pardon and release of 
 the prisoners ; anew act of amnesty; the adjournment of 
 Courts until the session of the new Legislature in May ; and 
 expressing their readiness to lay down their arms on conpli- 
 ance with these demands. In the afternoon, Shays' men 
 and part of Wheeler's, to the number of five hundred, began 
 their march for Paxton, on their way to the barracks in 
 Rutland. About a hundred more retired to the north part 
 of the town. 
 
 Friday was spent in consultation. Aware that public 
 sentiment was setting against them with strong re-action, 
 the mercy which had been rejected was now supplicated. 
 Letters were addressed to each town of the county, inviting 
 the inhabitants to unite in their petitions. Shays himself, 
 in a private conference with an acquaintance, made use of 
 these expressions. " For God's sake, have matters settled 
 peaceably ; it was against my inclinations I undertook this 
 business ; importunity was used which I could not withstand ; 
 but I heartily wish it was well over." 
 
 In the evening, the Court House was abandoned, but the 
 sentries were posted at almost every door of the outside 
 and interior of the public house, where the leaders remained 
 in consultation. 
 
 Another snow storm commenced on Saturday morning. 
 Luke Day, with 150 men from Hampshire, reached Leices- 
 
TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 81 
 
 ter, but was unable to proceed in the tempest. About noon, 
 all the insurgents in Worcester paraded before their head 
 quarters, and were dismissed. The companies of Ward, 
 Holden, Spencer, Rutland, Barre, and Petersham, after 
 moving slowly through Main street in distinct bodies, took 
 up the line of march for their respective homes, through 
 roads choked with drifts. 
 
 The condition of these deluded men during their stay 
 here, was such as to excite compassion rather than fear. 
 Destitute of almost every necessary of life, in an inclement 
 season, without money to purchase food which their friends 
 could not supply, unwelcome guests in the quarters they 
 occupied, pride restrained the exposure of their wants. 
 Many must have endured the gnawings of hunger in our 
 streets : yet standing with arms in their hands, enduring 
 privations in the midst of plenty, they took nothing by force, 
 and trespassed on no man's rights by violence : some de- 
 clared they had not tasted food for twenty-four hours ; all 
 who made known their situation, were relieved by our citi- 
 zens with liberal charity. 
 
 The forlorn condition of the insurgents was deepened by 
 the distress of their retreat. Their course was amid the 
 wildest revelry of storm and wind in a night of intense cold. 
 Some were frozen to death by the way ; others, exhausted 
 with struggling through the deep and drifted snow, sunk 
 down, and would have perished but for the aid of their 
 stouter comrades : when relief was sought among the farm 
 houses, every door was opened at the call of misery, and 
 the wrongs done by the rebel were forgotten in the sufferings 
 of him who claimed hospitality as a stranger. 
 
 The whole number assembled at Worcester never exceeded 
 a thousand. The spirit animating the first movements had 
 
 8 
 
g2 TOWN HISTORY.' 
 
 grown cold, and Shays expressed to an acquaintance here, 
 the impression that the cause had become gloomy and hope- 
 less. In conversation with an officer of government, he 
 disclaimed being at the head of the rebellion ; declared he 
 had come to the resolution to have nothing more to do with 
 stopping courts : that if he could not obtain pardon, he 
 would gather the whole force he could command, and fight 
 to the last extremity, rather than be hanged. When asked 
 if he would accept pardon were it offered, and abandon the 
 insurgents, he replied, "yes, in a moment.''* 
 
 The delay of government, while it afforded time to circu- 
 late correct information among the people, left the insur- 
 gents at liberty to pursue their measures. The Court at 
 Springfield, on the 26th of December, was resisted, and in- 
 telligence was received of active exertions to prevent the 
 session of the Common Pleas, at Worcester, on the 23d of 
 January. Longer forbearance would have been weakness, 
 and vigorous measures were adopted for sustaining the Ju- 
 diciary. An army of 4400 men was raised from the Coun- 
 ties of Suffolk, Essex, Middlesex, Hampshire and Worces- 
 ter, for thirty days service. General Benjamin Lincoln, 
 whose prudence, and military skill peculiarly qualified him 
 for the important trust, received the command. Voluntary 
 loans were made by individuals for the armament, pay, and 
 subsistance of the troops. 
 
 * The retreat of Shays not only afforded the friends of order occasion for 
 triumph, but sport for wit. An Epigram, from one of the prints, affords a 
 specimen of the poetry and jest of the time. The name of the common car- 
 riage, the chaise, and that of the insurgent leader, had then the same spelling 
 as well as sound. 
 
 " Says sober Will, well Shays has fled, 
 And peace returns to bless our days. 
 Indeed ! cries Ned, I always said, 
 
 He'd prove at last a, fall back Shays ; 
 And those turned over and undone, 
 Call him a worthless Shays to run." 
 
TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 83 
 
 On the 21st of # January, the army took up the line of 
 march from Roxbury. The inclemency of the weather, and 
 the condition of the roads rendered a halt necessary at 
 Marlborough. The next day the troops reached Worcester, 
 notwithstanding the effects of sudden thaw on the deep snow, 
 and were quartered on the inhabitants, the houses being 
 thrown open for their shelter and comfort. Here they were 
 joined by the regiments of the county. The town contributed 
 its quota liberally. In the company under Capt. Joel Howe, 
 were twenty-seven non-commissioned officers and privates. 
 In the artillery, under Capt. William Treadwell, were en- 
 rolled forty-three of our citizens. Nineteen served under 
 Capt. Phinehas Jones. Seven dragoons were embodied in a 
 legionary corps. Lieut. Daniel Goulding was at the head 
 of a troop of cavalry. The late Judge Edward Bangs, 
 Timothy Bigelow, afterwards Speaker of the House of Rep- 
 resentatives of Massachusetts, and Theophilus Wheeler, 
 Esq., served as volunteers. 
 
 Detachments of insurgents collected at Rutland, New 
 Braintree, Princeton, Sterling and Sutton, but, intimidated 
 by the military, hovered at a distance, while the Courts pro- 
 ceeded. On the 25th of January, Gen. Lincoln hastened 
 westward for the relief of Shepherd, and of the arsenal at 
 Springfield, invested by Shays and Day. 
 
 Major General Warner was left in command at Worces- 
 ter, with a regiment of infantry, a corps of artillery, includ- 
 ing Capt. TreadwelFs company, two field-pieces, and a party 
 from the legionary battalion of volunteer cavalry. Infor- 
 mation having been given that a body of about two hundred 
 insurgents had assembled at New Braintree, intercepting 
 travelers and insulting the friends of government, twenty 
 horsemen, supported by about 150 infantry in sleighs, were 
 
84 
 
 TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 sent out on the night of the 2d of February, to capture or 
 disperse the disaffected. Upon approaching the place of 
 their destination, the cavalry were ordered to advance at 
 full speed to surprise the enemy. The insurgents, apprised 
 of the expedition, had abandoned their quarters at the house 
 of Micah Hamilton, and taken post behind the walls of the 
 road-side, and having fired a volley of musketry upon the 
 detachment, fled to the woods : Mr. Jonathan Rice, of Wor- 
 cester, a deputy sheriff, was shot through the arm and hand : 
 Dr. David Young was severely wounded in the knee ;* the 
 bridle rein of Theophilus Wheeler, Esq., was cut by a ball. 
 Without halting, the soldiers rapidly pursued their way to 
 the deserted head quarters, where they liberated Messrs. 
 Samuel Flagg, and John Stanton, of Worcester, who had 
 been seized the day previous, while transacting private busi- 
 ness at Leicester. Having dispersed those who occupied 
 the barracks at Rutland, the next day the companies returned 
 with four prisoners. , 
 
 The career of Shays was fast drawing to its close. Driven 
 from post to post, he suddenly retired from Pelham to Pe- 
 tersham, where he expected to concentrate the forces of 
 expiring rebellion, and, make his final stand. Intelligence 
 of this change of position reached Gen. Lincoln at Hadley, 
 February 3d, and he determined by prompt and decisive 
 action, to terminate the warfare. When the troops took up 
 the line of march at 8 o'clock, the evening was bright and 
 mild. Before morning the cold became intense : the dry 
 and light snow, whirled before a violent north wind, filled 
 the paths and rendered them almost impassable. The sever- 
 ity of the cold prevented any halt for rest or refreshment. 
 
 * Dr. Young afterwards recovered £1000, in a civil action, against those by 
 whom he was wounded. 
 
TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 85 
 
 At a distance from shelter, without defence against the in- 
 clemency of the weather, it became necessary to press on 
 without pausing, to the camp occupied by men possessing 
 all martial advantages, except courage and a good cause. 
 The heavy sufferings of the night were terminated by the 
 arrival of the troops in the very center of Petersham. The 
 followers of Shays, trusting to the violence of the storm 
 and the obstruction of the highways, rested in careless secu- 
 rity. The first warning of danger was from the appearance 
 of the advanced guard of the forces of government, after a 
 journey of thirty miles, in the midst of their cantonment. 
 Had an army dropped from the clouds upon the hill, the 
 consternation could not have been greater. Panic struck, 
 the insurgents fled without firing a gun or offering resistance 
 to soldiers exhausted by fatigue, and almost sinking under 
 the privations and hardships of the severe service. 
 
 The rebellion being terminated, the infliction of some 
 punishment for the highest political crime was deemed expe- 
 dient. Some of those who had been in arms against the 
 laws, were brought to trial, convicted of treason and sen- 
 tenced to death. Henry Glale, of Princeton, was the only 
 insurgent found guilty of capital offence, in this county .* 
 
 On the 23d of June, at the hour fixed for his execution 
 by the warrant, he was led out to the gallows erected on the 
 common, with all the solemn ceremony of such exhibitions. 
 A reprieve was there read to him, and afterwards full pardon 
 was given. f Proceedings for seditious practices, pending 
 
 *The Court assigned as his counsel, Levi Lincoln, sen. and James Sullivan. 
 The warm support of government by the former had rendered him obnoxious 
 to the insurgents. During their occupation of the town, they sent parties to 
 Beize his person, who surrounded and searched his house. Seasonably in- 
 formed of their intentions, he was able to disappoint them. 
 
 t Six were convicted of treason in the county of Berkshire, six in Hamp- 
 
 8* 
 
86 
 
 TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 against several prisoners, were suspended. The mercy of 
 government was finally extended to all who had been involved 
 in the difficulties and disorders of the time, upon taking the 
 oath of allegiance to the Commonwealth, after some tempo- 
 rary civil disqualifications.* 
 
 NOTICE OF DANIEL SHAYS. 
 
 [From the Same.] 
 
 " This individual acquired an unenviable notoriety, which 
 imparts some degree of interest to the incidents of his life. 
 He was born in Hopkinton, in 1747; the son of parents 
 not in affluent circumstances, he worked with Mr. Brinley, 
 a respectable farmer of Framingham. The activity and 
 energy of his youth promised at maturity more desirable 
 elevation than he attained. That his education was neglected, 
 is apparent from his official letters, bidding defiance alike 
 to government, grammar and good spelling. Just before 
 the revolution, he removed to one of the towns beyond Con- 
 necticut river, and afterwards resided in Pelham. When 
 the war commenced, he entered the army, at the age of 
 
 shire, one in Worcester, and one in Middlesex, all of whom received sentence 
 of death, but were subsequently pardoned. The only public punishment ac- 
 tually inflicted, except limited disqualification from civil or military office, 
 was on a member of the house of representatives, guilty of seditious words 
 and practices, who was sentenced to sit on the gallows with a rope about his 
 neck, pay a fine of £50, and to be bound to keep the peace and be of good be- 
 havior for five years. 
 
 * The facts stated in the foregoing chapter have been derived from the 
 Worcester Magazine, published by Isaiah Thomas, 178G, 1787, Independent 
 Chronicle, Columbian Centinel, Minot's History of the Insurrection, Files 
 in the office of the Secretary of State, Correspondence of Levi Lincoln, sen., 
 American Antiquarian Society's MSS. 
 
TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 87 
 
 twenty-eight, with the rank of ensign, in Capt. Dickinson's 
 company, in Col. Benjamin Ruggles Woodbridge\s regiment. 
 His ambition, activity, and plausible manners covering 
 the want of acquirements, joined with personal intrepidity, 
 obtained promotion, and in 1 776, he was appointed Lieu- 
 tenant in Col. Varnum's regiment. At the time when the 
 line peculiarly needed reinforcement, he was detached on 
 the recruiting service, with the promise of some suitable 
 reward for the enlistment of twenty men. For this purpose 
 he visited his native state, and his unwearied exertions were 
 crowned with ample success. When the complement assignd 
 to him was filled, a plan suggested itself for grasping honor 
 and pay at once. Finding the pulse of patriotism beat high, 
 and the men of New England were ready to devote them- 
 selves for their country, he continued his enlistments. In- 
 sinuating address and bold representations, produced im- 
 pressions of his ability and influence, easily turned to his 
 own advantage, and by holding out expectations of indul- 
 gence to those who should serve under his command, a com- 
 pany was raised, on the condition that he should be their 
 captain. With these men he returned to the camp, where 
 they were mustered. When the inspector was about to dis- 
 tribute them to difFerent corps, Shays produced the enlist- 
 ment papers ; pointed to the condition which held them to 
 serve under himself alone ; and requested the appointment 
 of Captain. The necessity of the times prevented the sac- 
 rifice of so many recruits, and after indignant remonstran- 
 ces, it was deemed expedient to yield to his demands. The 
 commission was promised, and issued after long delay, in 
 September, 1779, to relate back to Jan. 1st, 1777. Such 
 is the account tradition gives of his military rank. The 
 honors, ill won, were not long worn. He was discharged 
 
88 
 
 TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 October, 14, 1780, at Newark, in New Jersey, from Col. 
 Rufus Putnam's regiment. 
 
