m^'i t'Ai 1 .,.'-.?^>.' Vn" ' '^i.^f'.'^lW'M^ ;^fV^V>^S Class __£i^r:^^ Book____J" Copyright N° COPiWGHT DEPOSIT. Z2. \ / DODGE'S GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN By Mark Jefferson 7 2^ Professor of Gcogrophy, the Michigan State Normal College, Ypsilanti, Michigan Part I MICHIGAN AS A WHOLE Part II THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES Part III STATISTICS AND AIDS TO TEACHERS CHICAGO NEW YORK LONDON RAND McNALLY & COMPANY Bobgt's (§coarapI)ical Merits By Richard Elwood Dodge Professor of Geography, Teachers College^ Columbia University^ New York City Dodge's Two-Book Series of Geography DODGERS ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY ... $ .65 Special Method: Causal Relations treated by induction. Reason- ing from consequences to causes. PART /—HOME GEOGRAPHY Central Thought: The relation of the individual pupil to all parts of his country, showing the interdependence 01 people commercially and industrially. PART //—WORLD RELATIONS AND THE CONTINENTS Central Thought: The relation of the individual pupil to the world as a whole, showing the interdependence of nations com- mercially and industrially, and placing special emphasis on the lives and occupations of the people. DODGE'S ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY $1.20 Special Mdkod: Causa] Relations treated by deduction. Reason. ing trom causes to consequences. THE PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY The dependence of life and industry on physi- PART /— Central Thought. cal environment. PART 7/— COMPARATIVE GEOGRAPHY OF THE CONTINENTS Central Thought: Commerce and industry as well as political divisions the outgrowth of physical conditions, the reasons there- for, and comparisons of these and other points in the various countries. Dodge's Geography by Grades Book One. HOME GEOGRAPHY AND WORLD RELATIONS $ .35 PART /—HOME GEOGRAPHY Central Thought: The relation of the individual pupil to all parts of his country, showing the interdependence of people com- mercially and industrially. PART //—WORLD RELATIONS Central Thought: The relation of the individual pupil to the world as a whole, showing the interdependence ol nations commer- cially and industrially. Book Two. ELEMENTS OF CONTINENTAL GEOG- RAPHY $ .50 Special emphasis on the lives and occupations of people. Special Method Books One ar.d Tu'o: Causal Relations treatea by induction. Reasoning irom consequences to causes. Book Three. PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY AND NORTH AMERICA $ .75 Central Thought: The dependence of life and industry on physi- cal environment. Book Four. COMPARATIVE GEOGRAPHY OF THE CONTINENTS S .70 Central Thought: Commerce and industry as well as political divisions the outgrowth of physical conditions, the reasons theref-- and comparisons of these and other points in the various coun*: . Special Method Books Three and Four: Causal Relation'- t-ai ■ : by deduction. Reasoning from causes to consequence' GENERAL CRITICS FOR BOTH SERIES y. PAUL'GOODE, Assistant Professor oi Geography, the University of Chica^ro, and ELLEN C. SEMPLE, author of "American History and Its Geograpliic Conditions." Louisvi'lo, K-. SPECIAL CRITICS FOR THE ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY AND BOOKS I. AND II. B"i' AMY SCHVSSLER. Principal of Sneyer School. Teachers College. New Yor*, and ANNA F. STONE. Principal of Grammar School No. lo, Binghamton, N. \. SPECIAL CRITICS FOR THE ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY AND BOOKS III. AND IV. BY GRADES ELIZABETH SMITH. Department of Geography, the Chicago Normal School, and CAROLINE W. HOTCHKISS. Seventh Grade, Horace Mann School, Teachers College, ^-^ York. Copyright, igio By Rand, McNally & Co. Chicago €-CI.A2781S:9 THE INTRODUCTION '^ T TOME Geography is usually the first work to be taken up in any study of geography ^ l~H because beginning students need to know first the geography of the locality in which they live, in which they are most interested, and with which they are most familiar ^^^Vfrom personal experience. The results gained from a study of the region they can see gives i them the ability to understand remote regions that can only be pictured or described to them. Because our own home locality is of most interest to us is also a reason why we need to know it better than wc need to know any other region of the world. Hence at some time during the school course it is most valuable to make a careful study of the state or group of states in which we live that we may have a better understanding of the geography about us than we can get from the necessarily brief accounts given in a text-book of geography. In a text-book of geography we study the relation of one state or group of states to the whole country of which our home region is a part, and our commercial relations to the world as a whole. It follows that in such a treatment the characteristics that distinguish our own home regions must largely be lost to sight in the consideration of the great features that distinguish the country as a whole. In a special text-book devoted to one state or group of states we can learn more about our OYfTi region, its important surface features, its climate, the occupations of its people, iti products, its local commerce, its history, its chief cities, and many other features of great interest to us. Hence we need to make a special study of our home locality after we have studied the larger region of which it is an important part. A local geography is not only valuable for study in school that we may know well the region about us, but it is valuable also as a reference volume to which we can refer for facts about our own state in our homes whenever in our reading or conversation some question arises concerning our own state which needs to be answered at once. In this text-book the surface features, the climate, the soil and other natural resources which determine the occupations of the people are studied first because they are the large , atures which determine the distribution and success of industries. One of the great lessons die student learns in geography is Man's absolute dependence upon Nature for his existence. i;- is state, as in other regions, topography and cHmate pointed out the path of development ■-..a- c •■nimunities must follow in order to make sure their existence within its borders. In the pages ti at follow, the student finds traced the fundamental conditions that have moulded the ''■''' if thi'' state. After these come the historical events that are landmarks in its growth, and ;. the 'icudy of the industrial and commercial features is taken up. To these, which explain 1 _asons for the development and growth of the larger cities, and which show us why our own region is important to the country as a whole, careful attention has been given. Certam facts like the distribution and character of educational institutions, the distribution of congressional districts, and the form of government in the region are included, because our knowledge of our own locality would be incomplete without them. These fittingly illustrate the political unity that binds together the interests of all the individuals who form the body- politic which we call the state. That this book may prove especially valuable as a reference work which may properly be made a part of the family library for constant consultation on many points, carefully prepared diagrams, tables of statistics, and references to further reading have been included. RICHARD ELWOOD DODGE. The Introduction THE TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I. MICHIGAN AS A WHOLE PAGE Surface and Drainage 7 Climate ...11 Agriculture 13 Minerals 16 Forests 19 Manufactures Commerce . History . Education . PAGE 21 22 25 27 PART II. THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES AND TOWNS Development of the City or Town 30 Detroit and Near-by Cities 36 Saginaw Valley and Lake Huron Towns . . -37 Grand River Valley Towns 40 Towns of the Kalamazoo Valley 42 Lake Michigan Towns 43 Towns of the Northern Peninsula 43 PART III. STATISTICS AND AIDS TO TEACHERS Statistics of the State of Michigan by Counties, Federal Census of igoo and igio, State Census of 1904 45 Population of Michigan, Rank of State, and Den- sity per Square Mile, at Each Federal Census from iSiotoigio 46 State or Country of Birth of Population of Michi- gan, Federal Census for 1900 46 Population of the Leading Cities and Towns of Michigan, at each Federal Census from 1850 to 1900, and State Census, 1904 46 Value of Agricultural Products of Michigan, Fed- eral Census of 1900 and Year Book, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1908 .... 46 Value of Live Stock in Michigan, Federal Census of 1900 and Year Book, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1908 The Leading Manufacturing Cities of Michigan and Some Facts Concerning their Industries, Federal Census of 1900 and Census Bulletin 18, I9°4 ... Some of the Leading Industries of Michigan and the Value of their Products, from the Federal Census of 1900 and Census Bulletin 18, 1904 The Principal Items of Michigan's Wealth, United States Bureau of Statistics, 1900-1904 . The Index 47 47 47 47 48 A LIST OF THE MAPS AND DIAGRAMS Distribution of Hard Old Rocks of the Mining Covintry and Flat Rocks of the Farm Region . 7 A Political Map of Michigan S-9 A Physical Map of Michigan 12 The Cass and Tittabawassee rivers join the Sagi- naw. The St. Joseph and St. Marys join the Maumee . . '4 St. Lawrence Drainage and Old Portage Sites . .15 (4) THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN A LIST OF THE MAPS AND DIAGRAMS — Contimied Map Showing Mineral Resources and Lines of Transportation, 1903 A Hot Day in Summer A Cold Day in Winter Rainfall of Michigan, 1880- 1904 Sugar-beet Production and Factories in 1903 The Sugar Crop of the United States in igo8, in Thousands of Long Tons The Yield of Small Fruits in 1902, in Millions of Btishels The Yield of Grapes in 1902, in Millions of Pounds The Yield of Cereals in Michigan for Six Decades, 1840-1900, and for 1908, in Millions of Bushels The Growth of Population in Michigan for Seven Decades, 1840-1910, in Millions The Yield of Wheat per Square Mile in 1 902 Number of Hogs per Square Mile in 1902 Number of Sheep per Square Mile in 1902 Number of Cattle per Square Mile in 1902 The Yield of Oats per Square Mile in 1902 The Yield of Corn per Square Mile in 1902 The Yield of Potatoes per Square Mile in 1 902 The Northwest Territory of 1 787 The Iron Ore Mined in Michigan for Each Ten Years from i860 to 1900, and from 1900 to 1907, in Millions of Tons The Amount of Copper Ore Mined in Michigan in Each Ten Years from 1850 to 1900, and from 1900 to 1907, in Thovisands of Long Tons . 17 iS 18 19 20 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 27 Coal Mined in Michigan for Each Five Years from 1893 to 1903, and in 1907, in Millions of Tons 28 Thr Amount of Cement Manufactured in Michigan for Each Two Years from 1896 to 1902, and in 1903 and 1907, in Millions of Barrels . . 28 The Value of the Mineral Products of Michigan in 1907, in Millions of Dollars 28 Distribution of Forests in 1905 28 Lumber Cut in 1904 29 The Amount of Salt Produced in Michigan for Each Ten Years from 1870 to 1900, and for the Years 1902, 1903, and 1907, in Millions of Barrels 29 A Comparison of the Amount of Foreign and Do- mestic Freight Passing in 1907, in Millions of Tons 29 Cities of More than 10.000 in 1905 30 A Map of the Northern Peninsula of Michigan . . 31 A Map of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan 32-33 Map Showing Distribution of Population and Density per Square Mile 34 The Organization of County Government -35 A Map of the Detroit River and Vicinity ... 36 Saginaw 1909 37 Bay City with the Wards of 1904 38 Grand Rapids ... 40 Jackson 1909 41 Kalamazoo 1909 42 Battle Creek 43 A LIST OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS Giant Stairway and Fairy Arch, Mackinac Island Frontispiece Street in Negaunee where Ledges of Rock Occur Everywhere 10 Rocky Hill near Marquette 10 A View of Negaunee Dike from on Top .11 Scene in North Channel near Killamey, Canada, among the 30,000 Islands of Georgian Bay 11 A View of Aurora Mine at Ironvvood 13 Rock Falls near Harbor Beach 13 View of Point Aux Barques, Lake Huron . 13 A View of the Cliffs at Petoskey 14 On the Portage, Temagami Region, Canada . . 16 Old Hudson Bay Post, Sault Ste. Marie . View of a Sugar-beet Field near Blissfield Scene in a Peach Orchard near South Haven A Threshing Scene in a Fanning District Michigan Among the Pines on the DeWard Estate . A Modern Freight Boat of the Great Lakes . The Law Building of the State University Ann Arbor One of the Deep Wells at Saginaw . Among the Jack Pines of Roscommon County A View of the State Agricultural College at Lansing Locking a 500-footer through the Soo Locks at PAGE 16 26 27 37 38 39 41 44 Giant's Stairway and Fairy Arch, Mackinac Island, t'rom II photograph, H. J. RpsBiter THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN By Mark Jefferson, Professor of Geography, the Michigan State Normal College, Ypsilanti, Michigan. I. MICHIGAN AS A WHOLE Michigan is a large state, with great natural resources, likely in the future to support a population little inferior to that of the largest state. (Fig. 2.) In a new country like ours, the near places are first occupied, the easiest things first done. It is for this rea- son and the great impor- tance that contact with Europe has had for us in the past that the states of the Atlantic seaboard have proceeded so much farther in developing their resour- ces than the newer com- munities of the West. There are to- day eighteen states larger than Michi- ^i3 HarJ Old Rocks Fig. gan. but most of them are west of the looth meridian, and many of them are limited for human occupancy by scanty rainfall. (Adv. Geog., Fig. 188.) In parts of our state the rainfall is ligh.t, but everywhere it is suffi- cient for successful agriculture. (Fig. 19.) Though lying far to the north, the lakes diminish the rigor of an interior climate, yet it is in that invigorating zone of spells of weather, now hot, now cold, now wet, now dry, in which are found the most prosperous and progressive peoples, the whole world over. (Adv. Geog., Fig. 74.) Surface and Drainage. The Great Lakes region, of which Michigan forms a part, has very different characters in the north and south. (Fig. I.) The for- ested north abounds in game, but thin soil, among innumerable rocky knobs (Figs. 3 and 4), discour- ages human settlement. Were it not for the valuable ores found in its rocks it might be still a wilderness. This is the land of mining (Fig. 16), of lumbering ( Fig. 45) , and of hunting and summer vaca- tion outings. Farther south a deeper soil cloaks the ledges and permits an agriculture that attracts a great population. The maps showing distribution of population (Fig. 51) and of farm and forest products show the sub- division of the region A'ery plainly. (Figs. 21, 27. 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, and 45. > The ( I Flaf Rocks Copn'S*"*. 