up* p 
 
 THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF 
 IRELAND 
 
 BY 
 
 P. J, LENNOX 
 
 [Reprinted from The Catholic University Bulletin, Vol. xvi, Nos. 2 and 3] 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 1910 
 
JUL 12 191! 
 
**> V 
 
 THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND. 
 
 I. 
 
 Preliminary Sketch. 
 
 It is a matter of notoriety amounting to a scandal that the 
 Irish people, quick-witted, intelligent, and devoted to learn- 
 ing as they have always proved themselves, were for centuries 
 unable to obtain in their own land the advantages of such higher 
 education as a University confers. Not from the time of the 
 dissolution of those great medieval monastic institutions, which 
 had been the glory of western Christianity, the training ground 
 of the scholars of Europe, until the thirty-fourth year of the 
 reign of Queen Elizabeth, did the State make an attempt to 
 remedy, even in small part, so appalling a condition of affairs. 
 In 1591 the University of Dublin was founded. It was a 
 strictly Protestant institution, and, alike by its constitution 
 and their own religious tenets, the vast majority of the people 
 of Ireland were debarred from its portals. Eor a period of 
 over 250 years this University, with its solitary college of 
 Trinity, was the only University in Ireland. Maynooth Col- 
 lege was, it is true, founded by the Irish Parliament in 1795, 
 and received an annual grant from the public funds, but as it 
 was a purely ecclesiastical corporation, and none but those 
 studying for the priesthood were entitled to admission to its 
 student body, it cannot be described as in any sense a Uni- 
 versity in the modern acceptance of that term. 
 
 89 
 
90 
 
 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 The spectacle of some 8,000,000 people, of whom but a 
 fractional minority had access to the sole Irish University, thus 
 deprived of advantages which every other branch of the Cau- 
 casian race was enjoying, so moved the government of the 
 day that in 1845 three Colleges of University standing were 
 established, having their sites respectively in Belfast, Cork, 
 and Galway. These Colleges were thrown open to students in 
 the academic year 1849-50, and were officially combined into 
 one University, under the title of the Queen's University of 
 Ireland. This institution was foredoomed to failure. The 
 Bill, which, when passed, established the Colleges, was during 
 the second reading debate described as " a gigantic scheme of 
 godless education," because the teaching of religion in any 
 form was specifically prohibited. Such an idea, which is now 
 more or less sanctioned, passively, if not actively, was in that 
 day repellent to large numbers of all sections of Christians in 
 the United Kingdom. The " godless " epithet stuck. The three 
 Queen's Colleges were looked at askance by many non-Catholics, 
 and although two of them were situated in the most Catholic 
 parts of Ireland, Catholics were forbidden by rescript of Pius 
 IX from sending their sons there to be educated. The whole 
 situation was therefore decidedly unsatisfactory. 
 
 As a set-off, the Catholic University of Ireland was estab- 
 lished, without state aid or recognition, by Newman and the 
 Irish Catholic bishops in 1854, but after a brief, though by no 
 means inglorious, career of some quarter of a century, it died 
 of inanition, in fact if not in name, in the late seventies. 
 
 Therefore, while the " National " system of primary edu- 
 cation, established in 1831, though by no means perfect, had 
 done much to banish illiteracy, and while secondary education 
 had been fairly satisfactorily promoted by the Intermediate 
 Education Act, which came into operation in 1879, the Uni- 
 versity muddle continued to be as bad as ever, until the disso- 
 lution of the Queen's University in 1879 and the establishment 
 of the Royal University of Ireland in 1881. The Queen's 
 University was gone, but the Queen's Colleges x remained as 
 
 1 American readers should note the distinction, necessarily made throughout 
 this article, between the term " College" and the term " University." 
 
THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 91 
 
 official or semi-official appanages of the Royal University, under 
 the designation of " approved" colleges. 
 
 The new university was from the start open to female as 
 well as to male students, and led the way in that respect in the 
 United Kingdom. Thus, and otherwise, it was meant to fill 
 a larger space in Irish educational life than ever had been 
 possible either to the abolished Queen's University or to the 
 practically defunct Catholic University of Ireland. So, in 
 sober fact, it did, and it must be admitted by its worst oppo- 
 nents that the Royal rendered good service to higher education. 
 It had, however, one defect, out of which much capital was 
 made. It was frequently represented to be a mere examining 
 body, because it conferred its degrees on any one who paid 
 its modest fees and passed its reasonably difficult examinations, 
 while its students could pursue their studies anywhere from 
 China to Peru. The charge was reiterated almost ad nau- 
 seam; but those who made it conveniently forgot that, under 
 the fellowship scheme embodied in the original Statutes of 
 the University, it was provided that, " if required by the 
 Senate, the holders [of fellowships] shall give their services 
 in teaching students of the University in some educational 
 institution approved by the Senate, wherein matriculated stu- 
 dents of the University are being taught." 
 
 In practice five such institutions were approved, namely: 
 University College, Dublin, to which were allotted 15 Fellows; 
 Queen's College, Belfast, 7 ; Queen's College, Cork, 3 ; Queen's 
 College, Galway, 3 ; and Magee College, Londonderry, 1. 
 These 29 Fellows were therefore paid their salaries of £400 a 
 year each, not only for conducting examinations, but also for 
 actual lectures to students. There were, in addition, eight 
 " Medical Fellows," and many Examiners and Assistant Ex- 
 aminers, nearly all of whom were engaged as professors in 
 one v or other of the " approved " colleges. 
 
 These conditions would have been satisfactory enough, were 
 it not for the facts (1) that there were large numbers of can- 
 didates for the various examinations who, prevented by some 
 reason from attending the classes in the approved colleges, 
 
92 
 
 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 were obliged to study privately or under private tuition, and 
 (2) that, in addition to the "approved" colleges, there were 
 several other colleges sending up students of their own training 
 not only for the examinations and degrees but also for the 
 numerous scholarships, exhibitions, and other prizes offered by 
 the Eoyal University. It was felt, vaguely or acutely accord- 
 ing to individual temperament, that both these classes of stu- 
 dents were under more or less of a handicap. The case was 
 put that, however fair-minded an examiner might be, it was 
 but natural that he should display at least unconscious bias 
 in favor of candidates or competitors who had been trained 
 and prepared by himself, and who were therefore likely to 
 show the impress of his methods. 
 
 For these and other reasons there was unrest and impatience 
 in educational circles ; it was generally recognized that the Irish 
 University question was as yet far from being definitely settled. 
 Agitation for a different and improved system was therefore 
 continuous, and was finally successful, when, in 1908, the 
 Liberal government decided to dissolve the Royal University, 
 and to set up in its place two new universities. 
 
 By the Act of Parliament (8 Edw. 7, Chap. 38), which 
 does this, permission is given to the King to found by charter 
 two new universities in Ireland to have their respective seats 
 at Dublin and Belfast. These universities are to be bodies 
 corporate under such names as the King may be pleased to 
 determine. These names have since been given: one is called 
 the National University of Ireland, the other the Queen's 
 University of Belfast. It is with the former that this article 
 is to deal. 
 
 Public Documents. 
 
 In order to obtain a satisfactory idea of the National Uni- 
 versity of Ireland and of its Constituent Colleges, there are 
 ten public documents to be studied, namely, the Irish Uni- 
 versities Act, 1908 ; the Charter of the National University 
 of Ireland; the separate Charters of University College, Dub- 
 lin, University College, Cork, and University College, Galway ; 
 
THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 93 
 
 the Statute for the National University of Ireland ; the separate 
 Statutes for University College, Dublin, University College, 
 Cork, and University College, Galway; and the Report to ac- 
 company these four Statutes. In addition, there are, of course, 
 the Charter and the Statutes of the Queen's University of Bel- 
 fast; but with these two latter documents we are not just now 
 immediately concerned. 
 
 Irish Universities Act, 1908. 
 
 A perusal of the Act of Parliament, known as the Irish Uni- 
 versities Act, 1908, which establishes the new universities, 
 shows how much its framers were hampered (1) by the exist- 
 ence of the Royal University of Ireland and of the Queen's Col- 
 leges at Cork and Galway, and (2) by the question of religion. 
 Two sets of Commissioners were named in the Act, one for Dub- 
 lin and the other for Belfast. The commissioners were enjoined 
 to draw up schemes for the employment of the existing 
 officers of the Royal University of Ireland and of the existing 
 officers of Queen's College, Belfast, Queen's College, Cork, and 
 Queen's College, Galway. It is further enacted that these 
 schemes shall provide, so far as practicable and expedient, for 
 the offer of equivalent offices, in either one of the new univer- 
 sities or in the new Dublin College which is to be founded, to 
 existing officers of the Royal University of Ireland, and in 
 Queen's College, Cork, and Queen's College, Galway, respec- 
 tively, to existing officers of those colleges. In case an officer 
 of the Royal University should not be offered an equivalent 
 office, or should accept an office of less emolument than he had 
 previously enjoyed, he is entitled to such compensation out of 
 the university funds as the Commissioners shall determine. 
 It will thus be seen that, considering the limited endowment 
 granted to the new university and to its constituent colleges, 
 the Commissioners had the strongest possible financial reasons 
 for employing the former office-holders. To do otherwise would 
 be to make an undue drain on exiguous resources in order to 
 provide pensions or lump-sum compensation for those who 
 
94 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 might be injuriously affected by the loss or diminution of their 
 offices. ]STo one will cavil at the provision thus made for the 
 existing office-holders; on the contrary, to ignore their past 
 services and their present claims would be most unjust, for 
 many of them are distinguished scholars and specialists in 
 their own departments, and are therefore capable of doing ex- 
 cellent work for the infant institution. The point here sought 
 to be established is that, on account of money considerations, it 
 is evident that the Commissioners were not as unrestricted and 
 unhampered in their selection of professors, lecturers, and other 
 officers as if there were no body of men in existence with legal 
 or equitable claims on their consideration. As a matter of 
 fact, I understand that, with scarcely an exception, the appoint- 
 ments actually made from among existing office-holders have 
 given general satisfaction. 
 
 On the question of religion an even more difficult problem 
 presented itself to the framers of the Act. This has been for 
 years one of the great stumbling blocks in the way of the solu- 
 tion of the Irish university problem. The great majority of 
 the people of Ireland is Catholic, but there is a considerable 
 minority made up of members of the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church, Presbyterians, Methodists, and other dissenting sects. 
 Each of those bodies had strong claims for recognition, and the 
 claims were necessarily conflicting; and, as it was impossible 
 on the one hand to reconcile them or on the other to establish 
 in the twentieth century denominational universities for each 
 religion and sect, those responsible for the Act cut the Gordian 
 knot by boldly declaring for undenominational institutions. 
 So full, explicit, and emphatic is the section dealing with this 
 point that it deserves to be quoted in full : — 
 
 " 3. — (1) No test whatever of religious belief shall be im- 
 posed on any person as a condition of his becoming or continu- 
 ing to be a professor, lecturer, fellow, scholar, exhibitioner, 
 graduate, or student of, or of his holding any office or emolu- 
 ment or exercising any privilege in, either of the two new 
 universities, or any constituent college; nor in connection with 
 either of those universities or any such constituent college shall 
 
THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 95 
 
 any preference be given to or advantage be withheld from any 
 person on the ground of religious belief. 
 
 " (2) Every professor upon entering into office shall sign 
 a declaration in a form approved by the Commissioners jointly 
 under this Act, securing the respectful treatment of the re- 
 ligious opinions of any of his class. 
 
 " (3) Nothing in this section shall apply to any professor 
 of or lecturer in theology or divinity; provided that no test 
 of religious belief shall be imposed by the governing body of 
 either of the two new universities or any constituent college 
 on any such professor or lecturer as a condition of his appoint- 
 ment or recognition by the governing body as such professor 
 or lecturer." 
 
 Section Y, which deals with financial provisions and pur- 
 chase of land, returns to this question so as to make it abund- 
 antly plain that public money must not be used for any form 
 of theological teaching or religious instruction. Sub-section 
 (4) of Section Y reads as follows: — 
 
 " (4) Any sums paid under this section shall be applied by 
 the governing body of the university or college, as the case may 
 be, in accordance with their charter or statutes, but no such 
 sum shall be applied for the provision or maintenance of any 
 church, chapel, or other place of religious worship or observ- 
 ance, or for the provision or maintenance of any theological 
 or religious teaching or study: 
 
 " Provided that nothing in this provision shall prevent the 
 recognition by the governing body of the university of any 
 professor of or lecturer in theology or divinity as a professor 
 of the university so long as the professorship is founded and 
 maintained entirely by means of private benefaction, or the 
 use of any building belonging to the university or college for 
 any teaching given by such professor, or for any other religious 
 teaching no part of the cost of which is defrayed out of public 
 funds. But no student shall be compelled to attend any such 
 theological teaching, or religious instruction, and no professor 
 of or lecturer in theology and divinity shall be eligible for 
 membership of the General Board of Studies or of any Faculty 
 other than the Faculty of Theology." 
 
96 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 Finally, in Section 10, which allows the Intermediate Edu- 
 cation Board for Ireland and county councils and borough 
 councils to assist -students by means of exhibitions, scholarships, 
 bursaries, payment of fees, or otherwise, there is a proviso that 
 in no case shall any grant under the section be subject to or 
 conditional upon any religious qualification or be devoted to 
 any religious purpose. 
 
 Erom all the foregoing it will be seen that the State takes 
 every precaution to prevent itself from being identified with 
 any form of sectarianism, but at the same time ensures that 
 the term " godless " cannot be truthfully applied to any of the 
 new institutions, since theological teaching and religious in- 
 struction may be given at private cost, provided that attendance 
 of students at such teaching or instruction is to be entirely 
 voluntary. 
 
 I have taken the time and the trouble to make this matter 
 particularly clear, because it seems to me that in Catholic circles 
 in this country there is considerable misapprehension as to the 
 character of the new university. In daily conversation and 
 by letters from different parts of the Union I have been asked 
 to explain this or that point in connection with " the new 
 Catholic University of Ireland." When I showed that it was 
 not a Catholic, but an undenominational IsTational University, 
 that has been established, my viva voce and correspondence 
 questioners invariably expressed surprise, some of them with 
 characteristic American frankness. I hope that what I have 
 now written will remove any existing doubt. 
 
 While I am on this question of religion, it may be opportune 
 to say that, among Catholics of my own race, laymen as well 
 as priests, on this side of the Atlantic, who, having a great 
 love for, and interest in, Ireland and everything Irish, have 
 endeavored to keep themselves informed of what was being 
 done, I have heard many expressions of misgiving as to the 
 future effect, on the faith and morals of the youth of Ireland, 
 of the teaching of an institution into which religion, if it 
 enters at all, can enter only as a side issue, and not, as it 
 rightfully should, as the head and front of the whole curricu- 
 
THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 97 
 
 lum of studies. It has been further represented to me that the 
 conditions of the tenure of a professorship make the professor 
 virtually independent of every one; that he can teach what he 
 pleases as long as he treats respectfully " the religious opinions 
 of any of his class ; " and that, in the departments of History 
 and Philosophy in particular, it is quite possible for a pro- 
 fessor, while keeping within the strict letter of his declaration, 
 insidiously to inculcate doctrines subversive of Catholicity and 
 even of Christianity. 
 