 The deficiency of honorable sentiment in his mental con- 
 stitution, may be inferred from a characteristic incident. 
 Lafayette had presented in 1780, to each of the American 
 officers under his immediate command, an elegant sword. 
 Such pledge of regard from the patriot chief, a soldier with 
 a spark of generous feeling, would have cherished as his 
 dearest possession, and transmitted to his posterity as an 
 heirloom of inestimable value. Shays sold the gift of his 
 commander for a few dollars. 
 
 After being disbanded, he retired to Pelham, and lived 
 in obscurity. Bankrupt in fortune and in fame, Shays was 
 ready to embark on the flood of any desperate adventure. 
 Without the energetic decision or enlarged conceptions, the 
 strong spirit or the bold daring, which befit a leader, by 
 some accident, he was elevated to the command of the in- 
 surgents. Of capacity too humble to direct the movements 
 of an army in those moments when the force of talent makes 
 itself felt by triumphant results, and turns even obstructions 
 into encouragements, he was weak, vacillating and irresolute. 
 It was providential that the physical power of the arm of 
 rebellion had so feeble a head to direct its blow. 
 
 With the first shade of adversity, he made indirect over- 
 tures to the agents of government, to abandon his comrades 
 to their fate, on assurance of personal safety : and when his 
 base propositions were rejected, and promises of indemnity 
 and pardon were offered to his followers, his persuasions in- 
 duced them to reject the proffered mercy and retain the arms 
 of hopeless controversy, to purchase by their sacrifice, secu- 
 rity for himself. 
 
 When the insurrection was crushed, he retired to Ver- 
 
TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 89 
 
 mont. After the lapse of a few years, the General of the 
 rebellion passed through the streets of Worcester, which he 
 once entered at the head of an army, and received assistance 
 from those whose homes he had threatened with desolation. 
 
 At length he removed to Sparta, in New York. As a 
 pensioner of the United States, he derived his daily bread 
 from the government whose forces he had encountered in 
 arms. Declarations filed in the department of war, by him- 
 self, show that his family consisted of an aged wife, and that 
 he lived in extreme poverty. He died September 29th, 
 1825, aged 78 * 
 
 However much the honor and integrity of Daniel Shays 
 were questioned, his courage was never disputed. He was 
 in the battle of Bunker's Hill, at the capture of Burgoyne, 
 and at the storming of Stony Point : was under Lafayette, 
 and did good service in many bloody encounters. A severe 
 wound, received during the revolution, was honorary testi- 
 monial of intrepidity." 
 
 The first annual town meeting was held the 
 5th of March; 1787. 
 
 Voted, to divide the town into four school dis- 
 tricts. Also, to raise $66 for schooling the pres- 
 ent year, and $50 to defray town charges. Now 
 follows a long list of roads laid out and accepted 
 by the town. See town records, book 1st, page 58. 
 
 * He married Nancy Haven, a widow. The schedule of his property in 
 1820, filed in the pension office, exhibits a condition of almost utter destitu- 
 tion. It is as follows : 
 
 1 mare, $25: 1 old saddle, $2.50 : 1 bridle, 50 : 1 old cutter, $5 : 1 old axe, 
 62)£ cents : 1 hoe, G2>£ cents : 1 table, $3 : 3 chairs, 1.12>£ : 1 old scythe and 
 snath, 1.12>£ : 1 old pail, 12K cents : 1 large bible, $1 : amounting to $40.62)£. 
 
90 
 
 TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 At a legal meeting of the town held June 6th, 
 Voted, to choose a Committee of nine to pro- 
 vide a number of hands to raise the meeting 
 house, also to provide refreshments for the same. 
 The raising Committee made application to Capt. 
 Samuel Sawin, of Westminster, Esq'r Smith, of 
 Ashburnham, Dea. Moses Hale, of Winchendon, 
 and Mr. Joshua Wright, of Templeton, to come 
 with a number of good hands to assist in raising 
 the house. Accordingly, they all appeared on 
 the common early in the morning of June 27th, 
 each with a company of choice men. The rais- 
 ing commenced early and went on rapidly until 
 about noon, when an accident occurred ; as a 
 number of men standing on the ground in the 
 frame were drinking water, a joist fell from the 
 upper loft and struck two of them on their heads, 
 wounding them severely : one was Mr. Day, of 
 Winchendon ; some thought, had it not been for 
 the pail he was drinking from, it would have 
 killed him. The other was Mr. Gregory, from 
 Templeton. The raising went on and the frame 
 was completed before sundown : it was thought 
 to be put together so strong, that if turned down 
 on one side and rolled across the common, it 
 would not wreck the body of it. There are but 
 two men now living, who had any thing to do 
 
TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 91 
 
 with this affair ; those are brothers, by the name 
 of Glazier, and they have arrived to the advanced 
 ages of 86 and 90 years. The church was com- 
 pleted at a cost of about $1,600. The pews in 
 the meeting-house were sold at auction, June 
 24th, 1788; the highest brought $40 ; the whole 
 amounted to $1,577.50. 
 
 The town being legally assembled in March, 
 1791, 
 
 Voted, to grant $12 to be laid out for singing ; 
 the first act we have to record that reveals a 
 shade of music. 
 
 In 1796, the town granted $833.33* to build 
 school-houses. 
 
 In 1797, the town voted to procure a standard 
 of weights and measures. Also, to make up to 
 those militia men who turned out to stand at a 
 moment's warning: if they march, $10 per month 
 including what the Continent and State give them. 
 
 Voted, to give Rev. Mr. Osgood a present of 
 £25, (or $83.33.) In January, 1798, the same 
 amount was again presented him by the town. 
 
 At the annual meeting in March, 1802, the 
 town voted to provide powder and balls sufficient 
 to equip the training soldiers in Gardner : that 
 
 * It may seem strange to the reader that they had a fraction in dollars, but 
 money was then reckoned in pounds and shillings instead of dollars. 
 
92 
 
 TOWN HISTORY | 
 
 the Selectmen provide the same and carry them 
 to the commanding officer of the company for 
 his inspection before the first of May. 
 
 At the annual town meeting, March, 1808, 
 
 Voted, to grant $400 to defray town charges ; 
 $300 for the use of schools, and $500 for repair- 
 ing roads. 
 
 At a legal town meeting, June 13th, 
 
 Voted, to grant $1,500 to build a county road, 
 and pay the damages, laying between Winchen- 
 don and Westminster. 
 
 In 1812, the town granted $50 to build a 
 powder-house. 
 
 In 1814, a vote was taken by the town, that if 
 any damage be done to any of the school-houses 
 in town, by a scholar, the parent or guardian shall 
 repair the same. 
 
 In 1816, the town granted $200 to repair the 
 meeting-house. A meeting was called Novem- 
 ber, 1817, for the purpose of selling the new 
 pews in the meeting-house. 
 
 In 1818, the town voted to choose a Committee 
 of nine, to divide the town into school districts. 
 
 In 1819, the town voted to sell the oak trees 
 (eight or ten in number) on the common, and 
 in the burying-ground, to the highest bidder: 
 they were struck off to Mr. Benjamin Hey wood, 
 at © «j . J y . 
 
TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 93 
 
 At a meeting in April, 1821, the people met 
 to express their minds respecting the amendment 
 of the Constitution of this Commonwealth. See 
 town records, book 3d, page 37th. 
 
 In 1822, a Committee was chosen to establish 
 the line between Westminster and Gardner. 
 
 At the annual town meeting in March, 1833, 
 
 Voted, to raise $600 school money, to be equal- 
 ly divided between the six school districts : 
 $1,200 to repair roads and bridges: $700 to de- 
 fray town charges ; and $200 for purchasing 
 engines. 
 
 In 1834, the town voted to raise $550, to build 
 a bridge over Otter river. 
 
 At a legal town meeting held July, 1839. 
 
 Voted to raise $300 to repair the road from 
 Dea. Fairbanks' to Templeton line. 
 
 August 31st, 1840, the town voted to raise 
 $1,000 by tax, and authorized the Treasurer to 
 borrow $3,500 to make and keep roads in repair. 
 
 In 1845, Voted, to authorize the Treasurer to 
 borrow $150 for town charges. 
 
 In 1847, a vote was taken that a tomb be built 
 for the use of the town. 
 
 In 1849, Voted, to appropriate $20 annually, 
 for the ringing of each bell in town. 
 
 Voted, to accept of the report of the Commit- 
 
94 
 
 TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 tee chosen to purchase a town farm. Voted to 
 accept of the following rules and regulations 
 for the government of the Work-house in the 
 town of Gardner. The duty of the Overseers 
 of the Poor, the Master, the Physician, and the 
 inmates of said house. 
 
 Power and Duty of the Overseers of the Poor. 
 
 " It shall be their duty to provide for all poor, 
 indigent persons, who are unable to take care of 
 themselves. At all times when circumstances 
 will admit, they shall be supported on the farm, 
 which the town have purchased for that purpose 
 and shall hereafter be known by the name of 
 Gardner work-house. They are to provide suita- 
 ble stock, farming utensils and household furni- 
 ture : also, make such additions and repairs as 
 are necessary for the establishment. They are 
 to manage the concern in the best possible man- 
 ner, and to provide suitable places for all poor 
 children, as soon as they can earn their living, 
 and see that they are brought up to some trade 
 or calling, and suitably schooled. They shall 
 constantly keep suitable persons for a Master 
 and Mistress, and such other help as they shall 
 deem necessary. 
 
 A Physician shall be employed to attend the 
 
TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 95 
 
 sick, (when requested by the Overseers, or Mas- 
 ter,) who shall keep a record of his visits, the 
 price, and for whom they were made ; and shall 
 receive such compensation as may be agreed 
 upon by him and the Overseers, and may be re- 
 moved at the pleasure of the Overseers. It shall 
 be the duty of the Overseers to meet at the work- 
 house on the last Saturday in February, May, 
 August, and November annually, for the purpose 
 of inspecting the concerns of the establishment, 
 and giving directions to the master. It shall be 
 the duty also for one of the Overseers to visit the 
 work-house as often as once a month, for the 
 purpose of inspecting the management of the 
 concerns, the usage of the inmates, and giving 
 directions to the master, &c. At their meeting 
 in February, they shall take an inventory of all 
 the personal property, and the betterments, if 
 any, which shall be recorded in a book kept by 
 them for that and other purposes. They shall 
 keep a record of all persons who are supported 
 in the work-house ; the time when they came, 
 and when they go away ; and to record all other 
 matters which they shall deem necessary : all of 
 which shall be reported by them at the annual 
 March meeting." 
 
96 
 
 TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 Power and Duty of the Master. 
 
 " The Master shall have the immediate care 
 and control of the inmates, and all the property 
 belonging to the institution ; and shall give an 
 account of the same to the Overseers, when called 
 upon by them : he shall see that the inmates are 
 suitably provided with lodging, clothes and food, 
 and shall call on the Overseers for such things as 
 are necessary for that purpose. It shall be the 
 duty of the Master to see that all who are able 
 to labor, are employed in such a manner as shall 
 be most advantageous to the town ; and to in- 
 struct in regard to the moral character of all 
 persons in his care, and see that the Sabbath is 
 duly observed ; and to take care of all the fires, 
 see that the lights are put out, that the inmates 
 retire in proper season, and the children in his 
 care are suitably schooled ; it shall also be his 
 duty to punish any one of the inmates who are 
 refractory, or disobedient, and perform all other 
 duties which may devolve on him by the direc- 
 tion of the Overseers." 
 
 Duty of the Inmates. 
 
 " All persons who are maintained in the work- 
 house, shall be under the immediate care and 
 control of the Master and Mistress of the house, 
 
TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 97 
 
 and shall not absent themselves from the prem- 
 ises without their consent ; and such as are able 
 to labor, shall labor according to the directions 
 of the Master. There shall be no ardent spirits 
 used on the premises, except by the special di- 
 rection of the Physician. 
 
 The above rules and regulations shall be laid 
 before the town at a regular meeting, and when 
 accepted by them, shall be the Rules and By-laws 
 of the Gardner work-house ; and shall be read 
 in the work-house in the presence of the Master 
 and Inmates, at the commencement of each year, 
 by one of the Overseers. 
 
 These Rules and Regulations may be altered 
 or amended at any legal meeting of the town." 
 