1^1". by Mfcrk Jefferson Distribution of hard old rocks of the mining country and flat rochs of the farm region. THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 01 o o H C ^ 4-1 o 0) o o 2 'o a 6 ^ c c (Li ^ +-> ^ S ^ o CD O c .2 rt 5 rt ^ in r 1 rr o o a ^ ^ "' C a; ^ 1-. +J O O c cS U O Vh bo -e '- 03 -r| ^ c >, o ^ U Vh O O O "-^ t; -^ o '^ O t/3 Vh O c T. C O bJ3 >> ♦"■ KJI ".U +; -7^ '=d -5^ t o o 0) t/1 Oh bo « .s •r biO r- CU o t^ ^ be — 3 b/D Vh 03 CL Cfi 03 T3 OJ -^ >. Vh 03 > +-> o to OJ fe -Vh '^ Co-" c OS bfl > U3 O) o 2 :=: ^ I/) rQ (U V- O O o; "" 00 00 OS ^ oS •d "-" -C o O w ^ o CJ P M Vh o ^ ^ ^ P 'rS o Vh Vh o +J o ^ OS p. S-i QJ ^ o Vh GJ ,-H bo w 'd 'o r^ cti q^ lO THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN in waterfalls of much beauty. It is in these old rocks that the ores of iron and copper occur in veins, seams, and pockets. They have been deeply buried in the past, and it now has become possible to get at them near the surface, because so much of the upper part of the ledges has been worn off. (Fig. 8.) When the veins are followed, however, they lead the shafts sometimes a mile down into the ground, as in some of the great copper mines. Because of the coating of drift or soft ground rock from the north, the ledges of the southern area are little seen. They nowhere make hills above the surface like those so common in the north, but must be looked for in the beds of rivers, or at the shores of the lakes where running water or the waves have bared them. (Fig. 9.) Rarely do they come near enough the surface of the country to be quarried from above, as at Trenton and Maybee in the sf)utheastern part of the state. " M f^'^^J^^^tSH H^gW ^jH ~^' '!^^^HSS|SP9 ^^^ ^^ "^''*^^^^bJ Bn ^ *» n M v^HH ^^^H9e V^fait >A^BH ^^^^Jj bSR| y-JHSf H m P^^^^^^^^Bjjj^Sj 1 1 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Bb^^^t^^^^ BM S ^^^^^^^^^^^KBP^" ' ^^ ^^^^^K'- CofjTl^t, 1910. by Mark Jefferaon Fig. 3. Street in Negaunee xchcre ledges oj rock occur everywhere. In tJiis respect tlie north is like New England. and in larger areas near Alpena. At the northern end of the Thumb (Figs. 2 and 10) and about Grand Traverse Bay (Fig. 11), they form cliffs that rise from the water to a con- siderable height. There are hills and ridges in the southern region, but not of rock. These are masses of clav, sand, or gravel, left some- what irregularly on the country by the melting of the ice sheets that had moved slowly from the northern area with quan- tities of the softer rock fragments they had been able to scrape off from there imbedded in their lower layers. In the hollows among these hills and ridges lie the innumerable lakelets that dot the surface of the lower peninsula. (Fig. 2.) The curious backward fashion in which the Cass and Tittabawassee rivers join the Saginaw (Fig. 12) is due to the presence of low ridges of this nature running about parallel to the shores of Saginaw Bay. The same thing is seen in the way the Maumee Fig. 4 Rocky hill nca r M arquettc , This is n knob of greenstone schist. THE GEOGRAPHY OP MICHIGAN II Fig. 5. Copyright, 1910, hy Mwk Jefferaon .4 View of Negaunee dike from on top in northeastern Indiana receives its tributaries, the St. Marys and the St. Joseph. (Fig. 1 2 and Adv. Geog., Fig. 252.) The present Great Lakes did not exist before the glaciers came over this region. They began their existence when the ice sheets first melted back from the moraine ridges. At first they had for their northern shores the ice itself, melting back slowly as the air grew warmer, and the level of the lakes changed as the water escaped by lower and lower notches in the morainic rim. Many beaches of these older Great Lakes are found throughout the state, and the ancient outlets are still plain to see, though now without water. In them are the easy portages between neighboring drain- age basins (Fig. 13), the natural location for growing towns, of which Fort Wayne (No. 4) and Chicago (No. 2) are good examples. Towns named Port- age now stand in two of these outlets (No, i) in Wisconsin and (No. 5) in Ohio (Fig. 13). New York has grown because of the Oswego -Albany out- let across the Alle- ghenies, the only low passage from the interior to the Atlan- tic seaboard. (Adv. Geog., Fig. 189.) The St. Lawrence passage is dangerous ~ ;: ,, , ^, , iw.., i-..., ivp, . o^r r » . . . Fig. 6. Scene m \'orth Channel near hulorucy.Cntiailn. and icebound in wm- among the 30,000 islands of Georgian Bay. ter. All but a tiny patch of the Northern Peninsula of Michigan drains to the St, Lawrence, as the drain- age map shows. (Fig. 13.) The point where the divide is nearest the lakes, except on the high land along Lake Erie, is at Cliicago, in the line of one of the largest of these old out- lets. This was early found to be the easiest portage to the Mississippi, and Chicago owes the begin- nings of its growth to that fact. Nicollet, who founded the settlement at Sault Ste. Marie in 1635 (Fig. 15), came to the lakes by the Ottawa River, making a portage (Fig. 14) to Lake Nipissing on the 80th meridian a little north of the 46th parallel. (No. 6, Fig. 13.) This was also Marquette's route and that of aU the earlier French explorers, as the route by Lake Erie was not known for many years, lying in the territory of the warlike Hurons. It is for this reason and the divergence at Mack- inac of the routes to Lake vSuperior in the north and the Missis- sippi in the south that Mackinac Island was so important in the early days. Climate. The tem- perature of the coim- try about the Great Lakes is affected by the temperature of the lakes, especially within a mile or two of their shores. The 12 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN I l::&^-7 water temperature varies greatly with their depth. Almost a third of Lake Superior has its bottom below the level of the sea, the surface being 602 feet above. (Fig. 7.) The water in these depths is always cold, almost down to freezing, as is the water in tlie depths of northern Lake Huron and Lake Michigan, the northern half of each being the deeper. (Fig. 7.) It often hap- pens on the south shore of Lake Superior in summer that the wind blows from the land out over the lake. At such times the water near shore at once becomes very cold. Bathers on all the lakes notice this with off- shore winds. The wind has pushed the surface water before it out into the lake and bottom water has come up to take its place. In each of the lakes, too, the ;'f;>;^;- ■ -y / ' / / 1 1 \ Above 400 ft. r j ynnf/. I 1^00//. Pig. 7. surface water is much colder over the deeper places than elsewhere, notably out in the depths of Lake Superior; but also in the northern part of Lake Michigan, where a "cold island" of surface water is so well known to masters of vessels that they make a practice of taking their drinking water there. (Fig. 7.) As the winds often blow from the lakes to the shore, summer heats near the deep lakes are much reduced by the low temperature of the water, while the lowest possible tempera- ture of winter water is 32 degrees, much above the temperatures that prevail on shore at that season. Even shallow lakes like St. Clair do not heat up in the summer sun like the neighboring land. Water uses much of the heat that comes to it for evaporation, and does not heat up so readily as solids do. The result is that all the lakes tend to stay at one temperature r — -z ~:j^ ,, .„ ,0 „ - ,s I the year '..' round, and the shores have an evener and a more temper- ate climate than places farther back. The maps of a hot summer day and a cold winter day on the lakes show the extreme temperatures of their season all over this part of thr country. (Figs. 1 7 and 18.) It is seen that the lake shores are least affected. As the winds prevail from the west, easterly shores are milder than western ones. Though Michigan lies on the border of the well-watered part of the United States, it has everywhere sufficient rainfall for success- ful agriculture. (Adv. Geog., Fig. 188.) The average rainfall is about thirty-five inches (Fig. 1 9) , heavier to the south and in patches east of the lakes. An examination of the relief map (Fig. 7) will show that where the • \,yi,.i'. 9miM'Jk'''ai» M\ .'■ ^ ^SSZ l.ooofl. ^^ i^soofl. ^sam t.txxift. ]■■ l.qooft. : ~. sc\i Uvel ^^ bcloiv sea level Copyright, 1010, bj KUrk JefferBon A physical map oj Michigan. THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 13 Fig. 8. A view of Aurora Mine at Ironwood. west \Yinds blow from the lakes on high ground the rainfall is greater. See in the Grand Traverse region and in southern Ontario. There is a little more rain in summer than in winter, but wet spells of a few days' duration occur throughout the year. The winds that bring the rain are mostly the south- easterly and southerly ones from the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Agriculture. Theclimatt of Michigan is particularly favorable for the growth of sugar beets and small fruits. Sugar beets are a \evy important crop, only Colorado and California of our states leading Michigan in this industry. (Figs. 20 and 22.) The chief center of production here is in the Saginaw Valley, a little to the north of the grain region. (Fig. 21.) The state has sixteen factories, which produced 76,000 tons of beet sugar in 1908. (Fig. 22.) Formerly all the sugar of the world was made from sugar cane, which will only grow in the tropics. In 1852 the world's production of sugar included less than 200,000 tons made from beets. In 1903 6,000,000 tons were beet sugar in a total of 10,500,000. The reason for this change is to be found in the fact that in the tropics it is difficult to carry on industrial establishments with success because of the inefficiency and want of energy of the laborers. This makes their labor, though cheap in money, really very costly. Coal is also wanting in most cane-growing countries. The difficulty is industrial rather than agricultural. ]\Iichi- gan built her first sugar factory in 1897, and the results attained are doubtless only the beginnings of larger things in the future. It ma)^ be that the w'estern counties, tempered by winds that prevail from Lake Michi- gan, will prove most suit- able for this culture. The beet is said to require a summer temperature of 70 degrees. California has its summer similarly tempered by winds from the Pacific, which enable it to escape late spring frosts. It is doubtless due to these west winds and their moist air that the southwest coun- ties have come to be known as the fruit belt of the Fig. g. Rock Falls, near Harbor Beach. r Mftrk JetlcrsoD Fig. 10 View of Point aux riarip(cs. Lake Huron. 14 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN Fig. state. Prominent among them are Allegan, Berrien, Kent, Ottawa, and Van Buren (Fig. 2), which pro- duce among them nearly two-thirds of the fruit raised in the state, except apples, which are raised everywhere. (Fig. 23.) Michigan produced more than 4,000,000 bushels of strawberries, blackberries, raspberries, peaches, pears, plums, and cherries in 1902. More than two and one-half million of these were raised in the five counties named, and thirty of the thirty-four million pounds of grapes. (Figs. 23 and 24.) Not merely do the lake winds by their warmth prevent frosts in May, but they also temper the March warm spells so that buds do not swell too early. (Fig. 25.) Lake Michigan here literally blows hot and cold, or rather warm and cool, the fact being that the lake water changes less in temperature than the land and so moder- ates extreme tempera- tures on shore, either of heat or cold. Apples have not the same sensitiveness to tem- perature nor have the fruit counties any lead in their production. They grow all over the southern half of the lower penin- sula, the crop in 1902 amounting to 11,000,000 bushels. It must be remembered that we are dealing i &■■■-■ * 'ifiii ittiiifif i I ii ^^^^^J^^^^^^^^^^^^l B {■^^HH|E,- .- " ^ ^. ^4 -^ft*^^B^lK^-,^/, ^^0 ^^p„ '.. . . f^^^mSm ^^1 g r..pTriFbi. 1010, by M&rk Jeffefs. ^4 view of the clij'js at Petuskcy. Cftpytigbl, l'»Hi, by Mflrk Jifferson Fig. 12. Tlic Cass and T ittabawassee rivers join the Sagi- naw in backhanded fashion. So do the St. Joseph and St, Marys join the Mattmee. Why? not merely with winds from the lakes, but that most of these winds are westerly and do not benefit shores west of the water. Wisconsin produced in the same year 1,100,000 bushels of apples and 128,000 bushels of straw- berries, raspberries, black- berries, currants, and grapes. (Fig. 23.) Com- parison with the Michigan figures above show how small this is. Southern Ontario is also a good fruit country, though it is not possible to ascertain the quantities produced. Peaches do well there, but cannot be raised in Wis- consin. There is no reason Ontario should not do as well as Alichigan, receiving west winds from Lake Huron just as Michigan does from Lake Michigan. The fact that the international boundary cuts Canada off from the American market undoubtedly hampers all her crops. Chicago markets exer- cise a strong influence on the Michigan frmt cormties, but this alone has not given Michigan her place in fruit rais- ing, for the near parts of Indiana seem to ]3roduce little. They doubtless lack the favorable position with regard to the lake. Probably no state but California is so favor- ably situated as Michi- gan for fruit raising, and the great and THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN ^"'"'"W i_ growing population of the central states seems to guarantee a rapid development of this business in our state. The present need of the industry seems to be a reasonable refrigerator car service. The forest country of the north is just so much subtracted from the agricultural resources of the state. Yet Michigan is one of the great agricultural states, being thirteenth in the value of products per square mile of total area. The value of the principal farm products in I 9 o 3 \v a s more than $100,000,000; in 1908 prob- ably $170,- 000,000. The great items are hay, com, wheat, oats, potatoes, and wool.(,PartIII, Table, p. 46.) In addition to these items are about $10,000,000 worth of poul- try and eggs, Portages i,.r Porlagc, Wis. Chicago, 111. Sju/h Bend, Ind. value of the product is extremely small, however. The leading cereals are very important to the people of the state, and their production is distributed A-ery much as the population itself is distributed. All of the cereal dia- grams (Figs. 27, 32, and 33) should be looked at in connection with the diagrams of popvda- tion (Figs. 28 and 51). It is seen, as usual, that what is true of southern Michigan is true also of southern Wis- consin and Ontario. Southward the crops increase rapid- ly, northward they diminish i nto the rocky forest belt. Thus southern Ontario, the part of the region most inclosed by water, is per- haps the best producer. How sensitive 4. Fort IVayii J. Akron, Ohio ' 6. Ottatva River hid. Fig. 13 468,000,000 pounds of milk, and a large but unreported quantity of meat and the fruit. The beans raised in 1903 were valued at $5,000,000, a quantity not equaled by any other state. In 1909 it had reached nearly $10,000,000. This crop has been increasing very rapidly in Michigan and probably has not reached its fullest development. A product in which the state has long enjoyed preeminence is peppermint. The 7. Lake of the Woods ^22) Land draining to COm IS tO SUn- Creat Lakes . . Copyright. 