 My reply is that, if the neAV university scheme is approved 
 by the Irish Catholic hierarchy, it ought to satisfy others. It 
 is the duty of the Irish bishops — and they may be relied on to 
 discharge it — to see that the spiritual interests of the university 
 students, male and female, who belong to their flocks, shall 
 not suffer. The means to secure this end will be devised by them. 
 A beginning has been already made in the establishment of 
 hostels, with episcopal sanction, under the direction of religious 
 orders of men and women, for the accommodation of extern 
 students. I understand, too, that students' sodalities have been 
 already formed, or are in process of formation. On this score 
 I think there need be no misgivings. 
 
 With regard to the question of teaching, there may be some 
 danger ; but I think it is rather theoretical than real. The fears 
 which I heard expressed appear to be based on imperfect infor- 
 mation. The occupants of chairs will not be so independent as 
 some of my American friends apparently believe. The first ap- 
 pointments to Professorships and Lectureships in the National 
 University and its Constituent Colleges are vested in the Dublin 
 Commissioners, and, with certain exceptions provided in the 
 Act, are to last for seven years or earlier death or disability of 
 the appointee. After the functions of the Commissioners 
 determine, the Senate of the University is to have power to 
 appoint to all vacant Professorships and Lectureships in the 
 University, and, subject to appeal to the King, who is the 
 Visitor of the University, to remove the holders of such offices. 
 In the University Senate, also, will repose the right to appoint, 
 and, subject to similar appeal, to remove the Professors and 
 
98 
 
 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 Lecturers of the Constituent Colleges. Both during and after 
 the seven-year period named above, it is incumbent on the 
 President of each constituent college to advise, remonstrate 
 with, and admonish any Professor or Lecturer who is neglect- 
 ful of his duties, or is guilty of any dereliction or breach of 
 duty, and, if his representations are disregarded, to call the 
 attention of the Governing Body of the College to the conduct 
 of the offender. 2 Upon due cause shown by the Governing 
 Body of the College, the Senate of the University may, subject 
 as before to an appeal to the King, remove any Professor or 
 Lecturer from his office. 
 
 There would thus appear to be efficient checks on any erratic 
 tendency on the part of either University or College Professors 
 and Lecturers. But, aside from these, there are other safe- 
 guards. I would, in the first place, lay emphasis on the virile 
 
 8 A distinction is made in the Statutes between the duties and powers of the 
 President of University College, Dublin, on the one hand, in this respect, and 
 those of the Presidents of University College, Cork, and University College, Gal- 
 way, on the other. Section 14 of Chapter iv of all three Statutes is identically 
 the same, reading thus: "He shall advise and remonstrate with any Professor, 
 Lecturer, or Office-bearer of the College, whenever it shall come to his knowledge 
 that such Professor, Lecturer, or Office-bearer has been neglectful of his duties." 
 Section 15 of the same chapter in the Statutes for University College, Cork, and 
 University College, Galway, runs thus for both : 
 
 "Should any Professor, Lecturer, or Office-bearer of the College prove inatten- 
 tive to the advice and remonstrance of the President, the President shall, after 
 giving such Professor, Lecturer, or Office-bearer notice of his intention, and 
 furnishing him with a copy of the official statement he proposes to make of the 
 case, call the attention of the Governing Body to the conduct of such Professor, 
 Lecturer, or Office-bearer." 
 
 The corresponding section in the Statute for University College, Dublin, varies 
 somewhat from the foregoing. Here it is : 
 
 "Should any Professor, Lecturer, or Office-bearer be guilty, in the opinion 
 of the President, of any dereliction or breach of duty, it shall be the duty of the 
 President to admonish him, and in the event of the Professor, Lecturer, or Office- 
 bearer disregarding such admonition, the President shall, after giving such Pro- 
 fessor, Lecturer, or Office-bearer notice of his intention, and furnishing him with 
 a copy of the official statement he proposes to make of the case, call the attention 
 of the Govering Body to the conduct of such Professor or Office-bearer." 
 
 I do not know the reason for this distinction. It may of course, be accidental ; 
 but it is more likely to be deliberate and for cause. While I do not consider it 
 important enough to affect the argument in the text, I think it right at the same 
 time to point it out. 
 
THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 99 
 
 Catholic spirit of the Irish race. Corruptio optimi pessima, 
 it is true; but the faith of the Irish people, fostered by perse- 
 cution and watered with the blood of martyrs, is a plant of 
 sturdy growth in root and branch, and it will not easily be 
 eradicated or blighted to decay. Secondly, concerning the first 
 appointments, I would instance those that have actually been 
 made to the " dangerous " chairs. ISTo unsound doctrines are 
 likely to be preached by Mr. Magennis in Dublin or Mr. Merri- 
 man in Cork, by Dr. Cronin, who is a secular priest, by Father 
 Finlay, who is a Jesuit, or by Dr. Fitzgibbon, who is a Fran- 
 ciscan. Lastly, I would again point to the ever-watchful care 
 which the Irish Catholic bishops give to the religious interests 
 of their spiritual children. If any heresy or false teaching is 
 promulgated, the bishops will be quick to hear of it and prompt 
 to take measures to stamp out the practice. There are many 
 ways, direct and indirect, in which they could make their pro- 
 test effective. In the extremely unlikely contingency of all 
 else failing, they would have the final right to forbid attendance 
 on lectures that tend to sap faith or morals. How the whole 
 scheme will work out, time and experience alone can tell ; but 
 I, for one, take no pessimistic view. 
 
 Separation of Secondary from University 
 Education. 
 
 Permission is given in the Act to the King to found by 
 charter a new college at Dublin and either to alter the existing 
 charters of Queen's College, Cork, and Queen's College, Gal- 
 way, or to grant new charters in lieu thereof. These three 
 colleges, to be known in future as University Colleges, are to 
 be the Constituent Colleges of the National University. In 
 addition, it is provided that the National University may give 
 to its matriculated students the right to pursue their studies 
 for its examinations, prizes, and degrees, in any other " recog- 
 nized" college in Ireland. Such recognition shall be accorded 
 either on the representation of one of the Constituent Colleges 
 or subject to the consent of all three, and no such recognition 
 
100 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 shall be granted to any college which prepares students for 
 intermediate or other school examinations or gives education 
 of an intermediate or secondary kind, or unless the University 
 is satisfied as to the general character and financial position of 
 the college as a whole, the adequacy in numbers and qualifica- 
 tions of its teaching staff, the University standard of the 
 teaching, the adequate provision of laboratories and other appli- 
 ances necessary for giving instruction in the subjects in respect 
 of which recognition is contemplated, the conditions as to age 
 and attainments on which students are admitted, the number 
 of students proceeding or likely to proceed to a University de- 
 gree, and the relations of the college to any other University. 
 (Charter of the National University of Ireland, Article III). 
 It does not seem probable that many Irish colleges will be thus 
 recognized, for at present there are very few in existence that 
 could comply with all the requirements here set forth. The 
 principal bar will be the fact that most colleges, whether for 
 boys or girls, which up to the present have been sending up 
 their students for university examinations, have also an inter- 
 mediate department and some of them a primary one, and the 
 results fees paid to such colleges for those of their students who 
 are successful at the examinations of the Intermediate Educa- 
 tion Board form a strong financial inducement to hold on to 
 the latter system. Thus, as the Act and the Charter doubtless 
 contemplate, a long-needed scholastic reform will be effected 
 in Ireland by the separation and co-ordination of secondary 
 and university education. There are some colleges to which 
 recognition can scarcely be denied, if they seek it, and new ones 
 may spring into existence to meet exigencies ; but the principle 
 will not be thereby affected. 
 
 Endowments. 
 
 The state aid given to the National University of Ireland 
 and its constituent colleges is threefold, consisting of (1) a 
 bulk sum for purchasing lands and providing or improving the 
 necessary buildings and equipment; (2) an annual grant; and 
 
the National university of Ireland 101 
 
 (3) existing buildings and property. The bulk sum so pro- 
 vided for the new University and for the new University College 
 at Dublin, jointly, is £150,000 ; for University College, Cork, 
 £14,000; and for University College, Galway, £6,000. The 
 annual grant to the National University is £10,000 ; to Uni- 
 versity College, Dublin, £32,000; to University College, Cork, 
 £20,000; and to University College, Galway, £12,000. The 
 buildings of the Royal University of Ireland, together with 
 the equipment and appurtenances thereof, except such of said 
 buildings, if any, as may be appropriated to University 
 College, Dublin, are to be transferred to the National Uni- 
 versity, which also gets any other real or personal property 
 of the Royal University, except, again, such portion of said 
 property, if any, as may be assigned to University College, 
 Dublin. Any buildings or property held by the Commissioners 
 of Public Works in Ireland for the purpose of Queen's College, 
 Cork, and Queen's College, Galway, shall, by virtue of the Act, 
 become vested in University College, Cork, and University 
 College, Galway, respectively. 
 
 In addition to the foregoing, Section 8 of the Act provides that 
 " the surplus of the fee fund mentioned in subsection two of 
 section one hundred and twenty-two of the Local Government 
 (Ireland) Act, 1898, shall, instead of being paid and applied as 
 directed by that subsection, be paid and applied for such of the 
 purposes of either of the new universities or any of the constitu- 
 ent colleges of the new university having its seat at Dublin as the 
 Lord Lieutenant in Council may direct." Unfortunately, I have 
 at present no means of ascertaining what the amount of the sur- 
 plus here named is, or of how it is proposed to apply it. It 
 may be a substantial amount, or it may be a negligible quantity. 
 That it is the latter I am inclined to infer from the Report 
 of the Dublin Commissioners which accompanies the statutes 
 drawn up by them for the National University and each. of the 
 three constituent colleges. After stating that the main portion 
 of the income of the National University consists of that sum of 
 £10,000 a year which I have already mentioned, the report 
 proceeds as follows: — 
 
102 CATEOLW UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 " The other items of Income of the University will consist 
 of the Fees received from Students, and of the annual produce 
 of such capital sum as shall accrue to the University out of 
 the property of the Royal University of Ireland, when pro- 
 vision shall have been made for the' payment of the Pensions 
 and of such capital sums as may be awarded as the Compen- 
 sation to which the property ,is liable under the provisions of 
 the Act." 
 
 Here, it will be seen, there is no reference to the surplus 
 of the fee fund mentioned in Section 8 of the Act, so that I 
 am forced to the conclusion that the annual income of the 
 university is to consist solely of £10,000, plus fees and what- 
 ever sum the property of the Royal University, handed over 
 to the National University, may annually produce. I hope, 
 however, that in this matter I am mistaken. 
 
 Insufficiency of Endowment. 
 
 The state grant is generally looked upon as being in most 
 respects insufficient. Thus, the report from which I have 
 already quoted sets out that the Commissioners were unable 
 to make provision for the appointment of Professors and Lec- 
 turers in the National University, because they were not satis- 
 fied of the sufficiency of the funds of the University to meet 
 the stipends to be attached to those Professorships. They had 
 to content themselves with making provision for the appointment 
 of Professors, Lecturers, and other Officers in the constituent 
 colleges. And even here they found themselves cabined, 
 cribbed, and confined owing to the inadequacy of the grant. 
 With regard to University College, Galway, in particular, they 
 found themselves in a very tight corner. What the report has 
 to say on this subject is so illustrative of the meagerness of the 
 financial provision, and so interesting in other respects as 
 showing certain lines of policy approved by the Commissioners 
 and certain other lines which they condemn, that I make no 
 apology for setting it down here in full: — 
 
 "As to University College, Galway, we desire to make it 
 
TEE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 103 
 
 plain, in the most unmistakable manner, that the Scheme pro- 
 posed in the Statute for that College does not in any degree 
 conform to our conception of even a passable equipment for 
 a Constituent College of the University. It represents merely 
 a makeshift which we have found to be at the moment prac- 
 ticable; and since the salaries which are to be offered under 
 it to those Professors of the College who are Fellows of the 
 Royal University do not amount to their present incomes, 
 it is made practicable only by throwing upon the University 
 Funds a charge of some hundreds of pounds annually, by way 
 of compensation, and thus hampering the University in its 
 proper functions. 
 
 " The arrangement embodied in the Statute is to continue the 
 majority of the existing Professors at what we cannot but 
 regard as the inadequate salary of £350 a year each, allowing 
 them, as at present, the fees paid by their Students. Upon 
 a careful examination of the merits of this form of payment, 
 we have declined to adopt it in the other two Colleges, having 
 come to the conclusion that it is an undesirable one. Accord- 
 ingly, in the Colleges of Dublin and of Cork we have established 
 a system of fixed inclusive salaries for the Professors, the 
 Students' fees going to the College. The arrangement which 
 we have been obliged to continue in Galway is, therefore, not 
 only one that is regarded by us as unsound, but it constitutes. 
 an anomaly in the framework of the University system. 
 
 " Further it cannot be taken as resting on a permanent basis. 
 If the present Professor of Anatomy and Physiology retired 
 on pension, as he is entitled to do at this moment, it would be 
 difficult to find any competent person to take up the combined 
 work of these two Chairs for a salary of £350 and fees. The 
 existing Professor's salary is at present supplemented by the 
 income of a Fellowship in the Royal University, an income 
 that cannot be continued to his successor. 
 
 " A similar observation applies to the six other Professors in 
 
 the College who hold offices under the Royal University. The 
 
 result is that while almost every Professor in Cork has had 
 
 his salary increased, Professors in Galway, whose services 
 
 2 
 
1Q4 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 have been equally meritorious, may find actual loss inflicted 
 on them by a change which has been designed to improve the 
 whole status of University teaching in Ireland. 
 
 " Also from the educational point of view, the arrangement 
 which we find ourselves coerced to continue in Galway is in 
 many respects inadequate. The President, in addition to the 
 duties of his office, must undertake the teaching of Physics in 
 both its branches, which, in practice, means that he must give 
 extended teaching in Mathematical as well as in Experimental 
 Physics. The Professor of Anatomy and Physiology has to 
 undertake concurrently the teaching of these two arduous sub- 
 jects. The Professor of English Literature has also to teach 
 History and Philosophy. The Professor of Natural Science 
 has to teach Botany, Zoology, Geology, and Mineralogy. Eor 
 all those subjects, we have felt ourselves bound to make a 
 much more ample provision in the University Colleges of Dublin 
 and of Cork. 
 
 " We have added to the existing Staff of the Galway College 
 in only one direction. We have provided for the establish- 
 ment of a Professorship of Modern Irish at a salary of £300 
 a year, and one of Celtic Philology with a salary of £150 a 
 year. We have done so, as we should decline to make ourselves 
 responsible for the framing of a scheme for the equipment 
 of a National University which did not make at least this mini- 
 mum provision for the teaching of the Irish Language in the 
 Constituent College situated in the most Irish-speaking province 
 of Ireland. Otherwise we should have recommended simply 
 a continuance of the existing state of things. We take no 
 responsibility for a scheme which leaves an autonomous Con- 
 stituent College of the University without Professors of History, 
 Philosophy, and Physiology. 
 