 At the annual meeting in March, 1849, 
 Voted, to give Levi Heywood, Charles W. 
 Bush, Francis Richardson and others, leave to 
 fence off a portion of the common, and set out 
 ornamental trees on the same. 
 
 At the annual meeting in March, 1859, 
 Voted, to raise $4,500, to defray town charges 
 the present year. 
 
 Voted, to raise $2,000, for the support of 
 schools ; voted to leave $300 of the school money 
 in the hands of the Committee to expend in the 
 
 9* 
 
go TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 several districts at their discretion, so as to make 
 the schools as near equal as possible ; and to 
 give district No. 4, $50. No. 5, $50. No. 6, 
 $75, and the remainder divided equally in pro- 
 portion to the number of scholars. 
 
 Voted, that the tax on polls and personal 
 property, &c, be paid to the Town Treasurer, on 
 or before the 20th of July next, and there shall 
 be allowed on the same, and also all who shall 
 voluntarily pay their tax on real estate at that 
 time, a discount of six per cent.; and all taxes 
 on polls and personal property not paid at that 
 time, be placed in the hands of a constable for 
 collection ; and all who shall voluntarily pay 
 their tax on real estate, on or before the 1st 
 of October next, a discount of four per cent., 
 after which, all taxes not paid on the 1st of De- 
 cember, to be put in the hands of a constable 
 for collection. 
 
 In accordance with a vote of the town, a build- 
 ing is being erected at a probable cost of $14,000 
 or $15,000, which is designed for a town hall, 
 stores and other purposes. 
 
 There have been 648 legal town meetings 
 held in Gardner since its incorporation as a town. 
 
 The amount of money granted, assessed and 
 collected by the town, is $319,341. 
 
TOWN HISTORY. 
 
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110 
 
 TOWN HISTORY -VALUATION, &C. 
 
 VALUATION, &c. 
 
 Valuation of the Town for the year 1858, . . $826,475 
 
 No. of Polls, 
 No. of Voters, 
 
 654 
 500 
 
 Amount of Money raised in 1858, exclusive of 
 Highway Tax. 
 Town Grant, .... $6,700.00 
 
 County Tax, 
 State Tax, 
 Overlayings, 
 
 886.31 
 371.00 
 266.94 
 
 Total, 
 
 The following is a List of Persons paying 
 Dollars and upwards. 
 
 Alexander, Eastman, 
 Adams, Ezekiel, 
 Brick, Elijah, 
 Baker, Ezra, 
 Baker, Joseph, 
 Baker, Richard, 
 Bancroft, Smyrna "W., 
 Bancroft, Amasa, 
 Bush, Charles W., . 
 Brick, Alfred EL, . 
 Britton, Charles A., 
 Bent, A. Allen, 
 Bradford, Lewis H., 
 Brown, Jonathan, 
 Brinkman, John, 
 
 -$8,226.65 
 
 Twenty 
 
 
 
 
 . $20 17 
 
 
 
 
 21 39 
 
 
 
 
 44 41 
 
 
 
 
 67 60 
 
 
 
 
 27 92 
 
 
 
 
 24 10 
 
 
 
 
 81 88 
 
 
 
 
 78 77 
 
 
 
 
 48 23 
 
 
 
 
 36 39 
 
 
 
 
 20 37 
 
 
 
 
 21 91 
 
 
 
 
 37 56 
 
 
 
 
 44 92 
 
 
 
 
 20 48 
 
TOWN HISTORY.— TAX 
 
 ES. U 
 
 Coolidge, Arteinas, . 
 
 21 39 
 
 Cowee, Joel, .... 
 
 33 68 
 
 Collester, Rugg & Co., 
 
 51 27 
 
 Collester, Maro, 
 
 23 49 
 
 Clark, Alonzo B., 
 
 20 07 
 
 Canterbury, Ira, 
 
 27 10 
 
 Comee, widow Sarah, 
 
 28 10 
 
 Conant, Calvin, 
 
 20 85 
 
 Cobleigh, Luke, 
 
 28 03 
 
 Derb}^ Philander, 
 
 32 73 
 
 Dodd, W. W. & G. W., . 
 
 20 38 
 
 Davis, G. W., Heirs of, 
 
 27 80 
 
 Edgell, John, .... 
 
 96 03 
 
 Ellsworth, G-eorge F., 
 
 20 99 
 
 Eaton, Peter, .... 
 
 45 13 
 
 Eaton, John, .... 
 
 34 78 
 
 Foster, Elijah W., . 
 
 29 64 
 
 Fairbanks, Sardis, 
 
 33 88 
 
 Fairbanks, Levi, 
 
 32 34 
 
 Green, Charles, 
 
 62 01 
 
 Graham, Lewis H., . 
 
 38 10 
 
 Goodspeed, Daniel J., 
 
 24 91 
 
 Greenwood, Edward, 
 
 46 94 
 
 Greenwood, Walter, 
 
 66 14 
 
 Greenwood, Walter, Trustee of Bapt 
 
 ist Society, 40 80 
 
 Greenwood & Wright, 
 
 190 68 
 
 Guild, Willard G., . 
 
 24 43 
 
 Gates, Samuel G., 
 
 24 98 
 
 Gates Marcius A., 
 
 24 56 
 
 Gates, Horace, 
 
 27 94 
 
 Glazier, Thomas E., 
 
 60 09 
 
 Heywood, Seth, 
 
 195 79 
 
112 
 
 TOWN HISTORY.— 
 
 Heywood Chair Mfg. Co. 
 
 Heywood, L., & Co., 
 
 Heywood, widow Mary, 
 
 Heywood, Levi, 
 
 Hogan & Co., . 
 
 Howe,N. B., . 
 
 Howe, Simeon, 
 
 Hill, Wm. B., Admr. of the est 
 
 Howe, Ebenezer, 
 
 Howe, Joseph P., 
 
 Hill, Henry C, 
 
 Hager, George B., 
 
 Hinds, Abijah, 
 
 Hodgman, George, 
 
 Jackson, Elisha S., 
 
 Jackson, Josiah A., 
 
 Kendall, Hubbard, estate of, 
 
 Kendall, Benjamin T., 
 
 Kendall, Orison, 
 
 Kelton, George, 
 
 Lynde, Wm. S., 
 
 Lovewell, Leonard, 
 
 Lovewell, Isaac, 
 
 Lawrence, Henry, 
 
 Merriam, Albert, 
 
 Morse, C. W., . 
 
 Moore, John M., 
 
 Nichols & Baker, 
 
 Parker, David, 
 
 Parker & Heywood, Trustees of 
 
 Pierce, S. K., . 
 
 Pierce, Jonas, . 
 
 TAXES. 
 
 
 • • 
 
 291 18 
 
 > . • 
 
 26 65 
 
 . . . 
 
 30 60 
 
 ■ . • 
 
 388 09 
 
 . . . 
 
 57 12 
 
 > . • 
 
 48 43 
 
 • . • 
 
 21 04 
 
 of Geo. Howe 
 
 , 25 91 
 
 • . • 
 
 23 94 
 
 . . 
 
 23 59 
 
 . . . 
 
 139 16 
 
 . . . 
 
 38 23 
 
 . . . 
 
 29 75 
 
 > • • 
 
 21 77 
 
 . . 
 
 34 61 
 
 . 
 
 20 92 
 
 . . . 
 
 25 24 
 
 . 
 
 53 95 
 
 . . . 
 
 29 40 
 
 • 
 
 25 91 
 
 . . 
 
 95 91 
 
 • • 
 
 52 33 
 
 . 
 
 23 63 
 
 . 
 
 32 93 
 
 . . 
 
 29 81 
 
 . . . 
 
 21 37 
 
 ... 
 
 20 59 
 
 . . • 
 
 24 74 
 
 . . . 
 
 208 89 
 
 Sarah Hey wo oc 
 
 , 61 20 
 
 . 
 
 125 94 
 
 « • « 
 
 58 04 
 
J.UVVIM JO.-IQHJ 
 
 Partridge, Seneca, . 
 
 ni. — . 
 
 LAAfifl 
 
 
 11; 
 
 66 03 
 
 Perley, Asa, 
 
 
 
 
 24 40 
 
 Peabody, John H., 
 
 
 
 
 21 59 
 
 Rugg & Osgood, 
 
 
 
 
 53 04 
 
 Richardson, Francis, 
 
 
 
 
 57 54 
 
 Richardson, Asa, 
 
 
 
 
 36 80 
 
 Ray, Heman, 
 
 
 
 
 28 18 
 
 Ray, Amos, 
 
 
 
 
 26 78 
 
 Stevens, S. W. A., . 
 
 
 
 
 30 68 
 
 Stevens, Abel S., 
 
 
 
 
 22 23 
 
 Sawin, L. H., 
 
 
 
 
 54 05 
 
 Sawin, John, 
 
 
 
 
 48 64 
 
 Stone, Benjamin, 
 
 
 
 
 47 32 
 
 Shumway, Charles A., 
 
 
 
 
 24 45 
 
 Scollay, Charles, 
 
 
 
 
 23 54 
 
 Smith, AsaF., 
 
 
 
 
 20 01 
 
 South G-ardner Mfg. Co., 
 
 
 
 
 229 50 
 
 Temple, Seth H., 
 
 
 
 
 42 40 
 
 Temple, C C, 
 
 
 
 
 23 54 
 
 Travers, E. C. J. & 0. A. 
 
 
 
 
 36 83 
 
 Thompson, Hollis, 
 
 
 
 
 24 82 
 
 Wood, Asaph, 
 
 
 
 
 100 99 
 
 Wood, Abel S., 
 
 
 
 
 71 99 
 
 Wood, Nelson P., 
 
 
 
 
 21 80 
 
 Whitney, Amasa, 
 
 
 
 
 98 18 
 
 Whitney, Joseph, 2d, 
 
 
 
 
 24 19 
 
 Whitney, J. & I., 
 
 
 
 
 44 61 
 
 Whitney, J. & J. A., 
 
 
 
 
 31 07 
 
 White, A. & Co., 
 
 
 
 
 47 37 
 
 Wright, Joseph, 
 
 
 
 
 21 85 
 
 Wright, Edward, 
 
 
 
 
 21 04 
 
 Willis, Andrew W., 
 
 
 
 
 29 39 
 
^j4 town history.— roads. 
 
 Non-Residents. 
 
 Taylor, Stephen, $28 76 
 
 Murdock, E., Sawyer, and others, . . 61 21 
 
 Whitney, Seth, 22 18 
 
 Stone, Leonard, . . . . . 20 40 
 
 E O A D S. 
 
 The town is well supplied with roads, amount- 
 ing to between fifty and sixty miles in length, of 
 which the following are the principal ones : 
 
 The road leading from Brattleborough to Bos- 
 ton, through the south part of the town, is about 
 four miles in length, and was originally a turn- 
 pike. In the year 1829, it was abandoned as 
 such, and made free for public travel. It was 
 laid out as a county road by the Commissioners 
 in the year 1833, and re-built by the town, at an 
 expense of between seven and eight thousand 
 dollars. 
 
 The county road leading from Westminster to 
 Royalston passes through the center of the 
 Town ; length, seven miles. 
 
 The roads from the center of the town, lead- 
 ing to Ashburnham, Winchendon, Jonesville, 
 Templeton, and Hubbardston, are of about an 
 equal length ; viz : from four to five miles. 
 
TOWN HISTORY— MILITARY. 
 
 115 
 
 The roads belonging to Gardner are kept in 
 repair at a cost of from fifteen to eighteen hun- 
 dred dollars annually. 
 
 The Vermont and Massachusetts rail-road 
 passes through the town from east to west, at 
 about an equal distance from the center and south 
 village, five or six miles in length. 
 
 MILITARY. 
 
 Soon after the incorporation of the town, a 
 militia company was formed of all the able 
 bodied men between the ages of eighteen and 
 forty-five, (according to the laws of the Com- 
 monwealth,) and chose William Bickford, Cap- 
 tain. This company continued to do duty, until 
 the law requiring such duty was repealed. The 
 following are the names of its commanders. 
 
 William Bickford, Reuben Haynes, Samuel 
 Edgell, Aaron Greenwood, Abel Kendall, Ben- 
 jamin Edgell, David Nichols, Arna Bacon, Ezra 
 Moore, William Bickford, Jr., Ahio Temple, 
 Levi Priest, Ezekiel Howe, Abel Jackson, Bart- 
 lett Stoddard, Henry Whitney, William Learned, 
 George W. Cowee and Ephraim Wright. 
 
116 
 
 TOWN HISTORY.— MILITARY. 
 
 In 1813, a volunteer company was formed, 
 called the Gardner Light Infantry. Soon after 
 its organization, it was ordered to South Boston, 
 where it remained on duty until the close of the 
 war. 
 
 The following are the names of the commis- 
 sioned officers, non-commissioned officers, and 
 privates belonging to this company at the time 
 they were ordered into the service of their 
 country. 
 
 Ephraim Williams, Captain ; Samuel Sawin, 
 Lieut.; Joel Cowee, Ensign ; Ebenezer Bolton, 
 1st Sergeant ; Charles Hoar, 2d, do.; Benjamin 
 Stone, 3d, do.; Reuben Wheeler, 4th, do. 
 