1010, by M»tk Jeffcnt'in SUmC IS SCCn St. Lawrence drainage and old portage sites. ■ j-i, „ f^pf that it rapidly diminishes in abiondance when the same latitude is reached all across the area. (Fig. 33.) Wheat is a diminishing crop in the state. (Fig. 27.) The combined cereals are grown in increasing quantity, but the increase is now not large. (Figs. 26 and 35.) Tlie potato crop even invades the forest country, as the plant can endure a severer climate and a poorer soil. (Figs. 34 and 43.) Tliis crop is a steadily increasing one, in i6 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN which Michigan is third in the Union. (Part III, Table, p. 46.) Agriculture is the state's greatest resource. The small yields per acre now obtained in Michigan for all the staple crops seem to hold out great encour- agement to intelligent young men to take up farming. Of the 48 states and territories in 1908 no less than 14 obtained more wheat from an acre of ground cultivated than did Michigan; 16 got more corn, 21 more oats, ^^ more hay, and no less than 40 more potatoes. Except for hay the New England states always excelled us. So did the Pacific and some of the Rocky Mountain states. The leadership of old hilly states like Maine is of especial interest, for what has been done there may be done here if men set about it. Maine in 1908 raised 26,000,000 bushels of potatoes from 116,000 acres, while Michigan got but 23,400,000 bushels from 325,000 acres. In other words Maine raised 225 bushels to the acre, Michigan 72. Again it is striking that our neighbor, Wisconsin, under almost identical conditions with us gets slightly better yields from all crops. The methods that are applied in other states cannot fail to bring profit to those who apply them here. Courteay Pmb. Dept.. G. T. R. W. .S' ^4- , On the portage, Tema^ami Region, Canada. Portage is a French word meaning carry, since when the head of one stream is reached the canoe must be carried over the divide as is seen in the picture. In early days the portages between streams were very impor- tant, since all travel passed through them. Minerals. Michigan's mines jaeld about half as much as her farms, $56,000,000 in 1903. Of this $25,000,000 was iron ore and $25,000,000 cop- per, both from the northern zone of hard rocks and for- ests. (Figs. I, 16, and 43.) The copper is practically all in the Keweenaw pen- insula that projects from the southern shore of Lake Superior. (Fig. 16.) The backbone of this peninsula is a hilly ridge known as the Copper Range, along which are the great copper mines, of which the Calu- met and Hecla is the most famous. The richest of these mines are all on the sites of old mines worked The fact that the Lake by the Indians. Superior copper is native or pure metal, ready to use, made it attractive to barbarous men. Metals are usually obtained in earthy ores that do not at all suggest the useful metal they contain. The process of smelting ores is difficult for u ncivilized man; is, in fact, one of the distinctions of civilization. The iron ores are found in the higher land a little fartlier south. (Fig. 16.) These the Indians did not know how to work. This Michigan- Wiscon- sin region and the Minnesota lands just northwest of Lake Superior constitute the greatest iron region tSte.Marte. of the whole world. THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 17 (Fig. 16.) Michigan was the greatest producer of iron ores in this country till 1902. (Fig. 38.) In 1903 she produced a tenth of all the iron mined in the world. In copper she was first until 1887, and is still mining a sixth of the world's product. (Fig. 40.) She is now third in copper to Montana and Arizona, and in iron second to Minnesota ; not that her own production is failing, but because of the great increase in production in those states. Michigan has increased her copper output two and one- half times ^ since 1886,"' butMontanaouiJij' has increaseds hers five times. So our state mined nearly twice as much iron in 1907 as she did ten years ago, but Minnesota mined six times as much. It helps to get a conception of the immen- sity of the Lake Superior iron deposits Fig. 16 and their working to note that these two states mined 2,000.000 tons more ore in 1903 than the best other iron region in North America has yielded in all its his- tor}^ The Minnesota ore has the advantage of lying near the surface in great dirt-like beds so soft that it can be taken out by steam shovels directly into railroad cars as soon as the surface dirt is taken off. Such mining goes fast and is ver>' cheap. At most other mines it is necessary to sink shafts deep into the earth and then blast out the hard ores with much labor. There are still immense quantities of this soft ore in the Minnesota ranges. The quality of the ore, however, is not equal to that of the Michigan ores, as is shown by the fact that the 10,000,000 tons of Michigan ore mined in 1903 were valued at $25,000,000, while the 15,000,000 tons of Minnesota ore were valued at barely $27,000,000. No small item in the development of lake ores is the cheap water carriage to the Lake Erie ports near to the coal and limestone of Pennsylvania necessar}'^ for their smelting. There are spe- cial steamers constructed for this busi- ness, with spe- cial loading and unloading machinery that enable a large steamer to take or land her cargo in a few hours. (Fig. 39.) The last ten years have seen a cement industry- spring up in Michigan that has put the state third in the countr}'. Three million dollars' worth were made in the state in 1903, and the business is increasing under the stimulus of the many uses to which cement is now put. (Fig. 42.) Materials are fotmd in the marls of the innumerable lakelets of the state, and its great limestone deposit (Fig. 16), for an enormous expansion CopTrlght. 1910, by Uuk Jeffenoo Map showing mineral resources and lines of transportation, ipoj. i8 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN Fig. 17. A hot day in summer of the product. In salt, too, Michigan was first until 1902, since which time she has been second to New York. The salt is pumped up dissolved in water from the rock-salt layers below. The chief expense of the manufacture is, therefore, the evaporation of this water again. Thus it has come about that lumber mills have come to burn their waste of sawdust and slabs for this work. The price of salt is now so low that the business is hardly more than an economical way of disposing of lumber waste. There was an enor- mous falling off in the product in the two years Copyright, mo. bj MtirW .fiHrr 1903 and 1904 in this state, 8,000,000 barrels being made in 1902 against 4,000,000 in 1903, but is now again increasing. (Fig. 46.) Formerly the salt manufacture centered at Saginaw, but the lead has now gone to Ludington and Manistee, just as the lead in lumbering has. Near Detroit a company has sunk a regular mine shaft to the salt and is now quarrying it out in beautiful crystal masses without the expense of evaporation. (Fig. 16.) The whole central part of the state is imderlaid by coal-bearing rocks (Fig. 16), mined mostly in the neigh- borhood of Saginaw and Bay 92 91 90 69 aa a? 86 Bi 8d ej 62 Qi 80 79 70 Fig. 1 8. A cold day in winter. Copyright, lUlU, by Mark Jefferaun THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 19 City, where the business has grown as lumbering has decHned and left capital seeking investment. In 1895 alwnit 100,000 tons of coal were raised; in 1907, 2,000,000 tons, valued at $3,660,000. The product is increasing enormously. (Fig. 41.) In g}'p- sum, Michigan leads the country with the product of mines near Grand Rapids and at Alabaster near Tawas, but the total value of the output is not large. (Figs. 16 and 44.) It is evident that Michigan ranks very high as a mining state. (Adv. Geog., Fig. 287.) Agri- culture, how- ever, is far more closely associated with the life of her people and more im- portant. The annual hay crop is worth $35,000,000, greater than the yield of either iron or copper. The whole agricul- tural product P'°- '9- Rainfall of is worth much more than the total minerals. The lumber, too (Fig. 45), even in these days of declining output, is worth almost as much as all the yields of the mines, for if the lumber of to-day is inferior its price is high. An excellent relation is said to exist in some of the Lake Superior copper mines, where miners are not uncommonly owners of shares of stock in the mines where they work. This is not usual in mining regions. It is a satis- factory arrangement, since it is a defect of mining industry that it requires large capital to which it often happens that the employees find themselves in antagonism. Part owner- ship by the men secures their interest in the business. The greatest gain the mines bring to Michigan is one they bring to all the people of the country, greater and cheaper supplies of material needed nowa- days by all the citizens. Forests. Anciently the lake country south of 43 degrees 30 minutes was covered by a superb growth of hard wood, while north- ward from this line stretched the finest for- ests of pine and mixed growth on the continent. There were splendid trees, hemlocks twelve feet around and white pines thirteen to fifteen, three feet above the Michigan. 1880-1904. ground, rear- ing their summits sometimes 150 feet in the air. Great groves of solid pine or mingled growths of elm, maple, sycamore, poplar, and hemlock, darkening the soil and keeping it free from undergrowth, alternated with dense growths of tamarack and cedar, which were so tangled as to be difficult to pass through. Now the pine has been cut, probably the DeWard estate in northwestern Crawford County has the only untouched pine woods in the Southern Peninsula. (Fig. 37.) There >, b/ Mdtic Jefferson 20 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN I- 1. is still a great stretch of mixed lumber in southern Cheboygan, eastern Otsego, and western Montmorency counties and also between Marquette and Munising, back from the shore of Lake Supe- rior, from which the little pine it once contained has been culled. This is now being actively lumbered. Over a billion and a half feet of lumber were made in Michi- gan in 1904, but three- quarters of it was hemlock or hard wood. In 1888, the great year in the Saginaw Valley, over 4,000,000,000 feet were cut and most of it was pine. The last year's product is valued at $54,000,000. Michigan is the second lumbering state in the Union. (Adv. Geog., Fig. 274.) The in- From r. S. Dept. A^iouliui ;ar-bcet field near Bliss field. CIS» Tons p\ bj M»rk J.fffreon The yield of grapes in igo2, in millions of pounds. Fig. 25. prat'll New Jersey, after which come five states that differ little among themselves; of these Michigan is one. (Adv. Geog., Fig. 233.) In most of these cases industry is found centered in great groups of population like that at the mouth of the Hudson, which gives New York and New Jersey their leading place. In Michigan, industry is well d is t ributed throughout the state and well diversified everywhere. The four chief industries of Detroit — . lumber, iron, chemicals, and riiard near South Haven. vehicles 22 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN account for barely a quarter of the -whole manufactured output of the city. (Part III, so so 40 50 So QQ 100 no 120 1S40 iSso iSbo iSjo iSSo fSgo igoo iqoS Fig. fitij^r.^Li. I'.iM. I.> Marti Jcltcr^uii 26. The yield 0^ cereals in Michigan for six decades, 1840-igoo, and for igo8, in millions of bushels. Table, p. 47.) The greater part is the product of a large number of small establishments in a great variety of branches of industry. No state, indeed, produces things more essential to modern civilization or a greater variety of them than Michigan. Detroit is the greatest producer; Grand Rapids, famous through the country for its furniture, comes second; then Kalamazoo, and then Battle Creek, a great producer of threshing machines and break- fast foods. (Part III, Table, p. 47.) But all four together produce a value of only $185,000,000 out of a total forthe state of $429,000,000. Industry in Michigan is scattered like the people. It prospers in cities, but thrives here in small cities, where the conditions of Fig. 27. life for the employed are often much more desirable than in larger places. Less than f>.f bmheU per sq, mile l2 J 64 10 jiM Ijuskels per sq. n \ (140 to 3,200 bushels per sqimre Commerce. On the lakes commerce has reached great proportions. They offer cheap transportation of goods from the producing West to the consuming East. The surface of Lake Superior is eighteen feet higher than Lake Huron or Lake Michigan, causing the rapids in the St. Marys River, known as the Sault (French for rapids) Ste. Marie. (Fig. 49.) Here the early explorers had to land 'Sjo . iSbo. iS-o . iSST). jSqo . IQOO. nio. eopyrifbl. I'Jl'i. Iij Wart Jefferson Fig. 28. The growth of population in Michigan for seven decades, 1840-igio, in millions. and carry their canoes around the rapids. Here they naturally encamped, and here grew up a fort and trading sta- tion of much importance. (Fig. 15.) Great canals, provided with locks to ena- ble vessels to overcome the difference in level, have been I? u i 1 1 around the rapids on each bank. By the opening of these canals a continuous water route has been established between Duluth and Buffalo, and Minnesota and Dakota grain and Lake Superior iron ores have been rendered ill mile I ibo tc (140 Itahels per sq. Copyright, l'.