 " To establish in the poorest part of Ireland, where no sub- 
 stantial help can be hoped for from wealthy benefactors, a 
 College so undermanned and with its Professors so underpaid, 
 appears to be so wholly opposed to the principles upon which 
 educational efficiency should rest, as to call for such further 
 provision from Parliament as shall furnish the College with at 
 
THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 105 
 
 least that minimum of endowment which will enable it to dis- 
 charge its functions as a Constituent College of the National 
 University of Ireland." 
 
 This declaration leaves nothing to be desired from the point 
 of view of emphasis and clearness. I find, too, that discontent 
 with the inadequacy of the financial provisions for the other 
 Colleges has been elsewhere freely expressed. Thus, the Chan- 
 cellor of the National University, Most Rev. Dr. Walsh, Arch- 
 bishop of Dublin, in the postscript to a letter which he pub- 
 lished in the Dublin Freeman's Journal of November 20th, 
 1909, shows that " the cleverness, or whatever one may wish 
 to call it," of the Treasury has " through the intricacies of the 
 Irish Universities Act, 1908, thrown upon the Colleges of 
 Cork and Galway a number of charges from which these Col- 
 leges have hitherto been free." And in the same postscript 
 he has the following significant sentences : " Our University 
 College in Dublin is, no doubt, very inadequately endowed . . . 
 Cork is badly hit. Galway, I fear, is made bankrupt. Is 
 there to be no remedy ? " 
 
 Dr. Bertram C. Windle, President of University College, 
 Cork, complains in the local papers of November 29th, 1909, 
 of the unsatisfactory financial provisions made for that insti- 
 tution. He mentions as an example that Cork gets for build- 
 ing purposes £14,000 and Belfast £60,000, and that, whereas 
 Belfast has already a new chemical laboratory, Cork will have 
 to spend practically all its exiguous building grant on the 
 building and equipping of that necessary adjunct to the Col- 
 lege. Dr. Windle also complains that for want of means it 
 has not been found possible to appoint a Professor of Irish 
 History and Economics in the College of which he is head. 
 
 I do not know whether the £150,000 assigned for the building 
 and equipping of the National University of Ireland and of 
 University College, Dublin, is deemed an adequate provision. 
 To me it seems scanty enough; but, without going into that 
 question, I think that from what I have already said it is 
 evident that, not only is there discontent over the grants, but 
 that there are also good grounds for it. The traditional policy 
 
Iqq CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 of the Imperial Parliament, or of the Treasury, as the case 
 may be, in dealing with Irish problems and reforms has been 
 followed, namely, to render the reform to a large extent nuga- 
 tory by withholding the funds necessary for its satisfactory 
 accomplishment. Luckily, sub-section (7) of Section 7 pro- 
 vides that 
 
 " Nothing in this section shall preclude any money being 
 provided by Parliament in addition to the sums provided under 
 this section, either in augmentation of any sums contributed 
 for the purpose of the universities or colleges from other sources, 
 or otherwise." 
 
 It would appear to be a prime duty of those concerned to 
 formulate and press home a claim for such a grant as will 
 ensure the proper equipping, staffing, and working of the 
 National University and its Constituent Colleges. 
 
 Scholarships, Bursaeies, Etc. 
 
 One of the most valuable sections of the Act is that whereby 
 permission is given to the Intermediate Education Board for 
 Ireland and to county councils and borough councils to assist 
 students to a university career by the establishment of ex- 
 hibitions, scholarships, and bursaries, by payment of fees, or 
 otherwise. Hitherto many deserving Irish students were de- 
 barred from the advantages of a training in a university on 
 account of the cost. To remedy this state of affairs the pro- 
 vision under notice has been made. I hope it may be taken 
 for granted that the Intermediate Board will rise to the occa- 
 sion, although here, as elsewhere, the question of finances may 
 be expected to play a prominent part. I have no doubt that 
 in ' the long run county councils and borough councils, when 
 they come to realize the great opportunity thus afforded them 
 to make the country what it was of yore, a veritable land of 
 scholars, will act in this matter in that handsome manner which 
 is expected of representative bodies. At the outset, however, 
 there is a good deal of holding back on account of the standing 
 of the Irish language in the National University. There has 
 
THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 107 
 
 been an acute controversy all over Ireland on this subject. The 
 Gaelic League and the Irish-Ireland party were anxious to 
 have Irish made a compulsory subject for admission to the 
 University and up to a certain point in the curriculum ; others 
 thought that, in the beginning at least, it ought to be left an 
 optional subject, lest injustice might be done to those would-be 
 university students who had not previously learned the Irish 
 language. The Standing Committee of the Irish Catholic 
 bishops took the latter view, while at the same time they said 
 that the question was one for fair argument, and even ex- 
 pressed the hope that the day might come when Irish would 
 be not only compulsory but would also be the medium of in- 
 struction in the university. In the vigorous newspaper and 
 platform war which raged on the whole question, the discussion 
 was not confined to Ireland, for many societies with Irish 
 sympathies and affiliations in the United States, Canada, 
 Mexico, South America, and Australia, contributed the ex- 
 pression of their opinion on the matter in dispute — mostly, be 
 it said, in favor of compulsory Irish. 
 
 One result was that 27 County Councils in Ireland and also 
 some borough councils pledged themselves not to raise a rate-in- 
 aid unless Irish was made compulsory. The Senate of the 
 University, which is the governing body nominated in the 
 charter by the King to hold office for five years from the date 
 of the dissolution of the Koyal University, has, as I understand, 
 not arrived at any decision, but has referred the matter to the 
 General Board of Studies. There is therefore at present a sort 
 of deadlock in the matter of grants by county and borough 
 councils. A beginning, however, has been made, in a very small 
 way indeed, by the Donegal County Council, which has decided 
 to levy a rate of one farthing in the pound to establish six 
 scholarships. It is to be hoped that a satisfactory solution of 
 the difficulty will be arrived at, so that the public representative 
 bodies may find themselves free to discharge their obvious duty 
 in the promotion of higher education in Ireland. 
 
108 CATEOLW UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 Relations to other Bodies. 
 
 There are necessarily in the Act sections to bring the National 
 University into line with the Medical Act, 1886, and with the 
 Solicitor's Act, 1877, so that its students may have the advan- 
 tages conferred by those acts on other universities. 
 
 There is also a necessary section providing that any graduate 
 of the Royal University of Ireland shall be entitled to a corres- 
 ponding degree either in the National University of Ireland 
 or in the Queen's University of Belfast, practically at his or 
 her option, and that all terms kept and examinations passed by 
 any graduate or undergraduate of the Royal University shall 
 be deemed to be terms kept and examinations passed at either 
 of the two new universities, at the applicant's choice. 
 
 Commissioners and their Powers. 
 
 The Act nominates commissioners to draw up the first 
 statutes for the general government of the National University 
 and the Constituent Colleges. These commissioners are Right 
 Honourable Christopher Palles (Chairman), Alexander An- 
 derson, John Pius Boland, Sir William Francis Butler, Denis 
 Joseph Coffey, Stephen Gwynn, Henry Jackson, Sir John 
 Rhys, The Most Reverend William Joseph Walsh, and Bertram 
 Coghill Alan Windle. They are to hold office until the end of 
 the year 1910, but the King may by Order in Council continue 
 their powers for a further period not exceeding one year. 
 After the powers of the commissioners determine, the statutes 
 shall be made by the governing bodies of the university and 
 colleges. It is provided that in framing the statutes the com- 
 missioners shall take into consideration any representations 
 made to them by the governing bodies of the university or of 
 the constituent colleges, or by any person interested in the 
 making of any statute; but, subject to that limitation, very 
 wide powers are given to the commissioners. They are author- 
 ised to frame statutes regulating any matter relating to the 
 
THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 109 
 
 government of the university or colleges (including the appoint- 
 ment and remuneration of officers) or otherwise concerning the 
 university or colleges so far as that matter is not regulated 
 under the Act or by the charters. At this point, however, a 
 check on the commissioners is provided. The fact that a statute 
 has been made and a notice specifying where copies can be 
 obtained must be published in the Dublin Gazette, and the 
 statute must be submitted to both Houses of Parliament. If 
 either House presents a petition to the King asking to have 
 the statute or any part of it disallowed, it shall be disallowed 
 accordingly ; but a new statute may be then made in lieu of the 
 one rejected. Similarly, the governing body of the university 
 or of a constituent college to which the statute relates, or any 
 other person, corporation, or body directly affected by the 
 statute, may petition the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in Council 
 to disallow the whole or any part of such statute, and the Lord 
 Lieutenant may then refer the matter to the Irish Universities 
 Committee, and if that Committee reports in favour of the dis- 
 allowance of the statute or any part of it, the Lord Lieutenant 
 may, by Order in Council, give effect to such report; but, as 
 before, a new statute may be then made. 
 
 The commissioners have the power to appoint or employ such 
 persons as they may think necessary for the execution of their 
 duties under the Act, and the power to remove any person so 
 appointed or employed. Their principal, if not their sole, 
 executive officer is their Secretary, Mr. Robert Donovan, B. A., 
 a well known and distinguished Dublin journalist, who was 
 appointed in the autumn of 1908 at a salary of, I think, £400 
 a year. 
 
 The commissioners have also authority to take evidence upon 
 any of the matters which they are directed or have power to 
 deal with, and to make to the King a report containing any 
 recommendations which in their opinion ought to be made for 
 the purpose of better enabling them to carry out any of the 
 powers entrusted to them. In both matters they have already 
 exercised their authority. 
 
HQ CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 Pensions. 
 
 The commissioners have also exercised their function in the 
 matter of making the first appointment to all offices in the 
 National University and its constituent colleges. These ap- 
 pointments, except in certain specified cases, are temporary 
 only, and are to last for seven years from the 1st of November, 
 1909, but any officer retiring on the expiration of that period 
 is eligible for re-appointment. Any person who, previous to 
 appointment in the National University or in one of its con- 
 stituent colleges, was an existing officer of the Eoyal University 
 or of Queen's College, Cork, or Queen's College, Galway, and 
 to whose case the Superannuation Acts, 1834 to 1892, apply, 
 is entitled to a retiring pension or gratuity, to be paid out of 
 the funds of the university or college of which he is an officer 
 when the pension or gratuity becomes payable. Further, it is 
 provided that the governing body of the National University 
 or of any of its constituent colleges may, otherwise than in 
 pursuance of the subsection which deals specifically with the 
 question of pensions, give a superannuation allowance to any 
 officer holding an office to which the Superannuation Acts 
 already mentioned apply. On this subject of retiring pensions 
 the Act seems to be framed in the proper spirit, and to make 
 fair provision for the old age or failing health of public servants. 
 
 Appeals. 
 
 A committee of the Privy Council in Ireland, styled the 
 Irish Universities Committee, is constituted by the Act. It 
 is, to consist of not less than five members of the Privy Council, 
 and at least two of them must be persons who are or have been 
 judges of the Supreme Court. The principal function of this 
 committee appears to be to hear appeals against any scheme 
 of the Commissioners relating to the transfer of property and 
 against any scheme in relation to existing officers or any deter- 
 mination of the Commissioners with respect to the payment 
 of compensation. 
 
TEE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND HI 
 
 Accounts. 
 
 The governing body of the National University and of each 
 of its constituent colleges must prepare an annual account of 
 all receipts and expenditures, capital and income, and submit 
 same to the Controller and Auditor-General to be audited, cer- 
 tified, and reported upon, and each such account, with the 
 report of the Controller and Auditor-General thereon, must be 
 laid before the House of Commons. 
 
 Governing Body. 
 
 The governing body of the National University for five years 
 from the 1st of November, 1909, shall consist " of such number 
 of persons nominated by His Majesty as His Majesty deter- 
 mines, and after the expiration of that time be constitued in 
 manner provided by the First Schedule of this Act." The 
 Charter specifies that this governing body shall be styled the 
 Senate. As nominated by the King in the Charter the present 
 Senate consists of 39 persons. As provided in the First 
 Schedule to the Act, the Senate shall, on the expiration of the 
 period of five years named above, consist of 35 persons, the 
 number being made up thus : — 
 
 The Chancellor of the University, ------ 1 
 
 The Presidents of the Constituent Colleges, - - - - 3 
 
 Persons nominated by His Majesty, of whom one at least shall 
 
 be a woman, --------.4 
 
 Elected by the Governing Body of University College, Dublin, 
 three at least being members of the Academic Council of 
 the College, ---------6 
 
 Elected by the Governing Body of University College, Cork, 
 two at least being members of the Academic Council of 
 the College, - - * - N - - - - - - 4 
 
 Elected by the Governing Body of University College, Galway, 
 two at least being members of the Academic Council of 
 the College, ---------4 
 
 The Registrar, ---------1 
 
 Members of Convocation elected by Convocation of the Uni- 
 versity, ----------8 
 
 Co-opted, ----------4 
 
 In all, 35 
 
112 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 The present Senate has had different meetings, and has elected 
 the Chancellor, the Vice-Chancellor, and the Pro- Vice-Chancel- 
 lors. The Chancellor is His Grace the Most Reverend William 
 Joseph Walsh, D. D., Catholic Archbishop of Dublin ; the Vice- 
 Chancellor is Sir Christopher Nixon, Bart., M. D., LL. D., a 
 well known Dublin physician; and the Pro-Vice-Chancellors 
 are the three Presidents of the constituent colleges, namely, 
 Alexander Anderson, M. A., LL. D., President of University 
 College, Galway; Denis Joseph Coffey, M. A., M. B., B. Ch., 
 President of University College, Dublin; and Bertram Coghill 
 Alan Windle, M. A., M. D., D. Sc, F. R.S., President of Uni- 
 versity College, Cork. 
 
 The Act of Parliament, together with those portions of the 
 Charters, Statutes, and Report which illustrate it, has now been 
 fairly exhaustively examined: it remains to consider the other 
 sections of the latter documents. 
 
 (To be continued. ) 
 
 P. J. Lennox. 
 
 Catholic University of America, 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND. 1 
 
 II. 
 
 This article should deal with the four Charters and the four 
 Statutes, and an attempt will be made to do so ; but the exigen- 
 cies of space will not allow me to analyze them all so fully as 
 I should wish and as they intrinsically deserve. I shall there- 
 fore devote my attention principally to an exposition of the 
 Charter and the Statute of the University, as being of prime 
 importance, passing lightly over the Charters and the Statutes 
 of the three Constituent Colleges, but at the same time point- 
 ing out whatever of particular interest they seem to me to 
 contain. This plan is all the more feasible as, in general, the 
 government of each College is modelled on the government of 
 the University. 
 
 Before proceeding to a detailed examination of any of those 
 documents, I should premise that the Statutes are, so to say, a 
 translation of the Charters into action. It is only fair also to 
 state that, in drawing up the Statutes, the Commissioners 
 appear to have gone about their task in a workmanlike way. 
 In the first place, they invited representations from the Senate of 
 the University, from the governing body of each of the Colleges, 
 and from bodies or persons claiming to be interested parties. 
 Secondly, they visited several important British cities, where 
 there are modern universities, in order to investigate the pro- 
 visions made therein for technological and commercial edu- 
 cation, and took the evidence of experts in those branches of 
 study. In their report they acknowledge the valuable infor- 
 mation which they received, on matters connected with techno- 
 logical, agricultural, and commercial teaching of a university 
 standard, from various university authorities and other educa- 
 tionists. They next conferred with the resident commissioner 
 
 ^ee Catholic University Bulletin, February, 1910, for the first article on this 
 subject. 
 