 Privates : Luke Whitney, Josiah Eaton, Joel 
 Wheeler, James Coolidge, Jr., Josiah Wilder, 
 Isaac Wilder, David Wilder, Phineas Moore, 
 Aaron Conant, Abram F. Glazier, George W. 
 Davis, Seth Whitney, Joseph Whitney, 2d., Jos. 
 P. Whitney, Thomas Bennett, Jr., Hubbard Ken- 
 dall, Joseph L. Newell, Pliny Billings, David 
 Perley, David Reed, Jr., Isaac Jackson, John 
 Woodbury, Nathl Wright, Jonas Brick, Amasa 
 Leland, Farwell Conant, and Benjamin Edgell. 
 
 William Fenno, Drummer ; Levi Divol, Bass, 
 do.; Edward Loud, Eifer. 
 
 This was a spirited and well-disciplined com- 
 
TOWN HISTORY.— MILITARY. i 1 >-i 
 
 pany for about twenty years, under the command 
 of the following named officers : 
 
 Ephm Williams, Joel Cowee, Reuben Wheeler, 
 Benjamin Stone, Thomas Bennett, Jr., Isaac- 
 Jackson, Martin Dunster, Luther Alden, and 
 Isaac P. Kendall. 
 
 In 1844, a company was formed called the 
 Gardner Greys. The following is a list of the 
 officers of the company : 
 
 James Coolidge, 2d, Captain ; David Kendall, 
 Joseph Wood, and Hiram Wood, Lieutenants ; 
 Charles Leland, Quartermaster ; John W. Hill, 
 Henry C. Hill, Aaron B. Jackson, Edwin A Ste- 
 vens, and Alonzo B. Clark, Sergeants ; Josiah 
 A. Jackson, Hosea Adams, John H. Peabody, 
 and James W. Woodbury, Corporals ; Aaron B. 
 Jackson, Treasurer. 
 
 Privates : Edwin Hill, Asher W. Shattuck, 
 James B. Lord, Ebenezer Ballon, Alonzo Davis, 
 Addison A. Walker, Joseph L. Wheeler, Wil- 
 liam B. Hill, George A. Glazier, Nathan A. 
 Gates, John M. Seaver, Edwin Howe, Charles 
 E. Bickford, Abijah Hinds, Jr., Merrick Adams, 
 W r illiam H. Learned, Stilman D. Colburn, Har- 
 rison E. Rawson, Lysander B. Jaquith, William 
 T. Peabody, Charles Noyes, Hiram Williams, 
 Elijah W. Foster, John H. Walker, Albert Bick- 
 
 ll 
 
iio TOWN HISTORY.— MUSIC. 
 
 ford, J. H. Sperling, George T. Lowell, Ai Stone, 
 J. P. Lynde, Ransom Bolton, Bellarmin Bolton, 
 Luke Whitney, R. G. Reed, Daniel Adams, 
 Ephraim S. Bowker, Luther B. Walker, Samuel 
 Hodgman, B. G. Cochran, Asa F. Smith and 
 Benjamin H. Rugg. 
 
 This company was disbanded in 1851 ; since 
 that time there has been no military company in 
 Gardner. 
 
 MUSIC. 
 
 There were two bands of music formed in 
 1855. One in the center of the town, called the 
 Gardner Cornet Band, is composed of eighteen 
 members. The other is in the south village, 
 and is called the Mechanics' Cornet Band ; it 
 consisted of nineteen members at its formation ; 
 it now numbers sixteen. 
 
 These organizations have not the power to 
 protect or secure property that belong to the 
 engine companies ; yet their music has a tenden- 
 cy to invigorate, enliven and animate the mind, 
 rendering it more capable of enjoying its pos- 
 sessions. 
 
TOWN HISTORY.— FIRE DEPARTMENT. iin 
 
 FIRE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 The fire department at the present time, con- 
 sists of two organized companies of engine men 
 formed in 1852. One is located in the south 
 village, and is called the Cataract, No. 1 ; Samuel 
 Bent, Foreman. The other, is in the west village, 
 and is called the Torrent, No. 2 ; Hiram Wood, 
 Foreman. Both companies have powerful en- 
 gines which were purchased by the town at an 
 expense of nearly three thousand dollars, includ- 
 ing hose. 
 
 FIRES, 
 
 AND INJURIES BY LIGHTNING. 
 
 1798, August 10. A barn belonging to Setli 
 Heywood was set on fire by lightning and con- 
 sumed, with the crops of hay and grain. 
 
 1798, August 24. A barn belonging to Samuel 
 Stone was struck by lightning and burnt; it 
 Was well filled with hay and grain. 
 
 1808. In May, a dwelling-house of Joseph 
 Wright, with all the furniture, was consumed. 
 The fire was occasioned by a defect in the oven. 
 
 1809. In November, a house belonging to 
 Allen Perley was burned, with the furniture ; he 
 was having it repaired at the time ; the workmen 
 
120 
 
 TOWN HISTORY.— FIRES. 
 
 had left shavings so near the fire-place, that on 
 going out, the wind took them to the fire, thus 
 communicating the flames to the building with 
 such rapidity that there was no chance to save it. 
 
 1810. In the spring of the year, a house be- 
 longing to Capt. Ezekiel Howe was struck by 
 lightning : there had been quite a shower of rain 
 a little while before ; Mr. Howe was coming to- 
 wards the house when it was struck, and remarked 
 " that the electricity had the appearance of live 
 coals thrown from the roof." The house was not 
 burned, but so shattered, that he built a new 
 one ; the furniture was upset, and the crockery 
 thrown from the shelves and broken. A loaded 
 gun standing in the house w T as discharged by the 
 electricity. 
 
 1813. The card shop of Josiah Wilder, Jr. 
 was destroyed by fire. Also, a dwelling-house 
 belonging to Aaron Pratt. 
 
 1827. In February, a chair shop of James 
 M. Comee was burned. 
 
 1829. A grist mill belonging to Capt. William 
 Bickford, (where C. J. and O. A. Travers' chair 
 shop now stands,) was burned. 
 
 1834. In June, the dwelling-house of Seth 
 Whitney took fire upon the roof, and was de- 
 stroyed. In October, a chair shop belonging to 
 
TOWN HISTORY.— FIRES. 
 
 121 
 
 Walter Heywood was burned on the site where 
 Asher Shattuck's house now stands. 
 
 Capt. Henry Whitney had a mill burned, and 
 built another on the same site, which he sold to 
 Daniel J. Goodspeed, which was afterwards burnt. 
 
 Martin Dunster had a chair shop destroyed by 
 fire, on the site where Nichols & Bakers grist 
 mill now stands. 
 
 1839. In March, a chair shop of Elijah Put- 
 nam was burned, on the site now occupied by 
 L. II . Sawin. 
 
 1841, August 20. The blacksmith shop be- 
 longing to Capt. William Learned was destroyed 
 by fire. 
 
 1846. A mill belonging to Ai Stone, in the 
 north part of the town, (where John Cowee's 
 mill now stands,) was burned. A small house 
 belonging to Heman Kay was burned the same 
 year. Daniel J. Goodspeed had a shop con- 
 sumed by fire, where Greenwood & Wright's 
 chair shop now stands. 
 
 1852. In November, the same individual had 
 a shop burned on the site now occupied by B. F. 
 Kendall. 
 
 1855. In March, the house that had been 
 occupied by Miss Kneeland and Mrs. Phinney, 
 was burned. 
 
122 
 
 TOWN HISTORY.— CASUALTIES. 
 
 1857. In September, a large paint shop be- 
 longing to the South Gardner Chair Manufac- 
 turing Company, near the depot, was burned. 
 Loss, $10,000 ; insured for $5,500. 
 
 Other inconsiderable fires may have occurred. 
 
 Hail Storm. A sudden storm of hail came 
 over the north part of Gardner, June 20, 1850, 
 breaking the glass on the west, and north-west 
 side of the buildings where it went. The hail 
 came with such force that it broke down the 
 growing vegetables in its course. 
 
 CASUALTIES. 
 
 In 1802, Seth Hey wood was found dead by 
 the road-side, between Leominster and West- 
 minster ; he had been to assist a man in driving 
 some cattle, and, in returning home, it is sup- 
 posed, he felt unwell and stepped out of the road 
 and died. He was a young man, dearly beloved 
 and greatly lamented by his friends. His age 
 was 25. 
 
 In 1818, David Wilder was killed in conse- 
 quence of a tub of gravel falling on him while 
 he was at work in a well ; the tub was drawn 
 
TOWN HISTORY.— CASUALTIES. 
 
 123 
 
 up by a windlass ; those working at that, turned 
 it so fast, that the tub went over after it was 
 drawn up. His age was 30. 
 
 In 1820, Joseph Clark, Jr., died in a fit. His 
 age was 33. 
 
 In 1822, William Fenno died in consequence 
 of falling from his wagon while going down the 
 hill, about a quarter of a mile east of the center 
 of the town, a little below the road to West- 
 minster. On examining the wagon, it was found 
 that the linchpin went but a little way into the 
 axle-tree ; it was supposed, on turning around, 
 as one wheel went over a stone, the pin came 
 out, and on going down this hill the wheel came 
 off, causing the accident. He lived two or three 
 days. 
 
 In 1826, Jonathan Martin was found dead in 
 his house, being left alone for a little while. 
 Jonathan Bancroft was found dead in a pasture, 
 while on a visit to his son ; as he was going from 
 the field to the house, he died, (as was supposed) 
 in a fit. His age was 76. 
 
 In 1831, Asahel Brick died in a fit. His age 
 was 47. Harriet, daughter of Abijah Hinds, was 
 drowned in a clay pit. She was 7 years of age. 
 
 In 1834, Capt. Ahio Temple died suddenly in 
 his bed. His age was 70. 
 
J24 TOWN HISTORY.— CASUALTIES. 
 
 In 1835, Benjamin Howe fell from a ladder 
 attached to the high beams in the barn ; he had 
 nearly reached the top when the ladder swayed, 
 and he fell to the floor, injuring him so badly 
 that he died the third day. His age was 52. 
 
 In 1837, Daniel Gates was so injured by the 
 upsetting of his wagon, (near the house of Amos 
 Ray,) that he lived but a few days. 
 
 In 1842, Winslow Davis was wounded by fall- 
 ing from his wagon, causing his death in a few 
 days. Amasa Leland was killed by a timber 
 falling upon his head while taking down his barn. 
 His age was 49. Silas, son of George W Davis, 
 while sliding from a hay-mow, came forcibly 
 upon a pitchfork, which entered his body caus- 
 ing his death. He was 10 years of age. 
 
 In 1844, Mrs. Joel Co wee died suddenly in 
 her bed. Her age was 54. 
 
 In 1843, Horace P., son of David Bickford, 
 was drowned. He was 5 years of age. 
 
 In 1851, Andrew Beard was found dead in his 
 bed. His age was 79. 
 
 In 1852, a child of George Howe died in a 
 fit. He was 2 years of age. 
 
 In 1855, Levi Richardson was found frozen 
 in Mr. Ballous mill, in the north part of the 
 town. His age was 53. Hubbard Kendall was 
 
TOWN HISTORY.— CASUALTIES. 
 
 125 
 
 killed by the falling of a tree. His age was 65. 
 Miss Merriam was found dead in her bed. Her 
 age was 69. 
 
 On the night of the 7th of March, 1855, a 
 shocking murder was committed in Gardner. 
 The house of Miss Miriam Kneeiand and Mrs. 
 Sarah K. Phinney, was entered, by breaking a 
 window while the occupants were in their beds ; 
 the murderer with malice prepense, and without 
 any provocation, maliciously murdered those two 
 innocent persons by striking them on their heads 
 with a cudgel. The instrument used was a chair- 
 post. The murder was not disclosed until the 
 next day evening. This affair so agitated the 
 town, that there was but little business accom- 
 plished for a week ; there was great exertion 
 used to ascertain the perpetrator of this invidi- 
 ous deed. The Selectmen offered a reward of 
 §500, to any one who would detect and bring to 
 justice the assassin. 
 
 A young man by the name of George Stacy 
 was apprehended and tried before a Justice of 
 the Peace in Gardner ; the evidence was so much 
 against him, that he was committed for a further 
 hearing before the Supreme Court, at Worcester. 
 The Grand Jury found a bill against him, and 
 the case went to the Trial Jury, but their ver- 
 dict was not guilty. 
 
1 2 g TOWN HISTORY —CASUALTIES. 
 
 Their funeral was attended at the meeting- 
 house the next Sabbath by a large congregation ; 
 Rev. A. Stowell preached a sermon from these 
 words : 
 
 " They were lovely and pleasant in their lives, and in their 
 death they were not divided." 2nd Samuel, 1st c., 23d v. 
 
 The congregation was so large that part of 
 them repaired to the town hall, where Rev. J. 
 C. Paine preached from the text found in Prov- 
 erbs, 4th, 27th. 
 
 " Turn not to the right hand nor to the left : remove thy 
 feet from evil." 
 