>lii. by Mark Jeffersoi The yield of wheat per square mile in igo2. THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 23 tmmZfSS Ma« 5 head fer square mile L^ U J (•} 10 head per square mile 1^^ to to 2S heai per square mile 2S li' so head per square mile jo head per square mile and e'Ver CopjrleM. IPIO. by Mark Jeffereon Fig. 29. Number of hogs per square mile in iqo2. immensely more valuable. One of the locks at the Soo is shown in the picture. (Fig. 64.) It is a part of the canal, 800 feet long and 100 feet wide, fitted with strong, water-tight gates at each end. The upper gates are now closed. The boats above it float at the level of Lake Superior. The gates below are just opening to let the steamer out. Half an hour ago the lower gates were shut and the upper ones open. At that time the water in the lock \\-as as high as in the canal above and in Lake Superior. The vessel then entered the lock and the upper gates were closed behind her. The engineers in the building at the left opened valves in a great number of pipes in the bottom of the lock which allowed the water to run out into the part of the canal below. The steamer was thus gently lowered on the surface of the sinking water until the level of the lower part of the canal was reached. As soon as the gates are wide open she will steam off for Lake Huron or Lake Michigan. Two of these locks on our side and one in Canada have cost $10,000,000. For nine months each year an enormous traffic passes through these canals, differing but little in bulk from the whole foreign and JO lit 25 head per sqy.are milt 50 head per square mite and ever Copjncbl. H'lo, bj Mark Jrlffrsoo Kumher of sheep per square mile in IQ02. CIULess Ihatt i head per square mile ZZiMs'" lo head per square mile 5j /(' JO head per square mile Fig. 30 24 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 3z.fss than to head per square JO ti} 7J head per square mile Copyright, mill, by Marlt Jetf»9nn Fig. .:;i. The Jiumher of cattle per square mile in igos. coastwise trade of New York Cit3% and three times as great as that which passes the Suez Canal. (Fig. 47.) The values are very much smaller, foreign trade hand- ling many articles of very high cost. In 1 904 there were carried eastward on these waters 130,000,000 bushels of grain, 21,000,000 tons of iron ore, 1,770,000,000 feet of lumber, and 1,000,000 tons of flour ; and westward, 14,000,000 tons of coal. This is called 51,000,000 tons of freight, of which 31,500,000 passed through the Sault canals. In 1907 the amount of freight passing had fairly doubled. A great part of this amount moves between 'le &S0J JO to Jj head per square mile BH jj to jo kead per square mile 7j head per square mile and aver points beyond Michigan ter- ritory. The effect of the development of continuous water transportation on freight charges is indicated by the fact that in 1895 a ton of ore was carried from Duluth to Cleveland by water for 80 cents; by rail the cheapest price was $2. 5 9. The ore was only worth $2.80 on the Cleveland dock. The commerce of the Great Lakes is the commerce of a great part of the United States. Through navigation on the lakes is usually sus- pended in January, Febru- ary, and March on account of ice in the connecting rivers. Probablynoneof the lakes ever freeze over solid, UZ2 Less than 64 bushels per sq. mtte Vi^^'i 64 to 160 bushels per sq. miU ■■ 160 to 640 bushels per sq. 640 te j,3oo bushels per square tiiile 3,200 bushels per square mile and over Copyright. 19in, by M»rk JelTeMOO Fig. 32. The yield of oats per square mile in igo2. THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 25 ^ lA ^tt than O4 bushels fcr sq. mile IM^ 64 to 640 bushels per sq. mile I IHI ?,^oo bushels per square vtile and over Copjrigbt, 1910, b7 Muk Jeffenon Fig. 33. r/is yiWd o/ corn per square mile in igos. but the bays do. St. Marys River at the Sault (Fig. 49) is generally crossed on foot in January and February. Put - in - Bay and Kelleys Island in Lake Erie usually have team connection with the Ohio shore for a longer or shorter time in Februaiy, and so does ]\Iackinac Island with St. Ignace. (Fig. 49.) Detroit and Port Huron maintain a hardly inter- rupted serv'ice across the Detroit and St. Clair rivers by train and other ferries. Lake Michigan, too, is crossed by powerful train ferries through the winter between Ludington and Frankfort and Wisconsin .640 to 3,200 bushels per sq. mile causes many interruptions. (Fig. 2.) History. The territory northwest of the Ohio River was the earliest addition to the lands of the original colonies. (Fig. 36.) French trails crossed it along the lakes and rivers between the St. LawTence and the Gulf of Mexico, and were protected from the Indian inhabitants by forts. In these were the Europeans and half-breeds, barely 4,000 in all, who represented the power of France. They were grouped in three settle- ments: at Detroit, at the Illinois towns near St. Louis, and at Vincennes on the Wabash. (Fig. 36.) The country was really in the 90 fl9 8d 6' 86 85 dd 8J e>2 ar 80 79 78 09 OS O' 00 0:> M oj 6£ 61 60 79 "Ti r\ r t c Kiif rit-;f+; r\ rr 1 r» o Less than 10 bushels ^c-r s.f. mile f''': , :-A 10 to too bushels per sq. mile ^^ 100 to ^oo bushels fcr sq. mile ^^B ^00 bushels per square mile and over CorTrisht, 1010, by Mirk Jcffersoo 26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN possession of the Indians, with whom a handful of the French traded for furs. At the close of the French and Indian War in 1763, the French claims passed to the English, who put an officer and a few troops in each of the forts. In the war of the Revolution, foraging parties were fitted out from these points drawn on the map, though it was never adopted. (Fig. 36.) Had it actually been held to, both Illinois and Indiana must have been left without any frontage on Lake Mich- igan, and Toledo would have been excluded from Ohio. It is not strange that when there were enough inhabit- ants in the three southern portions against the settle- ^^^- 35- A threshing scene in a farming district in Michigan. ^q entitle them tO statehood, they should have sought to change these northern boundaries. Ohio added enough to include Toledo, although Michigan was already governing it under the Congres- sional division. This was in 1802. Indiana added rather more territory in 1 8 1 6 when she was admitted, and Illinois in 1818 added still more. Ohio stated her claim distinctly in the constitu- ments in Kentucky and Pennsylvania until George Rogers Clark invaded the territory in 1778-9, capturing the Illinois towns and Vincennes, Ind. These towns were never again given up, and at the close of the Revolution all of them passed to the United States by treaty. Congress planned to divide the whole region into three states, as shown by the black hues with dotted prolongations on the map. (Fig. 36.) Power, how- ever, was reserved to make two more states out of that part of the ter- ritory which was north of an east and west line extending through the south end of Lake Michi- gan. This line has also been tion that she submitted to Congress, but Congress took no specific action on the boundary, so a dispute arose between Mich- igan and Ohio for possession of Toledo. It was settled in 37. when Fig. 36. Copyright, 1910, by Mark Jefferson The Northwest Territory oj lySy. Michigan be- came a state, by ceding Toledo to Ohio and by giv- ing to Michi- gan the upper peninsula, THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 27 not assigned her in the original division, although allowed her in territorial apportionments. (Fig. 36.) The way people spread over the state is shown on the map (Fig. 52), where the darker colored counties had the earlier organiza- tion ot government. The effect of admission to state- hood is seen in the spread between 1830 and 1850, as also of the beginnings of copper extraction in the upper peninsula. The time when lumber and iron began to be sought actively in upper Michigan may also be made out. Iron was the last county to be organized. (Figs. 2 and 52.) The Canadian isbo i_ir iSjo iSSo iSgo iqoo igoj Fig. 37. t'upvrlKht. I'.ilii, l>j Mark Jet)«rB3... 1907... Pinei. O ""'•'"""• f'"- HurJioood' I 0,0 mionfelt Fig. 4s. Lumber cut in 1904 best quality, is really to defraud him- self. Fish were not merely disappearing, but the qual- ity was also deteriorating under an ener- getic pursuit that allowed none to attain maturity. By replacing in the lakes fry hatched by the state, and protecting them from capture until they were of f /a».,„<,„„v;,.,„/„i size, the catch Hemlock i „ , ... ( •='•"' " has fairly Ciijijrlght. r.110, hy Mvk Jefforaui ^^■^L^^^ Copyright, Um, by Murk Jedersna Fig. 46. The amount of salt produced in Michigan for each ten years from iSyo to igoo, and for the years igo2, ipoj, and Jgoy, in millions of barrels. doubled in its value during the last seven years, after dwindhng until it seemed as if it were about to vanish. /Vew York--. Sail// Canals Stif^ Canal-- Du/utli C/iicago Buffalo C/c7-c/and De/roit- Copyrlght, IMO, by Muk Jrfr»r«on Fig. 47. A comparison of the amount of foreign and domestic freight passing in TQ07, in millions of tons, THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 91 90' sq ss k; Si^ S-i' &{ M ;/ THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES AND TOWNS Development of the City or Town. Though Michigan is mainly a farming state, its people need cities and towns as well as farms. In Washtenaw County the farm is oftenest of eighty acres, with four or five people living in the farmhouse. Such houses are strung irregu- larly along the highways. But at road comers every few miles we find them nearer together. Here stand also perhaps a church, a schoolhouse, and almost certainly a store. It is a beginning of village or urban lif e . Here is the post office. The little gathering of houses re- sponds to needs that all people feel: need of society, need of religion, of education, and the very urgent needs met by the store. From it the neighbors obtain their daily supplies of kerosene, lamps, flour, sugar, tea and coffee, nails, common plates, rough clothes, shoes, and calico. Here their butter and eggs are gathered for larger markets. One rarely goes five miles in southern Michigan without coming on such a comer store. In the thinner settled north they are farther apart, not merely because of larger farms but also because of the great stretches of wood- land or lands unsuited to agriculture. But the prosperous farmer has many needs that the comer store cannot supply — his furniture that lllll Over loo^ooo A over jo^ooo Fig. . \ over 20^000 he uses daily, but replaces only at long intervals, his wife's better clothes and his own. For these he seeks the neighboring village and its larger store. There too he finds the bank where he deposits his money, there he ma}' send the older children to school, there he attends the larger meetings of men than are afforded by the crossroads comer. So when farm lands are well taken up, a village is sure to grow up within a day's drive of any farmer, and the prosperity of the farmers is at once reflected in activity of business at the village. Each is dependent on the other. Naturally, vil- lages are more numerous in the closer settled south than farther north. (Figs. 49 and 50.) Articles of real luxury that only the more prosper- ous can afford, and even they need at infre- quent inter- vals, can only be kept at the cities that occur at wider distances than the villages, since they need the patronage of the people of a larger area. The city stands on the line of the railway or by the lake, so that it has rapid communication with the factories and seaports whence it obtains supplies and to which it sends the product of the countryside. Here appears a whole series of new conveniences demanded by the new con- ditions. The crowding of many men together here pollutes the ground with the wastes of manv houses. The diseases that result have over 50^000 I over 40^000 • over lofioo ("opyrieht, 1910, by Mirk Jefferson Cities of more than 10,000 in iQo^. THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 31 S. -51? 2 ■( ;■«;="" i S"" % ^ h;i iS\. c- 3^ THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 33 y, yi'w 'p"!}!"! 00 -. U o /= I- :3 o +-1 "^ 03 o -d -a ^ £; c OJ o O 0) tl o o n! p. o V3 c3 ^ g W OS +-> o" oi ■ o 03 m -a c > O o o 03 03 a oj 03 a. >. 0) (U .s ^ -|J o3 CO ^ (U en o 03 b T3 W 0) ^ o3 ^ 3 o a- u o > o .£^■5 fe -n a -r r= ^ -^ ^ ■5 S g o •C ^ :p 4J s: o 00 m . . ° c i O 00 JH 0) :3 .2 O ^3 M 03 C "' ^ ^ p, 00 o -^ '^ -c 6-^5 S 6 o ex 03 0) o o 3 o P o3 — 03 S -^ 2 S 03 > TD 01 K-^ a. ^ 0) J2 t/3 H +-» 6 CJ oi s +2 OS +J VJ X ^ s 0) 03 a. 03 !- C H &c o o '^ ■^ 13 Is S >- ^ 03 03 X) a) o M OJ 2 § g'S- ■^ 2 D .S *^ u "^ 1J C => C 13 « ^ o 1- 13 F ^ p 03 ■fJ o "" ^ ^ , -C S t-" 3 XI 3 0) ^ C ^ U5 (X o -e 03 .y 13 w " dj w > -C o (D O W „ iJ ^ 0) 3 -£ > -M •n oi 6 r< n C 4-> (1) 0) ..n x: -M -►^ oi bo (3 oi .2 -^ g ^ .2 1-' 03 (/) > ^ a> ■ « o O 3 D I- o q3 O o3 •1= ^ 3 rs o 13 +^ o S O <*- +J o « OJ +-> 13 c - o ti vs -> "> - fl) U) 03 'S " 0) a; in be lu 1^ ^^ oj 4J C2 P P O C oi en en o bX) C o a o! C O 03 C/2 34 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN Qg 01 30° 89 88 87 86' 85' 81 83 S2 81 80 7 the north are Duluth and West Superior, in connection by the lakes with the large cities of Lake Erie. To Chicago the whole lake country' is tributary. If a train stops among the jack pines of the Northern Peninsula to load on crates of huckleberries by the trackside, they are for Chicago. If salt produced in Michigan wells is to be sorted out into grades, it is to suit buyers in Chicago. Good train con- nection for Chicago may be had in any of the small cities of the map. There are few mer- chants in the whole region who have not visited Chicago at some time. They can buy anything in Chicago. If it is not made there it is kept in stock there. And since everybodygoes there to buy, what place could be better to take any- thing you have to sell? When a city gets as big as that, its influence extends over a great stretch of country. There is no other big city here because at present there is no room for any. A little thing decided where Chicago should be. It is the nearest point on the Great Lakes to the Mississippi Basin. In wet weather a century ago a loaded canoe could float from the Illinois River • to Lake Michigan. The days of the canoe have long gone by on those w^aters, but at Chicago the products of the plains of the West still meet water carriage by the lakes. If they pass eastward mostly by rail now, the rates are lower than they would 'M 00' 89 CZZI -' to 6 From Xtl Cenaus, U. S nnbtOfS ind IV Census, Canftdit [za 'S to 45 Fig. 51- be without the chance of competition by boat, which no railroad could monopolize on the Great Lakes. Railway lines eastward from the Dakotas, Minnesota, and Wisconsin are crowded together at Chicago by the north and south obstruction of Lake Michigan. Similarly, Mil- waukee gathers up, for lake shipment eastward, produce from Wisconsin; a smaller business, since it is drawn from a smaller area. Points equally near Chicago and Milwaukee find it more profitable to ship to the larger center, since freight rates are cheaper to points from which there is more return business. Detroit and Toledo stand in much the same way be- tween southern Michigan and the country close to the south of it, and eastern points via the lakes. Business is to the eastward. The eastward- facing shores show a line of cities great and small, those facing west- ward, few or none. On the west side of Lake Michigan are eleven with more than ten thousand people ; on the east side but four, all small. So also on Lake Huron. At the cities of Lake Erie are gathered up again the shipments of the West, the grain to go on east by rail, the ores to meet the coal of Pitts- burg for their smelting. Within Michigan's boundaries, Detroit is the only large city. Smaller, but still of im- portant size, are Grand Rapids, Saginaw, Bay City, Kalamazoo, Jackson, and Battle Creek. S4 S3 8'2 81 ^^ 4S to go ■■ oo and m'L-r CopTTight. l^'ld, by Mark JafleMon Map slwwing distribution of population and density per square mile THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 35 In all the state has twenty-five places of more than ten thousand people; if everything down to a thousand be counted, more than two hundred, and if the huge community of Chicago be excepted, Michigan contains examples of all sorts