 3 223 
 
224 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 of National Education in Ireland with reference to the exten- 
 sion of the advantages of academic teaching to the more dis- 
 tinguished of the King's Scholars in residence in the Training 
 Colleges of the Board of National Education, and with the 
 secretary of the Department of Agriculture and Technical 
 Instruction as to the establishment of co-ordination between the 
 technological work of the Dublin Koyal College of Science and 
 the teaching of applied science in the University. They also 
 had interviews with representatives of the Gaelic League and 
 of the School of Irish Learning, and with various authorities 
 on music, architecture, commerce, and banking, regarding the 
 teaching of each of those subjects. Thus fortified and en- 
 lightened, the Commissioners proceeded to the making of the 
 Statutes. 
 
 The Charters. 
 
 The Charters for the National University of Ireland and for 
 its three Constituent Colleges give effect to the provisions of 
 the Act. The Charters for the National University and for 
 University College, Dublin, are necessarily new, as being for 
 previously non-existent bodies. The old Charters for Queen's 
 College, Cork, and Queen's College, Galway, are revoked, and 
 new Charters are granted to them under their new names of 
 Constituent Colleges. 
 
 Constitution and Foundation of the University. 
 
 The University Charter starts by constituting and founding 
 the University to have its seat in Dublin under the name of 
 the National University of Ireland, " by which name " — so 
 runs the legal phraseology — " the Chancellor and other mem- 
 bers of the University for the time being shall be, and are 
 hereby constituted, one body corporate, with perpetual succes- 
 sion and a common seal, and with power, without any further 
 licence in mortmain, to take, purchase, and hold, and also to 
 sell, grant, exchange, demise, and otherwise dispose of real and 
 personal property." The value of real property to be so held 
 
THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 225 
 
 by the University in the United Kingdom is not to exceed 
 £50,000 according to its value at the time of acquisition over 
 and above the value of any site, buildings, and hereditaments 
 used and occupied for the immediate purposes of the University. 
 The value of real property to be similarly held by each of the 
 Constituent Colleges is limited to £30,000. 
 
 The Visitor of the University. 
 
 The King reserves to himself the right to be the Visitor of 
 the University, acting through such Board of Visitors as he 
 may from time to time appoint. He is also the Visitor of each 
 Constituent College. As part of the visitorial authority the 
 king has the right to direct an inspection of the University 
 and the Constituent Colleges, of their buildings, laboratories, 
 and general equipment, and also of the examinations, teaching, 
 and other work done by the University and the Constituent 
 Colleges. It is under this heading that it is provided that any 
 President of a Constituent College, any University Professor, 
 or any University Lecturer who is removed by the University 
 from his office may appeal to the Visitor against such removal. 2 
 This appeal must be heard by a Board of four Visitors, and if 
 they do not unanimously concur in such removal, it shall not 
 take effect. The same visitorial rights that the king reserves 
 to himself, he also reserves to his heirs and successors. From 
 whatever point of view this section is regarded, it appears to be 
 an admirable one. 
 
 Membership of the University and of the Colleges. 
 
 The members of the University are (1) every person who is 
 an authority or a member of an authority of the University, 
 (2) every member of a Constituent College, and (3) every 
 matriculated student of the University. Women are eligible 
 equally with men to be members of the University or of any 
 
 2 See Catholic University Bulletin, February, 1910, pp. 97, 98. 
 
226 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 authority of the University, and to hold any office, however 
 high, or enjoy any advantage, however great, of the University. 
 The same rule applies to the Colleges. 
 
 The members of each Constituent College are the President 
 of the College, the members of the Governing Body of the Col- 
 lege, the members of the Academic Council of the College, the 
 registered graduates of the University who have been matricu- 
 lated students in the College, and the students of the College 
 who are matriculated students of the University, with the ad- 
 dition, in the case of University College, Dublin, of the regis- 
 tered graduates of the University who have been matriculated 
 students in the Catholic University College, Dublin, or in the 
 Cecilia Street Medical School, Dublin; in the case of Uni- 
 versity College, Cork, of the registered graduates of the Uni- 
 versity who have been matriculated students in Queen's College, • 
 Cork; and in the case of University College, Galway, of the 
 registered graduates of the University who have been matricu- 
 lated students in Queen's College, Galway. 
 
 Authorities of the University. 
 
 The authorities of the University are (1) the Chancellor, 
 (2) the Vice-Chancellor, (3) the Pro-Vice-Chancellors, (4) the 
 Senate, (5) the General Board of Studies, (6) the Faculties, 
 and (7) Convocation. 
 
 The Chancellor of the University. 
 
 The Chancellor is the head and chief officer of the University, 
 and is entitled, if present, to preside over the meetings of the 
 Senate, of any Committee appointed by the Senate, and of 
 Convocation. His 3 tenure of office is for life or until his 
 
 3 In dealing with the officers I have, for the sake of convenience, used mascu- 
 line pronouns and possessive adjectives throughout ; but it must be remembered 
 that any office in the University or in a Constituent College may be held by a 
 woman as well as by a man. In the language of the Statutes, " words importing 
 the masculine gender include females." 
 
THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 227 
 
 resignation. It is provided that the first Chancellor shall be 
 elected by the Senate, not necessarily from its own body, at 
 its first meeting, and that all succeeding Chancellors shall be 
 elected by Convocation. 
 
 The Vice-Chancellor. 
 
 The Vice-Chancellor is the chief executive officer of the 
 University. He may act as Chancellor during a vacancy in 
 that office, and may act for the Chancellor, during the absence 
 or inability of the latter, in all matters, except that he shall 
 not be entitled to preside at a meeting of Convocation. By 
 virtue of his office, the Vice-Chancellor is a member of Con- 
 vocation, a member of the General Board of Studies and Chair- 
 man of that Board, and a member of each Faculty of the 
 University. He is to be elected by the Senate from its own 
 body for such period not exceeding five years as the Senate 
 may determine, and he is eligible for re-election. He may 
 resign his office at any time. ISTo person shall continue to be 
 Vice-Chancellor if he ceases to be a member of the Senate. 
 
 The Pro-Vice-Chancellors. 
 
 There is no limit to the number of Pro-Vice-Chancellors. 
 At present there are three. A Pro-Vice-Chancellor may act as 
 Vice-Chancellor during a vacancy in that office, and may act 
 for the Vice-Chancellor during the absence or inability of the 
 latter. The senior Pro- Vice-Chancellor present has a prior 
 right to act as Vice-Chancellor, seniority depending on the date 
 of election. If more than one Pro- Vice-Chancellor shall be 
 elected at the same time, the resolution electing them shall de- 
 clare their priority inter se. Each Pro- Vice-Chancellor is 
 elected by the Senate from its own body for such period as the 
 Senate may determine. A Pro- Vice-Chancellor may resign his 
 office at any time. No person shall continue to be a Pro- Vice- 
 Chancellor if he ceases to be a member of the Senate. 
 
228 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 The Senate. 
 
 The present Senate, as nominated by the King in the Charter, 
 is to hold office for five years from the 1st of November, 1909. 
 It consists of 39 persons. Future Senates are to consist of 35 
 persons, made up as already described. 4 Those persons who, 
 by virtue of their office, are members of the Senate shall cease to 
 be members thereof as soon as they cease to hold the qualifying 
 office. Other members are Senators for five years, but on re- 
 tirement are eligible for re-nomination or re-election, as the 
 case may be. Any non-ex-officio member may resign at any 
 time. Members of the Senate are eligible equally with other 
 persons for appointment to paid offices in the University or in 
 a Constituent College. They receive no salaries as Senators. 
 
 Powers of the Senate. 
 
 The Senate is the governing body of the University, and, 
 subject to the provisions of the Act, of the Charter, and of the 
 Statute, shall exercise all the powers and discretions of the 
 University, and shall regulate and determine all matters con- 
 cerning the University. Subject as before, the Senate has the 
 following powers: 
 
 (a) To make statutes and regulations for the University, 
 provided (i) that no statute or regulation shall be altered so 
 as to change the status, powers, or constitution of any of the 
 authorities of the University until such authority shall have 
 had an opportunity of pronouncing an opinion upon the pro- 
 posed change, and (n) that regulations relating to degrees and 
 examinations shall not be made without report from the General 
 Board of Studies and the Faculties. 
 
 (b) To establish Faculties in all such departments of knowl- 
 edge as the University may from time to time be able to equip 
 and maintain in such a manner as will encourage original re- 
 search, promote scholarship, and spread learning throughout 
 the land. 
 
 4 See Catholic University Bulletin, February, 1910, p. 111. 
 
THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 229 
 
 (c) To grant and confer Degrees and other Academic Dis- 
 tinctions in accordance with the provisions of the Charter. 
 
 (d) To institute Professorships and Lectureships and any 
 offices required by the University and, subject to the provisions 
 of the Act and the Charter, to appoint and remove the holders 
 of such offices. 
 
 (e) To appoint and remove the Presidents, Professors, and 
 Lecturers of the Constituent Colleges, subject to the Irish Uni- 
 versities Act, 1908, and to the provisions of the Charter and 
 the Charters of the Constituent Colleges. 
 
 (f) To institute and award studentships, scholarships, ex- 
 hibitions, prizes, or other rewards. 
 
 (g) To accept from donors gifts of money, lands, or other 
 property for the foundation of professorships, lectureships, 
 studentships, or scholarships, or for the erection of buildings, 
 or for the endowment of research, or for any other purpose or 
 purposes connected with the University, upon such trusts and 
 conditions, if any, as may be specified by the donors in regard 
 to the foundation (including in the case of a professorship or 
 lectureship any special provision to have effect in lieu of the 
 general provisions of the charter as to the mode of appoint- 
 ment to or removal from such offices) ; provided always that 
 nothing in such trusts or conditions is contrary to the provisions 
 
 of the Act. 
 
 (h) To examine and inspect schools and other educational 
 institutions and grant certificates of proficiency, and to provide 
 such lectures and instruction for persons not being members 
 of the University as the University may determine; and to 
 co-operate, by means of joint boards or otherwise, with other 
 universities and authorities for the conduct of matriculation 
 examinations, for the examination and inspection of schools 
 and other academic institutions, and for the extension of uni- 
 versity teaching and influence in academic matters, and for 
 such other purposes as the University may from time to time 
 determine. 
 
 (t) To make contracts on behalf of the University in any 
 manner authorized by law for making contracts by or on behalf 
 
230 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 of- companies incorporated nnder the Companies Consolidation 
 Act, 1908. 
 
 (;) To do all such other acts and things, whether incidental 
 to the powers aforesaid or not, as may be authorized in relation 
 to the University or the Constituent Colleges, or may be requi- 
 site in order to further the objects of the University. 
 
 (k) To direct by regulations the form, custody, and use of 
 the Common Seal. 
 
 (J) To deprive any graduate of the University who, in the 
 opinion of the Senate, is guilty of scandalous conduct, of any 
 Degree or Degrees conferred by the University, and of all 
 privileges enjoyed by him or her as such graduate aforesaid. 
 
 As will be at once seen, these are very wide and compre- 
 hensive powers. All right-thinking people will heartily sympa- 
 thize with the high ideal set up in sub-section (&) and will 
 wish for its complete realization. Under sub-section (h) there 
 is evidently contemplated in educational methods a great for- 
 ward move, new in Ireland, whereby the University, by exer- 
 cising through the Senate functions outside its own immediate 
 province, may become a center of light and leading, a developer 
 of latent Irish intellectuality. Beneath the somewhat cumber- 
 some official verbiage of the sub-section there lurks great po- 
 tentiality for good, and it is to be hoped that the powers thus 
 conferred may, so far from being allowed to lie dormant, be 
 exercised to the full for the betterment and uplift of educa- 
 tional methods, so that the new spirit which has recently come 
 into Ireland may be strengthened and made productive of the 
 happiest results. 
 
 Procedure of the Senate. 
 
 The Senate is to hold a stated ordinary meeting to be known 
 as the yearly meeting in such month as its own regulations may 
 determine, and on such day of that month as the Chancellor 
 may appoint. Other ordinary meetings are to be convened at 
 such times as are fixed by regulations, and at any other time 
 either by direction of the Chancellor or upon a requisition ad- 
 dressed to him signed by not fewer than twelve Senators stating 
 
THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 231 
 
 the object for which the meeting is to be held. An extraordinary 
 meeting of the Senate may be convened by direction of the 
 Chancellor in case of any sudden emergency. Ordinary meet- 
 ings require twenty-one days', extraordinary meetings, four days' 
 notice. Any Senator who intends to bring forward at an ordi- 
 nary meeting any business or to propose any person for election 
 to any office must give to the Registrar notice of his intention 
 at least fourteen days before the date of the meeting, and the 
 Kegistrar in turn must give to every Senator at least seven days' 
 notice of all business to be brought forward and of the name 
 of any person to be proposed for election to any office. No 
 business other than that of which due notice has been given 
 may be transacted except such as may be brought forward by 
 the Chancellor, or by his leave, as being in his opinion either 
 of a merely formal character or of urgent importance. The 
 notice of an extraordinary meeting, shall state the business to 
 be transacted and the emergency that renders the meeting neces- 
 sary, and no other business may be transacted at the meeting. 
 
 Subject to the provisions of the Charter and the Statute, 
 the Senate may, from time to time, make regulations for govern- 
 ing its own proceedings, including the determination of a 
 quorum. 
 
 Committees. 
 
 The Senate shall appoint from its own body a Standing Com- 
 mittee and a Finance Committee, and may also appoint for 
 particular purposes such other committees as it thinks fit. Of 
 all committees the Chancellor, the Vice-Chancellor, and the 
 Kegistrar are ex-ojficio members. The Chancellor when pre- 
 siding at a meeting of a committee has a casting as well as a 
 deliberative vote. 
 
 The Standing Committee. 
 
 The Standing Committee shall consist of the Chancellor, the 
 Vice-Chancellor, the Presidents of the three Constituent Col- 
 leges, the Registrar, and not more than seven other Senators. 
 
232 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 The Finance Committee. 
 
 The duties of the Finance Committee are: 
 
 (a) To present an annual report to the Senate upon the 
 finances of the University. 
 
 (6) From time to time to make such inspection and ex- 
 amination of the University accounts, and such inquiries as to 
 expenditure, as it shall deem advisable, and to procure such 
 expert assistance in relation thereto as may be found necessary. 
 
 (c) To make provision for the keeping of the account-books 
 of the University in such form as the Treasury may direct for 
 presentation to the Controller and Auditor-General. 
 
 (d) To transact any financial business that may be com- 
 mitted to it by the Senate. 
 
 (e) To make investments for the University, subject to 
 review by the Senate. 
 
 Advisory Committees. 
 
 The Senate may also appoint Advisory Committees, consist- 
 ing either wholly or partly of persons outside its own body, 
 and may delegate to any such Advisory Committee such duties 
 as it thinks fit, regarding financial, administrative, or other 
 matters affecting the University, or any particular Faculty or 
 Department of the University, or the management or super- 
 vision of any buildings or other property of the University. 
 The Senate itself is to make regulations prescribing the proce- 
 dure of Advisory Committees. All other Committees may, 
 subject to such restrictions as may be imposed upon them by 
 regulations of the Senate, make regulations for governing their 
 own procedure, including the determination of a quorum and 
 the time and place of their meetings. 
 