 The subjects of this murder were daughters 
 of Timothy Kneeland, whose name has been 
 mentioned among the early settlers of Gardner. 
 Miss Kneeland was 85 years of age, and Mrs. 
 Phinney, 75. For a number of years they were 
 the only occupants of the house. They were 
 humble and exemplary christians. 
 
 In 1856, Mrs. Lorenzo Cheney died in conse- 
 quence of being burnt ; a fluid lamp was broken 
 setting fire to her clothes, and burned her so 
 badly that she lived but a few hours. Her age 
 was 48. 
 
 In 1857, Hammond Hardy, aged 21, was frozen 
 so that he died. George W. Davis, aged 68, was 
 drowned. 
 
TOWN HISTORY.— CEMETERIES. 197 
 
 In 1859, a son of Lyman Fenno, four years of 
 age, fell into a shiner-box and being too small to 
 get out alone, was frozen ; he was not discovered 
 until death had completed its mission. A son 
 of Mr. Flinn, two years of age, w r as drowned in 
 a well. A son of John Hyde, four years of age, 
 was drowned. 
 
 Small Pox. There were four deaths from 
 small pox in 1854, and two in 1855. 
 
 Suicide. There have been seven deaths by 
 suicide within the last fifty years. 
 
 Only one resident in town has been known to 
 arrive at the age of one hundred ; a man by the 
 name of Chapel, of English birth, died in Gard- 
 ner, about the year 1820, aged 103. 
 
 Since 1830, there have been 782 deaths; 11 
 between ninety and one hundred ; 48 between 
 eighty and ninety ; 139 between fifty and eighty ; 
 153 between twenty-five and fifty ; 88 between 
 fifteen and twenty-five ; 343 under fifteen. 
 
 CEMETERIES. 
 
 The burying-ground, lying north of the com- 
 mon, is owned by the town ; the land was bought 
 of Seth Heywood, in 1785; some years after, 
 
128 
 
 TOWN HISTORY.— CEMETERIES. 
 
 an addition was made to it on the west side. 
 In 1847, a tomb was bnilt at the east end, for the 
 use of the town. 
 
 In November, 1849, several of the inhabitants 
 of South Gardner, made application to Asaph 
 Wood, Esq., to issue a warrant to some one of 
 the persons named in the said application, to 
 meet at the office of Dr. II. C. Ilarriman, to or- 
 ganize into a company, to be called the South 
 Gardner Green Bower Cemetery Company. 
 
 The persons met agreeably to notice, and voted 
 to organize, according to the law made and pro- 
 vided for in such cases, into a company with the 
 above name ; and made choice of S. W. A. Ste- 
 vens, for Clerk, and H. C. Harriman, Modera- 
 tor. 
 
 The officers of the company are, five Direc- 
 tors, or Trustees, one of whom shall be Presi- 
 dent, a Treasurer and Clerk. 
 
 A code of by-laws was adopted for the regu- 
 lation of the company ; and a piece of land was 
 purchased for the cemetery, south of the village, 
 of Mr. John Sawin, which w r as fenced, and pre- 
 pared, and laid out into lots for burial purposes, 
 and has since been occupied as such. In 1858, 
 the town voted to build a tomb in said cemetery, 
 which has been completed. 
 
TOWN HISTORY.— JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. 
 
 129 
 
 August 7th, 1858, the Town voted to purchase 
 some land, near the west village, for a new ceme- 
 tery, and chose Elisha S. Jackson, John W. Hill, 
 and Francis Richardson, a committee for that 
 purpose ; they bought ten acres of land : seven 
 or eight acres of Dea. Asa Perley, and two of 
 S. W. Bancroft. The land lies west of Crystal 
 Lake, and is called Crystal Lake Cemetery. 
 
 Considerable labor and expense is now being 
 bestowed upon it, and it has the appearance of 
 being a beautiful place (when completed) for 
 the reception of the dead. 
 
 JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. 
 
 Aaron Wood, Simeon Leland, William Whit- 
 ney, Smyrna Glazier, Asaph Wood, Francis Rich- 
 ardson, Lewis H. Bradford, Rufus Newton, S. 
 W. A. Stevens, John Edgell, Thomas E. Glazier, 
 Thorley Collester, and C. W. Carter. The last 
 mentioned one is an attorney at law. 
 
 MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS. 
 
 Joseph Boyden was probably the first physi- 
 cian in Gardner. Soon after he came into town, 
 
 12 
 
130 
 
 TOWN HISTORY.— MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS. 
 
 Rev. J. Osgood united the medical to his cleri- 
 cal office ; there not being practice enough for 
 both, Dr. Boyden left the place. Mr. Osgood 
 was the only physician in town for nearly thirty 
 years. 
 
 Dr. Howard practiced medicine here a few 
 years. In 1822, Horace Parker, from Westford, 
 came to Gardner ; after practicing medicine 
 about seven years, his health failed and he re- 
 turned to Westford, where he died soon after. 
 
 In 1823, David Parker came into town; after 
 studying awhile with his brother Horace, he 
 commenced the practice of medicine with him, 
 which he has continued to the present time. 
 After the death of his brother, he was for many 
 years the only physician in town. 
 
 Occasionally a physician would locate here 
 until a better opening might be found. Dr. San- 
 born practiced in the south village a short time. 
 Dr. Carpenter, Dr. Harriman, Dr. Warner, and 
 Dr. Jewett, have also been located as physicians 
 here. Dr. Sawyer and Dr. Macomber are now 
 practising physicians in the place; the one last 
 mentioned is of the homoeopathic order. 
 
 W. H. H. Hinds, dentist, resided in town seven 
 or eight years, when he sold out in 1859 to Dr. 
 E. D. Gaylord. 
 
TOWN HISTORY— SCHOOLS. 
 
 131 
 
 Nathan S. Lincoln, son of Rev. Sumner Lin- 
 coln, fitted for college at Springfield, Mass., and 
 graduated at Dartmouth College in 1850. Stud- 
 ied medicine in Baltimore, Md.; commenced the 
 practice of medicine in the city of Washington 
 in 1853, where he still resides. 
 
 Albert Kendall, son of Hubbard Kendall, 
 studied with Dr. Harriman, of Gardner, and at- 
 tended the Medical College at New York, where 
 he received his diploma for a physician, in which 
 practice he is now engaged at Newton Lower 
 Falls. 
 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 In 1787, the town was divided into four school 
 districts, and granted twenty pounds to be ex- 
 pended in schooling. Previous to that time what 
 education the children received was given in a 
 private capacity; for nine years the schools were 
 kept in dwelling-houses. In 1796, the town 
 granted 250 pounds to build school-houses. 
 
 In 1818 the town was new districted and di- 
 vided into six school districts ; the school money 
 has been increased from year to year until the 
 present time, when $2,000 is appropriated to 
 that use. The people of Gardner attach great 
 
1Q0 TOWN HISTORY.— SCHOOLS. 
 
 importance to the system of common school edu- 
 cation; this may be noticed in their school-houses, 
 all of which have been built new, or repaired 
 within a few years. In 1858, district No. 1 
 erected a beautiful and commodious house, with 
 four departments, at a cost of $10,000. In the 
 same year, district No. 3 erected a house with 
 three departments, at a cost of $5,000. Much 
 pains has been taken in selecting teachers, giving 
 the children and youth an opportunity to acquire 
 an education sufficient to qualify them for the 
 active business of life. A high school is often 
 kept in the center of the town. There is also a 
 fund of $1,000, belonging to the south village, 
 the income of which is to be paid for the sup- 
 port of a school. The donor was Abijah M. 
 Severy. We find from the report of the School 
 Committee, that in the year 1858, the number of 
 public schools kept in town was twenty-five ; an 
 increase in number of six over the preceding 
 year ; their average length was six and a half 
 months. 
 
 The number of persons in town between five 
 and fifteen years of age, according to the last 
 enumeration, was 482. 
 
TOWN HISTORY.— BUSINESS. 
 
 BUSINESS. 
 
 133 
 
 The principal business of this town for the 
 first fifty years after its settlement, was farming. 
 There were several coopers, but none that car- 
 ried on an extensive business. About the year 
 1805, Mr. James M. Comee commenced on a 
 small scale the manufacture of chairs. The only 
 machinery used then in making chairs was an 
 ordinary foot-lathe for turning some parts of the 
 stock then used, the rest of the work was done 
 entirely by hand. This may be considered the 
 commencement of chair manufacturing in New 
 England, as, before it was done solely in con- 
 nection with cabinet work. Mr. Comee continued 
 in this business a number of years without com- 
 petition. But at length, as it proved to be lucra- 
 tive, and in the way it was carried on at that 
 time, requiring but little capital to commence 
 with, it was taken up by one and another until 
 it has now become the principal business of the 
 town, and is carried on to some extent in the 
 neighboring towns. Mr. Comee acquired a hand- 
 some estate, and was a man much respected by 
 his townsmen ; he lived one-fourth of a mile 
 east of the center of the town, where Mrs. A. 
 Gates now resides. The rise and progress of 
 
 12* 
 
134 
 
 TOWN HISTORY.— BUSINESS. 
 
 the chair business in this town if written in de- 
 tail, might be interesting, but as I have not the 
 facts sufficient, I shall confine myself to some 
 general statements : 
 
 For many years the only machinery used was 
 a foot-lathe. When water-power was first ap- 
 plied to the turning-lathe, it was a matter of 
 astonishment to many, to see with what rapidity 
 the work was done. Next came the circular saw 
 to prepare the timber for the lathe ; and machine 
 has followed machine to the present time, and a 
 large part of the work is now done with them. 
 
 The annual amount of chair business may be 
 set in round numbers at $550,000. Number of 
 men employed, 450 ; number of chairs made, 
 620,000 ; amount paid for seating the same, 
 $55,000 ; which last is done by women and chil- 
 dren. 
 
 The largest establishment for chair-making in 
 town, and probably the largest in the United 
 States, is that of the Hey wood Chair Manufac- 
 turing Company. Their factory is situated on 
 the stream flowing from Crystal Lake, and near 
 its outlet ; for motive power they use both water 
 and steam; they employ over 200 men, and manu- 
 facture 200,000 chairs annually, varying in prices 
 from $6 to $120 per dozen, making an aggregate 
 
TOWN HISTORY.— BUSINESS. 
 
 135 
 
 amount of $230,000. The amount paid by them 
 for seating, is $18,000 annually. In addition to 
 the above, the same company manufacture 50,000 
 gallons of varnish annually, valued at $83,000, 
 8,000 of which is used by themselves in finish- 
 ing chairs. The business of this company in 
 1849, was one hundred thousand dollars: in 
 1859, three hundred thousand dollars. Their 
 office in Boston is 113 Fulton street. 
 
 The following table will show the amount of 
 chair business done by individuals and compa- 
 nies, at the present time : 
 
 Heywood Chair ) (Chairs,) 
 
 Manuf. Co., ) (Varnish,) 
 Collester, Rugg & Co., 
 L. H. Sawin, . . . 
 E. Wright & Co., . . 
 P. Derby, .... 
 A. White & Co., . . 
 Greenwood & Wright, . 
 S. K. Pierce, . . . 
 W. Hogan & Co., . . 
 Greenwood and Nichols, 
 John Sawin & Co., . 
 E. C. & O. A. Travers 
 Asa Perley, 
 
 « a 2 
 
 
 
 < a m 
 
 $230,000 
 70,000 
 30,000 
 24,000 
 24,000 
 16,000 
 20,000 
 75,000 
 60,000 
 40,000 
 10,000 
 8,000 
 6,000 
 5,000 
 
 210200,000^18,000 
 
 20 
 17 
 15 
 17 
 25 
 40 
 45 
 30 
 5 
 7 
 4 
 7 
 
 25,000 
 30,000 
 40,000 
 16,000 
 36,000 
 100,000 
 50,000 
 80,000 
 
 7,800 
 26,000 
 10,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 3,500 
 4,000 
 3,000 
 2,000 
 4,000 
 8,000 
 7,000 
 5,000 
 1,000 
 
 700 
 400 
 
 \j. Qi \J. a. J-ravers, . u,wu -± iv,uuu i«v 
 
 a Perley, 5,000 7 6,000 400 
 
 The apparent discrepancy in the above table, 
 
136 
 
 TOWN HISTORY.— BUSINESS. 
 
 may be reconciled from the fact that some manu- 
 facturers make more of the higher priced chairs 
 than others, and some increase the amount of 
 their business by painting more or less of the 
 chairs they manufacture. To the above, we may 
 add the business of A. H. Brick, in painting 
 chairs ; his shop is near the depot, and he em- 
 ploys fifteen hands, and finishes about 50,000 
 chairs a year, making the whole amount of chair 
 business of the town, nearly $600,000. 
 
 There is one Pail and Tub factory in town, 
 owned and occupied by Amasa Bancroft. He 
 employs twelve men and makes 8,000 nests of 
 tubs, and 30,000 pails, annually; valued at 
 $15,500. 
 