of towns and cities that the region affords. The}' are young. They have grown tremendously. Even Detroit so lately as 1830 had but six thousand people. When some of us visit Europe we are discouraged by the beauty of the cities over there, discouraged with the home town. But the charms of European towns are the result of the labors and care of generations and genera- tions of men through a thou- sand years or more. Most of ours have ex- isted less than fifty years, but those fifty years have been years of such accom- plishment as Europe could well be proud of. The fairest city in Europe, at the end of its first fifty years, was hardly more than a collection of mud hovels. The beautiful city of Bergen in Norway has a thousand years of history, but it has no sanitary sewer. None of our cities is without the beginnings of adornment. Many have streets and districts of real beauty already. None has failed to pay more and more attention to it as it has grown in age and wealth. All give attention to the public health, by supply- ing wholesome water in place of the dangerous shallow well, sewer connection in place of the Fig. 5-- dangerous private cesspool, and seek to educate their citizens to accept the protection thus offered; while active citizens unwearicdly cam- paign to make known defects in these services and secure their remedy. Detroit has a splen- did water service with a tap in use for every five people in the district, at a high cost, though she has the good fortune to have a great river of water of unsurpassed clearness flowing past her streets. Saginaw, under the disadvantage of a sluggish stream of turbid water, provides a tap for every twelve of her inhabitants, besides a hun- dred deep wells on her streets, and she is now busy preparing to improve the supply by filtration. The other cities of the state have water supplies between these extremes. The amount of water delivered to each tap varies from three hundred and sixty- one gallons a day at Kalamazoo, where they have meters in every house and pay for all they use, to twelve hundred at Bay City, where forty-four per cent of their services are metered and the peojile furthermore are buying bottled waters for drinking. Where table water is bought in the street, it costs from eight to ten cents a gallon; city supplies, including interest charges, cost from two to nine cents a thousand gallons. A third of the people of Saginaw have their homes connected with the sewers, half the people of Kalamazoo and Battle Creek, sixty per cent of those of Jackson CopjTlsbt, 1910. by Unrk Jefferson The organization of county government. 36 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN and Bay City, and three quarters of those of Grand Rapids. These improvements have made Michigan cities safe places to live in. Their annual deaths for a thousand inhabitants rarely exceed fifteen, which is somewhat less than the average for all parts of the United States where these statistics are kept, including the healthful country with the less wholesome cities. It is a great credit to the larger Michigan cities that they have done so much for these public services, that they have given publicity to dangers that threatened the citizens in order to secure a remedy. It is a great credit to a city like Marquette, whose water supply is occasionally threatened by a wind that sweeps traces of sewage into the part of the lake where she takes her water, that she pub- lishes daily analyses of the water, that all may know whether danger threatens and how often danger occurs. There are always those in any community who oppose such publicity on the plea that it is not good "business" to admit that the home city has any defect. Detroit and Near - by Cities. Detroit, the chief city of the state, stands on the first high ground on the west bank of the Detroit River as one ascends from Lake Erie. Rather a strait (detroit) than a river it seemed to the French- men who named it. (Fig. 53.) At the gateway to one of the richest provinces of Canada, with all the long-distance commerce of the lakes passing its wharves, with all Michigan behind it, it is destined to be a great trade center and an important customs port. Railroads radiate from it in every direction, and many of the great shipping interests that handle the grain, ore, and coal traffic of the Great Lakes make it their head- quarters, while smaller steamer lines start from here. Here, for a long time, railway Fig. 53. .4 map of the Detroit River, and vicinity ferries have transported loaded trains into Canada on the great continental lines, which now pass through a great tunnel of twin tubes beneath the river, uninterrupted by the ice of future winters. From this point the United States government exercis^ supervision over the vessels and waterways of the lakes. Here are extensive shipyards fos the construction and repair of vessels employed in the lake trade. Grain, lumber, wool, and meats are trans-shipped here in large quantities. The city contains the chief offices of several of the large lumber corporations which operate in the for- ests of nortliern Michigan and Canada. The unrivaled shipping facili- ties and easily obtained fuel and raw materials have made Detroit a manu- facturing cit}' of high rank. The chemicals, tobacco, and garden seeds put up here are widely known. Among other important manufac- tures are stoves, locomo- tives, railway cars, and leather goods. Detroit is an attractive city, with well-kept streets and a park system that is almost without rival in the country; of this Belle Isle is the finest feature. As Michigan grows in popula- tion Detroit is sure of growing importance among American cities. About thirty-five miles west of Detroit, on the Huron River, is Aim Arbor, the seat of the State University. (Fig. 54.) It is also the trade center of a prosperous agricultural region and has flouring mills and a number of manufactories. Southwest of Ann Arbor, in Lenawee County, stands Adrian, a trade center of southeastern Michigan, with flourishing manufactures. It has two of the largest wire fence factories in the world. Adrian College and the State Industrial School for Girls are located here. Twenty-six miles northwest of Detroit, on the Clinton River, is Poiitiac, within a lake district which forms an attractive and popular DETROIT RIVER and vicinity Scale .S Slaliitt Miles Ic otic inch THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 37 Fn I The Law Building oj llic Slate University at Ann Arbor. summer resort region. The near-by territory produces wheat, rye, apples, and peaches, much of which is ship>ped by Pontiac to Detroit. Carriages and automobiles are manufactured. Pontiac is the site of an asylum for the insane. Northeast of Detroit, on the St. Clair Ri\er near the southernmost point of Lake Huron, is Port Huron, a commercial town with natural advantages similar to those of Detroit. It is the headquarters for boating and fishing interests, and has some trade in lumber and a shipyard. At Port Huron the railroad connection between the United States and Canada is made by means of the noted St. Clair tunnel, which passes beneath the river bed. Salt deposits and oil wells are found in the vicinity. Saginaw Valley and Lake Huron Towns. In the early days of lumbering the great pine woods of the Saginaw, there was no railroad to e.Kport the lumber. The necessary line of movement was by Saginaw River and Bay, and thus were fostered the two cities. Bay City, at the mouth of the river, and Saginaw, where the first ridges of higher ground come to the river right and left. It is the same ridge that guides the Tittabawassee and Cass rivers to join the Saginaw backhandedly. For many years these places had no rivals as lumber towns. With the coming of the railroads and the exhaustion of the pine from the valley, the influence that gave them their first impetus to growth was lost. Both were slightly larger in 1890 than in 1900. The great j'ear of the lumbering was li Now both cities have resumed their growth in healthy dependence on the varied resources of the surrounding country, among which is foremost the agriculture for which the lumber- ing cleared the ground. It is a resource that will do more for Saginaw every year, as popu- lation increases in the district and methods of cultivation improve. Bay City still handles many logs from the north, and coal mining has been developed in the vicinity of both places. Saginaw. Four wards of Saginaw are shown on the map (Fig. 55) to have a greater density of population than 10,000 to the square mile, yet it is a city of suburban type, with much light and air. Many residence districts, like Michigan Avenue, Jefferson, and much of Genesee, are well kept and have beautiful homes. Trees are everywhere and beautiful, and on the east side parks have already taken the place of much low bayou ground , more of which will be redeemed when the Rust Lake improvement is finished. SAGINAW 1909 Copyright. 101<\ bj Mub Jefferson Fig. 55. The dotted portions oj the city near the boundaries are thinly built up. The business districts are shown by the crosslink shading, the residential region by the parallel ruling. Small circles show where the finest places are. The wards are numbered, the small numbers iii parentheses being the number oj inhabitants to a square mile. 38 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN The post-office lawn, the bit of grass to the northeast, and the Hoyt Memorial Library and its grounds are hard to match in a city of the size. The refer- ence library itself is a monument to the devotion of one of the city's builders and to the culture of the people. The health of the city is good, but its situation has made its sanitary problems difficult. The river is sluggish to remove sewage rapidly. The service water taken from the river needs a filtration plant that the city is planning to erect to make it satisfactory to the people. At present it is little used for drinking. If you stand at one of the street corners in Saginaw some morning, you will see some one come to a pump like the one shown in Fig; 56, work it heavily, drink from the cup attached, and pass on. Presently another comes from a store with a pail, fills it, and goes back. If you have the curiosity to try the pump you find it goes hard. The rod is long and heavy and lifts the water from a depth of more than one hundred feet. Saginaw has not one town pump, but one hundred and fif- teen of them — the Deep Wells. Also, there are some fifty private ones. The Deep Waters satisfy the eye by their bright- ness, and are safe though often rather salt. When the neighbors get to- gether fifty dollars they take it to the city clerk, and if there is money enough in the well fund, one hundred is put with it and a deep well driven. This and bottled waters sold from carts have been the main depend- ence for drinking water. nopyrighl, 1910, bj Mark Jeffenoa Fig. 56. One of the Deep Wells at Saginaw. BAY CITY with the wards of 1904 C..[.Tright, iMlu. by .Mark Jefffrai.o Fig. 57. The business district is crosslined. The fine residence region is shaded with parallel lines, the most luxurious with little circles. The ward numbers are in two series, as at the time of the last slate census in 1904 there were two cities. Bay City and West Bay City, united in JQo^. The numbers in parentheses are the number of people to the square mile. As said before, Saginaw is now a growing city. Lumber is still important and leads to other manufactures, — of furniture, woodenware, flooring, doors, sashes, boxes, barrels, and chemicals obtained from wood. Salt is obtained from the rocks beneath the city and also coal, as is evidenced by great black heaps in the southern part of the city. In the city's near farm lands, beets are cultivated for an active share in Michi- gan's output of sugar. (Fig. 21.) Bay City. Bay City (Fig. 5 7 ) has grown up from a number of villages at the last bend of the Saginaw River before it joined the bay. Low beaches of the ancient lakes here lift the ground a little above the marshes and the bay. In 1837 lower Saginaw was platted about where the business center now is on the east side; the whole left bank was at that time reserved to the Indians. Twenty-two years later this was incorporated as the village of Bay City, witli extension to the river on the north, and including Portsmouth village on the south as far as the present Twenty-fourth Street. By 1862 there was enough demand for wharf privileges to send business over to the left bank, where the village of Salzburg was platted. In 1865 Bay City received a city charter and was fairly doubled in size by the addition of a residential strip on the east. The next year another settlement on the west bank had become large enough to incorporate as the vil- lage of Wenona, and i — I — I — 1 — I — i- 1 •:: Stnfutf Stilet to otie I'ntA THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 39 still another at Banks in 187 1. All of this growth shows how lumbering was thriving and booming through those years. Two years more passed, and Bay City annexed another frag- ment of Portsmouth on the south. In 1877 West Bay City was incorporated with all the territory on the left bank as now. Finally in 1905 West Bay City (13,000) and Bay City (27,000) were united under the latter name. The lumber boom reached its highest point about 1888. In 1882 there were eighty mills on the eighteen miles of river between Saginaw and Bay City. Here the logs were rough-sawed and exported in that form; over a billion feet in that year, and all of it went out by water. Now there are but eight mills, seven of them at Bay City. In 1908 Bay City made but a third of a billion feet of lumber, not rough- sawed now, but finished mill products. Of the rough logs used a quarter w-ere imported from Canada. Of this 300,000,000 board feet of product only 125,000 were taken away by boat, so little does the river figure in the city's life to-day. The cement factory, it is true, shipped its output of 1908 by water. The banks of the Saginaw River here are lined with wharves and basins, admir- ably connected with the railway. A branch of the Detroit & Cleveland line of steamers comes here and to Saginaw, but almost all of the business that sustains both cities moves now by rail. The lumber mills are bound to run as long as logs can be obtained. Other manufacturing industries in iron and wood have been fostered by the presence of skilled labor, such as the making of railroad wrecking cranes, wooden and steel boats, and bicycles. There are also iron plate mills and a large cement factory. The coal mines sell their product locally at $3 50 per ton. Three sugar factories put the city in Copyright. 