 The General Board oe Studies. 
 
 A General Board of Studies must be appointed. It will 
 consist of the following persons: 
 
THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 233 
 
 The Vice-Chancellor, who will be, in virtue of his office, 
 Chairman of the Board ; the Presidents of the Constituent Col- 
 leges; eight representatives of University College, Dublin; 
 seven representatives of University College, Cork; six repre- 
 sentatives of University College, Galway; and at least three 
 extern examiners. 
 
 Care is to be taken in the selection of the representatives of 
 the three Constituent Colleges that all the subjects of university 
 instruction shall, so far as may be, receive due representation 
 on the General Board of Studies. 
 
 In addition to those members of the Board already named, 
 any " recognized " College shall be entitled to select from among 
 its " recognized " teachers one or more representatives, as the 
 Senate may determine, to be members of the General Board of 
 Studies. 
 
 The Board shall hold office for three years, but its members 
 shall be eligible for re-election or re-appointment. At any meet- 
 ing of the Board nine members form a quorum, and in the 
 absence of such quorum no business may be transacted. At all 
 meetings the Vice-Chancellor has a casting as well as a deliber- 
 ative vote. The chief Clerk of the University shall attend the 
 meetings of the Board, and shall act as its Secretary. Subject 
 to the provisions of the Charter, of the Statute, and of the 
 Regulations of the University, the General Board of Studies 
 may make regulations for the government of its own proceedings. 
 
 Functions of the General Board of Studies. 
 
 All matters which come before the Senate in reference to 
 university studies and the courses for the various examinations 
 held by the University shall be referred to, and be reported on 
 by, the General Board of Studies ; and such powers as the 
 Senate deems fit in relation to university studies and the courses 
 for the various examinations held by the University, may be 
 delegated to the Board. 
 
234 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 The Faculties. 
 There shall be within the University the Faculties following : 
 
 1. Arts. 
 
 2. Philosophy and Sociology. 
 
 3. Celtic Studies. 
 
 4. Science. 
 
 5. Law. 
 
 6. Medicine. 
 
 7. Engineering and Architecture. 
 
 8. Commerce. 
 
 Each faculty shall consist of the Vice-Chancellor; the Dean 
 of the Faculty, who shall be appointed annually by the mem- 
 bers of the Faculty from among the Professors of the Uni- 
 versity in the subjects of the Faculty; and the Professors 
 and the Lecturers of the University in the subjects of the 
 Faculty. 
 
 The subjects shall be distributed among the various Faculties 
 in the following manner: 
 
 I. Faculty of Arts. 
 
 Archaeology. Italian. 
 
 Art. Latin. 
 
 Eastern Languages. Logic. 
 
 Education. Mathematics. 
 
 English. Mathematical Physics. 
 
 Ethics. Metaphysics. 
 
 French. Music. 
 
 Geography. Philology. 
 
 German. Political Economy. 
 
 Greek. Psychology. 
 
 History. Spanish. 
 Irish. 
 
THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 235 
 
 II. Faculty of Philosophy and Sociology. 
 
 Education. 
 
 Metaphysics. 
 
 Ethics. 
 
 National Economics. 
 
 History. 
 
 Political Economy. 
 
 History of Philosophy. 
 
 Psychology. 
 
 Logic. 
 
 Statistics. 
 
 III. Faculty of 
 
 Celtic Studies. 
 
 Archaeology. 
 
 Music. 
 
 Art. 
 
 Philology. 
 
 History. 
 
 Welsh and other Brytho- 
 
 Irish. 
 
 nic Languages. 
 
 IV. Faculty 
 
 of Science. 
 
 Agriculture. 
 
 Experimental Physics. 
 
 Agricultural Chemistry. 
 
 Geology. 
 
 Anatomy. 
 
 Mathematics. 
 
 Applied Chemistry. 
 
 Mathematical Physics. 
 
 Botany. 
 
 Physiology. 
 
 Chemistry. 
 
 Veterinary Hygiene. 
 
 Electrical Engineering. 
 
 Zoology. 
 
 V. Faculty of Law. 
 
 Constitutional Law. Law of Real and Personal 
 
 Jurisprudence. Property. 
 
 Law of Contracts. Law of Public and Private 
 
 Wrongs. 
 Roman Law. 
 
 VI. Faculty of Medicine. 
 
 Anatomy. Mental Diseases. 
 
 Botany. Midwifery and Gynaecol- 
 
 Chemistry. ogy. 
 
 Dental Subjects. Ophthalmology. 
 
 Experimental Physics. Pathology. 
 
 Hygiene. Physiology. 
 
236 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 Materia Medica. Public Health. 
 
 Medical Jurisprudence. Surgery. 
 
 Medicine. Zoology. 
 
 VII. Faculty of Engineering and Architecture. 
 Architecture. Experimental Physics. 
 
 Chemistry. 
 
 
 Geology. 
 
 Engineering. 
 
 
 Mathematics. 
 
 Electrical Engineering . 
 
 Mathematical Physics. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Faculty 
 
 of Commerce. 
 
 Accountancy. 
 
 
 History. 
 
 Banking. 
 
 
 Italian. 
 
 Commerce. 
 
 
 Law. 
 
 English. 
 
 
 National Economics. 
 
 Erench. 
 
 
 Political Economy. 
 
 Geography. 
 
 
 Spanish. 
 
 German. 
 
 
 Statistics. 
 
 Each Faculty shall act as a Board of Studies for its own 
 Department, reporting to the General Board of Studies and 
 acting under its supervision. Faculty meetings shall be called 
 by the Dean, subject to the approval of the Vice-Chancellor. 
 Subject to the provisions of the Charter and to the Statutes and 
 Regulations of the University, each faculty may make regu- 
 lations governing its own proceedings. 
 
 Convocation. 
 
 The Convocation of the University shall consist of the Chan- 
 cellor, the Vice-Chancellor, the members of the Senate, the 
 Professors and Lecturers of the University, and all registered 
 Graduates who are enrolled as members of Convocation. The 
 Chancellor, the Vice-Chancellor, the Senators, and the Profes- 
 sors and Lecturers of the University are ex-officio members, and 
 are entitled, as such, to be members only so long as they con- 
 tinue to hold the offices by virtue of which they are qualified 
 
THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 237 
 
 to be members. The Koll of Convocation is to be kept in such 
 manner as Convocation may direct. This Roll shall be con- 
 clusive evidence that any person whose name appears thereon, 
 at the time of his claiming to vote as a member of Convocation, 
 is so entitled to vote, and that any person whose name does not 
 then appear thereon is not so entitled. The Clerk of Convoca- 
 tion is in the first instance to be appointed by the Dublin Com- 
 missioners, and after their powers determine he is to be ap- 
 pointed by the Senate. His duties are to keep the Roll of 
 Convocation, to issue notices for all meetings of Convocation 
 when convened by proper authority, to give certain notices in 
 connection with the election of Chancellor and Senators, and 
 to perform such other duties as shall from time to time be pre- 
 scribed by Convocation with the approval of the Senate. The 
 salary of the clerk is £100 a year. The first clerk is Mr. 
 Charles F. Doyle, K. C. Graduates of the Royal University 
 of Ireland, who, under Section 13 of the Irish Universities Act, 
 1908, are registered as graduates of the National University 
 of Ireland, are entitled to enrolment as members of Convoca- 
 tion on the same conditions as if their degrees had been con- 
 ferred by the National University. 
 
 The first meeting of Convocation shall be held on a day to be 
 fixed by the Chancellor, but shall not be later than six months 
 from the dissolution of the Royal University. At such first 
 meeting Convocation shall elect a Chairman, who shall continue 
 in office for such time as Convocation shall determine. A 
 meeting of Convocation shall be held at least once in each year 
 on a date to be fixed by the Senate, and meetings may be held 
 at such other times as the Senate or the Chancellor shall ap- 
 point. At meetings of Convocation forty members shall form 
 a quorum, except at meetings held for the election of a Chan- 
 cellor or Senators, when five will be sufficient for a quorum. 
 
 The powers of Convocation are to elect a person to be Chan- 
 cellor of the University in succession to the first or any sub- 
 sequent Chancellor; to elect its own Chairman, who shall, in 
 the absence of the Chancellor, be entitled to preside at its meet- 
 ings; to elect eight of its own members as its representatives 
 
238 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 on the Senate, after the expiration of the period of office of the 
 present Senate; to discuss and pronounce an opinion on any 
 matter whatsoever relative to the University, including any 
 matters referred to it by the Senate ; to make from time to time 
 regulations for the government of its own proceedings, subject 
 to the provisions of the Charter and of the Statutes and the 
 Regulations of the University; and to make representations to 
 the Senate on any matter affecting the University. 
 
 Peofessoes of the Untveesity and Lecttjeees of the 
 Univeesity. 
 
 The following persons, and no others, shall be deemed to be 
 and shall be entitled to be styled Professors of the University 
 or Lecturers of the University, as the case may be: — 
 
 (a) The holders of Professorships and Lectureships en- 
 dowed out of the income of the University or of any Constituent 
 College derived from public funds, including persons holding 
 such offices by virtue of temporary appointment under Section 
 15 of the Act, and the holders of such other Professorships 
 and Lectureships as may be instituted by the University. 
 
 (&) The holders of any other Professorships and Lecture- 
 ships the appointment to which is vested in the University. 
 
 (c) The holders of Professorships and Lectureships founded 
 in connection with the University or in connection with any 
 Constituent College the appointment to which is not vested in 
 the University, if they have been recognized by the Senate as 
 Professors or Lecturers of the University: provided that such 
 recognition shall not be accorded unless the University is di- 
 rectly represented on the Body by whom the appointment is 
 made or confirmed. 
 
 The Senate may also contract with persons of eminence in 
 any subject of study, not being Professors or Lecturers of the 
 University, for special or occasional Courses of Lectures to be 
 given in the University or in any of the Colleges in such subject, 
 for such remuneration, and upon such terms as may seem fit. 
 
TEE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 239 
 
 As already explained, 5 the appointment of the first set of 
 Professors and Lecturers is vested in the Dublin Commissioners. 
 After the powers of the Commissioners shall have ceased the 
 Senate shall appoint the several Professors and Lecturers of 
 the University, including the University Professors and the 
 University Lecturers in the Constituent Colleges. The Senate 
 may, on the recommendation of the Academic Council of any 
 Constituent College, confer the title of Reader upon any Lec- 
 turer of the University. 
 
 Saving the rights of existing officers, every Professor and 
 Lecturer appointed before the expiration of seven years from 
 the dissolution of the Royal University, that is, from 1st of 
 November, 1909, shall, subject to good conduct and the due 
 fulfilment of his duties, hold office until the expiration of that 
 period. Saving the said rights, every Professor appointed after 
 the expiration of that period, except the Professor of Juris- 
 prudence and Roman Law, the Professor of Constitutional Law 
 and the Law of Public and Private Wrongs, and the Professor 
 of the Law of Property and the Law of Contracts in Univer- 
 sity College, Dublin, shall, subject to good conduct and the due 
 fulfilment of his duties, hold office until he shall have attained 
 the age of 65 years, and may thereafter be continued in office 
 for five further years, provided that such further continuance 
 in office is sanctioned by the Senate annually, and, if the Pro- 
 fessor is attached to a Constituent College, is approved of by the 
 Governing Body and by the President of such College. The 
 excepted Professors shall hold office for seven years. 
 
 Every Professor of the University shall, upon entering into 
 office, sign the following declaration : 
 
 "I, A. B., do hereby solemnly and sincerely declare and 
 engage that I will faithfully discharge the duties of Professor 
 
 of , in the National University of Ireland, 
 
 and that I will not, in lecturing, teaching, examining, or in 
 the performance of the other duties attached to my Chair, make 
 any statement, or use any language that would be disrespectful 
 to the religious opinions of any of my class." 
 
 5 Catholic University Bulletin, February, 1910, pp. 97 and 109. 
 
 4 
 
240 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 Every Professor and every Lecturer shall : 
 
 (a) in respect of the lectures to be given by him, conform 
 to the Regulations applicable to his Chair. 
 
 (b) give to the students attending his ordinary lectures 
 assistance in their studies, by advice, by informal instruction, 
 by occasional and periodical examination, and otherwise, as 
 he may judge to be expedient. For receiving students who 
 may desire such assistance, such stated times shall be appointed 
 during the period in which he lectures, as he shall think fit to 
 assign. 
 
 Every full-time Professor shall, so far as it is compatible 
 with the other duties of his Chair, devote himself to research 
 and the advancement of knowledge. 
 
 As the Commissioners had no means of estimating accurately 
 either the amount of money necessary to meet the compen- 
 sation payable under the Act, or the annual amount necessary 
 to carry on the work of the University, especially with regard 
 to the expense of the University Examinations, they found 
 themselves obliged to leave the Statute incomplete in the matter 
 of instituting Professorships in the University. They state in 
 their report that at least one year's experience will be required, 
 before they can determine whether the income of the Univer- 
 sity is sufficient to meet the stipends which should be attached 
 to the Professorships necessary to enable the University to ful- 
 fil the functions of the University constituted by the Charter. 
 They are, however, quite emphatic in the expression of their 
 opinion that Professorships and Lectureships in the University 
 itself, as distinct from the Professorships and Lectureships in 
 the Constituent Colleges, are contemplated by the Charter. The 
 inference is that, if at the end of a year the funds allow, they 
 will proceed to institute Professorships and Lectureships in 
 the University proper and make appointments thereto, and that, 
 if the funds do not allow this course to be adopted, Parliament 
 will have to be asked for a further grant. The Commissioners 
 however, as we shall presently see, have appointed the clerical 
 staff of the University and the teaching and other staffs of the 
 Constituent Colleges. 
 
THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 241 
 
 Students. 
 
 Every person who shall have passed the Matriculation exam- 
 ination, shall have paid to the University the prescribed Matric- 
 ulation fee, and shall have signed a declaration to the University 
 in the prescribed form to observe and obey its statutes and 
 regulations, shall be a matriculated student of the University. 
 
 Registers of the University. 
 
 A register of graduates in a prescribed form shall be kept, 
 and shall contain the name and address of each graduate, the 
 degrees which have been conferred upon him, the dates on which 
 they were so conferred, and such other particulars as shall be 
 prescribed. This Register shall be conclusive evidence of the 
 right of every person whose name shall appear therein to the 
 Degree therein stated to have been conferred upon him. There 
 shall also be in a prescribed form registers of the Authorities of 
 the University, of the Professors of the University, of the 
 Lecturers of the University, and of other members of the Uni- 
 versity. 
 
 The Registrar. 
 
 Mr. Joseph M'Grath, LL. D., is appointed by the Charter 
 to be the first Registrar of the University. Mr. M'Grath has 
 been for many years one of the two Secretaries of the Royal 
 University of Ireland. His salary in his new post is £1,000 
 a year. The salary of his successors is to be £500 a year, rising 
 by annual increments of £25 to £700 a year. 
 