 The Mercantile business of the town, exclu- 
 sive of flour and grain, may be set at $180,000, 
 and is done at the present time by A. S. Wood, 
 Stevens & Greenwood, Warren & Marean, N. 
 B. Howe, Rugg & Osgood, Wood & Bryant, G. 
 W. Black, G. T. Ellsworth, and L. D. Lyon. 
 
 There are in the town nine saw-mills, one 
 grist-mill, (Nichols & Baker's, who are doing a 
 business of $30,000 annually, in flour, grain and 
 meal;) one bakery, one tin-shop, three black- 
 smith's shops, one jeweller, two public houses, 
 four livery stables and two post offices. 
 
TOWN HISTORY— LIBRARIES. 1 g nr 
 
 LIBRARIES. 
 
 There are four circulating libraries in town ; 
 one in the south village, and three in the center 
 of the town, — one of which is an Agricultural 
 Library : there is also one in each school district. 
 
 ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 Agreeably to letters missive from a number of 
 brethren who were church members residing in 
 Gardner, an Ecclesiastical Council convened at 
 the house of John Glazier, Feb. 1st, 1786, in 
 order to lead and assist them in forming a church 
 of Christ in said town, consisting of delegates 
 from the churches in Westminster, Templeton, 
 Winchendon and Ashburnham. 
 
 Voted, Rev. Mr. Rice, Moderator, and Rev. 
 Mr. Cushing, Scribe. 
 
 There were twenty-six members of other 
 churches present, desirous of forming themselves 
 into a church of Christ ; seven others united with 
 them by profession. 
 
 The Moderator, in the name of the Council, 
 tendered to them as a regular church of Christ, 
 the fellowship of the churches, and exhorted them 
 to walk in the faith and order of the gospel. 
 
]^g TOWN HISTORY.— ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 After the exercises, upon a motion made in 
 the presenee of the Council, the Church chose 
 the Rev. Mr. Rice as their standing Moderator, 
 with all consenting that they should choose an 
 occasional Moderator among themselves as they 
 should need. The Council then dissolved. 
 
 J. Cushing, Scribe. 
 
 At this early period, towns and parishes were 
 identical, and a tax was levied by law for the 
 support of the gospel. 
 
 The following was the covenant of that early 
 church, there being no articles of faith. 
 
 Form of Covenant. 
 
 "We, whose names are hereunto subscribed, apprehending 
 ourselves called of God unto the church state of the gospel, 
 do first of all confess ourselves unworthy to be so highly 
 favored of the Lord, and admire that free, rich grace of his 
 which triumphs over so great unworthiness. And thus with 
 humble reliance on the aids of grace, therein promise for 
 them that in a sense of their inability to do any good there- 
 by, do humbly wait on him for all. Thankfully laying hold 
 of his covenant, we would choose the things that please him. 
 We declare our serious belief of the christian religion as 
 contained in the said scriptures, and with such a view there- 
 of as the confessions of faith in other churches has exhibited, 
 heartily resolving to conform our lives unto the rules of that 
 holy religion, as long as we live in the world. We give up 
 
TOWN niSTORY.— ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 139 
 
 ourselves unto the blessed Jesus who is the Lord Jehovah, 
 and adhere to him as the head of his people, in the covenant 
 of his grace, and rely on him as our Priest, Prophet and 
 King, to bring us unto eternal blessedness. We acknowl- 
 edge our everlasting and indispensable obligations to glorify 
 God, in all the duties of a godly and righteous life : very 
 particularly in the duties of a church state, as a body of 
 people appointed in obedience to him in all the ordinances 
 of the gospel. And we therefore depend upon his generous 
 assistance for our faithful discharge of the duties thus in- 
 cumbent upon us. We desire and intend, with dependance 
 on his promised and powerful grace to walk together as a 
 church of the son Jesus Christ, in the faith and order of the 
 gospel, so far as we shall have the same revealed unto us. 
 Constantly attending the public worship of God, the sacra- 
 ments of New Testament, and the discipline of his kingdom, 
 and all his holy institutions in communion with one another, 
 and watchfully avoiding sinful stumbling-blocks and conten- 
 tions, as become a people whom the Son hath bound up to- 
 gether in a bundle of life. At the same time we do also 
 present our offspring with us unto the Lord ; professing with 
 his help to maintain the daily worship of God in our houses, 
 and to do our part in all other methods that our children 
 may be the Lord's. And all this we do, fleeing to the blood 
 of the everlasting Covenant for the pardon of our many 
 sins ; and praying that the gracious Lord, who is the great 
 Shepherd, would prepare and strengthen us for every good 
 work, to do his will, working in us that which is well-pleas- 
 ing in his sight, to whom be glory forever and ever. Amen." 
 
 At a meeting in March, 1789, the town voted 
 to raise £20, (or $66,67,) to hire preaching the 
 
140 
 
 TOWN HISTORY.— ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 present year ; voted that the committee for hiring 
 preaching, employ Rev. Frederick Parker. 
 
 In October, they voted to hire Mr. Parker six 
 Sabbaths ; also, to unite with the church in giv- 
 ing him a call, which was done. 
 
 His answer was in the negative. The people 
 were so anxious to have him for their minister, 
 that they chose a Committee of two to make fur- 
 ther proposals to him, such as they anticipated 
 he would accept, but all of no avail. 
 
 July 21st, 1791, the inhabitants of the town 
 were legally called together, for the purpose of 
 showing their minds with regard to giving Eev. 
 Jonathan Osgood a call to settle in the work of 
 the gospel ministry in Gardner; sixty-four in 
 favor, and three otherwise. 
 
 MR. OSGOOD'S ANSWER. 
 
 To the Church and Congregation in Gardner : 
 
 Brethren and Friends : 
 
 Whereas in the Providence of God you have 
 seen fit to give me an invitation to settle with you in the 
 work of the gospel ministry, I have taken it into serious 
 consideration, advised with my friends and fathers in the 
 ministry, and devoted myself to God in solemn prayer for 
 direction, in a matter of so much importance. I feel my 
 own inability to undertake so great a work. But being con- 
 fident of the mighty power of God, and knowing that the 
 
TOWN HISTORY— ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 141 
 
 great head of the church is able to support those who put 
 their trust in him, I hope he will afford me his grace, that I 
 may be enabled to carry on so great a work, and at the 
 same time relying that you will, by your prayers, strive with 
 me at the throne of grace, that I may be upheld in such an 
 arduous undertaking, and enabled to discharge the duty of 
 a faithful minister of Jesus Christ. I trust that you will 
 endeavor to strengthen my hands by your christian conduct, 
 and that you will be desirous that harmony should be kept 
 up with the neighboring churches, and that I should fre- 
 quently exchange with my brethren, the clergy. The pro- 
 posals you have made me for my support are according to 
 the infancy of the town. If at any future period, as you 
 increase in wealth, I should stand in need, I trust you will 
 be ready to afford me relief. I shall depend that you punc- 
 tually fulfill the proposals you have made. Relying on your 
 candor, and trusting you will strive with me to build up the 
 cause and kingdom of the great Redeemer in this place, and 
 taking every circumstance into consideration, I think it my 
 duty to answer you in the affirmative. I now affirm that I 
 accept your invitation to settle with you in the work of the 
 gospel ministry, reserving to myself, according to custom, 
 two or three Sabbaths in a year, as occasion may require, to 
 visit my friends. 
 
 As it is for the interest of religion and the welfare of so- 
 ciety, that peace, concord, and universal benevolence pre- 
 vail, let us strive to maintain them in our own minds, and 
 inculcate the importance of them upon others. Let us all 
 seek the great head of the church for support, and may we 
 conduct ourselves as the true disciples of Jesus Christ, and 
 walk together as heirs of the grace of life. That God 
 may delight to dwell among you, that he may afford you the 
 
 13 
 
142 
 
 TOWN HISTORY.— ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 influence of his Holy Spirit, that you may overcome all 
 things which shall oppose you in your christian course, that 
 you at last may come off conquerors through Jesus Christ, 
 and be made partakers of the inheritance of the saints in 
 life, is the earnest prayer of your friend and brother. 
 
 Jonathan Osgood. 
 
 Gardner, Sept. 17th, 1791. 
 
 At this period ministers were settled for life. 
 The conditions of Mr. Osgood's settlement were 
 £58, one-half of it to be paid in one year, and 
 the remainder in two years from his installation. 
 His salary was to be £75 (or $250) a year, so 
 long as he should continue to preach. 
 
 At a subsequent meeting, the town voted to 
 take from his settlement £18 (or $60,) and add 
 to his salary twenty cords of hard wood. 
 
 Mr. Osgood was ordained October 19th, 1791. 
 The churches participating on that occasion, were 
 from Andover, Westminster, Hubbardston, Tem- 
 pleton, Winchendon, Ashburnham, Bolton, Lit- 
 tleton and Boxford. 
 
 The Eev. Mr. French, of Andover, introduced 
 the solemnities with prayer: Eev, Mr. Foster, 
 of Littleton, delivered the sermon: Eev. Mr. 
 Sparhawk, of Templeton, made the ordaining 
 prayer : Kev. Mr. Rice, of Westminster, gave the 
 charge : Eev. Mr. Brown, of Winchendon, be- 
 stowed the right hand of fellowship : Eev. Mr. 
 
TOWN HISTORY— ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. I^O 
 
 Wright, of Bolton, offered the concluding prayer. 
 
 Mr. Osgood was born at Westford in 1762. 
 He began after he was of age to secure an edu- 
 cation, graduated at Yale College, and studied 
 theology with Rev. Mr. Foster, of Littleton. 
 
 His congregation, though not very large, em- 
 braced the whole town. As there was no phy- 
 sician in town during the first years of Mr. 
 Osgood's ministry, he commenced the practice 
 of medicine, which he continued until his death ; 
 although a portion of his time was devoted to 
 the healing art, yet he was not considered neg- 
 lectful of the care and spiritual wants of his flock. 
 
 He bought some land and built a house (where 
 now lives Mr. Henry Lawrence) soon after he 
 came here. When all was completed he mar- 
 ried a daughter of Mr. Wardsworth, of Farming- 
 ton, Conn. It was thought to be a great time 
 here when he came with his bride ; a company 
 of young people met them at Barre and escorted 
 them to their new home, where many of his 
 people were assembled, bringing with them pro- 
 visions of every description as a token of love 
 and respect for their minister. 
 
 Mr. Osgood was a man of more than ordinary 
 ability, and was the only minister and physician 
 of the town during his life. He died on the 
 
144 
 
 TOWN HISTORY.— ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 22d of May, 1822, in the 61st year of his age and 
 3 1st of his ministry: his funeral (the expenses 
 of which were defrayed by the town) was at- 
 tended at the meeting-house by a large con- 
 course of people. The neighboring clergymen 
 were invited to assist in the services. Rev. Mr. 
 Easterbrook, of Athol, preached a sermon from 
 the text "Jesus wept." His death was lamented 
 by a large circle of friends, by whom he was 
 greatly esteemed and beloved. His character is 
 briefly delineated in the following lines : 
 
 "Cautious himself, he others ne'er deceived, 
 Lived as he taught, and taught as he believed." 
 
 After the death of Mr. Osgood, the parish 
 listened to several candidates for settlement 
 without being able to unite on any one as their 
 pastor ; they at length gave a call to Rev. Ed- 
 mund Sewell, which was declined. 
 
 May 3d, 1824, the parish voted a call to Mr. 
 Lincoln, who had been supplying them for a 
 season. Mr. Lincoln accepted the call, and was 
 ordained and installed June lGth, 1824. 
 
 Immediately after the settlement of Rev. Mr. 
 Lincoln, the church adopted the following cove 
 nant, instead of the one of 1786. 
 
 "You acknowledge the Bible to be a true and faithful re- 
 cord of the will of G-od respecting mankind. You receive 
 
TOWN HISTORY.— ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 145 
 
 it as the only rule of your religious faith and practice. In 
 religion you call no man Master ; for one is your Master, 
 even Christ. You believe Jesus is the Christ, the Son of 
 God. To us Christians, you believe, as the Apostle Paul 
 says, that there is but one God, the Father, of whom are all 
 things and we in him ; and one Lord Jesus Christ, by whom 
 are all things and we in him. In the presence of the heart- 
 searching God and this religious assembly, you solemnly 
 avouch the Lord Jehovah to be your God, your Creator, 
 your Redeemer, and your Sanctifier. Repenting of all your 
 past sins, you promise in future, constantly to endeavor, by 
 the aid of God, to render your life conformable to his re- 
 quirements. You promise, by becoming a member of the 
 visible church of Christ in this place, to submit to the gospel 
 discipline, rules and regulations, as established and prac- 
 ticed in the same." (Amen.) 
 
 "Thus you acknowledge and promise." 
 
 "We, then, as members of the Church of Christ, welcome 
 you to our fellowship and communion, at the table of our 
 common Lord, whose body was broken, and whose blood 
 was shed for the remission of sin. We promise, expecting 
 the same from you towards us, to exercise over you the 
 watchfulness of Christian love. May the peace of God make 
 us perfect to do his will, that we may walk together as 
 brethren ; preserving the unity of the Spirit in the bonds of 
 peace ; making us to abound in every good word and work ; 
 at last possessing a character adorned with every Christian 
 virtue, may we all be so happy as to meet in the mansions 
 of heaven, and unite our voices with an innumerable multi- 
 tude, in the song of blessing and honor, glory and power to 
 him that sitteth on the throne, and unto the Lamb, forever, 
 and ever." Amen. 
 