1910, by Mark .lefferion Fig. 5S. Among tlie jack pines of Roscommon County. the best of relations with its farm neighborhood. The alcohol distilled from their refuse is said to have paid a Federal tax of more than two million dollars. Turpentine is being profitably distilled from old Norway pine stumps that have long disfigured the landscape of the northern counties and embarrassed agriculture there. Bay City's interests are henceforward closely bound up with the development of the surrounding country. The farmer is to be more to her than the lumberman or the sailor. Water for the city use is here drawn from the entrance to Saginaw Bay and is unsightly but not unsafe, except when the engineer opens the valve into the river because the west wind makes water low in the bay. The sewage goes to the river and moves off sluggishly. Much bottled water sold on the streets indicates that the well-to-do are willing to pay a high price for drinking water that is white and clear. A grateful spot for the people in summer is the electric railway com- pany's park at Wenona Beach, on a grassy shore under the willows. Shade trees are abundant through- out the city. Some of the streets are fairly parklike, and sumptuous residences suggest prosperity. Flint, on the Flint River, thirty-four miles southeast of Saginaw, bases its prosperity on the handling of farm produce, on flour and woolen mills, and on its woodworking industries. Flint leads the world in the manufacture of medium-grade carriages. One large factory turns out 400 sets of carriage wheels as well as 100 sets of automobile wheels a day. The making of automobiles has become an impor- tant industry in Flint with the result that the growth of the city, following the great increase in motor plants, was beyond its housing capacity. On the Shiawassee River, twenty-five miles to 40 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN the west of Flint, and well within the central coal fields of the state, lies the flourishing town of Owosso. It has an extensive country trade, manufactures wooden house fittings of various kinds, and is the seat of railway shops. On Thunder Bay, an inlet of Lake Huron, lies Alpena, a lumbering town with a trade in finished lumber and manufactures of laths and shingles. Here are large cement works and a United States fish hatchery. Grand River Valley Towns. Grand Rapids is a beautiful city of 100,000 inhabitants, open built and country- like in the size of its house lots. Only ward seven on the west side attains a density of population of 10,000 to the square mile, though three and ten come very near it. (Fig. 59.) The high terrace bluffs that here inclose the valley stand some distance back from the Grand River on the west side, with the result that in high waters a consider- able strip on that side is liable to flood. Against this danger the city has reared the protection of a massive flood wall. On the east the bluffs rise closer to the river's edge, and the slopes are parklike, with beautiful homes a very short dis- tance from the business district. Some of these places have grounds so well cared for and so ample that they are truly palatial, but open to public view and enjoyment of all who pass. Most of the homes of the laboring men, too, are neat and attractive. Individual neglected ones occur in any quarter, but homes that are entirely attractive and charming are to be Scale 1 % Stntutc Mitea to mu inch GRAND RAPIDS Copyright, IBIO, by M»rk Jefferson Fig. 59. The dotted areas toward the outer boundaries of the city are still thinly built up. Within are seen the narrower limits of the city as chartered in i8jo and the 'village limits of i8jj. The crosslined area is the busittess district, the single parallel lines show the residence district, the small circles designating finest houses. The continuous black lines are contours, or level lines running 50, 100, and 150 feet above the low water in the river. Wards are numbered, and in parentheses are given the number of people to the square mile in each. found in every part of the city. Usually in our zone of the west winds, the western districts come to be sought after sooner or later for residential districts, since there one has the cleaner, purer air from the country. This is true, for instance, notably in the west end of London and of Boston. Probably our cities are too open yet to feel the difference. In Grand Rapids the western slopes have only the rather ornate John Ball Park; for the rest they are little used. Luxury distinctly lives to the eastward. Perhaps the height of the eastern slopes above the river gives them a cleaner sweep of air from the country off to the west- ward; perhaps the valley depth swings the west winds locally into a southern direction. The city owes its start to the Grand River and the rapids. Down the river came the splendid logs of the central valley as at Saginaw, with the especial advantage here of water power to saw them by. The preva- lence of suitable hard woods early led to furniture making, which became so well estab- lished at last that now the city maintains a well-deserved reputation for its product, long after the neighboring forests are gone and the lumber must be imported from a distance. A consider- able population means a steady demand for produce supplies, and a wide tributary region has become the agricultural province of the city. Thus Grand Rapids ships very large quantities of fruit. This province is large enough and rich enough to assure a steady future growth. Grand THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 41 Fig. 60. A view of lb ral College at Lansing. Rapids' slogan, "Grand Rapids knows how," may bring a smile to the faces of citizens of would-be rival towns, yet they admit she has known how to do some things. Only in Detroit and Grand Rapids may the citizens of Michigan obtain certified milk. Almost unique in city government is Grand Rapids' contract with her manager of public works, engaged, not elected, on business qualifications, to get the city's work done for her. The city's water is taken from the Grand River, into which, of course lower down, the sewage is also dis- charged. The supply is plentiful and cheap, as the lawns abundantly testify. It is not satisfactory to the citizens for table use. It is probable that, before long, filtration will be resorted to and will supply water of satisfactory clearness and undoubted safety. The gypsum mined near the city is manu- factured into various forms of plaster. Lansing, the capital of Michigan, lies on the Grand River in the fertile farming section of the south central part of the state. Beets from which beet sugar is made are grown in the vicinity. Other manufactured products are automobiles, agricultural implements, gas engines, cars, wagons, and furniture. The State Reform School, State School for the Blind, and the Michigan Agricultural College (Fig. 60) are located in and near the city. Jackson. The business center of Jackson has moved off somewhat to the east of the old village of Jacksonburg. (Fig. 61.) The city has gentle relief, which makes its residence district in the west the more attractive. It is well supplied with railroads, and is a normal, steadily growing city of 31,000, serving a wide countryside that buys of it, and sells it farm produce. Manufacturing has had a natural development. The water supply is from twelve wells in the rock, and is abundant and clear. Analyses of the water are not made, but the low death rate from typhoid fever in the city suggests its purity. Jackson may take great credit for the scientific disposal of its sewage, which is a great safeguard to its neighbors downstream. The state prison is located here. JACKSON 1909 CflpjrrlcLl. IPIO. bj Hark JdTenwn Fig. 61. The central plat of Jacksonburg of 1S4J is shown and the limits under which Jackson was incorpo- rated a city in 18^7, The business center is crosstincd, and the parallel lines indicate the better residences, small circles marking the finest. The dotted areas are thinly built up. The numbers are ward numbers and people to the square mile in each. 42 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN Jackson is about the southernmost point at which Michigan coals have been mined. Towns of the Kalamazoo Valley. Where the blufl's that bound the \-alley of the Kalama- zoo River on either side draw apart to twice their usual distance of about a mile, Kalamazoo stands (Fig. 62) on a terrace some twenty feet above the water. Here was a plat of rich, level land safe above ordinar}' floods, and ample for a considerable farming settlement. The Bronson of 1834 and 1S44 stood wholly on this terrace of the left bank. The Kala- mazoo that inherited the site has expanded across the river to the east- ward. On the western bluff stand the fine build- ings of the Western State Normal School, with a splendid view across the valley. Behind this is the State Asylum for the Insane, and the Kalama- zoo College occupies a fine crest a little farther north. The main home of the well-to-do is tlie west and southwest, while business clings as usual to the earliest \il- lage site, where homes have mostly given place to stores and places of business. In the south and southwest the flood plain of Portage Creek Scale I li^i-^Statulr Xile»tu occupies still lower ground, on which are the city wells and pumping station, shown on the map by a star. This district stands below the city sewers, and, to prevent contamination of the bright, transparent city water supply, a sanitary district has been formed where the health ofificer supervises the complete removal of all house wastes. No bottled water is offered for sale in Kalamazoo. The people are satisfied with their public supply. The supply is, of course, less abundant than if a river could be drawn on, but meters are put in all the houses, so that Kalamazoo uses her water economically. In 1893, before meters were put in, 787,000,000 gallons of water were pumped. In 1908 this had dropped off to 245,000,000, a saving that other cities might emulate. Lawns are doubtless less lavishly watered than in Grand Rapids and Saginaw, where nearly three times as much water is used at each tap. The health of the city is good, the death rate low, especially when we deduct the number of people from other counties that die in the asylum. Connection with the sewer is compulsory, and being made as rapidly as the work can be carried forward . The city has abundant air. Its densest population is 4,400 to the square mile. Railways radiate in every direction, giving good connections with the farm lands about and with other cities. Water power lends its aid to industry, in which the paper mills doubt- less lead. It gives some idea of their importance to learn that their daily output is nineteen car- loads of paper, their daily consumption of material KALAMAZOO 1909 Ci'pvriilit. ll'Iii, lij .Muk Jefferson Fig, 62. The heavy line in the middle of the mapbounds Bronson, the original village of 1834. A lighter line shows the expansion northward in 1S44, while a dated line at the top of the map indicates the Kalamazoo of i8j3. The doited areas near the boundaries are little built up yet. Crosslining in the center marks the business district, single parallel lines the better resi- dences, with circles suggesting the finest. The wards are numbered, numbers in parentheses giving the density of the population per square mile. Bluffs are shown in the west and east by bands of short parallel lines. and coal, seventy. Auxiliary industries are estab- lishments making envelopes, paper boxes, blank books, calendars, labels, and playing cards. Vehi- cles are shipped daily in ten-carload lots. In all, Kalamazoo claims 9,000 industrial emplo^'ees. The streets are well kept. Bronson Park is a beauty spot. A fine public library attests the public spirit of its donors, Dr. and Mrs. V. Van Duzen. THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAX 43 Battle Creek. Battle Creek (Fig. 63) is situated at the junction with the Kalamazoo River of the creek that gives the city its name. The river flats are somewhat complicated here by glacial gravels, in one of whose hollows to the southwest Lake Goguac lies, and by the presence of the Marshall sandstone, which comes to the surface on the hillslope of west Main Street and other points in the city. The stone has been quarried to some extent and used for building. There is probably no other city in the Southern Peninsula with rock outcrops in its streets. It is, however, local. Round about the city the soil is deep and the farm land good. The city is openly built, with abun- dant light and air. The original village has become the business center. The finer resi- dences lie off mostly to the east; the sanitaria for which Battle Creek is famous, on the west. There is little display in Battle Creek, but much business activity. The city hall is inconspicu- ous, but their breakfast foods are widely known. The population is BATTLE about 25,000. The water power is used for many industries. Special- ties of Battle Creek are threshing machines, trac- tion engines, and steam pumps. Printing presses also are made, and other machines. There is good railway connection, and the city is market for a wide district of farms. Water is taken from Lake Goguac and is abundant, clear, and pure, though endangered by drainage from houses about the lake, a condition that will doubtless be removed when the city becomes conscious of its wealth. The Kalamazoo River is here becoming too small for continued use as an outlet for sewage. As the city becomes larger, here too a change will inevitably be made. Jackson, still farther upstream, has already installed filter beds. Battle Creek is the headquarters of the Seventh Day Adventists. Lake Michigan Towns. On the shore of Lake Michigan on Black Lake Harbor is Holland, a port from which the products of the near-by fruit- growing district are shipped. It also ships grain and stone from quarries in the vicinity. It has a large beet-sugar factory and also manufactures furniture. Holland is the seat of Hope College. Thirty-eight miles north and west of Grand Rapids, near the mouth of the Muskegon River, lies Muskegon. The river widens out from this point to the lake and forms the finest harbor on the east shore of Lake Michigan. Besides a large lake trade it has a number of flourishing manufactories. M ail istec , a Lake Michigan port at the mouth of the Manistee River, is the center of the chief salt-producing district of the state. The river still brings logs from the interior coun- ties, and the town is noted for the production of shingles. Among other industries are included the making of watches, shirts, and gloves. The Manistee Iron Works plant is one of the finest in the state. At the extreme southern end of Grand Traverse Bay is Traverse City, with an attractive situa- tion at the foot of fine morainic hills to the west. The town has sawmills, woodworking and other factories, and is a market for the products of the near-by farming district. An asylum for the insane is located here. Towns of the Northern Peninsula. One of the leading lumber towns of the peninsula is Menominee, on Green Bay, Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the Menominee River. Great quantities of timber, rough and finished, are shipped, and there is a large wholesale trade in groceries and hardware. Varied industries, CREEK L'l^iivrrfiht. r.'llt. I'f Mu»k Ji-flcrsnn Fig. 63 . The map shows the village plat of iS^o and the corporation of 18 jQ. Crosslines show the business area, parallel lines the residence district, and small circles the finest homes. 