 The Registrar is a very important official. His duties, 
 which are very clearly defined and are therefore more or less 
 of the routine order, are nevertheless both intricate and com- 
 prehensive. It is his business, among other things, to keep 
 the register of graduates and the other registers of the Univer- 
 sity; to provide for the safe custody of all such muniments, 
 records, writings, and documents as may be entrusted to him, 
 
242 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 and, when directed by the Senate, to lodge in a bank or in other 
 custody muniments and securities of the University; to see to 
 the publication of the lists of successful candidates at each 
 University examination; to prepare the testimoniums for De- 
 grees and the Diplomas and Certificates evidencing the other 
 Academic Distinctions intended to be conferred ; to have charge 
 of the University buildings and to present to the Standing Com- 
 mittee an annual report as to their condition and as to any 
 repairs, alterations, or additions that he shall be of opinion 
 may be required; to superintend and control the keeping of 
 the account-books of the University; to present once a year to 
 the Finance Committee for submission to the Senate a statement 
 of the income and expenditure of the University and also an 
 estimate of the income and expenditure for the coming year; 
 to check all accounts payable by the University; to supervise 
 matriculation and other examinations at examination centers 
 outside the Constituent or Recognized Colleges ; to supervise 
 the preparation and publication of the University Calendar; 
 to be responsible for the summoning of all meetings and be 
 the administrative officer for the carrying out of any resolutions 
 adopted at such meetings; to appoint and dismiss servants for 
 the care of the University buildings; and to conduct the cor- 
 respondence of the University. 
 
 Clerks. 
 
 To assist the registrar in the discharge of his duties there 
 are four clerks — a Chief Clerk, an Accountant Clerk, and two 
 others. Besides assisting the Registrar, the Chief Clerk is the 
 confidential clerk of the Senate, of the General Board of Studies, 
 and of the Faculties. He has to attend all the meetings of 
 these bodies, and of their committees, to record the attendance 
 of members at all such meetings, and to keep the minutes of 
 the proceedings. The salaries attaching to the clerkships are 
 — Chief Clerk, £350 a year rising by yearly increments of £10 
 to £450; Accounting Clerk, £200 a year rising by yearly in- 
 crements of £10 to £250; third Clerk, £150 a year rising by 
 
TEE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 243 
 
 yearly increments of £10 to £200; and fourth Clerk £100 a 
 year rising by yearly increments of £10 to £150. Those ap- 
 pointed to each of those offices, respectively, are Mr. Alister 
 P. M'Allister, M.A. ; Mr. F. II. Wiber ; Mr. Matthew F. Kane ; 
 and Mr. Alexander A. McCarthy. 
 
 Subjects of Study. 
 
 The subjects which shall respectively be studied for the sev- 
 eral Degrees and other Academic Distinctions of the University 
 shall be prescribed by Kegulations. Approved courses of study 
 may be pursued by a student either in the University or in a 
 Constituent College or in a Recognized College or partly in the 
 University and partly in one or more of the Constituent or 
 Recognized Colleges or partly in one of the Constituent Col- 
 leges or Recognized Colleges and partly in another or others of 
 them, or, in respect of such subjects of prescribed instruction 
 as cannot conveniently be pursued in a College, or in respect of 
 other special subjects, and in respect of Courses of Study for 
 Post-Graduate students, in such other places as may be pre- 
 scribed by Regulations. 
 
 Courses of study which may be so approved may consist of 
 any Courses of prescribed instruction whether the same shall 
 be Courses of lectures; Courses of catechetical instruction; 
 Courses of clinical instruction in hospitals or other like insti- 
 tutions ; Courses of practical work in laboratories, railway, manu- 
 facturing, or other workshops, works, or offices, or in mines, 
 or on the open ground; Courses of research in any University 
 or College, Public Office, or other Record office or Muniment 
 room, library, museum, or other place, or amongst ancient or 
 other monuments, whether any such University or other place 
 be in the United Kingdom or in any other country; provided 
 the same shall be undertaken or carried on by the direction 
 or under the supervision of the prescribed professor or lecturer. 
 
 The Senate may accept the periods of study passed by students 
 of the University at other Universities as equivalent to such 
 parts of Approved Courses of Study as the Senate may by regu- 
 
244 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 lation determine, and may accept particular Courses of Study- 
 in special subjects taken in other places by students who are 
 pursuing Courses of Study in the University or in a Constituent 
 College or in a Eecognized College, as component parts of Ap- 
 proved Courses of Study, provided that the Senate is satisfied 
 that the instruction given in such special subjects is adequate. 
 
 Courses of study proposed by a Constituent College for its 
 own students must be approved by the Senate, and, in case 
 of non-approval, the Senate shall by Kegulations prescribe 
 courses of study for that College. The Senate may also ap- 
 prove a course of study of a university type taken in a Recog- 
 nized College as equivalent in part or in whole to an approved 
 course of study taken at the University. 
 
 The duration of approved periods of study when pursued 
 at the University or at a Constituent College shall be measured 
 by the Terms of the University. The duration of a period of 
 study when pursued elsewhere than in the University or in a 
 Constituent College or Recognized College shall be prescribed 
 by the Senate, but no such period shall be less than the average 
 length of a Term of the University. 
 
 The Teems of the University. 
 
 There are three terms in each year, called respectively the 
 Michaelmas Term, the Hilary Term, and the Trinity Term. 
 The commencement and termination of the Terms shall be fixed 
 by regulations. 
 
 Examinations. 
 
 Detailed instructions are given for the conduct of examina- 
 tions. Examinations may be held in the University or in a 
 Constituent College or in a Recognized College, or in any other 
 place which the Senate may deem fit and convenient for this 
 purpose. 
 
THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 245 
 
 The Matriculation Examination. 
 
 For all students who desire to enter the University there 
 shall be a common Matriculation examination, except for those 
 who are exempted. The subjects of study for this examination, 
 the conditions for passing it, and other details in connection 
 with it shall be proposed by the General Board of Studies, shall 
 be submitted to the Academic Council of each Constituent Col- 
 lege, and shall be prescribed by the Senate by Kegulations made 
 after consideration of the Report of the General Board of 
 Studies and of the objections, if any, of the Academic Council 
 of any Constituent College. The examination shall be con- 
 ducted by such of the University Professors and University 
 Lecturers in the Constituent Colleges as may be selected by the 
 Senate for that purpose. If Assistant Examiners are required, 
 they are to be appointed by the Standing Committee. The 
 papers set in any subject for the Matriculation examination 
 must be submitted to the Teachers of that subject in each of the 
 Constituent Colleges, and are subject to the approval of the 
 Teachers in that subject in at least two of the Constituent 
 Colleges. 
 
 The students who may be exempted from this entrance ex- 
 amination are those who have already passed the Matriculation 
 or any other examination of any University in Ireland or else- 
 where, or any examination of any public educational authority 
 in the king's dominions, provided that all such examinations are 
 recognized by Regulations of the University as exempting from 
 its own Matriculation examination. 
 
 Examinations subsequent to Matriculation. 
 
 For the examination of candidates for Degrees or for Uni- 
 versity Studentships, Scholarships, or other Prizes, at least one 
 independent and extern examiner shall be appointed by the 
 Senate in each subject or group of subjects of study. All such 
 examinations shall be conducted by Professors of the University 
 
246 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 and Extern Examiners, with such Lecturers of the University 
 and Recognized Teachers as the Senate may appoint. The exami- 
 nation for Degrees of the University held in Constituent Colleges 
 shall be conducted by such Professors and Lecturers of the Col- 
 lege as the Senate shall appoint, in association with Extern Ex- 
 aminers. The Senate shall determine by Regulations the exami- 
 nations passed by students of the National University at other 
 Universities which shall be accepted as equivalent to particular 
 examinations in the University. Examiners, including Extern 
 Examiners, shall be appointed by the Senate annually. An 
 Extern Examiner who has held office for three years shall not 
 be eligible for re-appointment, until after such interval being 
 not less than one year as the Senate may by Regulations pre- 
 scribe. Extern Examiners shall be paid such remuneration as 
 may be prescribed by Regulations. If a University Professor 
 or University Lecturer attached to any Constituent College 
 examines students other than those of the College, he is entitled 
 to extra remuneration for so doing. 
 
 The following degrees may be conferred by the University : — 
 
 A. In the Faculty of Arts. 
 
 Bachelor of Arts (B. A.). 
 Bachelor of Music (B. Mus.). 
 Master of Arts (M. A.). 
 Doctor of Literature (D. Litt.). 
 Doctor of Music (D. Mus.). 
 
 B. In the Faculty of Philosophy and Sociology. 
 
 Doctor of Philosophy (D. Phil.). 
 
 C. In the Faculty of Celtic Studies. 
 
 Master of Celtic Studies (M. Litt. Celt.). 
 Doctor of Celtic Studies (D. Litt. Celt.). 
 
 D. In the Faculty of Science. 
 
 Bachelor of Science (B. Sc). 
 
 Bachelor of Agricultural Science (B. Agr. Sc). 
 
 Master of Science (M. Sc). 
 
 Master of Agricultural Science (M. Agr. Sc). 
 
 Doctor of Science (D. Sc). 
 
THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 247 
 
 E. In the Faculty of Law. 
 
 Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.). 
 Doctor of Laws (LL. D.). 
 
 F. In the Faculty of Medicine. 
 
 Bachelor of Medicine (M. B.). 
 
 Bachelor of Surgery (B. Ch.). 
 
 Bachelor of Obstetrics (B. A. O.). 
 
 Bachelor of Science, Public Health (B. Sc, Public 
 
 Health). 
 Master of Surgery (M. Ch.). 
 Master of Obstetrics (M. A. O.). 
 Doctor of Medicine (M. D.). 
 Doctor of Science, Public Health (D. Sc, Public 
 
 Health). 
 Bachelor of Dental Surgery (B. D.S.). 
 Master of Dental Surgery (M. D. S.). 
 
 G. In the Faculty of Engineering. 
 
 Bachelor of Engineering (B. E.). 
 Bachelor of Architecture (B. Arch.). 
 Master of Engineering (M. E.). 
 Master of Architecture (M. Arch.). 
 
 H. In the Faculty of Commerce. 
 
 Bachelor of Commerce (B. Comm.). 
 Master of Commerce (M. Comm.). 
 
 The following Degrees shall be known as Primary Degrees : — 
 Bachelor of Arts ; Bachelor of Music ; Bachelor of Science ; 
 Bachelor of Agricultural Science ; Bachelor of Medicine ; Bache- 
 lor of Surgery ; Bachelor of Obstetrics ; Bachelor of Dental 
 Surgery; Bachelor of Engineering; Bachelor of Architecture; 
 Bachelor of Commerce. 
 
 To receive any Primary Degree a student must have pursued, 
 after Matriculation, an approved course of study for at least 
 nine terms in the subjects prescribed to be studied for such 
 Degree, and must have passed at least two University exami- 
 nations in those subjects, viz., the First University Examination 
 
248 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 and the Degree Examination. The nine terms need not neces- 
 sarily be consecutive. In the case of a candidate for a Primary 
 Degree in Arts the Senate has power to remit, for grave cause 
 of absence, one or two — but not more than two — terms. The 
 Senate has also power to admit undergraduate students who 
 have kept terms at another university, and to count the terms 
 so kept as terms kept at the National University, provided that 
 the other University has been approved for the purpose by the 
 Senate, that the whole time of attendance at lectures or other 
 courses of instruction is in every case not less than that which 
 is required by the Statutes for obtaining a Degree, and that 
 at least three terms have been kept in the National University. 
 
 To receive the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture a student 
 must have pursued an approved course of study of at least nine 
 terms, must also for a period of at least two years have been 
 engaged in practical architectural work, making in all a period 
 of five years from the date of Matriculation, and must have 
 passed the prescribed examinations. 
 
 A student can be admitted to the Degree of Bachelor of 
 Dental Surgery only at the end of a period of four years from 
 the date of Matriculation, and during that period he must have 
 pursued an approved course of study of at least nine terms, 
 and he must also pass the prescribed examinations. 
 
 The Degrees of M. B., B. Ch., and B. A. O. shall be conferred 
 only at the same time and after the same course of study. 
 To be admitted to the final examination for these degrees a 
 student must have completed the prescribed course of study 
 in the Faculty of Medicine, extending over a period of at least 
 five academic years from the date of his registration as a stu- 
 dent of medicine by the General Medical Council, must have 
 passed the prescribed examinations, and must have attained the 
 age of 21 years. Further, these degrees can not be conferred 
 upon any person who has not attended at the University or at 
 one or more of its Constituent Colleges during at least three 
 years the courses of study prescribed for such degrees. The 
 Senate may accept, for not more than two years of the required 
 five, courses of study pursued in any other University or School 
 of Medicine recognized for this purpose by the Senate. 
 
THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 249 
 
 Higher Degrees. 
 
 To receive the degree of Bachelor of Laws a candidate must 
 have received the degree of Bachelor of Arts at least two years 
 previously, must have pursued an approved course of study in 
 the Faculty of Law of at least nine terms, of which at least 
 six shall be subsequent to his passing the examination for the 
 Degree of B. A., and must have passed the prescribed exami- 
 nations. 
 
 To receive the Degree of Bachelor of Science, Public Health, 
 a candidate must have received the Degrees of M. B., B. Ch., 
 and B. A. O. at least one year previously, must have pursued 
 an approved course of study in the Faculty of Medicine, and 
 must have passed the prescribed examination. 
 
 A candidate for the Degree of Master in any Faculty other 
 than the Faculties of Arts, of Celtic Studies, and of Science, 
 must have passed the examinations prescribed for the Degree, 
 and either written and presented a satisfactory Dissertation, 
 or complied with such conditions, and performed such other 
 exercises, as may be prescribed for the purpose of qualifying 
 for the Degree. Such candidate shall not, however, " be eli- 
 gible to obtain any of the Degrees hereinafter mentioned until 
 not less than the respective periods hereinafter specified shall 
 have elapsed from the time of conferring on the candidate the 
 Primary Degree in the same Faculty, that is to say: — 
 
 Master of Engineering, three years after Bachelor of Engi- 
 neering. 
 
 Master of Architecture, three years after Bachelor of Archi- 
 tecture. 
 
 Master of Surgery, three years after Bachelor of Surgery. 
 
 Master of Obstetrics, three years after Bachelor of Obstetrics. 
 
 Master of Dental Surgery, three years after Bachelor of 
 Dental Surgery. 
 
 Master of Agricultural Science, three years after Bachelor of 
 Agricultural Science. 
 
 Master of Commerce, three years after Bachelor of Commerce. 
 
250 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 Provided that the Degree of Master of Surgery or Master of 
 Obstetrics may be obtained in two years by a Graduate in 
 Medicine or. Surgery who is also a Graduate in Arts or in 
 Science." 6 
 
 To receive the Degree of Master of Arts — 
 
 I. A Bachelor of Arts of at least one year's standing must, 
 
 after graduation, have pursued for one year an ap- 
 proved Post-Graduate Course in Arts, must have writ- 
 ten and presented a satisfactory Dissertation, based 
 upon the work done or study pursued by him during 
 the year, and must have performed such other exercises 
 as may be prescribed to that end. 
 
 II. A Bachelor of Arts of at least two years' standing must, 
 
 after graduation, have, written and presented a satis- 
 factory dissertation, must have passed a special exami- 
 nation for the Degree, and must have performed such 
 other exercises as may be prescribed to that end. 
 