 13* 
 
146 
 
 TOWN HISTORY —ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 Mr. Lincoln continued to be the minister of 
 the Congregational Church for six succeeding 
 years ; when, what was then called exclusive 
 measures w T ere adopted by the ministers of this 
 association; the more liberal part taking one 
 side and calling themselves Unitarians, while 
 the more Calvinistic, taking the opposite side, 
 w T ere known by the name of Orthodox. The 
 liberals being in the majority, retained the meet- 
 ing-house ; Mr. Lincoln taking the Orthodox 
 side, with a part of the church, left and formed 
 a new society, called the Evangelical Congrega- 
 tional Society of Gardner. The separation of 
 the church took place in the autumn of 1830. 
 In December following, Rev. Jonathan Farr w T as 
 ordained over the Congregational Church, and 
 was dismissed, at his request, in July 1833. 
 
 Rev. Curtis Cutler accepted an invitation to 
 become their pastor, and was ordained Oct. 30th, 
 1833 ; his pastorate was about five years. Mr. 
 Cutler was dismissed at his own request, though 
 granted with reluctance by his people. 
 
 The pulpit was then supplied for a time by 
 Rev. G. W. Stacy, w T ho labored with much suc- 
 cess in the cause of his Master. 
 
 Rev. W. H. Fish was their next supply, and 
 was succeeded by Rev. Mr. Banister. From 
 
TOWN HISTORY.— ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 147 
 
 which time it has been considered an Orthodox 
 church. 
 
 Rev. J. C. Paine came to Gardner in 1847, and 
 preached his first sermon on the last Sabbath in 
 September. He received a unanimous call to 
 settle, which he accepted, and was installed Jan. 
 12th, 1848. 
 
 The society had recently remodeled their 
 meeting-house at a cost of about five thousand 
 dollars. The church and society were then 
 small, but soon began to increase, and have kept 
 steadily on to the present time, (Feb., 1859,) so 
 that now there is no spare pew to be rented. 
 About one hundred have been added to the 
 church, and it now numbers one hundred and 
 twenty. 
 
 Having in 1824 adopted, and, for about thirty 
 years, held the same creed of the 2d church, in 
 Feb., 1857, the church voted to change their 
 creed, and they adopted another, which is as 
 follows : 
 
 ARTICLES OF FAITH. 
 
 1st. You believe there is but one God, the Father, of 
 whom are all things, and one Lord Jesus Christ, by whom 
 are all things, and we by him. 
 
 2d. You believe the Bible is of divine inspiration, and 
 should be received as the supreme rule of faith and practice. 
 
148 
 
 TOWN HISTORY.— ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 3d. You believe that God has appointed all things, and 
 works all things according to his counsel, so that all who 
 believe on him may be saved, and he himself glorified. 
 
 4th. You believe that man was at first created upright, 
 but by his own voluntary act he sinned, in consequence of 
 which all are involved in sin, become voluntary sinners, and 
 are without holiness. 
 
 5th. You believe that in consequence of sin man needs 
 a change of heart, (which is effected through the influence 
 of the Spirit,) in order that he may be fitted for the service 
 of God and for heaven. 
 
 6th. You believe that faith, love, and repentance are the 
 terms on which man can receive forgiveness, and by the 
 grace of God be saved. 
 
 7th. You believe that the Christian graces will produce 
 in man good works, which may be received as evidences of 
 faith, but not as the ground of justification. 
 
 8th. You believe that the Lord Jesus Christ, by his suf- 
 ferings and death, has made ample atonement for all man- 
 kind, so that all who will comply with the terms of the gos- 
 pel may receive eternal life. 
 
 9th. You believe that there is to be a resurrection of the 
 dead, that God will call all to an account, and that each will 
 receive sentence. " The wicked shall go away into ever- 
 lasting punishment, but the righteous into life eternal." 
 
 10th. You believe the Sabbath to be a divine institution, 
 and that all are therefore under obligations to "Remember 
 the Sabbath day to keep it holy." 
 
 11th. You believe that the Lord's Supper and Baptism 
 are ordinances of the Christian church, and should be ob- 
 served by all the members of the church ; and that the sub- 
 jects of Baptism are believers and their households. 
 
TOWN HISTORY.— ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 149 
 
 FORM OF COVENANT. 
 
 You do now, in the presence of the heart-searching God, 
 and this religious assembly, avouch the Lord Jehovah to be 
 your God, your Creator, your Redeemer and your Sanctifier. 
 
 You promise, by the assistance of his grace, to live in 
 conformity to his requirements ; and that by uniting with 
 the church of Christ in this place, to submit to the gospel 
 discipline, rules and regulations, as established and practiced 
 in the same. 
 
 I do now, in the name of the Great Head of the Church, 
 pronounce you to be his, and entitled to all the blessings 
 and privileges of his church. And we, the members of this 
 church, cordially receive you into our communion; and we 
 covenant to watch over you, and to promote your spiritual 
 edification with all fidelity and tenderness, treating you in 
 truth and love as belonging to the Lord Jesus Christ, who 
 is head over all things to the church, which is his body, the 
 fullness of him that filleth all in all. 
 
 May the grace of God make you and us perfect to do his 
 will, that we may walk together in love, preserving the unity 
 of the Spirit in the bonds of peace ; making us to abound in 
 every good word and work ; and at last, being found pos- 
 sessed of a character, adorned with every Christian virtue, 
 may we all be so happy as to meet in the mansions of 
 heaven, and unite our hearts and voices, with an innumer- 
 able multitude, in the song of blessing and honor, glory and 
 power, to him who sitteth on the throne, and unto the Lamb 
 forever and ever. Amen. 
 
 EVANGELICAL CONGREGATIONAL SOCIETY. 
 On the second of August, 1830, the seceding 
 members of the first parish met and organized 
 
150 
 
 TOWN HISTORY.— ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 under the name the of Evangelical Congregational 
 Society of Gardner. On the 11th of the same 
 month Rev. S. Lincoln was installed as pastor 
 of the church and society. By much trial and 
 great sacrifice, the new organization built a 
 meeting-house at a cost of about two thousand 
 dollars, which was dedicated June 16th, 1831 ; # 
 and continued to be their house of worship until 
 they removed to their present house, which was 
 built in 1856, at an expense of about nine thou- 
 sand dollars. 
 
 This church, while it was under the care of 
 Mr. Lincoln, was actively engaged in the moral 
 reforms of the day ; it was especially so in rela- 
 tion to anti-slavery and temperance. It was 
 here that the Worcester County North Anti- 
 Slavery Society was formed. 
 
 During the ministration of Mr. Lincoln, as 
 also of his successor, Mr. Stone, this church had 
 quite too much anti-slavery spirit to be very 
 popular with most of the neighboring Orthodox 
 churches. 
 
 One hundred and twenty persons united with 
 the church by profession under Mr. Lincoln's 
 ministry of eleven and one-half years. In com- 
 
 *S. V. S. Wilder, Esq., gave the Society $100 towards building their meet- 
 ing-house ; also, a Communion Service and Bible. 
 
TOWN HISTORY.— ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 1 ~ i 
 
 pliance with his request, he was dismissed Feb. 
 23d, 1842. 
 
 A call having been extended and accepted by 
 Eev. William B. Stone, the same council that 
 dismissed Mr. Lincoln, proceeded to ordain and 
 install him. 
 
 Mr. Stone's pastorate was eight years ; during 
 that time there were seventy-six additions to the 
 church ; he left this people in September, 1850, 
 in consequence of ill health. 
 
 Rev. D. C. Frost preached as a supply one 
 year, and was succeeded by Rev. Mr. Grosvenor, 
 who only remained a few months. 
 
 The church then secured the services of Rev. 
 A. S to well, who continued their pastor five years. 
 Thirty-six were added to the church during that 
 time. 
 
 Dec. 7th, 1857, Rev. J. W. Healy was installed 
 as pastor of this church, and was dismissed, at 
 his own request, July 11th, 1859; during his 
 ministry there were thirty-five additions to the 
 church by profession, and twenty-six by letter. 
 
 Rev. Samuel J. Austin was installed pastor of 
 the church Dec. 8th, 1859. The church now 
 numbers two hundred and eight. 
 
 The following covenant was adopted in 1847, 
 during the period of Mr. Stone's labors. 
 
152 
 
 TOWN HISTORY.— ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 ARTICLES OF FAITH. 
 
 1st. We believe that the Scriptures of the Old and New 
 Testaments were given by inspiration of God. That they 
 are profitable for doctrine, for correction, for reproof, for 
 instruction in righteousness, and that they are the only effi- 
 cient rule of Christian faith and practice. 
 
 2d. We believe that God is a being of infinite perfec- 
 tions, both natural and moral, governing all things accord- 
 ing to his own will, and existing consequently with his unity 
 in three persons, Father, and Son, and Holy Ghost. 
 
 3d. We believe in the free agency, moral obligations, 
 and accountability of man. That in consequence of the first 
 transgression, he became destitute of holiness and prone to 
 evil, and obnoxious to the righteous justice of God. 
 
 4th. We believe that Christ by his sufferings and death 
 made atonement for sin. That it is abundantly sufficient for 
 the whole world. And that those who reject his gospel 
 perish in unbelief, entirely from their own fault. 
 
 5th. We believe in the necessity of a change of heart, 
 whereby its natural aversion to holiness gives place to the 
 grace and love of God in Christ. And that the change is 
 wrought by the influence of the Holy Spirit. 
 
 6th. We believe that the only meritorious ground of the 
 sinner's justification and pardon is the atoning sacrifice and 
 righteousness of Christ. That while justification is through 
 faith alone, it is through that living faith which unfailing 
 and perseveringly abounds in good works, and all the fruits of 
 the Spirit. And that salvation is entirely by grace. 
 
 7th. We believe in the resurrection of the dead, both of 
 the just and the unjust. That all mankind must appear be- 
 fore the judgment seat of Christ to be awarded according to 
 their works. The wicked to go away into everlasting punish- 
 ment, and the righteous into life eternal. 
 
TOWN HISTORY.— ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 153 
 
 8th. We believe that the ordinances of the New Testa- 
 ment are baptism and the Lord's Supper. 
 
 FORM OF COVENANT. 
 
 You do now, in the presence of the heart-searching God, 
 and this religious assembly, voluntarily avouch the Lord 
 Jehovah to be your G-od, and the supreme object of your 
 affections. You acknowledge the Lord Jesus Christ as your 
 only Saviour, and the Holy Grhost as your sanctifier. Re- 
 penting of all your past sins, you promise in future con- 
 stantly, by the aid of G-od, to render your life conformable 
 to his requirements. That you will observe the Sabbath 
 and attend to the ordinances of the Gospel. That you will 
 endeavor to advance the cause of temperance, moral purity, 
 anti-slavery and peace. And that henceforth, denying all 
 ungodliness and every worldly lust ; you will live soberly 
 and righteously and godly in the world. You promise, by 
 becoming a member of the visible church in this place, to 
 submit to the gospel discipline, rules and regulations, as 
 established and practiced in the same. 
 
 Thus you covenant and promise. (Then the church rise.) 
 We then, as members of the church of Christ, welcome you 
 to our fellowship and communion at the table of our common 
 Lord, whose body was broken, and whose blood was shed 
 for the remission of sins. We promise, expecting the same 
 from you towards us, to exercise over you the watchfulness 
 of Christian love. May the grace of Grod make us perfect to 
 do his will. That we may walk together as brethen, pre- 
 serving the unity of the Spirit in the bonds of peace, making 
 us to abound in every good ivord and work. 
 
 At last, preserving a character, adorned with every Chris- 
 tian virtue, may we all be so happy as to meet in the man- 
 
 14 
 
154 
 
 TOWN HISTORY —ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 sions of Heaven, and unite our voices with an innumerable 
 multitude, in the song of blessing and honor, glory and 
 praise to Him that sitteth upon the throne and unto the 
 Lamb forever and ever. Amen. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE BAPTIST CHURCH, 
 
 As taken from the minutes of the Sixteenth Anniversary of the 
 Wachusett Baptist Association held in Templeton, September 8th 
 and 9th, 1858. — By Lewis H. Bradford.] 
 
 The first movement of the South Gardner 
 Baptist Church was in the year 1830, when 
 twenty-three brethren and sisters of the Baptist 
 Church in Templeton, who resided in Gardner, 
 represented by letter to the church that " they 
 thought their number and circumstances such 
 that it would be for their advantage, and the 
 general interest of the cause of Christ, to be or- 
 ganized into a distinct church" — and on the 
 fifteenth of November, in the same year, an Ec- 
 clesiastical Council was convened at the house 
 of Sullivan Jackson, in South Gardner, for the 
 purpose of organizing and recognizing the 
 church. 
 