44 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN including malleable iron and steel works, fac- tories for making shoes, sand brick, electric specialties, paper, and beet sugar, have been established. First-class water power is being developed here. To the north of Menominee, and inland near the Menominee River, is Iron Mountain. It is the supply point of a large mining district, and ships large quantities of iron ore. East of Menominee is Escanaha, on a great sand spit in an arm of Green Bay, Lake Michigan, one of the two great shipping ports for Michigan iron ore. The spit, projecting into the bay like the point of the letter V, shuts off Little Bay de Noc from Green Bay; so the ore piers are on the sheltered northern side, while the fine residences and a neat little park front the water on the south. Lumbering is an impor- tant interest in the surrounding area, and large shipments of lum- ber are made, with extensive manufactories for various articles from hard wood found near by. A large number of the people are engaged in fishing. SaiiU Ste. Marie, at the falls of the St. Marys River and on the famous Soo Canal, is a well- known town of the upper peninsula. Lying between lakes Superior and Huron, the com- mercial lake fleet of the United States passes through the great locks here. (Fig. 64.) Con- nected with Canada by a railroad bridge, at the junction of three railroad lines, and having direct water routes to all important ports on the lakes, Sault Ste. Marie commands every advantage for holding and widely increasing its importance as a trade center. At present lumbering, fishing, and manufacturing are the chief industries, but the great water power ^LbiL. m^^^: ^^^|fea^i#5^?sl Lcgtt ^^^ml wm^- p-^- ^t '^ - ^a 3 1^ Fig. 64. Locking a ^00-footer through the Soo locks. recently developed seems destined to create a much wider range of interests. Agriculture is being rapidly developed in the near-by area, and already large shipments of hay have been made to Boston by Canadian railways. An important outlet of the Marquette and Gogebic iron-mining regions and one of the two great ore-shipping points of Michigan is Marquette, located on Iron Bay, Lake Superior. (Fig. 49.) Coal cargoes brought here by the returning ore carriers make the city a distributing point for the coal supply of the Upper Lake Region. Lumbering, carried on extensively in this part of the Northern Peninsula, supplies material for several lum- ber-working industries. Here is one of the largest charcoal furnaces in the world. The easily sup- plied hard wood is used for the charcoal, and wood alcohol and acetic acid are extracted from the smoke usually allowed to escape from the pits. Marquette is the seat of one of the state normal schools. The city is one of the most attractive in the region as it nestles at the foot of wooded hills among the rocks on the shore of beautiful Lake Superior. West of Marquette lies Ishpeming, another of the leading cities of the Marquette iron district. Most of the timber which once covered this region has been cut, and the famous lumbering interests have given way to the development of the steadily increasing number of iron mines and to the farms that are taking the place once occupied by the timber. In the Gogebic iron district, the extreme northwest portion of the state, is Iroiiwood, an important town of this section. The mining of iron ore is the chief interest. THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 45 Statistics of the State of Michigan by Counties, from the Federal Census of 1900 and 1910 and State Census of 1904. Alcona Alger Allegan Alpena Antrim Arenac Baraga Barry Bay Benzie Berrien Branch Calhoun Cass Charlevoix. . . Cheboygan.. . Chippewa. . . . Clare Clinton Crawford .... Delta Dickinson .... Eaton Emmet Genesee Gladwin Gogebic Grand Traverse Gratiot Hillsdale. . . . Houghton. . . Huron Ingham Ionia Iosco Iron Isabella. . . . Jackson Kalamazot . . Kalkaska. . . . Kent Keweenaw. . . Lake Lapeer Leelanau. . . . Lenawee Livingston. . . Luce Mackinac. . . . Macomb Manistee. . . . Marquette . . Mason Mecosta Menominee. . Midland Missaukee. . . Monroe Montcalm. . . Montmorency ^luskcgon. . . Newaygo .... Oakland Oceana Ogemaw Ontonagon.. . Osceola Oscoda Otsego Ottawa Presque Isle.. Roscommon.. Saginaw St. Clair St. Joseph. . . Sanilac Schoolcraft. . Shiawassee.. . Tuscola Van Buren.. . Washtenaw. . WaN-ne Wexford ORGANI- ZATION 1869 l88s lS.\S I8S7 1863 1883 187s 1839 1857 1869 1831 1833 1833 1829 1869 1853 1827 1871 1839 1879 1S61 1891 1837 1853 1S36 1875 1S87 1851 1855 183s 1848 1859 183S 1837 1857 1885 1S59 1832 1830 1871 1836 1861 1871 183s 1863 1827 i8?6 1887 1818 1818 18S5 1851 ISSS i8S9 1863 I8S5 1871 1817 1850 1881 I8S9 1851 1S20 185s 1875 1852 1869 i88t 1S75 1837 1871 1875 1833 1821 1S29 1850 1871 1837 1850 1837 1826 1796 i859 690 924 839 584 491 36s 890 572 437 309 566 S04 697 Soo 423 78s 1.S80 575 570 575 1,127 756 566 462 468 S«o 1,152 496 572 60, s 1,077 841 547 575 560 1,143 568 695 575 570 862 S70 575 667 355 742 575 91S 1,140 460 547 1.839 SOI 567 1,044 51S 566 572 720 561 522 8si 897 565 568 1.355 575 572 529 S6l 65o 535 832 690 506 966 1,151 542 814 62.i 690 626 575 POPULATION 1910 5,703 7.675 39,819 19,965 15,692 9,040 6,127 22,633 68.238 10,638 53.622 25.605 56,638 20,624 19,157 17.872 24,472 9,240 23,129 3,034 30,108 20,524 30.490 18,561 64,555 8,413 23.333 23.784 28.S20 29.673 88.098 34,758 S3. 310 33,550 9,753 15,164 23.029 53,426 60,427 8.0Q7 159,145 7.156 4,939 26,033 10,608 47,907 17,736 4,004 0,249 32,006 26.688 46,739 21,832 19,466 25.648 14.005 10,606 32,917 32,069 3,755 40,577 19,220 49,576 lS,379 8,907 8,650 17.8S9 2.027 6.552 45.3°i 11,249 2,274 89,290 52.341 25.499 33.930 8.681 33.246 34.913 33.185 44.714 531. SOO 20,769 1900 FARM PROPERTY INCLUDING LIVE STOCK S.69I 5.858 38.812 18.254 16,568 9,821 4.320 22.514 62,378 9.68s 49.165 27,811 49.315 20,876 13.956 15.516 21.33S 8,360 25,136 2,943 23.8S1 17,890 31,668 IS. 931 41,804 6,564 16,738 20,479 29,889 29,865 66,063 34.162 39.818 34,329 10,246 8,990 2 2. 7 84 48,222 44,310 7.133 129.714 3.217 4.957 27,641 10,556 48,406 19,664 2,983 7,703 33.244 27.856 41.239 18,885 20.693 27,046 14.439 9,.io8 32,754 32,754 3.234 37.036 17.673 44.792 16.644 7.76s 6.197 17.859 1.468 6.175 39,667 8,821 1.787 81,222 55.228 23.889 35,055 7,889 33.866 35,890 33,274 47,761 348,793 16,84s $ 999,686 153..3.S8 19,850,228 1,830,038 2,447,490 1,523,041 360,308 12,571.569 9.016,945 1,460,816 22,665,285 14.4S5.839 18.729.349 12,803,21 1 2,309,833 1,929,407 2,156,569 1.198,533 16,886,491 251,608 1.737.452 382,576 16,065,393 2,372,304 18.880,467 1,102.936 81.554 ■4.346.397 12.060,909 17,284,810 922,181 13,341,896 15,292,535 15,858,240 1,135,325 2S3.529 7.329,876 18,102.132 16,238,917 1,265.685 23,908,449 50,410 1.001,968 13.853,063 3,479,103 25,593,766 13.989,871 249,494 684,261 17,958,652 2,947,1 26 1,101,078 4.170.307 4,888,663 2,854,440 3,669,1 18 1,381,103 17,694,164 10,078,569 525. 73S 5,200,906 5,604,225 25,432.975 6,086.834 1.247,660 377,124 3,899.959 280,058 956,249 13,666,423 1,473,431 175,897 18,417,800 15,814,229 12,379,537 14,566.513 570,252 15,028.753 15.408,257 16.434.647 21.453.765 35.171.688 2.1 1 1,41 1 FARM PRODUCTS MANU- FACTURES S 248,995 48. 701 2,825,954 471,709 573.252 280,241 98,11 1 2,048,21 2 1,406,587 263,239 3,206,441 2,247,743 2,996,360 1,623,430 5 5 5. 099 469,191 515.006 260.812 2,616,427 105,487 535,444 70,6.11 2,894,155 491,736 3,170,858 207,030 15.7S3 863,484 2,264,196 2.885.257 254.034 2,346,970 2,697,711 2,367,1 22 243,241 67,171 1,338,132 2,874,495 2,298,485 328.020 3,425.82s 22,S08 190,904 2,383.332 609,419 4,005.543 2,071,804 78.063 152,485 2,244,447 S17.S98 217.511 553.634 886,621 579,865 707.087 375.100 2.775.428 1,746,545 151,248 983,696 873.572 3.399.838 1,051,925 241,287 69,684 824,100 71,480 255,978 2,200,192 372,438 39,393 2,896,988 2,333.156 1,589,290 2,784,242 137.881 2.506,845 2,719,722 2,437.110 3,236,504 3.356,843 543,480 S 527,134 1.651,959 1,862.480 2,502,191 3.137.374 651,77s 1.078,315 1,462,197 I 2,192,096 627,886 5,204,035 2,773.219 9,308,473 1,774,341 1,352.929 2,082,497 3.037,971 593.712 1,131,830 639.568 4.171.958 701,398 1.SS4.693 1 ,402,695 6,389,386 276,196 395,529 1,890,144 1.052.323 2,224,447 21,517,808 1 ,266,016 3,851,925 4.219.547 007.715 512,271 760,617 8,149,969 8,493.433 S33.021 26.540,215 89.272 762,937 1,026,204 4.715.277 1.109,941 441,750 796,396 1,187,75s 5,958,136 2,729.783 2,672,163 1,069,225 6,635,883 568,045 433.177 1,304,911 1 ,827,077 833.073 7,438,285 444,180 4.889.777 920.973 38 2. 89 2 530.755 1.323,424 131,021 588,122 5.051.165 705,808 272,200 1 2,908,064 6,027.378 2,706,893 827,163 1,902,736 2,877,700 1,260,414 1,131,984 4,778,190 111,868,788 3.321.775 COUNTY SEAT Harrisville Munising Allegan Alpena Bcllaire Staniiish L'Anse Hastings Bay City Honor St. Joseph Coldwater Marshall Cassopolis Charlevoix Cheboygan Sault Ste. Marie. Harrison St. Johns Gi-ayling Escanaba Iron Mountain. . Charlotte Petoskey *Flint Gladwin Bessemer Traverse City. . . Ithaca Hillsdale Houghton Bad Axe Mason Ionia Tawas Crystal Falls. . . . Mt. Pleasant. . . . ♦Jackson ♦Kalamazoo Kalkaska ♦Grand Rapids. . . Eagle River Baldwin Lapeer Leland Adrian Howell Newberry St. Ignace Mt. Clemens. . . . Manistee Marquette Ludington Big Rapids Menominee Midland Lake City Monroe Stanton Atlanta Muskegon Newaygo Pontiac Hart West Branch. . . . Ontonagon Hersey Mio Gaylord Grand Haven. . , Rogers Roscommon. , . , ■Saginaw Port Huron Centerville Sandusky Manistique Corunna Caro Paw Paw Ann Arbor 'Detroit Cadillac POPULATION 1904 461 2,000 2.795 12,400 1,170 949 617 3,558 45.165 250 5,322 6.225 4.361 1.477 2.395 5.730 11.442 547 3.768 1.282 11,098 8.58s 4.726 S.i85 38,550 1. 09 1 3.1 11 11.237 1.920 • 4.809 4.345 1.423 1.955 5.222 1.245 2.981 4.484 31.433 39.437 1.355 112,571 200 486 3,460 350 io,6So 2,450 1 ,256 2,083 7,108 12,708 10,665 7.259 4.852 11.096 2.S20 724 6.I2S 1,120 85 20,897 1.185 10,884 1,464 1,495 1,601 31s 150 1,851 5,239 566 407 50,510 20,028 639 729 4,596 1,601 2,268 1.747 14.590 465.766 6.893 403 3,014 2.557 11,803 1,157 829 620 3.172 27,628 5. 1 55 6,216 4,370 1,330 2,079 6,489 10,538 647 3,388 9,549 9,242 4,093 5,28s 13,103 775 3,911 9.407 2,020 4.151 3.359 1.241 1,828 5.209 1,228 3.321 3.662 25.180 24.404 1.304 87.S65 343 3.297 9.654 2.518 1.01s 2.27 I 6.576 14,260 10,058 7.155 4,686 I2,glg 2,363 8l5 5. 043 1,234 20,8iS ► 1,172 9.760 1.134 1 ,41 2 1,267 327 1,561 4,743 544 465 42,345 19.158 645 578 4,1 26 l,Sio 2,006 1.46s 14.509 285.704 S.997 ♦Federal Census, 1910. 46 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN Population of Michigan, Rank of State, and Density per Square Mile, at Each Federal Census from 1810 to 1910. YEAR RANK OF TOTAL POPULATION INCREASE IN PER CENT OF DENSITY PER INCREASE SQ. MILE 1810 25 4.762 . 0.08 1820 27 8,806 4.134 86.8 0.13 1830 27 31.639 22.743 255 7 .20 1840 2.5 212,267 180.628 570 -9 370 1850 20 397.654 185.387 87.3 6.90 18O0 16 749.113 351.459 88.4 13.00 1870 13 1,184,059 434.946 58.1 20.60 1880 9 1.636,937 452.87S 38.2 2S.S0 1890 9 2,093,889 456.952 27-0 36.50 1900 9 2,420,982 327.093 156 42. 20 I910 2,810,17,^ 3.So,l9l 16. I 40.06 State or Country of Birth of Population of Michigan, Federal Census for 1900. COUNTRY NUMBER Canada 184,398 Germany 1 25,074 England 43,839 Holland 30,406 Ireland 20,182 Poland 28,286 Sweden 26,956 Finland 18,910 Scotland 10,343 Norway 7.582 Denmark 6.390 Italy 6.178 Austria 6,049 Russia 4.138 STATE Native to state i New York Ohio Pennsylvania Indiana Wisconsin Illinois Vermont Massachusetts New Jersey Iowa Minnesota Maine Missouri Connecticut Other states and terri- tories Total native born. . . . 1 .455.615 156,489 88,290 30.674 29.871 22,256 18.802 6,759 6.51s 5.351 4,866 3.690 3.572 3.183 3.132 40.264 .S79.329 Other countries 6,296 Totalforeign bom . .... ,541,653 Population of the Leading Cities and Towns of Michigan at each Federal Census from 1850 to 1900, and State Estimates, 1904. tDetroit.. . . jGrand Rapids t Saginaw *East Saginaw ■Bay City ■ Kalamazoo.. . ■Flint ■■Jackson ■Lansing ■fBattle Creek.. Muskegon Port Huron . . . Ann Arbor. . . . West Bay City Manistee Alpena Ishpftming .... SaultSte. Marie Traverse City. . Escanaba Menominee.. . . Pontiac Adrian Marquette .... Ironwood Owosso Holland Iron Mountain. Laurium Ypsilanti Ludington .... Mount Clemens Cadillac Negaunee Cheboygan.. . . Benton Harbor Delray Coldwater.. . Monroe Hancock.. . . Calumet ... 465,766 112,5 50,510 45.166 30.437 38,550 31.433 31.220 25.267 20.897 20.028 14.599 12.997 12.708 12.400 11.623 11.442 11.237 1 1 .098 1 1 .096 10.884 10.6S0 10.665 lo.oig 9.14s 8.066 8.58s 7.653 7.S87 7.259 7.108 6.893 6,797 6,730 6.702 6,627 6,225 6,128 6,037 5. 500 285,704 87.565 42.345 27.62S 24.404 13.103 25.180 16.4S5 18.563 20.818 19.158 14.509 13.110 14.2O0 II .So 2 13.25s 10.538 9.407 9. 540 I2.8i8 9.760 9.654 10.058 0.705 8.696 7.790 9.242 5.643 7.378 7,166 6,576 5.907 6,03 5 6,489 6,562 4,573 6,216 S.043 4,050 1890 205,876 60,278 46,322 27.839 17.853 0.803 20,708 13.102 13.197 22.702 13.543 9.431 12.981 12,812 11,283 11.197 5.760 4.838 6,8oS 10,630 6,200 8,756 9.093 7.745 6.564 3.945 8,599 I. ISO 6,129 7.517 4.748 4.461 6,078 6,235 3.692 S.247 5. 258 1.772 116.340 32.016 10.525 19,016 20,693 13.552 8.400 16.105 8.319 7.063 11,262 8,883 8,061 6.397 6.930 6,153 6,039 1.047 1.897 3.026 3.288 4.509 7.840 4,690 2,501 2,620 4,084 4,190 3,057 2,213 3.031 2,260 1,230 4,681 4.930 1,783 1S70 79.577 16.507 7.460 13.225 7.064 9.181 5.386 11.447 5.241 5.838 6.002 S.073 7.363 3.343 4..W7 8,43s 2.06 2.319 5.47 1,768 2.559 66 4..?8 5,086 1S60 45.619 8.085 1.699 3.001 1.583 6,070 2,950 4.799 3.074 1.450 4.371 5.097 596 2,575 6,213 ,160 3.892 1S50 -I.OIQ 2,686 2.507 1,670 2.363 1.229 1,064 1.584 1,68 ' 136 2,813 Population of the Leading Cities and Towns — Continued. Wyandotte.. . , St. JoseT'h Grand Haven. Ionia Petoskey Woodmere. . . Albion Norway. Big Rapids.. . . Hillsdale Charlotte Niles Manistique. . . . MountPleasant Dowagiac Marshall Houghton . . . . Three Rivers. . Red Jacket St. Johns South Haven . . Marine City. . . BeMing Hastings Gladstone Lapeer Greenville. . . . Bessemer Crystal Falls. . Allegan Fenton St. Clair Sturgis Alma Tecumseh .... Midland St. Louis River Rouge . . Bovne Howell Grand Ledge . . Onaway Charlevoix .... Lake Linden . , Hudson Caro Eaton Rapids . Durand St. Ignace Otsego Vassar Munising 5.425 5.322 5.239 5.222 S,i86 5.034 4.043 4.864 4. 85 2 4.S00 4.726 4.641 4.596 4.4S4 4.404 4,361 4.345 3.9 3.784 3.76S 3.767 3.762 3.654 3.55S 3.52S 3.460 3.421 3.1 1 1 2.081 2.705 2.684 2.664 2.593 2.566 2.525 2,520 2.S03 2.474 2. 453 2.450 2.439 2.408 2. 395 2.347 2.307 2.268 2.197 2.166 2.083 2.045 2.032 2.000 4.S19 4.170 4.686 4.151 4.002 4.287 4.1 26 3.662 4.151 •1.370 3.359 3.550 4.66S 3.388 4,009 3,829 3.282 3.172 3.380 3.297 3.3S1 3.911 3.231 2.667 2.40S 2.543 2.465 2.047 2.400 2.363 1.9S9 1.74S 012 2.518 2. 