 To receive the Degree of Master of Celtic Studies — 
 I. A Bachelor of Arts of at least one year's standing must, 
 after graduation, have pursued for one year a pre- 
 scribed Post-Graduate course in Celtic Studies, must 
 have written and presented a satisfactory Dissertation, 
 based upon the work done or the study pursued by him 
 during the year, and must have performed such other 
 exercises as may be prescribed to that end. 
 
 II. A Bachelor of Arts of at least two years' standing must, 
 after graduation, have written and presented a satis- 
 factory Dissertation, must have passed a special ex- 
 amination for the Degree, and must have performed 
 such other exercises as may be prescribed to that end. 
 
 To receive the Degree of Master of Science — 
 
 I. A Bachelor of Science of at least one year's standing 
 must, after graduation, have pursued for one year in 
 the Faculty of Science an approved Post-Graduate 
 
 6 Statute for the National University of Ireland, Chapter XLIII, Section 4, 
 pp. 39-40. 
 
TEE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 251 
 
 Course of study, must have written and presented a 
 satisfactory Dissertation on the work done or study 
 pursued during the year, and must have performed 
 such other exercises as may be prescribed to that end. 
 II. A Bachelor of Science of at least two years' standing 
 must, after graduation, have written and presented a 
 satisfactory Dissertation, the subject of which shall 
 have been approved by the Dean of the Faculty con- 
 cerned and by the Board of Studies, must have passed 
 a special examination for the Degree, and must have 
 performed such other exercises as may be prescribed 
 to that end. 
 
 The Degree of Doctor. 
 
 " A candidate shall not be eligible to obtain any of the 
 Degrees hereinafter mentioned until not less than the respective 
 periods hereinafter specified shall have elapsed from the time 
 of conferring the Primary Degree mentioned, that is to say: — 
 
 Doctor of Literature, five years after Bachelor of Arts. 
 
 Doctor of Philosophy, five years after Bachelor of Arts. 
 
 Doctor of Celtic Studies, five years after Bachelor of Arts. 
 
 Doctor of Science, five years after Bachelor of Science or 
 Bachelor of Arts. 
 
 Doctor of Laws, five years after Bachelor of Laws. 
 
 Doctor of Medicine, three years after Bachelor of Medicine. 
 
 Doctor of Science, Public Health, three years after Bachelor 
 of Science, Public Health. 
 
 Doctor of Music, five years after Bachelor of Music. 
 
 Provided that the Degree of Doctor of Medicine may be 
 obtained in two years by a Graduate in Medicine and Surgery 
 who is also a Graduate in Arts or Science." 7 
 
 In the Faculties of Arts, Celtic Studies, Philosophy, Science, 
 Law, and Music, the Degree of Doctor shall be given only on 
 
 'Statute for the National University of Ireland, Chapter XLIII, Section 8, 
 p. 41. 
 
252 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 original work, which shall be supplemented by an examination, 
 unless, in the judgment of the General Board of Studies, acting 
 on the advice of examiners who are to be appointed by itself 
 and who may or may not be members of the Faculty concerned, 
 the examination, in view of the excellence of the original work 
 submitted by the candidate, may be wholly or in part dispensed 
 with. The work to be submitted by a candidate for the Degree 
 of Doctor of Literature, of Celtic Studies, of Philosophy, or of 
 Science must be a published work, which either shows original 
 thought, or embodies such results of personal research as to be 
 in the judgment of the examiners worthy of recognition by the 
 University as adding to the sum of existing knowledge of the 
 subject treated. 
 
 The work to be submitted by a candidate for the Degree of 
 Doctor of Laws must be a contribution to the advancement 
 of the study of Law or of the Science of Law, which in the 
 judgment of the examiners is worthy of recognition by such 
 Degree. 
 
 The Degree of Doctor of Medicine, or Doctor of Science, 
 Public Health, may be conferred either after examination, or on 
 the submission of published work embodying the results of 
 personal observations or original research, which, in the judg- 
 ment of the examiners of the Medical Faculty, appointed by 
 the General Board of Studies, shall be considered satisfactory 
 as a qualification for the Degree. 
 
 A candidate for the Degree of Doctor of Music must submit 
 an original composition, of a form and structure to be pre- 
 scribed by Regulations. If the work submitted by the candi- 
 date is approved by the examiners, he will be admitted to an 
 examination in which he must answer in subjects to be pre- 
 scribed by Regulations. There shall be, in addition, a practical 
 examination at which the candidate will be required to perform 
 certain prescribed pieces, and also to perform at sight, on certain 
 prescribed instruments. 
 
THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 253 
 
 Other Recipients of Degrees. 
 
 Degrees may also be granted to persons who bold offices in tbe 
 University or in tbe Constituent Colleges, as Professors, Lectu- 
 rers, or otherwise ; to Graduates of otber Universities whom tbe 
 University may decide to admit to Degrees of equal or similar 
 rank ; to students who shall have carried on independent re- 
 search in the University or in a Constituent College; and to 
 approved persons who shall be selected for Honorary Degrees. 
 
 Academic Distinctions. 
 
 In addition to Degrees, the University may confer Academic 
 Distinctions. Diplomas in the Faculty of Arts may be granted 
 to Matriculated Students of tbe University who have passed 
 certain examinations, and Diplomas may also be granted in 
 Public Health, Celtic Studies, Commerce, Journalism, Agri- 
 culture, Music, Applied Science, Education, Architecture, and 
 Veterinary Hygiene. Certificates may under certain conditions 
 be granted in Commerce and in Music. 
 
 Studentships. 
 
 Every year three Travelling Studentships, each of the annual 
 value of £200 and tenable for three years, will be offered for 
 competition among Graduates of the University of not more 
 than three years' standing. Each of those valuable prizes is 
 subject to the condition that the holder shall, during each of 
 the three years, apply himself to research in the subject in 
 which he obtained the studentship or in some cognate line of 
 research approved of by the General Board of Studies. This 
 research must be pursued outside of Ireland in such places as 
 the Senate shall direct, and under the direction of a Professor 
 of a University, or of some other person selected by the student 
 himself and approved of by or for the Senate. A satisfactory 
 detailed report of the work on which the student has been en- 
 
254 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 gaged, and a satisfactory certificate from the person under whose 
 direction it has been conducted, are conditions of the continu- 
 ance of the studentship for a second and a third year. These 
 studentships may be given for proficiency in subjects of secular 
 education only, and must not be given in respect of any subject 
 of religious instruction. 
 
 Fees. 
 
 The Senate may demand and receive such fees as it from time 
 to time appoints. 
 
 Discipline. 
 
 For the due maintenance of good order and discipline within 
 the University, the University shall make such Regulations as 
 it may deem expedient in regard to the wearing of academical 
 dress; the rendering of assistance and obedience to all persons 
 in authority; the observance of decorum at the meetings of the 
 University ; the definition and determination of offences ; the 
 penalties on offenders; and the manner in which pecuniary 
 penalties and fines shall be collected and disposed of. 
 
 Administration of Funds. 
 
 To guard against any possible corrupt use of the endowment 
 or other funds of the University, the Charter provides that 
 " except as aforesaid, and except by way of prize, reward, 
 special grant, or remuneration for services rendered or to be 
 rendered in the past, present, or future, respectively, the Uni- 
 versity shall not make any gift, division, or bonus in money 
 unto or between any of its members." A similar inhibition 
 is placed on each of the Constituent Colleges. 
 
 The Constituent Colleges: the Presidents. 
 
 Turning now from the Charter and the Statute of the 
 University, we may survey, very briefly, the Charters and the 
 Statutes of the Constituent Colleges. 
 
THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 255 
 
 Each College is to be a teaching body. Each has a President 
 of its own. The President of University College, Dublin, 
 named in the Charter to hold office for six years, is Denis 
 Joseph Coffey, M. A., M. B., B. Ch. His salary and the salary 
 of his successors is to be £1,500 a year, with residence, fuel, and 
 light. Until an official residence has been provided for him 
 he is entitled to £300 a year in lieu thereof. Any President 
 after the first in any of the Colleges is to hold office until he 
 shall have attained the age of 70. 
 
 The salary of the President of University College, Cork, is 
 £1,200 a year, with residence, fuel, and light. The first Presi- 
 dent, named in the Charter, to hold office in accordance with 
 the provisions of the Act, is Bertram Coghill Alan Windle, 
 M. A., D. Sc, M. D., P. R. S. 
 
 The salary of the President of University College, Galway, 
 is £800 a year, with residence, fuel, and light. In addition, 
 if he is appointed a Professor, he is entitled to two-thirds of 
 the Professor's salary and to all the fees payable to such Pro- 
 fessor. The first President, named in the Charter, to hold office 
 in accordance with the provisions of the Act, is Alexander 
 Anderson, M. A., LL. D. 
 
 The powers and duties of each President are set forth in 
 very full detail. Some of these have been already mentioned. 8 
 Amongst other things he has to reside in the College at least. 
 210 days in each year. 
 
 Governing Bodies of the Colleges. 
 
 The first Governing Body of each Constituent College is 
 named in its Charter, and is to hold office for three years and 
 three months from 1st of November, 1909. That of Univer- 
 sity College, Dublin, consists of 30 persons; of University Col- 
 lege, Cork, of 29 persons; of University College, Galway, of 
 26 persons. The future Governing Bodies are to be made up/ 
 thus : — 
 
 8 See Catholic University Bulletin, February, 1910, p. 98. 
 5 
 
256 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 University College, Dublin: — The President, 1; Nominated 
 by the Crown, 4 ; Appointed by the Senate of the University, 3 ; 
 Professors of the College elected by the Academic Council, 6 ; 
 Graduates of the University who are members of the College 
 elected by those Graduates, 6 ; The Lord Mayor of the City of 
 Dublin, 1 ; Elected by the Council of the County of Dublin, 1 ; 
 Elected by the Members of the General Council of County 
 Councils, 8 ; Co-opted, 4 ; in all, 34. 
 
 University College, Cork : — The President, 1 ; Nominated 
 by the Crown, 3 ; Appointed by the Senate of the University, 2 ; 
 Professors of the College elected by the Academic Council, 6 ; 
 Graduates of the University who are members of the College 
 elected by those Graduates, 4 ; The Lord Mayor of Cork, 1 ; The 
 Mayor of Limerick, 1 ; The Mayor of Waterford, 1 ; Elected by 
 the County Council of Cork, 1 ; Elected by the County Council 
 of Waterford, 1 ; Elected by the County Council of Kerry, 1 ; 
 Elected by the County Council of Limerick, 1 ; Elected by the 
 Council Councils of Tipperary, 1; Co-opted, 4; in all, 28. 
 
 University College, Galway : — The President, 1 ; Nominated 
 by the Crown, 3 ; Appointed by the Senate of the University, 4 ; 
 Professors of the College elected by the Academic Council, 4; 
 Graduates of the University who are members of the College 
 elected by those Graduates, 4 ; Elected by the County Council 
 of Galway, 1 ; Elected by the Urban District Council of Gal- 
 way, 1 ; Elected by the County Council of Leitrim, 1 ; Elected 
 by the County Council of Mayo, 1 ; Elected by the County 
 Council of Roscommon, 1 ; Elected by the County Council of 
 Sligo, 1 ; Elected by the County Council of Clare, 1 ; Co-opted, 
 3; in all, 26. 
 
 The Governing Body of each College possesses as regards the 
 College powers somewhat analogous to those possessed by the 
 Senate of the National University as regards the University. 
 One particular power is to establish, maintain, or license halls 
 of residence or other places for the residence of students. In 
 this connection each Governing Body shall appoint two or more 
 Deans of Residence and one or more Lady Superintendents 
 as Officers of Residence, and shall require every student of the 
 
THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 257 
 
 College to enter under such one of these Officers of Residence, 
 subject to the direction of his parents or guardians, as ho may 
 choose. These Officers of Residence shall exercise supervision 
 over the general conduct of the students outside the precincts of 
 the College, and shall see that students not living with parents 
 or guardians are in a hostel or lodging house recognized bj the 
 College. 
 
 The Academic Councils. 
 
 The Academic Council of each College consists of the Presi- 
 dent and the Professors of the College, with such Lecturers of 
 the College as may be co-opted by the President and Professors. 
 Among the functions of the Academic Council the following 
 may be particularized: — 
 
 (a) To elect representatives on the Governing Body. 
 
 (b) To manage and carry out the curriculum, instruction, 
 and education afforded by the College. 
 
 (c) To make recommendations for the Scholarships and 
 other Prizes of the College. 
 
 (d) To regulate and carry out the discipline of the students 
 of the College. 
 
 Faculties in the Colleges. 
 
 University College, Dublin, has eight Faculties, namely, 
 Arts; Philosophy and Sociology; Celtic Studies; Science, in- 
 cluding Technology and Agriculture; Law; Medicine; Engi- 
 neering and Architecture; and Commerce. 
 
 University College, Cork, has seven Faculties, namely, Arts, 
 including Philosophy and Journalism; Celtic Studies; Science, 
 including Technology and Agriculture; Law; Medicine; Engi- 
 neering and Architecture; and Commerce. 
 
 University College, Galway, has six Faculties, namely, Arts, 
 including Philosophy ; Celtic Studies ; Science ; Law ; Medicine ; 
 and Engineering. 
 
258 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 Officers of the Colleges. 
 
 In addition to Professors, Lecturers, Assistants, and Demon- 
 strators, University College, Dublin, has as officers a Kegistrar, 
 a Secretary (and Bursar), and a Librarian; University College, 
 Cork, a Kegistrar, a Secretary, and a Librarian ; and University 
 College, Galway, a Kegistrar, a Bursar, and a Librarian. Min- 
 ute instructions are given for the duties to be discharged by 
 each of those officers. 
 
 Scholarships, Prizes, and other Rewards. 
 
 Part of the annual income of each College must be allocated 
 by the Governing Body for the provision of Scholarships, Prizes, 
 and other Kewards. In the Colleges at Cork and Galway a 
 specified sum has also to be set aside each year for the payment 
 of Pensions to retired Presidents, Professors, and other officers 
 of the College. 
 
 Lists of Offices, Officers, and Salaries. 
 
 The Professors, Lecturers, and other officers who have been 
 so far appointed in the Constituent Colleges, with the yearly 
 salaries attached to their offices, are the following: — 
 
 University College, Dublin. 
 