 The council was composed of delegates from 
 the churches in Templeton, Westminster, Prince- 
 ton, and West Boylston. The venerable pastor 
 of the Templeton church, Rev. Elisha Andrews, 
 
TOWN HISTORY.— ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 155 
 
 was chosen Moderator, and the Rev. Abiel Fisher, 
 now a member, bnt then pastor of the West 
 Boylston church, was chosen Scribe. 
 
 The Moderator, — " Father Andrews," — " ex- 
 hibited the state of the brethren requesting the 
 council, and the peculiar views of the Templeton 
 church in relation thereto." 
 
 The question, " Shall a church be constituted 
 at South Gardner ?" was argued at great length, 
 some doubting as to the expediency, but on the 
 whole, it was finally voted in the affirmative, and 
 the council proceeded to recognize the church 
 by a public meeting in the south-west district 
 school-house. Brother Fisher preached ; Bro. 
 Appleton Morse, pastor of the church in Prince- 
 ton, gave the hand of fellowship, and " Father 
 Andrews," the charge. 
 
 At the same time Bro. Sullivan Jackson was 
 ordained as deacon of the church, — and among 
 its early friends, no name is more fragrant than 
 the name of this beloved brother ; his house and 
 his heart were always open to its demands. 
 
 The first regular pastor of the church was 
 Rev. Samuel Glover, who was settled in the 
 spring of 1831 ; he labored with them until the 
 year 1834, and during his connection with the 
 church, nineteen individuals were baptized ; and 
 
156 
 
 TOWN HISTORY.— ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 the meeting-house was erected, the funds having 
 mainly been contributed by Sullivan Jackson, 
 George Scott, and Walter Greenwood. 
 
 The second pastor was Rev. Winthrop Morse, 
 who continued his labors but a few months in 
 the year 1834, yet retained his connection with 
 the church as a member until June 20th, 1847. 
 
 Rev. Joshua Millett was his successor until 
 1835, and afterwards, in the same year, Rev. 
 John Holbrook, who remained but three months. 
 No baptisms are recorded while the three last 
 named individuals served the church. 
 
 In 1837, Bro. John Clapp was ordained as 
 pastor, and that year fourteen persons were bap- 
 tized. Previous to Bro. Clapp's connection with 
 the church no regular choir singing had been 
 enjoyed; he being a good singer, and no one 
 leading off after the hymns were read, he would 
 officiate as singer and preacher. Soon after he 
 came amongst them he opened a singing school 
 for the benefit of the choir, 
 
 The next year, Bro. Andrew Pollard, now the 
 pastor of the Taunton Green Baptist Church, 
 commenced preaching to them, and was ordained 
 as pastor May 1st, 1839. During his pastorate 
 twenty-one individuals were baptized. 
 
 In June, 1840, Bro. William H. Dalrymple 
 
TOWN HISTORY— ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 1^ 
 
 was settled as pastor, and remained until Octo- 
 ber, 1842 ; seven persons were baptized under 
 his ministry. He was succeeded by Rev. Erastus 
 Andrews and Rev. W. B. Jones, who supplied 
 them with preaching until Oct., 1843. Neither 
 one of the last named permanently resided in the 
 town, and no baptisms are reported. 
 
 April 21st, 1844, Rev. Josiah H. Tilton, now 
 the pastor of the Holden Baptist Church, was 
 chosen pastor ; five individuals were baptized 
 while he was with them. His labors closed in 
 1847, and Rev. Benjamin H. Cliffts' services 
 were secured until the spring of 1849, and that 
 year Rev.* Amasa Brown, now Agent of the 
 American and Foreign Bible Society, was chosen 
 pastor ; during his pastorate of Hye years, nine- 
 teen individuals were baptized. 
 
 He was succeeded in the fall of 1854, by the 
 present pastor, Rev. Richard K. Ashley, and 
 nineteen individuals have put on Christ by bap- 
 tism under his ministry. 
 
 All the above named Pastors and Ministers it 
 is believed have labored to preach the gospel 
 with plainness and simplicity, and the church 
 have enjoyed several very pleasant seasons of 
 the outpourings of God's Holy Spirit. 
 
 At the decease of Sister Mary Wright Severy 
 
 14* 
 
158 
 
 TOWN HISTORY.— ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 Bradford, the Church and Society began to 
 receive the benefit of a legacy of four thousand 
 dollars, left by her former husband, Abijah Moore 
 Severy, the income of which is only to be used 
 for the support of the gospel and sacred music 
 in connection with the church and society. 
 
 All but two or three of the original members 
 have died, or are infirm and unfit for active duty, 
 and we trust are patiently awaiting the sum- 
 mons to go home. 
 
 In conclusion, as we look over the record of 
 this church, while sad reverses have sometimes 
 beclouded its history, the eye of faith can see the 
 hand of Divine Providence that has interposed 
 in her behalf, and though assailed by the winds 
 of adversity, her march is onward and upward, 
 through the strength of our Lord Jesus Christ. 
 The church now numbers one hundred members. 
 
 A Summary Declaration of the Faith and Practice of the 
 Baptist Church in South Gardner. 
 
 STANDING RESOLUTIONS AND VOTES OF THE CHURCH. 
 
 Resolved, That it is the duty of the pastor, clerk, or one 
 of the deacons, to visit, or write to any member of this 
 church, who shall neglect to attend the church conference, 
 or forward to the church some communication, once in three 
 months. 
 
 Resolved, That this church recommend to its members, 
 
TOWN HISTORY.— ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 1 £Q 
 
 who may remove to the vicinity of another church of the 
 same denomination, to unite with that church without delay. 
 
 Voted, That the Covenant be read at each monthly church 
 Conference. 
 
 Voted, That the Articles of Faith and Covenant shall be 
 read to each candidate for church membership, and his 
 assent had before baptism. 
 
 SUMMARY DECLARATION. 
 
 Believing it to be the duty of Christians to make a public 
 declaration of their christian belief for the honor of Christ 
 and the good of his cause on earth, we, therefore, deem it 
 suitable to make the following 
 
 DECLARATION : 
 
 Article I. We believe the Holy Scriptures of the Old 
 and New Testaments are the word of God, and our only 
 rule of Faith and Practice. 2 Tim. 3 : 16. 2 Peter 1 : 21. 
 Heb. 1 : 1,2. John 5: 39. 
 
 Article II. We believe there is but one only living 
 and true God, and that he has made himself known to his 
 people by the several names of Father, Son, and Holy 
 Ghost, who are equal in nature, power, and glory. Duet. 
 6: 4. Eph. 4: 6. 1 John 5 : 7. 2 Cor. 13 : 14. John 
 5: 23. Johnl: 1,14. John 13: 26. Matt. 12: 31,32. 
 
 Article III. We believe that man was created in the 
 image of God, holy, innocent, and happy ; but, that he fell 
 from that state, and lost all communion with God, by vio- 
 lating a known command of his Maker, and that we are all 
 so affected by his apostacy, and that by nature we are 
 wholly inclined to evil, and hence have become servants of 
 
1 gQ TOWN HISTORY.— ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 sin, and subjects of eternal punishment. Gen. 1 : 27. Rom. 
 5: 12, 19. Gen. 6: 5. Ps. 14: 1, 3. 
 
 Article IV. We believe that the only way of salvation 
 from this state of guilt and condemnation, is through the 
 righteousness and atonement of Jesus Christ, the Son of 
 God, who, as the Savior of his people, confers upon all 
 those who repent and believe in him, all blessings, temporal, 
 spiritual, and eternal ; and that it is the duty of all men to 
 repent and believe. Luke 19: 10. John 3: 16. Rom. 
 3: 24,25. Rom. 8 : 32. Acts 17 : 30. 
 
 Article V. We believe that all who are ever brought 
 to repentance and faith in the Gospel, were chosen in Christ 
 unto salvation, through sanctification of the Spirit, and be- 
 lief of the truth ; that repentance is produced by the effica- 
 cious grace of God ; and that it is the duty of every be- 
 liever to strive for sanctification. Eph. 1 : 4, 5. 2 Thess. 
 2: 13. 1 Pet. 1: 2. Philip. 2 : 13. 2 Tim. 1: 9. 
 James 1: 18. 1 Thess. 4 : 3. 5: 23. 
 
 Article VI. We believe that all who are renewed by 
 the Holy Ghost, are kept by the power of God through faith 
 unto salvation. John 10 : 28, 29. Philip. 1:6. 1 Pet. 
 1: 5. 
 
 Article VII. We believe that the first day of the 
 week, called the Lord's Day, ought to be kept holy as the 
 Christian Sabbath. Exodus 20 : 8. Rev. 1 : 10. Acts 
 20: 7. 
 
 Article VIII. We believe that the only proper sub- 
 jects of Baptism and the Lord's Supper are believers ; that 
 Baptism is properly administered only by emersion, and is, 
 by scriptural example, a prerequisite to admission to the 
 Lord's Table. Mark 16: 16. Acts 8: 36—39. John 3: 
 23. Rom. 6:3, 4, Col. 2 : 12. 1 Pet. 3:21. 
 
TOWN HISTORY.— ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 161 
 
 Article IX. We believe that there will be a resurrec- 
 tion of the dead, both of the just and of the unjust ; and 
 that we must all appear before the judgment-seat of Christ, 
 to receive according to the deeds done in the body ; and 
 that the sentence then passed will be eternal. John 5 : 28, 
 29. Acts 24: 15. Mark 12: 26, 27. 2 Cor. 5: 10. 
 Matt. 25: 46. 
 
 COVENANT. 
 
 Having been brought, as we trust, to believe on the Lord 
 Jesus Christ, we do now, relying on his gracious aid, 
 solemnly enter into covenant with each other in the follow- 
 ing manner. 
 
 We will strive to walk together in brotherly love, while 
 at the same time we will endeavor to watch over one 
 another, and kindly and affectionately admonish each other 
 as occasion may require : we will not forsake the assembling 
 of ourselves together for worship, especially at the covenant 
 meetings and communion seasons of the church, unless 
 providentially prevented : we will not neglect the great 
 duty of secret prayer, both for ourselves and others : as 
 parents, we will maintain the worship of Grod in our families, 
 and endeavor to bring up our children, and those under our 
 care, in the ways of true piety : we will carefully abstain 
 from all foolish talking, and from giving currency to any 
 slanderous reports concerning brethren or sisters, as well 
 as from all unnecessary worldly conversation on the Sab- 
 bath : as the faithful stewards of the Lord, we will aid, ac- 
 cording to our ability, in sustaining the gospel in its purity, 
 both at home and abroad : with tenderness and sympathy 
 we will endeavor to bear each other's burdens and sorrows ; 
 and finally, we will diligently study the word of God, that 
 
1£0 TOWN HISTORY.-ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 we may know and do our whole duty, and be followers of 
 God as dear children. 
 
 To all which we give our assent, in the presence of God, 
 angels, and men. 
 
 The following list shows the succession of 
 Deacons of the Churches. The dates prefixed 
 indicate the time of their election to office. 
 
 First Congregational Church. 
 David Foster. 
 
 1791, 
 
 24, 
 
 Jonas Richardson. 
 
 1815, September 
 
 21, 
 
 Noah Fairbanks. 
 
 1815, 
 
 21, 
 
 Lewis Glazier. 
 
 1815, 
 
 21, 
 
 Jonathan Bancroft. 
 
 1830, 
 
 21 
 
 Elisha Jackson. 
 
 1830, 
 
 21, 
 
 Smyrna W. Bancroft 
 
 1856, 
 
 5 
 
 Horace Whitney. 
 
 4 
 
 Evangelica 
 
 I Ct 
 
 mgregational Church. 
 
 Noah Fairbanks. 
 Lewis Glazier. 
 Jonathan Bancroft. 
 
 1839, June 
 
 8, 
 
 Samuel H. Clark. 
 
 1839, " 
 
 8 
 
 Joseph D. Sawin. 
 
 Baptist Church. 
 
 1830, November 15, Sullivan Jackson. 
 
 Asa Perley. 
 Benjamin Stone. 
 
 Marcius A. Gates. 
 
TOWN HISTORY. 
 
 163 
 
 At this period we bring our brief and imper- 
 fect sketch to a close. We have followed along 
 the course of this history, sometimes smooth and 
 sometimes troubled, for a period of about seventy- 
 five years ; which, with all its scenes and events, 
 is now among the things that were ; of which 
 " the memory fondly delights to recall." 
 
 Such recollections of the past have a good 
 moral influence on the generations present and 
 to come. We learn in some degree, to appre- 
 ciate the hardships of those who were the pion- 
 eers of society and who first made the sound of 
 the axe to be heard in the forest. We are better 
 prepared to estimate the advantages we enjoy, 
 and the responsibility that attends the posses- 
 sion of such advantages. 
 
 We are also connected, in an important sense, 
 with those who have lived in ages past, and 
 others who are yet to come, exerting an influ- 
 ence from generation to generation that will 
 continue to floAv on to the end of time. 
 
z $ C & lL -/ 
 
UBB ABY OF CONGRESS 
 
 014 078 464 3 4