161 1.204 2.079 2.597 2.403 2.006 2.103 2.134 2.271 2.073 1.832 2.014 1800 3.817 3.733 5.023 4.482 2.872 3.763 5.303 3.915 3.867 4.197 2,940 2,701 2,806 3.968 2.062 3.131 3.073 3.127 1.924 3.268 1.730 2.972 1.337 2,753 3.056 2,566 2,669 2,182 2,353 2.489 1.655 2.310 2.277 2.246 450 2,387 1,606 1,496 1,862 2,178 1.701 1.970 255 2,704 1,626 1,682 iSSo 3.631 2,603 4.862 4.190 1,815 2,716 3.552 3.441 2,910 4.197 1.115 2,100 3,795 2.525 2.140 2.370 1.442 1.673 562 2,531 2.01 1 3.144 2.305 2,152 1.923 2,060 437 2,1 1 1 1. 529 1.975 2.071 1.387 512 2.610 2.254 1.2S2 1.785 210 1,000 670 135 1870 .3.147 2.500 1.237 3.5I.S 2.253 4.630 1.932 4,925 .180 1.576 1 ,240 1.772 1.807 2.374 2.353 1.790 1.768 402 2,039 1,160 888 2.1 57 057 1.530 1,020 1,640 1,489 S8i 1,067 *In 1890 Saginaw and East Saginaw were consolidated. tPopulation figures from the Federal Census for 1910, Value of Agricultural Products of Michigan, Federal Census of 1900 and Year Book, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1908. CROPS All crops All cereals All vegetables All fruits Hay and forage Com Wheat Oats Rye Buckwheat Potatoes Vegetables (misc.) Beans Sugar beets Peas Onions Clover seed Orchard products Small fruits and grapes Nursery products Wool Dairy products Kggs Honey and wax. . Maple syrup 13 4 5 6 13 10 9 4 3 3 15 1900 Sy5.O05.34(> 41 ,819,042 1 1,098.136 5.859.362 21,792.987 17.798,01 1 12,921.025 9.264,385 1,03,1,416 306,311 6.759.342 3.048.055 2,361,020 877,481 689.133 345.310 290,781 3.675. S45 2,183.517 338,544 2,454.399 16.903.087 6,104,462 230,012 73.003 190S S34.S9S,ooo 38.009,000 15,260,000 20,505,000 4,050,000 527,000 13.572,000 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 47 Value of Live Stock in Michigan, Federal Census of 1900 and Year Book,U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1908. LIVE STOCK All domestic animals Horses and mules. . . Cattle Sheep ' Hogs Poultry Bees RANK OP STATE 1900 S75.997.05i 36.067.032 28.165,256 7,162.664 4,588.898 4,551.045 1908 S81. 754.000 47,296.000 8,307.000 9,324,000 The Leading Manufacturing Cities of Michigan and Some Facts Concerning their Industries, Federal Census of 1900 and Census Bulletin 18, 1904.* Detroit Grand Rapids. Kalamazoo . . . Battle Creek.. Saginaw Jackson Lansing Muskegon Flint Bay City Delray Adrian Port Huron. . NUMBER OF PLANTS 1004 1900 1904 1900 1904 1900 1904 1900 1904 1900 1904 1900 1904 IQOO 1904 1900 1904 1900 1904 1900 I 1904 I 1900 I 1904 I 1900 i 1904 ! 1900 NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS 1.363 2.847 389 824 157 268 I 20 177 180 480 147 291 98 164 70 200 70 I 54 128 376 20 "65 166 75 1S6 48.879 45.707 iS.7og 14.361 5.666 4.203 3.389 2.323 4.682 4.866 3.967 4.206 2.982 1.57 5 3.07 S 3.235 2,161 2.186 2.392 3.307 2.592 AMOUNT OF WAGES PAID 1.502 1. 151 2.679 2.417 22.786.576 18.718.0S1 7,392.748 5.904.670 2.561.948 1,617,299 1,885,984 1.079.934 2,095,998 1, 936^558 1,838,06s 1,666,680 1,388,542 647,788 1.21 I. oof 1.185.697 1.040,836 895,186 1,262,724 1,466,328 1. 301. 155 VALUE OF PRODUCT 128.761.658 IOO.S92.838 31,032.589 24,824,042 13,141.767 8,056,908 12,298,244 6,753,208 10,403,508 10,054,499 8,348,125 7.587,526 6,887.415 2,827.842 6.319,441 5.097.059 6.177,170 5,198,827 5,620,866 7,087,624 5,550,008 625,306 499,879 1,384,131 1,119,320 4,897,426 2,424,678 4,789,589 4,298,743 ♦Statistics for 1904 include only factory products; for previous census, all products. Some of the Leading Industries of Michigan and the Value of their Products, from the Federal Census of 1900 and Census Bulletin 18, 1904.* Total for state Lumber and timber products Flour and grist mill products Foundry and machine shop products Copper, smelting and refining Furniture, factory product Lumber, planing mill products, including sash ,doors ,andblinds Cars, steam railroad, not including opera- tions of railroad com- panies Carriages and wagons.. Tobacco — chewing, smoking; snuff, cigars and cigarets . . Printing and publish- ing Leather, tanned, cur- ried and finished . . . Chemicals Druggists' preparations ( 1904 ( 1900 j 1904 ( 1900 j 1904 I 1900 j 1904 I 1900 1 1904 t 1900 I 1904 t 1900 j 1904 1900 1904 1900 1904 1900 1904 1900 1904 1900 1904 1900 1904 1900 ■ 904 1900 NUMBER OP PLANTS 7.446 16,807 766 1,705 405 765 382 364 3 3 134 124 246 23s 4 4 183 299 706 60S 910 792 25 27 14 51 20 10 AMOUNT OP W'AGES PAID OF PRODUCT $81,278,817 66,467,867 13,057.977 1 1,122,030 766,690 718,499 6,412,453 6,527,496 454.943 364.647 5,938.312 4.570.713 2.365.030 2,012,754 2,200,977 1,409,580 2,246,493 2,028,530 2,467,116 1,769.055 2,672,700 1,978.631 865,673 559,142 1,848,1 14 1,162.634 829.221 546.258 S429.039.778 356,944,082 40,569,335 54,290.520 26.512.027 23.593.991 22,427.265 20,615,864 21 ,222,217 17.340.041 18.421. 735 14.614.506 14,375.467 12,469,532 13,467.751 9,920,780 12,101 ,170 11.205,602 11,863,959 9.335.027 10,892.967 7.484.770 9.340.349 6.015.590 8.957. 16S 5.364.724 8.797,911 4,921,913 Some of the Leading IninstTies— Continued. INDUSTRY Agricultural implements Butter, cheese and con densed milk Clothing, factory made Paper and wood pulp . . Iron and steel Bread and other bakery products Stoves and furnaces, not including gas and oil stoves Malt liquors Automobiles Food preparations .... Beet sugar Cars and general shop construction and re- pairs by steam rail- road companies Slaughtering and meat packing, wholesale . . Gas, illuminating and heating Hosiery and knit goods Boots and shoes, fac- tory product ....... "Wirework. including wire rope and cable . Brass castings and brass finishings Shipbuilding 1900 ■ 1904 \ 1900 1904 1900 t 1904 ! 1900 i 1904 [ 1900 1 1904 Woodenware . Paints Carriage and wagon materials Cement Salt Steam fittings and heating apparatus . . Structural ironwork . . . Boxes, wooden packing Refrigerators AMOUNT OF WAGES PAID VALUE OF PRODUCT 42 59 371 286 82 71 30 27 15 10 614 455 42 8 8 46 38 38 32 23 13 30 31 30 23 57 54 34 13 35 24 13 41 53 7 13 46 46 $1,685,677 952,636 432,302 222.245 1,291 360 893,269 1,306,112 700,862 1,018.699 941 .091 1.031 .807 584.995 2,283.705 864.115 599.319 970.89s $8,719,719 6,339,508 8,209,706 3,918,99s 7,467.393 5.184.181 7.340.631 4.217.S69 7.140.652 5,902.058 7,115.648 4,098,1 28 7,112.874 459,526 143.257 581.074 216,704 2,496,047 2,026,000 217.342 186.473 575.168 293.976 769,247 580,1 29 681,362 386,074 392.300 237.587 755.881 358.959 1.06S.253 1.343.887 736.119 75.263 222.966 1 29.690 806.653 498.925 668.704 626.026 619.383 692.992 616. 3S3 496.81 2 571,794 388,683 529,927 314,280 6,990.251 5,296,825 6,876,708 6,753.699 1,891,516 5.378,004 1,602,266 5.369,391 4.332.927 4.901.435 3.724.761 3.865.895 1.472,737 3,623,885 2,701,257 3,531,028 I 915. 179 3.459024 1,394,464 3.145.917 I 730 273 2,972.865 4,432 101 2,966.225 209,489 2,823,933 I 826,742 2,788,287 1,767,298 2,559.551 2,404 717 2.460,538 2,329,615 2,115,766 2,295.869 2,272,621 2,287 495 2,079.817 1,425,876 ♦Statistics for 1904 include only factoo' products; for previous census, all products. The Principal Items of Michigan's Wealth, United States Bureau of Statistics, 1900- 1904. (a) Real property and improvements Live stock ■ ■,- ■ Farm implements and machinery Manufacturing machinery. tools, and implements Gold and silver. Coin and bullion (hi Railroads and their eciuip- ment - Street railways, waterworks, shipping, etc (c) Personal and other property Total. 1900 $1,618,826,259 87,054.155 28,795 380 68,117,259 46,540.881 237.655,000 106,625,952 460,666.637 $2,654,281,523 1904 $2,019 296,490 123,265,031 31,363.928 87 255.370 52,261.341 277.597.000 131. 580. 197 SS9.799.760 $3.282.419.1 17 (a) Exclusive of railroad and other property which in cj-rtain states is classed as "real." but in the census estimate wealth is referred to as "personal and other. ^ • ,- u. i (b) Including telegraph and telephone systems electric light and Dower stations. Pullman and private cars, and canals. . . (c) Including products of agriculture manufactures and mining, imported merchandise, clothing and personal a. Apples, 14. .^7. Aurora Mine, view of (Fig. 8), 13. Automobiles, 21, 37. 39. Banks, 39. Battle Creek, 22, 34, 43-. map (Fig. Ui^, 43. Bay City, i s. 34. 37. ^^ \ map (Fig. 57). 3S; 39. Beaches, 1 1. Beans, 15. Beets, 38. 41. Beet sugar, 13; factory, 43. 44- Berries, 14. Boating, 37. Boundaries, early, 26. Breakfast foods, 22, 43. Bronson, 42. Buffalo, zz. Calumet Mine, 16. Canals, 22, i^, 24. Carriages, 21, 37. 39. Cass River, 10; map (Fig. 12), 14- Cattle, per square mile (Fig. 31), 24. Cement, 39; amount manulac- tured (Fig. 42). 28; industry. I 7 ; works, 40. Cereals, 15. yield of (Fig. 20). 22. Charcoal, 44. ■ Chemicals, 21. 36. Chicago, 1 1. 33. 34- Cities and Towns, g:rowth and development, 30-44; popula- tion of, 46. Cities, of more than 10.000, map (Fig. 4S). 30. Clark, George Rogers, 26. Clay, TO. Cleveland, ^ \. Cliffs, 10; at Petoskey (Fig. n). 14- Climate, 11-13. Coal, o. 13, 17. 19, 38; (Fig. 41). 2S; 3S; cargoes, 44; mining. 37. Colleges, 28. 36, 41, 42, 43. Commerce, 22-25. Copper, 10, 16, 17, 19; (Fig. 40). Copper Range, 16. Corn, 11^. 16; per square mile (Fig. 33>. 25. Counties, Statistics by, 45. Deep Wells, 35. 3S; one of the (Fig. 50), 3S. Detroit, iS. 21. 22, zi^ 34- 35- i'i-17- Detroit River, map (Fig. 53). 36. DeWard estate, iq; (Fig. 37), 27. Dike, Xi'gaunee (Fig. 5). 11. Duluth, 34. Education, 27-29. Eggs, 15. English, 26. Escanaba, 44. Explorers, 22; French, 11. Farming district, threshing scene in (Fig. 35). 26; section, 41. Farm, land. 43; produce, 39, 41. products, 15. Farms, 44. Ferries, 25. Fish hatchery, United States, 40. Fishing, 44. interest, 37-- Flint, 39 . Flouring mills, 21, 36, 39. Forest reserve, states first. 21. Forests, 1 9-2 1 ; distribution o (Fig. 43), 28. Fort Wayne, 1 1. Foundry and machine-shop out- put, 2 [ . Freight, 24; comparison of foreign and domestic (Fig. 47). 29. Freight boat, of the (>reat Lakes (Fig. 39). 27. French, 26. Fniit, 15. 40; raising. 14; small 13; yield of small (Fig. 23). 21. Fruit belt of the state, 13. Fruit-growing district, 43. Furnittire, 22, making. 40. 43. Game, 7- Garden seeds, 36. Glaciers, 1 1 . Gogebic iron-mining region, 44. Goguac, Lake, 43. Government, organization of county, map (Fig. 52). 35. Grain, 36, 4^. Grand Rapids, 21. 22. },a,. map (Fig. 59). 40; 4'- Grand River Valley Towns, 40-42. Grand Traverse Bay, 10. Granite, 9. Grapes, 14; >'ield of (Fig. 24), 21. Gravel, ro, glacial, 43. Great Lakes, 11. 12: older, \ i . Greenstone schist (Fig. 4), 10. Gypsum, 9, 19, 41. Hay, IS. 16, ig, 44. Hecla Mine, t6. Hemlock, ig, 20. Hills, 10. History, 25-27- Hogs, per square mile (Fig. 2g), 2^. Holland, 43. Houghton, Douglas, 28. Ice sheets, 10, 11. Indians, 26. Industries, 47. Iron, 10, 16. 17, 21, 22, 39; (Fig. 38), 27; 44; mines, 44; region. 16. 44. Iron Mountain, 44. Ironwood, 44. Iron works, Manistee. 43, 44. Ishpeming, 44. Jack Pine Plains, 21. Jackson, 34. 4'. niap (Fig. 61), 41 ; 43. Jacksonburg, 41. Kalamazoo, 22, 34, 35; map (Fig. 62). 42. Kalamazoo Valley, Towns of the, 42-4;. Keweenaw Peninsula. lO. Lakelets, 10, 1 7. Lake Michigan Towns, 43-44. Lakes, 7. 12. m- Lansing, 21. 41. Limestones, 9, 17. Live stock, 47- Locks, 22, 23; (Fig. 64). 44. Logs, 40. Ludington, iS. Limiber, 19, 20, 21, 36, 37. 38, 50. 40, cut, map (Fig. 45), 20; town, 43. Limibering, 18, 20, 21, 44. Mackinac Island, 11. Manistee, is. 43. Manufactures, 21-22. Manufacturing cities, leading. 47; states, 21. Marquette, 44; iron-mining region, 44- Marquette's route, i. Maimiee River, 10; (Fig. 12), 14. Maybee, 10. Meat, 15, 36. Menominee, 43. Milk. 15. Mills, tlouring, 21, 36, 39. Milwaukee, 33. 34. Mineral products (Fig. 44). 2S; resources, map of (Fig. 16), 17. Minerals, 16-19. Mine, view of (Fig. S). 13. Mines, 10, 16. Mining, \-,, 19; SL-hool, 28. Muskegon, 43. Navigation on the Lakes, 24. Negaunee, dike (Fig. 5), 1 1 ; street (Fig. 3), 10. Nicollet, II. Nipissing, Lake, 11. Normal schools, 28. 44. North Channel, scene in (Fig. 6). I r . Northern Peninsula, drainage of. I I , map (Fig. 49"), 31; towns of, 45- Northwest Territory (Fig. 36), 26. Oats, 15. 16; per square mile (Fig. 3^). 24- Oil wells, 37- Old Hudson Bay Post (Fig. 15). 16. Orchard, scene in a peach (Fig. 25), 21. Ores, 7. 10. 24. Oswego-Albany outlet, n. Owosso, 40. Paper, 42, 44- Parks, Detroit. 36; Grand Rapids, 40; Kalamazoo, 42; Saginaw, 37. 39. Peaches, 14-37- Peach orchard, scene in a (Fig. 25). 21. Peppermint, 1 5 . Petoskey, view of cliffs (Fig. n), 14. Physical map (Fig. 7), 12. Pine, 20; woods. 19. Pines (Fig. 37>. 27; Jack (Fig. s^). 39- Point aux Barques (Fig. 10), 13. Political map (Fig. 2), 8-g. Pontiac, ^lO. Population, 7, 15, 33; by decades, 40. distribution and density of. map (Fig. 51), 34; foreign-born. 46; growth of (Fig. 28), 22 , native-bom, 46 ; of cities and towns, 46 ; spread of. 27. Portage, ii; (Fig. 14"), 16. Portage sites (Fig. 13), 15. Port Huron, 37- Potatoes, IS, 16; per square mile (Fig. 34). 25. Poultry, 15- Printing presses, 43. Pumps, 3^- Rainfall, 7, 12. 19. map (Fig. 19). Resort, summer. 36. Resources, 7. Rock Falls (Fig. g), 13. Rocks, 0. 10. coal-bearing, 1 8 , distribution of hard old, map (Fig. 1), 7; hard, 16. Rock salt, 9- Rocky hill (Fig. 4). lo. Rye, 3 7- Saginaw, 18, 34, 35, 37; map (Fig. 5.0. 37. Saginaw Bay, 10. Saginaw River, 10, 39. Saginaw Valley, 13. 20. Saginaw Valley and Lake Huron Towns, ^7-40. St. Clair Lake, 12. St. Clair tunnel, 37. St. Joseph River, 11; (Fig. 12). 14. St. Lawrence drainage, map (Fig. 1 ,3 ) . 15. St. Lawrence passage, 11. St. Marys River, 1 1. 22. Salt, i,s, 37. ,^S; (Fig. 46), 29. Salt-producing district, 43. Salzburg, ;S. Sand, I n; spit. 44. Sandstones, u. 45. Sault Ste. Marie. 11, 22. 44; Old Hudson Bay Post at (Fig. 15), 16. Sawmills, 43. Schools, 27, 28, 29. Settlements, 25. Shales, 9. Sheboygan, 20. Sheep, per square mile (Fig. 30), 23- Shoes, 44. Soil, 7. 9. 43- Soo, 23. Soo Canal, 44; locks (Fig. 64). 44. Soutliern Peninsula, map of (Fig. 50). ;2-.;3. State Agricultural College (Fig. f.o), 41 State Commissions, geological sur- vey. 28; forestry, 29; fish, 29. State University, law building (Fig. 54). 37. Statistics and Aids to Teachers, 45-47- Steam pumps, 43. Steel works, 44. Stones, g, 43. Sugar beets, 13; field of (Fig. 20). 20; production of and factories (Fig. 21), 20. Sugar crop (Fig. 22), 21. Summer, a hot day in, map (Fig. 17). iS. Surface and Drainage, 7-1 1. Temagami Region (Fig. 14), 16. Temperature, ir, 12, 13; summer, a hot day in, map (Fig. 17), iS; winter, a cold day in, map (Fig. iS). iS. Threshing machines, 22; scene (Fig. r^). 20:43. Thumb, The, 10. Timber, 43. 44. Tittabawassee River, 10; (Fig. 12). 14. Tobacco, 36. Toledo, ii. Toronto, n. Traction engines, 43. Trails, French. 25. Transportation, 24; of goods, 22; lines (Fig. lO), 17. Traverse City, 43. Trenton, 10. Turpentine, i^. University of Michigan, 2 7 ; rank of, 28. Village, 30- Waterfalls, 10. Water power, 42; Menominee, 44; Saginaw, 40; Sault Ste. Marie, 44- Water supply, Battle Creek, 43; Bay City, 35; Detroit, 35; Grand Rapids, 41", Kalamazoo. 35, 42; Lansing, 41; &larquette, 36; Saginaw, 35. ?>^^ 30. Wealth of state, 27, principal items of. 47. Wenona, ^S. West Bay City, 39- West Superior, u- Wheat, IS. 10, 37; yield of (Fig- 27). 22. Winds, 12. \\, 14. Winter, a cold day in, map (Fig. is\ 18. Wool. 15. 36. Woolen mills, i^;). [48] i^^'K^m"^^ 'I'S^-s LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 016 099 108 2