 *Professorship of Greek, Rev. Henry Browne, S.J., M.A., 
 £600; ^Professorship of Latin, Mr. P. Semple, M.A., £700; 
 *Professorship of Mathematics, Mr. H. C. M'Weeney, M.A., 
 
 £700 ; "^Professorship of English Literature, , £500 ; 
 
 *Professorship of English Language and Philology, Rev. 
 George O'Neill, S.J., M.A., £400; ^Professorship of French 
 and Romance Philology, M. Edouard Cadic, D.Litt., £500 ; 
 ^Professorship of History, Mr. John M. O'Sullivan, M.A., 
 Ph.D., £500 ; ^Professorship of the Theory and Practice of 
 Education, Rev. T. Corcoran, S.J., B.A., £400; *Professor- 
 
THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 259 
 
 ship of Ethics and Politics, Rev. M. Cronin, D.D., M.A., 
 £500 ; *Professorship of Logic and Psychology, Rev. J. Shine, 
 M.A., £400; *Professorship of Metaphysics, Mr. W. Magen- 
 nis, M.A., £700 ; *Professorship of Celtic Archaeology, Mr. R. 
 A. Stewart Macalister, M.A., F.S.A., £600; *Professorship 
 of Early (including Mediaeval) Irish History, Mr. John Mac 
 Keill, B.A., £600 ; *Professorship of Early (including Mediae- 
 val) Irish Language and Literature, Mr. Osborn Bergin, M.A., 
 Ph.D., £600 ; *Professorship of Modern Irish Language and 
 Literature, Mr. Douglas Hyde, M.A., LL.D., £600 ; *Professor- 
 ship of Chemistry, Mr. Hugh Ryan, M.A., D.Sc, £750; *Pro- 
 fessorship of Geology, Mr. Henry J. Seymour, B.A., £500 ; 
 *Professorship of Experimental Physics, Mr. J. A. M'Clelland, 
 D.Sc, £800; ^Professorship of Mathematical Physics, Mr. 
 Arthur W. Conway, M.A., D.Sc, £600; *Professorship of 
 Zoology, Mr. George Sigerson, M.D., £600 ; *Professorship of 
 Anatomy, Mr. E. P. M'Loughlin, M.B., £800 ; *Professorship 
 of Physiology and Histology, Mr. B. J. Collingwood, M.D., 
 £700 ; ""Professorship of Pathology and Bacteriology, Mr. E. J. 
 M'Weeney, M.D., £600 ; Professorship of Hygiene and Medical 
 Jurisprudence, Mr. J. M. Meenan, M.D., £250; Professorship 
 of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, Mr. Martin Dempsey, 
 M.D., £200; Professorship of Medicine, Sir Christopher Nixon, 
 Bart., M.D., £250 ; Professorship of Midwifery and Gynaecol- 
 ogy, Mr. Alfred Smith, M.B., F.R.C.S., £200; Professorship of 
 Surgery, Mr. J. S. McArdle, M.CL, F.R.C.S., £300; Professor- 
 ship of Jurisprudence and Roman Law, Mr. James A. Mur- 
 naghan, LL.D., £250 ; Professorship of Constitutional Law 
 and the Law of Public and Private Wrongs, Mr. J. G. Swift 
 MacNeill, K.C., M.P., £250 ; Professorship of the Law of Prop- 
 erty and of the Law of Contracts, Mr. Charles F. Doyle, K.C., 
 £250 ; *Professorship of Civil Engineering, Mr. Pierce F. Pur- 
 cell, M.A., M.A.I., £600; *Professorship of the National 
 Economics of Ireland, Mr. Thomas M. Kettle, B.A., M.P., 
 £500 ; ^Professorship of Political Economy, Rev. T. A. 
 Finlay, S.J., M.A., £500; Professorship of Architecture, 
 
260 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 Sir Thomas Drew, LL.D., £200; Professorship of Commerce, 
 Mr. Charles H. Oldham, B. A., £400 ; ^Lectureship in German, 
 Mrs. If. M. Macken, M.A., £300 ; Lectureship in Accountancy, 
 
 , £150; Lectureship in Banking and Finance, , £100; 
 
 *Lectureship in Physics, Mr. J. J. Dowling, M.A., £300; 
 "^Lectureship in Botany, Mr. J. Bayley Butler, M.A., £350 ; 
 Lectureship in Modern Irish History, Miss Mary Hay den, M.A., 
 £250; Lectureship in Ophthalmology, Mr. L. Werner, M.B., 
 £50 ; *Lectureship in Pure Mathematics, Rev. M. P. Egan, S. J., 
 M.A., £300 ; Lectureship in Dental Mechanics, Mr. J. L. Potter, 
 L.D.S., £50; Lectureship in Dental Surgery, Mr. E. Sheridan, 
 F.R.O.S., L.D.S., £50; ^Lectureship in the Italian and Span- 
 ish Languages and Literatures, Miss M. Degani, £300 ; Lecture- 
 ship in Eastern Languages, Rev. P. Boylan, M.A., £200; 
 Lectureship in Special Pathology, Mr. M. W. Crofton, M.D., 
 
 £250 ; Lectureship in Irish Language, , £150 ; Lectureship 
 
 in Welsh, Mr. J. Lloyd Jones, M.A., £150; Registrarship (this 
 office must be filled by a Professor or Lecturer of the College), 
 Mr. Arthur W. Conway, M.A., D.Sc, £100; * Secretaryship 
 and Bursarship, Mr. J. W. Bacon, M.A., £300 rising by annual 
 increments of £20 to £400, with residence, fuel, and light; 
 *Librarianship, Mr. D. J. O'Donoghue, £200. 
 
 University College, Cork. 
 
 Professorship of Archaeology, Mr. B. C. A. Windle, M.A., 
 D.Sc, M.D., F.R.S., £100; *Professorship of English, Mr. W. 
 F. P. Stockley, M.A., £450 ; ^Professorship of Greek, Mr. C. 
 H. Keene, M.A., £450; ^Professorship of History, Mr. P. J. 
 Merriman, M.A., £450 ; *Professorship of Irish Language and 
 Literature, Rev. Richard Henebry, Ph.D., £450 ; *Professor- 
 ship of Latin, Mr. J. P. Molohan, M. A., £500; *Professorship 
 of Mathematics, Mr. A. H. Anglin, M. A., £500; *Professor- 
 ship of Philosophy, Mr. G. J. Stokes, M.A., £450 ; *Professor- 
 ship of Romance Languages, Mr. W. F. T. Butler, M.A., £450 ; 
 *Professorship of Botany and Agriculture, Major H. Cum- 
 mins, M.D., £350; *Professorship of Chemistry, Mr. A. E. 
 
THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 261 
 
 Dixon, M.D., £600 ; *Professorship of Geology and Geography, 
 Mr. Isaac Swain, B.A., £350; * Professorship of Physics, Mr. 
 W. Bergin, M.A., £600; *Professorship of Zoology, Mr. M. 
 
 Hartog, D.Sc, £550; Professorship of Jurisprudence, , 
 
 £150; Professorship of Law, , £150; *Professorship of 
 
 Anatomy, Mr. D. P. Fitzgerald, M. B., £600; Professorship 
 of Medicine, Mr. W. E. Ashley Cummins, M.D., £200; Pro- 
 fessorship of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mr. H. Corby, M.D., 
 £200; *Professorship of Pathology, Mr. A. E. Moore, M.B., 
 £500; *Professorship of Physiology, Mr. D. T. Barry, M.D., 
 £600; Professorship of Surgery, Mr. C. Yelverton Pearson, 
 M.D., £250; Professorship of Therapeutics, Mr. J. Dundon, 
 M.D., £100; *Professorship of Civil Engineering, Mr. C. W. 
 O'D. L. Alexander, £600; *Professorship of Economics and 
 Commerce, Mr. Timothy Smiddy, M.A., £450 ; Lectureship in 
 German, Miss Mary Ryan, M.x\., £150 ; Lectureship in History 
 of Education, Mr. Eugene P. Mac Sweeney, £50 ; *Lectureship 
 in Methods of Education, Miss Elizabeth M. O' Sullivan, £150 
 Lectureship in Modern Irish, Mr. Eamon O'Donoghoe, £150 
 Lectureship in Music, Mr. F. St. J. Lacy, A.R.A.M., £50 
 Lectureship in Philosophy, Rev. Edwin F. Fitzgibbon, O.S. 
 F.C., B.A., Ph.D., £150 ; *Lectureship in Mathematical Phys- 
 ics, Mr. Matthew Conran, M.A., £250 ; Lectureship in Hygiene, 
 Mr. D. D. Donovan, L.R.C.S., £50; Lectureship in Materia 
 Medica, Mr. J. Dundon, M.D., £50; Lectureship in Medical 
 Jurisprudence, Mr. P. T. O' Sullivan, M. D., £50 ; Lectureship 
 in Mental Diseases, Mr. J. J. Fitzgerald, M. B., £50 ; Lecture- 
 ship in Ophthalmology, Mr. A. W. Sandford, M.D., £50; 
 Lectureship in Architecture, Mr. A. Hill, B.E., £50 ; Lecture- 
 ship in Electrical Technology, Mr. P. E. Belas, B.A., £50; 
 Lectureship in Accounting, Mr. A. J. Magennis, A.S.A.A., 
 £50 ; Registrarship (this office must be filled by a Professor or 
 Lecturer of the College), Mr. W. F. T. Butler, M.A., £100, 
 with residence, fuel, and light ; *Secretaryship and Bursarship, 
 Mr. Henry Clifton, M.A., £200, rising by annual increments of 
 £10 to £250; *Librarianship, Mr. J. Fawcett, £200. 
 
262 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 University College, Galway. 
 
 ^'Professorship of Modern Irish Language and Literature, 
 Mr. Thomas O'Maille, M.A., Ph.D., £300 ; Professorship of 
 
 Celtic Philology, , £150 ; * Professorship of Greek, Mr. R. 
 
 K. M'Elderry, £350; ^Professorship of Latin, Mr. C. Exon, 
 £350; *Professorship of Mathematics, Mr. W. A. Houston, 
 £350; *Professorship of Physics, Mr. Alexander Anderson, 
 M.A., LL.D., £350; ^Professorship of History, English Litera- 
 ture, and Mental Science, Mr. W. E. Trench, M.A., £350; 
 *Professorship of Chemistry, Mr. A. Senier, Ph.D., £350; 
 *Professorship of Natural History, Geology, and Mineralogy, 
 Mr. R. J. Anderson, £350; *Professorship of Civil Engineer- 
 ing, Mr. E. Townsend, M.A., D.Sc., £350; *Professorship of 
 Modern Languages, Mr. V. Steinberger, M.A., £350; *Profes- 
 sorship of Anatomy and Physiology, Mr. J. P. Pye, M.D., 
 £350; Professorship of Jurisprudence and Political Economy, 
 , £150; Professorship of English Law, Mr. J. M. Sweet- 
 man, £150 ; Professorship of Medicine, Mr. J. I. Lynham, 
 M.D., £150; Professorship of Surgery, Mr. W. W. Brereton, 
 £150; Professorship of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mr. R. J. 
 Kinkead, B.A., M.D., £150 ; Professorships of Materia Medica 
 and Pharmacy, Mr. K W. Colohan, M.D., M.CL, £150 ; Lec- 
 tureship in Electrical Engineering, Mr. J. Griffiths, B.Sc, 
 £120 ; Lectureships in Medical Jurisprudence and Hygiene, 
 Mr. R. J. Kinkead, B.A., M.D., and Mr. A. Senier, Ph.D., 
 £20 each; Lectureship in Eever Cases, Mr. 1ST. W. Colohan, 
 M.D., M.Ch., £20; Registrarship (the Registrar, the Bursar, 
 and the Librarian must be selected from the Professors and 
 Lecturers of the College), Mr. E. Townsend, M.A., D.Sc, 
 £75, with residence, fuel, and light; Bursarship, Mr. J. I. 
 Lynham, M.D., £75 ; Librarianship, Mr. V. Steinberger, M.A., 
 £75. 
 
 Those offices marked thus * are full-time appointments ; the 
 others are not. Offices with no name attached are, so far as 
 
THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 263 
 
 I am aware, not yet filled. It should be remembered that in 
 University College, Galway, the Professors and Lecturers who 
 held office on the 30th of September, 1908, are entitled to Class 
 Fees as well as Salaries. 
 
 To arrive roughly at the equivalent of any of these salaries 
 in American dollars the amount may be multiplied by 5 : to 
 arrive at the true value this product should be multiplied again 
 by 2, in order to equalize the ratio between a country like Ire- 
 land, where commodities are comparatively cheap in terms of 
 money, and a country like the United States, where money is 
 admittedly cheap in terms of commodities. In fixing the ratio 
 I am guided by my experience in Dublin and Washington. 
 Thus the true American value of President Coffey's position is 
 1,800 x 5 x 2 = 18,000 dollars per annum. 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
 There are a thousand and one other points on which, spatiis 
 exclusus iniquis, I have been unable to touch. Enough, how- 
 ever, has perhaps been said to illustrate the difficulties that 
 lay before the framers of the Act and the Charters and their 
 courage and skill in overcoming them. It is obvious also that a 
 herculean task confronted the Commissioners in the drawing 
 up of the Statutes. As one sees how carefully they provided 
 for every contingency, one is lost in admiration of their fore- 
 thought, their ability, and their broad-mindedness. It will not 
 be their fault if the University is not a splendid success. 
 
 The salient points that struck me, as I read through the 
 various bulky documents which I had to study, were that the 
 new academic scheme in Ireland is frankly, openly, and undis- 
 guisedly co-educational ; that the University and the Colleges 
 will be from the start largely under lay control, and will 
 probably be increasingly so; that the studies will be entirely 
 secular, unless by private enterprise religious teaching is brought 
 in; that a distinct novelty is introduced in giving to popular 
 representative bodies like city, urban, and county councils a 
 
264 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 
 
 voice in the government of the Constituent Colleges; that 
 another novelty is that of adopting the system so well known 
 in America of giving credit for studies pursued, terms kept, 
 and examinations passed in other Universities ; that the machi- 
 nery provided for the management of the University and its 
 dependent but autonomous colleges, though cumbersome, is by 
 no means chaotic; that while the olden litterae humaniores are 
 to be splendidly taught, special stress is to be laid, in accordance 
 with modern needs and ideas, on practical scientific and com- 
 mercial studies; that research work, for which there were but 
 few opportunities in the Royal University, is to be a distin- 
 guishing feature of its successor; that the excellence and high 
 standard of Irish University degrees is to be maintained; that 
 Professors, Lecturers, and other officials, as well as being reason- 
 ably paid, are given, under conditions that are not onerous, 
 undoubted security of tenure in their positions ; and that every 
 precaution is taken for safe, sane, and pure administration. 
 
 Among the difficulties which I foresee will be that of stan- 
 dardizing the teaching as between the University and the differ- 
 ent Constituent Colleges, between the Constituent Colleges inter 
 se, and between them and the Recognized Colleges. This was 
 obviously in the mind of the Commissioners when they inserted 
 a special chapter in the University Statute on the subject. It 
 is, however, a difficulty which with due care and attention may 
 be overcome. 
 
 There is also the question of the insufficiency of endowment, 
 to which reference has been already made. 9 That the matter 
 is a serious one has been abundantly shown. It would be a 
 pity — nay, it would be nothing short of a scandal — if Parlia- 
 ment did not at the outset, by a further grant of public funds, 
 place the University and all its Constituent Colleges on such 
 a financial basis as to allow them to exercise the widest powers 
 for the improvement of education in Ireland. To do so will 
 be only a small instalment towards the righting of many Irish 
 educational wrongs. 
 
 9 See Catholic University Bulletin, February, 1910, pp. 102-106. 
 
TEE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND 265 
 
 As a final word I may be permitted to say, that, looking at 
 the subject in a broad and comprehensive way, I am filled with 
 hope for the effect likely to be produced on the Ireland of the 
 future by the establishment of this twentieth-century University. 
 
 P. J. Lewnox. 
 Catholic University of America, 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
,Jj ( rBRflRY 0F "CONGRESS--" 
 
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